adak

adak (canonical)
hadak (canonical)
adak (nominative singular)
adakïg (accusative singular)
adaknï (accusative singular)
adaknïŋ (genitive singular)
adakka (dative singular)
adakda (locative singular)
adakdan (ablative singular)
adakgaru (allative singular)
adakïn (instrumental singular)
adakča (equative singular)
adaklayu (singular)
adaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ура (ura)

Common Turkic: *adak

Arghu:

Khalaj: hadaq

Proto-Oghuz: *ayak

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ayaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آیاق (ayak)
Gagauz: ayak
Turkish: ayak
→ Armenian: այախ (ayax)

Salar: ayaq

Turkmen: aýak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَذَقْ (aδaq)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (aδaq), [script needed] (ayaq)

Chagatai: آیاق (ayaq), آیاغ (ayağ)

Uzbek: oyoq

Uyghur: ئاياق (ayaq), ئاياغ (ayagh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: ايق (ayaq)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ayaq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ayaq

Karachay-Balkar: аякъ (ayaq)

Kumyk: аякъ (ayaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аҙаҡ (aźaq, “end; then”), аяҡ (ayaq, “leg”)

Tatar: аяк (ayak)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: аяқ (aäq)

Karakalpak: ayaq

Nogai: аяк (ayak)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяк (ayak)

Southern Altai: аяк (ayak), айак (ayak)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰴 (adaq)

Old Uyghur: ʾʾdʾq (adaq)

Western Yugur: azaq

North Siberian:

Dolgan: атак (atak)

Yakut: атах (ataq)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: адак (adak)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: азах (azax)

Shor: азақ (azaq)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *adag

Usually considered to be simplex, however some theories have been thrown around:
# Németh and some other linguists derive it from *āt- (“to take a step”).
# Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *ad- (“to seperate”), however states that the morphology is not very obvious as there is no deverbal noun forming *-ak suffix.
# Hamilton puts forth the possibility of being derived from *yād- (“to spread”).
Sevortyan's attempt at relating it with Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”) and Räsänen's attempt to link it with Korean 바닥 (badak) are unfounded.


tabïĺgan

tabïĺgan (nominative singular)
tabïĺganïg (accusative singular)
tabïĺgannï (accusative singular)
tabïĺgannïŋ (genitive singular)
tabïĺganka (dative singular)
tabïĺganta (locative singular)
tabïĺgantan (ablative singular)
tabïĺgangaru (allative singular)
tabïĺganïn (instrumental singular)
tabïĺganča (equative singular)
tabïĺganlayu (singular)
tabïĺganlïgu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid: تَڤِشْغانْ (tavïšɣān)

Arghu:

Khalaj: tavuşğân

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: dovşan

Ottoman Turkish: طاوشان (tavşan)

Gagauz: tauşam

Turkish: tavşan

Salar: dovşan

Turkmen: towşan

→ Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (ṭawšan)

→ Kumyk: тавшан (tawşan)

→ Nogai: тавшан (tavşan)

Karluk:

Chagatai: تاووشقان (tawušqan)

Uzbek: tovushqon

Uyghur: توشقان (toshqan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣 (t¹b¹s¹ǧn¹ /tabïšɣan/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tʾβyšγʾn /tavïšɣan/)

Western Yugur: tusqan

North Siberian:

Yakut: табысхан (tabısqan)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: табысхан (tabısxan)

?→ Khitan: 匋裏 (taul)

?→ Mongolic: *taxulai

Mongolian: туулай (tuulaj)

From *tabïĺ- (“to run”) + *-gan. Akin to Proto-Mongolic *taxulai (“rabbit”) and Khitan 匋裏 (taul, “rabbit”).


kẹntü

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kendü)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kendü)

Proto-Oghuz: *gendü

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كندو (gändü)

Azerbaijani: gəndi (dialectal)

Ottoman Turkish: كندو (kendü)

Turkish: kendi

Gagauz: kendi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَنْدُو (kendǖ)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰦𐰇 (kentü)

Old Uyghur: k՚ntw (kentü)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: гини (gini)

Yakut: кини (kini)


ïgač

ïgač (nominative singular)
ïgačïg (accusative singular)
ïgačnï (accusative singular)
ïgačnïŋ (genitive singular)
ïgačka (dative singular)
ïgačda (locative singular)
ïgačdan (ablative singular)
ïgačgaru (allative singular)
ïgačïn (instrumental singular)
ïgačča (equative singular)
ïgačlayu (singular)
ïgačlïgu (comitative singular)

Medieval:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yīğaç)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰍𐰲 (iǧč /ïɣač/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ïɣač)

Bulghar

Chuvash: йывӑҫ (jyvăś)

Karluk

Karakhanid: يِغَجْ (yïɣaç)

Chagatai: ییغاج (yïɣač)

Uyghur: ياغاچ (yaghach)

Uzbek: yogʻoch

Kipchak

Aral:

Karakalpak: agash

Kazakh: ағаш (ağaş)

Nogai: агаш (agaş)

Black Sea:

Crimean Tatar: ağaç

Karachay-Balkar: агъач (ağaç)

Karaim: agač

Kumyk: агъач (ağaç)

Urum: агач

Eastern

Kyrgyz: жыгач (jıgac)

Southern Altai: агаш (agaš)

Northern:

Bashkir: ағас (ağas)

Tatar: агач (ağaç)

Arghu

Khalaj: hağaç

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: ağac

Gagauz: aaç

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آغاج (ağaç)
Turkish: ağaç
→ Laz: აღაჯი (ağaci)

Salar: agaç

Turkmen: agaç

Siberian

Southern Siberian

Yenisei-Turkic

Khakas: ағас (ağas)

Shor: ағаш (aɣaš)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: ыяш (ıyaş)

Tofa: аӄаш (aqaş), неш (neš)

Western Yugur: yihaš

desc

Northern Altai: агаш (agaš), агач (agač)

From *ï (“vegetation, plant, bush, tree”) + *-gač.


kumursga

kumursga (nominative singular)
kumursgag (accusative singular)
kumursganï (accusative singular)
kumursganïŋ (genitive singular)
kumursgaka (dative singular)
kumursgada (locative singular)
kumursgadan (ablative singular)
kumursgagaru (allative singular)
kumursgan (instrumental singular)
kumursgača (equative singular)
kumursgalayu (singular)
kumursgalïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qumurğâç

Karluk:

Khorezmian: [script needed] (qumurṣqa)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qumursɣa)

Uzbek: qumursqa

Kipchak:

Mamluk Kipchak: [script needed] (qumursqa)

Aral:

Kazakh: құмырсқа (qūmyrsqa)

Nogai: кумырска (kumırska)

Black Sea:

Crimean Tatar: qumursqa, qırmısqa

Karachay-Balkar: къумурсха (qumursxa)

Karaim: qumurstqa

Kumyk: хомурсгъа (xomursğa)

Eastern:

Kyrgyz: кумурска (kumurska)

desc

Southern Altai: комурска (komurska), кумурска (kumurska)

North:

Bashkir: ҡырмыҫҡа (qırmıśqa)

Tatar: кырмыска (qırmıska)

Oghuz:

Salar: gumısgan

Turkmen: gumursga (dialect)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰢𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰍𐰀 (qumursɣa)

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: хымысха (xımısxa)

Shor: қымысқаш

Shor: қымысқаш

Northern Siberian:

Yakut: кымырдаҕас (kımırdağas)

Southern Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: һымысқа

Tuvan: кымыскаяк (kımıskayak)

Tofa: һымысқа (hımısqa)

Perhaps analyzable as *kumur- + *-ga, the latter being a common ending in animal names.


kāl-

Oghur:

Chuvash: юл (jul)

Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: قَلْماقْ (qalmāq)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰞 (qal-)

Old Uyghur: qʾlmʾq (qalmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (qal-)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (qal-)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (qal-)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qâlmaq

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qalmaq

Ottoman Turkish: قالمق (qalmaq)

Turkish: kalmak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gālmak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡалыу (qalıw)

Tatar: калу (qalu)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қалу (qalu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: калуу (kaluu)

Southern Altai: калар (kalar)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (qalmaq)

Uzbek: qolmoq

Uyghur: قالماق (qalmaq)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каал (kaal)

Yakut: хаал (qaal)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: халарға (xalarğa)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: калыр (kalır)


kumlak

kumlak (nominative singular)
kumlakïg (accusative singular)
kumlaknï (accusative singular)
kumlaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kumlakka (dative singular)
kumlakda (locative singular)
kumlakdan (ablative singular)
kumlakgaru (allative singular)
kumlakïn (instrumental singular)
kumlakča (equative singular)
kumlaklayu (singular)
kumlaklïgu (comitative singular)

Medieval

Karakhanid: قُمْلاقْ (qumlaq)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡомалаҡ (qomalaq)

Tatar: колмак (qolmaq)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: құлмақ (qūlmaq)

Nogai: кылмак (kılmak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кулмак (kulmak)

Southern Altai: куманак (kumanak)

Teleut: кумдак (kumdak)

Siberian

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: хумнах (xumnax)

Shor: қымнақ, қубанақ

Shor: қымнақ, қубанақ

Oghur

Chuvash: хӑмла (hămla)

→? Proto-Slavic: *xъmelь

→ Hungarian: komló, homló

→ Mari:

Eastern Mari: умла (umla)

Western Mari: ымыла (ymyla)

→ Mordvin:

Erzya: комля (komľa)

Moksha: комля (komľa)

Most likely from Iranian or Germanic ultimately, see Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg) and Old Norse humli respectively.
Some sources defend the possibility of native Turkic origin, but the evidence is weak.


bïdïk

bïdïk (nominative singular)
bïdïkïg (accusative singular)
bïdïknï (accusative singular)
bïdïknïŋ (genitive singular)
bïdïkka (dative singular)
bïdïkda (locative singular)
bïdïkdan (ablative singular)
bïdïkgaru (allative singular)
bïdïkïn (instrumental singular)
bïdïkča (equative singular)
bïdïklayu (singular)
bïdïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑйӑх (măjăh) (< Kipchak)

Common Turkic: *bïdïk

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bïyïk

Old Anatolian Turkish: بیق (bıyıq)

Azerbaijani: bığ (< Karluk)

→ Udi: быгъ (bəɣ)

→ Udi: быгъ (bəɣ), бигъ (biɣ)

→ Middle Armenian: բեղ (beġ), բեխ (bex)

Armenian: բեղ (beġ)

Ottoman Turkish: بیق (bıyık)

Turkish: bıyık, (dialectal) bığ

→ Laz: ბუჲუღი (buyuği)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِذِقْ (bïδïq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بیغ (bïɣ)

Uzbek: miyiq

Uyghur: مىيىق (miyiq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (bïyïq)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (bïyïq), [Arabic needed] (mïyïq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мыйыҡ (mıyıq)

Tatar: мыйык (mıyıq)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: мыйыкъ (mıyıq)

Kumyk: мыйыкъ (mıyıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: миық (miyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мыйык (mıyık)

Southern Altai: мыйык (mïyïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: бытык (bıtık)

Dolgan: бытык

South Siberian:

Khakas: пызых (pızıx)


yāĺ

yāĺ (nominative singular)
yāĺïg (accusative singular)
yāĺnï (accusative singular)
yāĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāĺka (dative singular)
yāĺta (locative singular)
yāĺtan (ablative singular)
yāĺgaru (allative singular)
yāĺïn (instrumental singular)
yāĺča (equative singular)
yāĺlayu (singular)
yāĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Bulgar: جال (cāl)

Chuvash: ҫул (śul)

Common Turkic: *yāš

Arghu

Khalaj: yâaş

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاش (yaş)
Gagauz: yaş
Turkish: yaş

Salar: [script needed] (yaš)

Turkmen: ýāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَشْ (yaš)

Chagatai: یاش (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh

Uyghur: ياش (yash)

Kipchak

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)

Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yaš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yaş

Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)

Kumyk: яш (yaş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

North Siberian

Yakut: саас (saas)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)

Shor: чаш

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *na-sun (“age”) through inheritance or borrowing, itself perhaps from earlier *nal-sun.


yāĺ

Relation to above etymology is unclear.
EDAL separates the senses young and fresh by etymology, and compares them to Proto-Mongolic *jala-xu (“young”) and *nïla-xun (“raw”) respectively.
Nugteren also mentions *nïlka (“baby”) as a potential cognate.


yāĺ

Arghu

Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Salar: [script needed] (yaš)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh

Uyghur: ياش (yash)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yaş

Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)

Kumyk: яш (yaş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰀𐰽 (yāš) (Irk Bitig)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чаш (çaş)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)


yāĺ

Oghur

Chuvash: куҫ-ҫуль (kuś-śulʹ, literally “eye-tear”)

Common Turkic: *yāš

Arghu

Khalaj: yâaş

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)

