us

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: اُسْ (us, “intelligence”), اُسْلاماقْ (uslamak, “to understand”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوصى (ussı)

Azerbaijani: uslu

Ottoman Turkish: اوص (us)

desc

Balkan Gagauz Turkish: uslu, usa (“worry”), usamak (“to worry, suffer”)

Gagauz: uslu

Turkish: us (“mind”), uslu (“well-behaved”), uslanmak (“to settle down, sober”), usul (“slow”)

Salar: uslağusı (“to suffer”)

Turkmen: os, oslamak, oslanmak, oslagsyz, osal

→ Cuman-Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (us)

→ Chuvash: ӑс (ăs)


at

at (nominative singular)
atïg (accusative singular)
atnï (accusative singular)
atnïŋ (genitive singular)
atka (dative singular)
atda (locative singular)
atdan (ablative singular)
atgaru (allative singular)
atïn (instrumental singular)
atča (equative singular)
atlayu (singular)
atlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ут (ut)

Common Turkic: *at
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: hat
** Proto-Oghuz: *at
*** Old Anatolian Turkish: آت (at)
**** Azerbaijani: at
**** Ottoman Turkish: آت (at)
***** Gagauz: at
***** Turkish: at
*** Salar: at
*** Turkmen: at
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَتْ (at)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (at)
***** Chagatai: ات (at)
****** Uzbek: ot
****** Uyghur: ئات (at)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: ات (at)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: ат (at)
***** Tatar: ат (at)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: at
***** Kumyk: ат (at)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Karakalpak: at
***** Kazakh: ат (at)
***** Nogai: ат (at)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: ат (at)
***** Southern Altai: ат (at)
** Siberian Turkic:
*** Old Turkic: 𐱃 (t¹ /at/)
*** Old Kirghiz: 𐱄 (t¹ /at/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾀 (at)
**** Western Yugur: a't
**** North Siberian Turkic:
***** Dolgan: ат (at)
***** Yakut: ат (at)
**** South Siberian Turkic:
***** Shor: ат (at)
***** Khakas: ат (at)
***** Tofa: аът (aʺt)
***** Tuvan: аът (àt)


bel

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: bel, bel etmek

⇒ Common Turkic: *bellik

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: bellik

Turkmen: bellik

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bellig

Oghur:

Chuvash: паллӑ (pallă)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəlli

Ottoman Turkish: بللی (belli), بللو (bellü)

Turkish: belli

Turkmen: belli

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *belle-

Oghur:

Chuvash: палла (palla)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəlləmək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: bellemek

Turkmen: bellemek

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: белдеу (beldeu)


kara

Oghur:

Chuvash: хура (hura)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qara

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qara

Ottoman Turkish: قره (kara)

Gagauz: kara

Turkish: kara
→ Adyghe: къарэ (qarɛ)

Salar: gara

Turkmen: gara

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَرا (kara)

Chagatai: كارا (kara)

Ili Turki: qara

Uyghur: قارا (qara)

Uzbek: qora

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡара (qara)

Tatar: кара (qara)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кара (kara)

Southern Altai: кара (kara)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: кара (kara)

Kazakh: қара (qara)

Karakalpak: qara

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qara

Karachay-Balkar: къара (qara)

Kumyk: къара (qara)

Karaim: [script needed] (qara)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz [Term?] (qara)

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (qara)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qara)

North Siberian:

Yakut: хара (qara, “black”), хараҥа (qaraña, “dark”)

Dolgan: кара

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кара (kara)

Shor: ӄара

Yenisei:

Shor: қара (qara)

Khakas: хара (xara)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (gara)

Northern Altai: кара (kara), къара (qara) (Qumandy)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *kara (“black”), Proto-Japonic *kuro, however, the Altaic hypothesis is not accepted by many scholars.
May be related to Khitan 黑 (kara, “west”) since colors indicate direction in Turkic mythology.


bulan

bulan (nominative singular)
bulanïg (accusative singular)
bulannï (accusative singular)
bulannïŋ (genitive singular)
bulanka (dative singular)
bulanta (locative singular)
bulantan (ablative singular)
bulangaru (allative singular)
bulanïn (instrumental singular)
bulanča (equative singular)
bulanlayu (singular)
bulanlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar:

Chuvash: пӑлан (pălan)

→ Hungarian: bölény (“aurochs”)

Khazar: [script needed] (bulan) (“a male name”)

Common Turkic: *bulan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bulan)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: [script needed] (bulan)

Uzbek: bulon

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (bulan)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: болан (bolan)

Tatar: болан (bolan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұлан (būlan)

Nogai: [script needed] (bulan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: булан (bulan)

Southern Altai: булан (bulan)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: булан (bulan)

Yenisei:

Shor: пулан

Khakas: пулан (pulan)


söl

söl (nominative singular)
sölüg (accusative singular)
sölni (accusative singular)
sölnüŋ (genitive singular)
sölke (dative singular)
sölte (locative singular)
sölten (ablative singular)
sölgerü (allative singular)
sölün (instrumental singular)
sölče (equative singular)
sölleyü (singular)
söllügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шыл (šyl)

Common Turkic: *söl

→? Proto-Mongolic: *silö, *sölü

Middle Mongol: ᠱᠦᠯᠡᠨ (šülen)

⇒ Persian: شیلان

Turkish: şölen (“feast”)

Mongolian: шөл (šöl)

Persian: شوله (a kind of soup)

Azerbaijani: şillə (sticky rice)

Turkmen: şüle (sticky rice)

Dongxiang: shulie (“broth”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *šole

Nanai: чо̄лон (čōlon, “soup”)

Manchu: ᠰᡳᠯᡝ (sile, “soup”)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: söl (“bloody juice of meat, juice in meat”) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (söl)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: сүл (sül)

Bashkir: һүл (hül)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: сөл (söl)

Kazakh: сөл (söl)

Nogai: соьл (söl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сөл (söl)

Southern Altai: сӧл (söl, “blood in meat”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (söl)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (söl, “ram's blood”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: өл (öl, “soup, bouillon”)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *silö (“meat broth, soup”), Proto-Tungusic *šole (“soup”).


bol

Oghur:

Chuvash: пÿллĕ (pÿllĕ)

Common Turkic: *bol

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bol

Old Anatolian Turkish: بول (bol)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بول (bol)
Gagauz: bol
Turkish: bol
→ Greek: μπόλικος (bólikos)

Turkmen: bol

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بولْ (bol), مولْ (mol)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: مول (mol)

Uzbek: moʻl

Uyghur: مول (mol)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: مول (mol)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мул (mul)

Tatar: мул (mul)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: мол (mol)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мол (mol)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мол (mol)


et

et (nominative singular)
etig (accusative singular)
etni (accusative singular)
etniŋ (genitive singular)
etke (dative singular)
etde (locative singular)
etden (ablative singular)
etgerü (allative singular)
etin (instrumental singular)
etče (equative singular)
etleyü (singular)
etligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӳт (üt, “body”)

desc

⇒ Viryal: ӳт шӳрпи (üt šürp̬i, “meat broth”)

⇒ Viryal: ӳте кӗр (üt̬e k̬ĕr, “to break fast”) (lit. "to enter into meat")

Common Turkic: *et

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ات (“meat, flesh”)

Azerbaijani: ət

→ Khalaj: ət

Ottoman Turkish: ات (et, “meat, flesh”)

Turkish: et

Gagauz: et

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: et

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: et (etʰ, eʰtʰ)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَتْ (“meat, flesh”)

⇒? Karakhanid: اَتْ یٖارْ (et yḗr, “level ground”)

Khorezmian Turkic: اَتْ (et, “raw meat”)

Chagatai: ات (ét, “meat”)

Uzbek: et

Ili Turki: ɛt (et), eʰt

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: ات (et, “meat for consumption”)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ит (it)

Tatar: ит (it)

Kipchak-Cuman: et (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: et

Krymchak: ет

Karachay-Balkar: эт (et)

Kumyk: эт (et)

Karaim: ėt´, эт

Urum: эт, йет, at

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ет (et)

Kazakh: ет (et)

Nogai: эт (ét)

Siberian Tatar: ит (it)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эт (et)

Southern Altai: эт (et)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: эт (et), әт (ät)

Yakut: эт (et)

South Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽸 (ed), 𐽰𐽸𐾂 (eṭ), 𐽰𐾀 (et)

⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (etöz, “corporeality, human body”)

Western Yugur: iʰt

Dukhan: eʰt

Khakas: ит (it)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: it

Northern Altai: эт (et)

Shor: эт (et)

Tuvan: эът (èt)

Tofa: эът (èt)

Usually considered a simplex, being one of the oldest Turkic words and found in every branch except Arghu. In some branches, *et is replaced by *(i)aĺ (or Common Turkic *aš) with the older word undergoing a semantic shift from "meat" to "body" via the intermediary compound *et + *ȫz ("flesh and spirit, man").
According to Borovkov (1961), this word may be a loanword from Sogdian [Term?].
Altaicists compare this root with Literary Mongolian ᠠᠳᠠᠰᠬᠠ (adasqa, “skin, leather”), Orok [script needed] (pē̆te, “seal meat”) (see also Manchu ᡥᡠᠸᡝᡨᡥᡳ (huwethi, “seal (animal)”), from the same supposed root, although this is not mentioned in the EDAL's entry) and Japanese 肌 (hada, “human skin”) (compared also to Proto-Japonic *panta (“skin”)). However, semantics and phonetic correspondences are hardly fit and such comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream historical linguistics.

noncog

meat, flesh (of both humans and animals)

Codex Cumanicus
Common Turkic
Khalaj language
Turkic languages


ol

The oblique form *an- is comparable to Proto-Mongolic *ïn- (“third person singular pronoun”) and *an- (“third person plural pronoun”), neither of which appear in the nominative case.

(personal) third person singular and plural pronoun; he, she, it


ol

ol (nominative singular)
anï (accusative singular)
anïŋ (genitive singular)
aŋa (dative singular)
anta (locative singular)
antan (ablative singular)
aŋaru (allative singular)
anïn (instrumental singular)
anča (equative singular)
anlayu (singular)
anlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: ول

Chuvash: вӑл (văl)

Common Turkic:

→ Chinese: 兀 (wù) (that)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰞 (ul¹ /ol/)

Karakhanid: اُلْ (ol)

Arghu:

Khalaj: ô

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اول (ol)

Azerbaijani: o

Ottoman Turkish: او (o), اول (ol)

Turkish: o

Gagauz: o

Salar: u

Turkmen: ol

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (ol)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ол

Karachay-Balkar: ол (ol)

Kumyk: ол (ol)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ул (ul)

Tatar: ул (ul)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ол (ol)

Karakalpak: ol

Nogai: ол (ol)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ал (al), ол (ol)

Southern Altai: ол (ol)

Karluk:

Chagatai: او (u), اول (ul)

Uzbek: u

Uyghur: ئۇ (u)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ол (ol)

Yakut: ол (ol) (inanimate)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ол (ol)

Tuvan: ол (ol)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ол (ol)

Shor: ол (ol)

Denotes "to be" for third person singular when at the end of a noun; is.

