yürek

yürek (nominative singular)
yürekig (accusative singular)
yürekni (accusative singular)
yürekniŋ (genitive singular)
yürekke (dative singular)
yürekde (locative singular)
yürekden (ablative singular)
yürekgerü (allative singular)
yürekin (instrumental singular)
yürekče (equative singular)
yürekleyü (singular)
yürekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗре (čĕre)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yirək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ürək

Ottoman Turkish: یورك (yürek)
Gagauz: ürek
Turkish: yürek
→ Ladino: yurek

Salar: yirek

Turkmen: ýürek

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джюрек (cürek)

Crimean Tatar: yürek

Kumyk: юрек (yürek)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөрәк (yörək)

Tatar: йөрәк (yöräk)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: júrek

Kazakh: жүрек (jürek)

Nogai: юрек (yurek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүрөк (jürök)

Southern Altai: јӱрек (ǰürek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُرَكْ (yürek)

Chagatai: یوراک (yüräk)

Uzbek: yurak

Uyghur: يۈرەك (yürek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yüräk)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүрэк (hürek)

Yakut: сүрэх (süreq)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүрек (çürek)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱрек (çürek)

Shor: чӱрек (çürek)

desc

Northern Altai: чӱрек (čürek), тьӱрек (tʹürek), тьӱрӧк (tʹürök)

Related to Proto-Mongolic *ǰirüken (“heart”).


būt

būt (nominative singular)
būtug (accusative singular)
būtnï (accusative singular)
būtnuŋ (genitive singular)
būtka (dative singular)
būtda (locative singular)
būtdan (ablative singular)
būtgaru (allative singular)
būtun (instrumental singular)
būtča (equative singular)
būtlayu (singular)
būtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗҫӗ (pĕś̬ĕ) (somewhat unclear, possibly < *būčï < *būtsï < *būtVsï according to Doerfer)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bûut

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bud

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بوت, بود (bud)
Gagauz: but
Turkish: but, bud (dialectal)
→ Armenian: բուդ (bud)
→ Greek: μπούτι (boúti)

Turkmen: būt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُوتْ (but)

Chagatai: بوت (but)

Uzbek: but

Uyghur: پۇت (put)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бот (bot)

Tatar: бот (bot)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: but

Kumyk: бут (but)

Karachay-Balkar: бут (but)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бут (but)

Southern Altai: бут (but)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: пут

Kazakh: бұт (būt)

Nogai: бут (but)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: буут (buut)

Dolgan: буут

South Siberian:

Tuvan: бут (but)

Tofa: бут

Khakas: пут (put)


-im

at (“horse”) + *-im → *atïm (“horse of (me); (my) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for first-person singular; possesive suffix

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person singular

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person

-imiŕ

suffix equiping headword for first-person plural

-iŋiŕ

suffix equiping headword for second-person plural

-ki

used to form a an adjectival or nominal that that indicates the possessor


-m

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-m (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

öl- (“to die”) + *-m → *ölüm (“death”)


-m

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -م (-m)

⇒ Chuvash: -мӗш (-mĕš)

⇒ Common Turkic: *-m-inči

Arghu:

Khalaj: -minci

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -minji

bīr (“one”) + *-m → *bīrim (“first”)


köt

köt (nominative singular)
kötüg (accusative singular)
kötni (accusative singular)
kötnüŋ (genitive singular)
kötke (dative singular)
kötde (locative singular)
kötden (ablative singular)
kötgerü (allative singular)
kötün (instrumental singular)
kötče (equative singular)
kötleyü (singular)
kötlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кут (kut)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: köt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُتْ (köt)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۆت (köt)

Uzbek: koʻt

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: күт (küt)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: күт (küt)

Latin script: küt

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karaim: köt

Crimean Tatar: köt

Karachay-Balkar: кёт (köt)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көт (köt)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көт (köt)

desc

Southern Altai: кӧт (köt), кӧдӧн (ködön)

Proto-Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göt

Ottoman Turkish: گوت (göt)

Gagauz: göt

desctree

Turkish: göt
→ Armenian: գյոթ (gyotʻ)
→ Swedish: göt c

Salar: göhdi

Turkmen: göt


-d

The existence and function is uncertain according to Clauson. Possibly "emphatic".

ko- (“to put”) + *-d → *kod- (“same meaning”)

to- (“to be full”) + *-d → *tod- (“same meaning”)

kǖ- (“to wait”) + *-d → *kǖd- (“same meaning”)

ï̄- (“to send”) + *-d → *ï̄d- (“same meaning”)

sī- (“to urinate”) + *-d → *sīd- (“same meaning”)

Deverbal suffix; creates a new verb from a verb.


-l

yabra- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *yabral- (“to make a mistake”)

adïr- (“to divide, separate”) + *-l → *adrïl- (“to leave”)

tēr- (“to gather”) + *-l → *tēril- (“to be gathered”)

tīri- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *tīril- (“to revive”)

yub- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *yubul- (“to roll”)

Passive suffix. Also forms intransitive of verbs.


bek

Common Turkic: *bek

Arghu:

Khalaj: bək

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bek

Old Anatolian Turkish: بك, پك

Azerbaijani: pək

Ottoman Turkish: پك (pek), بك (bek)

Turkish: pek

Turkmen: berk, bek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِكْ (bék)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bek)

Chagatai: بك (bek)

Uyghur: بەك (bek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بك (bäk)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бик (bik)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: бек (bek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бек (bek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бек (bek)

Southern Altai: бек (bek)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bek)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bekle-

Oghuz: بَكْلَنْماكْ (beklenmēk, “to indurate”), بَكْلَشْماكْ (bekleşmēk, “to make a pact”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بكلهمك (“to hide; to conserve”)

Azerbaijani: bəkləmək (“to conserve; to watch”)

Ottoman Turkish: بكلمك

Gagauz: beklemää

Turkish: beklemek (“to wait; to conserve, watch; to expect”), beklenmek, bekleşmek

Salar: beklegüsi

Turkmen: beklemek (“to lock; to attach, to link”), beklenmek, bekleşmek


turma

turma (nominative singular)
turmag (accusative singular)
turmanï (accusative singular)
turmanuŋ (genitive singular)
turmaka (dative singular)
turmada (locative singular)
turmadan (ablative singular)
turmagaru (allative singular)
turman (instrumental singular)
turmača (equative singular)
turmalayu (singular)
turmalugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Salar: turma (“turnip”)

Potentially from *tur- (“1. to stand 2. to stop”) + *-me, compare with the semantics of Turkish bitki from Turkish bitmek.


tamu

tamu (nominative singular)
tamug (accusative singular)
tamunï (accusative singular)
tamunuŋ (genitive singular)
tamuka (dative singular)
tamuda (locative singular)
tamudan (ablative singular)
tamugaru (allative singular)
tamun (instrumental singular)
tamuča (equative singular)
tamulayu (singular)
tamulugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *tamu, *tamug, *tamuk

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طامو (tamu)

Ottoman Turkish: طامو (tamu)

Turkish: tamu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَمُو (tamū)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tamug)

Uyghur: تامۇق (tamuq)

Uzbek: tamugʻ

Kipchak: [script needed] (tam), [script needed] (tamu), [script needed] (tamug), [script needed] (tamuk), [script needed] (tamuh)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамуҡ (tamuq)

→ Chuvash: тамăк (tamăk)

Tatar: тәмуг (tämuğ)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тамұқ (tamūq)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: тамы (tamï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: tʾmw (tamu)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamu (“hell”)

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼴 (tmw), the accusative form of 𐽂𐼺 (tm, “hell”) ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *támHas (“darkness”) from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”) whence also Persian تَم (tam, “veil”).
Some forms suggest inheritence from a form *tamug or *tamuk, according to Clauson, these forms reflect different borrowings from different Iranian languages. Compare also Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼷𐼸 (tmyk, “hellish”).
Connection with *tam- (“to ignite”) is coincidental and based on folk etymology.


alaŋ

alaŋ (nominative singular)
alaŋïg (accusative singular)
alaŋnï (accusative singular)
alaŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
alaŋka (dative singular)
alaŋda (locative singular)
alaŋdan (ablative singular)
alaŋgaru (allative singular)
alaŋïn (instrumental singular)
alaŋča (equative singular)
alaŋlayu (singular)
alaŋlïgu (comitative singular)

desctree

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alaŋ
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alañ)
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلاڭ (alañ), آلان (alan), الاڭ (ılañ), الان (ılan)
Turkish: alan
→ Armenian: ալանկ (alank)
→ Bulgarian: ала́н (alán)
→ Greek: αλάνι (aláni), αλάνα (alána)
→ Macedonian: алан (alan)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الڭ (alañ)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алаң (alañ)
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلَنْكْ (alaŋ, alanɣ)
*** Uyghur: ئالاڭ (alang)

(Common Turkic) land, open land, (flat) ground, heath, (open) space, plain, open field, open place


-sa

Oghur:

Bulgar: سَ- (-sa) (verbal adverb)

Chuvash: -са (-sa), -се (-se) (verbal adverb); -сассӑн (-sassăn), -сессӗн (-sessĕn), -сан (-san), -сен (-sen) (if)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -sa

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -sə, -sa

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -se, -sa

Turkmen: -se, -sa

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -sa

Uyghur:

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk: -са (-sa), -се (-se)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -һа (-ha), -һә (-hə)

Tatar: -са (-sa), -сә (-sä)

East Kipchak:

desc

Kyrgyz: -са (-sa), -се (-se), -со (-so), -сө (-sö)

Southern Altai: -са (-sa), -се (-se), -со (-so), -сӧ (-sö), -за (-za), -зе (-ze), -зо (-zo), -зӧ (-zö)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -са (-sa), -се (-se)

Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-sar)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-sar)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (-sa)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -тор (-tor), -төр (-tör); -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дор (-dor), -дөр (-dör); -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лор (-lor), -лөр (-lör); -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нор (-nor), -нөр (-nör)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -за (-za), -зе (-ze)

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

seb- (“to love”) + *-sa → *sebse (“with loving.”)

bar- (“to go”) + *-sa → *barsa (“if he/she/it goes.”)


-sa

sub (“water”) + *-sa → *subsa- (“to become thirsty, thirst”)

Suffix creating desirdative verbs from nouns.


u-

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰆 (u-)

Old Uyghur: ʾw (u-)

Siberian

Yakut: уй (uy)

→ Turkish: oğan

Karakhanid: اُغَنْ (uɣan, “having power over all things”)

[script needed]

*u-gan (present participle); Khorezmian Turkic


-k

uŕa- (“to be taller; to be longer”) + *-k → *uŕak (“far; long (time), late”)

Used to form intransitive-passive nouns.


-de

Oghur:

Chuvash: -те (-te), -ре (-re)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -də (“ablative suffix”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-de)

Azerbaijani: -də -tə

Ottoman Turkish: ـده (-de)

Turkish: -de -te

Gagauz: -de

Turkmen: -de

Salar: -de

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -da

Uyghur: ـدە (-de)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -да (-da), -де (-de), -до (-do), -дө (-dö), -та (-ta), -те (-te), -то (-to), -тө (-tö)

Southern Altai: -де (-de)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дә (də), тә (tə)

Tatar: дә (dä), тә (tä)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -де (-de), -те (-te)

Karakalpak: -de, -te

Nogai: -де (-de)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -de

Kumyk: -де (-de)

Karachay-Balkar: -де (-de)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰀- (-te, “locative and ablative suffix”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тэ (-te), -тө (-tö), -нэ (-ne), -нө (-nö) (only in pronouns)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -де (-de), -те (-te)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *-du (“locative and dative suffix”), Proto-Tungusic *-dū (“locative and dative suffix”), Proto-Uralic *-ta (“ablative suffix”).

cog

eb (“house”) + *-de → *ebde (“in the house/from the house”)

Used to form locative and ablative of nouns.


