tam-

tammak (infinitive)
tamgan (participle present)
tamïgma (participle present)
tamur (participle present)
tamduk (participle past)
tammïš (participle past)
tamdačï (future participle)
tammakčï (future participle)
tamsïk (future participle)
tamačak (future participle)
tamma (noun-from-verb)
tamïg (noun-from-verb)
tamgu (noun-from-verb)
tamïš (adverbial)
tamur ben (aorist indicative singular)
tamur sen (aorist indicative singular)
tamur (aorist indicative singular)
tamur biz (aorist indicative plural)
tamur siz (aorist indicative plural)
tamur (aorist indicative plural)
tamdïm (indicative past singular)
tamdïŋ (indicative past singular)
tamdï (indicative past singular)
tamdïk (indicative past plural)
tamdïmïz (indicative past plural)
tamdïŋïz (indicative past plural)
tamdï (indicative past plural)
tammïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tammïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tammïš (indicative inferential past singular)
tammïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tammïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tammïš (indicative inferential past plural)
tamdačï ben (future indicative singular)
tammakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tamačak ben (future indicative singular)
tamdačï sen (future indicative singular)
tammakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tamačak sen (future indicative singular)
tamdačï (future indicative singular)
tammakčï (future indicative singular)
tamačak (future indicative singular)
tamdačï biz (future indicative plural)
tammakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tamačak biz (future indicative plural)
tamdačï siz (future indicative plural)
tammakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tamačak siz (future indicative plural)
tamdačï (future indicative plural)
tammakčï (future indicative plural)
tamačak (future indicative plural)
tamgay ben (future indicative singular)
tamgay sen (future indicative singular)
tamgay (future indicative singular)
tamgay biz (future indicative plural)
tamgay siz (future indicative plural)
tamgay (future indicative plural)
tamsïkïm (future indicative singular)
tamsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
tamsïk (future indicative singular)
tamsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
tamsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
tamsïk (future indicative plural)
tamsam (conditional singular)
tamsar ben (conditional singular)
tamsaŋ (conditional singular)
tamsar sen (conditional singular)
tamsa (conditional singular)
tamsar (conditional singular)
tamsak (conditional plural)
tamsamïz (conditional plural)
tamsar biz (conditional plural)
tamsaŋïz (conditional plural)
tamsar siz (conditional plural)
tamsalar (conditional plural)
tamsar (conditional plural)
tamgay ben (optative singular)
tamgay sen (optative singular)
tamgay (optative singular)
tamgay biz (optative plural)
tamgay siz (optative plural)
tamgay (optative plural)
tammakda ben (progressive singular)
tammakda sen (progressive singular)
tammakda (progressive singular)
tammakda biz (plural progressive)
tammakda siz (plural progressive)
tammakda (plural progressive)
tammalïg ben (necessitative singular)
tammalïg sen (necessitative singular)
tammalïg (necessitative singular)
tammalïg biz (necessitative plural)
tammalïg siz (necessitative plural)
tammalïg (necessitative plural)
tamayïn (imperative singular)
tam (imperative singular)
tamgïl (imperative singular)
tamzun (imperative singular)
tamalïm (imperative plural)
tamïŋ (imperative plural)
tamzun (imperative plural)
tammamak (infinitive negative)
tammagan (negative participle present)
tammagma (negative participle present)
tammaz (negative participle present)
tammaduk (negative participle past)
tammamïš (negative participle past)
tammačï (future negative participle)
tammasïk (future negative participle)
tammayačak (future negative participle)
tammama (negative noun-from-verb)
tammag (negative noun-from-verb)
tammagu (negative noun-from-verb)
tammayïš (adverbial negative)
tammaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tammaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tammaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
tammaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tammaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tammaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tammadïm (indicative negative past singular)
tammadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tammadï (indicative negative past singular)
tammadïk (indicative negative past plural)
tammadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
tammadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
tammadï (indicative negative past plural)
tammamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tammamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tammamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tammamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tammamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tammamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tammačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
tammayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
tammačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
tammayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
tammačï (future indicative negative singular)
tammayačak (future indicative negative singular)
tammačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
tammayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
tammačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
tammayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
tammačï (future indicative negative plural)
tammayačak (future indicative negative plural)
tammagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
tammagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
tammagay (future indicative negative singular)
tammagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
tammagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
tammagay (future indicative negative plural)
tammasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
tammasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tammasïk (future indicative negative singular)
tammasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
tammasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
tammasïk (future indicative negative plural)
tammasam (conditional negative singular)
tammasar ben (conditional negative singular)
tammasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
tammasar sen (conditional negative singular)
tammasa (conditional negative singular)
tammasar (conditional negative singular)
tammasak (conditional negative plural)
tammasamïz (conditional negative plural)
tammasar biz (conditional negative plural)
tammasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
tammasar siz (conditional negative plural)
tammasalar (conditional negative plural)
tammasar (conditional negative plural)
tammagay ben (negative optative singular)
tammagay sen (negative optative singular)
tammagay (negative optative singular)
tammagay biz (negative optative plural)
tammagay siz (negative optative plural)
tammagay (negative optative plural)
tammamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
tammamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
tammamakda (negative progressive singular)
tammamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
tammamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
tammamakda (negative plural progressive)
tammamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
tammamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
tammamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
tammamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
tammamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
tammamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
tammayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tamma (imperative negative singular)
tammagïl (imperative negative singular)
tammazun (imperative negative singular)
tammayalïm (imperative negative plural)
tammayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
tammazun (imperative negative plural)

Karluk

desc

تَمْتُرْماقْ ,تَمْدُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: تَمْتُرْماقْ (tamdur-, tamtur-)/تَمْدُرْماقْ (tamdur-, tamtur-)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tamet-)

Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: тамызу (tamyzu)

Nogai: тамызув (tamızuv)

Karakalpak: тамызыў

South Kipchak

Kyrgyz: там- (tam-), тамызуу (tamızuu)

North Kipchak (also: to drip)

Bashkir: тамыҙыу (tamıźıw)

Tatar: тамызу (tamızu)

Siberian

Old Turkic: [script needed] (tamdur), [script needed] (tam-)

Yakut: тымыт (tımıt), тымтык (tımtık)

(transitive) to burn, to kindle, to ignite


yẹr

yẹr (nominative singular)
yẹrig (accusative singular)
yẹrni (accusative singular)
yẹrniŋ (genitive singular)
yẹrke (dative singular)
yẹrte (locative singular)
yẹrten (ablative singular)
yẹrgerü (allative singular)
yẹrin (instrumental singular)
yẹrče (equative singular)
yẹrleyü (singular)
yẹrligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗр (śĕr)

→ Hungarian: szer

Common Turkic:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: يەر (yer)

Uzbek: yer

Kipchak: [script needed] (yer)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жер (jer)

Southern Altai:

Altai: јер (ǰer)

Teleut: јер (ǰer)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ер (yer)

Tatar: җир (cir), cir

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jer

Kazakh: жер (jer)

Nogai: ер (yer)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: йэр

Kumyk-Karachay:

Karachay-Balkar: джер (cer)

Kumyk: ер (yer)

Crimean Tatar-Krymchak:

Krymchak: йер

Crimean Tatar: yer

Arghu

Khalaj: yer

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yer

Ottoman Turkish: یر, ییر (yer)

Gagauz: er, yer

Turkish: yer

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: ýer

Salar: yer

Siberian Turkic:

Altai-Yenisei Turkic:

Northern Altai:

Chelkan: тьер (tʹyer), йер (yer)

Kumandy: чер (čer), тьер (tʹyer)

Tuba: јер (ǰer), чер (čer)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чир (çir)

Shor: чер (čer)

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: чер, ҷер

Tofa: чер

Tuvan: чер (çer)

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: һир

Yakut: сир (sir)

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰼 (yer), 𐰘𐰃𐰼 (yir)

Western Yugur: yer


tōz

tōz (nominative singular)
tōzlar (nominative plural)
tōznïŋ (genitive singular)
tōzlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tōzka (dative singular)
tōzlarka (dative plural)
tōzda (locative singular)
tōzlarda (locative plural)
tōzdan (ablative singular)
tōzlardan (ablative plural)
tōzlarïn (instrumental plural)
tōzča (equative singular)
tōzlarča (equative plural)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُوزْ

Chagatai: توز (tuz)

Uyghur: توز (toz)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тоз (toz)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоз (toz)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: toz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: توز
Gagauz: toz
Turkish: toz
→ Armenian: թոզ (tʻoz)
→ Cypriot Greek: ττοζιν (ttozin)
→ Cypriot Arabic: ttozz
→ Romanian: tos

Turkmen: toz

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰔 (toz)

Western Yugur: tos

South Siberian

Northern Altai: тоос (toos)

If Yakut тор (tor, “soot”) is accepted as a cognate, possibly from Proto-Turkic *tōŕ. However, the former is probably rather a Mongolic borrowing, compare тортог (tortog).


altï

Oghur:

Bulgar: اَلطِ

Chuvash: улттӑ (ulttă)

desctree

Common Turkic: *altï
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: alta
** Proto-Oghuz: *altï
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (altı)
***** Azerbaijani: altı
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلتی (altı)
Gagauz: altı
Turkish: altı
*** East Oghuz:
**** Salar: altı
**** Turkmen: alty
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid:
**** Khorezmian Turkic:
***** Chagatai: التە (altä)
****** Ili Turki: altı
****** Uzbek: olti
****** Uyghur: ئالتە (alte)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الت (altı)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алты (altı)
***** Tatar: алты (altı)
***** Siberian Tatar: алты (altï)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: altı
***** Karachay-Balkar: алты (altı)
***** Karaim:
***** Kumyk: алты (altı)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алты (alty)
***** Karakalpak: alti
***** Nogai: алты (altı)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Southern Altai: алты (altï)
***** Kyrgyz: алты (altı)
** Siberian Turkic:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰞𐱃𐰃 (l¹t¹i /altï/)
**** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽶 (altï)
***** Western Yugur: aʰltï
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: алта (alta)
**** Yakut: алта (alta)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: аълты (àltı)
***** Tuvan: алды (aldı)
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Shor: алты
***** Khakas: алты (altı)
***** Dukhan: alʰtə


tōzan

tōzan (nominative singular)
tōzanlar (nominative plural)
tōzannïŋ (genitive singular)
tōzanlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tōzanka (dative singular)
tōzanlarka (dative plural)
tōzanda (locative singular)
tōzanlarda (locative plural)
tōzandan (ablative singular)
tōzanlardan (ablative plural)
tōzanlarïn (instrumental plural)
tōzanča (equative singular)
tōzanlarča (equative plural)

Karluk:

Chagatai: توزانك (tozañ)

Uyghur: توزاڭ (tozang)

Uzbek: toʻzon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тузан (tuzan)

→ Chuvash: тусан (tus̬an)

Bashkir: туҙан (tuźan)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тозаң (tozañ)

Nogai: тозан (tozan)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: توزان

Turkish: tozan (“dusty place”)

Turkmen: tozan


yẹt(t)i

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: جىَات (ǰyeti), جتی

desc

Chuvash: ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ), ҫичӗ (śič̬ĕ), ҫич (śič)

Danube Bulgar: ζητ (ǰit)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یدی (yedi)
Azerbaijani: yeddi
Ottoman Turkish: یدی (yedi)
Turkish: yedi
Gagauz: edi
Georgian Urum: eddi

Khorasani Turkish: yetdi

Salar: yide

Turkmen: ýedi

Karluk:

Orkhon Turkic: yēti, yīti

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yédi), [script needed] (yétī)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: يتە (yättä), يتى (yätti)

Uighur-Ili:

Ili Turki: yetti

Uyghur: يەتتە (yette), يەتتى (yetti) (dial.), يەتى (yeti) (dial.)

