tẹri

tẹri (nominative singular)
tẹrig (accusative singular)
tẹrini (accusative singular)
tẹriniŋ (genitive singular)
tẹrike (dative singular)
tẹride (locative singular)
tẹriden (ablative singular)
tẹrigerü (allative singular)
tẹrin (instrumental singular)
tẹriče (equative singular)
tẹrileyü (singular)
tẹriligü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: təri

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəri

Ottoman Turkish: درى (diri)

Turkish: deri

Gagauz: deri

Turkmen: deri

Salar: tiri

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (teri)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: teri

Uyghur: تېرە (tëre)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (teri)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тире (tire)

Tatar: тире (tire)

→ Chuvash: тир (tir)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: teri

Kumyk: тери (teri)

Karachay-Balkar: тери (teri)

desc

Karaim: тери, тэри

Karaim: тери, тэри

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тери (teri)

Southern Altai: тере (tere)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: teri

Kazakh: тері (terı)

Nogai: тери (teri)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: tʾry (teri)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tʰer)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тирии (tirii)

Yakut: тирии (tirii), тэрии (terii)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuba-Kizhi: тере (tere)

Kumandy-Kizhi: тере (tere)

Yenisei:

Khakas: теер (teer)

Shor: тере (tere)


bāčanak

bāčanak (nominative singular)
bāčanakïg (accusative singular)
bāčanaknï (accusative singular)
bāčanaknïŋ (genitive singular)
bāčanakka (dative singular)
bāčanakda (locative singular)
bāčanakdan (ablative singular)
bāčanakgaru (allative singular)
bāčanakïn (instrumental singular)
bāčanakča (equative singular)
bāčanaklayu (singular)
bāčanaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пуҫана (puś̬ana)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bâcanaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bacanaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باجاناق
Turkish: bacanak
→ Armenian: բաջանաղ (baǰanaġ), պաճանախ (pačanax)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пашѐног
Latin script: pašènog


bāča

bāča (nominative singular)
bāčag (accusative singular)
bāčanï (accusative singular)
bāčanïŋ (genitive singular)
bāčaka (dative singular)
bāčada (locative singular)
bāčadan (ablative singular)
bāčagaru (allative singular)
bāčan (instrumental singular)
bāčača (equative singular)
bāčalayu (singular)
bāčalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bacı

Ottoman Turkish: باجی (bacı)
Turkish: bacı
→ Classical Persian: بَاجِی (bājī)
→ Gujarati: બાજી (bājī)
→ Khalaj: bâcı
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: बाजी (bājī)
Urdu: باجی (bājī)
→ Punjabi: باجی (bājī)

Salar: baca

Turkmen: bajy

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бажа (baja)

Tatar: баҗа (baca), baca

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baca

Karachay-Balkar: баджа (baca)

Kumyk: бажа (baja)

→ Bats: ბა̄ჯ (bāǯ)

→ Chechen: бажа (baža)

→ Georgian: ბაჯა (baǯa) (Tusheti)

→ Ingush: бажа (baža)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: бажа (baja)

Kyrgyz: бажа (baja)

Nogai: бажа (baja)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бажа (baja)

Southern Altai: баја (baǰa)

Karluk:

Uzbek: boja

Uyghur: باجا (baja)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰲𐰀 (b¹ča)

Yenisei:

Khakas: паӌа (paca)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бажа (baja)

Tuvan: бажа (baja)


uŕak

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӑрах (vărah, “long (time)”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: uzâq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uzaq

Ottoman Turkish: اوزاق (uzak)

Turkish: uzak

Salar: uzaq

Turkmen: uzak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُزَقْ (uzaq)

Uzbek: uzoq

Uyghur: ئۇزاق (uzaq)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: uzaq

Karachay-Balkar: узакъ (uzaq)

Kumyk: узакъ (uzaq)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: озак (ozaq)

Bashkir: оҙаҡ (oźaq)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: uzaq

Kazakh: ұзақ (ūzaq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: узак (uzak)

Southern Altai: узак (uzak)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ozaq)

From Proto-Turkic *uŕa- (“to be taller; to be longer”) + *-k.
Akin to Proto-Turkic *uŕïn (“long”), Proto-Mongolic *ur-tu (“long”). Perhaps related to Proto-Koreanic *ora- (“late, long ago”).


kāpïk

kāpïk (nominative singular)
kāpïkïg (accusative singular)
kāpïknï (accusative singular)
kāpïknïŋ (genitive singular)
kāpïkka (dative singular)
kāpïkda (locative singular)
kāpïkdan (ablative singular)
kāpïkgaru (allative singular)
kāpïkïn (instrumental singular)
kāpïkča (equative singular)
kāpïklayu (singular)
kāpïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хупӑ (hup̬ă), хуп (hup)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qabıq

Ottoman Turkish: قبوق (kabuk)

Turkish: kabuk

Salar: gōq

Turkmen: gabyk

Karluk:

Uzbek: qobiq, qobuq

Uyghur: قوۋزاق (qowzaq)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qabuq

Karachay-Balkar: къабукъ (qabuq)

Kumyk: къабукъ (qabuq)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кабык (qabıq)

Bashkir: ҡабыҡ (qabıq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қабық (qabyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кабык (kabık)

Southern Altai: кабык (kabïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: хатырык (qatırık)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хавык (xavık)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хабых (xabıx)

From *kāp (“sack, cup”) + *-ïk (“diminutive suffix”).


kīčik

Oghur:

Chuvash: кăчăк (kăčăk)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qıcıq, gicik

Ottoman Turkish: كجك (kicik, gicik)

Turkish: gıcık, (regional) gicik

Turkmen: gyjyk

Karluk:

Uyghur: قىچىق (qichiq)

Uzbek: qichiq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (kiçüw)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кычы- (kïčï-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

desc

Yakut: кыһый (kıhıy, “to scrape, to itch”)

South Siberian:

кижиргендирер

Tuvan: кижиргендирер (kijirgendirer, “tickle”) (from кижиир (kijiir, “to itch”))

From Proto-Turkic *kīči- (“to tickle”) + *-k. Perhaps akin to Proto-Mongolic *giji-ge (“tickle”).


ōyun

ōyun (nominative singular)
ōyunug (accusative singular)
ōyunnï (accusative singular)
ōyunnuŋ (genitive singular)
ōyunka (dative singular)
ōyunta (locative singular)
ōyuntan (ablative singular)
ōyungaru (allative singular)
ōyunun (instrumental singular)
ōyunča (equative singular)
ōyunlayu (singular)
ōyunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ōyug

Chuvash: вӑйӑ (văjă)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: oyun
→ Khalaj: oyın

Ottoman Turkish: اویون (oyun)

Turkish: oyun

Gagauz: oyun

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: oýun

Karluk:

Uzbek: o'yin

Uyghur: ئويۇن (oyun)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: уйын (uyın)

Tatar: уен (uyen)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oyun

Karachay-Balkar: оюн (oyun)

Kumyk: оюн (oyun)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: ойын (oyın)

Karakalpak: oyın

Kazakh: ойын (oiyn)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: оюн (oyun)

Southern Altai: ойын (oyïn)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: wywn (oyun, “game, amusement”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: оонньуу (oonnyuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: оин (oin)

Tuvan: оюн (oyun)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ойын (oyın)

Shor: ойун (oyun)

Northern Altai: ойын (oyïn)

Different sources give different etymologies:
# Clauson suggets that it is from *ōy- (“to hollow”) + *-un saying most Turkic games involved holes.
# ESTJa and Räsänen suggest that it is from *oy- (“to jump”) + *-un.
# Nishanyan suggests a possible common root with *ōŕ- (“to win; to be saved”).


temür

temür (nominative singular)
temürüg (accusative singular)
temürni (accusative singular)
temürnüŋ (genitive singular)
temürke (dative singular)
temürte (locative singular)
temürten (ablative singular)
temürgerü (allative singular)
temürün (instrumental singular)
temürče (equative singular)
temürleyü (singular)
temürlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Volga Bulgar: تمرج

Chuvash: тимӗр (timĕr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: təmir

Proto-Oghuz: *demir, *demür

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəmir

Ottoman Turkish: دمیر (demir)

Turkish: demir

Gagauz: demir

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: demir

Salar: dimur, demir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (temür)

Chagatai: تیمور (temür), تمور (tömür)

Uzbek: temir

Uyghur: تۆمۈر (tömür)

→ Urdu: تیمور (temūr)

Kipchak: تمور (tämür)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тимер (timer)

Tatar: тимер (timer)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: temir, demir

Kumyk: темир (temir)

Karachay-Balkar: темир (temir)

Karaim: темир

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: temir

Kazakh: темір (temır)

Nogai: темир (temir)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: темир (temir)

Southern Altai: темир (temir)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tämir)

Western Yugur: temïr

North Siberian:

Yakut: тимир (timir)

Dolgan: тимир

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: дэмир (demir)

Tuvan: демир (demir)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тимір (timìr)

Shor: темир (temir), тебир (tebir)

Northern Altai: темир (temir), тебир (tebir)

Serbi–Mongolic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *temür (“iron”)

Mongolian: төмөр (tömör, “iron”)

→ Khitan: 𘮾𘮒 (*? úr, “iron”)


ič-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗҫ (ĕś)

Common Turkic: *ič-:

Arghu:

Khalaj: içmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: içmək

Ottoman Turkish: ایچمك

Turkish: içmek

Gagauz: içmää

Turkmen: içmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اجماك (ičmēk)

Khorezmian Turkic: اجماك (ičmäk)

Chagatai: ایچماک (ičmäk)

Uzbek: ichmoq

Uyghur: ئىچمەك (ichmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эсеү (esew)

Tatar: эчү (eçü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: içmek

Karachay-Balkar: ичерге (içerge)

Karaim: ičmia

Kumyk: ичмек (içmek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ичүү (icüü)

Southern Altai: ич (ič)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (ish-)

Kazakh: ішу (ışu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰲 (ič), 𐰱 (ič)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽽𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ičmäk)

Western Yugur: ïʂ-

North Siberian

Dolgan: ис

Yakut: ис (is)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ижер (ijer)

Yenisei:

Khakas: iзерге (izerge)


yïlïg

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: ilıq

Ottoman Turkish: ایلیق (ılık)

Turkish: ılık

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýyly

Salar: yili

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yïlïɣ), [script needed] (ïlïɣ)

Chagatai: ایلیغ (ılığ)

Uzbek: iliq

Uyghur: ئىللىق (illiq)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йылы (yılı)

Tatar: җылы (cılı)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: ılıq

Karachay-Balkar: джылы (cılı)

Kumyk: йылы (yılı)

South Kipchak

South Kipchak

Nogai: йылы (yılı)

Karakalpak: жыллы

Kazakh: жылы (jyly)

Siberian Tatar: йылы (yılı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылуу (jıluu)

Southern Altai: јылу (ǰïlu)

Siberian

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yïlïɣ)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сылаас (sılaas)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чылыг (çılıg)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: чылығ (çılığ)

Shor: чылығ (čïlïɣ)

Shor: чылығ (čïlïɣ)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yilïɣ),

Northern Altai: чылыг (čïlïg), чылу (čïlu)

From Proto-Turkic *yïlï- (“to be warm”) + *-g.


bïčgak

bïčgak (nominative singular)
bïčgaklar (nominative plural)
bïčgaknïŋ (genitive singular)
bïčgaklarnïŋ (genitive plural)
bïčgakka (dative singular)
bïčgaklarka (dative plural)
bïčgakta (locative singular)
bïčgaklarda (locative plural)
bïčgaktan (ablative singular)
bïčgaklardan (ablative plural)
bïčgaklarïn (instrumental plural)
bïčgakča (equative singular)
bïčgaklarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bıçâq