Denotes third person singular after various verb tenses.


am

Common Turkic:
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: hâam
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: am
***** Ottoman Turkish: آم
****** Gagauz:
****** Turkish: am
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: am
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَمْ (am)
**** Chagatai:
***** Uzbek: am
** Kipchak: اَمْ (am)
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: әм (əm), ам (am)
**** Tatar: әм (äm), ам (am)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Kazakh: ам (am)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: ам (am)
**** Southern Altai: ам (am)


es

es (nominative singular)
esig (accusative singular)
esni (accusative singular)
esniŋ (genitive singular)
eske (dative singular)
esde (locative singular)
esden (ablative singular)
esgerü (allative singular)
esin (instrumental singular)
esče (equative singular)
esleyü (singular)
esligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ас (as)

→ Hungarian: ész

Common Turkic: *es

⇒ Common Turkic: *esirge

Karluk:

Uzbek: es

Uyghur: ئەس (es)

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (es), [script needed] (esle-)

Ottoman Turkish: اسلمك (eslemek)

Turkmen: es

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: иҫ (iś)

Tatar: ис (is)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эс (es)

Southern Altai: эс (es)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: es

Karachay-Balkar: эс (es)

Kumyk: эс (es)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ес

Kazakh: ес (es)

Nogai: ес (yes)


alma

alma (nominative singular)
almalar (nominative plural)
almanïŋ (genitive singular)
almalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
almaka (dative singular)
almalarka (dative plural)
almada (locative singular)
almalarda (locative plural)
almadan (ablative singular)
almalardan (ablative plural)
almalarïn (instrumental plural)
almača (equative singular)
almalarča (equative plural)

→⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (Almalukču /’δmδwkc/)

desc

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alma
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alma)
***** Azerbaijani: alma
***** Ottoman Turkish: الما, آلما (alma)
Turkish: elma
→ Middle Armenian: Էլմա (Ēlma)
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: alma
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْما (alma)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: الما (alma)
***** Chagatai: الما (alma)
****** Uzbek: olma
****** Uyghur: ئالما (alma)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الما (alma)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алма (alma)
***** Tatar: алма (alma)
****** → Chuvash: улма (ulma) (likely)
****** → Udmurt: улмо (ulmo)
****** → Western Mari: олма (olma)
****** → Eastern Mari: олма (olma)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: alma
***** Karachay-Balkar: алма (alma)
***** Kumyk: алма (alma)
***** Urum: алма
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алма (alma)
***** Karakalpak: алма
***** Nogai: алма (alma)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алма (alma)
***** Southern Altai: алама (alama), алма (alma)
** → Hungarian: alma
** →? Sudovian: ałm

Several possibilities:
* From Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”), but its plant name usage is for wood-sorrel.
* From Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”), आमलक (āmalaka), आमलकी (āmalakī, “emblic”), widely passed into Iranian and via Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj) into European.
* From Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”), also widely passed, but reflects instead with -mb-, exemplarily Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj).
* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, the same root whence also English apple, with the immediate source perhaps being Tocharian .
* From *āl + Latin malum.
* From *a(ː)lima, from *almïla, as attested in Karakhanid, in turn possibly cognate with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”).


top

top (nominative singular)
topug (accusative singular)
topnï (accusative singular)
topnuŋ (genitive singular)
topka (dative singular)
topda (locative singular)
topdan (ablative singular)
topgaru (allative singular)
topun (instrumental singular)
topča (equative singular)
toplayu (singular)
toplugu (comitative singular)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: top

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: top

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طوپ
Turkish: top
→ Albanian: top
→ Greek: τόπι (tópi)
→ Macedonian: топ (top)
→ Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʻōpʻ)
Armenian: թոփ (tʻopʻ)
→ Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)
→ North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)
→ Ossetian: топп (topp)
→ Persian: توپ (tup, top)
Hindi: तोप (top)
Urdu: توپ (top)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: топ
Latin script: top
→ Slovene: top

Gagauz: top

Turkmen: top

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)

Uzbek: top

Uyghur: توپ (top)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: туп (tup)

Tatar: туп (tup)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: top

Kumyk: топ (top)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)

Karaim: [script needed] (top)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: top

Kazakh: доп (dop)

Nogai: топ (top)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: топ (top)

Compare Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”).


apa

apa (nominative singular)
apalar (nominative plural)
apanïŋ (genitive singular)
apalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
apaka (dative singular)
apalarka (dative plural)
apada (locative singular)
apalarda (locative plural)
apadan (ablative singular)
apalardan (ablative plural)
apalarïn (instrumental plural)
apača (equative singular)
apalarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *appa

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (abla)

Azerbaijani: aba

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ابلا (abla)
Turkish: abla, aba
→ Greek: αμπλά (amplá)
→ Gulf Arabic: ابلة (abḷa)
→ Hijazi Arabic: أبلة (ʔabla)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اپا (apa)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (apa)

Chagatai: اپا (apa)

Uzbek: opa

Uyghur: ئاپا (apa)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اپا (apa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: апай (apay)

Tatar: апа (apa)

→ Chuvash: аппа (appa)

→ Udmurt: апа (apa), апай (apaj)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: аба (aba)

Karaim: апай

Kumyk: абай (abay)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: апа (apa)

Karakalpak: apa

Nogai: аба (aba)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: апа (apa)

Southern Altai: аба (aba)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: [script needed] (apa)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: аба

Tuvan: ава (ava)

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: абиче

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ebey (“mother”).


em-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗнтӗ (ĕnt̬ĕ)

Common Turkic: *em-:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 125

Oghuz: امدی (imdi)

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: امدی (imdi)

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: ایندی, indi

Sonqori: ایننی (inni)

Qashqai: اینگدی (iŋdi)

Ottoman Turkish: امدی (imdi), شو امدی (şu imdi), شمدی (şimdi)

Turkish: şimdi

Gagauz: şindi

East Oghuz:

Salar: inci

Khorasani Turkish: indi

Turkmen: indi, şindi, şindiz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: امدی (ämdi)

Chagatai: ایمدی (emdi)

Ili Turki: ämdi, endi

Uyghur: ئەمدى (emdi)

Uzbek: endi

Kipchak: [script needed] (emdi)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: инде (inde)

Bashkir: инде (inde)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: endi, şimdi

Urum: имди (imdi), эмди (emdi), энди (endi), эндэ (ende), шинди (şindi), шиндик (şindik)

Karachay-Balkar: энди (endi), шёндю (şöndü)

Karaim: энди (endi), шинди (şindi), шынды (şındı)

Kumyk: энди (endi)

Krymchak: шинди (şindi)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: енди (endi)

Kazakh: енді (endı)

Nogai: энди (éndi)

Siberian Tatar: инди (indi)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эми (emi)

Southern Altai: эмди (emdi)

Tuba-Kizhi: эмди (emdi), эмти (emti)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐱃𐰃 (amtı)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (amtı)

Western Yugur: ам (am)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: аны (anı)

Yakut: аны (anı)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Dukhan: ам (am)

Tofa: ам (am), амды (amdı)

Tuvan: ам (am)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Chulym: эмде (emde)

Khakas: ам (am)

Shor: амды (amdı)

Northern Altai:

Kumandy-Kizhi: эм (em), эмде (emde)

Kuu-Kizhi: эм (em), эмди (emdi), эме (eme), эми (emi)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *(h)ima-gta (“always, constantly”) and Proto-Tungusic *ime- (“fresh, new”).


em-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗм (ĕm)

Arghu:

Khalaj: əmmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: əmmək

Ottoman Turkish: اممك (emmek)

Turkish: emmek

Gagauz: emmää

Salar: emgüsi

Turkmen: emmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اماك (emmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (émmek)

Uyghur: ئەممەك (emmek)

Uzbek: emmoq

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: emmek

Karachay-Balkar: эмерге (emerge)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имеү (imew)

Tatar: имәргә (imärgä)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ему (emu)

Nogai: [script needed] (em-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эмүү (emüü)

Southern Altai: эмер (emer)

Siberian

North Siberian:

Yakut: эм (em)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: эмер (emer)

Yenisei:

Khakas: эмерге (emerge)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yim-)

Compared to Proto-Uralic *ime- (“to suck”) and Proto-Mongolic *em-kü- (“to swallow, bite, chew”).

(transitive) to suck (breast of women or animals)


-er

siarïg (“yellow, white”) + *-er → *siarïgar- (“to turn yellow, white”)

Suffix meaning "to become (a given adjective)".


yum

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *ǯem-(-ia-) (“orbed, spherical”).


yum

yum (nominative singular)
yumug (accusative singular)
yumnï (accusative singular)
yumnuŋ (genitive singular)
yumka (dative singular)
yumda (locative singular)
yumdan (ablative singular)
yumgaru (allative singular)
yumun (instrumental singular)
yumča (equative singular)
yumlayu (singular)
yumlugu (comitative singular)

desc

Proto-Turkic: *yumgak (“ball of wool, thread”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмха (śămh̬a, “ball”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yumaq

Ottoman Turkish: یوماق (yumak)

Turkish: yumak

Turkmen: ýumak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (jumɣaq, “globular or round thing”)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yumaq, “ball of wool”)

Uzbek: yumaloq (“round, ball”)

Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yumaq, “thread rolled into a ball”):

North Kipchak:

Tatar: йомгак (yomgak), yomğaq

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јумгак (ǰumgak)

Siberian:

South Siberian

Khakas: ныңмах (nıñmax)

Proto-Turkic: *yumru (“round”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yumru

Ottoman Turkish: یومرو (yumru)

Turkish: yumru

Turkmen: ýumry

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомро (yomro), йоморо (yomoro)

Tatar: йомры (yomrı)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жұмыр (jūmyr)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуру (jumuru)


sub

sub (nominative singular)
subug (accusative singular)
subnï (accusative singular)
subnuŋ (genitive singular)
subka (dative singular)
subda (locative singular)
subdan (ablative singular)
subgaru (allative singular)
subun (instrumental singular)
subča (equative singular)
sublayu (singular)
sublugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Khazar:

→ Ancient Greek: Χαράσιου (Kharásiou, “name of a river”)

Bulgar: شِونَ (şıvna, dative), شِو (şıv)

Chuvash: шыв (šyv)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: suv

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: su

Ottoman Turkish: صو (su) (from an earlier *suv)

Turkish: su

Gagauz: su

Southern Crimean Tatar: su

Turkmen: suw

Salar: su, suv-sa (“to become thirsty”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سوڤ (suv)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: سو (su)

Uzbek: suv

Uyghur: سۇ (su)

Kipchak: سو (su)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: су (su)/su

Bashkir: һыу (hıw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Urum: su/су

Crimean Tatar: сув/suv

Karaim: сув

Kumyk: сув (suw)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: су (su)

Karakalpak: suw

Nogai: сув (suv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: суу (suu)

Southern Altai: суу (suu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰆𐰉 (sub)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уу

Yakut: уу (uu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Soyot: суғ

Tofa: суғ

Tuvan: суг (sug)

Yenisei:

Chulym: суу (suu), сууғ (suuğ), суғ (suğ)

Khakas: суғ (suğ)

Shor: суғ

Western Yugur: su

Northern Altai: суу (suu), суг (sug), сууг (suug), сӱ (sü)


koč

koč (nominative singular)
kočug (accusative singular)
kočnï (accusative singular)
kočnuŋ (genitive singular)
kočka (dative singular)
kočda (locative singular)
kočdan (ablative singular)
kočgaru (allative singular)
kočun (instrumental singular)
kočča (equative singular)
kočlayu (singular)
kočlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: kos

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kucan

Common Turkic: *koč, *kočgar

Arghu:

Khalaj: qoç

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (qoç)

Azerbaijani: qoç

Ottoman Turkish: قوچ (koç), قوچقار (koçkar)

Gagauz: koç

Turkish: koç, koçkar

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: goşğur

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: goç, goçgar

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qočŋar)

Chagatai: قوچقار (qoćqar)

Uyghur: قوچقار (qochqar)

Uzbek: qoʻchqar

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кучкар (quçkar)

Bashkir: ҡусҡар (qusqar)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoçqar

Urum: ґоч (ğoč)

Karaim: kočxar

Karachay-Balkar: кочхар (koçxar)

Kumyk: къочкъар (qoçqar)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қошқар (qoşqar)

Karakalpak: qoshqar, gʻosh

Nogai: кошкар (koşkar)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кочкор (kočkor)

Kyrgyz: кочкор (kockor)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: qwčxʾr (qočɣar), qwčwnxʾr (qočuŋar)

Western Yugur: qoʐɣar

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кошкар (koşkar)

Northern Altai: кочкор (kočkor) (Tuba)

→ Kott: koaskir (“ram”)

The form *kočgar is morphologically obscure as there is no *-gar suffix.
Nishanyan compares it to Armenian ոչխար (očʻxar, “ram”) and Arabic كبش (kabš, “ram”), however neither of these words can etymologically and phonologically be related to this word.


-ka

Oghur:

Bulgar: نَ- (-ne, -na)

Chuvash: -на (-na)

Common Turkic:

Arghu

Khalaj: -kə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -a, -ya

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -a, -ya

Karluk:

Uzbek: -ga

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ға (-ğa), -ге (-ge), -қа (-qa), -ке (-ke)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -га (-ga), -ге (-ge), -го (-go), -гө (-gö), -ка (-ka), -ке (-ke), -ко (-ko), -кө (-kö), -а (-a), -е (-ye), -о (-o), -ө (-ö), -на (-na), -не (-ne), -нө (-nö)

Southern Altai: -га (-ga), -ге (-ge), -го (-go), -гӧ (-gö), -ка (-ka), -ке (-ke), -ко (-ko), -кӧ (-kö), -а (-a), -е (-ye), -о (-o), -ӧ (-ö), -на (-na), -не (-ne)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰀- (-ke)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -га (-ga), -гэ (-ge), -ка (-ka), -кэ (-ke), -ҕа (-ğa), -ҕэ (-ğe)

at (“horse”) + *-ka → *atka (“to a horse”)


ok

ok (nominative singular)
okug (accusative singular)
oknï (accusative singular)
oknuŋ (genitive singular)
okka (dative singular)
okda (locative singular)
okdan (ablative singular)
okgaru (allative singular)
okun (instrumental singular)
okča (equative singular)
oklayu (singular)
oklugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ухӑ (uh̬ă)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ox

Ottoman Turkish: اوق

Turkish: ok

Gagauz: ok

Turkmen: ok

Salar: oq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (oq)

Uyghur: ئوق (oq)

Uzbek: oʻq, ўк (oʻk)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: уҡ (uq)

Tatar: ук (uq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oq

Kumyk: окъ (oq)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (oq)

Karaim: [script needed] (oq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: оқ (oq)

Nogai: ок (ok)

Karakalpak: ok

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ок (ok)

Southern Altai: ок (ok)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: 𐰹 (/ok/)

Old Turkic: 𐰸 (q̊¹ /ok/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ok)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ok)

North Siberian:

Yakut: ох (oq)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (o'q)

Yenisei:

Khakas: ух (ux)

Shor: [script needed] (oq)

The stem *uk (“kin, tribe”) (also written uq-, oq-) has often been connected with oq "arrow".