-lig

Oghur:

Chuvash: -лӗ (-lĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -lığ, -lig

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـلو (-lu, -lü)

Azerbaijani: -lı, -li, -lu, -lü

Ottoman Turkish: ـلو (-lı,-li,-lu,-lü), (Late Ottoman) ـلی (-lı,-li,-lu,-lü)

Turkish: -lı, -li, -lu, -lü

→ Greek: -λής (-lís)

Turkmen: -li, -ly

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

desc

Chagatai: ـلیغ (-lığ), ـلیک (-lig), ـلوغ (-luğ), ـلوک (-lüg)

Uzbek: -li

Uyghur: ـلىق (-liq), ـلىك (-lik), ـلۇق (-luq), ـلۈك (-lük)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -лы (-lı), -ле (-le), -ло (-lo), -лө (-lö)

Tatar: -лы (-lı), -ле (-le)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ды (-dy), -ді (-dı), -ты (-ty), -ті (-tı), -лы (-ly), -лі (-lı)

Karakalpak:

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -луу (-luu), -лүү (-lüü), -дуу (-duu), -дүү (-düü), -туу (-tuu), -түү (-tüü)

Southern Altai: -лу (-lu), -лӱ (-lü), -ду (-du), -дӱ (-dü), -ту (-tu), -тӱ (-tü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰏- (l²g-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: -дү (-dü)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:

→ Mongolian: -лаг (-lag)

kǖč (“power”) + *-lig → *kǖčlüg (“powerful”)


tebe

tebe (nominative singular)
tebeg (accusative singular)
tebeni (accusative singular)
tebeniŋ (genitive singular)
tebeke (dative singular)
tebede (locative singular)
tebeden (ablative singular)
tebegerü (allative singular)
teben (instrumental singular)
tebeče (equative singular)
tebeleyü (singular)
tebeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗве (tĕve)

→ Eastern Mari: тӱе (tüje)

→ Erzya: дуе (duje)

→ Hungarian: teve

→ Slovak: ťava

Common Turkic: *tebe

Arghu:

Khalaj: təvə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəvə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوه
Gagauz: devä
Turkish: deve
→ Zazaki: deva
→ Albanian: deve
→ Armenian: դավա (dava)
→ Northern Kurdish: deve
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: дева
Latin script: deva

Salar: döve, döye

Turkmen: düýe

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (teve(y))

Uzbek: tuya

Uyghur: تۆگە (töge)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дөйә (döyə)

Tatar: дөя (döya)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: deve

Kumyk: тюе (tüye)

Karaim: tüye

Karachay-Balkar: тюе (tüye)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төө (töö)

Southern Altai: тӧӧ (töö)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: túye

Kazakh: түйе (tüie)

Nogai: туье (tüye)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰋𐰀 (tebe)

Old Uyghur: tʾvʾ (teve)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: таба (“deer”)

Yakut: таба (taba, “deer”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: тебе

Tuvan: теве (teve)

Yenisei:

Shor: тӧӧ

Khakas: тибе (tibe)

Western Yugur: te, ti

→ Proto-Mongolic: *temexen (“camel”)

There have been attempts (such as Räsänen's) to connect this word with Proto-Uralic *tewä (“deer”) noting that the Siberian descendants have the meaning "deer", however this is not generally accepted and may simply be a coincidence.


-lik

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـلق (-lıq), ـلك (-lik)

Azerbaijani: -lıq, -lik, -luq, -lük

Ottoman Turkish: ـلق (-lık, -luk), ـلك (-lik, -lük)

Turkish: -lık, -lik, -luk, -lük

Turkmen: -lyk, -lik, -luk, -lük

Salar: -luq, -lük

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: ـلیق (-lıq), ـلیک (-lik), ـلوق (-luq), ـلوک (-lük)

Uzbek: -lik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -лыҡ (-lıq), -лек (-lek), -лоҡ (-loq), -лөк (-lök)

Tatar: -лык (-lıq), -лек (-lek)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -лық (-lyq), -дық (-dyq), -тык (-tyk), -лік (-lık), -дік (-dık), -тік (-tık)

Karakalpak:

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -лык (-lık), -лик (-lik), -лук (-luk), -лүк (-lük), -дык (-dık), -дик (-dik), -дук (-duk), -дүк (-dük), -тык (-tık), -тик (-tik), -тук (-tuk), -түк (-tük)

Southern Altai:

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:

kǖčlüg (“powerful”) + *-lik → *kǖčlüglük (“powerfulness”)


kapkara

Oghur:

Chuvash: хуп-хура (hup-hura)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qapqara

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (kapkara)

Gagauz: kapkara

Turkish: kapkara

Turkmen: gap-gara

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قاپقارا (qapqara)

Uzbek: qop-qora

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡап-ҡара (qap-qara)

Tatar: кап-кара (qap-qara)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qapqara

Kumyk: къап-къара (qap-qara)

Karachay-Balkar: къап-къара (qap-qara)

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Kazakh: қап-қара (qap-qara)

Karakalpak: qap-qara

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Southern Altai: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

North Siberian:

Yakut: хап-хара (qap-qara)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Shor:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:


yaka

yaka (nominative singular)
yakag (accusative singular)
yakanï (accusative singular)
yakanïŋ (genitive singular)
yakaka (dative singular)
yakada (locative singular)
yakadan (ablative singular)
yakagaru (allative singular)
yakan (instrumental singular)
yakača (equative singular)
yakalayu (singular)
yakalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫуха (śuh̬a, “collar”)

→? Hungarian: nyak

Arghu:

Khalaj: yaqqa (“collar”)

Proto-Oghuz: *yaka

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaxa (“collar; bank”)

Persian: یقه (“collar”)

→ Khalaj: yaxa (“collar”)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاقه (yaka), یقه (yaka)
Turkish: yaka
→ Albanian: jakë
→ Arabic: يَاقَة (yāqa)
→ Armenian: յախա (yaxa)
→ Aromanian: iácã, yiácã
→ Bulgarian: яка́ (jaká)
→ Greek: γιακάς (giakás)
→ Laz: ჲაქა (yaka)
→ Macedonian: јака (jaka)
→ Romanian: iaca
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ја̏ка
Latin script: jȁka

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: yaqa

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýaka

Karluk:

Uyghur: ياقا (yaqa)

desc

Uzbek: yoqa (“collar; side; shore, bank”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яға (yağa)

Tatar: яка (yaka)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaqa

Kumyk: якъа (yaqa)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жаға (jağa, “collar”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жака (jaka, “collar”)

Southern Altai: јака (ǰaka, “collar, shore, bank”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (jaqa, “collar”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һака (haka, “Sakha”)

Yakut: саҕа (sağa, “collar; edge”), саха (saqa, “Sakha”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чаға (çağa, “trousers/pants' belt; edge”)

Shor: чаға (çağa)


ut-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӑт (ăt)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: utmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: udmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: utmak, yutmak, ütmek

Salar: ut

Turkmen: utmak

Karluk:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Karakhanid: اُتْماقْ (utmaq)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئۇتماق (utmaq)

Uzbek: utmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir:

Tatar:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: utmaq

Kumyk: утмакъ (utmaq)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (ut-)

Karaim: [script needed] (ut-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: utw

Kazakh: уту (utu)

Nogai: утув (utuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уту (utu)

Southern Altai: удура (udura, “toward”), удурла- (udurla-, “to celebrate”), удур айт- (udur ayt-, “to protest”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐱃- (ut¹-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ut-)

⇒ Western Yugur: [script needed] (utur)

North Siberian:

⇒ Yakut: [script needed] (utarı)

⇒ Dolgan: [script needed] (utarı)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (ut-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (ut-)


ingek

ingek (nominative singular)
ingekig (accusative singular)
ingekni (accusative singular)
ingekniŋ (genitive singular)
ingekke (dative singular)
ingekde (locative singular)
ingekden (ablative singular)
ingekgerü (allative singular)
ingekin (instrumental singular)
ingekče (equative singular)
ingekleyü (singular)
ingekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗне (ĕne)

Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: اِنكاكْ (ingek), اِنْكَكْ (ingek)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰛 (ingek)

Old Uyghur: ՚ynk՚k (ingek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (inek)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (inek)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (inek)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: inək

Ottoman Turkish: اینك (inek)

Gagauz: inek

Turkish: inek

Salar: inek

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: инек (inek)

Karachay-Balkar: ийнек (iynek)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: инек (inek)

Southern Altai: ийнек (iynek), инек (inek)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اینک (inek)

Uyghur: ئىنەك (inek)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: ынах (ınaq)

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (inek)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: инек (inek)

Tofa: инэк

Soyot: инэк (inek), инәк

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: інек (ìnek)

Shor: инек

→ Hungarian: ünő

Derived from the unattested root *in- and cognate to *in-gen (“female camel”).
Akin to Khitan 𘭌 (*uni, “ox”) and Proto-Mongolic *ünixen (“cow”), compare Mongolian үнээ (ünee).


ayran

ayran (nominative singular)
ayranïg (accusative singular)
ayrannï (accusative singular)
ayrannïŋ (genitive singular)
ayranka (dative singular)
ayranta (locative singular)
ayrantan (ablative singular)
ayrangaru (allative singular)
ayranïn (instrumental singular)
ayranča (equative singular)
ayranlayu (singular)
ayranlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ayraɣ

→? Proto-Mongolic: *ayïrag

Mongolian: айраг (ajrag, “koumiss”)

Old Chuvash: *ï̄raɣ

→ Old Hungarian: yiro (i:ro:)

→ Hungarian: író

Middle Chuvash: *yăra(n)

→ Eastern Mari: йыра (jyra)

Chuvash: уйран (ujran)

→ Russian: урень (urenʹ)

Common Turkic: *ayran

Proto-Oghuz: *ayran

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ayran)

Azerbaijani: ayran

Urmia: ayran

Osku: eyran

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آیران (ayran)
Gagauz: ayran
Turkish: ayran
→ Arabic: عَيْرَان (ʕayrān)
→ Bulgarian: айря́н (ajrján)
→ Greek: αριάνι (ariáni), αϊράν (aïrán)
→ Laz: აჲრანი (ayrani)
→ Polish: ajran

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: aýran

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَیْرانْ (ayran)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ayran)

Chagatai: ایران (ayran)

Uzbek: oyron

Uyghur: ئايران (ayran)

Kipchak:

→? Khakas: айран (ayran)

→ Russian: айран (ajran)

→ Yakut: айран (ayran)

Kipchak: ایران (ayran)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: айран (ayran)

Tatar: әйрән (äyrän)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ayran

Karachay-Balkar: айран (ayran)

Karaim: айран (ayran)

Kumyk: айран (ayran)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: айран (airan)

Karakalpak: ayran

Nogai: айран (ayran)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: айран (ayran)

Southern Altai: айран (ayran)

