tātïg

tātïg (nominative singular)
tātïgïg (accusative singular)
tātïgnï (accusative singular)
tātïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tātïgka (dative singular)
tātïgda (locative singular)
tātïgdan (ablative singular)
tātïggaru (allative singular)
tātïgïn (instrumental singular)
tātïgča (equative singular)
tātïglayu (singular)
tātïglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тутӑ (tut̬ă)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dad

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طات (dat, tat), طاد (dat, tat), داد (dad)
Turkish: tat (tad-)

Salar: datıq, dahli

Turkmen: dāt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تاتِغ (tātığ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tatığ)

Uzbek: tot

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (tat), [script needed] (tatov)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тат (tat)

Tatar: тат (tat)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: татыу (tatıu)

Karaim: татув (tatuv), тат (tat), дат (dat), дад (dad)

South Kipchak:

⇒ Kazakh: тәтті (tättı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: татык (tatık)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: tʾtyx (tatïɣ)

Western Yugur: tatəɣ

From *tāt- (“to taste”) + *-ïg, At some point in the medieval period a secondary form *tāt arose in some of the descendants, for a similar case compare *elig (“hand”).


gȫpek

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göbək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كوبك
Gagauz: göbek
Turkish: göbek
→ Armenian: կէօպէկ (kēōpēk)

→? Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: köbek

Karaim: [script needed] (köbek)

→? Chuvash: кӑвапа (kăvap̬a)

desc

→? Tatar: [script needed] (kübäk) (dialectal)

Turkmen: gȫbek

Related to Proto-Mongolic *köy (“navel”).


ček-

čekmek (infinitive)
čekgen (participle present)
čekigme (participle present)
čeker (participle present)
čekdük (participle past)
čekmiš (participle past)
čekdeči (future participle)
čekmekči (future participle)
čeksik (future participle)
čekeček (future participle)
čekme (noun-from-verb)
čekig (noun-from-verb)
čekgü (noun-from-verb)
čekiš (adverbial)
čeker ben (aorist indicative singular)
čeker sen (aorist indicative singular)
čeker (aorist indicative singular)
čeker biz (aorist indicative plural)
čeker siz (aorist indicative plural)
čeker (aorist indicative plural)
čekdim (indicative past singular)
čekdiŋ (indicative past singular)
čekdi (indicative past singular)
čekdik (indicative past plural)
čekdimiz (indicative past plural)
čekdiŋiz (indicative past plural)
čekdi (indicative past plural)
čekmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
čekmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
čekmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
čekmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
čekmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
čekmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
čekdeči ben (future indicative singular)
čekmekči ben (future indicative singular)
čekeček ben (future indicative singular)
čekdeči sen (future indicative singular)
čekmekči sen (future indicative singular)
čekeček sen (future indicative singular)
čekdeči (future indicative singular)
čekmekči (future indicative singular)
čekeček (future indicative singular)
čekdeči biz (future indicative plural)
čekmekči biz (future indicative plural)
čekeček biz (future indicative plural)
čekdeči siz (future indicative plural)
čekmekči siz (future indicative plural)
čekeček siz (future indicative plural)
čekdeči (future indicative plural)
čekmekči (future indicative plural)
čekeček (future indicative plural)
čekgey ben (future indicative singular)
čekgey sen (future indicative singular)
čekgey (future indicative singular)
čekgey biz (future indicative plural)
čekgey siz (future indicative plural)
čekgey (future indicative plural)
čeksikim (future indicative singular)
čeksikiŋ (future indicative singular)
čeksik (future indicative singular)
čeksikimiz (future indicative plural)
čeksikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
čeksik (future indicative plural)
čeksem (conditional singular)
čekser ben (conditional singular)
čekseŋ (conditional singular)
čekser sen (conditional singular)
čekse (conditional singular)
čekser (conditional singular)
čeksek (conditional plural)
čeksemiz (conditional plural)
čekser biz (conditional plural)
čekseŋiz (conditional plural)
čekser siz (conditional plural)
čekseler (conditional plural)
čekser (conditional plural)
čekgey ben (optative singular)
čekgey sen (optative singular)
čekgey (optative singular)
čekgey biz (optative plural)
čekgey siz (optative plural)
čekgey (optative plural)
čekmekde ben (progressive singular)
čekmekde sen (progressive singular)
čekmekde (progressive singular)
čekmekde biz (plural progressive)
čekmekde siz (plural progressive)
čekmekde (plural progressive)
čekmelig ben (necessitative singular)
čekmelig sen (necessitative singular)
čekmelig (necessitative singular)
čekmelig biz (necessitative plural)
čekmelig siz (necessitative plural)
čekmelig (necessitative plural)
čekeyin (imperative singular)
ček (imperative singular)
čekgil (imperative singular)
čekzün (imperative singular)
čekelim (imperative plural)
čekiŋ (imperative plural)
čekzün (imperative plural)
čekmemek (infinitive negative)
čekmegen (negative participle present)
čekmegme (negative participle present)
čekmez (negative participle present)
čekmedük (negative participle past)
čekmemiš (negative participle past)
čekmeči (future negative participle)
čekmesik (future negative participle)
čekmeyeček (future negative participle)
čekmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
čekmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
čekmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
čekmeyiš (adverbial negative)
čekmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
čekmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
čekmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
čekmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
čekmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
čekmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
čekmedim (indicative negative past singular)
čekmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
čekmedi (indicative negative past singular)
čekmedik (indicative negative past plural)
čekmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
čekmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
čekmedi (indicative negative past plural)
čekmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
čekmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
čekmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
čekmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
čekmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
čekmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
čekmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeči (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeči (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
čekmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
čekmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
čekmegey (future indicative negative singular)
čekmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmegey (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
čekmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
čekmesik (future indicative negative singular)
čekmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesik (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesem (conditional negative singular)
čekmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
čekmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
čekmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
čekmese (conditional negative singular)
čekmeser (conditional negative singular)
čekmesek (conditional negative plural)
čekmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeseler (conditional negative plural)
čekmeser (conditional negative plural)
čekmegey ben (negative optative singular)
čekmegey sen (negative optative singular)
čekmegey (negative optative singular)
čekmegey biz (negative optative plural)
čekmegey siz (negative optative plural)
čekmegey (negative optative plural)
čekmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
čekmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
čekmemekde (negative progressive singular)
čekmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
čekmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
čekmemekde (negative plural progressive)
čekmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
čekmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
čekmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
čekmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
čekmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
čekmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
čekmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
čekme (imperative negative singular)
čekmegil (imperative negative singular)
čekmezün (imperative negative singular)
čekmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
čekmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
čekmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫак (śak, “to hang”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: çəkmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem Turkic:

Azerbaijani: çəkmək

Qashqai: چكمك

Ottoman Turkish: چكمك (çekmek)

Gagauz: çekmää

Turkish: çekmek

→? Crimean Tatar: çekmek

Salar: çik

Turkmen: çekmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: جَكْماكْ (“çekmēk”)

Uyghur: چەكمەك (chekmek)

Uzbek: chekmoq

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шегу (şegu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чегүү (cegüü)

(Arghu Turkic, Oghuz Turkic, transitive) to pull toward oneself

Arghu Turkic; Oghuz Turkic; Arghu Turkic; Oghuz Turkic


bogurdak

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: boğurdak, boğurtlak (dial.)

Salar: boğdaq

Turkmen: bokurdak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (boɣarδaq)

Tatar: [script needed] (boğırtaq) (dial.)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: boğurdaq


bagïrsuk

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بغرسق (bağarsuk)

Azerbaijani: bağırsaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باغرساق, بغرساق (bağırsak)
Gagauz: barsak
Turkish: bağırsak
→ Armenian: պաղըրսախ (paġərsax)

Salar: bağzuq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَغِرْسُقْ (bağırsuk)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bağırsuk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bağırsak)

Kipchak: [script needed] (bağırsak)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (bağırsuk)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bağırsuk)

From *bagïr (“liver, side flank”) + *-suk.


-sük

Clauson suggests a derivation *-si- (“denominal similative verb suffix”) + *-ük.

suf

bagïr (“side flank”) + *-sük → *bagïrsuk (“intestine”)


-dürük

There also exists a variant *-dük as a result of crasis *-dürük. The suffix *-dak may also be related.

boyïn (“neck”) + *-dürük → *boyïnduruk (“yoke”)

Forms denominal nouns used for objects relating to a body part


yeŕ

Oghur:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jer

desc

⇒ Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠡᠷ
ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭ (ǰer ǰebseg, “weapons”)

⇒ Mongolian: зэр зэвсэг (zer zevseg, “weapons”)

Common Turkic: *yez

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jes

Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠡᠷ (ǰer, “copper”)

Mongolian: зэс (zes, “copper”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yez

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: جەز (jez)

Uzbek: jez

Kipchak

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еҙ (yeź)

Tatar: җиз (ciz)

→ Chuvash: йӗс (jĕs)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: ез (yez)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жез (jez)

Nogai: ез (yez)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жез (jez)

Southern Altai: јес (ǰes)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чес (çes)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Northern Altai: чес (čes)

Shor: чес


togun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: туган (tuğan)


sïrïčga

sïrïčga (nominative singular)
sïrïčgag (accusative singular)
sïrïčganï (accusative singular)
sïrïčganïŋ (genitive singular)
sïrïčgaka (dative singular)
sïrïčgada (locative singular)
sïrïčgadan (ablative singular)
sïrïčgagaru (allative singular)
sïrïčgan (instrumental singular)
sïrïčgača (equative singular)
sïrïčgalayu (singular)
sïrïčgalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăрҫа (šărś̬a), Chuvash: шăрча (šărč̬a)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صرچه (sırça), سرچه (sırça)
Turkish: sırça
→ Armenian: սըռչա (səṙčʻa)
→ Macedonian: срча (srča)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: срча
Latin script: srča

Gagauz: sırça

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: syrça

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سِرِجْغا (sïrïčğā)

desc

Chagatai: [script needed] (sïrča), [script needed] (sirče)

Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *sïr (“lacquer”), itself usually considered to be borrowed from Middle Chinese 漆 (t͡sʰiɪt̚, “varnish, lacquer, paint”), which he rejects.