Proto-Oghuz: *bïčɣak

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bıçaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بیچاق (bıçak), بچاق (bıçak)
Turkish: bıçak
→ Romanian: briceag
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: би̏ча̄к
Latin script: bȉčāk

East Oghuz:

Salar: pıçaq

Turkmen: pyçak

Karluk

Uzbek: pichoq

Uyghur: پىچاق (pichaq)

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: pıçaq

Karachay-Balkar: бычакъ (bıçaq)

Kumyk: бичакъ (biçaq)

North Kipchak

Tatar: пычак (pıçaq)

Bashkir: бысаҡ (bısaq)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: пышақ (pyşaq)

Karakalpak: pıshaq

Nogai: пышак (pışak)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: бычак (bıcak)

Southern Altai: бычак (bïčak)

→ Hungarian: bicska

→ Romanian: briceag

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: баһак (bahak)

Yakut: быһах (bıhaq)

Sayan

Tofa: пишек (pişek)

Tuvan: бижек (bijek)

Yenisei

Khakas: пычах (pıçax)

Shor: пычақ (pıçaq)

desc

Northern Altai: биджак (bidžak), пычак (pïčak)

From Proto-Turkic *bïč- (“to cut”) + *-gak.


yạŕ-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫыр (śyr)

→ Proto-Mordvinic:

Moksha: сёрма (śorma)

Erzya: сёрма (śorma)

→? Hungarian: ír

Common Turkic: *yaz-

Arghu:

Khalaj: yazmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yazmaq

Ottoman Turkish: یازمق
Turkish: yazmak

Turkmen: ýazmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یازماق

Chagatai: یازماق

Uzbek: yozmoq

Uyghur: يازماق (yazmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Tatar: язу (yazu)

Bashkir: яҙыу (yaźıw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джазыу (cazıu)

Crimean Tatar: yazmaq

Kumyk: язмакъ (yazmaq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жазу (jazu)

Karakalpak: жазыў

Nogai: язув (yazuv)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жазуу (jazuu)

Southern Altai: јас- (ǰas-, “to hit chain, to heal”)

This stem does not exist in Siberian Turkic languages, which use the Mongolic *jiru- (“to scratch, draw, write”) instead, likewise a borrowing from *yạŕ-.


k(i)aya

kaya (canonical)
kaya (nominative singular)
kiaya (nominative singular)
kayag (accusative singular)
kiayag (accusative singular)
kayanï (accusative singular)
kiayanï (accusative singular)
kayanïŋ (genitive singular)
kiayanïŋ (genitive singular)
kayaka (dative singular)
kiayaka (dative singular)
kayada (locative singular)
kiayada (locative singular)
kayadan (ablative singular)
kiayadan (ablative singular)
kayagaru (allative singular)
kiayagaru (allative singular)
kayan (instrumental singular)
kiayan (instrumental singular)
kayača (equative singular)
kiayača (equative singular)
kayalayu (singular)
kiayalayu (singular)
kayalïgu (comitative singular)
kiayalïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *kaya

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qaya

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیا (kaya), قایا (kaya)
Turkish: kaya

Turkmen: gaýa

Karluk:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qaya)

Uzbek: qoya

Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaya

Karachay-Balkar: къая (qaya)

Bashkir: ҡая (qaya)

Tatar: кыя (qıya)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: qʾyʾ (qaya)

North Siberian:

Yakut: хайа (qaya)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: хая (xaya)

Khakas: хая (xaya)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *kada (“rock”) and Proto-Tungusic *kada(r) (“rock”).
Helimski (1995) suggests a borrowing from Proto-Samoyedic *koəjə (“mountain”).


yïl

yïl (nominative singular)
yïlïg (accusative singular)
yïlnï (accusative singular)
yïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïlka (dative singular)
yïlta (locative singular)
yïltan (ablative singular)
yïlgaru (allative singular)
yïlïn (instrumental singular)
yïlča (equative singular)
yïllayu (singular)
yïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="trk-pro">*yāĺ</i>, perhaps blended with *yïl

Chuvash: ҫул (śul) (< *yāĺ, perhaps blended with *yïl)

Common Turkic: *yïl

Arghu:

Khalaj: yıl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ییل (yıl)

Azerbaijani: il

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ییل (yıl)
Gagauz: yıl
Turkish: yıl

Turkmen: ýyl

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ییل (yïl)

Chagatai: ییل (yïl)

Uzbek: yil

Uyghur: يىل (yil)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ел (yel)

Bashkir: йыл (yıl)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джыл (cıl)

Crimean Tatar: yıl

Kumyk: йыл (yıl)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жыл (jyl)

Karakalpak: жыл (jıl)

Nogai: йыл (yıl)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жыл (jıl)

Southern Altai: јыл (ǰïl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (y²il¹ /yïl/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yil)

North Siberian

Yakut: сыл (sıl)

Dolgan: һыл

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чыл (çıl)

Tofa: чыл

Yenisei Turkic

Chulym: чыл

Northern Altai: чыл (čïl)

Shor: чыл

Khakas: чыл (çıl)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ǯil

Mongolian: жил (žil)

Buryat: жэл (žel)

Kalmyk: җил (jil)


ōn

Oghur:

Bulgar: وان (wan)

Chuvash: вуннӑ (vunnă)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ôn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: on

Ottoman Turkish: اون (on)

Gagauz: on

Turkish: on

Eastern:

Salar: on

Turkmen: on

Karluk:

Chagatai: اون (on)

Uyghur: ئون (on)

Uzbek: on

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: on

Karachay-Balkar: он (on)

Karaim: on

Kumyk: он (on)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: on

Kazakh: он (on)

Nogai: он (on)

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ун (un)

Tatar: ун (un)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: он (on)

Southern Altai: он (on)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰣 (un¹)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽺 (ʾwn)

Western Yugur: on

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уон (uon)

Yakut: уон (uon)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: он (on)

Tofa: он (on)

Tuvan: он (on)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: он (on)

Shor: он (on)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (on)


-meŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: -мер (-mer), -мар (-mar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-mez), [script needed] (-maz)

Azerbaijani: -məz, -maz, -mər, -mar

Ottoman Turkish: ـمز (-mez, -maz)

Gagauz: -mäz, -maz, -mär, -mar, -märsin, -marsın, -märim, -marım

Turkish: -mez, -maz, -merin (dial.), -marın (dial.)

Salar: -mes, -mas

Turkmen: -mez, -maz, -merin, -maryn, -mersin, -marsyn

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uzbek: -mas

Uyghur: [script needed] (-mes), [script needed] (-mas)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -бөс (-bös), -бос (-bos), -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas), -пөс (-pös), -пос (-pos)

Southern Altai: -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -бӧс (-bös), -бос (-bos)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas), -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas)

Nogai: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -бат (-bat), -бэт (-bet), -бот (-bot), -бөт (-böt)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas)

seb- (“to love”) + *-meŕ → *sebmeŕ (“She/he/it doesn't love.”)


-ür

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ӗр (-ĕr), -ӑр (-ăr), -р (-r)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-ür) [script needed] (-ur)

Azerbaijani: -ir, -ır, -r

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ar, -er, -ir, -ır, -ur, -ür, -r

Salar: -er, -ar, -r

Turkmen: -er, -ar, -r

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uzbek: -ar

Uyghur: [script needed] (-er), [script needed] (-ar)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

Southern Altai: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -ӧр (-ör), -р (-r),

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ар (-ar), -ер (-er), -р (-r)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

seb- (“to love”) + *-ür → *sebür (“She/he/it loves.”)


-ür

keč- (“to pass”) + *-ür → *kečür- (“to pass something or someone”)

büt- (“to be end”) + *-ür → *bütür- (“to end”)


-niŋ

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -ن (-n), -ن (-ïn)

Chuvash: -ӑн (-ăn), -н (-n), -нӑн (-năn), -йĕн (-jĕn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـنك (-nuñ, -nüñ), ـك (-uñ, -üñ)

Azerbaijani: -nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün

Ottoman Turkish: ـنك (-nıñ, -niñ, -nuñ, -nüñ), ـك (-ıñ, -iñ, -uñ, -üñ)

Turkish: -nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün

Turkmen: -nyň, -niň, -nuň, -nüň, -yň, -iň, -uň, -üň

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -nıñ, -niñ

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -дің (-dıñ), -нің (-nıñ), -тің (-tıñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -нын (-nın), -нин (-nin), -нун (-nun), -нүн (-nün), -дын (-dın), -дин (-din), -дун (-dun), -дүн (-dün), -тын (-tın), -тин (-tin), -тун (-tun), -түн (-tün)

Karluk:

Chagatai: ـنینک (-niñ)

Uzbek: -ning

Uyghur: ـنىڭ (-ning)

eb (“house”) + *-niŋ → *ebiŋ (“house's”)

-im

suffix equiping headword for first-person singular

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person singular

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person

-imiŕ

suffix equiping headword for first-person plural

-iŋiŕ

suffix equiping headword for second-person plural

-ki

used to form a an adjectival or nominal that that indicates the possessor


beniŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash: манӑн (manăn), ман (man)

Common Turkic: *beniŋ

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *beniŋ

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (benüm)

Azerbaijani: mənim

Ottoman Turkish: بنم (benim)

Gagauz: benim, benin

Turkish: benim

Salar: minigi

Turkmen: meniň (abbreviature: me'ň)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنِڭْ (meniŋ)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: منينک (mening)

Uzbek: mening

Uyghur: مېنىڭ (mëning)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: منيڭ (meniñ)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (meniñ)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: минең (mineñ)

Tatar: минем (minem)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: menim

Karachay-Balkar: мени (meni)

Karaim: [script needed] (mienim)

Kumyk: мени (meni)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: менің (menıñ)

Karakalpak: mening

Nogai: менинъ (meniñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: менин (menin)

Southern Altai: мениҥ (meniŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰤𐰭 (mn²ŋ /meniŋ/), 𐰋𐰤𐰭 (b²n²ŋ /beniŋ/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: mineŋ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: миниэнэ (miniene)

Yakut: миэнэ (miene)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мииӈ (miiñ)

Tuvan: мээң (meeñ)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: минің (minìñ)

Shor: меең (meeñ)


bār

Oghur:

Chuvash: пур (pur)

Common Turkic: *bār

Arghu:

Khalaj: vâr

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: var

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: وار (var)
Turkish: var (pronunciation is va:r in var olmak, var etmek)
Gagauz: var

Salar: vār, bar (dial.)