Attested in every branch of Turkic except in Arghu and in Siberian languages (except Khakas, see below). No majority consensus on the origin, but probably from *adïr- + *-gan.
* Róna-Tas and Berta suggest a derivation from Proto-Turkic *ayïr- (“to separate”) for the Oghur branch and its descendants, refusing any possible relation with the following:
*# An intermediary *yaδaq/ŋ ("churned butter, butter leftover") by Ligeti (1960, 1986), a denominal reflex derived from Proto-Turkic *yād- (“to churn butter”) (whence Khalaj یاماق (yâmaq, “to churn butter”)). The same root would also be compared to the native name of the Ural river, (which in Proto-Turkic is *yāyïk (cf. Ancient Greek Δάϊξ (Dáïx), Δαΐχ (Daḯkh), Γεήχ (Geḗkh) and archaic Russian Яик (Jaik))) by Clauson (1972), also rejected by the authors.
*# Proto-Turkic *ạguŕ (“colostrum, beestings”) (whence the hypothetical Middle Chuvash form *ïră ("an aciduous liquid remaining after butter has been separated from milk or cream")), proposed by Räsänen (1969) and Doerfer (1963, 1975).
*# Proto-Turkic *ïrga- (“to rock, to pump, to move something from one side to another, to swing”), which is deemed as semantically unsatisfactory.
*# Old Chinese 酪 (*ɡ·raːɡ) (and Middle Chinese 酪 (lɑk̚)) by Pulleybank (1962), who reconstructs this root as *agïrag and posited that this word is a Xiong-Nu word re-analyzed by Turkic and Mongolic speakers as *ayï- instead of *agï-.
** Agyágasi (2019) demonstrates that historical Chuvash forms and loanwords at large support Róna-Tas's and Berta's etymology.
* Räsänen (1969), on a different entry than the one above, tentatively adopts the root term as Proto-Turkic *adïr- for all Turkic languages except Yakut аараһ (aarah) (which is borrowed from Mongolic *ayïrag). He also thinks that a relation between *ayran and Mongolic *ayïrag exists, but no direction of borrowing or a cognate relation is given by him.
* Yegorov (1964) follows the same argument, saying that Chuvash уйран (ujran, “buttermilk”) is related to Chuvash уйӑр (ujăr, “to separate, to split”).
* Clauson (1972) rejects any relation with Proto-Turkic *adïr- (“to separate”) on the basis of Karakhanid form, and posits that "...but it is very odd that such a sound change should have occurred in [Karakhanid language] and it is prob[ably] merely a false etymology."
* Nişanyan suggests that the drink in question is an Oghuz "Kulturwort", and therefore it spread to other languages via Oghuz Turks. This would explain the problematic -y- sound before -r- in Karakhanid and Khakas reflexes, where the expected reflexes from a genuine Proto-Turkic root would be *aδran and *aźran respectively.
* Altaicists, on the other hand, compare this word with Proto-Mongolic *ayïrag (“koumiss”) (thus Mongolian айраг (ajrag)), Ulch аяра- (“to take fat off butter while it is melting”) and Nanai аярахо (ajaraho, “spoon for taking fat off”), deriving the word from the "Proto-Altaic" noun **ăyVrV ("sour milk, fat melt") (EDAL's V stands for an undetermined vowel sound).
It should be noted that this word was first attested in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (11th century), not found in any pre-Islamic texts.


kül

kül (nominative singular)
külüg (accusative singular)
külni (accusative singular)
külnüŋ (genitive singular)
külke (dative singular)
külte (locative singular)
külten (ablative singular)
külgerü (allative singular)
külün (instrumental singular)
külče (equative singular)
külleyü (singular)
küllügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic

Medieval:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kül)

Karakhanid: كُلْ (kül)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kül

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: kül

Turkmen: kül

Gagauz: kül

Ottoman Turkish: كول (kül)

Turkish: kül

Salar: kül

Karluk:

Uyghur: كۈل (kül)

Uzbek: kul

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Tatar: көл (köl)

Bashkir: көл (köl)

Kypchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: kül

Karachay-Balkar: кюл (kül)

Kumyk: кюл (kül)

Karaim: kül

Krymchak: кӱль

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: күл (kül)

Nogai: куьл (kül)

Karakalpak: kúl

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: күл (kül)

Southern Altai: кӱл (kül)

Siberian

Yakut: күл (kül)

Tuvan: хүл (xül)

Khakas: кӱл (kül)

Shor: кӱл

Oghur

Chuvash: кӗл (kĕl)


bel-

desc

→? Middle Mongol: [script needed] (belge)

→ Turkish: belge

→ Azerbaijani: bəlgə

Oghur:

⇒ Proto-Oghur: *belig

Volga Bulgar: بَلُو (belüv, “monument”)

Chuvash: палӑ (pală), палӑр (palăr)

→ Hungarian: bélyeg

→ Old Church Slavonic: БЕЛЕГ (BELEG), БИЛЕГ (BILEG)

Bulgarian: белег (beleg)

Macedonian: белег (beleg)

Serbo-Croatian: белег

⇒ Proto-Oghur: *belik

Chuvash: палӑк (palăk)

→ Eastern Mari: палык (palyk)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəlirmək, bəlgiyyə

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: belirmek, belgi

Turkmen: belgi

Karluk:

بَلْكُرْماكْ

Karakhanid: بَلْكُ (belgü), بَلْكُرْماكْ (belgürmek)

Uzbek: belgi

Uyghur: [script needed] (bälgü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: билге (bilge), билгереү (bilgerew)

Tatar: билге (bilge)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk: белги (belgi)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: belgi

Kazakh: белгі (belgı)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: белги (belgi)

Southern Altai: белги (belgi)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (belgü)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur:

North Siberian:

Yakut: бэлиэ (belie)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Verb form of Proto-Turkic *bel. Compare Middle Mongol [script needed] (belge).


-den

Oghur:

Bulgar: ڔَان- (-ran) (as in ڊنيَاڔَان (dönyaran, “from world”))

Chuvash: -тен (-ten), -рен (-ren)

Arghu:

Khalaj: -dən

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـدن (-den)

Azerbaijani: -dən, -tən

Ottoman Turkish: ـدن (-den)

Turkish: -den, -ten

Gagauz: -den

Turkmen: -den

Salar: -den

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -dan

Uyghur: [script needed] (-den)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -дан (-dan), -ден (-den), -дон (-don), -дөн (-dön), -тан (-tan), -тен (-ten), -тон (-ton), -төн (-tön), -ан (-an), -ен (-yen), -он (-on), -өн (-ön)

Southern Altai: -деҥ (-deŋ), -дӧҥ (-döŋ), -теҥ (-teŋ), -тӧҥ (-töŋ)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -дән (-dən), -нән (-nən), -тән (-tən)

Tatar: -дән (-dän), -нән (-nän), -тән (-tän)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ден (-den), -тен (-ten), -нен (-nen)

Karakalpak: -den, -ten

Nogai: -ден (-den)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -den

Kumyk: -ден (-den)

Karachay-Balkar: -ден (-den)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰤 (-din)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ттэн (-tten), -ттөн (-ttön), -тэн (-ten), -төн (-tön)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -ден (-den), -тен (-ten)

*-de (“locative-ablative suffix”) + *-(i)n (“instrumental suffix”), the form *-din shows the duality created by the instrumental suffix.

suf

eb (“house”) + *-den → *ebden (“from the house”)


turp

turp (nominative singular)
turpug (accusative singular)
turpnï (accusative singular)
turpnuŋ (genitive singular)
turpka (dative singular)
turpda (locative singular)
turpdan (ablative singular)
turpgaru (allative singular)
turpun (instrumental singular)
turpča (equative singular)
turplayu (singular)
turplugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

→? Persian: ترب (torob, “radish”)

Azerbaijani: turp

Ottoman Turkish [Term?]

Turkish: turp

East Oghuz

Turkmen: turp

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұрып (tūryp)

Potentially from *tur- (“1. to stand 2. to stop”) + *-ip, compare with the semantics of Turkish bitki from Turkish bitmek.


-g

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -و

Chuvash: -ӑ (-ă), -ӗ (-ĕ)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Salar: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Turkmen: -i, -ı, -∅

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (-k)

Uyghur: -k

Uzbek: -k, -ik

Kipchak:

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: -у (-u), -ӱ (-ü)


tar-

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: [script needed] (torat)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: (dial.) [script needed] (tar-)

South Kipchak

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

desc

Southern Altai: тарат- (tarat-, “to scatter”)

⇒ Common Turkic: *targa-

Oghuz:

Turkmen: dargamak

Proto-Oghuz: *tāga-, *tāgï-

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tağılmaq), [script needed] (tağıtmaq)

Azerbaijani: dağılmaq, dağıtmaq (dağıd-)

Ottoman Turkish: طاغتمق (dağıtmak)

Gagauz: daalmaa, daatmaa

Turkish: dağılmak, dağıtmak

Salar: dağalğusı, dağanğusı, dağatğusı, dağağusı

Turkmen: dāgamak, dāgatmak (dāğad-)

Proto-Oghuz: *tarma-tāgïn

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: darmadağın

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: darmadağın

Kipchak

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тарка- (tarka-, “to spread”)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (targat-)

Yakut: тарҕаа (tarğaa)

⇒ Common Turkic: *tarba-

Karluk:

Uzbek: tarvaymoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (tarba-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: tarbaw

Nogai: [script needed] (tarma-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тарбоо (tarboo)

Southern Altai: тарма- (tarma-, “harrow, hill”)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tarba-)

→? Mongolian: [script needed] (tarbayi-)

Kalmyk: дарвах (darvax)

Buryat: [script needed] (darbay-)

Daur: [script needed] (darbalǯi-)

(intransitive) to go apart, scatter, spread


ogul

ogul (nominative singular)
ogulug (accusative singular)
ogulnï (accusative singular)
ogulnuŋ (genitive singular)
ogulka (dative singular)
ogulta (locative singular)
ogultan (ablative singular)
ogulgaru (allative singular)
ogulun (instrumental singular)
ogulča (equative singular)
ogullayu (singular)
ogullugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: اَولِ (awlı, “son (determined)”), اَول (awıl, “son”)

Chuvash: ывӑл (yvăl)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: oğul

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوغل (oɣul)

Azerbaijani: oğul

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوغل
Turkish: oğul
Gagauz: ool
→ Armenian: օղուլ (ōġul)

Turkmen: ogul

Salar: oğul

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (oğul)

Chagatai: اوغول (oğul)

Uzbek: oʻgʻil

Uyghur: ئوغۇل (oghul)

Kipchak:

Old Kipchak:

Cuman: اُوُلْ (ovul)

Mamluk-Kipchak: اُغُلْ (oğul)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ул (ul)

Bashkir: ул (ul)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oğul

Karaim: owul

Karachay-Balkar: ул (ul)(archaic)

Kumyk: ул (ul) (archaic)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ұл (ūl)

Karakalpak: ul

Nogai: увыл (uvıl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уул (uul)

Southern Altai: уул (uul)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oğul)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уол (uol)

Yakut: уол (uol)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Western Yugur: oɣul,/[script needed] (oɣul)

Khakas: оол (ool), оғыл (oğıl)

Shor: оол (ool)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: оол (ool)

Tuvan: оол (ool), оглу (oglu)


oglan

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: oğlan

Ottoman Turkish: اوغلان
Turkish: oğlan
→ Armenian: օղլան (ōġlan)
→ Polish: ułan

Turkmen: oglan

Salar: oğlan

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻgʻlon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: улан (ulan)