Uzbek: yetti

Arghu:

Khalaj: yêtti

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јети (ǰeti)

Kyrgyz: жети (jeti)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ете (yete)

⇒ Bashkir: Етегән (Yetegən)

Tatar: җиде (cide)

Siberian Tatar: йете (yete), йĕди (yĕdi) (dial.), йиді (yidi) (dial.)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jeti

Kazakh: жеті (jetı)

Nogai: ети (yeti)

West Kipchak:

Krymchak: yedi

Crimean Tatar: yedi

Urum: йеди (yedi)

Karaim: йэди (yedi)

Karachay-Balkar: джети (ceti)

Kumyk: етти (yetti)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐱅𐰃 (y²t²i /yeti/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐾀𐽶 (yéti)

Western Yugur: yitï

Altai-Yenisei:

Northern Altai: чети (četi), дьети (dʹyeti), тьети (tʹyeti), йетти (yetti)

Yenisei:

Khakas: читі (çitì)

Shor: четти (četti)

Chulym: йеде (yēde)

Sayan:

Dukhan: ǰetə, ǰeedə

Tofa: чеді (čedi)

Tuvan: чеди (çedi)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һэттэ (hette)

Yakut: сэттэ (sette)

yẹt(t)inči

seventh; -th, as the ordinal-forming suffix


üt-

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӗт (vĕt)

Common Turkic: *üt-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ütmək

Ottoman Turkish: اوتمك (ütmek)

Turkish: ütmek

Turkmen: ütmek

Uzbek: үтмәк (Khorazm)

Karluk

Karakhanid: اُتْماكْ (ütmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өтөү (ötöw)

Tatar: өтү (ötü)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: үйіту (üiıtu)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: уьтмек (ütmek)

Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: үт (üt)


ōtag

ōtag (nominative singular)
ōtagïg (accusative singular)
ōtagnï (accusative singular)
ōtagnïŋ (genitive singular)
ōtagka (dative singular)
ōtagda (locative singular)
ōtagdan (ablative singular)
ōtaggaru (allative singular)
ōtagïn (instrumental singular)
ōtagča (equative singular)
ōtaglayu (singular)
ōtaglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Bulgarian: ватог (vatog, “hearth”) (dialectal)

→ Old Church Slavonic: ватахъ (vataxŭ, “chief, commander”)

Old Chuvash: *våtaɣ *uotaɣ

desctree

→ Russian: вата́га (vatága, “gang”)
→ Kumyk: батагъа (batağa)

Common Turkic: *otag

Oghuz: *ōdag

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: اد (oda), اود (oda), اودا (oda), اوداغ (odağ)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوطه, اودا (oda), اوده (oda)
Gagauz: oda
Turkish: oda
→ Albanian: odë
→ Arabic:
Egyptian Arabic: أوضة (ʔōḍa)
North Levantine Arabic: أوضة (ʔūḍa)
South Levantine Arabic: أوضة (ʔōḍa)
→ Armenian: օտա (ōta), օ̈դա (öda)
→ Bulgarian: одая́ (odajá)
→ Crimean Tatar: oda
→ Greek: οντάς (ontás)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: ode
→ Central Kurdish: ھۆدە (hode)
→ Macedonian: одаја (odaja)
→ Romanian: odaie
→ Hungarian: hodály
→ Serbo-Croatian: òdaja / о̀даја
→ Zazaki: ode, oda

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوتاغ (otağ) (affected by or borrowed from other Turkic branches)

Azerbaijani: otaq

desc

→ Classical Persian: اُتَاق (utāq), اُطَاق (utāq)

Tajik: утоқ (utoq)

→ Urdu: اُتاق (utāq)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوتاق (otaɣ), اوطاق (otak), اوتاغ (otağ)
Turkish: otağ
→ Armenian: օթաղ (ōtʻaġ)
→ Georgian: ოთახი (otaxi)
→ Romanian: otac

Turkmen: otag (affected by or borrowed from other Turkic branches)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اوتاغ (otaɣ), اوتاو (otaw)

Uzbek: oʻtov

Uyghur: ئوتاق (otaq)

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: утау (utaw)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: отоо (otoo)

Southern Altai: одо (odo) (Teleut)

Southern Kipchak:

Karakalpak: otaw

Kazakh: отау (otau)

Nogai: отав (otav)

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: отоу (otou)

Kumyk: отав (otaw)

Karaim: [script needed] (oda)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: отуу

Yakut: отуу (otuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: одағ

Tuvan: одаг (odag)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (o)

Khakas:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (otağ)

From *ōt (“fire”) + *-ag. Alternatively, from the verbal stem *ōta- (“to make fire”) + *-g.
There was a supposedly early occurred differentiation in stems ending in a vowel acquiring the sense 'room' and stems ending in -ag/-aq acquiring the sense 'tent', but the reverse relationship between form and sense is also attested.
The vowel length in the the first syllable is lost in all contemporary languages including Turkmen and Yakut. However, we can see that the t sound is vocalized due to the long vowel in Gagauz and Turkish.


sagrï

sagrï (nominative singular)
sagrïg (accusative singular)
sagrïnï (accusative singular)
sagrïnïŋ (genitive singular)
sagrïka (dative singular)
sagrïda (locative singular)
sagrïdan (ablative singular)
sagrïgaru (allative singular)
sagrïn (instrumental singular)
sagrïča (equative singular)
sagrïlayu (singular)
sagrïlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *sagrï

Karluk

Uzbek: sagʻri

Uyghur: ساغرى (saghri)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һауыр (hawır)

desc

саурый (sawrıy)

сауры (sawrı)

Tatar: савыр (sawır), саурый (sawrıy), сауры (sawrı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: соору (sooru)

Southern Altai: сууры (suurï, “croup skin, edge of leather”) (dialectal)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: саўыр, саўры

Kazakh: сауыр (sauyr)

Nogai: савыр (savır)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: сауру (sauru)

Kumyk: савру (sawru)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: sağrı
→ Lezgi: сагъри (saġri)

Ottoman Turkish: صاغری (sağrı)

Turkish: sağrı

Turkmen: sagry

Siberian:

>? Yakut: самыы (samıı)

Oghur:

>? *suran

Chuvash: сӑран (săran)

→? Tatar: суран (suran)

croup (the top of the rump of a horse or other quadruped)


tegre

Oghur:

Chuvash: тавра (tavra)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: degre

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَكْرا (tegrē)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: tegra

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tegre)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тиэри

Yakut: тиэри (tieri)


boĺ

Oghur:

⇒? Hungarian: búcsú (“farewell”)

>? Hungarian: *bocs- ('to excuse, forgive')

⇒ Hungarian: bocsánik

⇒ Hungarian: bocsánat

Common Turkic: *boš, *bōš, *poš (according to Ščerbak)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bôş

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *boš

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boş)

Azerbaijani: boş
→ Lezgi: буш (buš)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بوش (boş)
Gagauz: boş
Turkish: boş
→ Albanian: bosh
→ Arabic: بوش (bōš) (in the dialects of Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia)
→ Armenian: բոշ (boš)
→ English: bosh
→ Macedonian: бош (boš)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бо̏ш
Latin script: bȍš

Turkmen: boş

Karluk

Karakhanid: بُشْ (boš), بُوشْ (boš)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (boš)

Chagatai: بوش (boš)

Uzbek: boʻsh

Uyghur: بوش (bosh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بش (boš)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: буш (buş)

Tatar: буш (buş)

q

→ Chuvash: пушӑ (puš̬ă) (unless the Proto-Turkic form really had a final vowel, in which case inherited directly thence)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boş

Karachay-Balkar: бош (boş)

Krymchak: бош (boş)

Kumyk: бош (boş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бос (bos)

Karakalpak: бос

Nogai: бос (bos)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бош (boş)

Southern Altai: бош (boš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (boš)

North Siberian

Yakut: босхо (bosqo)
Dolgan: боско

South Siberian

Sayan:

Tuvan: бош (boş)

Yenisei

Shor: пош


sāb

sāb (nominative singular)
sābïg (accusative singular)
sābnï (accusative singular)
sābnïŋ (genitive singular)
sābka (dative singular)
sābda (locative singular)
sābdan (ablative singular)
sābgaru (allative singular)
sābïn (instrumental singular)
sābča (equative singular)
sāblayu (singular)
sāblïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: сӑвӑ (săvă)

→ Proto-Ugric: *sawɜ

Hungarian: szó

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: сов (sov)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: сӑв (săw) (Obdorsk)

Common Turkic: *sāb

⇒ Common Turkic: *sābčï

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: ساڤْ (sāv), ساڤْجىٖ (sāvčï, “prophet”)

Oghuz: ساڤْجىٖ (sāvčï, “ambassador, envoy”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: ساو

⇒ Azerbaijani: söz-sov (“gossip; discontent”)

Ottoman Turkish: ساو (sav)

Turkish: sav (“gossip, conversation, news”) (dial.)

→ Turkish: sav (“contention; theorem; proposition; thesis; argument, allegation, claim; assertion”), savcı

⇒ Salar: sōcı

Turkmen: sāw, sāwçy

Siberian:

Southern Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sab)

Old Uyghur: s?՚vy (savï)


oŋurtka

oŋurtka (nominative singular)
oŋurtkalar (nominative plural)
oŋurtkanïŋ (genitive singular)
oŋurtkalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
oŋurtkaka (dative singular)
oŋurtkalarka (dative plural)
oŋurtkada (locative singular)
oŋurtkalarda (locative plural)
oŋurtkadan (ablative singular)
oŋurtkalardan (ablative plural)
oŋurtkalarïn (instrumental plural)
oŋurtkača (equative singular)
oŋurtkalarča (equative plural)

Karluk

Uzbek: umurtqa

Uyghur: ئومۇرتقا (omurtqa)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: onurğa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوكورغه (oŋurɣa)
Turkish: omurga

Turkmen: oňurga

Kypchak

North Kypchak

Bashkir: умыртҡа (umırtqa)

Tatar: умыртка (umırtka)

East Kypchak

Kyrgyz: омуртка (omurtka)

Southern Altai: омуртка (omurtka)

South Kypchak

Karakalpak: омыртқа/omırtqa

Kazakh: омыртқа (omyrtqa)

Siberian:

North Siberian

Yakut: уорҕа (uorğa)

Southern Siberian

Khakas: орха (orxa), омыртха (omırtxa) (dialectal)

Tuvan: оорга (oorga)

desc

Shor: оортқа

Shor: оортқа

From *oŋur- (“to crush, break off”) + *-tka.


kamug

kamug (nominative singular)
kamugug (accusative singular)
kamugnï (accusative singular)
kamugnuŋ (genitive singular)
kamugka (dative singular)
kamugda (locative singular)
kamugdan (ablative singular)
kamuggaru (allative singular)
kamugun (instrumental singular)
kamugča (equative singular)
kamuglayu (singular)
kamuglugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قمو (kamu)

Ajem-Turkic: هامو (hamu)

Azerbaijani: hamı

Ottoman Turkish: قمو (kamu), قموق (kamuk)

Turkish: kamu (“public”), (dialectal) hamu

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰢𐰍 (qamaɣ)

Old Uyghur: qʾmʾq (qamaɣ), qʾmwq (qamuɣ)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хамык (xamık)

There have been two proposals for the etymology:
# A borrowing from Middle Persian hmʾk' (hamāg, “all”), it also has a secure PIE etymology and as such cannot be a Turkic or Mongolic borrowing. This would also explain the -a- instead of -u- seen in Old Turkic.
# A borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kamug (“all”) from *kamu- (“to gather”) whence also *kamtu (“together”). Compare also Proto-Tungusic *kamur (“together”).


emgek

emgek (nominative singular)
emgekig (accusative singular)
emgekni (accusative singular)
emgekniŋ (genitive singular)
emgekke (dative singular)
emgekde (locative singular)
emgekden (ablative singular)
emgekgerü (allative singular)
emgekin (instrumental singular)
emgekče (equative singular)
emgekleyü (singular)
emgekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: амак (amak, “illness”)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: əmək

Ottoman Turkish: امك (emek)

Turkish: emek (“work, labour”)

⇒ Salar: ömüklegüsi

⇒ Turkmen: emgenmek (“to work hard, to suffer”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَمْكَكْ (emgek)

Uyghur: ئەمگەك (emgek)

Uzbek: emgek

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имгәк (imgək)

Tatar: имгәк (imgäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: еңбек (eñbek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эмгек (emgek)

Southern Altai: эмгек (emgek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (emgek)

→ Salar: eñgek

North Siberian:

Yakut: эмэх (emeq, “rotten”)

From *emge- (“to suffer, be tortured”) + *-k.


karsak

karsak (nominative singular)
karsakïg (accusative singular)
karsaknï (accusative singular)
karsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
karsakka (dative singular)
karsakda (locative singular)
karsakdan (ablative singular)
karsakgaru (allative singular)
karsakïn (instrumental singular)
karsakča (equative singular)
karsaklayu (singular)
karsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qarsaq)

Karakhanid: قَرْساقْ (qarsaq)

Uzbek: qarsoq

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡарһаҡ (qarhaq)

Tatar: карсак (qarsaq)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карсак (karsak)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qarsaq

Kazakh: қарсақ (qarsaq)

→ Russian: корсак (korsak)

→ English: corsac


kïl

kïl (nominative singular)
kïlïg (accusative singular)
kïlnï (accusative singular)
kïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïlka (dative singular)
kïlta (locative singular)
kïltan (ablative singular)
kïlgaru (allative singular)
kïlïn (instrumental singular)
kïlča (equative singular)
kïllayu (singular)
kïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: хӗлӗх (hĕlĕh)

Common Turkic: *kïl

Arghu:

Khalaj: qıl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیل (qıl)
Gagauz: kıl
Turkish: kıl
→ Armenian: խըլ (xəl)

Azerbaijani: qıl

Turkmen: gyl

Karluk:

Uyghur: قىل (qil)

Uzbek: qil

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыл (qıl)

Tatar: кыл (qıl)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыл (kıl)

Southern Altai: кыл (kïl)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыл

Kazakh: қыл (qyl)

Nogai: кыл (kıl)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qıl

Kumyk: къыл (qıl)

Karachay-Balkar: къыл (qıl)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыл (“sealine”)

Yakut: кыл (kıl)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: хыл (xıl)

Shor: хыл

Khakas: хыл (xıl)


tǖk

tǖk (nominative singular)
tǖküg (accusative singular)
tǖkni (accusative singular)
tǖknüŋ (genitive singular)
tǖkke (dative singular)
tǖkde (locative singular)
tǖkden (ablative singular)
tǖkgerü (allative singular)
tǖkün (instrumental singular)
tǖkče (equative singular)
tǖkleyü (singular)
tǖklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗк (tĕk)

Common Turkic: *tǖk

Arghu

Khalaj: tü̂k

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: توی (tüy), توك (tüğ)
Turkish: tüy
Gagauz: tüy
→ Armenian: թո̈ւյ (tʻüy)

Azerbaijani: tük

Salar: tük

Turkmen: tüý

Karluk:

Uyghur: تۈك (tük)

Uzbek: tuk

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төк (tök)

Tatar: төк (tök)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түк (tük)

Southern Altai: тӱк (tük)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: түк

Kazakh: түк (tük)

Nogai: тюк (tyuk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tük

Kumyk: тюк (tük)

Karachay-Balkar: тюк (tük)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: түү

Yakut: түү (tüü)

South Siberian:

Tofa: түк

Tuvan: дүк (dük)

(zootomy, anatomy) various types of hair on the body of animals; feather, fur, hair


yīnčge

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫинҫе (śinś̬e)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: incə

Ottoman Turkish: اینچه (ince)
Gagauz: incä
Turkish: ince
→ Crimean Tatar: ince

Turkmen: īnçe

>? Salar: leşgi, nişge (Mengda dial.)