Turkmen: bār

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bar)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: بار (bar)

Uzbek: bor

Kipchak: *bar

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бар (bar)

Tatar: бар (bar)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bar

Karachay-Balkar: бар (bar)

Karaim: бар (bar)

Kumyk: бар (bar)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: bar

Kazakh: бар (bar)

Nogai: бар (bar)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бар (bar)

Southern Altai: бар (bar)

⇒ Kipchak: *bārï

Kazakh: бәрі (bärı)

Kyrgyz: баары (baarı)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺 (b¹r¹)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bar)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (bar)

South Siberian:

Dolgan: баар

Yakut: баар (baar)

North Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бар (bar)

Tuvan: бар (bar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: [script needed] (par)

Shor:


tōtak

tōtak (nominative singular)
tōtakïg (accusative singular)
tōtaknï (accusative singular)
tōtaknïŋ (genitive singular)
tōtakka (dative singular)
tōtakda (locative singular)
tōtakdan (ablative singular)
tōtakgaru (allative singular)
tōtakïn (instrumental singular)
tōtakča (equative singular)
tōtaklayu (singular)
tōtaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طوداق (tudak)

Ajem Turkic:

Azerbaijani: dodaq

Qashqai: دوداق (dudaq)

→ Khalaj: dudaq

Ottoman Turkish: طوداق (dudak), دوداق (dudak)
Gagauz: dudak
Turkish: dudak
→ Armenian: տուտախ (tutax)
→ Ladino: dudak

→ Cuman: toodac

Crimean Tatar: dudaq

Krymchak: dudaq

Urum: дудах

→ Bashkir: дудаҡ (dudaq)

→? Chuvash: тута (tut̬a)

→? Chagatai: [script needed] (dudaq)

Uzbek: dudoq

desc

Uyghur: [script needed] (dudaq, “pussy, vagina”)

Salar: dodaq

Turkmen: dōdak


yalga-

trk-cmn-conj-head

yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgasïk, yālgayačak

yālgadačï ben, yālgamakčï ben, yālgayačak ben

yālgadačï sen, yālgamakčï sen, yālgayačak sen

yālgadačï biz, yālgamakčï biz, yālgayačak biz

yālgadačï siz, yālgamakčï siz, yālgayačak siz

yālgamasak, yālgamasamïz, yālgamasar biz

yālgamak (infinitive)
yālgagan (participle present)
yālgagma (participle present)
yālgar (participle present)
yālgaduk (participle past)
yālgamïš (participle past)
yālgadačï (future participle)
yālgamakčï (future participle)
yālgasïk (future participle)
yālgayačak (future participle)
yālgama (noun-from-verb)
yālgag (noun-from-verb)
yālgagu (noun-from-verb)
yālgaš (adverbial)
yālgar ben (aorist indicative singular)
yālgar sen (aorist indicative singular)
yālgar (aorist indicative singular)
yālgar biz (aorist indicative plural)
yālgar siz (aorist indicative plural)
yālgar (aorist indicative plural)
yālgadïm (indicative past singular)
yālgadïŋ (indicative past singular)
yālgadï (indicative past singular)
yālgadïk (indicative past plural)
yālgadïmïz (indicative past plural)
yālgadïŋïz (indicative past plural)
yālgadï (indicative past plural)
yālgamïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
yālgamïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
yālgamïš (indicative inferential past singular)
yālgamïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
yālgamïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
yālgamïš (indicative inferential past plural)
yālgadačï ben (future indicative singular)
yālgamakčï ben (future indicative singular)
yālgayačak ben (future indicative singular)
yālgadačï sen (future indicative singular)
yālgamakčï sen (future indicative singular)
yālgayačak sen (future indicative singular)
yālgadačï (future indicative singular)
yālgamakčï (future indicative singular)
yālgayačak (future indicative singular)
yālgadačï biz (future indicative plural)
yālgamakčï biz (future indicative plural)
yālgayačak biz (future indicative plural)
yālgadačï siz (future indicative plural)
yālgamakčï siz (future indicative plural)
yālgayačak siz (future indicative plural)
yālgadačï (future indicative plural)
yālgamakčï (future indicative plural)
yālgayačak (future indicative plural)
yālgagay ben (future indicative singular)
yālgagay sen (future indicative singular)
yālgagay (future indicative singular)
yālgagay biz (future indicative plural)
yālgagay siz (future indicative plural)
yālgagay (future indicative plural)
yālgasïkïm (future indicative singular)
yālgasïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
yālgasïk (future indicative singular)
yālgasïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
yālgasïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
yālgasïk (future indicative plural)
yālgasam (conditional singular)
yālgasar ben (conditional singular)
yālgasaŋ (conditional singular)
yālgasar sen (conditional singular)
yālgasa (conditional singular)
yālgasar (conditional singular)
yālgasak (conditional plural)
yālgasamïz (conditional plural)
yālgasar biz (conditional plural)
yālgasaŋïz (conditional plural)
yālgasar siz (conditional plural)
yālgasalar (conditional plural)
yālgasar (conditional plural)
yālgagay ben (optative singular)
yālgagay sen (optative singular)
yālgagay (optative singular)
yālgagay biz (optative plural)
yālgagay siz (optative plural)
yālgagay (optative plural)
yālgamakda ben (progressive singular)
yālgamakda sen (progressive singular)
yālgamakda (progressive singular)
yālgamakda biz (plural progressive)
yālgamakda siz (plural progressive)
yālgamakda (plural progressive)
yālgamalïg ben (necessitative singular)
yālgamalïg sen (necessitative singular)
yālgamalïg (necessitative singular)
yālgamalïg biz (necessitative plural)
yālgamalïg siz (necessitative plural)
yālgamalïg (necessitative plural)
yālgayayïn (imperative singular)
yālga (imperative singular)
yālgagïl (imperative singular)
yālgazun (imperative singular)
yālgayalïm (imperative plural)
yālgayïŋ (imperative plural)
yālgazun (imperative plural)
yālgamamak (infinitive negative)
yālgamagan (negative participle present)
yālgamagma (negative participle present)
yālgamaz (negative participle present)
yālgamaduk (negative participle past)
yālgamamïš (negative participle past)
yālgamačï (future negative participle)
yālgamasïk (future negative participle)
yālgamayačak (future negative participle)
yālgamama (negative noun-from-verb)
yālgamag (negative noun-from-verb)
yālgamagu (negative noun-from-verb)
yālgamaš (adverbial negative)
yālgamaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
yālgamaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
yālgamaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
yālgamaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yālgamaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yālgamaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yālgamadïm (indicative negative past singular)
yālgamadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
yālgamadï (indicative negative past singular)
yālgamadïk (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamadï (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yālgamamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yālgamamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yālgamamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yālgamamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yālgamamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yālgamačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamačï (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamayačak (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamačï (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamayačak (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamagay (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamagay (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamasïk (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasïk (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasam (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasar ben (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasar sen (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasa (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasar (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasak (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasamïz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasar biz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasar siz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasalar (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasar (conditional negative plural)
yālgamagay ben (negative optative singular)
yālgamagay sen (negative optative singular)
yālgamagay (negative optative singular)
yālgamagay biz (negative optative plural)
yālgamagay siz (negative optative plural)
yālgamagay (negative optative plural)
yālgamamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
yālgamamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
yālgamamakda (negative progressive singular)
yālgamamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
yālgamamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
yālgamamakda (negative plural progressive)
yālgamamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
yālgamamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
yālgamamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
yālgamamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
yālgamamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
yālgamamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
yālgamayayïn (imperative negative singular)
yālgama (imperative negative singular)
yālgamagïl (imperative negative singular)
yālgamazun (imperative negative singular)
yālgamayalïm (imperative negative plural)
yālgamayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
yālgamazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫула (śula)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *dolïxa- (“to lick”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yalğamaq

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yalamaq

Ottoman Turkish: یالامق (yalamak)

Turkish: yalamak

Turkmen: ýalamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yalɣāmāk)

Uzbek: yalamoq

Uyghur: يالىماق (yalimaq)

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: calamaq, yalamaq

Kumyk: яламакъ (yalamaq)

Northern Kipchak

Bashkir: ялау (yalaw)

Tatar: yalaw

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: жалау (jalau)

Eastern Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жалоо (jaloo)

Southern Altai: јала- (ǰala-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰀 (yalɣa-)

Old Uyghur: yʾlxʾ (yalɣa-)

Western Yugur: jalɣa-

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (һалаа)

Yakut: салаа (salaa)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

desc

Tofa: чылғаар

Tofa: чылғаар

Tuvan: чылгаар (çılgaar)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: чалғирға (çalğirğa)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jalgï- (“to swallow”)

It has been suggested that it may be derived from *yalïg (itself possibly derived from an unattested *yal- (“to lick”)) if its earliest meaning was "tongue", compare Karakhanid [script needed] (yalığ, “a cock's comb; mane”).


ōpur

ōpur (nominative singular)
ōpurug (accusative singular)
ōpurnï (accusative singular)
ōpurnuŋ (genitive singular)
ōpurka (dative singular)
ōpurta (locative singular)
ōpurtan (ablative singular)
ōpurgaru (allative singular)
ōpurun (instrumental singular)
ōpurča (equative singular)
ōpurlayu (singular)
ōpurlugu (comitative singular)


ōpur

Oghur:

Chuvash: вупӑр (vup̬ăr), вӑпӑр (văp̬ăr)

→? Proto-Slavic: *ǫpyrь (see there for further descendants)

Common Turkic: *obur:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: اوبور (obur)

Turkish: obur

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: убыр (ubır)

Tatar: убыр (ubır)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: обур (obur)

Kumyk: обор (obor)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: обыр (obyr)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: обур (obur)


čekürtke

čekürtke (nominative singular)
čekürtkeler (nominative plural)
čekürtkeniŋ (genitive singular)
čekürtkelerniŋ (genitive plural)
čekürtkeke (dative singular)
čekürtkelerke (dative plural)
čekürtkede (locative singular)
čekürtkelerde (locative plural)
čekürtkeden (ablative singular)
čekürtkelerden (ablative plural)
čekürtkelerin (instrumental plural)
čekürtkeče (equative singular)
čekürtkelerče (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çəyirtkə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چكركه (çekirge)
Turkish: çekirge

Gagauz: çekirgä

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: çekirtge

Karluk

Uzbek: chigirtka

Uyghur: چىكەتكە (chiketke)

Middle Turkic

Karakhanid: چَكُرْكا (çekürge)

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: sekirge, çegertki

Karachay-Balkar: сенгирчке (señirçke)

Karaim: [script needed] (çegirtke)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: сиңерткә (siñertkə)

Tatar: чикерткә (çikertkä)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: шегіртке (şegırtke)

Nogai: [script needed] (şegertki)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чегиртке (cegirtke)

Southern Altai: чегертки (čegertki)

Siberian

North Siberian:

Yakut: сахсырҕа (saqsırğa, “fly”)

Dolgan: һаксырга (“fly”)

Sayan

Tuvan: шерги (şergi)


sōgun

sōgun (nominative singular)
sōgunug (accusative singular)
sōgunnï (accusative singular)
sōgunnuŋ (genitive singular)
sōgunka (dative singular)
sōgunta (locative singular)
sōguntan (ablative singular)
sōgungaru (allative singular)
sōgunun (instrumental singular)
sōgunča (equative singular)
sōgunlayu (singular)
sōgunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: сухан (suh̬an)

→ Eastern Mari: шоган (šogan)

→ Udmurt: сугон (sugon)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: soğan

Ottoman Turkish: صوغان (soğan)
Turkish: soğan
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: со̀ган
Latin script: sògan

Gagauz: suan / suvan

Salar: soğan

Turkmen: sogan

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: سُوغُنْ (sōğun), سُوغَنْ (sōğan)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (soɣan)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: суган (suğan)

Bashkir: һуған (huğan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: soğan

Karachay-Balkar: сохан (soxan)

Kumyk: согъан (soğan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: соган (sogan)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: согон (sogon)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: swxʾn (soɣan)

→ Proto-Mongolic:

Middle Mongol: ᠰᠣᠭᠣᠩᠭᠢᠨ ᠠ (soɣonggin-a)

desctree

Mongolian: сонгино (songino)
→ Manchu: ᠰᡠᠨᡤᡤᡳᠨᠠ (sunggina)

→? Southern Altai: согоно (sogono)

→? Tuvan: согуна (soguna)

→? Lithuanian: svogūnas

From *sōg (“onion”) + *-gun comparable to Proto-Mongolic *soŋ-gana (“onion”).
Nishanyan suggets that its ultimate origin is uncertain and that Middle Persian سوخ (sôx) probably comes from the same source, (whence also Old Armenian սոխ (sox)).
Brockelmann instead suggets a derivation *soy- (“to peel”) + *-gun.