-ni

Oghur:

Bulgar: نَ- (-ne, -na)

Chuvash: -не (-ne)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -i, -ni

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -i, -yi

Karluk:

Uzbek: -ni

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ді (-dı), -ні (-nı), -ті (-tı), -ды (-dy), -ны (-ny), -ты (-ty), -н (-n)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ни (-ni), -ны (-nı), -ну (-nu), -нү (-nü), -ди (-di), -ды (-dı), -ду (-du), -дү (-dü), -ти (-ti), -ты (-tı), -ту (-tu), -тү (-tü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰤𐰃- (-ni), 𐰤- (-n), 𐰏- (-ig)

Perhaps earlier *-nig if so, cognate with the form *-ig.

biŕ (“we”) + *-ni → *biŕni (“us (accusative)”)

(Old Turkic)


-n

Compared to Proto-Tungusic *-n, Proto-Mongolic *-n.


-n

yāy (“summer”) + *-n → *yāyïn (“in the summer, during summer”)

(Common Turkic?) Suffix creating instrumental case.


-n

bod (“tribe”) + *-n → *bodun (“people, nation”)

ēr (“man”) + *-n → *ēren (“men; plural of man but now used with singular meaning.”)

ogul (“son”) + *-n → *oglan (“sons; plural of son but now used with singular meaning in many Turkic languages.”)

Ancient plural forming suffix now unproductive.


-n

seb- (“to love”) + *-n → *seb-in-

adïr- (“to seperate”) + *-n → *adr-ïn-

yub- (“to roll”) + *-n → *yub-un-

bas- (“to press”) + *-n → *bas-ïn-

ko- (“to put”) + *-n → *kon-

boguŕla- (“to slaughter”) + *-n → *boguŕla-n-

tap- (“to worship”) + *-n → *tap-ïn-

Intransitive & reflexive verb forming suffix.


eke

eke (nominative singular)
ekeg (accusative singular)
ekeni (accusative singular)
ekeniŋ (genitive singular)
ekeke (dative singular)
ekede (locative singular)
ekeden (ablative singular)
ekegerü (allative singular)
eken (instrumental singular)
ekeče (equative singular)
ekeleyü (singular)
ekeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: акка (akka)

Arghu:

⇒ Khalaj: əkəçi

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: eje (“mother, aunt, elder sister”)

Ottoman Turkish: اجی (eci, “elder sister, grandmother”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (eke)

Chagatai: اچه (äçä, “mother, old woman”)

→ Tajik: оча (oča, “mother”)

→ Hazaragi: آجه (âja, “grandmother”)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: эгеч (egeç, “sister”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: әже (äje, “grandmother”)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: эже (eje, “elder sister, aunt”)

Southern Altai: эје (eǰe, “elder sister”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (eke)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *egeci (“older sister”).


-si

tebe (“camel”) + *-si → *tebesi (“camel of (him/her/it); (his/her/its) camel”)

Suffix equiping headword for third-person singular.

-im

suffix equiping headword for first-person singular

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person singular

-imiŕ

suffix equiping headword for first-person plural

-iŋiŕ

suffix equiping headword for second-person plural

-ki

used to form a an adjectival or nominal that that indicates the possessor


-a

bediz (“decoration”) + *-a → *bedze- (“to decorate, adorn”)


ur

ur (nominative singular)
urug (accusative singular)
urnï (accusative singular)
urnuŋ (genitive singular)
urka (dative singular)
urta (locative singular)
urtan (ablative singular)
urgaru (allative singular)
urun (instrumental singular)
urča (equative singular)
urlayu (singular)
urlugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ur

Ottoman Turkish: اور (ur)

Turkish: ur

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: оро (oro)

Tatar: оры (orı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ур (ur)

Southern Altai: ур (ur)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ұра (ūra)

Nogai: [script needed] (urı)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (uru)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (uru)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (ur)

Khakas: [script needed] (uru)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *ur

Proto-Mongolic: *ur-gu- (“to grow”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *ur

Proto-Tungusic: *ur-e- (“to grow; sprout; bush”)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *hüre (“seed, child, descendant”), Proto-Tungusic *pur- (“young (boy, child); children; family; breed”).

cog

urug

seed; child, girl; kin, kind; relatives; see there for further descendants


alp

Hunnic:

desc

→? Ancient Greek: ᾽Αλπισουρ (“a clan of Huns”)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: آلِبْ (alıp)

Chuvash: улӑп (ulăp), улпут (ulp̬ut)

Common Turkic: *alp
** Proto-Oghuz: *alp
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alp)
***** Azerbaijani: alp
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلپ (alp)
****** Turkish: alp
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْپ (alp), اَلْپَغُت (alpaɣut)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alp)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (alp)
****** Uzbek: alp
****** Uyghur: ئالپ (alp), ئالپاۋۇت (alpawut)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الپوت (alpawıt)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: [script needed] (alpawıt), [script needed] (alpamışa)
***** Tatar: алып (alıp), алпауыт (alpawıt)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Karaim: алп (alp), [script needed] (alpawut)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алып (alyp), алпауыт (alpauyt, “strength, power”)
***** Karakalpak: alp, albıra-
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алп (alp)
***** Southern Altai: алып (alïp)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰞𐰯 (l¹p /alp/), 𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆 (l¹pǧu /alpağu/)
**** Old Uyghur: [script needed] (alp), [script needed] (alpaɣut)
*** North Siberian:
**** Yakut: алып (alıp)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tuvan: [script needed] (albıq-, “to pant, stifle”)
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Shor: [script needed] (alıp)
***** Khakas: алып (alıp), [script needed] (albıx-)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *alba (“compulsion, forcing; service, duty”). Also transcribed as 合 (hé), 賀臘／贺腊 (hèlà) in Chinese sources.
Nişanyan suggests this word is derived from the root al- (to beat, to take) and -Ip suffix. The suffix -Ip is used in several words like çöp, turp, sarp and top.


tat

tat (nominative singular)
tatïg (accusative singular)
tatnï (accusative singular)
tatnïŋ (genitive singular)
tatka (dative singular)
tatda (locative singular)
tatdan (ablative singular)
tatgaru (allative singular)
tatïn (instrumental singular)
tatča (equative singular)
tatlayu (singular)
tatlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: тутах (tut̬ah), тут (tut, “rash”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: tatu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tat)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tat)

Uyghur: [script needed] (dat)

Kipchak: [script needed] (tat)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тут (tut)

Tatar: тут (tut)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: тот

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тот (tot)

Nogai: тот (tot)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: дат (dat)

Southern Altai: тат (tat)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: татаар (tataar)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: дат (dat)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: тат (tat)


kat

Karluk:

Uyghur: قات (qat)

Uzbek: qat

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡат (qat)

Tatar: кат (qat), qat

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qat

Karachay-Balkar: къат (qat)

Kumyk: къат (qat)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: қат (qat)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кат (kat)

Southern Altai: кат (kat)

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qat

Ottoman Turkish: قات (kat)

Turkish: kat

Turkmen: gat

Siberian:

Khakas: хат (xat)

Shor: қат

Western Yugur: qat

Northern Altai: кат (kat)


-t

Alternative form of *-tur for polysyllabic verbs.


-t

yan- (“to turn back”) + *-t → *yanut (“answer”)

(Common Turkic?) Suffix creating noun from a verb.


eb

eb (nominative singular)
ebig (accusative singular)
ebni (accusative singular)
ebniŋ (genitive singular)
ebke (dative singular)
ebde (locative singular)
ebden (ablative singular)
ebgerü (allative singular)
ebin (instrumental singular)
ebče (equative singular)
ebleyü (singular)
ebligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: авлан (avlan, “to marry, to start a family”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: həv

Oghuz: اَوْ (ew)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ev

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: أو (ev)
Gagauz: ev
Turkish: ev
→ Crimean Tatar: ev

Turkmen: öý

Salar: öy

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَڤْ (ev), اُڤْ (öv)

Chagatai: اوى (öy)

Uyghur: ئۆي (öy)

Uzbek: уй (uy)

Kipchak:

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ew)

Kipchak: [script needed] (ev)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өй (öy)

Tatar: өй (öy)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üy

Karachay-Balkar: юй (yuy)

Karaim: üj

Kumyk: уьй (üy)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: үй

Kazakh: үй (üi)

Nogai: уьй (üy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үй (üy)

Southern Altai: ӱй (üy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋 (b² /eb/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽱 (ev)

Western Yugur: yu

South kipchak:

Sayan:

Tofa: өғ (ög)

Tuvan: өг (ög)

Yenisei:

Khakas: иб (ib)

Shor: эм, ӱй

Chulym: ӓпь (äp)


ses

ses (nominative singular)
sesig (accusative singular)
sesni (accusative singular)
sesniŋ (genitive singular)
seske (dative singular)
sesde (locative singular)
sesden (ablative singular)
sesgerü (allative singular)
sesin (instrumental singular)
sesče (equative singular)
sesleyü (singular)
sesligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: сасӑ (sas̬ă)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: səs

Proto-Oghuz: *ses

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: səs

→ Lezgi: сес (ses)

→ Tabasaran: сес (ses)

Ottoman Turkish: سس (ses)
Gagauz: ses
Turkish: ses

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ses

Karluk:

Uzbek: sas

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ses

Karaim: ses

Kumyk: сес (ses)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: сес (ses)

Kazakh: сес (ses)

Nogai: сес (ses)

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *siasi-n (“noise, sound”). Maybe an onomatopoeic root.


bile

Possibly derived from *bīr (“1, one”). Also akin to *birge and *birče with similar meaning.


bile

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: пӗрле (pĕrle, “together”), -пе (-pe), -па (-pa)

Common Turkic: *birle

Arghu:

Khalaj: bilə, -la, -lə

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایله (ile)

Azerbaijani: ilə, -la, -lə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ایله (ile), برله (birle), بیله (bile), ایلن (ilen), ـله (-le, -la)
Turkish: ile, -le

East Oghuz:

desc

Salar: bili (“together (with)”), -la (“with”)

Turkmen: bilen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (birlä, bilä)

Chagatai: بلن, برلە (bilän, birlä)

Uyghur: بىلەن (bilen)

Uzbek: bilan

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: менән (menən)

Tatar: белән (belän)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ile

Karachay-Balkar: бла (bla)

Kumyk: булан (bulan)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: менен

Kazakh: мен (men)

Nogai: мен (men)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: менен (menen)

Southern Altai: мынаҥ (mïnaŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (birle)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (birlä)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: -биле (-bile), биле (bile)

Western Yugur: pli


kök

kök (nominative singular)
köküg (accusative singular)
kökni (accusative singular)
köknüŋ (genitive singular)
kökke (dative singular)
kökde (locative singular)
kökden (ablative singular)
kökgerü (allative singular)
kökün (instrumental singular)
kökče (equative singular)
kökleyü (singular)
köklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑк (kăk)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Chagatai: كوك (kök)

Uyghur: كۆك (kök)

Uzbek: koʻk

Kipchak: كوك (kök), كُكْ

West Kipchak:

Karaim: кӧк

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Karakalpak: көк

Kazakh: көк (kök)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӱк (kük)

Oghuz: كُكْ (kök)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kök

→ Khalaj: kök

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: kök

Turkish: kök

Turkmen: kök

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: көък (kö̀k)


kir

kir (nominative singular)
kirig (accusative singular)
kirni (accusative singular)
kirniŋ (genitive singular)
kirke (dative singular)
kirte (locative singular)
kirten (ablative singular)
kirgerü (allative singular)
kirin (instrumental singular)
kirče (equative singular)
kirleyü (singular)
kirligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: кирӗк (kirĕk)