(y)ip-

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yipin, yipkil, yipkin)

Chagatai: [script needed] (epgin, “black fabric”), [script needed] (ipgin, “black fabric”)

Kipchak: [script needed] (ipkin)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: ipkin

→? Chuvash: йӗпкӗн (jĕpkĕn, “dense (of colors)”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yipin), [script needed] (yipün), [script needed] (yipkin), [script needed] (yipgin)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: өкпең (ökpeñ)

Uncertain, historically multiple conflicting forms exist; *yipin, *yipgin & *yipgil. Clauson regards *yipin to be the original form and considers it a foreign borrowing with *-g- being added on to Turkify the word.

(Common Turkic) purple, violet, dark red


bïŋar

Oghuz: مِنكارْ (mıñar)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوكار, بيكار

Ottoman Turkish: پیكار (pıñar), بوكار (buñar)

Gagauz: pınar

Turkish: pınar

→ Serbo-Croatian: bunar


öŋ

öŋ (nominative singular)
öŋüg (accusative singular)
öŋni (accusative singular)
öŋnüŋ (genitive singular)
öŋke (dative singular)
öŋde (locative singular)
öŋden (ablative singular)
öŋgerü (allative singular)
öŋün (instrumental singular)
öŋče (equative singular)
öŋleyü (singular)
öŋlügü (comitative singular)

Proto-Mongolic: *öŋge

Dongxiang: ungie

Mongolian: өнгө (öngö)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ум (um)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: ön

Ottoman Turkish: اوك (öñ)

Turkish: ön

Turkmen: öň

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өң (öŋ)

Southern Altai: ӧҥ (öŋ)

Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: ӧң

Shor: ӧң

Tuvan: өң (öñ)

Yakut: өҥ (öñ)


yakïn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaxın

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاقین, یقین (yakın)
Crimean Tatar: yaqın
Gagauz: yakın
Turkish: yakın

Turkmen: ýakyn

Karluk

Uyghur: يېقىن (yëqin)

Uzbek: yaqin

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: яҡын (yaqın)

Tatar: якын (yakın)

→ Chuvash: яхӑн (jah̬ăn)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жакын (jakın)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: жақын (jaqyn)


bōńurï

bōńurï (nominative singular)
bōńurïg (accusative singular)
bōńurïnï (accusative singular)
bōńurïnïŋ (genitive singular)
bōńurïka (dative singular)
bōńurïda (locative singular)
bōńurïdan (ablative singular)
bōńurïgaru (allative singular)
bōńurïn (instrumental singular)
bōńurïča (equative singular)
bōńurïlayu (singular)
bōńurïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑйӑр (măjăr, “hazelnut”)

desc

→ Hungarian: mogyoró (“hazelnut, peanut”)

Siberian:

Yakut: моонньоҕон (moonnyoğon, “black currants”)

Yakut: mayïara (“raspberry”) (dial.)

Preserved only in Chuvash and Yakut, from earlier Proto-Turkic *bōń-.


kömbe

kömbe (nominative singular)
kömbeg (accusative singular)
kömbeni (accusative singular)
kömbeniŋ (genitive singular)
kömbeke (dative singular)
kömbede (locative singular)
kömbeden (ablative singular)
kömbegerü (allative singular)
kömben (instrumental singular)
kömbeče (equative singular)
kömbeleyü (singular)
kömbeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑмпа (kămp̬a)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: гөмбә (gömbə)

Tatar: гөмбә (gömbä)

Oghuz: *kömbelek

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: göbələk

Turkish: gömelek (dial.)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kömelek

According to Róna-Tas, borrowed from a Slavic language prior to the 10th century, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“mushroom”). Compare also Hungarian gomba, a borrowing from Slavic. Note also the unusual initial voicing in Tatar and Bashkir.


bẹńi

Oghur:

Chuvash: миме (mime)

Common Turkic:

→ Middle Mongol: [script needed] (miyi)

Arghu: *men

Khalaj: [script needed] (mẹi̯n)

Oghuz: *beyni

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (beyni)

Azerbaijani: beyin

Ottoman Turkish: بینی (beyni)

Turkish: beyin

>? Salar: beynianqan (“stupid”)

Turkmen: beýni

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنِكٖي (meŋi)

Chagatai: [script needed] (meyin)

Uyghur: مىڭە (mi'nge)

Uzbek: miya

Kipchak: *meyi

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мейе (meye)

Tatar: ми (mi)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: miy

Karachay-Balkar: мыйы (mıyı)

Karaim: мий

Kumyk: мий (miy)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: мий (miy)

Kazakh: ми (mi)

Nogai: мый (mıy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мээ (mee)

Southern Altai: мее (mee)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (meyi)

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: мии (mii)

Shor: миис (miis)

Northern Altai: ме (me), мее (mee), меес (mees)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (meyi), mʾnky (meŋi)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (muŋe, mïŋe)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (meńii)

Yakut: мэйии (meyii)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: мәә (mää)

Tuvan: мээ (mee)