Chagatai: ياش (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh

Uyghur: ياش (yash)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чаш (çaş)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)

Very likely in some way related to Proto-Mongolic *nïlbu-sun (“tear”), however EDAL connects it to Proto-Mongolic *ni-dün (“eye”).


seb-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *seb-ki- (“to rest, refresh oneself, relax”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *seb-je- (“to have fun; fun”)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: سَو (sev)

Chuvash: сав (sav)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: səvmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sevmək

Ottoman Turkish: سومك (sevmek)

Turkish: sevmek

Gagauz: sevmää

→ Crimean Tatar: sevmek

Turkmen: söýmek

Salar: söy

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَڤْماكْ (sevmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (séwmek)

Uzbek: sevmoq

Uyghur: سۆيمەك (söymek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (söw-), [script needed] (sew-)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sew-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: süymek

Karachay-Balkar: сюерге (süyerge)

Kumyk: сюймек (süymek)

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һөйөү (höyöw)

Tatar: сөяркә (söyarkä), сөю (söyu)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сүю (süü)

Nogai: суьюв (süyuv)

Karakalpak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сүйүү (süyüü)

Southern Altai: сӱӱ (süü), сӱӱ- (süü-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰋 (seb-)

Old Uyghur: sʾβmʾk (sevmek)

North Siberian:

Yakut: иэй (iey)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur:

Shor:

Khakas:


sebin-

Karakhanid: سَڤُنْماكْ (sevünmēk), سَڤِنْماكْ (sevinmēk)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰋𐰤 (sebin-)

Old Uyghur: sʾβynmʾk (sevinmek)

Oghuz

Ottoman Turkish: سونمك (sevinmek)

Turkish: sevinmek

Kypchak

Bashkir: һөйөнөү (höyönöw, “to be glad, to rejoice”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сүйүнүү (süyünüü)

Southern Altai: сӱӱн- (süün-)

From *seb- (“to love”) + *-in- (“reflexive suffix”).

suffix

(intransitive) to rejoice; to be happy, to be glad, to be joyful


tüĺ-

Oghur

→ Hungarian: dől

Common Turkic: *tüš-

Arghu

Khalaj: tüşmək

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: düşmək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوشمك (düşmek)
Gagauz: düşmää
Turkish: düşmek

Turkmen: düşmek

Khorezmian: [script needed] (düš-), [script needed] (tüš-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُشْماكْ (tüšmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tüšmek)

Uzbek: tushmoq

Uyghur: چۈشمەك (chüshmek)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüš-)

desc

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (tüš-), [Arabic needed] (düš-)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tüşmek

Kumyk: тюшмек (tüşmek)

Karachay-Balkar: тюшерге (tüşerge)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: төшөү (töşöw)

Tatar: төшү (töşü)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: түсу (tüsu)

Nogai: туьсуьв (tüsüv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: түшүү (tüşüü)

Southern Altai: тӱшер (tüšer)

Siberian

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰾 (tüš-)

Old Uyghur: twšmʾk (tüšmek)

North Siberian

Dolgan: түс

Yakut: түс (tüs)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tus-)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan дүжер (düjer)

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *dōl- (“to bend”) and Proto-Mongolic *döli- (“to bend backwards”). Compare Hungarian dűl, dől (“to tumble, lean, tilt”); a Turkic borrowing. The onset voicing in the Hungarian cognate is irregular.

cog

(intransitive) to go back to, to settle down


bạk-

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑх (păh)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: vaqmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: baxmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باقمق (baqmaq), باقماق (bakmak), بقمق (bakmak), بقماق (bakmak)
Gagauz: bakmaa
Turkish: bakmak

Salar: vaq

Turkmen: bakmak

Kipchak:

Khorezmian Turkic: بقماق (baqmaq)

Kipchak: [script needed] (baq-)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (baq-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baqmaq

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бағыу (bağıw)

Tatar: багарга (bağarga)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бағу (bağu)

Nogai бакув (bakuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: багуу (baguu)

Southern Altai: багар (bagar)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَقْماقْ (baqmāq)

Chagatai: [script needed] (baqmaq)

Uzbek: boqmoq

Uyghur: باقماق (baqmaq)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бык (bïk)

Yakut: бык (bık)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan бакылар (bakılar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пағарға (pağarğa)


sarïg

→? Proto-Mongolic: *sïra

Oghur:

Chuvash: шурӑ (šură)

→ Hungarian: sárga

→ Bulgarian: шарен (šaren)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: sâruğ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sarı

Ottoman Turkish: صاری (sarı)

Gagauz: sarı

Turkish: sarı

Salar: sarı

Turkmen: sāry

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَرِغْ (sarïɣ)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ṣarïɣ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (sarïɣ), [script needed] (sarïq)

Uzbek: sariq

Uyghur: سېرىق (sëriq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (sarï)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (ṣārū), [Arabic needed] (ṣārï̄)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: sarı

Karachay-Balkar: сары (sarı)

Kumyk: сари (sari)

Karaim: [script needed] (sarı)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һары (harı)

Tatar: сары (sarı)

→ Chuvash: сарӑ (sară)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сары (sary)

Karakalpak: sarı

Nogai: сары (sarı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сары (sarı)

Southern Altai: сары (sarï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰺𐰃𐰍 (sarïɣ)

Old Uyghur: sʾryγ (sarïɣ)

North Siberian:

Yakut: араҕас (arağas), арыы (arıı, “butter”)

Dolgan: арыы (“butter”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: сарығ (sarïɣ)

Khakas: сарығ (sarığ)

Shor: сарыг

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сарығ

Tuvan: сарыг (sarıg)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (sarïɣ)

Derivation from Proto-Turkic *siaŕ(ï)- (“to become white, yellow”) + *-g. Khalaj and Turkmen forms point to -/ā/-.
Compared to Proto-Mongolic *sïra (“yellow”) (Mongolian шар (šar, “yellow”)), Proto-Japonic *siro (“white”).


yumuĺ

yumuĺ (nominative singular)
yumuĺug (accusative singular)
yumuĺnï (accusative singular)
yumuĺnuŋ (genitive singular)
yumuĺka (dative singular)
yumuĺta (locative singular)
yumuĺtan (ablative singular)
yumuĺgaru (allative singular)
yumuĺun (instrumental singular)
yumuĺča (equative singular)
yumuĺlayu (singular)
yumuĺlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмӑл (śămăl)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yumuş

Turkmen: ýumuş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yumuš)

Uzbek: yumush

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомош (yomoş)

Tatar: йомыш (yomış)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джумуш (cumuş)

Karaim: jumuš

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жұмыс (jūmys)

Karakalpak: jumi's

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуш (jumuş)

Southern Altai: јымыш (ǰïmïš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yumuš)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yumuš)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: нымыс (nımıs)

Sayan:

desc

Tuvan: чымыш (çımış)

Tuvan: чымыш (çımış)

From Proto-Turkic *yum- + *-uĺ. Perhaps related to Ottoman Turkish [script needed] (yumurmak, “to tidy up”).


yügen

yügen (nominative singular)
yügenig (accusative singular)
yügenni (accusative singular)
yügenniŋ (genitive singular)
yügenke (dative singular)
yügente (locative singular)
yügenten (ablative singular)
yügengerü (allative singular)
yügenin (instrumental singular)
yügenče (equative singular)
yügenleyü (singular)
yügenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗвен (jĕven)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yüyən

Ottoman Turkish: اویان (oyan, uyan), یكن (yüğen)

Turkish: oyan, uyan (dialectal)

Turkmen: uýan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yügön) (MK, IM)

Uzbek: yugan

Uyghur: يۈگەن (yügen)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йүгән (yügən)

Tatar: йөгән (yögän)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yügen

Karachay-Balkar: джюген (cügen)

Karaim: [script needed] (iygen, yügen)

Kumyk: юген (yugen)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жүген (jügen)

Karakalpak: ju'wen

Nogai: ювен (yuven)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ӱйген (üygen)

Kyrgyz: жүгөн (jügön)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: үүн (üün)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүген (çügen)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱген (çügen)

Shor: чӱген (čügen)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yugïn), [script needed] (yügen)


tǖĺ

Oghur

⇒ Chuvash: тӗлӗк (tĕlĕk)

Common Turkic: *tǖl

Oghuz

Salar: [script needed] (tel)

Old Turkic

Old Uyghur: twl (tül)

Common Turkic: *tǖš

Arghu

Khalaj: tîiş

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: دوش (düş)

Azerbaijani: düş (dialectal)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوش (düş)
Gagauz: düş
Turkish: düş

Turkmen: düýş

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (düš)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُوشْ (tǖš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tüš)

Uzbek: tush

Uyghur: چۈش (chüsh)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (tüš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tüş

Karachay-Balkar: тюш (tüş)

Kumyk: тюш (tüş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: төш (töş)

Tatar: төш (töş)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: түс (tüs)

Karakalpak: tu's

Nogai: туьс (tüs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: түш (tüş)

Southern Altai: тӱш (tüš)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: түүл (tüül) (<*dǖl)

Yakut: түүл (tüül) (<*dǖl)

South Siberian

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: тӱс (tüs)

Shor: тӱш (tüš)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: дүш (düš)

Tuvan: дүш (düş)

No doubt connected to Proto-Mongolic *tölge (“prediction, divination”) and Proto-Tungusic *tolki-n (“dream”) in some way; compare Mongolian төлгө (tölgö, “mantic, voodooism”) and Evenki толкин (tolkin, “dream”).


xātun

xātun (nominative singular)
xātunug (accusative singular)
xātunnï (accusative singular)
xātunnuŋ (genitive singular)
xātunka (dative singular)
xātunta (locative singular)
xātuntan (ablative singular)
xātungaru (allative singular)
xātunun (instrumental singular)
xātunča (equative singular)
xātunlayu (singular)
xātunlugu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid: قاتُونْ (qātūn)

Karluk:

Chagatai: خاتون (ḥatun)

Ili Turki:

Taranchi: xotun

Uzbek: xotin

Uyghur: خوتۇن (xotun)

Lopnor: [script needed] (xatun, “woman, wife”)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (qātūn)

Central Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қатын

Kazakh: қатын (qatyn)

Nogai: хатын (xatın)

Siberian Tatar: қатын (qatïn)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кадыт (kadït)

desc

Kyrgyz: катын (katın, “woman, wife; elderly woman”)

Teleut: кадын (kadïn), каат (kaat)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡатын (qatın)

Tatar: хатын (xatın)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: katın, hatın

Karachay-Balkar: къатын (qatın)

Karaim: катын

Kumyk: къатын (qatın), къатын-киши (qatın-kişi)

Urum: катын

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qadın

Ottoman Turkish: قادین (qadin)

Gagauz: kadın, kadı́na (obsolete)

Turkish: kadın

→ Crimean Tatar: kadın

→ Romanian: cadână

Salar: gadın, gadınkiş , xatunkiši (“woman”), xotun (“woman, wife”) (perhaps from Uyghur)

Turkmen: hātyn (obsolete)

Siberian:

Southern Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qatun)

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/xatūn/)

Northern Altai:

Northern Altai:

кат (kat), каат (kaat) (kumandy)

кадыт (kadït) (chelkan)

Sayan:

Tuvan: када (kada), кадай (kaday, “old woman”) (highly dubious)

кадын (kadın, “queen”) (likely from Mongolic)

каътташ (kàttaş, “woman”) (obsolete)

(?) Soyot:қадай (“woman”)

Yenisei:

Shor: қаат

Khakas: хадын (xadın), (?) хадай (xaday)

Western Yugur: ɢadən (“queen, wife of an important official person”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (katun), [script needed] (kotun)

Yakut: хатын (qatın), хотун (qotun, “lady, mistress, wife”) (perhaps from Mongolic)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (xatun)

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qt¹un¹ /qatun/)

→ Old Armenian: խաթուն (xatʻun)

→ Manchu: ᡴᠠᡨᡠᠨ (katun, “princess, empress, queen”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *katun (if not inherited from Pre-Mongolic)

Kalmyk: хатн (xatn, “wife, noblewoman, queen”)

Khalkha: хатан (xatan)

Ordos: [script needed] (ġatun, “lady, prince's wife”)

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫑𐫀𐫎𐫇𐫗 (xʾṯwn /xātūn, qātūn/, “Lady, an Uighur female title”)

qualifier

Persian: خاتون (xâtun) (possibly, if not from Sogdian directly) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Tibetan: [script needed] (k'at'un, “princess”)

Borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, via Sogdic or perhaps Sakan, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *hwatā́wniH, the feminine form of *hwatā́wā (“lord, king”).
A minority view by Doerfer holds that the word is of Para-Mongolic origin, evidenced by Xianbei [Term?], and analyzed by him as cognate with *kagan (“khan”) and hypothetical feminine suffix *-tun found in Xianbei [Term?] (/(a)matun/, “mother”).