→ Kumyk: инче (inçe)

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئىنچىكە (inchike)

Uzbek: ingichka

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: нескә (neskə)

Tatar: нечкә (neçkä)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ичке (icke)

Southern Altai: чичке (čičke)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жиңишке

Kazakh: жіңішке (jıñışke)

Nogai: йинъишке (yiñişke)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: ингичке (iñiçke)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

desc

Dolgan: һинньигэс

Dolgan: һинньигэс

Yakut: синньигэс (sinnyiges)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: чинге (çinge)

From *yīnč- + *-ge, the root word is not attested but the derivatives *yīnčür- and perhaps *yīnčük are found.


yāŕ

yāŕ (nominative singular)
yāŕïg (accusative singular)
yāŕnï (accusative singular)
yāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāŕka (dative singular)
yāŕta (locative singular)
yāŕtan (ablative singular)
yāŕgaru (allative singular)
yāŕïn (instrumental singular)
yāŕča (equative singular)
yāŕlayu (singular)
yāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫур (śur)

→? Hungarian: nyár

Common Turkic: *yāz

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâaz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یاز

Azerbaijani: yaz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاز (yaz)
Gagauz: yaz
Turkish: yaz
→ Laz: ჲაზი (yazi)

Salar: [script needed] (jaz)

Turkmen: ýaz

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaz

Karachay-Balkar: джаз (caz)

Kumyk: яз (yaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яҙ (yaź)

Tatar: yaz

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жаз (žaz)

Kazakh: жаз (jaz)

Nogai: яз (yaz)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаз (jaz)

Southern Altai: јас (ǰas)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yoz

Uyghur: ياز (yaz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰔 (yaz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (hās)

Yakut: саас (saas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: [script needed] (čaš)

Tuvan: час (ças)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: часхы (çasxı)

Shor: часқы (çasqı)

Western Yugur: yaz


āgïl

āgïl (nominative singular)
āgïlïg (accusative singular)
āgïlnï (accusative singular)
āgïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
āgïlka (dative singular)
āgïlta (locative singular)
āgïltan (ablative singular)
āgïlgaru (allative singular)
āgïlïn (instrumental singular)
āgïlča (equative singular)
āgïllayu (singular)
āgïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *aɣïl

Chuvash: ял (jal)

→ Eastern Mari: ял (jal)

→ Hungarian: ól

Common Turkic: *āgïl

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ağıl

Ottoman Turkish: آغل (ağıl)
Gagauz: aul
Turkish: ağıl
→ Armenian: աղըլ (aġəl)

Salar: ağıl

Turkmen: agyl

Karluk

Karakhanid: اَغِلْ

Chagatai: آغیل

Uyghur: ئېغىل (ëghil)

Uzbek: ogʻil

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ауыл (awıl)

Tatar: авыл (awıl)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: авул (awul)

Karachay-Balkar: ауул (auul)

Crimean Tatar: avul (Northern)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: аўыл

Kazakh: ауыл (auyl)

Nogai: авыл (avıl)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: айыл (ayïl)

Kyrgyz: айыл (ayıl)

→ Russian: аул (aul) (see it for more)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰍𐰞 (aɣïl)

North

desc

Yakut: ыал (ıal, “home, family, neighbor”)

South

Shor: аал

Khakas: аал (aal)

Tofa: аал

Tuvan: аал (aal)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *axïl

Doerfer suggested a derivation *āg- (“to enclose”) + *-ïl, however such a verb does not exist.
Nişanyan's attempt at connecting it with Ancient Greek αὐλή (aulḗ) is unfounded as it has a PIE etymology.


-ip

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ib, -ıb, -üb, -ub, -yib, -yıb, -yüb, -yub

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ip, -ıp, -üp, -up, -yip, -yıp, -yüp, -yup

Turkmen: -ip, -yp, -üp, -up, -ýip, -ýyp, -ýüp, -ýup

öltür- (“to kill”) + *-ip → *öltürip (“killed and...”)

Forms converbs to talk about other actions done by the same subject.


kïr

kïr (nominative singular)
kïrïg (accusative singular)
kïrnï (accusative singular)
kïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïrka (dative singular)
kïrta (locative singular)
kïrtan (ablative singular)
kïrgaru (allative singular)
kïrïn (instrumental singular)
kïrča (equative singular)
kïrlayu (singular)
kïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хир (hir)

Common Turkic: *kïr

Proto-Oghuz: *gïr

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qır

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیر (kır)
Turkish: kır
→ Armenian: խըռ (xəṙ), ղըռ (ġəṙ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: kŕdža, кр́џа

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gyr

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرْ (qïr)

Chagatai: قیر

Uzbek: qir

Uyghur: قىر (qir)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыр (qır)

Tatar: кыр (qır)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къыр (qır)

Karachay-Balkar: къыр (qır)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кыр (kïr)

Kyrgyz: кыр (kır)

Teleut қыр-

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыр

Kazakh: қыр (qyr)

Nogai: кыр (kır)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

⇒? Dolgan: кырдал (“hill”)

desc

⇒ Yakut: кыртас (kırtas, “to shear, cut out”), ⇒ кырдал (kırdal, “hill”)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠬᠢᠷᠠ (kir-a)

Mongolian: хяр (xjar)

→ Turkmen: gyra

→ Tuvan: хыра (xıra)

From *kïr-. Alternatively, the nominal meaning is primary.


kïr-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kira-

→? Proto-Tungusic: *kire-

→? Proto-Japonic: *kir-

Japanese: 切る

Oghur:

Chuvash: хир (hir)

Common Turkic: *kïr-

Arghu:

Khalaj: qırmaq

⇒ Khalaj: kïrruq- (“to be apathetic, sullen, depressed”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qırmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیرمق (kırmak), قرمق (kırmak)
Gagauz: kırmaa
Turkish: kırmak
→ Armenian: խըռմիշ (xəṙmiš), կըռմիշ (kəṙmiš)

Turkmen: gyrmak

Salar: qır

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرْماقْ (qïrmaq)

Chagatai: قیرمق

Uzbek: qirmoq

Uyghur: قىرماق (qirmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡырыу (qırıw)

Tatar: кыру (qıru)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qırmaq

Kumyk: къырмакъ (qırmaq)

Karachay-Balkar: къырыргъа (qırırğa)

Karaim: [script needed] (qır-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: қырыў

Kazakh: қыру (qyru)

Nogai: кырув (kıruv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыруу (kıruu)

Southern Altai: кырар (kïrar)

Teleut кыр- (kïr-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

⇒ Dolgan: кырый (“to shear, cut out”), ⇒? кыра (“small”)

Yakut:

⇒ кырый (kırıy, “to shear, cut out”)

кырыы (kırıı, “side, border, edge”)

⇒? кыра (kıra, “small”)

⇒? кыырпах (kıırpaq, “crumb, fragment”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кырар (kırar)

⇒ Tofa: [script needed] (ӄыъртыҷа-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хырарға (xırarğa)

desc

⇒ Western Yugur: [script needed] (qʰïrq-, “to shave”)

Shor: [script needed] (qır-)

Exists in almost every Turkic language. Sometimes compared to Proto-Mongolic *kira- (“to mince, cut small”), Proto-Tungusic *kire- (“to mince; to be broken off, break off; to gnaw”), also Proto-Japonic *kiru (“to cut”).


sal-

Chuvash: сул (sul), сулӑм (sulăm, “heaviness”)

Common Turkic: *sal-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: صالمق

Turkish: salmak

Azerbaijani: salmaq

Turkmen: salmak (“to put; tax”)

Salar: sal

Karluk:

Uzbek: solmoq

Uyghur: سالماق (salmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: салу (salu)

Bashkir: һалыу (halıw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: салыргъа (salırğa)

Crimean Tatar: salmaq

Kumyk: салмакъ (salmaq)

North Kipchak:

Karakalpak: салыў

Kazakh: салу (salu)

Nogai: салув (saluv)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: салуу (saluu)

Southern Altai: сал- (sal-)

Siberian:

South Siberian

Western Yugur: sal

Sayan

Tuvan: салыр (salır)

Tofa: салыр

Yenisei:

Shor: сал

Khakas: саларға (salarğa)


īĺč

īĺč (nominative singular)
īĺčig (accusative singular)
īĺčni (accusative singular)
īĺčniŋ (genitive singular)
īĺčke (dative singular)
īĺčde (locative singular)
īĺčden (ablative singular)
īĺčgerü (allative singular)
īĺčin (instrumental singular)
īĺčče (equative singular)
īĺčleyü (singular)
īĺčligü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ӗҫ (ĕś)

Common Turkic: *īš

Arghu

Khalaj: îş

→⇒? Khalaj: şamaq

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایش (iš)

Azerbaijani: iş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ایش (iš)
Gagauz: iş
Turkish: iş
→ Pontic Greek: δουλεία (douleía) (semantic loan)

Turkmen: īş

Salar: iš

Karluk

Karakhanid: اٖیشْ (ïš)

Chagatai: ایش (iš)

Uzbek: ish

Uyghur: ئىش (ish)

Kipchak

Kipchak: is (iš) (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: эш (eş)

Tatar: эш (eş)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: иш (iş)

Karachay-Balkar: иш (iş)

Crimean Tatar: iş

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: иш (iš)

Teleut иш

Kyrgyz: иш (iş)

South Kipchak

Nogai: ис (is)

Karakalpak: ис

Kazakh: іс (ıs)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰾 (iš)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: иш (iş)

Tofa: иш

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: іс (ìs)

Shor: иш

Western Yugur: ïs


kǖŕ

kǖŕ (nominative singular)
kǖŕüg (accusative singular)
kǖŕni (accusative singular)
kǖŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
kǖŕke (dative singular)
kǖŕte (locative singular)
kǖŕten (ablative singular)
kǖŕgerü (allative singular)
kǖŕün (instrumental singular)
kǖŕče (equative singular)
kǖŕleyü (singular)
kǖŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: кӗр (kĕr)

Common Turkic: *kǖz

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: گوز (güz)
Gagauz: güz
Turkish: güz
→ Laz: ჯუზი (cuzi)

Azerbaijani: güz, küz (dialectal), ⇒ güzəm (“autumn wool”)

Turkmen: güýz

Salar: guz

Karluk

Karakhanid: کُزْ (küz)

Chagatai: گوز (güz)

Uzbek: kuz

Uyghur: كۈز (küz)

Kipchak

Kipchak: kuzin (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: көҙ (köź)

Tatar: көз (köz)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: küz

Karachay-Balkar: кюз арты (küz artı) (Balkar)

Kumyk: гюз (güz)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: кӱс (küs)

Teleut кӱс

Kyrgyz: күз (küz)

South Kipchak

Nogai: куьз (küz)

Karakalpak: күз

Kazakh: күз (küz)

Siberian

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰤 (küzin)

North Siberian

⇒ Yakut: күһүн (kühün)

⇒ Dolgan: күһүн

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: күс (küs)

Tofa: күс

Yenisei Turkic

⇒ Khakas: кӱскӱ (küskü)

desc

⇒ Shor: кӱскӱ

⇒ Shor: кӱскӱ

Western Yugur: kuz


teŋri

teŋri (nominative singular)
teŋrig (accusative singular)
teŋrini (accusative singular)
teŋriniŋ (genitive singular)
teŋrike (dative singular)
teŋride (locative singular)
teŋriden (ablative singular)
teŋrigerü (allative singular)
teŋrin (instrumental singular)
teŋriče (equative singular)
teŋrileyü (singular)
teŋriligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: турӑ (tură)

Danube Bulgar: ταγγρα (taggra)

→ Bulgar: [script needed] (Tangra, “historical name of Mount Musala in Bulgaria; named such by Bulgars during Asparukh rule”)

Bulgarian: Тангра (Tangra)

Common Turkic: *teŋri, *taŋrï

→ Proto-Mongolic: *teŋgeri

Middle Mongol: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tngri)

Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tngri)

Mongolian: тэнгэр (tenger)

Proto-Oghuz: *daŋrï

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: تكری, تڭری, طاڭری, طاكری
Turkish: tanrı
→ Gagauz: tanrı
→ Laz: თანგრი (tangri), ტანგრი (ťangri), თრანგი (trangi), თანრი (tanri)

Azerbaijani: tanrı

Salar: danru

Turkmen: taňry

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَنْكْرٖى

Chagatai: تینگری

Uzbek: tangri

Uyghur: تەڭرى (tengri)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: tengeri (Codex Cumanicus)

Khorezmian Turkic: تنکری (täñri)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тәңре (təñre)