A root with puzzling reflexes, according to Clauson. Räsänen compares this reconstruction with Old Uyghur [script needed] (mäŋi, “joy, luck”) and proposes a relation with Hungarian fej, fő, Finnish pää (both inherited from Proto-Uralic *päŋe) and Mongolian [script needed] (heki). Eren (1999), however, calls this comparison into doubt.
Altaicists, on the other hand, reconstruct this proto-form as *beyŋi, which is then compared to Mongolian манлай (manlaj, “forehead”) and Japanese 耳 (mimi, “ear”).


tüge

tüge (nominative singular)
tügeg (accusative singular)
tügeni (accusative singular)
tügeniŋ (genitive singular)
tügeke (dative singular)
tügede (locative singular)
tügeden (ablative singular)
tügegerü (allative singular)
tügen (instrumental singular)
tügeče (equative singular)
tügeleyü (singular)
tügeligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: düyə

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: düvä

Turkish: düve

→ Crimean Tatar: düve

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tüwe

Uyghur–Oghuz:

Salar: düge

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُكا (tüge)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüge, “slave girl”)


yeŋgül

Oghur

Chuvash: ҫӑмӑл (śămăl, “easy”)

→ Hungarian: gyenge (“weak”)

Arghu

Khalaj: [script needed] (yingil), [script needed] (yiyin)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yüngül, yeyin

Gagauz: yilin (dial.)

Ottoman Turkish: یگنی (yeğni)

Turkish: yeğni, yüngül

East Oghuz

Turkmen: yeńil

Salar: yumul

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yüŋül), یَنِك (yenik)

East Karluk

Chagatai: [script needed] (yéŋil)

Uyghur: يەڭگىل (yenggil)

West Karluk

Uzbek: yengil

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yengil

Karachay-Balkar: зенгил (zeñil)

Karaim: [script needed] (yenil), [script needed] (yeŋil)

Kumyk: енгил (yeñil)

Kipchak-Nogai

Karakalpak: [script needed] (žeŋil)

Kazakh: жеңіл (jeñıl)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: еңел (yeñel)

Tatar: җиңел (ciñel)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жеңил (jeŋil)

Southern Altai: јеҥил (ǰeŋil)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yeŋik), [script needed] (yöŋül)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: žig

Yeniseian Turkic

Khakas: ниик (niik)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: [script needed] (niŋeš)

Tuvan: чииҝ

Northern Altai: дьенъил (dʹyenʺil), ньенъил (nʹyenʺil), йенънек (yenʺnek)

Uncertain. Possibly a deverbal, from *yéŋ(i)-.


tāna

tāna (nominative singular)
tānag (accusative singular)
tānanï (accusative singular)
tānanïŋ (genitive singular)
tānaka (dative singular)
tānada (locative singular)
tānadan (ablative singular)
tānagaru (allative singular)
tānan (instrumental singular)
tānača (equative singular)
tānalayu (singular)
tānalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тына (tyna)

→ Hungarian: tinó

Common Turkic:

Oghuz

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dana

Ottoman Turkish: طانه (dana)

Turkish: dana

Gagauz: dana

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tāna

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: dana

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (tana)

Uzbek: tana

Kipchak: [script needed] (tana)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тана (tana)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тана (tana)

Borrowed from Iranian, compare Sanskrit धेनु (dhenu) and Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬎 (daēnu). Eren, however, notes that the Iranic word is used for milch cows rather than a heifers.


ań-

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَيِغْ (ayïg)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰪 (ań-), 𐰪𐱃 (ańït-, “to frighten”), 𐰪𐰃𐰍 (ańïg, “bad”), 𐰖𐰃𐰣 (y¹in¹)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾʾyyγ (ayïg)

North Siberian:

⇒ Dolgan: аньыы

⇒ Yakut: аньыы (anyıı)


turńa

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӑрна (tărna) (if not borrowed from Tatar)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: durna

→ Persian: درنا (dorna)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طورنه, طورنا (turna)
Turkish: turna
→ Armenian: թուռնա (tʻuṙna)

Salar: tırna

Turkmen: durna

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (turna)

Chagatai: [script needed] (turna)

Uyghur: تۇرنا (turna)

Uzbek: turna

→ Tajik: турна (turna)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: торна (torna)

Tatar: торна (torna)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: turna

Kumyk: турна (turna)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тырна (tyrna)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: турна (turna)

Southern Altai: турна (turna)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰪𐰖𐰀 (t¹ur¹ńy¹a /turńya/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐱄𐰆𐰺𐰪 (turńa)

Khakas: турна (turna)

desc

Shor: туруна

Shor: туруна

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (turya), [script needed] (turna)

Tofa: [script needed] (durya)

Tuvan: дуруяа (duruyaa)

North Siberian:

Yakut: туруйа (turuya)


tumšuk

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: طومشوق (tumşuk, “beak”)

Turkish: tumşuk (“beak of large birds”)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tumşuk (“snout”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumšuq, “beak”)

Uyghur: تۇمشۇق (tumshuq, “beak”)

Uzbek: tumshuq (“beak”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: томшоҡ (tomşoq, “beak”)

Tatar: томшык (tomşıq, “beak”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұмсық (tūmsyq, “beak”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тумшук (tumşuk, “beak”)

Southern Altai: тумчук (tumčuk, “nose, beak”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tumšuq, “nose, beak”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тумус (tumus, “beak”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: думчук (dumçuk, “nose”)

Northern Altai::