bẹ

bẹ (nominative singular)
bẹni (accusative singular)
bẹniŋ (genitive singular)
baŋa (dative singular)
bẹnte (locative singular)
bẹnten (ablative singular)
baŋaru (allative singular)
bẹnin (instrumental singular)
bẹnče (equative singular)
bẹnleyü (singular)
bẹnligü (comitative singular)

Usually compared to Proto-Mongolic *bi (“I”) and Proto-Tungusic *bi (“I”).
The Common Turkic form *ben is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *bẹn- with the pronominal-n.


bẹ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эпӗ (ep̬ĕ)

Common Turkic: *ben

Arghu:

Khalaj: mən

Oghuz: بَنْ (bän)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بن (bän), ـون (-vän)

Ajem-Turkic: من (män), ـم (-äm)

Azerbaijani: mən, -əm

Qashqai: من (män), ـم (-äm)

Sonqori: مه (mä), ـم (-äm)

Ottoman Turkish: بن (ben), ـم (-im)

Gagauz: bän, -im

Turkish: ben, -im

Salar: men

Turkmen: men, -in

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنْ (män)

Khorezmian Turkic: بن (bän), من (män)

Chagatai: من (män)

Uyghur: مەن (men)

Uzbek: men

Kipchak:

Kipchak: من (män)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мин (min)

Tatar: мин (min)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: men

Karachay-Balkar: мен (men)

Karaim: мэн

Kumyk: мен (men)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: мен

Kazakh: мен (men)

Nogai: мен (men)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мен (men)

Southern Altai: мен (men)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰤 (mn² /men/), 𐰋𐰤 (b²n² /ben/), 𐰌𐰥 (b²n²)

Old Uyghur: pʾn (ben), mʾn (men)

Western Yugur: men

North Siberian:

Dolgan: мин (min)

Yakut: мин (min)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мен (men)

Tuvan: мен (men)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: мин (min)

Shor: мен (men)

Denotes "to be" for first person singular when at the end of an object; am

Denotes first person singular after various tenses


sẹ

sẹ (nominative singular)
sẹni (accusative singular)
sẹniŋ (genitive singular)
saŋa (dative singular)
sẹnte (locative singular)
sẹnten (ablative singular)
saŋaru (allative singular)
sẹnin (instrumental singular)
sẹnče (equative singular)
sẹnleyü (singular)
sẹnligü (comitative singular)

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *či (“you”).
The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.


sẹ

Oghur

Chuvash: эсӗ (es̬ĕ)

Common Turkic

Karakhanid: سَنْ (sen)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰤 (sen)

Old Uyghur: sʾn (sen)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (sen)

Arghu

Khalaj: sən

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: sən

Gagauz: sän

Ottoman Turkish: سن (sen), سین (-sin)

Turkish: sen, -sin

Salar: [script needed] (sēn)

Turkmen: sen

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (sen)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sen)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: sen

Karachay-Balkar: сен (sen)

Kumyk: сен (sen)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һин (hin)

Tatar: син (sin)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сен (sen)

Karakalpak: сен

Nogai: сен (sen)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сен (sen)

Southern Altai: сен (sen)

Karluk

Chagatai: سن (sän)

Uzbek: sen

Uyghur: سەن (sen)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: эн (en)

Yakut: эн (en)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (sen)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: син (sin)

Shor: сен (sen)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: сен (sen)

Tuvan: сен (sen)

Denotes "to be" for second person singular/plural when at the end of an object; are

Denotes second person singular or plural after various tenses


sïp

sïp (nominative singular)
sïpïg (accusative singular)
sïpnï (accusative singular)
sïpnïŋ (genitive singular)
sïpka (dative singular)
sïpda (locative singular)
sïpdan (ablative singular)
sïpgaru (allative singular)
sïpïn (instrumental singular)
sïpča (equative singular)
sïplayu (singular)
sïplïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: supa

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sıpa

Ottoman Turkish: صپا (sıpa)

Turkish: sıpa

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sıp)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (sıp)

(Common Turkic) colt, especially of a donkey


īŕte-

Common Turkic: *īzte- ~ *īzde-

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/iste-/), [Term?] (/izde-/)

Karakhanid: اِسْتاماكْ (istēmēk)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (iste-)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (izde-)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: эҙлә- (eźlə-), (Eastern) Bashkir: эҙҙә- (eźźə-)

Tatar: эзләргә (ezlärgä)

South Kipchak

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: іздеу (ızdeu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: изде- (izde-)

Southern Altai: исте- (iste-)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (iste-)

Uzbek: istamoq

Uyghur: ئىزدىمەك (izdimek)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hişəmək

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: istəmək

Ottoman Turkish: استمك (istemek)

Turkish: istemek

Turkmen: islemek

Siberian:

Yakut: ирдээ (irdee)


bēg

desctree

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: bəy
***** Ottoman Turkish: بك (bey)
Turkish: bey
→ Albanian: bej
→ Arabic: بِيه (bīh), بَاي (bāy), بِك (bik)
→ Armenian: բեկ (bek)
→ Bulgarian: бей (bej)
→ Dutch: bei, beg
→ English: bey
→ Finnish: bey
→ French: bey
→ Georgian: ბაი (bai), ბეგი (begi)
→ German: Bey
→ Greek: μπέης (béis), βέης (véis)
→ Hungarian: bey, bég
→ Latin: begus
→ Macedonian: бег (beg)
→ Portuguese: bei
→ Romanian: bei
→ Russian: бек (bek), бей (bej)
→ Serbo-Croatian: beg / бег
→ Spanish: bey
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: beg
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: باك
**** Khorezmian Turkic:
***** Chagatai:
****** Uzbek: bek
****** Uyghur: بەگ (beg)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak:
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: бей (bey)
***** Tatar: бәк (bäk)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
***** Karachay-Balkar:
***** Kumyk:
***** Urum:
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh:
***** Karakalpak:
***** Nogai:
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: бек (bek)
***** Southern Altai: бек (bek)
** Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰏 (beg)
** → Classical Persian: بیگ (bēg)
*** Iranian Persian: بیگ (beyg)
*** → Arabic: بيك (bēg)
*** → Bengali: বেগ (beg)
*** → Punjabi: بیگ (beg)
*** → Sindhi: بيگُ
*** → Urdu: بیگ (beg)

There are different theories about the further etymology of the word.
* According to one theory the word may ultimately come from Middle Chinese 百 (MC paek, “hundred”), 佰 (MC paek, “the head of a hundred men”), or 伯 (MC paek, “eldest brother, father's older brother > count”) ~ 霸 (MC paek, “hegemon”).
* Another theory states that the word may have its origins in Middle Iranian, specifically Sogdian [script needed] (baga, “lord, master”) or Old Persian 𐏎 (BG, “god”), all from Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás (“god”, literally “dispenser”).
However, German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer assessed the derivation from an Iranian language as quite uncertain and pointed out that the word may be genuinely Turkic.


buyur-

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӳр (pür)

Common Turkic: *buyur-

Arghu:

Khalaj: buyırmaq

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *buyur-

q

Undetermined: بُیُرْمَاقْ (buyurmāq) (Late Oghuz attested in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: buyurmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بویرمق, بیورمق (buyurmak), بویورمق (buyurmak)
Turkish: buyurmak
Gagauz: buyurmaa

Turkmen: buýurmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (buyurmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بویورماق (buyurmaq)

Uzbek: buyurmoq

Uyghur: بۇيۇرماق (buyurmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (buyurmaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бойороу (boyorow)

Tatar: боеру (boyeru)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: buyurmaq

Kumyk: буюрмакъ (buyurmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұйыру (būiyru)

Karakalpak: буйыру

Nogai: буйырув (buyıruv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: буйруу (buyruu)

Southern Altai: буйур- (buyur-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

desc

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸 (b¹uy¹r¹q̊¹ /buyruq/, “order”, noun)


bil-

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗл (pĕl)

Common Turkic: *bil-

Arghu:

Khalaj: bilmək

Proto-Oghuz: *bil-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (bilmek)

Azerbaijani: bilmək

Ottoman Turkish: بلمك (bilmek)

Turkish: bilmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bilmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِلْماكْ (bilmek)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: bilmoq

Uyghur: بىلمەك (bilmek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بلمك (bilmek)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: белеү (belew)

Tatar: белергә (belergä), белү (belü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bilmek

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: білу (bılu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: билүү (bilüü)

Southern Altai: билер (biler)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰠 (b²il² /bil-/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бил (bil)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: билир (bilir)

Tofa: билир (bilir), биир (biir)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пілерге (pìlerge)

Northern Altai: пилерге (pilerge)


-č

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-č)


öküŕ

öküŕ (nominative singular)
öküŕüg (accusative singular)
öküŕni (accusative singular)
öküŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
öküŕke (dative singular)
öküŕte (locative singular)
öküŕten (ablative singular)
öküŕgerü (allative singular)
öküŕün (instrumental singular)
öküŕče (equative singular)
öküŕleyü (singular)
öküŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ökür

Chuvash: вӑкӑр (văk̬ăr)

→ Hungarian: ökör (“ox”)

Common Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰈𐰛𐰈𐰕 (öküz)

Karakhanid: اُكُوزْ (ökǖz)

Karluk: *öküz

Uzbek: hoʻkiz

Uyghur: ئۆكۈز (öküz)

Kipchak: *ögüz

West Kipchak:

Karaim: oküz, ögüz

Karachay-Balkar: ёгюз (ögüz)

Kumyk: ёгюз (yogüz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үгеҙ (ügeź)

Tatar: үгез (ügez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ögiz

Kazakh: өгіз (ögız)

Nogai: оьгиз (ögiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өгүз (ögüz)

Oghuz: *öküz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öküz

Ottoman Turkish: اوكوز (öküz)

Gagauz: yöküz

Turkish: öküz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: öküz

Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kus)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: оғус (ogus)

Yakut: оҕус (oğus)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *hüker (“bovine; ox”)

Buryat: үхэр (üxer, “cattle”)

Daur: xukur

Middle Mongol: [script needed] (hüker)

Mongolian: үхэр (üxer, “cattle”)

→ Even: хөкэн (hökən), хөкөн (hökön, “cow”)

→ Evenki: [script needed] (uxur), хукур (hukur, “cow”)

Argued to be borrowed from Proto-Tocharian *wəkʷsó (“draft-ox”), yet this is disputed. Alternatively a Wanderwort.
Without taking a side in the debate, it should be noted that Proto-Uralic *uškɜ (“ox, bull”) might be accepted as being derived from PIE, per the sources on the PIE root's page. This is relevant because geographically, Proto-Uralic would have been spoken somewhere between PIE and Proto-Turkic.


sekiŕ

Oghur:

Bulgar: ڛَكِڔ (sekir)

Chuvash: саккӑр (sakkăr)

Arghu:

Khalaj: səkkiz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: səkkiz

Ottoman Turkish: سكز (sekiz)

Gagauz: sekiz

Turkish: sekiz

Salar: sekkis

Turkmen: sekiz

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Ili Turki: sekkiz

Uyghur: سەككىز (sekkiz)

Uzbek: sakkiz

Kipchak: *segiz

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: секиз (sekiz), sekiz

Karachay-Balkar: сегиз (segiz)

Karaim: сегизь

Kumyk: сегиз (segiz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: segiz

Kazakh: сегіз (segız)

Nogai: сегиз (segiz)

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: һигеҙ (higeź)

Tatar: сигез (sigez) / sigez

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сегиз (segiz)

Southern Altai: сегис (segis)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰚𐰔 (sekiz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽴 (säkiz)

Western Yugur: saqïs

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: сигіс (sigìs)

Shor: сегис

Western Yugur: saqïs

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сеъһес

Tofa: сеъһес

Tuvan: сес (ses)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: агыс (agıs)

Yakut: аҕыс (ağıs)


yalïŋ

yalïŋ (nominative singular)
yalïŋïg (accusative singular)
yalïŋnï (accusative singular)
yalïŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
yalïŋka (dative singular)
yalïŋda (locative singular)
yalïŋdan (ablative singular)
yalïŋgaru (allative singular)
yalïŋïn (instrumental singular)
yalïŋča (equative singular)
yalïŋlayu (singular)
yalïŋlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *yalïŋ

Oghuz:

Western Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yalın

Ottoman Turkish: یالیڭ (yalıñ)

Turkish: yalın

Eastern Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýalaň

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَالِنكْ (yalıŋ)

Chagatai: یالینگ (yalıŋ), یالانگ (yalaŋ)

Uyghur: يالاڭ (yalang)

Uzbek: yalang

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Nogai:

Kazakh: жалаң (jalañ)

Nogai: ялан (yalan)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жалаң (jalaŋ)

Kipchak–Bulgar:

Tatar: ялан (yalan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰞𐰭 (y¹l¹ŋ)

From *yal- (“to be stripped”) + *-ïŋ (cf. *yalïn- (“to strip”), *yalïm (“bare”)).