Common Turkic: *kir

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kir

Ottoman Turkish: كیر (kir)
Turkish: kir

Turkmen: kir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کیرْ

Uzbek: kir

Uyghur: كىر (kir)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кер (ker)

Tatar: кер (ker)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кир (kir)

Southern Altai: кир (kir)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кір (kır)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kir

Karachay-Balkar: кир (kir)

Kumyk: кир (kir)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: кир (kir)
Dolgan: кир

Southern Siberian:

Tuvan: хир (xir)


arkan

arkan (nominative singular)
arkanïg (accusative singular)
arkannï (accusative singular)
arkannïŋ (genitive singular)
arkanka (dative singular)
arkanta (locative singular)
arkantan (ablative singular)
arkangaru (allative singular)
arkanïn (instrumental singular)
arkanča (equative singular)
arkanlayu (singular)
arkanlïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (arqan)

Uyghur: ئارقان (arqan), ئارغامچا (arghamcha)

Uzbek: arqon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: арҡан (arqan)

Tatar: аркан (arkan)

desctree

→ Russian: аркан (arkan)
→ Ingrian: arkkana

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: арқан (arqan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аркан (arkan)

Southern Altai: аркан (arkan)

→ Hungarian: árkány

Possibly an alternative form of *urkan. Alternatively, Róna-Tas suggests a derivation from *ar- comparing Turkish argaç, Karakhanid اَرْقاغْ (arkāğ, “woof of a woven material”) and Karakhanid اَرِشْ (arïš, “the wrap of a woven material”).

cog

Karluk Turkic; Kipchak Turkic; Karluk Turkic; Kipchak Turkic


köpek

köpek (nominative singular)
köpekig (accusative singular)
köpekni (accusative singular)
köpekniŋ (genitive singular)
köpekke (dative singular)
köpekde (locative singular)
köpekden (ablative singular)
köpekgerü (allative singular)
köpekin (instrumental singular)
köpekče (equative singular)
köpekleyü (singular)
köpekligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

→? Russian: кобе́ль (kobélʹ)

desc

→ Written Oirat: [script needed] (köbö, “name of a hero”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: köpək

Ottoman Turkish: كوپك (köpek)

Gagauz: köpek

Turkish: köpek

Turkmen: köpek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (köpek)

Uzbek: koʻppak

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: көпек

Kazakh: көпек (köpek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (köbök)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: köpek

Karaim: [script needed] (köpe)

Kumyk: кёбелек (köbelek), гёбен ит (göben it)

→ Hungarian: kopó

→ Turkish: göbelek (dialectal)


ot

Oghur:

Chuvash: утӑ (ut̬ă)

Common Turkic: *ot

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ot

Ottoman Turkish: اوت (ot)

Gagauz: ot

Turkish: ot

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ot

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: ot

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوتْ (ot)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: اوت (ōt)

Uzbek: oʻt

Uyghur: ئوت (ot)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ot

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ут (ut)

Tatar: ут (ut)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ot

Kazakh: от (ot)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: от (ot)

Southern Altai: от (ot)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: oʰt, o't

North Siberian:

Dolgan: от

Yakut: от (ot)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan: оът (òt)

Yenisei:

Khakas:

Shor:


arpa

arpa (nominative singular)
arpag (accusative singular)
arpanï (accusative singular)
arpanïŋ (genitive singular)
arpaka (dative singular)
arpada (locative singular)
arpadan (ablative singular)
arpagaru (allative singular)
arpan (instrumental singular)
arpača (equative singular)
arpalayu (singular)
arpalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: урпа (urp̬a)

Common Turkic: *arpa

Arghu:

Khalaj: arpa

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *arpa

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arpa)

Azerbaijani: arpa

Ottoman Turkish: آرپه (arpa)

Gagauz: arpa

Turkish: arpa

Salar: arfa

Turkmen: arpa

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْپا (arpa)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arpa)

Chagatai: ارپا (arpa)

Uzbek: arpa

Uyghur: ئارپا (arpa)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: ارپا (arpa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: арпа (arpa)

Tatar: арпа (arpa)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: arpa

Karachay-Balkar: арпа (arpa)

Karaim: арпа

Kumyk: арпа (arpa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: арпа (arpa)

Karakalpak: arpa

Nogai: арпа (arpa)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: арпа (arpa)

Southern Altai: арба (arba)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (arpa)

South Siberian

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: арба

→ Hungarian: árpa

→ Manchu: ᠠᡵᡶᠠ (arfa)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *arbaï

Mongolian: арвай (arvaj)

→ Tuvan: арбай (arbay)

Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian, both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”). The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.


tum

tum (nominative singular)
tumlar (nominative plural)
tumnïŋ (genitive singular)
tumlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tumka (dative singular)
tumlarka (dative plural)
tumda (locative singular)
tumlarda (locative plural)
tumdan (ablative singular)
tumlardan (ablative plural)
tumlarïn (instrumental plural)
tumča (equative singular)
tumlarča (equative plural)

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tum, “cold”)

⇒ Common Turkic: *tum-lï- (“to be cold”)

⇒ Common Turkic: *tum-lïg (“cold”)

⇒ Common Turkic: *tum-a-

⇒ Common Turkic: *tuma-gu (“common cold”)


til

til (nominative singular)
tilig (accusative singular)
tilni (accusative singular)
tilniŋ (genitive singular)
tilke (dative singular)
tilte (locative singular)
tilten (ablative singular)
tilgerü (allative singular)
tilin (instrumental singular)
tilče (equative singular)
tilleyü (singular)
tilligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗлхе (čĕlh̬e)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: til

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dil

Ottoman Turkish: دل (dil)

Turkish: dil

Gagauz: dil

Salar: dil

Turkmen: dil

Karluk

Uzbek: til

Uyghur: تىل (til)

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: dil, til

Karachay-Balkar: тил (til)

Kumyk: тил (til)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: тел (tel)

Tatar: тел (tel)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: тіл (tıl)

Karakalpak: til

Nogai: тил (til)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: тил (til)

Southern Altai: тил (til)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: тыл (tıl)

Yakut: тыл (tıl)

Sayan

Tofa: дыл (dıl)

Tuvan: дыл (dıl)

Yenisei

Khakas: тіл (tìl)

Shor: тил (til)


erk

erk (nominative singular)
erkig (accusative singular)
erkni (accusative singular)
erkniŋ (genitive singular)
erkke (dative singular)
erkde (locative singular)
erkden (ablative singular)
erkgerü (allative singular)
erkin (instrumental singular)
erkče (equative singular)
erkleyü (singular)
erkligü (comitative singular)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *erke

Mongolian: эрх (erx)

→ Tuvan: эрге (erge)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: erő

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ərk

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (erk)

Turkish: erk

Turkmen: erk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (erk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (érk)

⇒ Uyghur: ئەركىن (erkin)

Uzbek: erk

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: ирек (irek)

Tatar: ирек (irek)

→ Chuvash: ирĕк (irĕk)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: erik

Kazakh: ерік (erık)

Nogai: эрк (érk)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эрк (erk), эрик (erik)

Southern Altai: эрик (erik)

West Kipchak:

⇒ Crimean Tatar: erkin

⇒ Karachay-Balkar: эркин (erkin)

⇒ Kumyk: эркин (erkin)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰼𐰚 (r²k /erk/), 𐰼𐰃𐰚 (r²ik /erik/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (erk)


ata

ata (nominative singular)
atag (accusative singular)
atanï (accusative singular)
atanïŋ (genitive singular)
ataka (dative singular)
atada (locative singular)
atadan (ablative singular)
atagaru (allative singular)
atan (instrumental singular)
atača (equative singular)
atalayu (singular)
atalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: атте (atte, “father”)

Chuvash: ата (at̬a, “a man who leads a wedding escort to a bride's house in order to take her to the bridegroom”), аталăх (at̬alăh, “the work of such a man”) (via Kipchak?)

Common Turkic: *ata

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *ata

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ata)

Azerbaijani: ata

Ottoman Turkish: آتا (ata)

Gagauz: ata (“grandfather”)

Turkish: ata (“father”) (dated)

Turkmen: ata (“father's father; father”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَتا (ata)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ata)

Chagatai: اتا (ata)

Uzbek: ota

Uyghur: ئاتا (ata)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اتا (ata)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ата (ata, “male”), атай (atay, “father”)

Tatar: ata, әти (äti)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ata (dated)

Karachay-Balkar: ата (ata)

Kumyk: ата (ata)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ата (ata)

Karakalpak: ата

Nogai: ата (ata, “male”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ата (ata)

Southern Altai: ада (ada)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰀 (t¹a /ata/)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ата

Tuvan: ача (aça), ада (ada)

→ Middle Chinese: 爹 (*ʈia ~ *dɑ^X, “father”)


kömür

kömür (nominative singular)
kömürüg (accusative singular)
kömürni (accusative singular)
kömürnüŋ (genitive singular)
kömürke (dative singular)
kömürte (locative singular)
kömürten (ablative singular)
kömürgerü (allative singular)
kömürün (instrumental singular)
kömürče (equative singular)
kömürleyü (singular)
kömürlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: кӑмрӑк (kămrăk)

Common Turkic: *kömür

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kömür

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كومور (kömür)
Gagauz: kömür
Turkish: kömür
→ Albanian: qymyr
→ Armenian: քյոմուր (kʻyomur)
→ Bulgarian: кюмю́р (kjumjúr)
→ Macedonian: ќумур (ḱumur)
→ Serbo-Croatian: ćùmur / ћу̀мур

East Oghuz:

Salar: gömür

Turkmen: kömür

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kömür)

desc

⇒ Karakhanid: کُمُرْلُكْ (kömürlük, “trees harvested for charcoal; where charcoal is stored”)

Uzbek: koʻmir

Uyghur: كۆمۈر (kömür)

Kipchak:

Old Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: comur (Codex Cumanicus)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kömür)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күмер (kümer)

Tatar: күмер (kümer)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: кёмюр (kömür)

Karachay-Balkar: кёмюр (kömür)

Crimean Tatar: kömür

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӧмӱр (kömür)

Kyrgyz: көмүр (kömür)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: коьмир (kömir)

Karakalpak: көмир

Kazakh: көмір (kömır)

Siberian:

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰼𐱃𐰍 (kömürtaɣ, “a mountain between Ötüken and the Karakum desert”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kömür)

Western Yugur: kʰemïr

North Siberian

Dolgan: көмөр

Yakut: көмөр (kömör)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: хөмүр (xömür)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: кӧмір

Shor: кӧбӱр

Northern Altai: кӧбӱр (köbür), кӧбир (köbir)

From *köń- (“to burn”) + *-mür, however there have previously been attempts at deriving it from *köm- (“to bury”) + *-mür, which is semantically dubious.


teke

teke (nominative singular)
tekeg (accusative singular)
tekeni (accusative singular)
tekeniŋ (genitive singular)
tekeke (dative singular)
tekede (locative singular)
tekeden (ablative singular)
tekegerü (allative singular)
teken (instrumental singular)
tekeče (equative singular)
tekeleyü (singular)
tekeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: така (tak̬a)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: təkə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: təkə

Ottoman Turkish: تكه (teke)

Turkish: teke

Gagauz: teke

Turkmen: teke

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَكا (teke)

→? Persian: تگه (tage)

Uyghur: تېكە (tëke)

Uzbek: taka

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тәкә (təkə)

Tatar: тәкә (täkä)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (teke)

Kazakh: теке (teke)

Nogai: теке (teke)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: теке (teke)

Southern Altai: теке (teke)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: теке (teke)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (teke)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (teke)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: те (te)


tepe

tepe (nominative singular)
tepeg (accusative singular)
tepeni (accusative singular)
tepeniŋ (genitive singular)
tepeke (dative singular)
tepede (locative singular)
tepeden (ablative singular)
tepegerü (allative singular)
tepen (instrumental singular)
tepeče (equative singular)
tepeleyü (singular)
tepeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *töpe/tüpe

Chuvash: тӳпе (tüp̬e, “sky; head”)

⇒ Chuvash: тĕпек (tĕpek, “bangs”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: təpə

Oghuz: *tepe

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: təpə
→ Lezgi: тепе (tepe)
→ Tabasaran: тепе (tepe)

Ottoman Turkish: تپه (tepe)
Turkish: tepe
→ English: tepe
→ Albanian: tepe
→ Armenian: թեփե (tʻepʻe), թափա (tʻapʻa)
→ Bulgarian: тепе n (tepe)
→ Greek: τεπέ n (tepé)
⇒ Greek: τεπές m (tepés)
→ Persian: تپه (tappe)

Turkmen: depe

desc

→ Bats: თეფ class jj (tep, “hill, hillock”)