öl-

Oghur:

Bulgar: وَل (vel)

Chuvash: вил (vil)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hölmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ölmək

→ Khalaj: ölmək

Ottoman Turkish: اولمك

Gagauz: yölmää

Turkish: ölmek

Salar: ülgüsi

Turkmen: ölmek

Karluk:

Uzbek: oʻlmoq

Uyghur: ئۆلمەك (ölmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үлеү (ülew)

Tatar: үләргә (ülärgä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ölmek

Kumyk: оьлмек (ölmek)

Karaim: [script needed] (oĺ-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өлүү (ölüü)

Southern Altai: ӧл- (öl-)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (öl-)

Kazakh: өлу (ölu)

Nogai: оьлуьв (ölüv)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰠 (öl)

North Siberian

Dolgan: өл

Yakut: өл (öl)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (öl-)

Tuvan: өлүр (ölür)

Yenisei:

Shor: öл

Khakas: öлерге (ölerge)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (jül-)

→? Hungarian: öl (“to kill”)


köč-

trk-cmn-conj-head

köčmesüküŋüz

köčmek (infinitive)
köčgen (participle present)
köčügme (participle present)
köčer (participle present)
köčdük (participle past)
köčmiš (participle past)
köčdeči (future participle)
köčmekči (future participle)
köčsik (future participle)
köčeček (future participle)
köčme (noun-from-verb)
köčüg (noun-from-verb)
köčgü (noun-from-verb)
köčüš (adverbial)
köčer ben (aorist indicative singular)
köčer sen (aorist indicative singular)
köčer (aorist indicative singular)
köčer biz (aorist indicative plural)
köčer siz (aorist indicative plural)
köčer (aorist indicative plural)
köčdüm (indicative past singular)
köčdüŋ (indicative past singular)
köčdi (indicative past singular)
köčdük (indicative past plural)
köčdümüz (indicative past plural)
köčdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
köčdi (indicative past plural)
köčmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
köčmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
köčmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
köčmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
köčmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
köčmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
köčdeči ben (future indicative singular)
köčmekči ben (future indicative singular)
köčeček ben (future indicative singular)
köčdeči sen (future indicative singular)
köčmekči sen (future indicative singular)
köčeček sen (future indicative singular)
köčdeči (future indicative singular)
köčmekči (future indicative singular)
köčeček (future indicative singular)
köčdeči biz (future indicative plural)
köčmekči biz (future indicative plural)
köčeček biz (future indicative plural)
köčdeči siz (future indicative plural)
köčmekči siz (future indicative plural)
köčeček siz (future indicative plural)
köčdeči (future indicative plural)
köčmekči (future indicative plural)
köčeček (future indicative plural)
köčgey ben (future indicative singular)
köčgey sen (future indicative singular)
köčgey (future indicative singular)
köčgey biz (future indicative plural)
köčgey siz (future indicative plural)
köčgey (future indicative plural)
köčsüküm (future indicative singular)
köčsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
köčsük (future indicative singular)
köčsükümüz (future indicative plural)
köčsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
köčsük (future indicative plural)
köčsem (conditional singular)
köčser ben (conditional singular)
köčseŋ (conditional singular)
köčser sen (conditional singular)
köčse (conditional singular)
köčser (conditional singular)
köčsek (conditional plural)
köčsemiz (conditional plural)
köčser biz (conditional plural)
köčseŋiz (conditional plural)
köčser siz (conditional plural)
köčseler (conditional plural)
köčser (conditional plural)
köčgey ben (optative singular)
köčgey sen (optative singular)
köčgey (optative singular)
köčgey biz (optative plural)
köčgey siz (optative plural)
köčgey (optative plural)
köčmekde ben (progressive singular)
köčmekde sen (progressive singular)
köčmekde (progressive singular)
köčmekde biz (plural progressive)
köčmekde siz (plural progressive)
köčmekde (plural progressive)
köčmelig ben (necessitative singular)
köčmelig sen (necessitative singular)
köčmelig (necessitative singular)
köčmelig biz (necessitative plural)
köčmelig siz (necessitative plural)
köčmelig (necessitative plural)
köčeyin (imperative singular)
köč (imperative singular)
köčgil (imperative singular)
köčzün (imperative singular)
köčelim (imperative plural)
köčüŋ (imperative plural)
köčzün (imperative plural)
köčmemek (infinitive negative)
köčmegen (negative participle present)
köčmegme (negative participle present)
köčmez (negative participle present)
köčmedük (negative participle past)
köčmemiš (negative participle past)
köčmeči (future negative participle)
köčmesik (future negative participle)
köčmeyeček (future negative participle)
köčmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
köčmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
köčmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
köčmeyüš (adverbial negative)
köčmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
köčmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
köčmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
köčmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
köčmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
köčmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
köčmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
köčmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
köčmedi (indicative negative past singular)
köčmedük (indicative negative past plural)
köčmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
köčmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
köčmedi (indicative negative past plural)
köčmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
köčmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
köčmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
köčmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
köčmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
köčmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
köčmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeči (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeči (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
köčmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
köčmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
köčmegey (future indicative negative singular)
köčmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmegey (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
köčmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
köčmesük (future indicative negative singular)
köčmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesük (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesem (conditional negative singular)
köčmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
köčmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
köčmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
köčmese (conditional negative singular)
köčmeser (conditional negative singular)
köčmesek (conditional negative plural)
köčmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeseler (conditional negative plural)
köčmeser (conditional negative plural)
köčmegey ben (negative optative singular)
köčmegey sen (negative optative singular)
köčmegey (negative optative singular)
köčmegey biz (negative optative plural)
köčmegey siz (negative optative plural)
köčmegey (negative optative plural)
köčmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
köčmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
köčmemekde (negative progressive singular)
köčmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
köčmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
köčmemekde (negative plural progressive)
köčmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
köčmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
köčmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
köčmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
köčmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
köčmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
köčmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
köčme (imperative negative singular)
köčmegil (imperative negative singular)
köčmezün (imperative negative singular)
köčmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
köčmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
köčmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

desc

Volga Bulgar: كوج (köç, “to migrate”), كوالج (köwelç-)

Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: keçmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: köçmək

Ottoman Turkish: كوچمك

Turkish: göçmek

Turkmen: göçmek

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُجْماكْ (köčmēk)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: koʻchmoq

Uyghur: كۆچمەك (köchmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күсеү (küsew)

Tatar: күчәргә (küçärgä)

Tatar: күчәргә (küçärgä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: köçmek

Kumyk: гёчмек (göçmek)

Karaim: кёч-, кӧч-

Karachay-Balkar: кёчерге (köçerge)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көчүү (köcüü)

Southern Altai: кӧч- (köč-)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: көшиў

Kazakh: көшу (köşu)

Nogai: коьшуьв (köşüv)

Nogai: коьшуьв (köşüv)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: көс

Yakut: көс (kös)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: көһер

Tuvan: көжер (köjer)

Yenisei:

Shor: кӧш-

Khakas:

Western Yugur: köš-

⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *köske (“means of transportation”)

Nişanyan suggests a derivation *köt- (“to raise”) + *-üĺč- comparing Bulgar كوالج (köwelç-), however according to Tekin it should be considered a metathesis *köweçil-, with the passive suffix *-il-.


-iŋ

at (“horse”) + *-iŋ → *atïŋ (“horse of (you); (your) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for second-person singular.


-iŋ

seb- (“to love”) + *-iŋ → *sebiŋ (“you, love!”)

(Common Turkic) Suffix forming second-person plural imperative

-eyin

suffix forming first-person singular imperative

-gil

suffix forming second-person singular imperative

-zün

suffix forming third-person singular imperative

-elim

suffix forming first-person plural imperative


-imiŕ

at (“horse”) + *-imiŕ → *atïmïŕ (“horse of (us); (our) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for first-person plural; possesive suffix.


sogïk

Oghur:

Chuvash: сивӗ (sivĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: sovuq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: soyuq

Ottoman Turkish: صوغوق (soğuk)

Gagauz: souk

Turkish: soğuk

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: sowuk

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: soq

Karluk:

Uzbek: sovuq

Uyghur: سوغۇق (soghuq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һыуыҡ (hıwıq)

Tatar: суык (suwıq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: suvuq

Karachay-Balkar: сууукъ (suuuq)

Kumyk: сувукъ (suwuq)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (suwıq)

Kazakh: суық (suyq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: суук (suuk)

Southern Altai: соок (sook)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (soɣïq) (Old Uyghur)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: соок (sook)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: соох (soox)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (soq)


bïŋ

bïŋ (nominative singular)
bïŋïg (accusative singular)
bïŋnï (accusative singular)
bïŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
bïŋka (dative singular)
bïŋda (locative singular)
bïŋdan (ablative singular)
bïŋgaru (allative singular)
bïŋïn (instrumental singular)
bïŋča (equative singular)
bïŋlayu (singular)
bïŋlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пин (pin)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ming

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: min

Ottoman Turkish: بیك (biñ)

Turkish: bin

Gagauz: bin

Turkmen: müň

Salar: miñ

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: مىڭ (ming)

Uzbek: ming

Kipchak: مین (min)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мең (meñ)

Tatar: мең (meñ)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: miñ

Kumyk: минг (miñ)

Karachay-Balkar: минг (miñ)

Karaim: минь, мин

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мың (myñ)

Nogai: мынъ (mıñ)

Karakalpak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: миң (miŋ)

Southern Altai: муҥ (muŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰃𐰭 (b¹iŋ), 𐰋𐰃𐰭 (b²iŋ)

Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽶𐽺𐽷 (mynk)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (mïŋ)

North Siberian:

Yakut: мыҥ (mıñ)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: муң (muñ)

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor: муң (muñ)

Khakas: [script needed] (muŋ)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *miŋgan (“thousand”), Khitan [script needed] (miŋ, “thousand”), Khitan [script needed] (miŋan, “military unit of thousand”).


ayaŕ

ayaŕ (nominative singular)
ayaŕïg (accusative singular)
ayaŕnï (accusative singular)
ayaŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
ayaŕka (dative singular)
ayaŕta (locative singular)
ayaŕtan (ablative singular)
ayaŕgaru (allative singular)
ayaŕïn (instrumental singular)
ayaŕča (equative singular)
ayaŕlayu (singular)
ayaŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: уяр (ujar, “clear”)

Common Turkic: *ayaz

Arghu:

Khalaj: hayâz

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *ayaz

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ayaz)

Azerbaijani: ayaz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آیاز (ayaz)
Gagauz: ayaz, ayoz
Turkish: ayaz
→ Armenian: այազ (ayaz)
→ Greek: αγιάζι (agiázi)
→ Laz: აჲაზი (ayazi)

Turkmen: aýaz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَيازْ (ayaz)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ayaz)

Chagatai: اياز (ayaz)

Uzbek: ayoz

Uyghur: ئاياز (ayaz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اياز (ayaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аяҙ (ayaź)

Tatar: аяз (ayaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ayaz

Kumyk: аяз (ayaz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: аяз (aäz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяз (ayaz)

Southern Altai: айас (ayas)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ajas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: аяс (ayas)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: аяс (ayas)

Nişanyan and Eren both suggest a derivation from *āya- (“to become clear; to have a moon”) itself from *āy (“moon”). Note that both this word and *āy have initial h- in Khalaj.


tümen

Uncertain, possibly loaned from Tocharian A tmāṃ or Tocharian B tᵤmāne (“ten thousand”), ultimately from Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH, “myriad”).