Kumandy: тунчук (tunčuk)

Kuu-Kizhi: тунчук (tunčuk)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тумзух (tumzux, “nose”)

Clauson derives this lemma from the "causative form" of *tam- (“to drip”), which would yield *tamur-. In another entry (page 509)https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict0000clau/page/509, he gives two reflexes of this would-be causative verb, which would be cognates to this Proto-Turkic term; Old Uyghur [script needed] (kan tomurmakka, “nose bleeding”) and Karakhanid تُمُرْماقْ (tamurmāq, “to bleed (of nose)”), also Karakhanid تَمُرْغانْ (tamurğān, “bleeding continuously (of nose)”).
EDAL, instead, proposes a different root with quite a semantic coverage, Proto-Turkic *tum- ("hat, cap; snout; beak; nose) which is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *tom- (“chief, first”), Proto-Tungusic *tumŋu- (“top of head”) and Proto-Japonic *tum- (“top, head”). Notwithstanding several etymological mistakes (see Japanese 頭(つぶり) (tsuburi), for example, which is claimed as a "cognate"), Altaic Hypothesis is now widely discredited and its comparisons are deemed unreliable.


badram

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bayram

Ottoman Turkish: بیرام (bayram)

Turkish: bayram

Gagauz: bayram

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: baýram

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: بَذْرَمْ (baδram, “feast, pleasant, Eid al-Adha”)

Uyghur: بايرام (bayram)

Uzbek: bayram

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: байрам (bayram)

Tatar: бәйрәм (bäyräm)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bayram

Karachay-Balkar: байрам (bayram)

Kumyk: байрам (bayram)

Karaim: [Term?], bayram

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мейрам (meiram)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: майрам (mayram)

Southern Altai: байрам (bayram)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: пай (pay)

Shor: пайрам (payram)

Several etymologies are proposed. Most likely an Iranic borrowing, but no consensus on the origin;
* Clauson states that this term is "no doubt an Iranian [loanword]" and gives Persian پدرام (padrâm, “delightsome place”) as an example for that relation. He also mentions how Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk claims this word to be a genuine word ('not a loanword') with the meaning yawma'l-ˁīd among Oghuz and Kipchaks. Compare also Karakhanid بَذْرَمْ یار (baδram yḗr, “pleasant ground”), a Karakhanid form with Persian meaning preserved, also given by Clauson.
** Sevortyan argues against Clauson on a Middle Persian loan into Proto-Turkic.
* Nişanyan proposes a borrowing from Middle Persian [script needed] (paδrām, “merriment, peace”) or Sogdian 𐼾𐽂𐽀𐼰𐼺 (ptrʾm /patrām/, “calm, peace”), from Proto-Iranian *pati-rāma-, ultimately a compound of Proto-Indo-European *per- + *h₁rem-. By this etymology, *badram would be a cognate with Sanskrit रमते (ramate). Nişanyan does not discards a potential Mongolic origin, (Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”)) which would make this term a cognate with Mongolian баяр (bajar) instead.
* EDAL puts forth that the Proto-Turkic form is *bayram instead and that it comes from a hypothetical Proto-Turkic *bay-ra- ("to celebrate"), which is not related to *badrak (“flag”). Authors of EDAL denounce a possibility of Iranian borrowing, stating "the only acceptable etymology of [Persian] bajram is [from] Turkic"https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2falt%2fturcet&text_number=888&root=config. This hypothetical *bay-ra- is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”), Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠯᡳ (bayli, “favor, mercy”) and Proto-Japonic *bema- (“to smile”), whence Japanese 笑む (emu-, “to smile”). Altaic Hypothesis is widely rejected however, and comparisons like these are deemed unreliable.
* Eren (1999) rejects a relation with *badrak (“flag”) or Tuvan байыр (bayır, “feast”).
Lack of Oghur and Arghu reflexes and sparse atttestation in Siberian languages suggest a borrowing from an external source.

cog

بَذْرَمْ یار


tūč

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tunc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: توج, تونج (tunc, tunç), طونج (tunc, tunç)
Turkish: tunç
→ Albanian: tuç, tunxh, tunsh, tuç, trunç, trunxh, truxh (archaic)
→ Arabic: تُوج (tūj), تُونْج (tunj) (archaic)
→ Armenian: թուջ (tʻuǰ)
→ Aromanian: tuciu, tunge, tungiu
→ Bulgarian: туч (tuč), тунч (tunč) (archaic)
→ Crimean Tatar: tunç, tuç
→ Georgian:
→ Greek: τούντζι (toúntzi), τούντζυ (toúntzy)
→ Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: tûnc, tunc, tûc
→ Macedonian: туч (tuč) (archaic)
→ Persian: توج (tuj) (archaic)
→ Romanian: tuci
→ Serbo-Croatian: (archaic)
Cyrillic script: ту̏ч
Latin script: tȕč

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُوجْ (tūč)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tuč)

Kipchak: [script needed] (tuč)

Siberian:

>? Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰆𐰲 (tuč) (If not read artuč)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tuč)

The general consensus is that it is a native term. On the other hand, Doerfer considers it a borrowing from Middle Chinese 銅子 (MC duwng tsiX, “copper coin”), however note that the form tunč is a recent innovation prompted by vowel length.