(Common Turkic, figurative) alone, lonely


birinči

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗншӗ (pĕnš̬ĕ), пӗрремӗш (pĕrremĕš)

Common Turkic: *birinči

Proto-Oghuz: *birinci

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (birinci)

Azerbaijani: birinci

Ottoman Turkish: برنجی (birinci)

Gagauz: birinci

Turkish: birinci

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: birinji

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِرِنْجِ (birinči)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (birinči)

Chagatai: برنچی (birinči)

Uzbek: birinchi

Uyghur: بىرىنچى (birinchi)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: برنچی (birinçi)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: беренсе (berense)

Tatar: беренче (berençe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: birinci

Karachay-Balkar: биринчи (birinçi)

Kumyk: биринчи (birinçi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бірінші (bırınşı)

Karakalpak: birinshi

Nogai: биринши (birinşi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: биринчи (birinci)

Southern Altai: биринчи (birinči)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (pirinçi)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биирис

Yakut: биирис (biiris)

South Siberian:

Yenisei

Khakas: пірінӌі (pìrìncì)

Shor: пиринчи

Shor: пиринчи

From *bīr (“one”) + *-inči (ordinal forming suffix).


ẹk(k)i

Oghur:

Bulgar: اَكِ (eki)
Chuvash: иккӗ (ikkĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: əkki

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: iki

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ایكی (iki)
Gagauz: iki
Turkish: iki

East Oghuz:

Salar: iggi

Turkmen: iki

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اكى (éki)

Chagatai: ایكی (ikki)
Ili Turki: ekki
Uzbek: ikki
Uyghur: ئىككى (ikki)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (eki)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ике (ike)

Tatar: ике (ike)

Siberian Tatar: ике (ike)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: eki

Karaim: эки (eki)

Karachay-Balkar: эки (eki)

Kumyk: эки (eki)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: екі (ekı)

Karakalpak: eki

Nogai: эки (éki)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эки (eki)

Southern Altai: эки (eki)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃 (éki)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽷𐽶 (éki)

Western Yugur: şigi, işgi

North Siberian:

Dolgan: икки (ikki)

Yakut: икки (ikki)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Dukhan: ихә

Tofa: иъһи (i"hi)

Soyot: иъһи

Tuvan: ийи (iyi)

Northern Altai: ыйи (ïyi)

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: иги (igi)

Khakas: ікі (ìkì)

Shor: ийги (iygi)


bẹ̄ĺ

Oghur: *bẹ̄ĺ(k)

Volga Bulgar: بيال (byel)

Chuvash: пиллӗк (pillĕk)

Common Turkic: *bẹ̄š

Arghu:

Khalaj: bêş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بيش

Azerbaijani: beş

Ottoman Turkish: بش (beş)

Turkish: beş

Gagauz: beş

Salar: beş, beyş

Turkmen: bäş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بٖيشْ (bé:š)

Chagatai: بیش (beš)

Uzbek: besh

Uyghur: بەش (besh)

Ili Turki: beș

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: beş

Karachay-Balkar: беш (beş)

Kumyk: беш (beş)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: биш (biş)

Tatar: биш (biş), biş

Siberian Tatar: пиш (piş)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Kazakh: бес (bes)

Karakalpak: bes

Nogai: бес (bes)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: беш (beş)

Southern Altai: беш (beš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱁 (b²iš /béš/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽶𐽻 (béš)

Western Yugur: bes

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биэс (bies)

Yakut: биэс (bies)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: пӓш (päš)

Khakas: пис (pis)

Shor: пеш (peş)

Sayan Turkic:

Dukhan: пеш (peš)/ peš

Tofa: беш (beš)

Soyot: беш (beş)

Tuvan: беш (beş)


kār-

Oghur:

Chuvash: юр (jur)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kar-)

Ottoman Turkish: قارمق (karmak)

Turkish: karmak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gārmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qar-)

Uzbek: qormoq

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qarı-)

karışmak

Ottoman Turkish: قارشمق (karışmak); Turkish

qarışdırmaq

*kiārïĺč-tur- (“to mix something”) (causative)


ūk

ūk (nominative singular)
ūkug (accusative singular)
ūknï (accusative singular)
ūknuŋ (genitive singular)
ūkka (dative singular)
ūkda (locative singular)
ūkdan (ablative singular)
ūkgaru (allative singular)
ūkun (instrumental singular)
ūkča (equative singular)
ūklayu (singular)
ūklugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: هوغ (huğ)

Turkish: huğ

Turkmen: ūk (ūg-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوغْ (ūğ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (uğ)


āl

Old Turkic: 𐰞 (āl)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: al

→ Persian: آل

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آل (al)
Turkish: al
→ Albanian: all
→ Armenian: ալ (al)
→⇒ Greek: άλικος (álikos, “crimson”)
→ Persian: آل (âl)

Gagauz: al

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: āl

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ал (al)

Tatar: ал (al)

Siberian:

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (al, “bright red”)

→ Mongolian: ал (al)

→ Russian: алый (alyj)

Compared with Proto-Mongolic *hulaxan (“red”), Proto-Tungusic *pula (“red”)


toŋuz

toŋuz (nominative singular)
toŋuzlar (nominative plural)
toŋuznïŋ (genitive singular)
toŋuzlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
toŋuzka (dative singular)
toŋuzlarka (dative plural)
toŋuzda (locative singular)
toŋuzlarda (locative plural)
toŋuzdan (ablative singular)
toŋuzlardan (ablative plural)
toŋuzlarïn (instrumental plural)
toŋuzča (equative singular)
toŋuzlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: tongquz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: donuz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طوڭوز (doñuz)
Gagauz: domuz
Turkish: domuz
→ Romanian: domuz

Salar: doñıs

Turkmen: doňuz

⇒ Pecheneg: Tonuzaba(a personal name)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: توڭُوز (toŋuz)

Chagatai: توڭوُز (toŋuz)

Uzbek: toʻngʻiz

desc

Uyghur: توڭگۇز (tongguz), توقگۇز (toqguz)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дуңғыҙ (duñğıź)

Tatar: дуңгыз (duñgız)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: domuz

Karachay-Balkar: тонгуз (toñuz)

Karaim: домуз, тонгъуз, tonguz.

Kumyk: донгуз (doñuz)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: доңыз

Kazakh: доңыз (doñyz)

Nogai: донъыз (doñız)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: доңуз (doŋuz)

Southern Altai: тонус (tonus), тоҥус (toŋus), тоҥыс (toŋïs).

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰭𐰔 (toŋuz), 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (t¹uŋuz)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (toŋuz, “pig”)

Possibly from earlier *tonkuz, a derivation of *tonk- with unclear meaning and a suffix
If the word was present in Proto-Bulgaric (Oghuric), the form *toŋuŕ could be reconstructed. However, no form that can be traced back to Proto-Bulgaric (via cognates in e.g. Chuvash or Hungarian) is attested.
Vovin (2011:260-263) speculates on a link among Common Turkic *toŋuz, Old Chinese 豚 (OC *duːn, “piglet”), and Middle Korean 돝 (twòth, “pig”).


orun

orun (nominative singular)
orunug (accusative singular)
orunnï (accusative singular)
orunnuŋ (genitive singular)
orunka (dative singular)
orunta (locative singular)
oruntan (ablative singular)
orungaru (allative singular)
orunun (instrumental singular)
orunča (equative singular)
orunlayu (singular)
orunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вырӑн (vyrăn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (orun)

→? Turkish: orun

Turkmen: orun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (orun)

Uyghur: ورۇن (orun)

Uzbek: o’rin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: урын (urın)

Tatar: урын (urın)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (orun)

Karaim: [script needed] (orun)

Krymchak: [script needed] (orun)

Kumyk: [script needed] (orun)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (orın)

Kazakh: орын (oryn)

Nogai: орын (orın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: орун (orun)

Southern Altai: орун (orun)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (oron)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (orın)

North Siberian:

Yakut: орон (oron), орун (orun)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (oron)

Tuvan: [script needed] (orun)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (orın)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *orun

→? Mongolian: орон (oron)


kuš

kuš (nominative singular)
kušug (accusative singular)
kušnï (accusative singular)
kušnuŋ (genitive singular)
kuška (dative singular)
kušda (locative singular)
kušdan (ablative singular)
kušgaru (allative singular)
kušun (instrumental singular)
kušča (equative singular)
kušlayu (singular)
kušlugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: quş

→ Khalaj: quş (“sparrow”)

Ottoman Turkish: قوش (kuş)

Gagauz: kuş

Turkish: kuş

Turkmen: guş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (quš)

Chagatai: قوش (quš)

⇒ Chagatai: [script needed] (quš parvana, “moth”)

Uzbek: qush

Uyghur: قۇش (qush)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡош (qoş)

Tatar: кош (qoş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: quş

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qus

Kazakh: құс (qūs)

Nogai: кус (kus)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куш (kuş)

Southern Altai: куш (kuš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰽 (kuş)

Old Uyghur: kwš (kuš)

North Siberian:

Yakut: кус (kus, “duck”)

Dolgan: кус (“duck”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Chulym: қус (qus, “bird with (улуғ)”)

Khakas: хус (xus)

Shor: қуш (quš)

Sayan:

Tofa: ӄуъш (qu"š, “wood grouse”)

Tuvan: куш (kuş)

Western Yugur: qus

Northern Altai: куш (kuš)


kǖč

kǖč (nominative singular)
kǖčler (nominative plural)
kǖčniŋ (genitive singular)
kǖčlerniŋ (genitive plural)
kǖčke (dative singular)
kǖčlerke (dative plural)
kǖčte (locative singular)
kǖčlerde (locative plural)
kǖčten (ablative singular)
kǖčlerden (ablative plural)
kǖčlerin (instrumental plural)
kǖčče (equative singular)
kǖčlerče (equative plural)

Arghu

Khalaj: kîç, kü̂ç

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: güc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوچ (güç)
Gagauz: güç
Turkish: güç

Salar: küş

Turkmen: güýç

Karluk

Karakhanid: كُوجْ (kǖč)

Khorezmian Turkic: كوچ (küč)

Chagatai: كوچ (küç)

Uyghur: كۈچ (küch)

Uzbek: kuch, куч (kuch)

→ Arabic: كُوج (kūj)

→ Persian: کوچ (kuč)

Kipchak: كوچ (küč)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: көс (kös)

Tatar: көч (köç)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: küç

Karachay-Balkar: кюч (küç)

Karaim: küč

Kumyk: гюч (güç)

Central Kipchak

Karakalpak: күш / kúsh

Kazakh: күш (küş)

Nogai: куьш (küş)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: күч (küc)

Southern Altai: кӱч (küč)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰲 (küč)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽽 (küč)

Northern Siberian

Dolgan: күүс (küüs)

Yakut: күүс (küüs)

Southern Siberian

Yenisei

Khakas: кӱс (küs)

Shor: кӱш (küš)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kuš)

Sayan

Tuvan: күш (küş)

Tofa: күш (küš)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kücin (presumably)

Mongolian: хүч (xüč)

Monguor:

Mangghuer: kuji

Mongghul: kuji

→ Rouran: [script needed] (*küǰü)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *kücin (“power, strength”) which may be a Turkic borrowing.
*Nişanyan suggests from *kü- (“to force, to be powerful”) which is also root of Old Turkic 𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kür, “bully, to be able to, valiant”)


kētmen

kētmen (nominative singular)
kētmenig (accusative singular)
kētmenni (accusative singular)
kētmenniŋ (genitive singular)
kētmenke (dative singular)
kētmente (locative singular)
kētmenten (ablative singular)
kētmengerü (allative singular)
kētmenin (instrumental singular)
kētmenče (equative singular)
kētmenleyü (singular)
kētmenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: катмак (katmak)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kətmən

Ottoman Turkish: كدمان (gedman, gedmen)

Turkish: gedmen (dialectal)

Turkmen: kätmen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کَتْمانْ

Uyghur: كەتمەن (ketmen)

Uzbek: ketmon

→? Russian: кетмень (ketmenʹ)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кәтмән (kətmən)

Tatar: китмән (kitmän)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: кетпен (ketpen)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кетмен (ketmen)

Southern Altai: кертме (kertme)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ketmen)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хетпе (xetpe)


it-

Oghuz

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [Term?], it-

Azerbaijani: itələmək (<*i-t-er-le-)

Ottoman Turkish: ایتمك (itmek)

Turkish: itmek, itermek (dial.)