Tatar: олан (olan), улан (ulan)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: ұлан (ūlan), Ұлан (Ūlan)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: улан (ulan)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: улан (ulan)

Southern Altai: уулан (uulan)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣 (uǧl¹n¹)

Most likely from *ogul (“boy; son”) + *-an (“ancient plural-forming suffix”). Also cognate with *oglak (“yeanling”).


ka-

ka (nominative singular)
kanï (accusative singular)
kanïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŋa (dative singular)
kanta (locative singular)
kantan (ablative singular)
kaŋaru (allative singular)
kanïn (instrumental singular)
kanča (equative singular)
kanlayu (singular)
kanlïgu (comitative singular)

desc

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kańu (“which”), *kańusï (“which of”)

Arghu:

Arghu: قَنُو (qanū)

Khalaj: qânı, qânısı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قانسی (qansı)

هانسی (hansı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانسی (hansı)

Azerbaijani: hansı

Ottoman Turkish: (Dialectal, Early Ottoman) قانسی (kansı)

Salar: gaysı

Turkmen: haýsy

Old Khalaj: خَيُو (xayū) (11th ce.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَيُو (qayū)

Chagatai: قَایسی

Uyghur: قايسى (qaysi)

Uzbek: qaysi

Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡайһы (qayhı)

Tatar: кайсы (qaysı)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaysı

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: қай (qai), қайсы (qaisy)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysı)

Southern Altai: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰪𐰆 (qńu /qańu/) (Ordu-Balyk/Karabalgasun I)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qanu, qayu)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: хая (qaya)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хайзы (xayzı)

Shor: қайзы (qayzï)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *kangï (“which”), *kangïsï (“which of”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنغی (qanğı), قنغیسی (qanğısı)

هانغی (hanğı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانغی (hanğı)

Azerbaijani: (Dialectal) hankı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قنغی (kangı), (Middle Ottoman) هانغی (hangı), خانغی (hangı), (Late Ottoman) هانکی (hangi)

Gagauz: hangı, angı

Turkish: hangi

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanta (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: قانده

Oghuz:

Old Khalaj: خَنْدا (xandā) (11th ce.)

Salar: gayda

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَنْدا (qandā)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кайда (qayda)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қайда (qaida)

Nogai: кайда (kayda)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кайда (kayda)

Southern Altai: кайда (kayda)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀 (qn¹t¹a)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кайда (kayda)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Northern Altai: кайда (kayda)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qânı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَنى (qanı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانی (hanı)

Azerbaijani: hanı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قَانی (kanı), (Middle & Late Ottoman) هانی (hani)

Turkish: hani

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَانى, قَنى (qanï)

Chagatai: قَنی, qani

Uyghur: قېنى (qëni)

Uzbek: qani

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐰃 (qn¹i)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qaçân

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَچَن (qaçan)

هاچان (haçan)

Ajem-Turkic: هاچان (haçan)

Azerbaijani: haçan

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قاچان (kaçan), (Middle & Late Ottoman) هاچان (haçan)

Turkish: haçan

Salar: gaçañ

Turkmen: haçan

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قچان (qaçan)

Uyghur: قاچان (qachan)

Uzbek: qachon

Kipchak: قایچان (qayçan)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡасан (qasan)

Tatar: кайчан (qayçan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қашан (qaşan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: качан (kacan)

Southern Altai: качан (kačan)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: каһан (kahan)

Yakut: хаһан (qahan)

South Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: қачан (qačan)

Khakas: хаӌан (xacan)

Western Yugur: qačan

Northern Altai: каджан (kadžan), кайджан (kaydžan), каччан (kaččan), качан (kačan)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanča (“when”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنجە (qanca, “when”), قنجارو (qancaru, “where”)

Ajem-Turkic: هانجارو (hancaru)

Azerbaijani: hancarı, həncəri (“where, how”), hanceri

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قانچە (qança, “how much”)

Uyghur: قانچە (qanche, “how much”)

Uzbek: qancha (“how much”)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: къанча (qança, “how much”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қанша (qanşa, “how much”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: канча (kanca, “how much”)

Southern Altai: канча (kanča, “how many, how much”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (qança)

Northern Altai: канча (kanča), канджа (kandža)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kandïn (“from where?”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰦𐰣 (qntn¹)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”),
Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”).
Possibly also Proto-Japonic *ka (“interrogative particle”) and Proto-Uralic *ku (“who, where”)


-ge

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan (“deverbal noun suffix”), Proto-Tungusic *-kan (“deverbal noun suffix”).

noncog

bil- (“to know”) + *-ge → *bilge (“wise, sage”)

kïs- (“to squeeze”) + *-ge → *kïsga (“short”)


-ge

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan and *-xan (“denominal noun suffix”) and Proto-Tungusic *-kan.

čekürt (“the sound of a grasshopper”) + *-ge → *čekürtge (“grasshopper, locust”)

kar (“caw”) + *-ge → *karga (“crow”)

Forms denominal nouns, usually used for animals and plants.


bütün

From Proto-Turkic *büt- (“to end, finish”) + *-ün.


bütün

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗтӗм (pĕt̬ĕm)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bütün

Ottoman Turkish: بتون (bütün)

Turkish: bütün

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bütin

Karluk:

Uyghur: پۈتۈن (pütün)

Uzbek: butun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөтөн (bötön)

Tatar: бөтен (böten)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bütün

Karachay-Balkar: бютеу (büteu)

Kumyk: бютюн (bütün)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: бүтін (bütın)

Nogai: буьтуьн (bütün)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бүтүн (bütün)

Southern Altai: бӱдӱн (büdün)

Siberian:

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bütün, “entire, integral; undamaged”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бүттүүн (büttüün)


kül-

külmek (infinitive)
külgen (participle present)
külügme (participle present)
külür (participle present)
kültük (participle past)
külmiš (participle past)
külteči (future participle)
külmekči (future participle)
külsik (future participle)
küleček (future participle)
külme (noun-from-verb)
külüg (noun-from-verb)
külgü (noun-from-verb)
külüš (adverbial)
külür ben (aorist indicative singular)
külür sen (aorist indicative singular)
külür (aorist indicative singular)
külür biz (aorist indicative plural)
külür siz (aorist indicative plural)
külür (aorist indicative plural)
kültüm (indicative past singular)
kültüŋ (indicative past singular)
külti (indicative past singular)
kültük (indicative past plural)
kültümüz (indicative past plural)
kültüŋüz (indicative past plural)
külti (indicative past plural)
külmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
külmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
külmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
külmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
külmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
külmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
külteči ben (future indicative singular)
külmekči ben (future indicative singular)
küleček ben (future indicative singular)
külteči sen (future indicative singular)
külmekči sen (future indicative singular)
küleček sen (future indicative singular)
külteči (future indicative singular)
külmekči (future indicative singular)
küleček (future indicative singular)
külteči biz (future indicative plural)
külmekči biz (future indicative plural)
küleček biz (future indicative plural)
külteči siz (future indicative plural)
külmekči siz (future indicative plural)
küleček siz (future indicative plural)
külteči (future indicative plural)
külmekči (future indicative plural)
küleček (future indicative plural)
külgey ben (future indicative singular)
külgey sen (future indicative singular)
külgey (future indicative singular)
külgey biz (future indicative plural)
külgey siz (future indicative plural)
külgey (future indicative plural)
külsüküm (future indicative singular)
külsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
külsük (future indicative singular)
külsükümüz (future indicative plural)
külsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
külsük (future indicative plural)
külsem (conditional singular)
külser ben (conditional singular)
külseŋ (conditional singular)
külser sen (conditional singular)
külse (conditional singular)
külser (conditional singular)
külsek (conditional plural)
külsemiz (conditional plural)
külser biz (conditional plural)
külseŋiz (conditional plural)
külser siz (conditional plural)
külseler (conditional plural)
külser (conditional plural)
külgey ben (optative singular)
külgey sen (optative singular)
külgey (optative singular)
külgey biz (optative plural)
külgey siz (optative plural)
külgey (optative plural)
külmekde ben (progressive singular)
külmekde sen (progressive singular)
külmekde (progressive singular)
külmekde biz (plural progressive)
külmekde siz (plural progressive)
külmekde (plural progressive)
külmelig ben (necessitative singular)
külmelig sen (necessitative singular)
külmelig (necessitative singular)
külmelig biz (necessitative plural)
külmelig siz (necessitative plural)
külmelig (necessitative plural)
küleyin (imperative singular)
kül (imperative singular)
külgil (imperative singular)
külzün (imperative singular)
külelim (imperative plural)
külüŋ (imperative plural)
külzün (imperative plural)
külmemek (infinitive negative)
külmegen (negative participle present)
külmegme (negative participle present)
külmez (negative participle present)
külmedük (negative participle past)
külmemiš (negative participle past)
külmeči (future negative participle)
külmesik (future negative participle)
külmeyeček (future negative participle)
külmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
külmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
külmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
külmeyüš (adverbial negative)
külmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
külmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
külmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
külmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
külmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
külmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
külmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
külmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
külmedi (indicative negative past singular)
külmedük (indicative negative past plural)
külmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
külmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
külmedi (indicative negative past plural)
külmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
külmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
külmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
külmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
külmeči (future indicative negative singular)
külmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
külmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeči (future indicative negative plural)
külmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
külmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
külmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
külmegey (future indicative negative singular)
külmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
külmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
külmegey (future indicative negative plural)
külmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
külmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
külmesük (future indicative negative singular)
külmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
külmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
külmesük (future indicative negative plural)
külmesem (conditional negative singular)
külmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
külmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
külmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
külmese (conditional negative singular)
külmeser (conditional negative singular)
külmesek (conditional negative plural)
külmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
külmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
külmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
külmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
külmeseler (conditional negative plural)
külmeser (conditional negative plural)
külmegey ben (negative optative singular)
külmegey sen (negative optative singular)
külmegey (negative optative singular)
külmegey biz (negative optative plural)
külmegey siz (negative optative plural)
külmegey (negative optative plural)
külmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
külmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
külmemekde (negative progressive singular)
külmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
külmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
külmemekde (negative plural progressive)
külmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
külmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
külmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
külmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
külmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
külmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
külmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
külme (imperative negative singular)
külmegil (imperative negative singular)
külmezün (imperative negative singular)
külmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
külmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
külmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кул (kul)

Common Turkic: *kül-

Arghu:

Khalaj: külmək

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gülmək

Ottoman Turkish: گولمك (“gülmek”)

Turkish: gülmek

Gagauz: gülmää

Salar: küle

Turkmen: gülmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُلْماكْ (külmēk)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۈلمەك (külmek)

Uzbek: kulmoq

Kipchak: [script needed] (kül-):

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көлөү (kölöw)

Tatar: көлу (kölu)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: külmek

Urum: гӱлиер (gülier)

Karachay-Balkar: кюлюрге (külürge)

Karaim: кӱл, kül

Kumyk: гюлмек (gülmek)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: күлу (külu)

Nogai: куьлуьв (külüv)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күлүү (külüü)

Southern Altai: кӱлер (küler)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: gul-

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күл

Yakut: күл (kül)

South Siberian:

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: кӱлерге (külerge)

⇒ Common Turkic: *kül-üm-si-r-e-

⇒ Common Turkic: *kül-üm-si-r (“smiling”)