Tatar: тәңре (täñre)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: тенгири (teñiri)

Karachay-Balkar: тейри (teyri)

Crimean Tatar: tañrı

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: теҥери (teŋeri)

Kyrgyz: теңир (teŋir)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: тәңир

Kazakh: тәңір (täñır)

Nogai: таьнъир (täñir)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 (t²ŋr²i)

North Siberian:

Yakut: таҥара (tañara)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тигiр (tigir)

Shor: тегри (tegri)

Sayan:

Tuvan: дээр (deer)

Tofa: дээрі

Northern Altai: тегре (tegre)

Western Yugur: teŋïr, tiŋïr

The Old Chinese transcription 撐黎/撐犁 (ṭhāŋ-rə̄j) of the Xiongnu word 'sky' has been identified to have been borrowed Proto-Turkic *teŋri. Vovin (2003) has suggested Yeniseian origin, but this has not found widespread support. Some descendants, including Chuvash and Oghuz, point into the back-ablauted variant *taŋrï.


yaŋsul

yaŋsul (nominative singular)
yaŋsullar (nominative plural)
yaŋsulnïŋ (genitive singular)
yaŋsullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
yaŋsulka (dative singular)
yaŋsullarka (dative plural)
yaŋsulda (locative singular)
yaŋsullarda (locative plural)
yaŋsuldan (ablative singular)
yaŋsullardan (ablative plural)
yaŋsullarïn (instrumental plural)
yaŋsulča (equative singular)
yaŋsullarča (equative plural)


yoŋsul

yoŋsul (nominative singular)
yoŋsullar (nominative plural)
yoŋsulnïŋ (genitive singular)
yoŋsullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
yoŋsulka (dative singular)
yoŋsullarka (dative plural)
yoŋsulda (locative singular)
yoŋsullarda (locative plural)
yoŋsuldan (ablative singular)
yoŋsullardan (ablative plural)
yoŋsullarïn (instrumental plural)
yoŋsulča (equative singular)
yoŋsullarča (equative plural)

Turkish: yonsul (dialectal)

Turkish: yonsuk (dialectal)

*yoɣsun

Oghuz

Turkish: yoğsun (dialectal)

Azerbaijani: yosun

Ottoman Turkish: یوسن, یوسون, یوصون, یوصن (yosun), یوصول (yosul)

Turkish: yosun, yusul (dialectal)

*yozun

Turkish: yoz (dialectal)

→ Crimean Tatar: yosun

Karluk

Chagatai: يوساك (yosaŋ), Chagatai: يوسك (yosuŋ)

Uyghur: يوسۇن (yosun)

Uzbek: yoʻsin


tïgïŕ

Oghur: *tïgïr

Chuvash: тӑвӑр (tăvăr)

Common Turkic: *tïgïz, *tïkïz

Oghuz: *tïkïz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: طیقیز (tıkız)
Turkish: tıkız
→ Armenian: թըխըզ (tʻəxəz)

Turkmen: dykyz

Karluk:

Uzbek: tig'iz

Kipchak: *tïkïz

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тығыҙ (tığıź)

Tatar: тыгыз (tığız)

→ Chuvash: тӑкӑс (tăk̬ăs)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: тыгъыс (tığıs)

⇒ Karachay-Balkar: тыгъырыкъ (tığırıq)

Crimean Tatar: tığız

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тыгыз (tıgız)

Southern Altai: туус (tuus)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: тығыз

Kazakh: тығыз (tyğyz)

Nogai: тыгыз (tıgız)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: тыйыс (tıyıs)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *tïgrak
Siberian:
Old Turkic: [script needed] (tïğraq)
Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tïğraq)
Karluk:
Karakhanid: تِغْراقْ (tïğrāq)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *čixirag

From Proto-Turkic *tïg- (“to blunt”) + *-ïŕ. Oghuz and Kipchak point the stem Proto-Turkic *tïk- (“to stuff”), whence *tïkïz. *tïgïz would be *tïgïz in Oghuz and *tïwïz in Kipchak.


yïr

yïr (nominative singular)
yïrïg (accusative singular)
yïrnï (accusative singular)
yïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïrka (dative singular)
yïrta (locative singular)
yïrtan (ablative singular)
yïrgaru (allative singular)
yïrïn (instrumental singular)
yïrča (equative singular)
yïrlayu (singular)
yïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: юрӑ (jură)

Common Turkic: *yïr

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: ییر (yır), ایر (ır)

Turkish: yır, ır

Salar: yür

Karluk

Karakhanid: یِرْ (yïr), اِرْ (ïr)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йыр (yır)

Tatar: җыр (cır)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: йыр (yır)

Karachay-Balkar: джыр (cır)

Crimean Tatar: yır

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: ыр (ır)

Southern Altai: ыр (ïr)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: жыр

Kazakh: жыр (jyr)

Nogai: йыр (yır)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: ырыа

Yakut: ырыа (ırıa)

South Siberian

Chulym: ыр

Northern Altai: ыр (ïr)

Khakas: ыр (ır)

Shor: ыр

Tofa: ыр

Tuvan: ыр (ır)

Western Yugur: yer


kïĺ

kïĺ (nominative singular)
kïĺïg (accusative singular)
kïĺnï (accusative singular)
kïĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïĺka (dative singular)
kïĺta (locative singular)
kïĺtan (ablative singular)
kïĺgaru (allative singular)
kïĺïn (instrumental singular)
kïĺča (equative singular)
kïĺlayu (singular)
kïĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: хӗл (hĕl)

Common Turkic: *kïš

Arghu:

Khalaj: qış

Proto-Oghuz: *gïš

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qış

Ottoman Turkish: قیش (kış)
Gagauz: kış
Turkish: kış
→ Laz: კიში (ǩişi)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gyş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِشْ (qıš)

Chagatai: قیش (qïš)

Uzbek: qish

Uyghur: قىش (qish)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qış

Karachay-Balkar: къыш (qış)

Kumyk: къыш (qış)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыш (qış)

Tatar: кыш (qış)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыс, qıs

Kazakh: қыс (qys)

Nogai: кыс (kıs)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыш (kış)

Southern Altai: кыш (kïš)

Teleut қыш

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰶𐰃𐱁 (qïš)

North Siberian:

⇒ Dolgan: кыһын

⇒ Yakut: кыс (kıs), кыһын (kıhın)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ӄыъш

Tuvan: кыш (kış)

Yenisei Turkic:

⇒ Khakas: хысхы (xısxı)

desc

⇒ Shor: қышқы

⇒ Shor: қышқы

Western Yugur: qıs


tōl-

Oghur:

Middle Chuvash: *tål

Viryal: тол (tol)

Anatri: тул (tul)

Common Turkic: *tōl-

Arghu:

Khalaj: tôlmaq, tôla

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: طولمق, طولى

Turkish: dolmak, dolu

Gagauz: dolmaa, dolu

Azerbaijani: dolmaq, dolu

Turkmen: dōlmak, dōly

Salar: dolı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُلوُ (tolu)

Uzbek: to'lmoq, toʻla

Uyghur: [script needed] (tolmak), تولۇق (toluq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тулыу (tulıw), тулы (tulı)

Tatar: тулу (tulu), тулы (tulı)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: толу (tolu)

Karachay-Balkar: толургъа (tolurğa), толу (tolu)

Crimean Tatar: tolmaq, tolu

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: толуу (toluu), толо (tolo)

Southern Altai: толо (tolo)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: толы

Kazakh: толу (tolu), толы (toly)

Nogai: толы (tolı)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tolu)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: туол, толору

Yakut: туол (tuol) → толор (tolor) → толору (toloru)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: долу (dolu)

Tofa: толу

Yenisei:

Khakas: тол (tol)

⇒ Shor: толдура

⇒ Shor: толдура

Western Yugur: tʰol


tōn

tōn (nominative singular)
tōnug (accusative singular)
tōnnï (accusative singular)
tōnnuŋ (genitive singular)
tōnka (dative singular)
tōnta (locative singular)
tōntan (ablative singular)
tōngaru (allative singular)
tōnun (instrumental singular)
tōnča (equative singular)
tōnlayu (singular)
tōnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: тум (tum)

Common Turkic: *tōn

Arghu

Khalaj: tôn

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: don

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طون
Gagauz: don (“pants”)
Turkish: don
→ Armenian: տոն (ton), դոն (don)

Turkmen: don (“dressing gown”)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُنْ (ton)

Kipchak

⇒ Khorezmian Turkic: تونوماق (tonumaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: тун (tun)

Tatar: тун (tun)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: тон (ton)

Karachay-Balkar: тон (ton)

Crimean Tatar: don

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тон (ton)

Kyrgyz: тон (ton)

Teleut тон

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: тон

Kazakh: тон (ton)

Nogai: тон (ton)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰣 (ton)

North Siberian

>? Yakut: таҥас (tañas)

South Siberian

Khakas: тон (ton)

Western Yugur: ton (“garment, dress”)

Tuvan: тон (ton)

Shor: тон

Tofa: дон


kīr-

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӗр (kĕr)

Common Turkic: *kīr

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: girmək

Ottoman Turkish: گیرمك (girmek)
Gagauz: girmää
Turkish: girmek

desc

⇒ Ottoman Turkish: گیورمك (“givirmek, güvürmek”)

Turkmen: gīrmek

Salar: gir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کِرْماكْ (kirmek)

Chagatai: كرماك (kirmek)

Uzbek: kirmoq

Uyghur: كىرمەك (kirmek)

Kipchak:

⇒ Kipchak: kriv (“entrance”) (Codex Cumanicus)

⇒ Khorezmian Turkic: کیکورماک (kigürmäk)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кереү (kerew)

Tatar: керү (kerü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirmek

Kumyk: гирмек (girmek)

Karachay-Balkar: кирирге (kirirge)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кирер (kirer)

Teleut кир

Kyrgyz: кирүү (kirüü)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кириў

Kazakh: кіру (kıru)

Nogai: кируьв (kirüv)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰼 (kir²)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kir-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: киир

Yakut: киир (kiir)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: кір

Tuvan: кирер (kirer)

Yenisei:

Shor: кир

Khakas: кир (kir)

Western Yugur: kʰïr-


tüŕ

Oghur

Chuvash: тӳрӗ (türĕ)

Common Turkic: *tüz

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: düz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوز (“düz”)
Gagauz: düz
Turkish: düz
→ Armenian: դուզ (duz)

Turkmen: düz

Salar: düz

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُوزْ (tüz)

Chagatai: توز (tüz)

⇒ Uzbek: tuzmoq

Uyghur: تۈز (tüz)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: төҙ (töź)

Tatar: төз (töz)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tüz

Kumyk: тюз (tüz)

Karachay-Balkar: тюз (tüz)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тӱс (tüs)

Kyrgyz: түз (tüz)

Teleut тӱс

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: дүзиў

Kazakh: түзу (tüzu)

Nogai: туьз (tüz)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰔 (tüz)

South Siberian

Sayan

Tofa: дүс

Yenisei

Shor: тӱс

Khakas: тӱс (tüs)


keŋe-

Oghur:

Chuvash: канаш (kanaš)

Common Turkic: *keŋe-, *keŋeš-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gənəşmək (dialectal)

Turkish: geneşmek, kengeş, kengeç (dialectal)

Turkmen: geňeş

Karluk:

desc

کَینکاشْماكْ

Karakhanid: کَینکاشْماكْ (kenğeşmek)

Uzbek: kengash

Uyghur: كېڭەش (kë'ngesh)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кәңәш (kəñəş)

Tatar: киңәш (kiñäş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: keñeş

Kumyk: генгеш (geñeş)

Karachay-Balkar: кенгеш (keñeş)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кеңеш (keŋeş)

Southern Altai: кеҥеш (keŋeš, “to explain (calmly)”)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кеңес

Kazakh: кеңес (keñes)

Nogai: кенъес (keñes)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kẹñeş-)

→ Persian: کنگاش (kangâš)


koŋur

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑмӑр (hămăr)

→ Hungarian: komor

Common Turkic: *koŋur

Proto-Oghuz: *goŋur

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qonur

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: konur, goğur (dialectal)

Gagauz: komur

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: goňur

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُنکُرْ (qonğur)

Chagatai: قونغر (qonğur), قونقار (qonqar)

Uyghur: قۇڭۇر (qu'ngur)

Uzbek: qoʻngʻir

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуңыр (quñır)

Tatar: коңгырт (qoñgırt)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoñur

Kumyk: къонгур (qoñur)

Karachay-Balkar: къонгур (qoñur)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коңур (koŋur)

Southern Altai: коҥыр (koŋïr)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қоңыр

Kazakh: қоңыр (qoñyr)

Nogai: конъыр (koñır)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: qoŋïr

North Siberian:

Yakut: хоҥор (qoñor)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: һоор

Tuvan: хоор (xoor)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хоор (xoor)

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *konŋa- (“black”), compare Evenki конңорин (“black”).


okï-

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: وخ (waxï-) (as in waxïr fatihan suwrete)

Chuvash: (Maybe very similar вула (vula) (<*wala) has replaced)

>? Khazar: 𐰵𐰆𐰻𐰘𐰢? (oqurüm, “I read (past tense)”), -𐰵𐰆? (oqu-, “to read”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hoqımaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: oxumaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوقومق
Gagauz: okumaa
Turkish: okumak