Gagauz: yitirmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: itmek, iteklemek

Karluk:

Chagatai: [Term?], it-, [Term?], i-

desc

Uyghur: ئىتتىر- (ittir-), ئىتتىرمەك (ittirmek)

Uzbek: itarmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: этеү (etew)

Tatar: этү (etü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: itemek

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: итеру (iteru)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: итерүү (iterüü)

Southern Altai: ийдер (iyder)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үт

Yakut: үт (üt), үтүрүй (ütürüy)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: iд (id), iдерге (iderge)

Shor: [script needed] (it)

From *i- (“to walk”) + *-t, literally "to make walk".


köyŋelek

köyŋelek (nominative singular)
köyŋelekig (accusative singular)
köyŋelekni (accusative singular)
köyŋelekniŋ (genitive singular)
köyŋelekke (dative singular)
köyŋelekde (locative singular)
köyŋelekden (ablative singular)
köyŋelekgerü (allative singular)
köyŋelekin (instrumental singular)
köyŋelekče (equative singular)
köyŋelekleyü (singular)
köyŋelekligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: köynək

Gagauz: gölmek

Ottoman Turkish: گوملك (gömlek)

Turkish: gömlek, (provincial) köynek, (provincial) göynek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: köýnek

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: кольмек, kölmek, (Northern) kölekse

Karachay-Balkar: кёлек (kölek)

Karaim: кӧльмак, кӧльмэк

Karaim: кӧльмак, кӧльмэк

Kumyk: гёлек (gölek)

Urum: гӧльмек, кӧльмек

Urum: гӧльмек, кӧльмек

Kipchak–Bulgar:

Bashkir: күлдәк (küldək)

Tatar: күлмәк (külmäk)

Kipchak–Nogai:

Karakalpak: көйлек

Kazakh: көйлек (köilek)

Nogai: коьйлек (köylek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көйнөк (köynök)

Southern Altai: кӱнек (künek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کُنکْلَکْ (köŋlek)

Chagatai: كونگلاك (köŋlek), كویناك (köynek)

Uyghur: كۆينەك (köynek)

Uzbek: koʻylak

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧгенек

Khakas: кӧгенек

Shor: кӱнек

Sayan:

Tuvan: хөйлең (xöyleñ)

Likely related to Proto-Turkic *köyŋ-il (“heart; mood”).


sarïmsak

sarïmsak (nominative singular)
sarïmsakïg (accusative singular)
sarïmsaknï (accusative singular)
sarïmsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
sarïmsakka (dative singular)
sarïmsakda (locative singular)
sarïmsakdan (ablative singular)
sarïmsakgaru (allative singular)
sarïmsakïn (instrumental singular)
sarïmsakča (equative singular)
sarïmsaklayu (singular)
sarïmsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid: سَرْمُسَقْ (sarmusaq), سَرُمْسَقْ (sarumsaq), سَمُرْسَقْ (samursaq)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: sarımsaq

Gagauz: sarmısak

Ottoman Turkish: صارمساق (sarımsaq)

Turkish: sarmısak, sarımsak, samırsak

East Oghuz

Turkmen: sarymsak

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Karachay-Balkar: сарсмакъ (sarsmaq), сарымсах (sarımsax)

Kumyk: самурсакъ (samursaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һарымһаҡ (harımhaq)

Tatar: сарымсак (sarımsaq)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сарымсақ (sarymsaq)

Karakalpak sarımsaq

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сарымсак (sarımsak)

Southern Altai: сарымсак (sarïmsak) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Chagatai: ساریمساق (sarımsaq)

Uzbek: sarimsoq

Uyghur: سامساق (samsaq)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *sarïmsag

Dongxiang: samusa

Mongolian: сармис (sarmis), саримсаг (sarimsag), саримс (sarims)

Initially held to be derived from sarım ("winding"), which was later found phonetically and morphologically problematic. Another theory conceptualizes it after its yellowish-white root as a sarımsı (“yellowish, whitish” < sarı "yellow", from Proto-Turkic *sāryg (“yellow”), derived from the root *siar(ï)- originally preserving the primary meaning ‘white’ in Chuvash as шурӑ {šură}.
Alternatively borrowed from Iranian, with the argument of the absence in Chuvash and Siberian Turkic. Found in Persian سیرمو (sirmu), سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese [script needed] (sarme), [script needed] (sarmā, an eaten bulb of uncertain identification), doubtfully further connected to Proto-Slavic *čermъša (“ramsons”), Lithuanian kermùšė (“ramsons”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon), Proto-West Germanic *hramusō (“ramson”), Old Irish crem (“ramson”) (Irish creamh). The suffix -sak (compare: -cik) of the Turkic word is depicted by Khwarezmian [script needed] (-cyk), Sogdian [script needed] (-cyq) that form the nisba adjective and noun. This suffix is recently held to be derived from the native form s(ı) + Old Turkic participle suffix ak or ç + diminutive suffix ak.
Hungarian sárma, meaning Ornithogalum species, which is of the same botanical order as garlic, is either an Alanic or a Turkic borrowing, observing also that in Turkic words which otherwise denote the garlic are used for Ornithogalum.


bālïk

bālïk (nominative singular)
bālïkïg (accusative singular)
bālïknï (accusative singular)
bālïknïŋ (genitive singular)
bālïkka (dative singular)
bālïkda (locative singular)
bālïkdan (ablative singular)
bālïkgaru (allative singular)
bālïkïn (instrumental singular)
bālïkča (equative singular)
bālïklayu (singular)
bālïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пулӑ (pulă)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *bālïk

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: balıq

Ottoman Turkish: بالق (balık)

Turkish: balık

Gagauz: balık

East Oghuz:

Salar: baluq

Turkmen: bālyk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَلِقْ (balıq)

Uyghur: بېلىق (bëliq)

Uzbek: baliq

Kypchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: պալըխ (paləx)

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: балыҡ (balıq)

Tatar: балык (balıq)

Kypchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: balıq

Karachay-Balkar: балыкъ (balıq)

Karaim: balych

Kumyk: балыкъ (balıq)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: балық (balyq)

Nogai: балык (balık)

Karakalpak: balıq

Siberian Tatar: палыҡ (palık)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: балык (balık)

Southern Altai: балык (balïk)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (balïq)

North Siberian:

Yakut: балык (balık)

Dolgan: балык (balık)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: балыӄ (balıq)

Tuvan: балык (balık)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: палых (palıx)

Shor: палық (palıq)

Non-Turkic:

→ Belarusian: балы́к (balýk)

→ Polish: bałyk

→ Russian: балы́к (balýk)

→ Ukrainian: бали́к (balýk)


kümüĺ

kümüĺ (nominative singular)
kümüĺüg (accusative singular)
kümüĺni (accusative singular)
kümüĺnüŋ (genitive singular)
kümüĺke (dative singular)
kümüĺte (locative singular)
kümüĺten (ablative singular)
kümüĺgerü (allative singular)
kümüĺün (instrumental singular)
kümüĺče (equative singular)
kümüĺleyü (singular)
kümüĺlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӗмӗл (kĕmĕl)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gümüş

Ottoman Turkish: كومش (gümüş)

Gagauz: gümüş

Turkish: gümüş

East Oghuz:

Salar: gumuş

Turkmen: kümüş

Karluk:

desctree

Karakhanid: كُمُشْ (kümüš)
Chagatai:
Uzbek: kumush
Uyghur: كۈمۈش (kümüsh)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көмөш (kömöş)

Tatar: көмеш (kömeş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kümüş

Karachay-Balkar: кюмюш (kümüş)

Kumyk: гюмюш (gümüş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: gúmis

Kazakh: күміс (kümıs)

Nogai: куьмис (kümis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күмүш (kümüş)

Southern Altai: кӱмӱш (kümüš)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: көмүс (kömüs)

South Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁 (kümš /kümüš/)

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kwymwš /kümüš/)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: кӱмӱс (kümüs)

Shor: кӱмӱш (kümüş)

Likely an ancient Wanderwort believed to have spread from an unknown source to Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic languages.
According to several sources, ultimately of Chinese origin, most likely Early Middle Chinese 金 (kˠiɪm), possibly from an unattested Chinese nominal compound *金鐐 (kˠiɪmleu). However, this hypothetic compound would yield Proto-Turkic *kemle or *kümlü rather than *kümül, which prompts Antonov and Jacques (2011) to reject this hypothesis and instead connect the word to Proto-Palaungic *kmuul, modern Khmu [script needed] (kmuːl). They also connect it to a large number of cognates in Sino-Tibetan languages, such as Tibetan དངུལ (dngul). The direction of the borrowing is unclear, as "the etymon for ‘silver’ is not derivable in a straightforward manner from any known verbal or nominal root in either Turkic, Sino-Tibetan or Austroasiatic".
An internal Turkic etymology featuring a nominal derivation from Proto-Turkic *kün (“day, sun”) with a subsequent shift of the intevocalic /n/ to /m/ has been proposed too; compare the semantic extension in Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), derived from *h₂erǵ- (“white; glittering”), although Antonov and Jacques find such a derivation improbable on semantic grounds.

xlit

К этимологии названий металлов и их сплавов в алтайских языках. Исследования в области этимологии алтайских языков

K etimologii nazvanij metallov i ix splavov v altajskix jazykax. Issledovanija v oblasti etimologii altajskix jazykov

Лингвистические контакты ранних тюрков: лексический фонд: пратюркский период

Lingvističeskije kontakty rannix tjurkov: leksičeskij fond: pratjurkskij period


altun

altun (nominative singular)
altunug (accusative singular)
altunnï (accusative singular)
altunnuŋ (genitive singular)
altunka (dative singular)
altunta (locative singular)
altuntan (ablative singular)
altungaru (allative singular)
altunun (instrumental singular)
altunča (equative singular)
altunlayu (singular)
altunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: الطن (altın)

Chuvash: ылтӑн (ylt̬ăn)

desc

Tofa: аълтан

Common Turkic: *altun
** Proto-Oghuz: *altun
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: altun
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلتون (altun, altın)
****** Gagauz: altın
****** Turkish: altın
*** East Oghuz:
**** Salar: altun
**** Turkmen: altyn
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْتُونْ (altūn)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (altūn)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (altun)
****** Uzbek: oltin
****** Uyghur: ئالتۇن (altun)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: التن (altın)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алтын (altın)
***** Tatar: алтын (altın)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: altın
***** Karachay-Balkar: алтын (altın)
***** Kumyk: алтын (altın)
***** Karaim: алтын
***** Krymchak: алтын
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алтын (altyn)
***** Karakalpak: alti’n
***** Nogai: алтын (altın)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алтын (altın)
***** Southern Altai: алтын (altïn)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 (l¹t¹un¹ /altun/)
**** Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ʾʾltwn /altun/)
***** Western Yugur: [script needed] (aʰltïm)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: алтан (“copper”)
**** Yakut: алтан (altan, “copper”)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tuvan: алдын (aldın)
***** Tofa: аълтан
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Khakas: алтын (altın)
***** Shor: алтын (altın)

Likely related to Proto-Mongolic *altan (“gold”). Compare Mongolian алт (alt), Dongxiang antang and Daur alt. Also compare Old Chinese 銅 (*doːŋ), which belongs here if the Proto-Turkic word is a compound *āl (“scarlet, red”) + *tun (bronze).


tȫrt

Oghur:

Bulgar: تُوات (tüwet)

Chuvash: тӑваттӑ (tăvattă)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tö̂rt

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tört)

Azerbaijani: dörd

Ottoman Turkish: درت (dört)

Gagauz: dört (dörd-)

Turkish: dört (dörd-)

Salar: dött

Turkmen: dȫrt (dȫrd-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُورْتْ (tȫrt)

Uzbek: toʻrt

Uyghur: تۆت (töt)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: dört

Karachay-Balkar: тёрт (tört)

Kumyk: дёрт (dört)

Karaim: [script needed] (dört)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дүрт (dürt)

Tatar: дүрт (dürt)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: төрт (tört)

Karakalpak: tört

Nogai: tört

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төрт (tört)

Southern Altai: тӧрт (tört)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅 (t²ür²t² /tört/)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐾀 (tört)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: түөрт (tüört)

Yakut: түөрт (tüört)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: дөрт (dört)

Tofa: дөрт (dört)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тӧрт

Shor: тӧрт (tört)

Western Yugur: diord

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *dör-ben (“four”), Proto-Tungusic *dügin (“four”).