(Common Turkic) a yellowish metal, presumably bronze


ēder

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yəhər

Ottoman Turkish: ایر (eyer), اگر (eğer)

Turkish: eyer

Gagauz: yer

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: eýer

Karakhanid: اَذَرْ (eδer)

Uzbek: egar

Uyghur: ئىگەر (iger)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (eyer), [script needed] (eger), [script needed] (egir), [script needed] (iyer), [script needed] (izer)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эйәр (eyər)

Tatar: ээр (e'r)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: eger

Karachay-Balkar: джэр (cer), иер (iyer)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ер (er)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ээр (eer)

Southern Altai: ээр (eer)

Siberian:

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰼𐰠𐰏 (ederlig, “saddled”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (eder)

Western Yugur: ezer

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: эзер (ezer)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: изер (izer)

Shor: эзер

EDAL suggests that it may be the same word as *ïŋïr (“saddle”) and thus reconstructs it as *ẹ̆dŋe-r. However, the general consensus is against this relation.


kǖ

Common Turkic:

Middle Turkic: küsaš (“to boast about oneself”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: küy (“roar”)

Turkmen: küý (“wisdom”)

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (kü, “sound, roar”), [script needed] (külük)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (kü, “roar”), [script needed] (külük)

Karluk:

ااتْـلیغ كُولُكْ

Karakhanid: كُو (kǖ, “fame”), كُولُكْ (kǖlüg, “famous”), ااتْـلیغ كُولُكْ (atlıɣ-kǖlüg, “famous”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏 (kül²g /külüg/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏 (kül²g /külüg/)

Khakas: кӱлӱк (külük, “wisdom”)

Shor: [script needed] (küg)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (külüg)

Siberian Turkic; Oghuz Turkic; Siberian Turkic; Oghuz Turkic


bugday

bugday (nominative singular)
bugdayïg (accusative singular)
bugdaynï (accusative singular)
bugdaynïŋ (genitive singular)
bugdayka (dative singular)
bugdayda (locative singular)
bugdaydan (ablative singular)
bugdaygaru (allative singular)
bugdayïn (instrumental singular)
bugdayča (equative singular)
bugdaylayu (singular)
bugdaylïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: búza

>? Old Chuvash: *buɣzai̯

Middle Chuvash: *pŭrai̯

→ Bashkir: борай (boray)

→ Kalmyk: байр (bayr)

→ Tatar: борай (boray)

Middle Chuvash: *pŭri

Chuvash: пӑри (pări)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (buğday)

Azerbaijani: buğda
→ Khalaj: buğda

Ottoman Turkish: بوغدای (buğday)

Turkish: buğday

Gagauz: buuday

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bugdaý

Salar: [script needed] (buɣday)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (buɣday)

Uzbek: bugʻdoy

Uyghur: بۇغداي (bughday)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бойҙай (boyźay)

Tatar: бодай (boday)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğday

Karachay-Balkar: богъдай (boğday)

Kumyk: будай (buday)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бидай (bidai)

Nogai: бийдай (biyday)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: буудай (buuday)

Southern Altai: буудай (buuday)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bugday)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пуғдай (puğday)

Shor: пуғдай

Shor: пуғдай

Northern Altai: бугдай (bugday)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *buudaï

Mongolian: буудай (buudaj)

Uncertain, multiple theories exist.
Comparisons in the 'Altaic' family include Ramstedt's proposal of a connection with Korean 보리 (bori) based on the Chuvash reflex, which Eren (1999) dismisses as [an etymology] without a trustworthy foundation. Proto-Mongolic *buudaï is borrowed from Turkic.


eg-

Oghur:

West Old Turkic: *äŋ-

→ Hungarian: enged

Chuvash: ав (av)

Viryal: ай (aj)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: əymək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: əymək

Ottoman Turkish: اگمك (eğmek)

Turkish: eğmek

Gagauz: eymek, enmek

Turkmen: egmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (egmek)

Uzbek: egmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эйеү (eyew)

West Kipchak:

⇒ Crimean Tatar: egilmek (“to bow down”)

Karachay-Balkar: иег (iyeg)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ию (iü)

Nogai: июв (iyuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ийүү (iyüü)

Southern Altai: ийер (iyer)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰏 (eg-, “to bow, to encircle”), [script needed] (eŋ-, “to bend”), 𐰏𐰼 (egir-, “to spin, to encircle, to wind”)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽺𐽶𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽷 (äŋitmäk, “to bend, curven”), 𐽰𐽲𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ägmäk, “to bend”), 𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽹𐽰𐽷 (äŋmäk, “to bend”), 𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽼𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ägipmäk, “to bend”), 𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (äŋirmäk, “to spin”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: иэх (ieq)

Dolgan: иэҕ (ieɣ-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ээр (eer)

Tofa: ээр

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: эг, ээл

→ Mongolian: ээрэх (eerex, “to spin thread”)


eĺ-

Oghur:

Chuvash: алт (alt)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: eşmək

Ottoman Turkish: اشمك

Gagauz: eşmää

Turkish: eşmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَشْماكْ (eşmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ишеү (işew)

→ Chuvash: иш (iš)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эжер (ežer, “to row”)

Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: эжер (ejer)


urï

urï (nominative singular)
urïg (accusative singular)
urïnï (accusative singular)
urïnuŋ (genitive singular)
urïka (dative singular)
urïda (locative singular)
urïdan (ablative singular)
urïgaru (allative singular)
urïn (instrumental singular)
urïča (equative singular)
urïlayu (singular)
urïlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرٖى (“male child”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (urı)

Old Kirghiz: [script needed] (urı)

→⇒? Kyrgyz: [script needed] (urum, “male descendants”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (urı)

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (urtuus, “boy”)


kar-

Siberian:

Yakut: хар (qar, “to block off”)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *karïĺč-

Oghur:

Chuvash: хирӗҫ (hirĕś)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (karışmak)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карышуу (karışuu)

Southern Altai: карыжар (karïžar, “to evade”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (karış-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: карыс

Yakut: харыс (qarıs)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *karĺčï

Oghur:

Chuvash: хирӗҫ (hirĕś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qarşı

Ottoman Turkish: قارشو

Turkish: karşı

Turkmen: garşy

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قارشى (qarshi)

Uzbek: qarshi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаршы (qarşı)

Tatar: каршы (qarşı)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қарсы (qarsy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карсы (karsı)

⇒ Common Turkic: *karšut

⇒ Common Turkic: *karu

Karakhanid: [script needed] (karu)

⇒ Common Turkic: *karak (“bandit”)


kaŋïr

kaŋïr (nominative singular)
kaŋïrïg (accusative singular)
kaŋïrnï (accusative singular)
kaŋïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŋïrka (dative singular)
kaŋïrta (locative singular)
kaŋïrtan (ablative singular)
kaŋïrgaru (allative singular)
kaŋïrïn (instrumental singular)
kaŋïrča (equative singular)
kaŋïrlayu (singular)
kaŋïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gaňşyrawuk (“nasal cavity”), goňursamak (“to reek”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qaŋrak, “nasal cavity”)

Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kaŋrïq, “nose”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хаай (xaay, “nose”)

Tofa: хаай (xaay, “nose”)

Unclear, no reliable etymology can be posited.
According to Altaicists; this form is 'no doubt archaic' (older than *burun) and is cognate with Proto-Mongolic *kamar (“nose”) (Mongolian хамар (xamar)), Evenki оңокто (oŋoqto), Korean 코 (ko) and Japanese 嗅(か)ぐ (kagu). Although proposed forms match semantically, this type of comparisons are not reliable and scholarly consensus is against Altaic theory.
Northern Altai [script needed] (kanžïr, “beak”) is from Mongolic хошуу (xošuu) and unrelated to forms below despite semantic and sound similarities.

noncog

(Karluk Turkic, Oghuz Turkic) nasal cavity

Karluk Turkic; Oghuz Turkic; Karluk Turkic; Oghuz Turkic


čog-

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (çokra-)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (çokra-)

Turkmen: çogmak

Karluk:

⇒ Karakhanid: جُقْراماقْ (çoqramaq, “to boil”)


čok-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: چوقمق (çokmak)

Turkish: çokmak (dial.)

Ottoman Turkish: چوقور (çukur)

Turkish: çukur

Turkmen: çokmak, çokdurmak

Karluk:

جُقْتُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: جُقْماقْ (çokmāk, “to swoop down (bird)”), جُقْتُرْماقْ (çokturmāk, “to set against (bird)”)

Kipchak:

>? Southern Altai: [script needed] (čoq-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чокуу (cokuu, “to peck”)

Southern Altai: чокуур (čokuur, “to peck”)


āt-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ут (ut), утӑм (ut̬ăm)

Dolgan: атыллаа

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *āt-, *ātla-, *ādïm
*** Old Anatolian Turkish: آدمق (ad-)
**** Azerbaijani: addım
**** Ottoman Turkish: آدمق (ad-)
***** Gagauz: adım, atlamaa
***** Turkish: adım, adım atmak, atlamak
*** Salar: atlağusı
*** Turkmen: ätmek, ädim, ätlemek
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid:
**** Khorezmian Turkic:
***** Chagatai:
****** Uzbek: odim
****** Uyghur: [script needed] (atlimaq)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: [script needed] (atlam), [script needed] (adım)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: аҙым (aźım)
***** Tatar: адым (adım)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
***** Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (atla-)
***** Karaim: [script needed] (adım)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Caspian:
****** Karakalpak: [script needed] (atlav), [script needed] (adım)
****** Kazakh: аттау (attau), адым (adym)
****** Nogai: [script needed] (atla-), [script needed] (adım)
***** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
****** Kyrgyz: адым (adım)
****** Southern Altai: адым (adïm), алтаар (altaar), алтам (altam) (<*atla-)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Kirghiz:
***** Shor: [script needed] (alta-)
***** Khakas: [script needed] (alta-)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: атыллаа
**** Yakut: атыллаа (atıllaa)


yō-

⇒ Common Turkic: *yōd-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: يويمق

Ottoman Turkish: يويمق

Turkish: yoymak (dial.)