⇒ Common Turkic: *kül-üĺč-üg

⇒ Common Turkic: *kül-üĺč- (“to laugh together”)


sekü

sekü (nominative singular)
seküg (accusative singular)
seküni (accusative singular)
sekünüŋ (genitive singular)
seküke (dative singular)
seküde (locative singular)
seküden (ablative singular)
sekügerü (allative singular)
sekün (instrumental singular)
seküče (equative singular)
seküleyü (singular)
sekülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

сакӑ (sak̬ă)

саккӑ (sakkă)

Chuvash: сак (sak), сакӑ (sak̬ă), саккӑ (sakkă)

→ Hungarian: szék

Common Turkic: *sekü

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: səki

Ottoman Turkish: سكی
Turkish: seki

Turkmen: seki

→ Armenian: սաքու (sakʻu)

→ Persian: سکو (saku)

Kurdish:

→ Northern Kurdish: sekû, seko

→ Central Kurdish: سەکۆ (seko)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَکُو (sekü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һике (hike)

Tatar: сәке (säke)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: секи (seki)

Siberian:

>? Yakut: эҕэ (eğe, “washout”)


bīr

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: بىر (bîr), برم (birim, “first”)

Chuvash: пӗр (pĕr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: bî

Oghuz: بِيْر

Old Anatolian Turkish: بر (bir)

Azerbaijani: bir

Ottoman Turkish: بر (bir, “one”)

Turkish: bir

Gagauz: bir

Turkmen: bir

Salar: bir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بيٖرْ (bir)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: بىر (bir)

Uzbek: bir

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бер (ber)

Tatar: бер (ber) / ber

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: bir

Kazakh: бір (bır)

Nogai: бир (bir)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: бир (bir)

Kyrgyz: бир (bir)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: бир (bir), bir

Karachay-Balkar: бир (bir)

Karaim: бир

Krymchak: быр

Kumyk: бир (bir)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰼 (b²ir² /bir/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽶𐽾 (pir)

Western Yugur: per

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биир (bīr)

Yakut: биир (biir)

South Siberian:

Chulym: пир (pir)

Altai-Yenisei Turkic:

Northern Altai: бир (bir), пир (pir) (dialect), вир (vir) (dialect)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бір, бірәә

Tofa: бір, бірәә

Tuvan: бир (bir)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пір (pìr)

Shor: пир (pir)


söŕ

söŕ (nominative singular)
söŕler (nominative plural)
söŕniŋ (genitive singular)
söŕlerniŋ (genitive plural)
söŕke (dative singular)
söŕlerke (dative plural)
söŕde (locative singular)
söŕlerde (locative plural)
söŕden (ablative singular)
söŕlerden (ablative plural)
söŕlerin (instrumental plural)
söŕče (equative singular)
söŕlerče (equative plural)

Arghu

Khalaj: söz

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: söz

Gagauz: söz

Ottoman Turkish: سوز (söz)

Turkish: söz

East Oghuz

Turkmen: söz

Salar

Salar: söz

Karluk

East Karluk

Chagatai: سوز (söz)

Uyghur: سۆز (söz)

West Karluk

Uzbek:

Cyrillic script: сўз (soʻz)

Latin script: soʻz

Kipchak

Kipchak-Ural

Bashkir: һүҙ (hüź)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: сүз (süz)

Latin script: süz

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: söz

Karachay-Balkar: сёз (söz)

Karaim:

Latin script: söz

Cyrillic script: сӧз

Kumyk: сёз (söz)

Kipchak-Nogai

Karakalpak: sóz

Kazakh: сөз (söz)

Nogai: соьз (söz)

Kyrgyz-Kipcak

Kyrgyz: сөз (söz)

Southern Altai: сӧс (sös)

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰇𐰔 (söz)

Siberian

South Siberian

Yenissei Turkic

Khakas: сӧс

Shor: сӧс (sös)

Sayan Turkic

Soyot сөс (sös)

Tuvan: сөс (sös)

North Siberian

Dolgan: өс (ös)

Yakut: өс (ös)


baĺč

baĺč (nominative singular)
baĺčïg (accusative singular)
baĺčnï (accusative singular)
baĺčnïŋ (genitive singular)
baĺčka (dative singular)
baĺčda (locative singular)
baĺčdan (ablative singular)
baĺčgaru (allative singular)
baĺčïn (instrumental singular)
baĺčča (equative singular)
baĺčlayu (singular)
baĺčlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar: بج (baç), بَجنَ (baçna, “beginning of”)

Chuvash: пуҫ (puś)

>? Bulgar: بلج

Common Turkic: *baš

Arghu:

Khalaj: baş

Proto-Oghuz: *baš

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (baş)

Azerbaijani: baş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باش (baš)
Gagauz: baş
Turkish: baş
→ Albanian: bash
→ Armenian: պաշ (paš)
→ Bulgarian: баш (baš)
→ Macedonian: баш (baš)
→ Romanian: baș
→ Serbo-Croatian: bȁš／ба̏ш

East Oghuz:

Salar: baş

Turkmen: baş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَشْ, باشْ (baš)

Khorezmian Turkic: باش (baš)

Chagatai: باش (baš)

Uzbek: bosh

Uyghur: باش (bash)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بَش (baş)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: баш (baş)

Tatar: баш (baş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baş

Karachay-Balkar: баш (baş)

Karaim: [script needed] (baş)

Kumyk: баш (baş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бас (bas)

Karakalpak: bas

Nogai: бас (bas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баш (baş)

Southern Altai: баш (baš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐱁 (baš)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (p՚š /baš/)

Western Yugur: baʂ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бас (bas)

Yakut: бас (bas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: баш (baş)

Tofa: баъш

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пас (pas)

Shor: паш (paš)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *maljan (“bald”) (<*balja/balji) (cf. Mongolian мулзан (mulzan, “bald”)). Also Mongolian тарвалжи бүргэд (tarvalži bürged, “steppe eagle, acc. the logic literally bald-headed eagle”) was suggested.

cog

тарвалжи бүргэд


yǖŕ

Oghur:

Bulgar: جُور (cǖr)

Chuvash: ҫӗр (śĕr)

→ Proto-Samoyedic:

Nganasan дир (dir)

Nenets юр” (yurʔ)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُوزْ (yǖz)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yüz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yüz)

Uyghur: يۈز (yüz)

Uzbek: yuz

Khalaj: yü̂z

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yüz)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yüz

Gagauz: yüz

Ottoman Turkish: یوز (yüz)

Turkish: yüz

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: ýüz

Salar: [script needed] (yüz)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰇𐰕 (yüz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽴 (yüz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yöz), [script needed] (yuz)

Old Yenisei: 𐰙𐰇𐰕 (yüz)

Altai-Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱс (çüs)

Shor: чӱс

Northern Altai: чӱс (čüs)

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүс (çüs)

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: һүүс (hüüs)

Yakut: сүүс (süüs)


yǖŕ

yǖŕ (nominative singular)
yǖŕüg (accusative singular)
yǖŕni (accusative singular)
yǖŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
yǖŕke (dative singular)
yǖŕte (locative singular)
yǖŕten (ablative singular)
yǖŕgerü (allative singular)
yǖŕün (instrumental singular)
yǖŕče (equative singular)
yǖŕleyü (singular)
yǖŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑвар (śăvar)

Medieval

Karakhanid: يُوزْ (yǖz)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰇𐰕 (yüz)

Old Uyghur: ywz (yüz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yüz)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yü̂z

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: üz

Gagauz: yüz

Ottoman Turkish: یوز (yüz)

Turkish: yüz

Salar

Salar: [script needed] (yüz), [script needed] (yiz)

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýüz

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yüz

Kumyk: юз (yuz)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йөҙ (yöź)

Tatar: йөз (yöz)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жүз (jüz)

Karakalpak: ju'z

Nogai: юз (yuz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жүз (jüz)

Southern Altai: јӱс (ǰüs)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (yüz)

Uzbek: yuz

Uyghur: يۈز (yüz)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: һүүс (hüüs)

Yakut: сүүс (süüs)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yüz)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: чӱс (çüs)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *nixür (“face”), see Mongolian нүүр (nüür).


kap-

Oghur:

Chuvash: хуп (hup)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qapamaq

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (qapamaq)

Gagauz: kapamaa

Turkish: kapamak

Turkmen: gapmak (dialect)

Not to be confused with Proto-Turkic *kāp (“sack”), *kāpla- (“to surround, cover”) (Turkmen gāplamak). (See also *topïk)
Compare Proto-Mongolic *kaxa- (“to hinder, close”).


kap-

Oghur:

Chuvash: хып (hyp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qapmaq

desc

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (qapmaq)

Gagauz: kapmaa

Turkish: kapmak

Turkmen: gapmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qap-)

Uzbek: qopmoq

Uyghur: [script needed] (qapmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (qap-)

Tatar: [script needed] (qap-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (qap-)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qap-)

Karaim: [script needed] (qap-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (qap-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qap-)

Kazakh: қапу (qapu)

Nogai: [script needed] (qap-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кабуу (kabuu)

Southern Altai: кабар (kabar, “to grasp, catch, take”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kap-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kap-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: хап (qap)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (qa'p-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (xap-)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *kabči- (“to pinch, squeeze, grasp; to hold”).


ū

ū (nominative singular)
ūg (accusative singular)
ūnï (accusative singular)
ūnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūka (dative singular)
ūda (locative singular)
ūdan (ablative singular)
ūgaru (allative singular)
ūn (instrumental singular)
ūča (equative singular)
ūlayu (singular)
ūlugu (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: û

Medieval:

Karakhanid: اُو (ū)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰆 (u)

Old Uyghur: ՚ww (u)

Siberian

Dolgan: уу (uu)

Yakut: уу (uu)


-me

seb- (“to love”) + *-me → *sebme- (“to not love”)


-me

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-me and Proto-Uralic *-ma

tüg- (“to tie, to knot”) + *-me → *tügme (“button”)


sōl

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sol

Ottoman Turkish: صول (sol)

Turkish: sol

Karluk

Uyghur: سول (sol)

Uzbek: soʻl

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: сул (sul)

Tatar: сул (sul)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: сол (sol)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сол (sol)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сол (sol)

Southern Altai: сол (sol)

Probably related to Proto-Turkic *solagaï (“left-handed”), compare Mongolian солгой (solgoj, “left handed”).


öd

→? Proto-Mongolic: *üde

Oghur:

Chuvash: вара (vara, “later”)

→ Hungarian: idő

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: اُيْلا (öyle, “midday”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öylə

Ottoman Turkish: اویله (öyle)

Turkish: öğle

Gagauz: üülen

Salar: öyle

Turkmen: öýle

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اُذْ (öδ, “time”), اُذْلَكْ (öδleg, “time”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اُزْلا (özle)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйлә (öylə, “midday”)

Tatar: өйлә (öylä, “midday”)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üyle (“midday”)

Karaim: [script needed] (üyle, “midday”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: [script needed] (üyle, “midday”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (öy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (öd)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öd)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *üde (“afternoon”).