Salar: oqa, oqu

Turkmen: okamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُقیٖدیٖ (okıdı) (3sg.pst)

Chagatai: اوقومق (oqumaq)

Uzbek: oʻqimoq

Uyghur: ئوقىماق (oqimaq)

Kipchak:

desc

اوقیماق (oqımaq)

Khorezmian Turkic: اوقوماق (oqumaq), اوقیماق (oqımaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: уҡыу (uqıw)

Tatar: уку (uqu)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oqumaq

Kumyk: охумакъ (oxumaq)

Karachay-Balkar: окъургъа (oqurğa)

Karaim:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: окуу (okuu)

Southern Altai: окур (okur)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: оқу

Kazakh: оқу (oqu)

Nogai: окув (okuv)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (okï-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: угуй (uguy)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur:

Khakas:

Shor:


bïldur

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗлтӗр (pĕlt̬ĕr)

Common Turkic: *bïldur

Arghu:

Khalaj: bıldır

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بولدر (buldur)

Azerbaijani: bildir

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بلدیر (bıldır), بلدر, بیلدیر
Turkish: bıldır

Turkmen: bildir

Salar: puldır

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَلْدِرْ (bıldur)

Uyghur: بۇلتۇر (bultur)

Uzbek: bultur

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: былтыр (bıltır)

Tatar: былтыр (bıltır)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bıltır

Karachay-Balkar: былтыр (bıltır)

Kumyk: былтыр (bıltır)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: былтыр (bıltır)

Southern Altai: былтыр (bïltïr)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: былтыр

Kazakh: былтыр (byltyr)

Nogai: былтыр (bıltır)

Siberian:

Yakut: былыр (bılır)

Khakas: пылтыр (pıltır)

Western Yugur: pïʰtïr


kamïĺ

kamïĺ (nominative singular)
kamïĺïg (accusative singular)
kamïĺnï (accusative singular)
kamïĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
kamïĺka (dative singular)
kamïĺta (locative singular)
kamïĺtan (ablative singular)
kamïĺgaru (allative singular)
kamïĺïn (instrumental singular)
kamïĺča (equative singular)
kamïĺlayu (singular)
kamïĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑмӑл (hămăl), хумул (humul)

→ Tatar: камыл (qamıl)

→ Bashkir: ҡамыл (qamıl)

→ Ossetian: хъамыл (qamyl)

→ Kabardian: къамыл (qaməl)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qamış

Ottoman Turkish: قامش (kamış)
Turkish: kamış
→ Armenian: խամիշ (xamiš), կամիշ (kamiš)
→ Bulgarian: камъ́ш (kamǎ́š)
→ Macedonian: камиш (kamiš)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ка̀миш
Latin script: kàmiš
→ Slovene: kaníš, kamež

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gamyş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَمِشْ (qamïš)
Chagatai: قامیش
Uyghur: قومۇش (qomush)
Uzbek: qamish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡамыш (qamış)

Tatar: камыш (qamış)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: камыш

Karaim: къамыш

Kumyk: къамуш (qamuş)

Karachay-Balkar: къамиш (qamiş)

Central Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қамыс

Kazakh: қамыс (qamys)

Nogai: камыс (kamıs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: камыш (kamış)

Southern Altai: камыш (kamïš)

desc

→ Chuvash: хӑмӑш (hămăš), хумуш (humuš), хумӑш (humăš)

→ Russian: камы́ш (kamýš)

→ Ukrainian: ками́ш (kamýš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (qamïš)

Northern Siberian:

Yakut: хамыс (qamıs), хомус (qomus)

Southern Siberian:

Yeniseian:

Khakas: хамыс (xamıs)

Shor: камыш

Sayan:

Tuvan: хымыш (xımış)


kōń

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Irk Bitig
Old Uyghur
tr:Besim Atalay

Arghu: قُونْ (kōn)

Khalaj: qôn

Proto-Oghuz: *koyn

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: qoyun

Qashqai: [script needed] (goyin)

Turkmeneli Turkish/Turcoman: [Term?] (ḳoyṷn)

Ottoman Turkish: قویون (koyun)

Balkan Gagauz Turkish: [Term?] (koyun?)

Gagauz: koyun

Turkish: koyun

→ Crimean Tatar: qoyun

Salar: goy, goy yılı (affected or borrowed from Old Uyghur)

Turkmen: goýun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُوىْ (kōy, “sheep”), قُوݧُغ (kōńug, “sheep (accusative)”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قوي (qoy)

Uzbek: qo’y

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуй (quy)

Tatar: куй (quy)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoy

Kumyk: къой (qoy)

Karachay-Balkar: къой (qoy)

Karaim: кой, къой

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qoy

Kazakh: қой (qoi)

Nogai: кой (koy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кой (koy)

Kyrgyz: кой (koy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰪 (koń)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (koy, koń, koyın)

Old Uyghur: 𐰴𐰆𐰪 (koń) (Irk Bitig)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qoy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: һой

Tuvan: хой (xoy)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хой (xoy)

Shor: қой (qoy)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *konïn (“sheep”)

→ Proto-Tungusic: *konin (“sheep”)

⇒ Proto-Tungusic: *koniska (“sheepskin”)

Relation to Armenian խոյ (xoy, “ram”) is uncertain and possible loaning both ways have been discussed with no consensus reached.
Some sources consider Oghuz forms to include a supposed diminutive suffix *-un, however such a suffix does not exist and it instead appears to be a developement from *-ń-, compare etymology 2, *bẹńi (“brain”), *köń- (“to burn”), *tuńak (“hoof”) and *kańak (“cream”).


kōń

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӳ (hü)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qôn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qoyun

Ottoman Turkish: قوین (koyun)

Gagauz: koynu

Turkish: koyun, koy (“cove”)

Salar: goynu

Turkmen: goýun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُوىْ (kōy, “bosom”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قويۇن (qoyun)

Uzbek: qo’yin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуйын (quyın)

Tatar: ҡуйын

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қойын (qoiyn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: койын (koyın)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (koy), [script needed] (koyun)

North Siberian:

Yakut: хоой (qooy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хой (xoy)


ōk

ōk (nominative singular)
ōkug (accusative singular)
ōknï (accusative singular)
ōknuŋ (genitive singular)
ōkka (dative singular)
ōkda (locative singular)
ōkdan (ablative singular)
ōkgaru (allative singular)
ōkun (instrumental singular)
ōkča (equative singular)
ōklayu (singular)
ōklugu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: йӑх (jăh)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

>? Turkish: ok atmak (dial.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوقْ (ōq, “share of inheritance”)

Kypchak:

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: [script needed] (ŭq) (dialectal)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰸 (uq ~ oq, “kin, tribe”)

Sayan:

Tuvan: ук (uk)

This stem has often been connected with *ok (“arrow”).


sarïk

sarïk (nominative singular)
sarïkïg (accusative singular)
sarïknï (accusative singular)
sarïknïŋ (genitive singular)
sarïkka (dative singular)
sarïkda (locative singular)
sarïkdan (ablative singular)
sarïkgaru (allative singular)
sarïkïn (instrumental singular)
sarïkča (equative singular)
sarïklayu (singular)
sarïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: сурăх (surăh)

Common Turkic

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һарыҡ (harıq)

Tatar: сарык (sarıq)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: sariq (“a type of sheep”)

Kazakh: сарық (saryq, “a type of sheep”)

Siberian

South Siberian

Tuvan: сарадак (saradak, “a 2-year-old maral”)

Probably akin to Proto-Mongolic *serke (“gelded goat”).


čeček

čeček (nominative singular)
čečekig (accusative singular)
čečekni (accusative singular)
čečekniŋ (genitive singular)
čečekke (dative singular)
čečekde (locative singular)
čečekden (ablative singular)
čečekgerü (allative singular)
čečekin (instrumental singular)
čečekče (equative singular)
čečekleyü (singular)
čečekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur：

Chuvash: ҫеҫке (śeśke)

→ Udmurt: сяська (śaśka)

→ Erzya: цеця (ćeća)

→ Bashkir: сәскә (səskə)

Khazar: [script needed] (čičäk) (“a female name”, see Tzitzak) (Classification disputed)

Common Turkic：

Oghuz：

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çiçək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چیچك, چچك (çiçek)
Turkish: çiçek
→ Armenian: չիչէկ (čʻičʻēk), չիչակ (čʻičʻak), չիչա̈գ^յ (čʻičʻägʸ)
→ Czech: šišák
→ German: Zischägge
→ English: zischägge
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: чи́чак
Latin script: číčak

Salar: çiçek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (čeček)

Uzbek: chechak

Uyghur: چېچەك (chëchek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәсәк (səsək, “smallpox”)

desc

Tatar: чәчәк (çäçäk)

Tatar: чәчәк (çäçäk)

→ Chuvash: чечек (čeč̬ek)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: çiçek

Kumyk: чечек (çeçek)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (çeçek, çiçek)

Karaim: [script needed] (çeçek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sheshek

Kazakh: шешек (şeşek, “chicken-pox”), желшешек (jelşeşek)

Nogai: шешек (şeşek), шешекей (şeşekey)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чечек (cecek)

Southern Altai: чечек (čeček)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (čeček)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (č́`uǯ́ug)

North Siberian:

Yakut: чэчик (cecik)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чечек (çeçek)

Yenisei:

Shor: чайақ

Khakas: чахаях (çaxayax)

Northern Altai: чеджек (čedžek)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ceceg

Mongolian: цэцэг (ceceg)

Dongxiang: chizhe

→ Chechen: зезаг (zezag)


tạrïg

tạrïg (nominative singular)
tạrïgïg (accusative singular)
tạrïgnï (accusative singular)
tạrïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tạrïgka (dative singular)
tạrïgda (locative singular)
tạrïgdan (ablative singular)
tạrïggaru (allative singular)
tạrïgïn (instrumental singular)
tạrïgča (equative singular)
tạrïglayu (singular)
tạrïglïgu (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tarïxan

Mongolian: тариа (taria)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тырӑ (tyră)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: darı

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: داری, دارو (darı), طاری (darı), طارو (darı)
Gagauz: darı
Turkish: darı
→ Armenian: տառը (taṙə), տառոս (taṙos), տարոս (taros)

Salar: tarı

Turkmen: dary

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tarığ)

Uzbek: tariq

Uyghur: تېرىق (tëriq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тары (tarı)

Tatar: тары (tarı)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tarı

Kumyk: тари (tari)

Karaim: тары

Karachay-Balkar: тары (tarı)

South Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: tari

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: таруу (taruu)

Southern Altai: тару (taru)

→ Hungarian: dara

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tarığ)

Western Yugur: tarığ

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тарығ (tarığ)

From *tạrï- (“to cultivate”) + *-g. Compare to Proto-Tungusic *dara-gan (“quitch; reed, cane”).


almïla

almïla (nominative singular)
almïlalar (nominative plural)
almïlanïŋ (genitive singular)
almïlalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
almïlaka (dative singular)
almïlalarka (dative plural)
almïlada (locative singular)
almïlalarda (locative plural)
almïladan (ablative singular)
almïlalardan (ablative plural)
almïlalarïn (instrumental plural)
almïlača (equative singular)
almïlalarča (equative plural)

Oghur:

ref

This form is either a contraction of *alïmla or a metathesis of улма (ulma)<templatestyles src="Module:etymology/style.css" />; the latter form, in turn, is perhaps a later borrowing form Kipchak. If the Chuvash dialectal forms with -ml- are more archaic, *alïmla could be reconstructed for Proto-Turkic as well.

Chuvash: омла (omla) (dialectal)

According to Doerfer, the entry in Dīwān should be read as alïmla. It follows from this proposition that the Common Turkic reconstruction should too have the shape of *alïmla rather than *almïla as proposed here. The reconstruction along the lines of Doerfer's *alïmla is also potentially easier to reconcile with the shape of the Mongolic derivative <i class="Latn mention" lang="xgn-pro">*alima</i>.