Kipchak: *töbe

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: түбә (tübə)

Tatar: түбә (tübä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: töpe, töbe

Karachay-Balkar: тёбе (töbe)

Kumyk: тёбе (töbe)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: төбе (töbe)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: дөбө (döbö)

Southern Altai: тӧбӧ (töbö)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُبُو (töpü)

Uyghur: تۆپە (töpe)

Uzbek: tepa

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇 (töpü, “height”)

Old Uyghur: twybw (töpü)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: төбө (töbö)

Yakut: төбө (töbö)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: тей (tey)

Northern Altai: тӧбе (töbe), тӧвӧ (tövö)

→⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *dexere (“top”)

A variant *töpü formed at a very early date due to the vowels being rounded as a result of the neighboring labial consonant *p.


kul

kul (nominative singular)
kullar (nominative plural)
kulnïŋ (genitive singular)
kullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kulka (dative singular)
kullarka (dative plural)
kulda (locative singular)
kullarda (locative plural)
kuldan (ablative singular)
kullardan (ablative plural)
kullarïn (instrumental plural)
kulča (equative singular)
kullarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: قل
Azerbaijani: qul
Ottoman Turkish: قول
Turkish: kul

Turkmen: gul

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُلْ (qul, “slave”)

Uzbek: qul

Uyghur: قۇل (qul)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡол (qol)

Tatar: кол (qol)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qul

Karachay-Balkar: къул (qul)

Kumyk: къул (qul)

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: құл (qūl)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кул (kul)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰞 (qul, “slave”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кулут

Yakut: кулут (kulut)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хул (xul)


kur

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

قور قورمه قوشق

⇒ Old Anatolian Turkish: قور قوشق (kur kuşak), قور قورمه قوشق (kur kurma kuşak)

Ottoman Turkish: قور قوشق (kur kuşak)

⇒ Turkish: uçkur

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُرْ (kur)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кур (kur)

Southern Altai: кур (kur)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kurša- (“to belt”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qurşamaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: kuşanmak, kuşatmak

Turkmen: gurşamak, guşamak, gurşatmak, guşatmak, gurşalmak, guşalmak, guşanmak

Karluk:

قُرْشَتْماقْ

قُرْشَنْماقْ

Karakhanid: قُرْشاماقْ (kurşāmāk), قُرْشَتْماقْ (kurşatmāk), قُرْشَنْماقْ (kurşanmāk)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡоршау (qorşaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (kursav)

Kazakh: құрсау (qūrsau)

Nogai: [script needed] (kursav)

⇒ Common Turkic: *kuršag

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kuşak)

Azerbaijani: qurşaq

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (kuşak)

Turkish: kuşak

Turkmen: guşak

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: құрсау (qūrsau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: курчоо (kurcoo)

Southern Altai: курчаар (kurčaar), курчу (kurču)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُرْشاغْ (kurşāg)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kuršag)


mak

mak (nominative singular)
makïg (accusative singular)
maknï (accusative singular)
maknïŋ (genitive singular)
makka (dative singular)
makda (locative singular)
makdan (ablative singular)
makgaru (allative singular)
makïn (instrumental singular)
makča (equative singular)
maklayu (singular)
maklïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

>? Karakhanid: [script needed] (mağu) (Kutadgu Bilig, per Radloff)

Chagatai: ماق (maq)

Kipchak:

Southern Altai: мак (mak)

Teleut мақ

Siberian:

>? Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰍 (mağ)

Northern Altai: пак (pak) (Kumandin dialect)

Khakas: мах (max)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *makta-

Oghur:

Chuvash: мухта (muhta) (or from Kiphcak?)

Common Turkic: *makta-

Oghuz:

⇒ Azerbaijani: maxtanmaq (unless via Kumyk)

Turkmen: magtamak

Karluk:

Chagatai: ماقتامق (maqtamaq)

Uzbek: maqtamoq

Uyghur: ماختاماق (maxtamaq), ماختاش (maxtash)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: маҡтау (maqtaw)

Tatar: мактау (maqtaw)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: мақтаў

Kazakh: мақтау (maqtau)

Nogai: мактав (maktav)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: maqtamaq

Karachay-Balkar: махтаргъа (maxtarğa)

Kumyk: макътамакъ (maqtamaq)

East Kypchak:

Southern Altai: макта (makta)

Kyrgyz: макта (makta)

Teleut мақта

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: махтан (maqtan, “to thank”)

→ Evenki: макта (makta)

South Siberian:

Khakas: махтирға (maxtirğa)

Tofa: маӄтаар

Tofa: маӄтаар

Northern Altai: пактыярга (paktïyarga) (Kumandin dialect)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *maɣta

Classical Mongolian: ᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ (maɣtaqu)

Mongolian: магтах (magtax),

Kalmyk: магтх (magtx),

Buryat: магтаха (magtaxa),

→ Manchu: [script needed] (maktandumbi)

→ Nanai: мактаори (maktaori, “to praise”)

→ Ulch: макта

→ Ulch: макта, мактан, мактачӣ


ordu

ordu (nominative singular)
ordug (accusative singular)
ordunï (accusative singular)
ordunuŋ (genitive singular)
orduka (dative singular)
orduda (locative singular)
ordudan (ablative singular)
ordugaru (allative singular)
ordun (instrumental singular)
orduča (equative singular)
ordulayu (singular)
ordulugu (comitative singular)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠣᠷᠳᠤ (ordu)

Mongolian: орд (ord)

desctree

→ Classical Persian: اُرْدُو (urdū)
Dari: اردو (urdū)
Iranian Persian: اردو (ordu)
Tajik: урду (urdu), Урду (Urdu)
→ Bengali: উর্দু (urdu)
→ Gujarati: ઉર્દૂ (urdū)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: उर्दू (urdū)
Urdu: اُرْدُو (urdū)
→ English: Urdu
→ Kannada: ಉರ್ದೂ (urdū)
→ Marathi: उर्दू (urdū)
→ Nepali: उर्दु (urdu), उर्दू (urdū)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਉਰਦੂ (uradū)
Shahmukhi script: اُرْدُو (urdū)
→ Telugu: ఉర్దూ (urdū)

Xiong-nu:

→ Old Chinese: 甌脫 (ōutuō)

→ Kalmyk: орда (orda)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ordu

Ottoman Turkish: اردو, اوردو (ordu)
> Turkish: ordu (inherited)
→ Albanian: hordhi
→ Northern Kurdish: ordî
→ Arabic: عُرْضِيّ (ʕurḍiyy)
→ Amharic: ዕርድ (ʿərd)
→ Tigre: ዕርዲ (ʿərdi)
→ Tigrinya: ዕርዲ (ʿərdi)

Turkmen: orda

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ordu)

Chagatai: اوردو (ordu)

Uzbek: orda

Uyghur: ئوردا (orda)

Kipchak:

→ Middle French: horde

→ German: Horde

→ Polish: horda

desc

→ Russian: орда (orda, “horde, clan, troop”)

→ English: horde

→ Macedonian: орда (orda)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: урда (urda)

Tatar: урда (urda)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (ordu)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: orda

Kazakh: орда (orda)

Nogai: орда (orda)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ордо (ordo)

Southern Altai: орды (ordï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆 (ordu)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ordu)

North Kipchak:

Yakut: ордуу (orduu)

Dolgan: онну

South Kipchak:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (orda)

Uncertain, however usually considered simplex. EDAL suggests a derivation from a hypothetical *or- verb suggesting *orun (“place”) and *ortu (“middle”) as cognates, however a derivation *or-du would have yielded *ortu not *ordu.
The rather uncommon consonant cluster *-rd- may also indicate a borrowing from an unknown source. Dybo suggests that the word is borrowed from Mongolic rather than the other way around.


sakal

sakal (nominative singular)
sakalïg (accusative singular)
sakalnï (accusative singular)
sakalnïŋ (genitive singular)
sakalka (dative singular)
sakalta (locative singular)
sakaltan (ablative singular)
sakalgaru (allative singular)
sakalïn (instrumental singular)
sakalča (equative singular)
sakallayu (singular)
sakallïgu (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: saqqal

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: saqqal

Ottoman Turkish: صقال

Turkish: sakal

Salar: sağal

Turkmen: sakgal

Kipchak:

West Kipchak

Kumyk: сакъал (saqal)

Karachay-Balkar: sakal

Crimean Tatar: saqal

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сакал (sakal)

Southern Altai: сагал (sagal)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һаҡал (haqal)

Tatar: сакал (saqal)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: сақал (saqal)

Nogai: сакал (sakal)

→ Moksha: сакал (sakal)

Karluk

West Karluk

Uzbek: soqol

East Karluk

Uyghur: ساقال (saqal)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Tuvan: сал (sal)

Shor: сағалы

Shor: сағалы

Oghur:

Chuvash: сухал (suh̬al).

Compare Proto-Mongolic *sakal, whence Buryat һахал (haxal), Kalmyk сахл (saxl), Dongxiang sagvan.


teker

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: тӗкӗр (tĕk̬ĕr, “mirror”)

→ Western Mari: тӹгӹр (tÿgÿr, “mirror”)

→ Hungarian: tükör (“mirror”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: təkər

Ottoman Turkish: تكر (teker), تكرلك (tekerlek)

Turkish: teker, tekerlek

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *tekrek, *tekerek

Xiongnu:

→? Old Chinese: 丁零

→ Old Chinese: 敕勒, 鐵勒, 特勒

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَكْرَكْ (tekrek)

Chagatai:

Kipchak: [script needed] (tigrek)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тегерек (tegerek)

Southern Altai: тегерик (tegerik)

Compared to Proto-Turkic *tegir-, *tegirmen, but descendant languages such as Oghuz point *teker.


i-

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ıy-, “to suppress”)


to-

to-k

full, saturated (not hungry); see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Turkic: *toy

feast, wedding; see there for further descendants

tōl-u

Proto-Turkic: *tō-l- (“to be full”) (see there for further descendants)

tod-gun

Proto-Turkic: *to-d- (“to become satiated, full”) (see there for further descendants)

saturated; see there for further descendants

tod-gur-

to make someone full, feed; see there for further descendants


kum

kum (nominative singular)
kumug (accusative singular)
kumnï (accusative singular)
kumnuŋ (genitive singular)
kumka (dative singular)
kumda (locative singular)
kumdan (ablative singular)
kumgaru (allative singular)
kumun (instrumental singular)
kumča (equative singular)
kumlayu (singular)
kumlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qum

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: qum

Turkish: kum

Salar: gum

Turkmen: gum

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qum

Karachay-Balkar: къум (qum)

Kumyk: qum (qum)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡом (qom)

Tatar: qum

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: құм (qūm)

Karakalpak: qum

Nogai: кум (kum)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кум (kum)

Southern Altai: кум (kum) , кумак (kumak)

Karluk:

West:

Uzbek: qum

East:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qum)

Uyghur: قۇم (qum)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кумак (kumak)

Yakut: кумах (kumaq)

South Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qum)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кум (kum)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хум (xum)

Shor: қум (qum)

Northern Altai: кубак (kubak) (Kumandy), кум (kum) (Chelkan)

Western Yugur: qum

→ Hungarian: homok

→ Chechen: гӏум (ğum)

→ Dargwa: гъум (γum)

→ Khinalug: къум (qːum)

→ Lezgi: къум (q̄um)

→ Tabasaran: къум (q̄um); гъум (ġum)

→ Udi: къум (q̇um)

→ Northern Kurdish: qûm


buka

buka (nominative singular)
bukag (accusative singular)
bukanï (accusative singular)
bukanïŋ (genitive singular)
bukaka (dative singular)
bukada (locative singular)
bukadan (ablative singular)
bukagaru (allative singular)
bukan (instrumental singular)
bukača (equative singular)
bukalayu (singular)
bukalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *bïqa

→ Hungarian: bika

Common Turkic: *buka

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *buɣa

Old Anatolian Turkish: بُغه (buğa)

Azerbaijani: buğa

Ottoman Turkish: بوغا (boğa), بوقا, بوغه, بُغه

Gagauz: bua, buha

Turkish: boğa

→ Middle Armenian: բուղայ (buġay)

→ Armenian: բուղա (buġa), պուղա (puġa) — Western Armenian, բուղայ (buġay) — traditional orthography

Turkmen: buga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُقا (buqā)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (buqa)

Chagatai: بوقا (buqa)

Uyghur: بۇقا (buqa)

Uzbek:

Cyrillic script: буқа (buqa)

Latin script: buqa

Kipchak:

Kipchak: boga, buga (Codex Cumanicus)