ōt

ōt (nominative singular)
ōtug (accusative singular)
ōtnï (accusative singular)
ōtnuŋ (genitive singular)
ōtka (dative singular)
ōtda (locative singular)
ōtdan (ablative singular)
ōtgaru (allative singular)
ōtun (instrumental singular)
ōtča (equative singular)
ōtlayu (singular)
ōtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вут (vut)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hôt

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: od

Ottoman Turkish: اود (od)

Turkish: od

Salar: ott

⇒ Salar: odın (“wood”)

Turkmen: ōt (ōd-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

desctree

Chagatai: اوت (ōt)
Uyghur: ئوت (ot)
Uzbek: oʻt

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ут (ut)

Tatar: ут (ut)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karachay-Balkar: от (ot)

Kumyk: от (ot)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ot

Kazakh: от (ot)

Nogai: от (ot)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: от (ot)

Southern Altai: от (ot)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐱃 (ot)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ot)

Western Yugur: ot

North Siberian:

Yakut: уот (uot)

⇒ Yakut: отун (otun)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan: от (ot)

Yenisei:

Shor: от

Khakas: от (ot)

ōtag

fireplace, tent, room; see there for further descendants


kȫk

Compare Proto-Mongolic *köke (“blue, green”), Proto-Tungusic *kuku (“blue”).


kȫk

kȫk (nominative singular)
kȫküg (accusative singular)
kȫkni (accusative singular)
kȫknüŋ (genitive singular)
kȫkke (dative singular)
kȫkde (locative singular)
kȫkden (ablative singular)
kȫkgerü (allative singular)
kȫkün (instrumental singular)
kȫkče (equative singular)
kȫkleyü (singular)
kȫklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑвак (kăvak)

→ Hungarian: kék

Common Turkic: *kȫk

Arghu:

Khalaj: kö̂k

Proto-Oghuz: *gȫk

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem-Turkic: گوگ (gög)

Azerbaijani: göy

Ottoman Turkish: گوك (gök)
Gagauz: gök (göy-)
Turkish: gök (göğ-)
→ Albanian: gjok, gjog
→ Aromanian: ghioc

East Oghuz:

Salar: gök, göger

Turkmen: gök (gög-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُوكْ (kȫk)

Chagatai: كوك (kök)

Uyghur: كۆك (kök)

Uzbek: koʻk

Kipchak: كوك (kök)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күк (kük)

Tatar: күк (kük)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kök

Karachay-Balkar: кёк (kök)

Karaim: кӧк

desc

Kumyk: гёк (gök, “green/blue”), кёк (kök, “sky”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: көк (kök)

Karakalpak: көк

Nogai: коьк (kök)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көк (kök)

Southern Altai: кӧк (kök)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: 𐰚𐰇𐰝 (kȫk)

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰚 (kȫk)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kök)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kük)

North Siberian:

Yakut: күөх (küöq)

Dolgan: күөк

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: көк (kök)

Tofa: көк

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧк

Shor: кӧк


sīk

sīk (nominative singular)
sīkig (accusative singular)
sīkni (accusative singular)
sīkniŋ (genitive singular)
sīkke (dative singular)
sīkde (locative singular)
sīkden (ablative singular)
sīkgerü (allative singular)
sīkin (instrumental singular)
sīkče (equative singular)
sīkleyü (singular)
sīkligü (comitative singular)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *sixe- (“to urinate”)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *sixe-n (“urine”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *šikē- (“to urinate”)

⇒ Proto-Tungusic: *šikē-n (“urine”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăк (šăk)

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: иик (iik)

Dolgan: иик

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *sike (“urine”), whence Manchu ᠰᡳᡴᡝ (sike, “urine”).


kȫl

kȫl (nominative singular)
kȫlüg (accusative singular)
kȫlni (accusative singular)
kȫlnüŋ (genitive singular)
kȫlke (dative singular)
kȫlte (locative singular)
kȫlten (ablative singular)
kȫlgerü (allative singular)
kȫlün (instrumental singular)
kȫlče (equative singular)
kȫlleyü (singular)
kȫllügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӳлӗ (külĕ)

Common Turkic:

→ Tajik: кӯл (kül)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göl

Ottoman Turkish: كول (göl)

Turkish: göl

Gagauz: göl

Balkan Gagauz Turkish: göl

Salar: göl

Turkmen: köl

→ Khalaj: gö̂l

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۆل (köl)

Uzbek: koʻl, кўл (koʻl)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: гёл (göl)

Karaim: köl

Kumyk: гёл (göl)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күл (kül)

Tatar: күл (kül)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көл (köl)

Nogai: коьл (köl)

Karakalpak: kól, көл

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көл (köl)

Southern Altai: кӧл (köl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰠 (kül² /köl/)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күөл

Yakut: күөл (küöl)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧл


ȫt

ȫt (nominative singular)
ȫtüg (accusative singular)
ȫtni (accusative singular)
ȫtnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫtke (dative singular)
ȫtde (locative singular)
ȫtden (ablative singular)
ȫtgerü (allative singular)
ȫtün (instrumental singular)
ȫtče (equative singular)
ȫtleyü (singular)
ȫtlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ват (vat)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öd

Ottoman Turkish: اود (öd)

Turkish: öd

Gagauz:

Salar: öd

Turkmen: ȫt

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: اوت (ȫt)

Uyghur: ئۆت (öt)

Uzbek: oʻt / ўт (oʻt)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: үт (üt)

Bashkir: үт (üt)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: өт (öt)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өт (öt)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (öt)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰓 (üd² /öd/)

Yakut: үөс (üös)


ȫt

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öyüd

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: öğüt

Turkmen: öwüt

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: oʻgit

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: үгет (üget)

Bashkir: өгөт (ögöt)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: үгіт (ügıt)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: үгүт (ügüt)

From *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-t.


kugu

kugu (nominative singular)
kugular (nominative plural)
kugunïŋ (genitive singular)
kugularnïŋ (genitive plural)
kuguka (dative singular)
kugularka (dative plural)
kuguda (locative singular)
kugularda (locative plural)
kugudan (ablative singular)
kugulardan (ablative plural)
kugularïn (instrumental plural)
kuguča (equative singular)
kugularča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qu

Ottoman Turkish: قوغو

Turkish: kuğu

Gagauz: kuu

Turkmen: guw

Karluk:

Uzbek: quv

Uyghur: قۇ (qu)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (quu)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къув (quw)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (quw)

Karaim: [script needed] (quw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: quw

Kazakh: қу (qu)

Nogai: кув (kuv)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куу (kuu)

Southern Altai: куу (kuu)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: [Term?] (quɣu)

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆 (quǧu /quɣu/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (quɣu)

North Siberian:

>? Yakut: куба (kuba)

>? Dolgan: куба

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: куу (kuu)

Tofa: ӄуу

Yenisei:

Khakas: хуу (xuu)

Shor: қуу

Ultimately onomatopoeic. Akin to Proto-Tungusic *kūku (“swan”).


yumurtka

yumurtka (nominative singular)
yumurtkag (accusative singular)
yumurtkanï (accusative singular)
yumurtkanïŋ (genitive singular)
yumurtkaka (dative singular)
yumurtkada (locative singular)
yumurtkadan (ablative singular)
yumurtkagaru (allative singular)
yumurtkan (instrumental singular)
yumurtkača (equative singular)
yumurtkalayu (singular)
yumurtkalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмарта (śămart̬a)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yumurtqa

Proto-Oghuz: *yumurtɣa

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yumurta

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یومورطه (yumurta), یومرطه (yumurta), یومرده (yumurda), یمورطه (yumurta), یمورده (yumurda)
Turkish: yumurta

Gagauz: yımırta

East Oghuz:

Salar: yumurta

Turkmen: ýumurtga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يِمِرْتْغا (yïmïrtɣa)

Uzbek: yumurtqa (dialect)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yumurtğa), [script needed] (yumurtqa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомортҡа (yomortqa)

Tatar: йомырка (yomırka)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: yumurta

Karachay-Balkar: джумуртха (cumurtxa)

desc

Karaim: йымурта

Karaim: йымурта

Krymchak: йымырта

Kumyk: йымырткъа (yımırtqa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: jumurtqa

Kazakh: жұмыртқа (jūmyrtqa)

Nogai: юмыртка (yumırtka)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуртка (jumurtka)

Southern Altai: јымыртка (ǰïmïrtka)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yumurtğa)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yomut)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыммыт

Yakut: сымыыт (sımııt)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: нюмурһа (ńumurha)

Tuvan: чуурга (çuurga)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: нымырха (nımırxa)

Shor: нубуртқа (nuburtqa) ,нуртқа (nurtqa)

From Proto-Turkic *yum (“stem for the round things”). Unclear relation with Proto-Tungusic *ụmụ̄kta (“egg”) which comes from the Proto-Tungusic *umū- (“to lay eggs”). According to the Altaicists, Turkic *yumurtka is from the same root as Umay Ana (“Goddess of birth”), but it was later influenced by the Turkic stem *yum.


būŕ

būŕ (nominative singular)
būŕug (accusative singular)
būŕnï (accusative singular)
būŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
būŕka (dative singular)
būŕta (locative singular)
būŕtan (ablative singular)
būŕgaru (allative singular)
būŕun (instrumental singular)
būŕča (equative singular)
būŕlayu (singular)
būŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑр (păr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: bûz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوز (buz)

Azerbaijani: buz

Ottoman Turkish: بوز (buz)

Turkish: buz

Gagauz: buz

Turkmen: būz

Karluk:

Chagatai: موز

Uyghur: مۇز (muz)

Uzbek: muz

Kypchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: буз (buz)

Kumyk: буз (buz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: боҙ (boź)

Tatar: боз (boz)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: мұз (mūz)

Nogai: буз (buz)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: муз (muz)

Southern Altai: мус (mus)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: муус (muus)

Dolgan: буус

South Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (buz)

Western Yugur: pïz

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пус (pus)

Shor: мус

Altai-Yenisei:

Northern Altai: пус (pus)

Kumandy: пус (pus)

Chelkan: бус (bus), пус (pus)

From *bud- (“to freeze, be cold”) + *-ŕ.


kiši

kiši (nominative singular)
kišiler (nominative plural)
kišiniŋ (genitive singular)
kišilerniŋ (genitive plural)
kišike (dative singular)
kišilerke (dative plural)
kišide (locative singular)
kišilerde (locative plural)
kišiden (ablative singular)
kišilerden (ablative plural)
kišilerin (instrumental plural)
kišiče (equative singular)
kišilerče (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kişi (“woman”)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: كشی
Azerbaijani: kişi (“man”)
Ottoman Turkish: كشی
Gagauz: kişi
Turkish: kişi

Salar: kiş

Turkmen: kişi

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: كىشى

Uzbek: kishi

Uyghur: كىشى (kishi)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: киши (kişi)

Southern Altai: кижи (kiži)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кеше (keşe)

Tatar: кеше (keşe)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кісі (kısı)

Karakalpak: киси

Nogai: киси (kisi)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kişi

Kumyk: гиши (gişi)

Karachay-Balkar: киши (kişi)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃 (kiši)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kiši)

Western Yugur: kïsï

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: киһи

Yakut: киһи (kihi)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: киши

Tuvan: кижи (kiji)

Yenisei:

Shor: кижи

Khakas: кізі (kìzì)

It can also be reconstructed as *kiĺi, only if it is related to Evenki илэ (ilə, “person”).


kagun

kagun (nominative singular)
kagunug (accusative singular)
kagunnï (accusative singular)
kagunnuŋ (genitive singular)
kagunka (dative singular)
kagunta (locative singular)
kaguntan (ablative singular)
kagungaru (allative singular)
kagunun (instrumental singular)
kagunča (equative singular)
kagunlayu (singular)
kagunlugu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid:

Arabic script: كاغُونْ (kāğūn) [1072 CE, Kashgari I], [script needed] (kāwūn) [13th c., ibn Muhannā]

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (úağun /kağun/) [1070 CE, Kutadgu Bilig]

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коон (koon)

→ Burushaski:

Hunza: ġoón

Yasin: ġaún

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡауын (qawın)

Tatar: кавын (qawın)

Western Tatar: кавын (qawın, “muskmelon”)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қауын (qawın)

Kazakh: қауын (qauyn)

Nogai: кавын (kavın)

West Kipchak: qavun [14th c., Abū Ḥayyān]

Crimean Tatar: (“muskmelon”)

Cyrillic script: къавн

Latin script: qavn

Karaim: kavun (Lodz-Galician)

Karachay-Balkar: хауун (xauun)

Kumyk: къавун (qawun)

desc

→ Chuvash: кавӑн (kavăn, “pumpkin, squash”)

→ Turkish: kavun (“muskmelon”)

Urum: хавун (havun)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kāwun) [13th c.], [script needed] (kawun) [14th c.], [script needed] (kowun) [15th c.]