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 315

desctree

Common Turkic: *alma (see there for further descendants)
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: alımla
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلُمِلا (almïla) (as part of the compound اَلُمِلا قِمِزْ (qïmïz almïla))
** → Proto-Mongolic: *alima
Kalmyk: альмн (alʹmn)
Middle Mongol: ᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠ (alim-a)
Classical Mongolian: ᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠ (alim--a)
Mongolian: алим (alim)
→ Salar: *alima

From *āl (“red”) + *mïla (“apple?”). Literally meaning (red apple), possibly cognating with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”), from an unknown source. It is highly probable that the name of the fruit, which spread to the world from Central Asia in the Bronze Age, was taken from a common source in various languages.


siŋek

siŋek (nominative singular)
siŋekig (accusative singular)
siŋekni (accusative singular)
siŋekniŋ (genitive singular)
siŋekke (dative singular)
siŋekde (locative singular)
siŋekden (ablative singular)
siŋekgerü (allative singular)
siŋekin (instrumental singular)
siŋekče (equative singular)
siŋekleyü (singular)
siŋekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăна (šăna)

→ Hungarian: szúnyog

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sinək

Ottoman Turkish: سیڭك, سڭك (siñek), سینك (sinek)
Turkish: sinek

Turkmen: siňek

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (siŋäk)

Kipchak

Kipchak-Cuman

Crimean Tatar: sinek

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: сек (sek)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: сээк (seek)

Tofa: сээк (seek)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: сеек (seek)

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *süŋke (“beetle”), Proto-Mongolic *simaxul (“mosquito”).


teŋiŕ

teŋiŕ (nominative singular)
teŋiŕig (accusative singular)
teŋiŕni (accusative singular)
teŋiŕniŋ (genitive singular)
teŋiŕke (dative singular)
teŋiŕte (locative singular)
teŋiŕten (ablative singular)
teŋiŕgerü (allative singular)
teŋiŕin (instrumental singular)
teŋiŕče (equative singular)
teŋiŕleyü (singular)
teŋiŕligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: tenger

Oghuz:

Turkmen: deňiz

Old Anatolian Turkish: دَڭِز (deňiz)

Azerbaijani: dəniz

Ottoman Turkish: دڭز (deňiz)

Turkish: deniz

Gagauz: deniz

Karluk:

Uzbek: dengiz

Uyghur: دېڭىز (dë'ngiz)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: диңгеҙ (diñgeź)

Tatar: диңгез (diñgez)

→ Chuvash: тинӗс (tinĕs)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: deñiz

Kumyk: денгиз (deñiz)

Karachay-Balkar: тенгиз (teñiz)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: деңиз (deŋiz)

Southern Altai: теҥис (teŋis)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: teńiz

Kazakh: теңіз (teñız)

Nogai: денъиз (deñiz)


yȫn

yȫn (nominative singular)
yȫnüg (accusative singular)
yȫnni (accusative singular)
yȫnnüŋ (genitive singular)
yȫnke (dative singular)
yȫnte (locative singular)
yȫnten (ablative singular)
yȫngerü (allative singular)
yȫnün (instrumental singular)
yȫnče (equative singular)
yȫnleyü (singular)
yȫnlügü (comitative singular)


yȫn

Oghur:

Old Chuvash *ɕön, *ɕən

desc

Western Mari: [script needed] (sən, “luck/happiness; usefulness”), ⇒ [script needed] (sənän, “good, useful”)

Common Turkic: *yȫn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yön

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یوڭ (yöñ), یوڭ (yüñ), یون (yün)
Turkish: yük
→ North Levantine Arabic: يوك (yūk)

Turkish: yön

⇒ Turkmen: ýȫne (“simply”); ⇒ ýȫnelmek (“to head”); ⇒ ýȫnekeý (“crude, simple”)

Karluk:

⇒ Uzbek: yoʻnalmoq (“to head”), joʻn

desc

⇒ Uyghur: يۆنەلمەك (yönelmek, “to head”), جۆن (jön, “of poor quality; useful”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

⇒ йүнәлеш (yünəleş)

Bashkir: йүн (yün), ⇒ йүнәлеш (yünəleş)

Tatar: җүн (cün)

→ Chuvash: йӳнӗ (jünĕ, “cheap”)

→ Eastern Mari: йӧн (jön)

West Kipchak:

⇒ Crimean Tatar: yönemek

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жөн (jön)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jón

Kazakh: жөн (jön)


bẹ̄ĺčik

bẹ̄ĺčik (nominative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikig (accusative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikni (accusative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikniŋ (genitive singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikke (dative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikde (locative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikden (ablative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikgerü (allative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikin (instrumental singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikče (equative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikleyü (singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

>? Chuvash: пелче (pelč̬e)

→ Hungarian: bölcső

Common Turkic: *bẹ̄šik

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: beşik

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بشیك, بشك (beşik)
Turkish: beşik
→ Armenian: բեշիկ (bešik), պեշիկ (pešik)

Turkmen: bişek, bīşik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِيشِكْ (bẹ̄şik)

Chagatai: بوشوک (böşük), بیشیک (beşik)

Uzbek: beshik

Uyghur: بۆشۈك (böshük)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бишек (bişek)

Tatar: бишек (bişek)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: бешик (beşik)

Crimean Tatar: beşik

Kumyk: бешик (beşik)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бешик (beşik)

desc

Southern Altai: межик (mežik, “coffin, cradle”)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: бесик (besik)

Kazakh: бесік (besık)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: pyšyk (béšik)

North Siberian:

Yakut: биһик (bihik, “cradle”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: беӌик

Yenisei:

Chulym: пезик (pezik)

Khakas: пизік (pizìk)

Shor: пежик

Northern Altai: бежик (bežik)

Usually considered simplex, however several proposals have been made:
# Eren proposes a verb *bẹ̄ĺči- ("to shake"), however such a verb is unattested.
# Sevortjan suggests a derivation from *bēle- (“to swaddle”), however this poses a morphological and phonological problem as this would've yielded *bēlek instead. He also compares words such as Bashkir бәлләв (bəlləv, “swing”) and suggests a common *bēl noun, however once again this has phonological and morphological problems.


kēnč

kēnč (nominative singular)
kēnčig (accusative singular)
kēnčni (accusative singular)
kēnčniŋ (genitive singular)
kēnčke (dative singular)
kēnčde (locative singular)
kēnčden (ablative singular)
kēnčgerü (allative singular)
kēnčin (instrumental singular)
kēnčče (equative singular)
kēnčleyü (singular)
kēnčligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *kēnč:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gənc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گنج
Gagauz: genç
Turkish: genç
→ Crimean Tatar: genç
→ Middle Armenian: կէնճ (kēnč)
Armenian: կենճ (kenč), գ^յա̈նջ (gʸänǰ) — Van, dialectological notation, կանճ (kanč), կէնճ (kēnč) — traditional orthography

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کانْجْ (kēnč)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kenč)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kenje

Middle Mongol: ᠬᠡᠨᠵᠡ (kenǰe):

Buryat: хэнзэ (xenze)

desc

Kalmyk: кенз (kenz, “autumn-born small livestock; autumn grass”)

Mongolian: хэнз (xenz, “late-grown crop; animal born late in the season”)

→ Bashkir: кинйә (kinyə)

→ Kumyk: генже (genje)

→ Kazakh: кенже (kenje)

→ Kyrgyz: кенже (kenje)

→ Southern Altai: кенје (kenǰe)

→ Tatar: кинцә (kintsä) (dialectal)

→ Tuvan: хенче (xençe, “autumn-born small livestock”)

→ Chagatai: کنجه (kenje, “child born to an aged father; child in general”)

Uyghur: كەنجە (kenje, “youngster”)

Uzbek: kenja (“youngest child”)

→ Tajik: кенҷа (kenja, “youngest child”)

→ Yagnobi: [script needed] (kenǰá, kanǰá), ⇒ [script needed] (kenǰagí)

→ Manchu: ᡴᡝᠨᠵᡝ (kenje, “frail, tiny, small”)


elig

elig (nominative singular)
eligig (accusative singular)
eligni (accusative singular)
eligniŋ (genitive singular)
eligke (dative singular)
eligde (locative singular)
eligden (ablative singular)
eliggerü (allative singular)
eligin (instrumental singular)
eligče (equative singular)
eligleyü (singular)
eligligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: الو (elüw)
Chuvash: алӑ (ală)

Common Turkic: *elig

Arghu:

Khalaj: əl

Oghuz: اَلِكْ (elig)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: əl

Qashqai: [script needed] (el)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (el)

Gagauz: el

Turkish: el

Salar: el

Turkmen: el

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَلِكْ (“elig”)

Chagatai: [Term?] (“élik”)

Uyghur: ilik (dial.)

Uzbek: ilik (arch.)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ӧлӱ (ölü, “finger”), элӱ (elü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰏 (l²g /elig/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐾁𐽰𐽷 (elig)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ılığ)

North Siberian:

Yakut: илии (ilii)

Dolgan: илии

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (ilik)

Usually considered to be simplex, however some theories have been thrown around:
# Sevortyan compares the dialectal Turkish elmek (“hand”) and suggets a common root *el-
# Tekin ties the word to *ẹĺ- (“to dig”), stating that the sigmatism didn't occur due to its medial position.
# Nişanyan suggets a derivation *ạl- (“to take”) + *-ïg, however note that the word is never attested as being back voweled through history.
The reason behind the disappearence of the final -i in some languages is uncertain but likely due to confusion with the third person singular possessive, compare *tātïg (“taste”), *bẹńi (“brain”) for similar cases.
Some linguists also suggests a relation with *ellig (“fifty”) since a hand has five fingers.


ellig

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: الو (elü), الُّ (ellü)

Chuvash: аллă (allă)

Common Turkic

Arghu:

Khalaj: əllig

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: əlli

Ottoman Turkish: اللی (elli)

Turkish: elli

Gagauz: elli

Salar: elli

Turkmen: elli

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: اليک (ällik)

Uzbek: ellik

Uyghur: ئەللىك (ellik)

Ili Turki: ellik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: илле (ille)

Tatar: илле (ille)

Siberian Tatar: илле

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: elli

Kumyk: элли (elli)

Karachay-Balkar: элли (elli)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: елиў (eliw)

Kazakh: елу (elu)

Nogai: элли (élli)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: элүү (elüü)

Southern Altai: ӧлӱ (ölü) (Teleut)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰏 (älig)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽷 (älig)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: элиг (elig)

Khakas: иліг (ilìg)

First attested as Old Turkic 𐰠𐰏 (l²g /elig/). Perhaps from *elig (“hand”), see there for more.


sim-

Oghur:

Chuvash: сим (sim, “nectar; ale”)

⇒ Common Turkic: *simür-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sümürmək

Ottoman Turkish: سومرمك (sümürmek)

Turkish: sömürmek

Turkmen: sümürmek

Salar: sumurğusı (“to suck in”), sumurlağusı

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: сіміру (sımıru)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һемереү (hemerew)

Karluk:

Uzbek: simirmoq

Uyghur: سۈمۈرمەك (sümürmek)

Proto-Turkic *sim- + *-ür in Common Turkic.
Compare Proto-Mongolic *sime (“juice; to soak; to suck”), Proto-Tungusic *šime- (“to soak; to suck”).


bāldïŕ

bāldïŕ (nominative singular)
bāldïŕïg (accusative singular)
bāldïŕnï (accusative singular)
bāldïŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
bāldïŕka (dative singular)
bāldïŕta (locative singular)
bāldïŕtan (ablative singular)
bāldïŕgaru (allative singular)
bāldïŕïn (instrumental singular)
bāldïŕča (equative singular)
bāldïŕlayu (singular)
bāldïŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: пултӑр (pult̬ăr)

Common Turkic

Arghu:

Khalaj: bâldız

Proto-Oghuz: *baldïz

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: baldız
→ Talysh: balduz

Ottoman Turkish: بالدز (baldız)

Turkish: baldız

Gagauz: baldıska

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bāldyz

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (baldız)

Uzbek: boldiz

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: балдыҙ (baldıź)

Tatar: балдыз (baldız), baldız

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: балдыз (baldız)

Southern Altai: бассы (bassï)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: baldiz

Kazakh: балдыз (baldyz)

Nogai: балдыз (baldız)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: балыс (“younger sister”)

Yakut: балыс (balıs, “younger sister”)

South Siberian

Yenisei

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (baltïz)

From Proto-Turkic *bāla + *-dïŕ. Compared to Proto-Mongolic *balčir (“very small, infant”).


urugluk

urugluk (nominative singular)
uruglukug (accusative singular)
urugluknï (accusative singular)
urugluknuŋ (genitive singular)
uruglukka (dative singular)
uruglukda (locative singular)
uruglukdan (ablative singular)
uruglukgaru (allative singular)
uruglukun (instrumental singular)
uruglukča (equative singular)
urugluklayu (singular)
urugluklugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Salar: urlaq, urluq

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلُقْ (uruğluq, “seed corn”)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (urluk)

Uyghur: [script needed] (uruqluq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: орлоҡ (orloq)

Tatar: орлык (orlıq)

→? Chuvash: вӑрлӑх (vărlăh)

Cuman-Kipchak: [script needed] (urluk)

Kumyk: урлукъ (urluq)

Crimean Tatar: urluq

Karachay-Balkar: урлукъ (urluq)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: урлык (urlık)

From Proto-Turkic *urug + *-luk with crasis.


kādïn

kādïn (nominative singular)
kādïnïg (accusative singular)
kādïnnï (accusative singular)
kādïnnïŋ (genitive singular)
kādïnka (dative singular)
kādïnta (locative singular)
kādïntan (ablative singular)
kādïngaru (allative singular)
kādïnïn (instrumental singular)
kādïnča (equative singular)
kādïnlayu (singular)
kādïnlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: хунь (hunʹ)

Common Turkic

Arghu:

Khalaj: qâdın

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qayın

Ottoman Turkish: قاین (kayın)

Turkish: kayın

Turkmen: gāýyn

Salar: qayın

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qaδın, qadın, qayın)

Uzbek: qayin

Uyghur: [script needed] (qeyin)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡайны (qaynı)

Tatar: кайын (qayın)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qayın

Kumyk: къайын (qayın)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кайын (kayın)

Southern Altai: кайын (kayïn)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: қайын (qaiyn)

Nogai: кайын (kayın)

Siberian

Old Turkic

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qadïn)

Sayan

Tuvan: каты (katı)

Yenisei

Shor: казын

Khakas: хазын (xazın)

Western Yugur: qazïn (“relative in law (male/female)”)

Compare Proto-Mongolic *kadum (“relative by marriage”).


sǖt

sǖt (nominative singular)
sǖtüg (accusative singular)
sǖtni (accusative singular)
sǖtnüŋ (genitive singular)
sǖtke (dative singular)
sǖtde (locative singular)
sǖtden (ablative singular)
sǖtgerü (allative singular)
sǖtün (instrumental singular)
sǖtče (equative singular)
sǖtleyü (singular)
sǖtlügü (comitative singular)

Bulgharic:

Chuvash: сӗт (sĕt)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: sü̂t

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: süd / сүд

Ottoman Turkish: سوت (süt)

Turkish: süt (süd- dial.)