A countless number or multitude (of specified things), a myriad


tümen

tümen (nominative singular)
tümenig (accusative singular)
tümenni (accusative singular)
tümenniŋ (genitive singular)
tümenke (dative singular)
tümente (locative singular)
tümenten (ablative singular)
tümengerü (allative singular)
tümenin (instrumental singular)
tümenče (equative singular)
tümenleyü (singular)
tümenligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *tümen

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tümən

Ottoman Turkish: تومان (tümen)

Turkish: tümen

Turkmen: tümen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُمَنْ (tümen)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tümen)

→ Persian: تومان (tumân)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төмән (tömən)

Tatar: төмән (tömän)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: түмен (tümen)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түмөн (tümön)

Southern Altai: тӱмен (tümen)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤 (tümen)

Uyghur: twmʾn (tümen)

North Siberian:

Yakut: түмэн (tümen), түбэн (tüben), үтүмэн (ütümen)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: түмэн (tümen)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tümen

→ Middle Mongol: ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ (tümen, “ten thousand”)

Khalkha Mongolian: ᠲᠦᠮᠡ (tüme)/түм (tüm)

→ Manchu: ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ (tumen)

→ Jurchen: tumәn (Jurchen script: )


süŋgü

süŋgü (nominative singular)
süŋgüg (accusative singular)
süŋgüni (accusative singular)
süŋgünüŋ (genitive singular)
süŋgüke (dative singular)
süŋgüde (locative singular)
süŋgüden (ablative singular)
süŋgügerü (allative singular)
süŋgün (instrumental singular)
süŋgüče (equative singular)
süŋgüleyü (singular)
süŋgülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: сăнă (sănă)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: süngü

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: سونگو, سنگو (süngü), سونگی (süngü)
Turkish: süngü
Gagauz: süngü
→ Arabic: سُونْكِيّ (sunkiyy), سُنْكِيّ (sunkiyy)
→ Armenian: սո̈ւնկո̈ւ (sünkü), սունկու (sunku)
→ Swahili: singe

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sünü)

Kipchak:

North Sİberian:

Bashkir: һөңгө (höñgö)

Tatar: сөңге (söñge)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: süngü

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: сүңгі (süñgı)

East Kipchak:

⇒ Southern Altai: суҥ (suŋ, “to bird”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (süŋüg)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (süŋü)

North Siberian:

desc

Yakut: үҥүү (üñüü)

Yakut: үҥүү (üñüü)


yagmur

yagmur (nominative singular)
yagmurug (accusative singular)
yagmurnï (accusative singular)
yagmurnuŋ (genitive singular)
yagmurka (dative singular)
yagmurta (locative singular)
yagmurtan (ablative singular)
yagmurgaru (allative singular)
yagmurun (instrumental singular)
yagmurča (equative singular)
yagmurlayu (singular)
yagmurlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫумӑр (śumăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağmur

Ottoman Turkish: یاغمور (yağmur)

Turkish: yağmur

Gagauz: yaamur

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýagmyr

Salar: yağmır

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَغْمُرْ (yaɣmur)

Chagatai: یَامْغُورْ (yāmğūr)

Uyghur: يامغۇر (yamghur)

Uzbek: yomgʻir

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yamğur), [script needed] (yamğır), [script needed] (yağmur)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ямғыр (yamğır)

Tatar: яңгыр (yañgır)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağmur

Karachay-Balkar: джангур (cañur), джанъур (cañur)

Kumyk: янгур (yañur)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jamǵır

Kazakh: жаңбыр (jañbyr)

Nogai: ямгыр (yamgır)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жамгыр (jamgır)

Southern Altai: јаҥмыр (ǰaŋmïr), јaмгыр (ǰamgïr)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (jağmur, “rain”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һамыыр (hamıır)

Yakut: самыыр (samıır)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: наңмыр (nañmır)

Shor: нағбур (nağbur), нағбыр (nağbır)

From earlier *yagmïr from *yag- (“to rain”) + *-mïr.


tīre-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dirəmək

Ottoman Turkish: دیرهمك (diremek)

Turkish: diremek (“to support, perdure, resist”)

Salar: dire

Turkmen: dīremek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tire-)

Uzbek: tiramoq

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: [script needed] (tirew)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: терәү (teräw)

Bashkir: терәү (terəw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: [script needed] (tirew)

Karakalpak: tirew

Kazakh: тіреу (tıreu)

Kyrgyz-kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тирөө (tiröö)

Southern Altai: тиреер (tireer)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: тирээ (tiree)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tǝre-)

Compared to Proto-Tungusic *tirē- (“to press, insert, make a support”), Proto-Koreanic *tiri- (“to press, to stick”).


tīrek

tīrek (nominative singular)
tīrekig (accusative singular)
tīrekni (accusative singular)
tīrekniŋ (genitive singular)
tīrekke (dative singular)
tīrekde (locative singular)
tīrekden (ablative singular)
tīrekgerü (allative singular)
tīrekin (instrumental singular)
tīrekče (equative singular)
tīrekleyü (singular)
tīrekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чарак (čarak)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dirək

Ottoman Turkish: دیرك

Turkish: direk (“pole”)

Gagauz: direk

Salar: direk

Turkmen: dīrek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tirek)

Uzbek: tirak

Uyghur: تىرەك (tirek)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (direk)

Kumyk: [script needed] (tirew)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: терәк (teräk)

Bashkir: терәк (terək)

→ Chuvash: тӗрек (tĕrek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тірек (tırek)

Nogai: [script needed] (tirew)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: тирӱ (tirü) < *тире- + ӱ

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tirek)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тирэх (tireq)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тірег (tìreg)

From Proto-Turkic *tīre- (“to support”) + *-k.


küdegü

küdegü (nominative singular)
küdegüg (accusative singular)
küdegüni (accusative singular)
küdegünüŋ (genitive singular)
küdegüke (dative singular)
küdegüde (locative singular)
küdegüden (ablative singular)
küdegügerü (allative singular)
küdegün (instrumental singular)
küdegüče (equative singular)
küdegüleyü (singular)
küdegülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кĕрӳ (kĕrü)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: küdəyi

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كويكو (güyegü)

Azerbaijani: giyəv

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گویگی (güveyi), گویگو (güveyü)
Gagauz: güvää
Turkish: güvey, güveyi
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: đuvegija
Cyrillic script: ђувегија

Salar: güy (“husband”)

Turkmen: giýew

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: كویاكو (küyägü), كویاو (küyäw) (later)
Uyghur: күйегү (küyëgü) (dialectal)
Uzbek: куёв (kuyov) / kuyov, dialectal күйәв, күйөв

Kipchak: كویاكو (küyägü), كویاو (küyäw) — later
North Kipchak
Bashkir: кейәү (keyəw)
Tatar: кияү (kiyaw), dialectal күйә (küyä)
West Kipchak
Crimean Tatar: kiyev
Karachay-Balkar: кюеу (küyeu), киеу (kiyeu)
Karaim: кӱйӱв, кийив, кийув, кувейи, гувейи
Kumyk: гийев (giyew), гийэв (giyew)
Central Kipchak
Karakalpak: kúyev
Kazakh: күйеу (küieu)
Nogai: киев (kiyev)
East Kipchak
Kyrgyz: күйөө (küyöö)
Southern Altai: кӱйӱ (küyü), dialectal кӱйе (küye), кӱйӧ (küyö)

Siberian:

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (küdegü), [script needed] (küden)

Western Yugur: küzegi

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (kütüö)

Yakut: күтүөт (kütüöt)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (hüdää)

Tuvan: күдээ (küdee)

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas: кізӧ

From *küde- + *-gü. Compare Proto-Mongolic *kuda, *kudagu (“relative-in-law”).


kȫkerčin

kȫkerčin (nominative singular)
kȫkerčinig (accusative singular)
kȫkerčinni (accusative singular)
kȫkerčinniŋ (genitive singular)
kȫkerčinke (dative singular)
kȫkerčinte (locative singular)
kȫkerčinten (ablative singular)
kȫkerčingerü (allative singular)
kȫkerčinin (instrumental singular)
kȫkerčinče (equative singular)
kȫkerčinleyü (singular)
kȫkerčinligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑвакарчӑн (kăvak̬arč̬ăn)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kö̂kərçik

Proto-Oghuz: *göɣerčin

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göyərçin

→ Khalaj: gövərçin

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوگرجین (güvercin), կիւվէրճին (güvercin), կէօվէրճին (gövercin) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: güvercin
→ Armenian: կիւվէրճին (kiwvērčin), կէօվէրճին (kēōvērčin)
→ Laz: ჯუვერჯინი (cuvercini)

Turkmeneli Turkish: göğerçin

East Oghuz:

Salar: gürgüncük

Turkmen: gögerçin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күгәрсен (kügərsen)

Tatar: күгәрчен (kügärçen)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: gögercin, kögerçin

Karachay-Balkar: кёгюрчюн (kögürçün)

Karaim: [script needed] (kürgüçün)

desc

Kumyk: гёгюрчюн (gögürçün)

Kumyk: гёгюрчюн (gögürçün)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: көгершін (kögerşın)

Nogai: коьгершин (kögerşin)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көгүчкөн (kögückön)

Southern Altai: кӧгӧрчин (kögörčin)

Siberian:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (köküšken, köküškön)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: көгээзин (kögeezin, “wild pigeon”)

From Proto-Turkic *kȫker- (“to turn blue”) + *-čin, from *kȫk (“blue”) + *-er.