ök

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (ok)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ok)

ben (“I”) + *ök → *ben ök (“I, personally...”)


at-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ывӑт (yvăt)

Common Turkic: *at-
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: hatmaq
** Proto-Oghuz: *at-
*** Old Anatolian Turkish:
**** Azerbaijani: atmaq
**** Ottoman Turkish: آتمق
***** Gagauz: atmaa
***** Turkish: atmak
*** Salar: atğusı
*** Turkmen: atmak
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اتماق
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (at-)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (at-)
****** Uzbek: otmoq
****** Uyghur: ئاتماق (atmaq)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak:
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: атыу (atıw)
***** Tatar: ату (atu)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: atmaq
***** Kumyk: атмакъ (atmaq)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Caspian:
****** Karakalpak:
****** Kazakh: ату (atu)
****** Nogai: атув (atuv)
***** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
****** Kyrgyz: атуу (atuu)
****** Southern Altai: адар (adar)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Kirghiz: 𐱄 (t¹ /at-/)
***** Shor: [script needed] (at-)
***** Khakas: [script needed] (at-)
**** Old Uyghur: [script needed] (at-)
***** Western Yugur: [script needed] (a't-)
**** Sayan:
***** Tofa:
***** Tuvan: адар (adar)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: ыт
**** Yakut: ыт (ıt)


bar-

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: بَر (bar)

Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

Common Turkic: *bar-

Arghu:

Khalaj: varmaq

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bar-

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (varmaq)

Azerbaijani: varmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: وارمق (varmak)
Turkish: varmak

Salar: varğusı

Turkmen: barmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَرْماقْ (barmaq)

Karakhanid: [script needed] (barmaq)

Chagatai: برماق (barmaq)

Uzbek: bormoq

Uyghur: بارماق (barmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: برماق (barmaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: барыу (barıw)

Tatar: барырга (barırga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: barmaq

Karachay-Balkar: барыргъа (barırğa)

Kumyk: бармакъ (barmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бару (baru)

Karakalpak: барыў

Nogai: барув (baruv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баруу (baruu)

Southern Altai: барар (barar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺 (b¹r¹ /bar-/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bar-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (par-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бар

Yakut: бар (bar)

South Siberian

Sayan:

Tuvan: баар (baar)

→? Salar: bār

Yenisei

Shor: пар

Khakas: пар (par)


toku

toku (nominative singular)
tokug (accusative singular)
tokunï (accusative singular)
tokunuŋ (genitive singular)
tokuka (dative singular)
tokuda (locative singular)
tokudan (ablative singular)
tokugaru (allative singular)
tokun (instrumental singular)
tokuča (equative singular)
tokulayu (singular)
tokulugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: [script needed] (tъʷɣa)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: toqqa

Ottoman Turkish: طوقه (toka)

→ Macedonian: тока (toka)

Turkish: toka

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: toqa

Karluk:

Uzbek: to‘qa

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тоға (toğa)

Probably related with the verb *tokï- (“to weave”). Also perhaps cognate with Proto-Tungusic *toxa-n (“button, buckle”), compare Nanai тохон (tohon).


-mi

Oghur:

Chuvash: -и (-i), -им (-im)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: می (-mi)

Azerbaijani: mi, mı, mu, mü

Ottoman Turkish: می (-mi)

Turkish: mi, mı, mu, mü

Gagauz: mi, mı, mu, mü

Turkmen: -mi, -my, -mu, -mü

Salar: mu, mo, mi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (-mu)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -mi

Uyghur: [script needed] (-mu)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -mi, -mı, -mu, -mü

desc

Karachay-Balkar: -ми (-mi), -мы (-mı), -му (-mu), -мү

Kumyk: -ми (-mi), -мы (-mı), -му (-mu), -мү

Karaim: [script needed] (-mo)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -ме (-me), -мы (-mı)

Tatar: -ме (-me), -мы (-mı)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бе (be), ме (me), пе (pe), ма (ma) па (pa), ба (ba)

Nogai: -ме (-me), -ма (-ma)

Karakalpak: -ma, -me

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -би (-bi), -ми (-mi), -пи (-pi), -мы (-mı) -пы (-pı), -бы (-bı), -бу (-bu), -му (-mu), -пу (-pu), -мү (-mü), -пү (-pü), -бү (-bü)

Southern Altai: -ба (-ba), -па (-pa), -бе (-be), -пе (-pe), -бо (-bo), -по (-po), -бӧ (-bö), -пӧ (-pö)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰆 (mu), 𐰍𐰆 (γu) (as in bar γu?)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (be)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (-be), [script needed] (-ba)

Khakas: [script needed] (-ma), [script needed] (-me)

Compare Orok [script needed] (-i, “interrogative stem”) and Proto-Uralic *mi.

cog

ölti (“he/she/it died”) + *-mi → *ölti mü?


-le

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-le and Proto-Tungusic *-le.

āb (“hunt”) + *-le → *ābla- (“to hunt”)


barmak

barmak (nominative singular)
barmakïg (accusative singular)
barmaknï (accusative singular)
barmaknïŋ (genitive singular)
barmakka (dative singular)
barmakda (locative singular)
barmakdan (ablative singular)
barmakgaru (allative singular)
barmakïn (instrumental singular)
barmakča (equative singular)
barmaklayu (singular)
barmaklïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *barmak

Arghu:

Khalaj: barmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بارمق (barmak)

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: barmaq

Qashqai: بارماق

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: پرمق (parmak)
Gagauz: parmak
Turkish: parmak
→ Romanian: palmac

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: burmaq, bırmaq

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: barmak

→ Khalaj: bırmaq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (barmaq)

Uyghur: بارماق (barmaq)

Uzbek: barmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бармаҡ (barmaq)

Tatar: бармак (barmaq), барнак (barnaq)

→ Bulgar: *parna

Chuvash: пӳрне (pürne)

→ Eastern Mari: парня (parńa)

Cuman: barmac

Crimean Tatar: parmaq

Krymchak: parmaq

Karachay-Balkar: бармакъ (barmaq)

Karaim: пармакъ, бармах, barmak

Kumyk: бармакъ (barmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: бармақ

Kazakh: бармақ (barmaq)

Nogai: бармак (barmak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бармак (barmak)

Southern Altai: бармак (barmak)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

desc

Khakas: [script needed] (parbax, “branched”)

Fedotov, ESTJa suggest a derivation from *bār (probably via an intermediary *bārï-) + *-mak, if so the word may have had a vowel shortening as a result of length in the suffix.
Räsänen and Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *bar- (“to go to”) + *-mak with semantic expansion.


-mek

Oghur:

Chuvash: -мак (-mak), -мек (-mek), -мах (-mah); -машкӑн (-maškăn), -мешкӗн (-meškĕn) (< *-макшӑн < *-mak üčün)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -mək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -mək

Ottoman Turkish: ـمك (-mek)

Turkish: -mek (also -me)

Gagauz: -mää

→ Crimean Tatar: -mek

→? Tatar: -мек (-mek)

Salar: -me

Turkmen: -mek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: -ماكْ (-mēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (-mek)

Uzbek: -moq

Uyghur: -مەك (-mek)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -мек (-mek)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -мәк (-mək)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -мек (-mek)

Karakalpak: -maq

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -мек (-mek)

Southern Altai: -мек (-mek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰚 (mk) (as in 𐰺𐰢𐰴𐰲𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤 (armaqçısın))

North Siberian:

Yakut: -мэх (-meq), -мах (-maq), -мөх (-möq), -мох (-moq), -бэх (-beq), -бах (-baq), -бөх (-böq), -бох (-boq), -пэх (-peq), -пах (-paq), -пөх (-pöq), -пох (-poq)

īl- (“to catch”) + *-mek → *īlmek (“to catch; hook”)

Forms deverbal nouns and infinitives of verbs.


ānt

ānt (nominative singular)
āntïg (accusative singular)
āntnï (accusative singular)
āntnïŋ (genitive singular)
āntka (dative singular)
āntda (locative singular)
āntdan (ablative singular)
āntgaru (allative singular)
āntïn (instrumental singular)
āntča (equative singular)
āntlayu (singular)
āntlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ând

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: and

Ottoman Turkish: آند (and)

Turkish: ant

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ant

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئانت (ant)

Uzbek: ont

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ант (ant)

Tatar: ант (ant)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: ант (ant)

Kumyk: ант (ant)

Krymchak: ант

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ант (ant)

Kazakh: ант (ant)

Nogai: ант (ant)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ант (ant)

⇒ Southern Altai: антыгар (antïgar, “to prove”), антык (antïk)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰦 (ant)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ant-)

Western Yugur: at


āy

āy (nominative singular)
āyïg (accusative singular)
āynï (accusative singular)
āynïŋ (genitive singular)
āyka (dative singular)
āyda (locative singular)
āydan (ablative singular)
āygaru (allative singular)
āyïn (instrumental singular)
āyča (equative singular)
āylayu (singular)
āylïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: اَيخِ (ayxı, “month (determined)”), ايخ (ayıx, “month”) (< *āy-ïk)

Chuvash: уйӑх (ujăh)

Common Turkic: *ay

Arghu:

Khalaj: hây

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ay

Ottoman Turkish: آی

Gagauz: ay

Turkish: ay

Salar: ay

Turkmen: aý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااىْ (āy)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئاي (ay)

Uzbek: oy

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ай (ay)

Tatar: ай (ay)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ay

Karachay-Balkar: ай (ay)

Karaim: aj

Kumyk: ай (ay)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ay

Kazakh: ай (ai)

Nogai: ай (ay)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: ай (ay)

Southern Altai: ай (ay)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖 (y¹ /ay/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: ay

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ый (ıy)

Yakut: ый (ıy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ай

Tuvan: ай (ay)

Yenisei

Khakas: ай (ay)

Shor: ай


āt

āt (nominative singular)
ātïg (accusative singular)
ātnï (accusative singular)
ātnïŋ (genitive singular)
ātka (dative singular)
ātda (locative singular)
ātdan (ablative singular)
ātgaru (allative singular)
ātïn (instrumental singular)
ātča (equative singular)
ātlayu (singular)
ātlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ят (jat)

Common Turkic: *āt

Arghu:

Khalaj: ât

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ad

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آد (“ad”)
Gagauz: aad
Turkish: ad

Salar: ad

Turkmen: āt (ād-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااتْ (āt)

Chagatai: آت (at)

Uzbek: ot

Uyghur: ئات (at)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ат (at)

Tatar: ат (at)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: at

Kumyk: ат (at)

Karachay-Balkar: ат (at)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ат

Kazakh: ат (at)

Nogai: ат (at)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ат (at)

Kyrgyz: ат (at)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃 (t¹ /at/), 𐰀𐱃 (at¹ /at/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾀 (at)

Western Yugur: at

North Siberian:

Dolgan: аат

Yakut: аат (aat)

South Siberian

Sayan:

Tofa: ат

Tuvan: ат (at)

Yenisei:

Khakas: ат (at)

Shor: ат


sü

sü (nominative singular)
süg (accusative singular)
süni (accusative singular)
sünüŋ (genitive singular)
süke (dative singular)
süde (locative singular)
süden (ablative singular)
sügerü (allative singular)
sün (instrumental singular)
süče (equative singular)
süleyü (singular)
sülügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desc

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (su, sü)

Turkish: su uyur, düşman uyumaz (“the army sleeps, but the enemy doesn't”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sü)

Despite usually being considered native, there have also been suggestions for a borrowing from Middle Chinese 戍 (MC syuH, “frontier guards”).


-ki

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ki, -kü

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ki, -kü

Karluk:

Uzbek: -ki

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -кі (-kı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ки (-ki), -кү (-kü), -кы (-kı), -ку (-ku), -ги (-gi), -гү (-gü), -гы (-gı)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ги (-gi) (Attested in only pronouns.)