Gagauz: süt

Salar: süt, süd

Turkmen: süýt (süýd-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: сөт (söt) / söt

Bashkir: һөт (höt)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: süt

Karaim: siuť

Karaim: [script needed] (süt)

Kumyk: сют (süt)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: сүт

Kazakh: сүт (süt)

Nogai: суьт (süt)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сүт (süt)

Southern Altai: сӱт (süt)

Karluk:

Chagatai: سوت (süt)

Uzbek: sut / сут (sut)

Uyghur: سۈت (süt)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (süt)

Western Yugur: süt

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үүт

Yakut: үүт (üüt)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: сүт

Tuvan: сүт (süt)

Yenisei:

Shor: сӱт

Khakas: сӱт (süt)

From Proto-Turkic *süd- (?) "(liquid) leaking, dripping".


-ŕ

bẹ (“I”) + *-ŕ → *biŕ (“we”)


-ŕ

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-r (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

sö- + *-ŕ → *söŕ (“word, speech”)


ẹk(k)iŕ

ẹkiŕ (nominative singular)
ẹkkiŕ (nominative singular)
ẹkiŕig (accusative singular)
ẹkkiŕig (accusative singular)
ẹkiŕni (accusative singular)
ẹkkiŕni (accusative singular)
ẹkiŕniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹkkiŕniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹkiŕke (dative singular)
ẹkkiŕke (dative singular)
ẹkiŕte (locative singular)
ẹkkiŕte (locative singular)
ẹkiŕten (ablative singular)
ẹkkiŕten (ablative singular)
ẹkiŕgerü (allative singular)
ẹkkiŕgerü (allative singular)
ẹkiŕin (instrumental singular)
ẹkkiŕin (instrumental singular)
ẹkiŕče (equative singular)
ẹkkiŕče (equative singular)
ẹkiŕleyü (singular)
ẹkkiŕleyü (singular)
ẹkiŕligü (comitative singular)
ẹkkiŕligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗкӗреш (jĕk̬ĕreš)

→ Hungarian: iker

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ikire

→ Mongolian: ихэр (ixer, “twins”)

→ Yakut: игирэ (igire, “twin”)

Common Turkic:

** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: əkiz
***** Ottoman Turkish: ایكیز (ikiz)
****** Turkish: ikiz
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ekiz
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid:
**** Chagatai:
***** Uzbek: egizak
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: игеҙәк (igeźək)
**** Tatar: игез (igez)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: egiz
**** Karachay-Balkar: эгиз (egiz)
**** Kumyk: эгиз (egiz)
*** South Kipchak
**** Kazakh: егіз (egız)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: эгиз (egiz)
**** Southern Altai: эгис (egis)
** Siberian:
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tuvan: ийис (iyis)
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Khakas: ікіс (ìkìs)

From Proto-Turkic *ẹk(k)i (“two”) + *-ŕ.


biŕ

biŕ (nominative singular)
biŕni (accusative singular)
biŕniŋ (genitive singular)
biŕiŋe (dative singular)
biŕinte (locative singular)
biŕinten (ablative singular)
biŕiŋerü (allative singular)
biŕnin (instrumental singular)
biŕinče (equative singular)
biŕinleyü (singular)
biŕinligü (comitative singular)


biŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эпир (ep̬ir)

Common Turkic: *biz

Arghu:

Khalaj: biz

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *biz

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: بز (biz), ـوز (-viz)

Azerbaijani: biz

Ottoman Turkish: بز (biz), ـز (-z, -iz)

Turkish: biz, -iz

Gagauz: biz

⇒ Salar: piser

Turkmen: biz, -iz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِزْ (biz)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (biz), [script needed] (biz)

Chagatai: بیز (biz)

Uzbek: biz

Uyghur: بىز (biz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بز (biz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بز (biz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: беҙ (beź)

Tatar: без (bez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: biz

Karachay-Balkar: биз (biz)

Kumyk: биз (biz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: біз (bız)

Karakalpak: biz

Nogai: биз (biz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: биз (biz)

Southern Altai: бис (bis)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰕 (b²iz /biz/)

Old Uyghur: pʾz (biz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (pız)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биһиги (bihigi)

Yakut: биһиги (bihigi)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: биъс (bis)

Tuvan: бис (bis)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пiс (pis)

Shor: пiс (pis)

Denotes "to be" for first person plural when at the end of an object; are

Denotes first person plural after various tenses


-siŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: -сӗр (-sĕr), -сӑр (-săr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -siz

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـسز (-siz)

Azerbaijani: -siz

Ottoman Turkish: ـسز (-siz)

Turkish: -siz

Gagauz: -siz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -siz

Salar: -siz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: -سىز

Chagatai:

Uyghur: -سىز (-siz)

Uzbek: -siz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -һеҙ (-heź)

Tatar: -сез (-sez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -siz

Urum: -сиэ (-siz)

Kumyk: -сиз (-siz)

Karachay-Balkar: -сиз (-siz)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -сіз (-sız)

Karakalpak: -siz

Nogai: -сиз (-siz)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -сиз (-siz), -сыз (-sız), -суз (-suz), -сүз (-süz)

Southern Altai: -сиз (-siz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰔 (-siz, -süz)

Old Uyghur: -syž (-siž, -sïž)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -сиз (-siz)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-ser (“-less”).

kǖč (“power”) + *-siŕ → *kǖčsüŕ (“powerless”)

Used to form adjectives or nouns denoting the non-possession of a thing or quality; -less


čï̄pgan

čï̄pgan (nominative singular)
čï̄pganïg (accusative singular)
čï̄pgannï (accusative singular)
čï̄pgannïŋ (genitive singular)
čï̄pganka (dative singular)
čï̄pganta (locative singular)
čï̄pgantan (ablative singular)
čï̄pgangaru (allative singular)
čï̄pganïn (instrumental singular)
čï̄pganča (equative singular)
čï̄pganlayu (singular)
čï̄pganlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫăпан (śăpan)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çiban, çivzə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چبان, چیبان (çıban)
Gagauz: çıban
Turkish: çıban
→ Armenian: չիբան (čʻiban)

Turkmen: çȳban

Karluk:

Karakhanid: جِبقان (çıpqan)

Uzbek: chipqon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

desc

Bashkir: себешке (sebeşke), сәбәртеү (səbərtew, “to become a rash on lips”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: шиқан (şiqan)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: чибишке (čibiške)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: шибишки

Tofa: шибишки

Tuvan: шивишки (şivişki)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ciyigan

→ Southern Altai: чыйыкан (čïyïkan)

Probably comes from an ancient dead verb used to denominate the body's response to a mosquito bite, *čï̄p- + *-gan. Related to Proto-Turkic *čï̄pïn (“fly; gad-fly; mosquito”), Azerbaijani çibin. Compare also Proto-Mongolic *ciyigan (“tumour, albugo”).


-iĺ

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-l (“suffix forming nouns designating abstract ideas from verbs”).

noncog

ȫk- (“to heap up”) + *-iĺ → *ȫküĺ (“many”)


ürüŋ

Arghu:

Khalaj: hürün

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

desc

ürün<t:milk and milk products; dairy product><qq:dialectal>

Turkish: ürün (“milk and milk products; dairy product”) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرُنْكْ (ürüŋ)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үрүң-бараң (ürüŋ-baraŋ, “dawn”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰼𐰭 (ürüŋ)

North Siberian:

Yakut: үрүҥ (ürüñ)

Dolgan: үрүҥ


-miĺ

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (-miş)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -miş, imiş

Ottoman Turkish: ـمش (-miş)

Turkish: -miş, imiş, -muş, -müş, -mış

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -miş

Salar:

Salar: -miş

Karluk:

Uzbek: emish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имеш (imeş)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эмиш (emiš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐱁 (-miš)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -бит (-bit), -быт (-bıt), -бут (-but), -бүт (-büt), -пит (-pit), -пыт (-pıt), -пут (-put), -пүт (-püt)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-mel (“suffix forming resultive nouns from verbs”).

noncog

seb- (“to love”) + *-miĺ → *sebmiĺ (“(I guess/I heard that) she/he/it loved.”)

Forms past tense, heard, unseen, unexperienced or otherwise unclear to the speaker.

öl- (“to die”) + *-miĺ → *ölmiĺ (“dead”)


yẹtmiĺ

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫитмӗл (śitmĕl)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yêtmiş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yetmiş

Ottoman Turkish: یتمش (yetmiş)

Turkish: yetmiş

Gagauz: etmiş

Turkmen: ýetmiş

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yetmiş

Karachay-Balkar: джетмиш (cetmiş)

Kumyk: етмиш (yetmiş)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: етмеш (yetmeş)

Tatar: җитмеш (citmeş)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жетпіс (jetpıs)

Karakalpak: jetpis

Nogai: етпис (yetpis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жетимиш (jetimiş)

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: yetmish

Uyghur: يەتمىش (yetmish)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐱅𐰢𐰾 (yätmiš)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐾀𐽹𐽶𐽿𐾅, 𐽶𐽶𐾀𐽹𐽶𐽿 (yytmyš)


siŕ

siŕ (nominative singular)
siŕni (accusative singular)
siŕiŋ (genitive singular)
siŕiŋe (dative singular)
siŕinte (locative singular)
siŕinten (ablative singular)
siŕiŋerü (allative singular)
siŕnin (instrumental singular)
siŕinče (equative singular)
siŕinleyü (singular)
siŕinligü (comitative singular)


siŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эсир (es̬ir)

Common Turkic:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰃𐰕 (s²iz /siz/)

Old Uyghur: sʾz (siz)

Karakhanid: [script needed] (siz)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (siz)

Arghu:

Khalaj: siz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (siz)

Azerbaijani: siz

Ottoman Turkish: سز (siz)

Turkish: siz

Gagauz: siz

Turkmen: siz

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (siz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (siz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: siz

Karachay-Balkar: сиз (siz)

Kumyk: сиз (siz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һеҙ (heź)

Tatar: сез (sez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сіз (sız)

Karakalpak: siz

Nogai: сиз (siz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сиз (siz)

Southern Altai: слер (sler)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (siz)

Uzbek: siz

Uyghur: سىز (siz)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: эһиги (ehigi)

Yakut: эһиги (ehigi)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сілер (siler)

Tuvan: силер (siler)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: силер (siler)

Shor: силер (siler)

Denotes "to be" for second person plural when at the end of an object; are

Denotes second person plural after various tenses.


tokuŕ

Oghur

Volga Bulgar: طخر (tuxur, tuxır)

Chuvash: тӑххӑр (tăhhăr)

Arghu:

Khalaj: toqquz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: doqquz

Ottoman Turkish: طقوز (dokuz)

Gagauz: dokuz

Turkish: dokuz

Eastern:

Salar: doqos, doqus

Turkmen: dokuz

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: توققۇز (toqquz)

Uzbek: toʻqqiz

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: докъуз (doquz), doquz

Karachay-Balkar: тогъуз (toğuz)

Karaim: toyuz

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: тоғиз (toğiz)

Kazakh: тоғыз (toğyz)

Nogai: тогыз (togız)

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: туғыҙ (tuğıź)

Tatar: тугыз (tuğız) tuğız

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тогуз (toguz)

Southern Altai: тогус (togus)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔 (tokuz)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽵𐾄𐽳𐽴 (tokuz)

Western Yugur: tohğəs

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тоғыс (toğıs)

Shor: тоғус (toğus)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: тоъһос (toh'os)

Tuvan: тос (tos)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тогус (togus)

Yakut: тоҕус (toğus)


-gek

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ak, -ek, -k

Kipchak

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: -ак (-ak), -ек (-yek), -ок (-ok), -өк (-ök)

Southern Altai: -ак (-ak), -ек (-yek), -ок (-ok), -ӧк (-ök), -к (-k)

bïč- (“to mow”) + *-gek → *bïčgak (“knife”)


batgak

batgak (nominative singular)
batgakïg (accusative singular)
batgaknï (accusative singular)
batgaknïŋ (genitive singular)
batgakka (dative singular)
batgakda (locative singular)
batgakdan (ablative singular)
batgakgaru (allative singular)
batgakïn (instrumental singular)
batgakča (equative singular)
batgaklayu (singular)
batgaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: путхах (puthah)

Common Turkic: *batgak

Proto-Oghuz: *batɣak

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bataq

Ottoman Turkish: باتاق

Turkish: batak

Gagauz: bataq

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: batga

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بتقاق (batqaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: батҡаҡ (batqaq)

Tatar: баткак (batkak)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bataq

Karachay-Balkar: батхакъ (batxaq)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баткак (batkak)

Southern Altai: баткак (batkak)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَتْقاقْ (batqaq)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (batqaq)

Chagatai: بتقاق (batqaq)

Uzbek: botqoq

Uyghur: پاتقاق (patqaq)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: патқақ (patqaq)

From *bat- (“to sink; to fit into, get into”) + *-gak.


boŕ

Common Turkic: *boz

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *boz

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boz)