bēgen-

trk-cmn-conj-head

bēgenteči, bēgenmekči, bēgensik, bēgeneček

bēgenteči ben, bēgenmekči ben, bēgeneček ben

bēgenteči sen, bēgenmekči sen, bēgeneček sen

bēgenteči biz, bēgenmekči biz, bēgeneček biz

bēgenteči siz, bēgenmekči siz, bēgeneček siz

bēgenmesek, bēgenmesemiz, bēgenmeser biz

bēgenmek (infinitive)
bēgengen (participle present)
bēgenigme (participle present)
bēgenür (participle present)
bēgentük (participle past)
bēgenmiš (participle past)
bēgenteči (future participle)
bēgenmekči (future participle)
bēgensik (future participle)
bēgeneček (future participle)
bēgenme (noun-from-verb)
bēgenig (noun-from-verb)
bēgengü (noun-from-verb)
bēgeniš (adverbial)
bēgenür ben (aorist indicative singular)
bēgenür sen (aorist indicative singular)
bēgenür (aorist indicative singular)
bēgenür biz (aorist indicative plural)
bēgenür siz (aorist indicative plural)
bēgenür (aorist indicative plural)
bēgentim (indicative past singular)
bēgentiŋ (indicative past singular)
bēgenti (indicative past singular)
bēgentik (indicative past plural)
bēgentimiz (indicative past plural)
bēgentiŋiz (indicative past plural)
bēgenti (indicative past plural)
bēgenmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
bēgenmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
bēgenmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
bēgenmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
bēgenmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
bēgenmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
bēgenteči ben (future indicative singular)
bēgenmekči ben (future indicative singular)
bēgeneček ben (future indicative singular)
bēgenteči sen (future indicative singular)
bēgenmekči sen (future indicative singular)
bēgeneček sen (future indicative singular)
bēgenteči (future indicative singular)
bēgenmekči (future indicative singular)
bēgeneček (future indicative singular)
bēgenteči biz (future indicative plural)
bēgenmekči biz (future indicative plural)
bēgeneček biz (future indicative plural)
bēgenteči siz (future indicative plural)
bēgenmekči siz (future indicative plural)
bēgeneček siz (future indicative plural)
bēgenteči (future indicative plural)
bēgenmekči (future indicative plural)
bēgeneček (future indicative plural)
bēgengey ben (future indicative singular)
bēgengey sen (future indicative singular)
bēgengey (future indicative singular)
bēgengey biz (future indicative plural)
bēgengey siz (future indicative plural)
bēgengey (future indicative plural)
bēgensikim (future indicative singular)
bēgensikiŋ (future indicative singular)
bēgensik (future indicative singular)
bēgensikimiz (future indicative plural)
bēgensikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
bēgensik (future indicative plural)
bēgensem (conditional singular)
bēgenser ben (conditional singular)
bēgenseŋ (conditional singular)
bēgenser sen (conditional singular)
bēgense (conditional singular)
bēgenser (conditional singular)
bēgensek (conditional plural)
bēgensemiz (conditional plural)
bēgenser biz (conditional plural)
bēgenseŋiz (conditional plural)
bēgenser siz (conditional plural)
bēgenseler (conditional plural)
bēgenser (conditional plural)
bēgengey ben (optative singular)
bēgengey sen (optative singular)
bēgengey (optative singular)
bēgengey biz (optative plural)
bēgengey siz (optative plural)
bēgengey (optative plural)
bēgenmekde ben (progressive singular)
bēgenmekde sen (progressive singular)
bēgenmekde (progressive singular)
bēgenmekde biz (plural progressive)
bēgenmekde siz (plural progressive)
bēgenmekde (plural progressive)
bēgenmelig ben (necessitative singular)
bēgenmelig sen (necessitative singular)
bēgenmelig (necessitative singular)
bēgenmelig biz (necessitative plural)
bēgenmelig siz (necessitative plural)
bēgenmelig (necessitative plural)
bēgeneyin (imperative singular)
bēgen (imperative singular)
bēgengil (imperative singular)
bēgenzün (imperative singular)
bēgenelim (imperative plural)
bēgeniŋ (imperative plural)
bēgenzün (imperative plural)
bēgenmemek (infinitive negative)
bēgenmegen (negative participle present)
bēgenmegme (negative participle present)
bēgenmez (negative participle present)
bēgenmedük (negative participle past)
bēgenmemiš (negative participle past)
bēgenmeči (future negative participle)
bēgenmesik (future negative participle)
bēgenmeyeček (future negative participle)
bēgenmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
bēgenmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
bēgenmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
bēgenmeyiš (adverbial negative)
bēgenmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
bēgenmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
bēgenmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
bēgenmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bēgenmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bēgenmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
bēgenmedim (indicative negative past singular)
bēgenmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
bēgenmedi (indicative negative past singular)
bēgenmedik (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmedi (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bēgenmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bēgenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bēgenmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bēgenmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bēgenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bēgenmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeči (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeči (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmegey (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmegey (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmesik (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesik (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesem (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmese (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeser (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmesek (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeseler (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeser (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmegey ben (negative optative singular)
bēgenmegey sen (negative optative singular)
bēgenmegey (negative optative singular)
bēgenmegey biz (negative optative plural)
bēgenmegey siz (negative optative plural)
bēgenmegey (negative optative plural)
bēgenmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
bēgenmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
bēgenmemekde (negative progressive singular)
bēgenmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
bēgenmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
bēgenmemekde (negative plural progressive)
bēgenmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
bēgenmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
bēgenmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
bēgenmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
bēgenmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
bēgenmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
bēgenme (imperative negative singular)
bēgenmegil (imperative negative singular)
bēgenmezün (imperative negative singular)
bēgenmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
bēgenmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
bēgenmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəyənmək

Ottoman Turkish: بگنمك

Turkish: beğenmek

Turkmen: begenmek

desc

→ Chuvash: пикен (pik̬en, “to hope; to strive, try”)

→ Chagatai: [script needed] (bigen-)

→ Kipchak: [script needed] (begen-), [script needed] (bigen-), [script needed] (beyen-), [script needed] (biyen-)

Cuman: bien- (biyen-)


küneĺ

küneĺ (nominative singular)
küneĺig (accusative singular)
küneĺni (accusative singular)
küneĺniŋ (genitive singular)
küneĺke (dative singular)
küneĺte (locative singular)
küneĺten (ablative singular)
küneĺgerü (allative singular)
küneĺin (instrumental singular)
küneĺče (equative singular)
küneĺleyü (singular)
küneĺligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: künəş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem Turkic:

Azerbaijani: günəş

Qashqai: [script needed] (günes)

Ottoman Turkish: كونش

Turkish: güneş

Gagauz: güneş

→ Crimean Tatar: küneş

→ Karaim: кӱнэш

→ Krymchak: [script needed] (günäš)

→ Kumyk: гюнеш (güneş)

→ Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (könäs)

→? Kyrgyz: күнөш (künöş)

→? Southern Altai: кӱнеш (küneš)

→ Chagatai:

Salar: güniş

Turkmen: güneş

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰛𐰈𐰤𐰾 (küneš, “sunshine”)

From *kün (“the Sun, day”) + *-e- + *-ĺ. According to Nişanyan, although the verb *küne- is unattested, it could have existed with the meaning "to shine", compare *yaĺčuk (“sun”) from *yaĺču- (“to shine”).
Ünal, considering Proto-Mongolic *asa- (“to burn”) and Proto-Yeniseian *pʰal (“warm”) as Turkic borrowings, reconstructs an ad hoc *(h)āĺ ("heat") which is not found in any daughter language and considers this word to be a compound of it and *kün (“the Sun, day”).
Rasanen instead considers it as contamination of *kuńāĺ with *kün.
Whether *kuńāĺ (“sunny place”) is a secondary form of this or a distinct word is uncertain, with multiple sources claiming one or the other.


burgu

burgu (nominative singular)
burgug (accusative singular)
burgunï (accusative singular)
burgunuŋ (genitive singular)
burguka (dative singular)
burguda (locative singular)
burgudan (ablative singular)
burgugaru (allative singular)
burgun (instrumental singular)
burguča (equative singular)
burgulayu (singular)
burgulugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑрӑх (părăh)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *burɣu

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: boru

Ottoman Turkish: بورو (boru)

Turkish: boru

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: moʻri, burgʻu

Uyghur: بۇرغا (burgha)

Kipchak:

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: борғо (borğo)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: буру (buru, “guilt”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (burğu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: мурғу (“pipe made of a plant stem”)

Yenisei:

Khakas: пырғы (pırğı, “hunting horn”)

From Proto-Turkic *bur- (“to bend”) + *-gu. Compared to Proto-Mongolic *bürijen (“trumpet, trumpet horn”).


ạl-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ил (il)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: almaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: almaq

Ottoman Turkish: آلمق (almak)

Turkish: almak

Gagauz: almaa

Turkmen: almak

Salar: al

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (al-)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: olmoq

Uyghur: ئالماق (almaq)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: almaq

Kumyk: алмакъ (almaq)

Karachay-Balkar: алыргъа (alırğa)

Karaim: [script needed] (al-)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: алыу (alıw)

Tatar: алу (alu)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: алу (alu)

Karakalpak: aluw

Nogai: алу (alu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: алуу (aluu)

Southern Altai: алар (alar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (al-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (al-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (al-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: ыл (ıl)

Dolgan: ыл

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: алыр (alır)

Tofa: [script needed] (al-)

Yenisei:

Shor: аларға (alarğa)

Khakas: [script needed] (al-)

Compare to Proto-Mongolic *ali- (“to take, receive; give”), Proto-Tungusic *al(i)- (“to take, receive; give, hand over”).


bürče

bürče (nominative singular)
bürčeg (accusative singular)
bürčeni (accusative singular)
bürčeniŋ (genitive singular)
bürčeke (dative singular)
bürčede (locative singular)
bürčeden (ablative singular)
bürčegerü (allative singular)
bürčen (instrumental singular)
bürčeče (equative singular)
bürčeleyü (singular)
bürčeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑрҫа (părś̬a)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөрсә (börsə)

Tatar: бөрчә (börçä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bürçe

Karachay-Balkar: бюрче (bürçe)

Kumyk: бюрче (bürçe)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: бүрше (bürşe) (dialect)

Nogai: буьрше (bürşe)


bul-

bulmak (infinitive)
bulgan (participle present)
bulugma (participle present)
bulur (participle present)
bulduk (participle past)
bulmïš (participle past)
buldačï (future participle)
bulmakčï (future participle)
bulsïk (future participle)
bulačak (future participle)
bulma (noun-from-verb)
bulug (noun-from-verb)
bulgu (noun-from-verb)
buluš (adverbial)
bulur ben (aorist indicative singular)
bulur sen (aorist indicative singular)
bulur (aorist indicative singular)
bulur biz (aorist indicative plural)
bulur siz (aorist indicative plural)
bulur (aorist indicative plural)
buldum (indicative past singular)
bulduŋ (indicative past singular)
buldï (indicative past singular)
bulduk (indicative past plural)
buldumuz (indicative past plural)
bulduŋuz (indicative past plural)
buldï (indicative past plural)
bulmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
bulmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
bulmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
bulmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
bulmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
bulmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
buldačï ben (future indicative singular)
bulmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
bulačak ben (future indicative singular)
buldačï sen (future indicative singular)
bulmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
bulačak sen (future indicative singular)
buldačï (future indicative singular)
bulmakčï (future indicative singular)
bulačak (future indicative singular)
buldačï biz (future indicative plural)
bulmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
bulačak biz (future indicative plural)
buldačï siz (future indicative plural)
bulmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
bulačak siz (future indicative plural)
buldačï (future indicative plural)
bulmakčï (future indicative plural)
bulačak (future indicative plural)
bulgay ben (future indicative singular)
bulgay sen (future indicative singular)
bulgay (future indicative singular)
bulgay biz (future indicative plural)
bulgay siz (future indicative plural)
bulgay (future indicative plural)
bulsukum (future indicative singular)
bulsukuŋ (future indicative singular)
bulsuk (future indicative singular)
bulsukumuz (future indicative plural)
bulsukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
bulsuk (future indicative plural)
bulsam (conditional singular)
bulsar ben (conditional singular)
bulsaŋ (conditional singular)
bulsar sen (conditional singular)
bulsa (conditional singular)
bulsar (conditional singular)
bulsak (conditional plural)
bulsamïz (conditional plural)
bulsar biz (conditional plural)
bulsaŋïz (conditional plural)
bulsar siz (conditional plural)
bulsalar (conditional plural)
bulsar (conditional plural)
bulgay ben (optative singular)
bulgay sen (optative singular)
bulgay (optative singular)
bulgay biz (optative plural)
bulgay siz (optative plural)
bulgay (optative plural)
bulmakda ben (progressive singular)
bulmakda sen (progressive singular)
bulmakda (progressive singular)
bulmakda biz (plural progressive)
bulmakda siz (plural progressive)
bulmakda (plural progressive)
bulmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
bulmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
bulmalïg (necessitative singular)
bulmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
bulmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
bulmalïg (necessitative plural)
bulayïn (imperative singular)
bul (imperative singular)
bulgïl (imperative singular)
bulzun (imperative singular)
bulalïm (imperative plural)
buluŋ (imperative plural)
bulzun (imperative plural)
bulmamak (infinitive negative)
bulmagan (negative participle present)
bulmagma (negative participle present)
bulmaz (negative participle present)
bulmaduk (negative participle past)
bulmamïš (negative participle past)
bulmačï (future negative participle)
bulmasïk (future negative participle)
bulmayačak (future negative participle)
bulmama (negative noun-from-verb)
bulmag (negative noun-from-verb)
bulmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
bulmayuš (adverbial negative)
bulmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
bulmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
bulmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
bulmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bulmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bulmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bulmadum (indicative negative past singular)
bulmaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
bulmadï (indicative negative past singular)
bulmaduk (indicative negative past plural)
bulmadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
bulmaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
bulmadï (indicative negative past plural)
bulmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bulmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bulmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bulmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bulmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bulmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bulmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
bulmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
bulmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
bulmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
bulmačï (future indicative negative singular)
bulmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
bulmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmačï (future indicative negative plural)
bulmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
bulmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
bulmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
bulmagay (future indicative negative singular)
bulmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmagay (future indicative negative plural)
bulmasukum (future indicative negative singular)
bulmasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
bulmasuk (future indicative negative singular)
bulmasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
bulmasuk (future indicative negative plural)
bulmasam (conditional negative singular)
bulmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
bulmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
bulmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
bulmasa (conditional negative singular)
bulmasar (conditional negative singular)
bulmasak (conditional negative plural)
bulmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
bulmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
bulmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
bulmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
bulmasalar (conditional negative plural)
bulmasar (conditional negative plural)
bulmagay ben (negative optative singular)
bulmagay sen (negative optative singular)
bulmagay (negative optative singular)
bulmagay biz (negative optative plural)
bulmagay siz (negative optative plural)
bulmagay (negative optative plural)
bulmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
bulmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
bulmamakda (negative progressive singular)
bulmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
bulmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
bulmamakda (negative plural progressive)
bulmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
bulmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
bulmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
bulmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
bulmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
bulmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
bulmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
bulma (imperative negative singular)
bulmagïl (imperative negative singular)
bulmazun (imperative negative singular)
bulmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
bulmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
bulmazun (imperative negative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bulmaq