Armeno-Kipchak: պուղա (puġa), պուհա (puha)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: Буға (Buğa, “Taurus”) (only in astrology)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: бога (boğa)

Latin script: boğa

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: buğa

Karachay-Balkar: бугъа (buğa)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: буха

Latin script: buha

Kumyk: бугъа (buğa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұқа (būqa)

Karakalpak:

Cyrillic script: буҳа

Latin script: buha

Nogai: буга (buga)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бука (buka)

Southern Altai: бука (buka)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀 (b¹uq̊¹a /buqa/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (buqa)

Western Yugur: buɢa, bəɢa, boɢa

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: пуға

Khakas: пуға (puğa)

Shor: пуға

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: буъһа

Tofa: буъһа

Tuvan: буга (buga)

desctree

→ Proto-Mongolic: *buka
Buryat: буха (buxa)
Daur: bag
Dongxiang: bagvachou (with a diminutive suffix)
East Yugur: pigqa
Khamnigan Mongol: buxa
Middle Mongol:
Hanzi: 補哈 (buqa) (Beilu Yiyu)
Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠬ
ᠠ (buk a)
Mongolian: бух (bux) (Khalkha), /bʊxa/ (Ordos)
Monguor:
Mangghuer: bugha
Mongghul: bugha
→ Proto-Tungusic:
Evenki: бука (buka)
Manchu: ᠪᡠᡴᠠ (buka, “breeding ram”), ᠪᡠᡥᠠ (buha, “beast”)
Solon: буха

→ Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: буга́й (buháj)

Russian: буга́й (bugáj)

Ukrainian: буга́й (buháj)
→ Polish: buhaj, bugaj
→ Romanian: buhai (“bull; friction drum”)
→ Yiddish: בוהײַ (buhay)

→ Proto-Iranian: *bukáh

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: бог’ә (boẍe)

Ossetian: богъ (boǧ), богъа (boǧa)

Persian: بقّه (boqqa)

Judeo-Tat: бугъэ (buqə) / buqə

Kartvelian:

→ Georgian: ბუღა (buɣa)

→ Mingrelian: ბუღა (buɣa)

→ Svan: ბუღუ̂ა (buɣûa)

→ Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: бука (buka)

Moksha: бука (buka)

→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian:

Proto-Avaro-Andian:

Andi: бугъа (buğa)

Avar: бугъа́ (buğá)

Proto-Dargwa:

Dargwa: бугъа (buγa)

Lak: бугъа (buğa)

Proto-Lezghian:

Budukh: бугъа (buğa)

Lezgi: быгъа (byġa)

Proto-Nakh:

Chechen: бугӏа (buğa)

Ingush: бугӏа (buğa)

Proto-Tsezian:

Bezhta: бугъа (buğa)

Hunzib: бугъа (buǧa)

Udi: бугъа (buɣa)

→ Proto-Northwest Caucasian:

desc

Ubykh: быгъуы

Ubykh: быгъуы

→ Adyghe: быгъу (bəğʷu)

Comparisons with Proto-Mongolic *bugu (“stag”) (Mongolian буга (buga)) or Proto-Slavic *bykъ have been made.


ur-

Oghur

Chuvash: вӑр (văr, “to beat”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu

Khalaj: hurmaq

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: vurmaq
→ Khalaj: vurmaq

Ottoman Turkish: اورمق (urmak)

Turkish: vurmak

Gagauz: urmaa

Salar: vur

Turkmen: urmak

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ur-)

Uzbek: urmoq

Uyghur: ئۇرماق (urmaq)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ороу (orow)

Tatar: ору (oru)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: urmaq

Karachay-Balkar: урургъа (ururğa)

Kumyk: урмакъ (urmaq)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: уруу (uruu)

Southern Altai: урар (urar).

South Kipchak

Kazakh: ұру (ūru)

Siberian

South Siberian

Sayan

Tuvan: ур- (ur-)

Alternatively, it is reconstructed as *hur-, which could be a comparing to Proto-Tungusic *por- (“to hit, beat”). In the reconstruction, it is assumed the origin of the word Proto-Turkic *urug, as compared to the Proto-Mongolic *(h)üre- (“to strew, scatter”) and Proto-Mongolic *hüre (“seed, child, descendant”). But it is denied that (h)ur- is origin of urug.


kem

kem (nominative singular)
kemni (accusative singular)
kemniŋ (genitive singular)
kemke (dative singular)
kemte (locative singular)
kemden (ablative singular)
kemgerü (allative singular)
kem bile (instrumental singular)
kemče (equative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: كم

Chuvash: кам (kam)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kêm

Proto-Oghuz: *kim

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kim)

Azerbaijani: kim

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كیم (kim)
Gagauz: kim
Turkish: kim

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kim

Salar: kem

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِمْ (kim)

Uzbek: kim

→ Tajik: ким- (kim-)

Uyghur: كىم (kim)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kim

Karachay-Balkar: ким (kim)

Kumyk: ким (kim)

Karaim: kim

Urum: ким (kim)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кем (kem)

Tatar: кем (kem)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кім (kım)

Karakalpak: ким (kim)

Nogai: ким (kim)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ким (kim)

Southern Altai: кем (kem)

Siberian

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰢 (kem)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kem)

Western Yugur: kïm

North Siberian

Dolgan: ким (kim)

Yakut: ким (kim)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ӄум (qum)

Tuvan: кым (kım)

Yenisei:

Khakas: кем (kem)

Shor: кем (kem)

Derived from the interrogative particle *ka-.
Compare Proto-Uralic *ke (“who”) and Proto-Mongolic *ken (“who”), whence also Mongolian хэн (xen, “who”).


kem

kem (nominative singular)
kemig (accusative singular)
kemni (accusative singular)
kemniŋ (genitive singular)
kemke (dative singular)
kemde (locative singular)
kemden (ablative singular)
kemgerü (allative singular)
kemin (instrumental singular)
kemče (equative singular)
kemleyü (singular)
kemligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: kəm

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: kem

East Oghuz:

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кем (kem)

Karluk:

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (ig-kem)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кем (kem)

Yakut: кем (kem)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кем (kem)

Similar to Proto-Mongolic *gem (“defect, illness”).


bū

bū (nominative singular)
būnï (accusative singular)
būnïŋ (genitive singular)
būŋa (dative singular)
būnta (locative singular)
būntan (ablative singular)
būŋaru (allative singular)
būnïn (instrumental singular)
būnča (equative singular)
būnlayu (singular)
būnlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *bū

Arghu:

Khalaj: bô

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (bu)

Azerbaijani: bu

Ottoman Turkish: بو (bu)

Turkish: bu

Gagauz: bu

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: bu

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bū)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bu)

Uyghur: [script needed] (bu)

Uzbek: bu

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: был (bıl)

Tatar: бу (bu)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bo

Crimean Tatar: бу (bu)

Karachay-Balkar: бу (bu)

Karaim: бу (bu)

Kumyk: бу (bu)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: bul

Kazakh: бул (bul)

Nogai: бу (bu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бул (bul)

Southern Altai: бу (bu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆 (bu)

Old Uyghur: bw (bu)

Western Yugur: pu

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бу

Yakut: бу (bu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бо

Tuvan: бо (bo)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: пу (pu)

Shor: пу


kān

kān (nominative singular)
kānïg (accusative singular)
kānnï (accusative singular)
kānnïŋ (genitive singular)
kānka (dative singular)
kānta (locative singular)
kāntan (ablative singular)
kāngaru (allative singular)
kānïn (instrumental singular)
kānča (equative singular)
kānlayu (singular)
kānlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar: خان (hān)

Chuvash: юн (jun)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qân

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قانْ (qan)

desctree

Chagatai: قان (qan)
Uyghur: قان (qan) / қан (qan)
Uzbek: qon

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قان (qan)

Azerbaijani: qan

Ottoman Turkish: قان (kan)

Gagauz: kan

Turkish: kan

Salar: gan

Turkmen: gan

Kipchak: قان (kan)
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: ҡан (qan)
Tatar: кан (qan)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: qan
Karachay-Balkar: къан (qan)
Karaim: кан
Kumyk: къан (qan)
South Kipchak:
Caspian:
Karakalpak: qan
Kazakh: қан (qan)
Nogai: кан (kan)
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: кан (kan)
Southern Altai: кан (kan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣 (qan)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qan)

desc

Western Yugur: [script needed] (gan/qan)

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: каан

Yakut: хаан (qaan)

Southern Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хан (xan)

Shor: қан

Sayan:

Tofa: қан

Tuvan: хан (xan)

→? Proto-Samoyedic: *këm

Tundra Nenets: хэм’ (xem’)

Nganasan: кам (kam)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: кэм (kem)

Southern Selkup:

Vasyugan: капта

Shyoshqup: кап

Narym: кам, кап

Upper Ob: кием

A possible relation includes Proto-Tungusic *xuŋīkta (“blood vessel”) (Evenki уӈӣкта (uŋīkta, “blood vessel”)).


yān

yān (nominative singular)
yānïg (accusative singular)
yānnï (accusative singular)
yānnïŋ (genitive singular)
yānka (dative singular)
yānta (locative singular)
yāntan (ablative singular)
yāngaru (allative singular)
yānïn (instrumental singular)
yānča (equative singular)
yānlayu (singular)
yānlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫум (śum)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâan

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: yan

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: yan

Turkish: yan

Turkmen: ýan

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: يان (yan)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ян (yan)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: ян (yan)

Latin script: yan

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk-Karachay:

Karachay-Balkar: джан (can)

Crimean Tatar:

desc

Crimean Tatar: yan-yanaşa (“side by side”)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Karakalpak: жанбас (“side of the body”)

Kazakh:

Kazakh: жан (jan)

Nogai: ян (yan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жан (jan)

Southern Altai: јан (ǰan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yan)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yan)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чан (çan)

Yenisei:

Shor: чан

Khakas: чан (çan), нан (nan)


yā

yā (nominative singular)
yāg (accusative singular)
yānï (accusative singular)
yānïŋ (genitive singular)
yāka (dative singular)
yāda (locative singular)
yādan (ablative singular)
yāgaru (allative singular)
yān (instrumental singular)
yāča (equative singular)
yālayu (singular)
yālïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

⇒ Chuvash: укҫу (ukśu) (< *ok (“arrow”) + *yā ("bow"))

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yay

Ottoman Turkish: یای (yay)

Gagauz: yay

Turkish: yay

Turkmen: ýāý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یا (ya)

Uzbek: yoy

Uyghur: يا (ya)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: җәйә (cäyä)

Bashkir: йәйә (yəyə)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yay

Kumyk: жая (jaya)

Karachay-Balkar: джая (caya)

Karaim: йай, йаа, йайа

Karaim: йай, йаа, йайа

Krymchak: йай

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жай (jai)

Karakalpak: jay

Nogai: яй (yay)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јаа (ǰaa)

Kyrgyz: жаа (jaa)

Siberian:

North Siberian

Yakut: саа (saa, “rifle”)

Dolgan: һаа (“rifle”)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: ya (“arrow”)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: чааӌах (çaacax)

Shor: чачақ (čačaq)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: чаа

Tuvan: ча (ça)

Northern Altai: дьа (dʹa)


arka

arka (nominative singular)
arkag (accusative singular)
arkanï (accusative singular)
arkanïŋ (genitive singular)
arkaka (dative singular)
arkada (locative singular)
arkadan (ablative singular)
arkagaru (allative singular)
arkan (instrumental singular)
arkača (equative singular)
arkalayu (singular)
arkalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: урхалӑх (urh̬alăh)

Common Turkic: *arka

Arghu:

Khalaj: arqa

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *arka

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arqa)

Azerbaijani: arxa

→ Khalaj: arxa

Ottoman Turkish: آرقه (arka)

Gagauz: arqa

Turkish: arka

Salar: arxa

Turkmen: arka

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْقا (arqa)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arqa)

Chagatai: ارقا (arqa)

Uzbek: orqa

Uyghur: ئارقا (arqa)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: ارقا (arqa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: арҡа (arqa)

Tatar: арка (arka)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: arqa

Karachay-Balkar: аркъа (arqa)

Karaim: [script needed] (arğa)

Kumyk: аркъа (arqa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: арқа (arqa)

Karakalpak: arqa

Nogai: [script needed] (arqa)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: арка (arka)

Southern Altai: арка (arka)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰺𐰴 (r¹q /arqa/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (arqa)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (arqa)

North Siberian:

Yakut: арҕаа (arğaa)

⇒ Dolgan: [script needed] (argalaa)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (arğa, “mountain forest”)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (arğa)

Khakas: [script needed] (arğa)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *aru (“back, behind, North”), Proto-Tungusic *arkan (“back”). Compared to Proto-Turkic *ār-t (“back, behind”).