Azerbaijani: boz

Ottoman Turkish: بوز (boz)

Gagauz: boz

Turkish: boz

→ Middle Armenian: պօզ (pōz)

Armenian: բոզ (boz)

→ Northern Kurdish: boz

Turkmen: boz

→ Georgian: ბოზი (bozi)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بوز (boz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: буҙ (buź)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boz

Karachay-Balkar: боз (boz)

Kumyk: боз (boz)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: боз (boz)

Southern Altai: бос (bos)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بوز (boz)

Uzbek: boʻz

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰔 (boz)

South Siberian

Northern Altai: пус (pus)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бороҥ (boroñ)


-inči

Oghur:

Bulgar: -ش (-şi), [script needed] (-ş)

Chuvash: -шӗ (-šĕ), -мӗш (-mĕš)

⇒ Common Turkic: *-m-inči

Arghu:

Khalaj: -minci

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -minji

Common Turkic: *-inči

Arghu:

Khalaj: -inci

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -inci

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -inci

Turkmen: -inji

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (-inči)

Uyghur: ـىنچى (-inchi)

Uzbek: -inchi

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: -инчи (-inçi)

Kumyk: -инчи (-inçi)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: -енче (-yençe)

Bashkir: -енсе (-yense)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Karakalpak: -inshi

Kazakh: -інші (-ınşı)

Nogai: -инши (-inşi)

Kirgiz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -инчи (-inci)

Southern Altai: -инчи (-inči)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰨 (-nč)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: -інӌі (-ìncì)

Shor: -инчи

Western Yugur: [script needed] (-inçi)

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: -ис (-is)

Yakut: -ис (-is)

The second vowel of the suffix seems to appear after the medieval era. For an unknown reason, the word *ẹk(k)inti (“second”) has an exclusive variant *-inti, however according to Erdal it may be a seperate suffix.
Has been compared to Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci).

bīr (“one”) + *-inči → *bīrinči (“first”)


ẹk(k)inči

Oghur:

Bulgar: اكشِ (äkeşi)

Chuvash: иккӗмӗш (ikkĕmĕš)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: ikinci

Ottoman Turkish: ایكینجی (ikinci)

Turkish: ikinci

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ikinji

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اِكِنْجْ (ikinč)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئىككىنچى (ikkinchi)

Uzbek: ikkinchi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: икенче (ikençe)

Bashkir: икенсе (ikense)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: экинчи (ekinçi)

Kumyk: экинчи (ekinçi)

South Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ekinshi

Kazakh: екінші (ekınşı)

Nogai: экинши (ékinşi)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: экинчи (ekinci)

Southern Altai: экинчи (ekinči)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: иккис (ikkis)

Yakut: иккис (ikkis)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ийиги (iyigi)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ікінӌі (ìkìncì)

Shor: ийгинчи (iyginçi)

From *ẹk(k)i (“two”) + *-inči (ordinal forming suffix).


kẹl-

Oghur:

Chuvash: кил (kil)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kəlmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gəlmək

Ottoman Turkish: گلمك

Turkish: gelmek

Gagauz: gelmää

Turkmen: gelmek

Salar: gel

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kel-)

Uzbek: kelmoq

Uyghur: كەلمەك (kelmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: килеү (kilew)

Tatar: килергә (kilergä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kelmek

Kumyk: гелмек (gelmek)

Karachay-Balkar: келерге (kelerge)

Karaim: [script needed] (kel-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: келүү (kelüü)

Southern Altai: кел (kel)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (kel-)

Kazakh: келу (kelu)

Nogai: келуьв (kelüv)

Siberian:

North Siberian

Dolgan: кэл

Yakut: кэл (kel)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (kel-)

Tuvan: келир (kelir)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (kel-)

Khakas: килерге (kilerge)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kel-)


kẹle-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkish: geleşik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кәләш (kələş)

Tatar: kileš-, käläš

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: гелеш- (geleş-)

Karachay-Balkar: келечи (keleçi)

Siberian

Khakas: kǝle-, kǝlen-

Possibly related to Proto-Mongolic *kelen (“language, tongue”), Proto-Tungusic *xilŋü (“tongue”). (cf. Mongolian хэл (xel)).


altmïĺ

altmïĺ (nominative singular)
altmïĺïg (accusative singular)
altmïĺnï (accusative singular)
altmïĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
altmïĺka (dative singular)
altmïĺta (locative singular)
altmïĺtan (ablative singular)
altmïĺgaru (allative singular)
altmïĺïn (instrumental singular)
altmïĺča (equative singular)
altmïĺlayu (singular)
altmïĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: утмӑл (utmăl)

desc

Common Turkic: *altmïš
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: altmış
** Proto-Oghuz: *altmïš
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (altmış)
***** Azerbaijani: altmış
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلتمش (altmış)
****** Gagauz: altmış
****** Turkish: altmış
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: altmyş
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْتْمِشْ (altmïš)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (altmïš)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (altmïš)
****** Uzbek: oltmish
****** Uyghur: ئاتمىش (atmish)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: التمش (altmış)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алтмыш (altmış)
***** Tatar: алтмыш (altmış)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: altmış
***** Karachay-Balkar: алтмыш (altmış)
***** Kumyk: алтмыш (altmış)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алпыс (alpys)
***** Karakalpak: алпыс (alpıs)
***** Nogai: алпыс (alpıs)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алтымыш (altımış)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰡𐰢𐱁 (ltmš /altmïš/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽹𐽶𐽿𐾅 (altmïš)


eĺčgek

eĺčgek (nominative singular)
eĺčgekig (accusative singular)
eĺčgekni (accusative singular)
eĺčgekniŋ (genitive singular)
eĺčgekke (dative singular)
eĺčgekde (locative singular)
eĺčgekden (ablative singular)
eĺčgekgerü (allative singular)
eĺčgekin (instrumental singular)
eĺčgekče (equative singular)
eĺčgekleyü (singular)
eĺčgekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→? Proto-Mongolic: *elǰigen

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: əşgə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: eşşək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اشك
Turkish: eşek
Gagauz: yeşek
→ Armenian: էշեկ (ēšek)
→ Bulgarian: ешѐк (ešèk)
→ Laz: ეშეღი (eşeği)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ѐшек
Latin script: èšek
→? Sicilian: sceccu

Turkmen: eşek

Salar: eşek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَشْكَكْ (ešgek)

Chagatai: ايشاک

Uzbek: eshak

Uyghur: ئىشەق (isheq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ишәк (işäk)

Bashkir: ишәк (işək)

→ Middle Russian: иша́къ (išák), ише́къ (išék)

Russian: иша́к (išák)

→ Old Ruthenian: *иша́къ (*išák)
Belarusian: іша́к (išák)
Ukrainian: іша́к (išák)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: eşek

Karachay-Balkar: эшек (eşek)

Karaim: эшэк (ešek)

Kumyk: эшек (eşek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: есек (esek), естек (estek)

Karakalpak: eshek

Nogai: эшек (éşek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эшек (eşek)

Southern Altai: эштек (eštek)

→? Chuvash: ашак (aš̬ak)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: эштек

From Proto-Turkic *eĺč- + *-gek. Akin to Proto-Tungusic *eyiken and Proto-Mongolic *elǰigen (“donkey”).


kẹlin

kẹlin (nominative singular)
kẹlinig (accusative singular)
kẹlinni (accusative singular)
kẹlinniŋ (genitive singular)
kẹlinke (dative singular)
kẹlinte (locative singular)
kẹlinten (ablative singular)
kẹlingerü (allative singular)
kẹlinin (instrumental singular)
kẹlinče (equative singular)
kẹlinleyü (singular)
kẹlinligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кин (kin)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kəlin

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gəlin

→ Khalaj: gəlin

Ottoman Turkish: كلین (gelin)

Gagauz: gelin

Turkish: gelin

Salar: kiyne

Turkmen: gelin

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَلِنْ (kelin)

Uyghur: كېلىن (këlin)

Uzbek: kelin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: килен (kilen)

Tatar: килен (kilen)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kelin, келин

Karachay-Balkar: келин (kelin)

Karaim: килен

Krymchak: келин

Kumyk: гелин (gelin)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: келин (kelin)

Southern Altai: келин (kelin)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: kelin

Kazakh: келін (kelın)

Nogai: келин (kelin)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰠𐰤 (kl²n²)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: келин (kelin)

Yenisei:

Shor: келин

Probably a derivation from *kẹle- or *kẹl- (“to come”) + *-in.

Meronym: (bridegroom, son-in-law, brother-in-law) *küdegü


agrïg

agrïg (nominative singular)
agrïgïg (accusative singular)
agrïgnï (accusative singular)
agrïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
agrïgka (dative singular)
agrïgda (locative singular)
agrïgdan (ablative singular)
agrïggaru (allative singular)
agrïgïn (instrumental singular)
agrïgča (equative singular)
agrïglayu (singular)
agrïglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ырату (yrat̬u) (from a causative form; *agrïtïg)

desc

Dolgan: ыарыыта

Common Turkic: *agrïg
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: hâğrığ
** Proto-Oghuz: *aɣrïɣ
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ağrı)
***** Azerbaijani: ağrı
***** Ottoman Turkish: آغری (ağrı)
****** Gagauz: aarı
****** Turkish: ağrı
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: agyry
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَغْرِغْ (aɣrïɣ)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (aɣrïɣ) [script needed] (aɣrïq)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (ağrıq)
****** Uzbek: ogʻriq
****** Uyghur: ئاغرىق (aghriq)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: ауырыу (awırıw)
**** Tatar: авыру (awıru)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Kazakh: ауру (auru)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: оору (ooru)
**** Southern Altai: орыҥкай (orïŋkay), оору (ooru)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ՚՚q̈ryq (aɣrïɣ)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: ыарыыта
**** Yakut: ыарыы (ıarıı)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: аарығ (aarığ)
***** Tuvan: аарыг (aarıg)
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Khakas: ағырығ (ağırığ)
***** Shor: ағрығ (ağrığ)

From *agrï- (“to be in pain, to ache”) + *-g.


yagu-

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: ҫывӑх (śyvăh)

⇒ Chuvash: ҫывӑхар (śyvăh̬ar)

Arghu:

⇒ Khalaj: yoğuq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yavımaq (dialectal)

⇒ Azerbaijani: yavıq, yavuq (archaic)

⇒ Ottoman Turkish: yavuk, yavuklu

⇒ Turkish: yavuklu, yavuklamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yaɣu-)

Kipchak:

Southern Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жуу (juu)

Nogai: ювув (yuvuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жуу (juu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yaɣu-)

⇒ Dolgan: һугаһаа

⇒ Dolgan: һугаһаа

⇒ Yakut: чугас (cugas)

(intransitive) to draw near, to approach, to near


köprüg

köprüg (nominative singular)
köprügüg (accusative singular)
köprügni (accusative singular)
köprügnüŋ (genitive singular)
köprügke (dative singular)
köprügde (locative singular)
köprügden (ablative singular)
köprüggerü (allative singular)
köprügün (instrumental singular)
köprügče (equative singular)
köprügleyü (singular)
köprüglügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: körpü
→ Persian: کرپی (korpi)

Ottoman Turkish: كوپری, كورپی (körpi), كورپو (körpü)
Turkish: köprü
Gagauz: köprü
→ Hijazi Arabic: كبري (kubri)
→ Egyptian Arabic: كوبري (kobrı)
→ Armenian: քէօփրիւ (kʻēōpʻriw)
→ Bulgarian: кюприя (kjuprija) (obsolete)
→ Greek: κιοπρουλής (kioproulís)
→ Ladino: kyupri, kopri
→ Macedonian: ќуприја (ḱuprija)
→ Serbo-Croatian: ћу̀прија/ćùprija

Salar: kömür, komuru

Turkmen: köpri

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (köprüg)

Uzbek: koʻprik

Uyghur: كۆۋرۈك (köwrük)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (köprüg), [script needed] (köprü), [script needed] (köpri)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күпер (küper)

Tatar: күпер (küper)

→ Chuvash: кӗпер (kĕp̬er)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: köpür

Kumyk: кёпюр (köpür)

Karachay-Balkar: кёпюр (köpür)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көпүрө (köpürö)

Southern Altai: кемирӱ (kemirü), кӧмӱрӱ (kömürü), кӧмӱр (kömür), кӧпир (köpir)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: kópir

Kazakh: көпір (köpır)

Nogai: коьпир (köpir)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (köprüg)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: кеъприғ (kèpriɣ)

Tuvan: көвүрүг (kövürüg)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *köxerge (“bridge, bellows, swollen leather”)

Originally, it was considered to be a borrowing from Ancient Greek γέφυρα (géphura, “bridge”), however it has since been refuted due to phonological reasons such as there not being any explanation for the word final *-g.
The current leading theory is the derivation *köpür- (“to swell, foam”) + *-üg, this is semantically not obvious however both Doerfer and Nişanyan suggests that it may have originally referred to pontoons made of swollen leather comparing the semantics of Proto-Mongolic *köxerge (“bridge, bellows, swollen leather”) (itself possibly from *köxe- or *köxere- (“to swell, foam”) if not directly borrowed from Turkic).
It should also be noted that the Kipchak variant *köpVr is a later secondary development, probably via metathesis, as older Kipchak texts lack such a form. The form *köprig also seen reflected in some descendants may reflect the first form of the word as *köpür- (“to swell, foam”) is suggested to be from earlier *köpir-.