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bul-

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (bulmaq)

Azerbaijani: bulmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بولمق
Gagauz: bulmaa
Turkish: bulmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلْماقْ (bulmāq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بلماق (bulmaq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bulmaq

Karaim: [script needed] (bul-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞 (b¹ul¹ /bul/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bul-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бул (bul)

Dolgan: бул (bul)


āg

āg (nominative singular)
āgïg (accusative singular)
āgnï (accusative singular)
āgnïŋ (genitive singular)
āgka (dative singular)
āgda (locative singular)
āgdan (ablative singular)
āggaru (allative singular)
āgïn (instrumental singular)
āgča (equative singular)
āglayu (singular)
āglïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ağ)

Uzbek: av

Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: آغ (ağ)

Turkish: ağ

Turkmen: ag

Azerbaijani: ağ

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ау (aw)

Tatar: ав (aw)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: ав

Karachay-Balkar: ау (au)

Kumyk: ав (aw)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ау (au)

Karakalpak: ау

Nogai: ав (av)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уу (uu)

Southern Altai: уу (uu)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: ағ

Khakas: ағ (ağ)


kïrk

Oghur

Chuvash: хӗрӗх (hĕrĕh)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qırq

Oghuz

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kırk)

Azerbaijani: qırx

Ottoman Turkish: قرق (kırk)

Turkish: kırk

Gagauz: kırk

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kyrk

Kipchak

Western Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qırq

Karachay-Balkar: къыркъ (qırq)

Kumyk: къыркъ (qırq)

Kipchak-Nogai

Karakalpak: қырық

Kazakh: қырық (qyryq)

Nogai: кырк (kırk)

Northern Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡырҡ (qırq)

Tatar: кырык (qırıq)

Eastern Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кырк (kırk)

Southern Altai: кырык (kïrïk)

Karluk

Uyghur: قىرىق (qiriq)

Uzbek: qirq

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰃𐰺𐰴 (qir¹q)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽷 (kïrk)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Chulym: қырық (qırıq)

Khakas: хырых (xırıx)

Shor: қырық (qırıq)


börük

börük (nominative singular)
börükler (nominative plural)
börükniŋ (genitive singular)
börüklerniŋ (genitive plural)
börükke (dative singular)
börüklerke (dative plural)
börükte (locative singular)
börüklerde (locative plural)
börükten (ablative singular)
börüklerden (ablative plural)
börüklerin (instrumental plural)
börükče (equative singular)
börüklerče (equative plural)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *bürkü- (“to cover”)

⇒ Common Turkic: *börükgek

Arghu:

Khalaj: bürgək

Arghu:

Khalaj: bö̂rk

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: börk

Ottoman Turkish: بورك (börk)

Turkish: börk

Turkmen: bȫrik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُرْكْ (börk)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: burk

Uyghur: بۆك (bök), (obsolete) بۆرك (börk)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: бёрк (börk)

Karachay-Balkar: бёрк (börk)

Karaim: [script needed] (bärik), [script needed] (b'ork)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бүрек (bürek)

Tatar: бүрек (bürek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бөрік (börık)

Karakalpak: börik

Nogai: боьрк (börk)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бөрүк (börük)

Southern Altai: бӧрӱк (börük)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (börk)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бэргэһэ (bergehe)

Dolgan: бэргэһэ

Dolgan: бэргэһэ

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бөрт (bört)

Soyot: бөърт (bö̀rt)

Tofa: [script needed] (bö'rt)

Yenisei:

Shor: пӧрӱк (pörük)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (perik)

Khakas: пӧрік

From *börü- + *-ük. The vowel in the suffix disappeared early in most languages..


kerü

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: geri

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: geri

Gagauz: geri

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَرو (kerü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кире (kire)

Tatar: кире (kire)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: кери (keri, “away”)

Kumyk: [script needed] (geri)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: кері (kerı)

Karakalpak: keri

Nogai: кері

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кери (keri)

Southern Altai: кери (keri)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kerü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kerü)


čabak

čabak (nominative singular)
čabakïg (accusative singular)
čabaknï (accusative singular)
čabaknïŋ (genitive singular)
čabakka (dative singular)
čabakda (locative singular)
čabakdan (ablative singular)
čabakgaru (allative singular)
čabakïn (instrumental singular)
čabakča (equative singular)
čabaklayu (singular)
čabaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чапак (čap̬ak)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Turkish: çabak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: чабак (çabaq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: çabaq

Karachay-Balkar: чабакъ (çabaq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: шабақ (şabaq)

Kyrgyz: чабак (cabak)


kidiŕ

kidiŕ (nominative singular)
kidiŕig (accusative singular)
kidiŕni (accusative singular)
kidiŕniŋ (genitive singular)
kidiŕke (dative singular)
kidiŕte (locative singular)
kidiŕten (ablative singular)
kidiŕgerü (allative singular)
kidiŕin (instrumental singular)
kidiŕče (equative singular)
kidiŕleyü (singular)
kidiŕligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkish: kiyiz (dial.)

Turkmen: kiz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kiδiz)

Uzbek: kigiz

Uyghur: كىگىز (kigiz)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: кийиз (kiyiz)

Karachay-Balkar: кийиз (kiyiz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кейеҙ (keyeź)

Tatar: кийез (kiyez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: киіз (kiız)

Karakalpak: kiyiz

Nogai: кийиз (kiyiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кийиз (kiyiz)

Southern Altai: кийис (kiyis)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kidiz)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кидис (kidis)

Yenisei:

Khakas: кис (kis)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ködü-sü- (“worked sheep skin”).


köbüŕ

köbüŕ (nominative singular)
köbüŕüg (accusative singular)
köbüŕni (accusative singular)
köbüŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
köbüŕke (dative singular)
köbüŕte (locative singular)
köbüŕten (ablative singular)
köbüŕgerü (allative singular)
köbüŕün (instrumental singular)
köbüŕče (equative singular)
köbüŕleyü (singular)
köbüŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

desc

→? Russian: ковёр (kovjór, “rug, carpet”)

→ Romanian: covor

→ Yakut: көбүөр (köbüör)

→? Czech: koberec

→? Polish: kobierzec

→? Bulgarian: губер (guber)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: köğüz (dial.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kewiz)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: kigiz

Uyghur: [script needed] (kebez)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: [script needed] (guyuz) (dial.)

Karachay-Balkar: кюйюз (küyüz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көйөҙ (köyöź)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Nogai: куьйиз (küyiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кебез (kebez, “cotton”)

Southern Altai: кебис (kebis)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хевис (xevis, “carpet”)

Yenisei:

Shor: кемис (“carpet”)

Khakas: кибіс (kibìs, “carpet”)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kebis)


čiāk

čiāk (nominative singular)
čiākïg (accusative singular)
čiāknï (accusative singular)
čiāknïŋ (genitive singular)
čiākka (dative singular)
čiākda (locative singular)
čiākdan (ablative singular)
čiākgaru (allative singular)
čiākïn (instrumental singular)
čiākča (equative singular)
čiāklayu (singular)
čiāklïgu (comitative singular)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *čag (“time”)

Mongolian: цаг (cag)

Oghur:

Chuvash: [script needed] (čox)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çağ

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چاغ (çağ)
Turkish: çağ
→ Armenian: չաղ (čʻaġ)

Turkmen: çag

Karluk:

Uzbek: chogʻ

Uyghur: چاغ (chagh, “era”)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: çağ

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: саҡ (saq)

Tatar: чак (çaq)

→ Chuvash: чух (čuh)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: шақ (şaq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чак (cak)

Southern Altai: чак (čak)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: сах (saq)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: шак (şak)

Northern Altai: шак (šak)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *čag (“time”).


kalïŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash: хулӑн (hulăn)

Common Turkic: *kalïŋ

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qalın

Ottoman Turkish: قالن (kalın), قالین
Turkish: kalın
Gagauz: kalın

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: galyň

desc

Salar: [script needed] (xaloŋ), [script needed] (xalaŋ)

Karluk:

Uyghur: قېلىن (qëlin)

Uzbek: qalin

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qalın

Karachay-Balkar: къалын (qalın)

Kumyk: къалын (qalın)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡалын (qalın)

Tatar: калын (qalın)

→ Russian: калым (kalym, “bride price”)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қалың

Kazakh: қалың (qalyñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: калың (kalıŋ)

Southern Altai: калыҥ (kalïŋ)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: qalïn

North Siberian:

Yakut: халыҥ (qalıñ)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: халын (xalın)


kēkir-

Oghur:

Chuvash: какӑр (kak̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gəyirmək

Ottoman Turkish: ككرمك (geyirmek)

Turkish: geğirmek

Gagauz: giirmää

Turkmen: gǟgirmek

→ Khalaj: gə̂gürmək

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَكِرْمَكْ (kekirmek)

Uzbek: kekirmoq

Uyghur: كېكىرمەك (këkirmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кикереү (kikerew)

Tatar: кикерергә (kikerergä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kekirmek

Kumyk: кекирмек (kekirmek)

Karachay-Balkar: кекирирге (kekirirge)

Karaim: [script needed] (kekir-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кекирүү (kekirüü)