Azerbaijani:

Afashari: qawun, qaụn, qaụ̄n

Azerbaijani: qovun

Firuzabadi: ğowu·n

Qalaye Farhad-Xani: ğa̬wn

Qorwai: ğaun

Sonqori: ğown

Tabriz: qohun

Gagauz: kaun (“muskmelon”)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قاون (kavun)
Turkish: kavun
→ Arabic: قَاوُون (qāwūn, “bitter melon, cantaloupe”)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: qawin, qawûn
→ Georgian: ყავუნი (q̇avuni) — Chveneburi
→ Laz: კავონი (ǩavoni)
→ Ukrainian: каву́н (kavún, “watermelon”) (or possibly from Tatar)
→ Belarusian: каву́н (kavún)
→ Polish: kawon
→ Yiddish: קאַווענע (kavene)

Turkmen: gawun

→ Shina: [script needed] (gawún)

Salar: qoğun

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: (/*qağun/, “watermelon”)

Han script: [Term?] [14th c., Chin.-Uyğ. Dict.]

Unspecified script: [8th c., Bud.]

Perhaps borrowed from Tibetan ག་གོན (ga gon, “melon, gourd”), reduplicated borrowing from Old Mandarin 瓜 (kwa) (compare borrowings Tibetan གོན (gon, “pumpkin”), Nusu [Term?] (/ɣɔ/, “pumpkin”), Dzongkha གོན (gon, “cucumber”), Classical Mongolian ᠭᠤᠧᠠ (ɣuē-a)), though this has been disputed.


tāŕ

tāŕ (nominative singular)
tāŕïg (accusative singular)
tāŕnï (accusative singular)
tāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāŕka (dative singular)
tāŕta (locative singular)
tāŕtan (ablative singular)
tāŕgaru (allative singular)
tāŕïn (instrumental singular)
tāŕča (equative singular)
tāŕlayu (singular)
tāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: tar

Common Turkic: *tāz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: daz (“bald”)

Ottoman Turkish: طاز (daz)

Turkish: daz (“bare”)

⇒ Turkish: dazlak (“bald”)

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: daz (“bald”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تازْ (tāz)

Uyghur: تاز (taz, “baldness”)

Uzbek: toz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: таҙ (taź)

Tatar: таз (taz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: taz

Krymchak: таз (taz, “bald”)

Kumyk: таз (taz)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: таз (taz)

Kyrgyz: таз (taz)

Siberian:

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: тас (tas)

Shor: тас (tas)

Tuvan: тас (tas)


seče

seče (nominative singular)
sečeg (accusative singular)
sečeni (accusative singular)
sečeniŋ (genitive singular)
sečeke (dative singular)
sečede (locative singular)
sečeden (ablative singular)
sečegerü (allative singular)
sečen (instrumental singular)
sečeče (equative singular)
sečeleyü (singular)
sečeligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz: سَجا (seçe)

→? Chuvash: ҫерҫи (śerś̬i)

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: sərçə

Qashqai: سرچه

Ottoman Turkish: سرچه
Turkish: serçe
→ Armenian: սերչե (serčʻe)

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: sece, seci

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: serçe

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼼𐼷𐼿𐼷 (sycy, “sparrow”). Compare also its diminutive 𐼼𐼷𐼿𐼰𐼸𐼸 (sycʾkk). Akin to Yagnobi сича (siča, “bird, sparrow”), сичак (sičak, “sparrow”).
Clauson suggets a derivation from *seč- (“to choose”), however this is semantically unlikely.
According to Rasanen the Oghur form is an Oghuz borrowing. This would explain the intrusive -r- which is typical of Oghuz (cf. *sep- and *čap-) occuring in Oghur.


ečkü

ečkü (nominative singular)
ečküg (accusative singular)
ečküni (accusative singular)
ečkünüŋ (genitive singular)
ečküke (dative singular)
ečküde (locative singular)
ečküden (ablative singular)
ečkügerü (allative singular)
ečkün (instrumental singular)
ečküče (equative singular)
ečküleyü (singular)
ečkülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *kečke

Chuvash: качака (kač̬ak̬a)

→ Hungarian: kecske

Common Turkic:

Arghu: *ečkü

Khalaj: əçkü

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 219

Oghuz: كَجیٖ (keçi)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: keçi

Ottoman Turkish: كچی (keçi)

Gagauz: keçi

Turkish: keçi

desc

→ Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (keşi)

Turkmen: geçi

→? Kipchak: [script needed] (keči)

Bashkir: кәзә (kəzə)

Tatar: кәҗә (käcä)

→? Chuvash: кач (kač) (dial.)

desctree

→? Proto-Permic: *käć
Komi:
Komi-Permyak: кӧч (köć)
Komi-Zyrian: кӧч (köć)
Udmurt: кеч (keć)
Beserman: кесь (keś)

Karluk: *ečkü

Karakhanid: اَجْكُو (eçkü)

Uzbek: echki

desc

Uyghur: ئۆچكە (öchke), ئۆشكە (öshke), ئەچكۈ (echkü), ئەچكى (echki)

Kipchak: *ečki

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ečki)

Armeno-Kipchak: [script needed] (ečki)

Crimean Tatar: eçki

Karachay-Balkar: эчки (eçki)

Karaim: эчки, эцки

Karaim: эчки, эцки

Kumyk: эчки (eçki)

Krymchak: эчкы

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ешки, eshki

Kazakh: ешкі (eşkı)

Nogai: эшки (éşki)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эчки (ecki)

Southern Altai: эчки (ečki)

Siberian: *ečkü

Old Turkic: [script needed] (ečkü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ečkü)

Western Yugur: uşqo, uşkö

→ Salar: eşgü

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: өъшкү

Tuvan: өшкү (öşkü)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ӧскі

Shor: ӧшкӱ

There are two homogeneous Turkic forms Proto-Turkic *ečkü and Proto-Turkic *keči. The first form is typical for Siberian Turkic, Turki and some Kipchak Turkic languages, while the second form is found in the Oghuz, Volga Kipchak Turkic and Oghur Turkic, both being homogeneous Turkic forms.


tǖp

tǖp (nominative singular)
tǖpüg (accusative singular)
tǖpni (accusative singular)
tǖpnüŋ (genitive singular)
tǖpke (dative singular)
tǖpde (locative singular)
tǖpden (ablative singular)
tǖpgerü (allative singular)
tǖpün (instrumental singular)
tǖpče (equative singular)
tǖpleyü (singular)
tǖplügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗп (tĕp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: *dǖb-

Old Anatolian Turkish: دب (dib), دیب (dib)

Azerbaijani: dib

Ottoman Turkish: دیب (dib)

Gagauz: dip (dib-)

Turkish: dip (dib-)

Salar: dövü

Turkmen: düýp (düýb-)

Kipchak:

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tüp

Kumyk: тюп (tüp)

Karachay-Balkar: тюб (tüb)

Krymchak: тыб

Urum: диб

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төп (töp)

Tatar: төп (töp)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: түп (tüp)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түп (tüp)

Southern Altai: тӱп (tüp)

Karluk:

Uzbek: tub

Uyghur: تۈپ (tüp)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

>? Dolgan: түгэк

>? Yakut: түгэх (tügeq)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: дүп (düp)

Khakas: тӱп (tüp)

Shor: тӱп (“origin, stock, family”)

тӱбӱн (“bottom”)


yaŋï

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗнӗ (śĕnĕ)

Common Turkic: *yaŋï, *yeŋi:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yəngi

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yeni

Ottoman Turkish: یڭی (yeñi)

Gagauz: yeni

Turkish: yeni

Turkmen: ýaňy (“just, recently”)

Salar: yañı

Karluk:

Uzbek: yangi

Uyghur: يېڭى (yë'ngi)

Kipchak:

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yañı

Kumyk: янгы (yañı)

Karaim: йангъы

Karachay-Balkar: джангы (cañı)

Krymchak: йенгы

Urum: йаны

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яңы (yañı)

Tatar: яңа (yaña)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жаңа (jaña)

Karakalpak: жаңа / jaña

Nogai: янъы (yañı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаңы (jaŋı)

Southern Altai: јаҥы (ǰaŋï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰭𐰃 (yaŋï)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaŋï)

Western Yugur: yaŋï

North Siberian:

Yakut: саҥа (saña)

Dolgan: һаӈа

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чаа (çaa)

Tofa: няа

Yenisei:

Shor: наа

Khakas: наа (naa)

Potentially from *yan- (“to return, to come back”) + *-ki, literally "the one that has returned, that has renewed", compare *yana (“again”) and *yaŋïdan (“again”).


čöl

čöl (nominative singular)
čölüg (accusative singular)
čölni (accusative singular)
čölnüŋ (genitive singular)
čölke (dative singular)
čölte (locative singular)
čölten (ablative singular)
čölgerü (allative singular)
čölün (instrumental singular)
čölče (equative singular)
čölleyü (singular)
čöllügü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish::

Azerbaijani: çöl

Ottoman Turkish: چول (çöl)

Turkish: çöl

→ Northern Kurdish: çol

Salar: çel

Turkmen: çöl

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: чүл (çül)

Bashkir: сүл (sül)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: çöl, şöl

Kumyk: чёл (çöl)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: шөл (şöl)

Nogai: шоьл (şöl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чөл (cöl)

Southern Altai: чӧл (čöl)

Karluk:

Uzbek: choʻl

Uyghur: چۆل (chöl)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: чöл (çöl), шöл (şöl)

→ Mongolian: цөл (cöl)


tāg

tāg (nominative singular)
tāgïg (accusative singular)
tāgnï (accusative singular)
tāgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāgka (dative singular)
tāgda (locative singular)
tāgdan (ablative singular)
tāggaru (allative singular)
tāgïn (instrumental singular)
tāgča (equative singular)
tāglayu (singular)
tāglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *taɣ

Old Chuvash: *tåw

Middle Chuvash: *tai̯

Middle Chuvash: *tu

Chuvash: ту (tu)

Common Turkic: *tāg

Arghu:

Khalaj: tâğ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dağ

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: داغ (dağ), طاغ (dağ)
Gagauz: daa (“forest”)
Turkish: dağ
→ Bulgarian: даг (dag) (dialectal)
→ Laz: დაღი (daği)

Turkmen: dag

Salar: dağ

Karluk:

Chagatai: تاغ

Uzbek: togʻ

Uyghur: تاغ (tagh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: тау (taw)

Bashkir: тау (taw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: dağ

Karachay-Balkar: тау (tau)

Karaim: тав, tav

Kumyk: тав (taw)

Krymchak: дагъ

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: тау (tau)

Karakalpak: taw

Nogai: тав (tav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоо (too)

Southern Altai: туу (tuu)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: тыа (tıa)

Dolgan: тыа

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: дағ (dağ)

Tuvan: даг (dag)

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: тағ (tağ)

Khakas: тағ (tağ)

Western Yugur: tağ


ȫč

ȫč (nominative singular)
ȫčüg (accusative singular)
ȫčni (accusative singular)
ȫčnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫčke (dative singular)
ȫčde (locative singular)
ȫčden (ablative singular)
ȫčgerü (allative singular)
ȫčün (instrumental singular)
ȫčče (equative singular)
ȫčleyü (singular)
ȫčlügü (comitative singular)

Chuvash: вӗчӗ (vĕč̬ĕ)

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öc

Ottoman Turkish: اوج (öc)

Turkish: öç

Turkmen: ȫç

Kipchak

West-Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: öç

Karachay-Balkar: ёч (yoç)

Kumyk: оьч (öç)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: үс (üs)

Tatar: үч (üç)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Karakalpak: өш

Kazakh: өш (öş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өч (öc)

Southern Altai: ӧч (öč)

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻch

Uyghur: ئۆچ (öch)

Siberian

North Siberian

Yakut: өс (ös, “hate, revenge”)

desc

Dolgan: өстөөк (“enemy”), өстөөc (“to hate”)

South Siberian

Tuvan: өш (öş)

Shor: ӧш

>? Khalaj: hēcäş


kē(y)t-

Oghur:

Chuvash: кай (kaj)

Common Turkic: *kēt-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (gitmek)

Azerbaijani: getmək

Ottoman Turkish: كتمك (gitmek)

Gagauz: gitmää

Turkish: gitmek

→ Swedish: gitta

Turkmen: gitmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: کتماک (kätmäk)

Uzbek: ketmoq

Uyghur: كەتمەك (ketmek)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кетүү (ketüü)

Southern Altai: кеткин (ketkin, “migratory (of birds)”), кедер (keder)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: китеү (kitew)

Tatar: китү (kitü)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кетиў

Kazakh: кету (ketu)

Nogai: кетуьв (ketüv)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ketmek

Kumyk: гетмек (getmek)

Karachay-Balkar: кетерге (keterge)