kertme

kertme (nominative singular)
kertmeler (nominative plural)
kertmeniŋ (genitive singular)
kertmelerniŋ (genitive plural)
kertmeke (dative singular)
kertmelerke (dative plural)
kertmede (locative singular)
kertmelerde (locative plural)
kertmeden (ablative singular)
kertmelerden (ablative plural)
kertmelerin (instrumental plural)
kertmeče (equative singular)
kertmelerče (equative plural)

Kipchak: كرتما (kärtmä)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: kertme

Kumyk: gertme

Karaim: gertme

Karachay-Balkar: kertme

South Kipchak

Nogai: kertpe

→ Hungarian: körte

→ Ossetian: кӕрдо (kærdo)


bür

bür (nominative singular)
bürüg (accusative singular)
bürni (accusative singular)
bürnüŋ (genitive singular)
bürke (dative singular)
bürte (locative singular)
bürten (ablative singular)
bürgerü (allative singular)
bürün (instrumental singular)
bürče (equative singular)
bürleyü (singular)
bürlügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: پر

Turkish: pür (“thin leaf”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөрө (börö)

Tatar: бөре (böre)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бүр (bür)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bür)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бүрү (bürü)

Tofa: бүр (bür)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (pür)

→ Mongolian: [script needed] (bür)

→ Kalmyk: [script needed] (bür)


-man

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

desc

Turkish: -men, -man (“only occurs in the words above”)

or- (“an unattested verb”) + *-man → *orman (“forest”)

tegir- (“to spin”) + *-man → *tegirmen (“mill”)

tu- (“to close, occlude”) + *-man → *tuman (“fog; smoke”)

kēt- (“to indent, notch”) + *-man → *kētmen (“hoe, mattock”)

yab- (“an unattested verb”) + *-man → *yaman (“bad wicked”)


ï

ï (nominative singular)
ïg (accusative singular)
ïnï (accusative singular)
ïnïŋ (genitive singular)
ïka (dative singular)
ïda (locative singular)
ïdan (ablative singular)
ïgaru (allative singular)
ïn (instrumental singular)
ïča (equative singular)
ïlayu (singular)
ïlïgu (comitative singular)

Medieval

Karakhanid: يٖى (yī), يٖى يِغاجْ (yī yïɣač) (collective)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰃 (ï)

Old Uyghur: ՚y (ï), ՚y ՚yγ՚č (ï ïɣač) (collective)


kün

kün (nominative singular)
künüg (accusative singular)
künni (accusative singular)
künnüŋ (genitive singular)
künke (dative singular)
künte (locative singular)
künten (ablative singular)
küngerü (allative singular)
künün (instrumental singular)
künče (equative singular)
künleyü (singular)
künlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: كُوَان (kön, “day”)

Chuvash: кун (kun, “day”)

Danube Bulgar: χων (kon, “day”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kün

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کون (kün)

desctree

Chagatai: کون (kün)
Uyghur: كۈن (kün)
Uzbek: kun

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gün

Ottoman Turkish: گون (gün)

Turkish: gün (“day”)

Gagauz: gün

Turkmen: gün

Salar:

Kipchak: کون (kün)
North Kipchak:
Tatar: көн (kön)
Bashkir: көн (kön)
Siberian Tatar: көн (kön)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: кунь (kün)
Karachay-Balkar: кюн (kün)
Kumyk: гюн (gün)
Karaim: kiuń
South Kipchak:
Caspian:
Kazakh: күн (kün)
Karakalpak: күн (ku'n)
Nogai: куьн (kün)
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: күн (kün)
Southern Altai: кӱн (kün)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰤 (kün² /kün/)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күн (kün)

Yakut: күн (kün)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хүн (xün)

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӱн (kün)

Shor:

Western Yugur:

→? Proto-Tocharian: *kaun

Tocharian A: koṃ

Tocharian B: kauṃ


kün

Possibly a cognate with Proto-Mongolic *kümün (“person”) if from earlier *küxün (“person”).


orman

orman (nominative singular)
ormanïg (accusative singular)
ormannï (accusative singular)
ormannïŋ (genitive singular)
ormanka (dative singular)
ormanta (locative singular)
ormantan (ablative singular)
ormangaru (allative singular)
ormanïn (instrumental singular)
ormanča (equative singular)
ormanlayu (singular)
ormanlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: вӑрман (vărman)

Common Turkic

Medieval:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (orman)

Oghuz:

Turkish: orman

Azerbaijani: orman (poetic)

Turkmen: ormon (dialectal)

Gagauz: orman (“vegetable garden”)

Salar: ormän

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئورمان (orman)

Uzbek: oʻrmon

Kypchak:

North Kipchak

Tatar: урман (urman)

Bashkir: урман (urman)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: орман (orman)

Karakalpak: орман, orman

Nogai: орман (orman)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: ормон (ormon)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: orman

Kumyk: орман (orman)

From Proto-Turkic *or- + *-man. The first stem may be compared to Proto-Tungusic *pure (“forest”), if from earlier *hor-.


tuman

tuman (nominative singular)
tumanlar (nominative plural)
tumannïŋ (genitive singular)
tumanlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tumanka (dative singular)
tumanlarka (dative plural)
tumanda (locative singular)
tumanlarda (locative plural)
tumandan (ablative singular)
tumanlardan (ablative plural)
tumanlarïn (instrumental plural)
tumanča (equative singular)
tumanlarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دومان

Azerbaijani: duman

Ottoman Turkish: دومان, طومان (duman)
Turkish: duman
Gagauz: duman
→ Armenian: տո̈ւման (tüman), դուման (duman), թուման (tʻuman)
→ Bulgarian: дума́н (dumán)
→ Greek: ντουμάνι (ntoumáni)
⇒ Greek: ντουμανιάζω (ntoumaniázo)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: duman
→ Central Kurdish: دومان (duman)
→ Macedonian: думан (duman)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ду̀ма̄н
Latin script: dùmān

Turkmen: duman

Salar: duman

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tuman)

Uyghur: تۇمان (tuman)

Uzbek: tuman

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: томан (toman)

Tatar: томан (toman)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tuman

Karachay-Balkar: тубан (tuban)

Karaim: туман

Kumyk: туман (tuman)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: duman

Kazakh: тұман (tūman)

Nogai: туман (tuman)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: туман (tuman)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (tuman)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tuman)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: туман

Yakut: туман (tuman)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: туман

Tuvan: туман (tuman)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тубан (tuban)

Shor: тубан

Borrowed from an unknown Turkic source:

→ Russian: тума́н (tumán)

→ Belarusian: тума́н (tumán)

→ Ukrainian: тума́н (tumán)

From Common Turkic *tu- + *-man. Apparently similar to Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”).


kodan

kodan (nominative singular)
kodanïg (accusative singular)
kodannï (accusative singular)
kodannïŋ (genitive singular)
kodanka (dative singular)
kodanta (locative singular)
kodantan (ablative singular)
kodangaru (allative singular)
kodanïn (instrumental singular)
kodanča (equative singular)
kodanlayu (singular)
kodanlïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Uzbek: quyon

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: къоян (qoyan)

Kumyk: къоян (qoyan)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуян (quyan)

Tatar: куян (quyan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: койон (koyon)

Kyrgyz: коён (koyon)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қоян (qoän)

Nogai: коян (koyan)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хозан (xozan)

Shor: қозан (qozan)

Sayan:

Tofa: һодан (hodan)

Tuvan: кодан (kodan)


kulun

kulun (nominative singular)
kulunug (accusative singular)
kulunnï (accusative singular)
kulunnuŋ (genitive singular)
kulunka (dative singular)
kulunta (locative singular)
kuluntan (ablative singular)
kulungaru (allative singular)
kulunun (instrumental singular)
kulunča (equative singular)
kulunlayu (singular)
kulunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑм (hăm)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *kulun

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qulun, qulan

Ottoman Turkish: قولون (kulun)

Turkish: kulun

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gulun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُلُنْ (qulun)

Uyghur: قۇلۇن (qulun)

Uzbek: qulun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡолон (qolon)

Tatar: колын (qolın)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къулан (qulan)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: кулын (kulın)

Kazakh: құлын (qūlyn)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулун (kulun)

Southern Altai: кулун (kulun)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (qulun)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кулун (kulun)

Yakut: кулун (kulun)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: һулун (hulun)

Tuvan: хулун (xulun)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хулун (xulun)

Shor: қулун (qulun)

Perhaps may be comparable to Proto-Mongolic *kulan (“ass”).


imen

imen (nominative singular)
imenig (accusative singular)
imenni (accusative singular)
imenniŋ (genitive singular)
imenke (dative singular)
imente (locative singular)
imenten (ablative singular)
imengerü (allative singular)
imenin (instrumental singular)
imenče (equative singular)
imenleyü (singular)
imenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: юман (juman)

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: imen

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئېمەن (ëmen)

Uzbek: eman

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: emen

Karachay-Balkar: эмен (emen)

Kumyk: эмен (emen)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: емен (emen)

Nort Kipchak:

Bashkir: имән (imən)

Tatar: имән (imän)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эрмен (ermen)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yeniseian:

Khakas: ибен (iben)


ilme

ilme (nominative singular)
ilmeg (accusative singular)
ilmeni (accusative singular)
ilmeniŋ (genitive singular)
ilmeke (dative singular)
ilmede (locative singular)
ilmeden (ablative singular)
ilmegerü (allative singular)
ilmen (instrumental singular)
ilmeče (equative singular)
ilmeleyü (singular)
ilmeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗлме (jĕlme)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: элме (elme)

Kumyk: элме (elme)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: элмен (élmen)

Nort Kipchak:

Tatar: елмә (yelmä)

Similarities to Indo-European languages open to debate, an early interaction with Slavic languages is possible. See Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”).


kökrek

kökrek (nominative singular)
kökrekig (accusative singular)
kökrekni (accusative singular)
kökrekniŋ (genitive singular)
kökrekke (dative singular)
kökrekde (locative singular)
kökrekden (ablative singular)
kökrekgerü (allative singular)
kökrekin (instrumental singular)
kökrekče (equative singular)
kökrekleyü (singular)
kökrekligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Salar: kükrek, kökrek

Turkmen: kükrek

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (kökräk)

Uzbek: koʻkrak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күкрәк (kükrək)

Tatar: күкрәк (kükräk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kökrek

Karachay-Balkar: кёкюрек (kökürek)

Karaim: [script needed] (kökräk)

Kumyk: кёкюрек (kökürek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (kökirek)

Kazakh: көкірек (kökırek)

Nogai: [script needed] (kökirek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көкүрөк (kökürök)

From *köküŕ (“chest, breasts”) + *-ak, diminutive of *köküŕ.


burun

Arghu:

Khalaj: burun

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: burun

Ottoman Turkish: بورون (burun)

Turkish: burun

Gagauz: burnu

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: burun

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: purnı

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: بۇرۇن (burun)

Uzbek: burun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: морон (moron)

Tatar: борын (borın)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: burun

Karachay-Balkar: бурун (burun)

Kumyk: [Term?], burun

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мұрын (mūryn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мурун (murun)

Southern Altai: мурун (murun)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: мурун (murun)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: пурун (purun)

Probably a deverbal, if so, from *bur- (“to smell”). For possible cognates, see Turkish burcu (“aroma, scent”), Turkish buram buram (“in whirls, billowing (of smell, smoke)”), Karakhanid [script needed] (burïɣ, “something that smells”), Kyrgyz [script needed] (bura-, “to reek strongly”), Uyghur پۇراق (puraq, “smell”), Khakas [script needed] (puru-, “to emit a stench, to burn (of food)”) et cetera (Dybo, 2013).


etek

etek (nominative singular)
etekig (accusative singular)
etekni (accusative singular)
etekniŋ (genitive singular)
etekke (dative singular)
etekde (locative singular)
etekden (ablative singular)
etekgerü (allative singular)
etekin (instrumental singular)
etekče (equative singular)
etekleyü (singular)
etekligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hətək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ətək

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (etek)

Turkish: etek

Gagauz: etek

Turkmen: etek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (etek)

Uyghur: ئېتەك (ëtek)

Uzbek: etak

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: etek

Karachay-Balkar: этек (etek)

Karaim: otuz

Kumyk: отуз (otuz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: итәк (itək)

Tatar: [script needed] (itäk)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: етек,

Kazakh: етек (etek)

Nogai: [script needed] (etek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (etek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (etäk)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (etäk)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (edek)

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: [script needed] (idek)

Shor: [script needed] (edek)