Southern Altai: кегир (kegir)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: kekirmek

Kazakh: кекіру (kekıru)

Nogai: кекіруьв

Nogai: кекіруьв

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: кэҕэрт (keğert)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (keɣirer)

Tuvan: кегирер (kegirer)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (kigǝr-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kekirt-)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *keke-, *kaka- (“to belch; to choke”); Proto-Tungusic *kaxa- (“to choke”).


semiŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: самӑр (samăr, “fat”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: səmiz, səmizmək (“to fatten”)

Ottoman Turkish: سمیز (semiz)

Turkish: semiz

Salar: semiz, simus

Turkmen: semiz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَمِزْ (semiz)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: semiz

Uyghur: سېمىز (sëmiz)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: semiz

Kumyk: семиз (semiz)

Karachay-Balkar: семиз (semiz)

Karaim: [script needed] (semiz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һимеҙ (himeź)

Tatar: симез (simez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: семіз (semız)

Karakalpak: semiz

Nogai: семіз

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: семиз (semiz)

Southern Altai: семис (semis)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (semiz)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (semiz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: эмис

Yakut: эмис (emis)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: семис (semis)

Tofa: семис

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: семис

Shor: себис

Khakas: симiс (simis)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (semiz)

Northern Altai: севис (sevis), севиз (seviz), себис (sebis), себиз (sebiz)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *sem-ci (“inner fat, fat on liver”), Proto-Tungusic *semesik (“inner fat”). Looking at the compared word in Mongolic, can be from *sem- + *-iŕ.


yapurgak

yapurgak (nominative singular)
yapurgaklar (nominative plural)
yapurgaknïŋ (genitive singular)
yapurgaklarnïŋ (genitive plural)
yapurgakka (dative singular)
yapurgaklarka (dative plural)
yapurgakta (locative singular)
yapurgaklarda (locative plural)
yapurgaktan (ablative singular)
yapurgaklardan (ablative plural)
yapurgaklarïn (instrumental plural)
yapurgakča (equative singular)
yapurgaklarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (yarpaq)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yarpaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یپراق (yaprak), یاپراق (yaprak)
Turkish: yaprak
Gagauz: yaprak
→ Armenian: յափրախ (yapʻrax), ափրաղ (apʻraġ)
→ Ladino: yaprak
→ North Levantine Arabic: يبرق (yabraʔ)
→ Romanian: iaprac
→ Serbo-Croatian: japrak

Salar: yafraq, yarfaq

Turkmen: ýaprak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَبُرْغاقْ (yapurɣāq)

Uyghur: يوپۇرماق (yopurmaq)

Uzbek: yaproq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: япраҡ (yapraq)

Tatar: яфрак (yafraq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yapraq

Karachay-Balkar: чапракъ (çapraq)

Kumyk: япыракъ (yapıraq)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жапырақ (japıraq)

Kazakh: жапырақ (japyraq)

Nogai: япырак (yapırak)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жалбырак (jalbırak)

Southern Altai: јалбырак (ǰalbïrak)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽼𐽶𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽵𐾄 (yapïrğaq)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сэбирдэх (sebirdeq)

desc

Dolgan: һэбирдэк

Dolgan: һэбирдэк

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чөвүрээ (çövüree)

Tofa: чөъпрәә

Tofa: чөъпрәә

Clauson derives from *yapur- (“to smooth, level”) + *-gak.


kǖse-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *küse- (“to wish”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *xüse (“hunter”)

→? Hungarian: köszön (“to thank”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkmen: küýsemek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (küse-)

Uyghur: [script needed] (küse-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (kühe-)

Tatar: [script needed] (köse-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күсөө (küsöö)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: küsemek

Nogai: [script needed] (küse-)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: күзээр (küzeer)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *küse- (“to wish”), Proto-Tungusic *xüsege- (“to be anxious, worry about smth.”) (from Proto-Tungusic *xüse (“hunter; male, man”)).


bēr-

Oghur:

Chuvash: пар (par)

Common Turkic: *bẹ̄r-

Arghu:

Khalaj: vêrmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: vermək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ویرمك (vermek)
Turkish: vermek
Gagauz: vermää

Turkmen: bermek

Salar: ver

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بيٖرْماكْ (bērmäk)

Chagatai: برماک (bärmäk)

Uzbek: bermoq

Uyghur: بەرمەك (bermek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: биреү (birew)

Tatar: бирергә (birergä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bermek

Kumyk: бермек (bermek)

Karachay-Balkar: берирге (berirge)

Karaim: [script needed] (ver-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: берүү (berüü)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (ber-)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: beriw

Kazakh: беру (beru)

Nogai: бермек (bermek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: -𐰋𐰃𐰼 (-b²ir² /bér-/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ber-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (bier)

Yakut: биэр (bier)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (ber-)

Tuvan: бээр (beer)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (per-)

Khakas: [script needed] (pir-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (per-)


teriŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash: тарӑн (tarăn)

Common Turkic: *teriŋ

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dərin

Ottoman Turkish: دریڭ (deriñ), درین (derin)
Turkish: derin
→ Laz: დერინი (derini)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: teren

Karachay-Balkar: терен (teren)

Kumyk: терен (teren)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тәрән (tərən)

Tatar: тирән (tirän)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: терең (tereñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: терең (tereŋ)

Southern Altai: тереҥ (tereŋ)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: дириҥ (diriñ)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: дэреӈ

Tuvan: терең (tereñ)


kạrïn

kạrïn (nominative singular)
kạrïnïg (accusative singular)
kạrïnnï (accusative singular)
kạrïnnïŋ (genitive singular)
kạrïnka (dative singular)
kạrïnta (locative singular)
kạrïntan (ablative singular)
kạrïngaru (allative singular)
kạrïnïn (instrumental singular)
kạrïnča (equative singular)
kạrïnlayu (singular)
kạrïnlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: хырӑм (hyrăm)

Danube Bulgar:

→? Old Church Slavonic: корьмъ (korĭmŭ)

Bulgarian: корем (korem)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qarın

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qarın

Ottoman Turkish: قارن (karn, karın)

Turkish: karın

Salar: garın

Turkmen: garyn

Karluk:

Uyghur: قارىن (qarin)

Uzbek: qorin

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qarın

Karachay-Balkar: къарын (qarın)

Kumyk: къарын (qarın)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡарын (qarın)

Tatar: qarın

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қарын (qaryn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карын (karın)

Southern Altai: карын (karïn)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰺𐰣 (qarïn)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хырын (xırın)

Yenisei:

Khakas: харын (xarın)


kunduŕ

kunduŕ (nominative singular)
kunduŕug (accusative singular)
kunduŕnï (accusative singular)
kunduŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
kunduŕka (dative singular)
kunduŕta (locative singular)
kunduŕtan (ablative singular)
kunduŕgaru (allative singular)
kunduŕun (instrumental singular)
kunduŕča (equative singular)
kunduŕlayu (singular)
kunduŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑнтӑр (hănt̬ăr)

Common Turkic: *kunduz

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qunduz

Ottoman Turkish: قوندوز (kunduz), قوندز (kunduz)
Turkish: kunduz
→ Arabic: قُنْدُس (qundus), قُنْدُز (qunduz)
→ Armenian: խունտուզ (xuntuz)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: խնդուզ (xnduz), խնտուզ (xntuz)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gunduz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قوندوز (qunduz)

Uyghur: قۇندۇز (qunduz)

Uzbek: qunduz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡондоҙ (qondoź)

Tatar: кондыз (qondız)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qunduz

Karachay-Balkar: къундуз (qunduz)

Kumyk: хундуз (xunduz)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: құндыз (qūndyz, “otter”)

Nogai: кундыз (kundız)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кундуз (kunduz)

Southern Altai: кумдус (kumdus)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: kwntwz (kuntuz, “beaver”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кундус (kundus, “otter”)

Tofa: һундус (xundus)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хундус (xundus)

Shor: қумдус (kumdus, “lizard”)

Unknown. Eren (1999) argues that this word is composed of *kund (“?”) + *-uŕ (“deverbal noun-making suffix”).
Often compared with Proto-Ugric *kuntɜ (“beaver”), whence Hungarian hód, Northern Mansi хунтыль (huntylʹ). Both loaning directions (Turkic → Ugric, Ugric → Turkic) have been proposed.
Original meaning of this root, beaver, is contaminated in select languages with the secondary semantic derivation of otter.


-melig

Oghur:

Chuvash: -малла (-malla), -мелле (-melle)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -məli, -malı

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -meli, -malı

Turkmen: -meli, -maly

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -мелі (-melı), -пелі (-pelı), -белі (-belı) (not as necessitative suffix, but as verbal-adjective)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: -мел (-mel)

From + *-me + *-lig (see more at Turkish -meli). However, the existence of the Chuvash cognate, may precede the Turkish derivation from -me + -li.

seb- (“to love”) + *-melig → *sebmelig (“(s/he) should love”)


tẹpi-

Oghur:

Chuvash: тип (tip, “dry; to stale”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: təpimək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: tepimek — Denizli, Kütahya, Giresun, Niğde, Muğla

Turkmen: tebimek

Somehow, this verb only exists in Oghuz and Oghur.


āčïg

āčïg (nominative singular)
āčïgïg (accusative singular)
āčïgnï (accusative singular)
āčïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
āčïgka (dative singular)
āčïgda (locative singular)
āčïgdan (ablative singular)
āčïggaru (allative singular)
āčïgïn (instrumental singular)
āčïgča (equative singular)
āčïglayu (singular)
āčïglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӳҫӗ (jüś̬ĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hâçığ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (acı)

Azerbaijani: acı

Ottoman Turkish: آجی (acı)

Gagauz: acı

Turkish: acı

Salar: acı

Turkmen: ājy

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَجِغْ (ačïğ)

Uyghur: ئاچچىق (achchiq)

Uzbek: achchiq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: әсе (əse), асы (ası)

Tatar: ачы (açı)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: accı, aççı

Karachay-Balkar: ачы (açı)

Kumyk: аччы (aççı)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ащы (aşy)

Nogai: ашшы (aşşı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ачуу (acuu)

Southern Altai: ачу (aču)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: аһыы (ahıı)

Yakut: аһыы (ahıı)

From *āčï- (“to become bitter, sour”) + *-g.


uruk

uruk (nominative singular)
urukug (accusative singular)
uruknï (accusative singular)
uruknuŋ (genitive singular)
urukka (dative singular)
urukda (locative singular)
urukdan (ablative singular)
urukgaru (allative singular)
urukun (instrumental singular)
urukča (equative singular)
uruklayu (singular)
uruklugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: hurok

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرُقْ (uruq)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: урук (uruk)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: ՚wrwk (uruq)

Western Yugur: uruq

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: урук (uruk, “lasso pole”)

Yenisei:

Khakas: урух (urux)

Shor: уруқ (uruq)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *hurïka

→? Proto-Tungusic: *purka

From *ur- (“to hit; to place”) + *-uk. Cognate with *urkan (“rope”). According to Clauson some forms with the meaning "lasso" go back to *ukruk (“lasso”) instead.


ermeŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: мар (mar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (imez)

Ottoman Turkish: ايمَز (imez)

Salar: emes

Karluk:

Uzbek: emas

Uyghur: ئەمەس (emes)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: emes

Kazakh: емес (emes)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: имәҫ (iməś) (dated)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эмес (emes)

Southern Altai: эмес (emes)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: эвес (eves)

Yenisei:

Shor: эбес (ebes)

>? Khakas: нимес (nimes)