For the sense 2, compare Proto-Mongolic *-ki, as in *manu-ki (“ours”).

-im

suffix equiping headword for first-person

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person singular

eb (“house”) + *-ki → *ebdeki (“the one at the house”)

Suffix used to form an adjectival or nominal meaning "that which belongs to.".

biŕniŋ (“our”) + *-ki → *biŕniŋki (“ours”)

Indicates belonging to a person or group.


-či

Oghur:

Bulgar: -جِ (-çı/çi)

Chuvash: -ҫӗ (-śĕ), -ҫă (-śă)

→ Old Church Slavonic: -чьи (-čĭi), -чии (-čii)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -çi

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ci

Karluk:

Uyghur: ـچى (-chi)

Uzbek: -chi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -се (-se)

Tatar: -че (-çe)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -чи (-çi)

Southern Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ші (-şı)

Nogai: -ши (-şi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: -чи (-ci)

Southern Altai: -чи (-či)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ааччы (-aaccı)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: -ші, -чи

Tuvan: -чи (-çi), -жи (-ji)

Yenisei:

Khakas: -ӌі (-cì), -чі (-çì)

Shor: -чи

Western Yugur: -či

Somehow related to Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci), Mongolian -ч (-č).

sub (“water”) + *-či → *subčï (“waterman”)

āb (“hunt”) + *-či → *ābčï (“hunter”)


-či

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -mekçi, -makçy

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -мекші (-mekşı), -пекші (-pekşı), -бекші (-bekşı), -мақшы (-maqşy), -пақшы (-paqşy), -бақшы (-baqşy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (-deči)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-deči)

The form *-dAčI is seemingly from *-te + *-či and the form *-mAkčI is seemingly from *-mek + *-či

öl- (“to die”) + *-či → *ölteči (“she/he/it will die.”)


-ti

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -تِ (-ti), -جِ (-çi)

Chuvash: -рӗ (-rĕ), -чӗ (-čĕ)

Khazar: 𐰻𐰘- (-ru) (classification disputed)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (erti)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-di)

Azerbaijani: -di, -ti

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (-di), [script needed] (-ti)

Gagauz: -di, -ti

Turkish: -di, -dı, -du, -dü, -ti, -tı, -tu, -tü

Salar: -di (pronunciation is like -ci)

Turkmen: -di

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -di

Uyghur: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (-di)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -di

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (-di)

Kumyk: [script needed] (-di)

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir:

Tatar:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ді (-dı), -ті (-tı)

Karakalpak: -di, -ti

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ди (-di)

Southern Altai: -ди (-di), ти (ti)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz: 𐱆𐰄 (-ti), 𐰓𐰄 (-di)

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃 (-ti), 𐰓𐰃 (-di)

Old Uyghur: -ty (-di)

North Siberian:

Yakut:

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas:

Shor:

Western Yugur:

seb- (“to love”) + *-ti → *sebdi (“(I saw/I'm sure) she/he/it loved.”)


yaman

Common Turkic: *yaman

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *yaman

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yaman)

Azerbaijani: yaman

Ottoman Turkish: يامان (yaman)

Turkish: yaman

East Oghuz:

Salar: yaman

Turkmen: ýaman

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yaman)

Chagatai: يمان (yaman)

Uzbek: yomon

Uyghur: يامان (yaman)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яман (yaman)

Tatar: яман (yaman)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaman

Karachay-Balkar: аман (aman)

Kumyk: яман (yaman)

South Kipchak:

Kayapa Kallahan: жаман (jaman)

Kazakh: жаман (jaman)

Nogai: яман (yaman)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаман (jaman)

Southern Altai: јаман (ǰaman)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaman)

Northern Altai: ньаман (nʹaman)

If from earlier *yabman, then can be analyzable as *yab- + *-man.


tām

tām (nominative singular)
tāmïg (accusative singular)
tāmnï (accusative singular)
tāmnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāmka (dative singular)
tāmda (locative singular)
tāmdan (ablative singular)
tāmgaru (allative singular)
tāmïn (instrumental singular)
tāmča (equative singular)
tāmlayu (singular)
tāmlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طام (tam)

Azerbaijani: dam (“roof; hut”)

Ottoman Turkish: طام (dam)

Turkish: dam (“roof; hut”)

Gagauz: dam (“shed, barn”)

Turkmen: tām (“wall”)

Salar: tam (“wall”)

→ Khalaj: dâam (“roof”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tam, “wall; roof”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: تام (tam, “wall”)

Uzbek: tom (“roof; hut”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: там (tam, “wall”)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: dam (“roof”)

Kumyk: там (tam, “wall”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: там (tam, “grave”)

Nogai: там (tam, “wall”)

Karakalpak: tam (“hut”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: там (tam, “wall; hut”)

Southern Altai: тап (tap, “sliver”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢 (tam, “wall”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tam, “wall”)

Khakas: [script needed] (layer (of earth))

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *tama (“wall”) and Proto-Tungusic *tam- (“shed, cover (for a hut)”).


bāla

bāla (nominative singular)
bālag (accusative singular)
bālanï (accusative singular)
bālanïŋ (genitive singular)
bālaka (dative singular)
bālada (locative singular)
bāladan (ablative singular)
bālagaru (allative singular)
bālan (instrumental singular)
bālača (equative singular)
bālalayu (singular)
bālalïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish::

desctree

Azerbaijani: bala
→ Khalaj: bala
→ Talysh: balə

Ottoman Turkish: بالا (bala)

Turkish: bala (dialectal)

Salar: bala

Turkmen: bala

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bala)

Chagatai: بلا (bala)

Uzbek: bola

Uyghur: بالا (bala)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bala

Karachay-Balkar: бала (bala)

Kumyk: бала (bala)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бала (bala)

Tatar: бала (bala)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бала (bala)

Karakalpak бала (bala)/bala

Nogai бала (bala)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бала (bala)

Southern Altai: бала (bala)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: mïla

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пала (pala)

Shor: пала (pala)


ūn

ūn (nominative singular)
ūnug (accusative singular)
ūnnï (accusative singular)
ūnnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūnka (dative singular)
ūnta (locative singular)
ūntan (ablative singular)
ūngaru (allative singular)
ūnun (instrumental singular)
ūnča (equative singular)
ūnlayu (singular)
ūnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑнӑх (śănăh)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hûn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: un

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (un)

Turkish: un

Gagauz: un

Salar: un

Turkmen: ūn

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئۇن (un)

Uzbek: un

Kipchak: [script needed] (un)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: он (on)

Tatar: он (on)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: un

Karachay-Balkar: ун (un)

Karaim: ун

Kumyk: ун (un)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: un

Kazakh: ұн (ūn)

Nogai: ун (un)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ун (un)

Southern Altai: ун (un)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: unĭh, un

Shor: ун

According to some linguists, it is a borrowing from Chinese 粉 (fěn), related to Korean 분 (bun) and Chinese 分; and according to some linguists, it comes from Proto-Turkic *ub- (“to grind”).


-dak

boguŕ (“throat”) + *-dak → *bogurdak (“Adam's apple”)


bog-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *boxa-

Mongolian: боох (boox)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑв (păv)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *boɣ-

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: boğmaq

Ottoman Turkish: بوغمق (boğmak)

Turkish: boğmak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bogmak

Karluk:

Uyghur: بوغۇلۇش (boghulush)

Uzbek: bo'g'moq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: быуыу (bıwıw)

Tatar: буу (buwu)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğmaq

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: буу (buu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: буу (buu)

Southern Altai: буур (buur)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (boɣ-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: буой (buoy)

desc

Yakut: буой (buoy, “to hinder, forbid, prohibit”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: поғырарға (poğırarğa)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *boxa- and Proto-Tungusic *poga-.


sač

sač (nominative singular)
sačïg (accusative singular)
sačnï (accusative singular)
sačnïŋ (genitive singular)
sačka (dative singular)
sačda (locative singular)
sačdan (ablative singular)
sačgaru (allative singular)
sačïn (instrumental singular)
sačča (equative singular)
sačlayu (singular)
sačlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӳҫ (śüś)

→ Bashkir: сүс (süs, “fiber, filament”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: saç

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: saç

Ottoman Turkish: صاچ

Gagauz: saç

Turkish: saç

Salar: saş

Turkmen: saç

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَجْ (sač)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: چاچ (chach)

Uzbek: soch

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәс (səs)

Tatar: чәч (çäç)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: чач (çaç)

Kumyk: чач (çaç)

South Kipchak:

Kypchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: шаш (şaş)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чач (cac)

Southern Altai: чач (čač)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰲 (s¹č /sač/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ас (as)

Yakut: ас (as)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: шаш

Khakas: сас (sas)

Northern Altai: чаш (čaš)


kāŕ

kāŕ (nominative singular)
kāŕïg (accusative singular)
kāŕnï (accusative singular)
kāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
kāŕka (dative singular)
kāŕta (locative singular)
kāŕtan (ablative singular)
kāŕgaru (allative singular)
kāŕïn (instrumental singular)
kāŕča (equative singular)
kāŕlayu (singular)
kāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хур (hur)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaz

Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)

Turkish: kaz

Gagauz: kaaz

→ Zazaki: qaz

Kurdish:

→ Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)

→ Northern Kurdish: qaz

→ Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)

→ Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)

Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)

Salar: gaz

Turkmen: gāz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)

Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)

Uzbek: g'oz

Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)

Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)

Kipchak: chax

Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)

Tatar: каз (qaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз

Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)

Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)

Kumyk: къаз (qaz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: g'az

Kazakh: қаз (qaz)

Nogai: каз (kaz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)

Southern Altai: кас (kas)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каас (kaas)

Yakut: хаас (qaas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кас (kas)

Tofa: қас (qas)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хас (xas)

Shor: қас (qas)

Altai Turkic:

Northern Altai: кас (kas)

→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)

→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)

→ Alanic:

Jassic: caz

Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)

→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)

→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)

→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)

→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)

→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)

→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)

→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)

→ Khowar: qoz ‘crane’

→ Persian: غاز (ğâz), قاز (qâz)

Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)

→ Urdu: قاز (qāz)

→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)

→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin. Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”). This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár ("to croak").
Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian. Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”), but this derivation is implausible. Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort. Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


yar-

Oghur: *čere

Chuvash: ҫара (śara, “naked”)

desc

⇒ Chuvash: ҫарал (śaral, “to get naked”)

⇒ Chuvash: ҫара ҫерҫи (śara ś̬erś̬i, “bat”)

Bashkir: шәрә (şərə, “naked”)

Proto-Turkic: *yar-kānat (“bat (lit. yar-wing)”)

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýargānat

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: yorqanot

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: жарғанат (jarğanat)

Tatar: ярканат (yarkanat)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: яркъанат (yarqanat)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jar kanat

Kazakh: жарғанат (jarğanat)

Nogai: ярганат (yarganat)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жарганат (jarganat)

Southern Altai: јарганат (ǰarganat)

Siberian:

Northern Altai: тьарганат (tʹarganat)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сарыы кынат (sarıı kınat)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чарханат (çarxanat)

Shor: чарғанат (çarğanat)

Proto-Turkic: *yarïs-

Proto-Turkic: *yarïsgu

Kipchak:

Siberian Tatar: [script needed] (yarıskı)

Karluk:

اَيايَرْسكُو

Chigil Karakhanid: اَيايَرْسكُو (ayāyersgüü)

Oghuz: يَرِسا (yarısa) (Acc. to Kashgarî, some say so, but did not indicate Oghuz)

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yarasa)

Azerbaijani: yarasa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یراسه, یاراسه (yarasa), یارسه (yarasa)
Gagauz: yarasa
Turkish: yarasa

Salar: yarasan

Turkmen: yarasa (dial.)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yarsko)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: часкы (çaskı)


ko-

Arghu:

Khalaj: qômaq

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ko-, “to put”)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (ko-, “to put”)

Turkish: komak (“to put”)

ko-d-

to put; see there for further descendants

ko-p

completely, wholly, entirely; see there for further descendants

konuĺč-ï

?) *kon-uĺč- (“to speak”) (see there for further descendants

neighbor, guest; see there for further descendants

kon-uk

Proto-Turkic: *ko-n- (“to settle; spend the night”) (see there for further descendants)


til-

tilmek (infinitive)
tilgen (participle present)
tiligme (participle present)
tilür (participle present)
tiltük (participle past)
tilmiš (participle past)
tilteči (future participle)
tilmekči (future participle)
tilsik (future participle)
tileček (future participle)
tilme (noun-from-verb)
tilig (noun-from-verb)
tilgü (noun-from-verb)
tiliš (adverbial)
tilür ben (aorist indicative singular)
tilür sen (aorist indicative singular)
tilür (aorist indicative singular)
tilür biz (aorist indicative plural)
tilür siz (aorist indicative plural)
tilür (aorist indicative plural)
tiltim (indicative past singular)
tiltiŋ (indicative past singular)
tilti (indicative past singular)
tiltik (indicative past plural)
tiltimiz (indicative past plural)
tiltiŋiz (indicative past plural)
tilti (indicative past plural)
tilmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tilmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tilmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
tilmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tilmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tilmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
tilteči ben (future indicative singular)
tilmekči ben (future indicative singular)
tileček ben (future indicative singular)
tilteči sen (future indicative singular)
tilmekči sen (future indicative singular)
tileček sen (future indicative singular)
tilteči (future indicative singular)
tilmekči (future indicative singular)
tileček (future indicative singular)
tilteči biz (future indicative plural)
tilmekči biz (future indicative plural)
tileček biz (future indicative plural)
tilteči siz (future indicative plural)
tilmekči siz (future indicative plural)
tileček siz (future indicative plural)
tilteči (future indicative plural)
tilmekči (future indicative plural)
tileček (future indicative plural)
tilgey ben (future indicative singular)
tilgey sen (future indicative singular)
tilgey (future indicative singular)
tilgey biz (future indicative plural)
tilgey siz (future indicative plural)
tilgey (future indicative plural)
tilsikim (future indicative singular)
tilsikiŋ (future indicative singular)
tilsik (future indicative singular)
tilsikimiz (future indicative plural)
tilsikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
tilsik (future indicative plural)
tilsem (conditional singular)
tilser ben (conditional singular)
tilseŋ (conditional singular)
tilser sen (conditional singular)
tilse (conditional singular)
tilser (conditional singular)
tilsek (conditional plural)
tilsemiz (conditional plural)
tilser biz (conditional plural)
tilseŋiz (conditional plural)
tilser siz (conditional plural)
tilseler (conditional plural)
tilser (conditional plural)
tilgey ben (optative singular)
tilgey sen (optative singular)
tilgey (optative singular)
tilgey biz (optative plural)
tilgey siz (optative plural)
tilgey (optative plural)
tilmekde ben (progressive singular)
tilmekde sen (progressive singular)
tilmekde (progressive singular)
tilmekde biz (plural progressive)
tilmekde siz (plural progressive)
tilmekde (plural progressive)
tilmelig ben (necessitative singular)
tilmelig sen (necessitative singular)
tilmelig (necessitative singular)
tilmelig biz (necessitative plural)
tilmelig siz (necessitative plural)
tilmelig (necessitative plural)
tileyin (imperative singular)
til (imperative singular)
tilgil (imperative singular)
tilzün (imperative singular)
tilelim (imperative plural)
tiliŋ (imperative plural)
tilzün (imperative plural)
tilmemek (infinitive negative)
tilmegen (negative participle present)
tilmegme (negative participle present)
tilmez (negative participle present)
tilmedük (negative participle past)
tilmemiš (negative participle past)
tilmeči (future negative participle)
tilmesik (future negative participle)
tilmeyeček (future negative participle)
tilmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
tilmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
tilmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
tilmeyiš (adverbial negative)
tilmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tilmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tilmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
tilmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tilmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tilmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
tilmedim (indicative negative past singular)
tilmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tilmedi (indicative negative past singular)
tilmedik (indicative negative past plural)
tilmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
tilmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
tilmedi (indicative negative past plural)
tilmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tilmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tilmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tilmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tilmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tilmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tilmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeči (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeči (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
tilmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
tilmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
tilmegey (future indicative negative singular)
tilmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmegey (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
tilmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tilmesik (future indicative negative singular)
tilmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesik (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesem (conditional negative singular)
tilmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
tilmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
tilmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
tilmese (conditional negative singular)
tilmeser (conditional negative singular)
tilmesek (conditional negative plural)
tilmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeseler (conditional negative plural)
tilmeser (conditional negative plural)
tilmegey ben (negative optative singular)
tilmegey sen (negative optative singular)
tilmegey (negative optative singular)
tilmegey biz (negative optative plural)
tilmegey siz (negative optative plural)
tilmegey (negative optative plural)
tilmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
tilmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
tilmemekde (negative progressive singular)
tilmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
tilmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
tilmemekde (negative plural progressive)
tilmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
tilmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
tilmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
tilmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
tilmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
tilmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
tilmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
tilme (imperative negative singular)
tilmegil (imperative negative singular)
tilmezün (imperative negative singular)
tilmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
tilmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
tilmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чĕл (čĕl)

Common Turkic: *til-

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (dilmek)

Turkish: dilmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: dilmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tilmēk)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tilmek)

Uzbek: tilmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: телеу (telew)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тилерге (tilerge)

Kumyk: тилмек (tilmek)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: tiliw

Kazakh: тилу (tilu)

Nogai: тилмек (tilmek)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тилер (tiler)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: дилер (diler)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Shor: тилерге (tilerge)


id-

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: iymek (dialectal)


otuŕ

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: وطر (vutur)

Chuvash: вӑтӑр (văt̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hottuz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: otuz

Ottoman Turkish: اوتوز (otuz)

Gagauz: otuz

Turkish: otuz

Turkmen: otuz

Salar: ottuz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ottuz)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: [script needed] (ottuz)

Uyghur: ئوتتۇز (ottuz)

Ili Turki: ottuz

Uzbek: oʻttiz

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: otuz

Karachay-Balkar: отуз (otuz)

Karaim: otuz

Kumyk: отуз (otuz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: утыҙ (utıź)

Tatar: утыз (utız)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:,

Cyrillic script: отыз

Latin script: otiʻz

Kazakh: отыз (otyz)

Nogai: отыз (otız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: отуз (otuz)

Southern Altai: отус (otus), одус (odus)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐱃𐰔 (otuz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐾀𐽳𐽴 (otuz)

Western Yugur: otus

North Siberian:

Dolgan: отут

Yakut: отут (otut)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: отыс

Tuvan: одус (odus)

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: отыс (otıs)

Shor: одус


-dem

teŋri (“1. sky, heaven 2. deity, god”) + *-dem → *teŋridem (“holy”)


yuŋ

yuŋ (nominative singular)
yuŋug (accusative singular)
yuŋnï (accusative singular)
yuŋnuŋ (genitive singular)
yuŋka (dative singular)
yuŋda (locative singular)
yuŋdan (ablative singular)
yuŋgaru (allative singular)
yuŋun (instrumental singular)
yuŋča (equative singular)
yuŋlayu (singular)
yuŋlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑм (śăm)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yung

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yun

Ottoman Turkish: یون (yün)

Turkish: yün

Salar: yoñ

Turkmen: ýüň

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُونكْ (yuŋ/yūŋ), يُنكْلاماقْ (yuŋlāmāq)

Uyghur: يۇڭ (yung)

Uzbek: jun

Kipchak::

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөн (yön)

Tatar: йон (yon)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yün

Karachay-Balkar: джюн (cün)

Kumyk: юн (yun)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ju'n

Kazakh: жүн (jün)

Nogai: юн (yun)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүн (jün)

Southern Altai: јум (ǰum), јуҥ (ǰuŋ)

Siberian:

South Siberian

Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱн (çün)

Shor: нӱг

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүң (çüñ)

Western Yugur: yun, yün, yüŋ

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *nuŋ-gasun (“wool”), Proto-Tungusic *nuŋ-ari (“wool, down”).


yulduŕ

yulduŕ (nominative singular)
yulduŕug (accusative singular)
yulduŕnï (accusative singular)
yulduŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
yulduŕka (dative singular)
yulduŕta (locative singular)
yulduŕtan (ablative singular)
yulduŕgaru (allative singular)
yulduŕun (instrumental singular)
yulduŕča (equative singular)
yulduŕlayu (singular)
yulduŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑлтӑр (śălt̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yulduz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُلْدُزْ (yulduz)

Chagatai: یولدوز (yulduz)

Uyghur: يۇلتۇز (yultuz)

Uzbek: yulduz

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یلدوز (yïlduz)
Azerbaijani: ulduz
Ottoman Turkish: یلدز (yıldız)
Gagauz: yıldız
Turkish: yıldız
→ Armenian: եըլտըզ (eəltəz)

Salar: يولتوز (yultuz), yulduz

Turkmen: ýyldyz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: йолдыз (yoldız)

Bashkir: йондоҙ (yondoź)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: юлдуз/yulduz

Karachay-Balkar: жулдуз (julduz)

Karaim: יִילְדִיז (yīldīz)

Kumyk: юлдуз (yulduz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: жулдыз/juldız

Kazakh: жұлдыз (jūldyz)

Nogai: юлдыз (yuldız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылдыз (jıldız)

Southern Altai: јылдыс (ǰïldïs)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰡𐰔 (yultuz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 (yultuz)

Western Yugur: yiltïs

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һулус (hulus)

Yakut: сулус (sulus)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: сылтыс (sıltıs)

Tuvan: сылдыс (sıldıs)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чылтыс (çıltıs)

Shor: чылтыс (çıltıs)

Analyzable as *yul- + *-duŕ, only if the latter part is a regular suffix.
Some constellation and planet names carry on identical suffixes; see Karakhanid [script needed] (erentüz, “Libra”), in Kutadgu Bilig [script needed] (erentiz, “Gemini”), Turkish Erendiz (“Jupiter, Libra”) and dialectal Sekendiz (“Saturn”), where the *-duŕ suffix is presumably preserved. However, Clauson regards the *-tüz ending to mean "alike", rather than a regular suffix for planet names.
Nişanyan suggests a relation with Old Uyghur 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐽰 (yula, “torch, bomb”), giving yalım (cf. Turkish yalın) and Turkish yaldız as 'related terms', which would point to a derivation from Proto-Turkic *yal-.
See also Old Turkic [script needed] (yula köl, “name of a lake”), with the first part meaning bright, unclear relation with etymologies listed above.

cog

(Preserved only in Kuu-Kizhi and Tofalar)