(Common Turkic) skirt, edge of a skirt or a piece of cloth


kirpik

kirpik (nominative singular)
kirpikig (accusative singular)
kirpikni (accusative singular)
kirpikniŋ (genitive singular)
kirpikke (dative singular)
kirpikde (locative singular)
kirpikden (ablative singular)
kirpikgerü (allative singular)
kirpikin (instrumental singular)
kirpikče (equative singular)
kirpikleyü (singular)
kirpikligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑрпӑк (hărp̬ăk)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kirpik

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kirpik)

Azerbaijani: kirpik

Ottoman Turkish: كرپك (kirpik)

Turkish: kirpik

Gagauz: kirpik

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kirpik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kirpik)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kirpik)

Uyghur: كىرپىك (kirpik)

Uzbek: kiprik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: керфек (kerfek)

Bashkir: керпек (kerpek)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirpik

Urum: кирпиг (kirpig)

Karachay-Balkar: кирпик (kirpik)

Kumyk: кирпик (kirpik)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кирпик

Kazakh: кірпік (kırpık)

Nogai: киприк (kiprik)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: kyrpyk (kirpik)

Western Yugur: kərmək

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чыыпық

Tofa: чыыпық

Tuvan: кирбик (kirbik)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: кірбік (kìrbìk)

Shor: кирбик

Shor: кирбик

Clauson suggests a diminutive formation *kirpi (“hedgehog”) + *-k.
Nishanyan and ESTJa instead suggest a derivation *kïrp- (“to shave; to wink”) + *-k, however this should've yielded the earliest form *kïrpuk.


yara

yara (nominative singular)
yarag (accusative singular)
yaranï (accusative singular)
yaranïŋ (genitive singular)
yaraka (dative singular)
yarada (locative singular)
yaradan (ablative singular)
yaragaru (allative singular)
yaran (instrumental singular)
yarača (equative singular)
yaralayu (singular)
yaralïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yara

Ottoman Turkish یاره (yara)

Turkish: yara

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýara

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: яра (yara)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яра (yara)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жара (jara)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жара (jara)

Southern Altai: јара (ǰara)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yara

Uyghur: يارا (yara)


borsuk

borsuk (nominative singular)
borsukug (accusative singular)
borsuknï (accusative singular)
borsuknuŋ (genitive singular)
borsukka (dative singular)
borsukda (locative singular)
borsukdan (ablative singular)
borsukgaru (allative singular)
borsukun (instrumental singular)
borsukča (equative singular)
borsuklayu (singular)
borsuklugu (comitative singular)

→ Hungarian: borz

Oghur:

Chuvash: пурӑш (purăš)

Common Turkic: *borsuk, *borsmuk

Oghuz:بُرْسُقْ (borsuq)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: porsuq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: پورصوق (porsuk), پورصق (porsuk), پورسوق (porsuk), پورسق (porsuk), بورصوق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورصق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورسوق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورسق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk)
Turkish: porsuk
→ Armenian: փորսուղ (pʻorsuġ)
→ Bulgarian: борсу̀к (borsùk), бърсу̀к (bǎrsùk)
→ Lithuanian: barsukas
→ Macedonian: бурсук (bursuk)
→ Romanian: bursuc
→ Ukrainian: борсу́к (borsúk)
→ Polish: borsuk

Salar: borsuq

Turkmen: torsuk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُرْسْمُقْ (borsmuq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بورسوق (borsuq)

Uzbek: boʻrsiq

Uyghur: بورسۇق (borsuq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بورسق (borsuq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бурһыҡ (burhıq)

Tatar: бурсык (bursıq)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: борсукъ (borsuq)

Kumyk: порсукъ (porsuq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: борсық (borsyq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: борсук (borsuk)

Southern Altai: борсык (borsïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: барсук (barsuk)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: борсуӄ (borsuq)

Tuvan: морзук (morzuk)

Yenisei:

Khakas: порсых (porsıx)

→ Russian: барсу́к (barsúk)


or-

desc

Proto-Turkic: *or-du, *or-da (“place; palace; lair, den; place of staying (of the army, ruler etc.); army”)

Proto-Turkic: *or-tu, *or-ta (“middle”)

Proto-Turkic: *or-un (“place”)

Proto-Turkic: *or(u)n-a- (“to reserve a place”)

Proto-Turkic: *orna-ĺč- (“to settle down”)


or-

Proto-Turkic: *or-gak (“sickle”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: выр (vyr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: اورامق (oramak)

Turkmen: ormak

Salar: or

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (or-)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ору (oru)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ор- (or-, “to cut, now, reap”)


-če

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -çə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ca, -cə

Ottoman Turkish: ـجه (-ce)

Turkish: -ca, -ce, -ça, -çe

Turkmen: -ja, -je, -ça, -çe

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (-che)

Uzbek: -cha

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Bashkir: -сә (-sə), -сa (-sa)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ша (-şa), -ше (-şe)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -чo (-co), -чө (-cö), -чa (-ca), -че (-ce)

Southern Altai: -чо (-čo), -чӧ (-čö), -ча (-ča), -че (-če)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰲𐰀- (-ča)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: -че (-çe), -же (-je)

at (“horse”) + *-če → *atča (“like a horse”)


-ik

Nishanyan and Clauson suggest that it is a doublet of *-ak. Compare with Sogdian -𐼷𐼸 (-yk, “diminutive suffix”).

kāp (“sack, cup”) + *-ik → *kāpïk (“shell”)


-ak

Nişanyan compares the Iranic diminutive suffix 𐭪 (-ak), whence Persian ـک (-ak).

ogul (“child, son”) + *-ak → *oglak (“kid”)


yok

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yokuş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُقْ (yoq)


yok

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُقْ (yoq)


āk

Oghuz: ااقْ (āq)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ağ

Ottoman Turkish: آق (ak)

Gagauz: ak, aarmaa

Turkish: ak, ağarmak

Salar: aq

Turkmen: āk (āg-)

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: oq

Uyghur: ئاق (aq)

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: акъ (aq)

Krymchak: ах

Kumyk: акъ (aq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аҡ (aq)

Tatar: ак (aq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: aq

Kazakh: ақ (aq)

Nogai: ак (ak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ак (ak)

Southern Altai: ак (ak)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰀𐰴 (āq)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: aq

North Siberian:

Yakut: ак (ak)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: аӄ

Tuvan: ак (ak)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ах (ax)

Shor: ақ

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *caga-xan (“white”), Proto-Tungusic *šāka- (“white”).


karga

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qarğa

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: gaarga

Turkish: karga

Salar: garğa

Turkmen: garga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qarğa)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (qarğa)

Uzbek: qargʻa

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡарға (qarğa)

Tatar: карга (qarga)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qarğa)

Kumyk: [script needed] (qarğa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qarğa)

Kazakh: қарға (qarğa)

Nogai: карга (karga)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карга (karga)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (qarğa)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (xarğa)

Shor: [script needed] (qarğa)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qarğa)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qər'ɣɑ)

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (kargan)

Tuvan: каарган (kaargan)

Gagauz and Tuvan point to a long vowel. Therefore Talât Tekin (1995) reconstructs it as *kārga.


kalkan

kalkan (nominative singular)
kalkanïg (accusative singular)
kalkannï (accusative singular)
kalkannïŋ (genitive singular)
kalkanka (dative singular)
kalkanta (locative singular)
kalkantan (ablative singular)
kalkangaru (allative singular)
kalkanïn (instrumental singular)
kalkanča (equative singular)
kalkanlayu (singular)
kalkanlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *kalkan

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kalkan)

Azerbaijani: qalxan

Ottoman Turkish: قلقان (kalkan)

Turkish: kalkan

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: galkan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qalqan)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qalqan)

Uyghur: قالقان (qalqan)

Uzbek: qalqon

→ Persian: قلقان (qalqân)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡалҡан (qalqan)

Tatar: калкан (qalkan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qalqan

Karaim: калкан (qalqan)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qalqan

Kazakh: қалқан (qalqan)

Nogai: калкан (kalkan)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: калкан (kalkan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: qʾlqʾn (qalqan)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kalkan

Clauson suggests that this is a basic noun, however in terms of its origin there have been multiple theories:
# Rasanen and Nishanyan sugget that this is a borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kalkan (“shield”) however ESMJa and Clauson suggest the reverse.
# Nishanyan attempts to explain a native origin as a derivation *kalk- (“to rise”) + *-gan.


toprak

toprak (nominative singular)
toprakïg (accusative singular)
topraknï (accusative singular)
topraknïŋ (genitive singular)
toprakka (dative singular)
toprakda (locative singular)
toprakdan (ablative singular)
toprakgaru (allative singular)
toprakïn (instrumental singular)
toprakča (equative singular)
topraklayu (singular)
topraklïgu (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag

Mongolian: товрог (tovrog)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: turpâq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق

Azerbaijani: torpaq

Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق

Turkish: toprak

Gagauz: toprak

Salar: tōraq

Turkmen: toprak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)

Uzbek: tuproq

Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)

Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: topraq

Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)

Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)

Karaim: топракъ, топрах

Karaim: топракъ, топрах

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: topi’raq

Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)

Nogai: топырак (topırak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)

Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: twpr?՚?q? (tupraq)

Western Yugur: torvaq

North Siberian:

Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)

Tofa: тоъпраӄ

Tofa: тоъпраӄ

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)

Shor: тобрақ

Shor: тобрақ

From Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).
Compare Proto-Mongolic *toxurag (“dust”).
Also related to Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This in turn goes back to Proto-Turkic *topur-.


közel

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: گُزَل

Azerbaijani: gözəl

Ottoman Turkish: گوزل

Turkish: güzel

Turkmen: gözel

Karluk:

Uyghur: گۈزەل (güzel)

Uzbek: goʻzal

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: гёзел (gözel)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көзөл (közöl)

Southern Altai: кӱзел (küzel, “dear, native”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: көзел (közel)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көзөл (közöl)


tütün

tütün (nominative singular)
tütünüg (accusative singular)
tütünni (accusative singular)
tütünnüŋ (genitive singular)
tütünke (dative singular)
tütünte (locative singular)
tütünten (ablative singular)
tütüngerü (allative singular)
tütünün (instrumental singular)
tütünče (equative singular)
tütünleyü (singular)
tütünlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗтӗм (tĕt̬ĕm)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tütîn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tütün

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: توتون (tütün), توتن (tutun, tütün)
Turkish: tütün
Gagauz: tütün
→ Adyghe: тутын (tutən)
→ Armenian: թութուն (tʻutʻun)
→ Bulgarian: тютюн (tjutjun)
→ Central Kurdish: توتن (tutin)
→ Classical Syriac: ܬܬܘܢ
→ Georgian: თუთუნი (tutuni)
→ Iraqi Arabic: تتن
→ Kabardian: тутын (tutən)
→ Laz: თუთუნი (tutuni)
→ Lishana Deni: תותון (tutun)
→ Macedonian: тутун (tutun)
→ Mingrelian: თუთუმი (tutumi)
→ Persian: توتون
→ Polish: tytoń
→ Romanian: tutun
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ту̀тӯн
Latin script: tùtūn
→ Ukrainian: тютюн (tjutjun)

Turkmen: tütün

Salar: tütün, tüten

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tütün)

Chagatai: توتون
Uzbek: tutun
Uyghur: تۈتۈن (tütün)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төтөн (tötön)

Tatar: төтен (töten)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tütün

Karachay-Balkar: тютюн (tütün)

Karaim: тютюнь (tütün')

Kumyk: тютюн (tütün)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: түтин

Kazakh: түтін (tütın)

Nogai: туьтин (tütin)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түтүн (tütün)

Southern Altai: тӱдӱн (tüdün)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tütün)

Western Yugur: tutun

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тӱдӱн (tüdün)

Shor: тӱдӱн (tüdün)


kirpi

kirpi (nominative singular)
kirpig (accusative singular)
kirpini (accusative singular)
kirpiniŋ (genitive singular)
kirpike (dative singular)
kirpide (locative singular)
kirpiden (ablative singular)
kirpigerü (allative singular)
kirpin (instrumental singular)
kirpiče (equative singular)
kirpileyü (singular)
kirpiligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗрӗп (čĕrĕp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kirpi

Ottoman Turkish: كرپی
Turkish: kirpi

Turkmen: kirpi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِرْبیٖ (kirpi)
Chagatai:
Uyghur: كىرپە (kirpe)
Uzbek: kirpi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: керпе (kerpe)

Bashkir: терпе (terpe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirpi

Karachay-Balkar: кирпи (kirpi)

Kumyk: кирпи (kirpi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: кірпі (kırpı)

Karakalpak: кирпи

Nogai: кирпи (kirpi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кирпи (kirpi)

Southern Altai: кирпи (kirpi)