Karaim: [script needed] (ket-)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ket-)


kač-

kačmak (infinitive)
kačgan (participle present)
kačïgma (participle present)
kačur (participle present)
kačtuk (participle past)
kačmïš (participle past)
kačtačï (future participle)
kačmakčï (future participle)
kačsïk (future participle)
kačačak (future participle)
kačma (noun-from-verb)
kačïg (noun-from-verb)
kačgu (noun-from-verb)
kačïš (adverbial)
kačur ben (aorist indicative singular)
kačur sen (aorist indicative singular)
kačur (aorist indicative singular)
kačur biz (aorist indicative plural)
kačur siz (aorist indicative plural)
kačur (aorist indicative plural)
kačtïm (indicative past singular)
kačtïŋ (indicative past singular)
kačtï (indicative past singular)
kačtïk (indicative past plural)
kačtïmïz (indicative past plural)
kačtïŋïz (indicative past plural)
kačtï (indicative past plural)
kačmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kačmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kačmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
kačmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kačmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kačmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
kačtačï ben (future indicative singular)
kačmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
kačačak ben (future indicative singular)
kačtačï sen (future indicative singular)
kačmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
kačačak sen (future indicative singular)
kačtačï (future indicative singular)
kačmakčï (future indicative singular)
kačačak (future indicative singular)
kačtačï biz (future indicative plural)
kačmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
kačačak biz (future indicative plural)
kačtačï siz (future indicative plural)
kačmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
kačačak siz (future indicative plural)
kačtačï (future indicative plural)
kačmakčï (future indicative plural)
kačačak (future indicative plural)
kačgay ben (future indicative singular)
kačgay sen (future indicative singular)
kačgay (future indicative singular)
kačgay biz (future indicative plural)
kačgay siz (future indicative plural)
kačgay (future indicative plural)
kačsïkïm (future indicative singular)
kačsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
kačsïk (future indicative singular)
kačsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
kačsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
kačsïk (future indicative plural)
kačsam (conditional singular)
kačsar ben (conditional singular)
kačsaŋ (conditional singular)
kačsar sen (conditional singular)
kačsa (conditional singular)
kačsar (conditional singular)
kačsak (conditional plural)
kačsamïz (conditional plural)
kačsar biz (conditional plural)
kačsaŋïz (conditional plural)
kačsar siz (conditional plural)
kačsalar (conditional plural)
kačsar (conditional plural)
kačgay ben (optative singular)
kačgay sen (optative singular)
kačgay (optative singular)
kačgay biz (optative plural)
kačgay siz (optative plural)
kačgay (optative plural)
kačmakda ben (progressive singular)
kačmakda sen (progressive singular)
kačmakda (progressive singular)
kačmakda biz (plural progressive)
kačmakda siz (plural progressive)
kačmakda (plural progressive)
kačmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
kačmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
kačmalïg (necessitative singular)
kačmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
kačmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
kačmalïg (necessitative plural)
kačayïn (imperative singular)
kač (imperative singular)
kačgïl (imperative singular)
kačzun (imperative singular)
kačalïm (imperative plural)
kačïŋ (imperative plural)
kačzun (imperative plural)
kačmamak (infinitive negative)
kačmagan (negative participle present)
kačmagma (negative participle present)
kačmaz (negative participle present)
kačmaduk (negative participle past)
kačmamïš (negative participle past)
kačmačï (future negative participle)
kačmasïk (future negative participle)
kačmayačak (future negative participle)
kačmama (negative noun-from-verb)
kačmag (negative noun-from-verb)
kačmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
kačmayïš (adverbial negative)
kačmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kačmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kačmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
kačmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kačmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kačmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kačmadïm (indicative negative past singular)
kačmadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kačmadï (indicative negative past singular)
kačmadïk (indicative negative past plural)
kačmadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
kačmadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
kačmadï (indicative negative past plural)
kačmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kačmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kačmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kačmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kačmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kačmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kačmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
kačmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
kačmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
kačmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
kačmačï (future indicative negative singular)
kačmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
kačmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmačï (future indicative negative plural)
kačmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
kačmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
kačmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
kačmagay (future indicative negative singular)
kačmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmagay (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
kačmasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kačmasïk (future indicative negative singular)
kačmasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasïk (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasam (conditional negative singular)
kačmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
kačmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
kačmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
kačmasa (conditional negative singular)
kačmasar (conditional negative singular)
kačmasak (conditional negative plural)
kačmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasalar (conditional negative plural)
kačmasar (conditional negative plural)
kačmagay ben (negative optative singular)
kačmagay sen (negative optative singular)
kačmagay (negative optative singular)
kačmagay biz (negative optative plural)
kačmagay siz (negative optative plural)
kačmagay (negative optative plural)
kačmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
kačmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
kačmamakda (negative progressive singular)
kačmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
kačmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
kačmamakda (negative plural progressive)
kačmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
kačmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
kačmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
kačmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
kačmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
kačmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
kačmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
kačma (imperative negative singular)
kačmagïl (imperative negative singular)
kačmazun (imperative negative singular)
kačmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
kačmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
kačmazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaçmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قاچمق (kaçmak)
Gagauz: kaçmaa
Turkish: kaçmak

Turkmen: gaçmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَاجْماقْ (qačmāq)

Chagatai: قاچمق (qačmaq)

Uzbek: qochmoq

Uyghur: قاچماق (qachmaq)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: качуу (kacuu)

Southern Altai: қач

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡасыу (qasıw)

Tatar: качу (qaçu)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қашыў

Kazakh: қашу (qaşu)

Nogai: кашув (kaşuv)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaçmaq

Karachay-Balkar: къачаргъа (qaçarğa)

Kumyk: къачмакъ (qaçmaq)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰲 (qač-)


tamga

tamga (nominative singular)
tamgalar (nominative plural)
tamganïŋ (genitive singular)
tamgalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tamgaka (dative singular)
tamgalarka (dative plural)
tamgada (locative singular)
tamgalarda (locative plural)
tamgadan (ablative singular)
tamgalardan (ablative plural)
tamgalarïn (instrumental plural)
tamgača (equative singular)
tamgalarča (equative plural)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تَمْغا

Chagatai: تمغا

Uzbek: tamg'a

Uyghur: تامغا (tamgha)

→ Tibetan: ཐམ་ཀ (tham ka)

→ Persian: تمغا (tamğâ) (or from Oghuz)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तमग़ा (tamġā)

Urdu: تمغا, تمغہ

→ Punjabi: ਤਮਗ਼ਾ (tamġā)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamaga

East Yugur: taŋġwa

Mongolian: тамга (tamga)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тамга (tamga)

Southern Altai: таҥма (taŋma)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамға (tamğa)

Tatar: тамга (tamga)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: таңба (tañba)

Karakalpak: тамға

Nogai: тамга (tamga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tamğa

Kumyk: дамгъа (damğa)
→ Avar: дамгъа (damğa)
→ Dargwa: дамгъа (damγa)

Karachay-Balkar: тамгъа (tamğa)

→ Ossetian: дамгъӕ (damǧæ)

desc

тӑмха (tămh̬a)

→? Chuvash: тумха (tumh̬a), тӑмха (tămh̬a) (unless inherited independently)

→ Bulgarian: тамга (tamga)

→ Old East Slavic: тамъга (tamŭga, “stigma”)

Russian: тамга́ (tamgá)

⇒ Russian: таможня (tamožnja)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: tagma

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: damğa
→ Armenian: դաղմա (daġma), դամղա (damġa) (Karabakh)
→ Lak: ттангъа (t:anğa)
→ Lezgi: тагъма (taġma), тӏамгъа (ṭamġa) (or perhaps from Kumyk)
→ Udi: дамгъа (damɣa)

Ottoman Turkish: تمغا (tamga), طمغا (tamga, damga), طمغه (tamga, damga), طامغه (tamga, damga), دامغه (damga), دمغه (damga)
Gagauz: damga, tamga
Turkish: damga
→ Arabic: دَمْغَة (damḡa)
→ Bulgarian: дамга́ (damgá)
→ Georgian: დამღა (damɣa) (or from Azerbaijani)
→ Middle Armenian: տամղա (tamġa)
Armenian: տամղա (tamġa), դամկա (damka), թամղա (tʻamġa)
→ Romanian: danga
→ Macedonian: дамка (damka)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: да̏нга
Latin script: dȁnga

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀, 𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰴𐰀 (tamγa, tamqa)

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tamγa, “stamp, imprint; sign”)

→ English: tamga (learned)

Sayan

Tofa: таӈма, даӈма

Tofa: таӈма, даӈма

Tuvan: таңма (tañma)

Yenisei:

Shor: таңма

Khakas: таңма (tañma)

Probably from *tam- (“to burn, to kindle, to ignite”) + *-ga

suf

brand (mark of ownership put on horses or cattle)


yāĺïl

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫулҫӑ (śulś̬ă, “leaf”)

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (jašɨl)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâşıl

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yaşıl

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یشیل (yeşil)
Turkish: yeşil
→ Albanian: jeshil

Gagauz: eşil

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýaşyl

Kipchak: یاشل (yaşil)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: yeşil
Krymchak: йешыль
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: йәшел (yəşel)
Tatar: яшел (yaşel)
→ Chuvash: ешӗл (eš̬ĕl)
South Kipchak:
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: жашыл (jaşıl)
Southern Altai: јажыл (ǰažïl)
Kipchak-Nogai:
Kazakh: жасыл (jasyl)
Nogai: ясыл (yasıl)

Karluk:

Chagatai: یاشیل (yaşil)

Uzbek: yashil

Uyghur: يېشىل (yëshil)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: саһыл (sahıl)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: чажыл

Derived from Proto-Turkic *yāĺ (“green, vegetable”).


-gan

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -ان (-an/en)

Chuvash: -ан (-an), -ен (-en)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -an, -ən

Ottoman Turkish: ـان (-an), ـن (-en)

Turkish: -an, -en

Gagauz: -an, -en

Turkmen: -ýan, -ýän

Salar: -ğan, -gen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (-ğan/gen)

Chagatai: [script needed] (-ğan/gen)

Uzbek: -gan

Uyghur: ـگان (-gan), ـگەن (-gen)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

desc

Bashkir: -ҡан (-qan), -кән (-kən), -ған (-ğan), -гән (-gən)

Tatar:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: -қан (-qan), -кен (-ken), -ған (-ğan), -ген (-gen)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ган (-gan), -ген (-gen), -гон (-gon), -гөн (-gön)

Southern Altai: -ган (-gan), -ген (-gen), -гон (-gon), -гӧн (-gön)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰍𐰣 (-gan)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan, Proto-Tungusic *-kan.

seb- (“to love”) + *-gan → *sebgen (“(someone/something) who loves”)

tabïĺ- (“to run”) + *-gan → *tabïĺgan (“(someone/something) who jumps; hare”)

Forms deverbal nouns and imperfective participle of verbs.


-gan

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan, *-xan and *-gene, Proto-Tungusic *-kan.

baĺč (“head”) + *-gan → *baĺčgan (“a large fish”)

čim (“grass”) + *-gan → *čimgen (“meadow”)

Forms denominal nouns, usually used for animals and plants.


alabuda

alabuda (nominative singular)
alabudalar (nominative plural)
alabudanïŋ (genitive singular)
alabudalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
alabudaka (dative singular)
alabudalarka (dative plural)
alabudada (locative singular)
alabudalarda (locative plural)
alabudadan (ablative singular)
alabudalardan (ablative plural)
alabudalarïn (instrumental plural)
alabudača (equative singular)
alabudalarča (equative plural)

desc

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alabVda
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (lebede), [script needed] (labata)
***** Azerbaijani: ləbədə (dialectal, Şəki)
***** Ottoman Turkish: لاباده (labada), لابوده (laboda)
****** Gagauz: loboda
****** Turkish: labada
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: alabota
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلَبُدَ (alabuda)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alabuda) Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alabuta)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (alabuta)
****** Uzbek: olabuta, alabuta
****** Uyghur: ئالاپۇتا (alaputa), ئالابۇتا (alabuta)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: البط (alabota)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алабута (alabuta)
***** Tatar: алабута (alabuta), алабата (alabata), алабата (alabata), алабота (alabota), лабута (labuta), ләбәтә (läbätä), либәдә (libädä)
→ Eastern Mari: алабута (alabuta)
→ Russian: ала́бута (alábuta), ала́бота (alábota)
→ Udmurt: алабута (alabuta)
***** Siberian Tatar: алабатан, алабытан, алабытын
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
*****: Cyrillic script: алабота
*****: Latin script: alabota
***** Karachay-Balkar: лыбыта (lıbıta), алабота (alabota), алафота (alafota)
***** Kumyk: алабота (alabota)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алабота (alabota), алабұта (alabūta)
***** Karakalpak: алабота
***** Nogai: алабота (alabota)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алабата (alabata), алабута (alabuta)
***** Southern Altai: лебеда (lebeda)

Unknown; presumably related to Proto-Slavic *loboda (“goosefoot, orach”), and possibly Ancient Greek λάπαθον (lápathon, “monk's rhubarb, sorrel”), perhaps all borrowed Iranian, Uralic, or some substrate language.