Turkmen: ýoýmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُوذْماقْ (yōðmāk), يُتُّرْماقْ (yotturmāk), يُذُلْماقْ (yoðulmāk), يُذُنْماقْ (yoðunmāk), يُذُشْماقْ (yoðuşmāk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yoymak)

Uzbek: [script needed] (yuymak)

Kipchak: [script needed] (yoy-)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (yuy-)

Tatar: [script needed] (ǯuj-)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (ǯoj-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (yoy-)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (joy-)

Kazakh: жойу (joiu)

Nogai: [script needed] (yoy-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Shor: [script needed] (ços-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yoy-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һот (“to wipe out”)

Yakut: сот (sot, “to wipe out”)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (çod-/çot-)

⇒ Common Turkic: *yōdsa-

Karakhanid: يُذْساماقْ (yoðsāmāk)

⇒ Common Turkic: *yōdug

Kenchek: يُذُغْ (yoðug)

⇒ Common Turkic: *yōdut

Karakhanid: يُذُغْ (yoðut)

Perhaps related to Proto-Turkic *yïk- (“to destroy, to ruin”), via apophony .


bẹlgü

bẹlgü (nominative singular)
bẹlgüg (accusative singular)
bẹlgüni (accusative singular)
bẹlgüniŋ (genitive singular)
bẹlgüke (dative singular)
bẹlgüde (locative singular)
bẹlgüden (ablative singular)
bẹlgügerü (allative singular)
bẹlgün (instrumental singular)
bẹlgüče (equative singular)
bẹlgüleyü (singular)
bẹlgüligü (comitative singular)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: билдә (bildə)

Tatar: билге (bilge)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: belgi

Karaim: belgi

Kumyk: белги (belgi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: белде (belde)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: белги (belgi)

Southern Altai: белги (belgi)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: бэлиэ (belie)


ārï

ārï (nominative singular)
ārïg (accusative singular)
ārïnï (accusative singular)
ārïnïŋ (genitive singular)
ārïka (dative singular)
ārïda (locative singular)
ārïdan (ablative singular)
ārïgaru (allative singular)
ārïn (instrumental singular)
ārïča (equative singular)
ārïlayu (singular)
ārïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

desc

⇒ Chuvash: тӗкӗлтура (tĕk̬ĕlt̬ura, “humble bee”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hârı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: arı

Ottoman Turkish: آری (arı)

Gagauz: aarı

Turkish: arı

→ Crimean Tatar: arı

Turkmen: ary

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (arı)

Chagatai: اری (arı)

Uzbek: ari

→ Tajik: ору (oru)

Uyghur: ھەرە (here)

Kipchak: [script needed] (aru)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ара (ara)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аары (aarı)

Southern Altai: адару (adaru), аару (aaru)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: ʾʾry (arı)

North Siberian:

Yakut: ыҥырыа (ıñırıa)

Yakut: ыҥырыа (ıñırıa)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: аар (aar)

Shor: аары (ārı)

Tofa: ары (arı)

Tuvan: ары (arı)

Kuu-Kizhi: ару (aru)

Kumandy-Kizhi: аары (aarı)

Räsänen reconstructs this root as *hārγï, which is then compared with Finnish paarma (“horsefly, gadfly”).
Chuvash and Kipchak languages at large seem to have adopted the compound *bạl *kūrtnï (“honey worm”) instead of *ārï.


tēlbe

Common Turkic: *tēlbe

Oghuz: تَلُو (telü:)

Old Anatolian Turkish: دلی

Azerbaijani: dəli

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دلی (deli), دلو (delü)
Gagauz: deli
Turkish: deli
→ Swedish: deli
→ Armenian: տէլի (tēli)
→ Greek: ντελής (ntelís)
→ Hungarian: deli
→ Serbo-Croatian: delija

Salar: delli

Turkmen: däli

desc

→ Kipchak: [script needed] (teli, delü, telü)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тиле (tile)

Tatar: тиле (tile)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: дели (deli)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тели (teli)

Southern Altai: тели (teli)

→ Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (delü)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَلْڤا (telvē)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (telbe)

Chagatai: [script needed] (télbe)

Uyghur: تەلۋە (telwe)

Uzbek: telba

→ Turkmen: telbe

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тилбә (tilbä)

→ Turkish: Tilbe (“female personal name”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: дәлду (däldu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: делбе (delbe)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (télve, telve)


karïškïr

Common Turkic:

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaşqır

Krymchak: qaşqır

Karaim: [script needed] (qaşqır)

→ Chuvash: кашкӑр (kaškăr)

→ Turkish: kaşkır (dial.)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qasqır)

Kazakh: қасқыр (qasqyr)

Nogai: карыскыр (karıskır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карышкыр (karışkır)

Karluk:

Ili Turki: [script needed] (qarïšqï)

Uyghur: [script needed] (qarïšqur) (dial.)

Uzbek: qarshiqul, qashqir

Kipchak Turkic; Karluk Turkic; Kipchak Turkic; Karluk Turkic


ańak

Common Turkic: *ańak, *čïnï-ańak

Oghuz: *čānak, جَنَقْ (čanak)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çanaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چناق, چاناق (çanak), چناغ (çanag)
Turkish: çanak
→ Albanian: çanak
→ Abkhaz: ачанах (ačanax)
→ Armenian: չանախ (čʻanax), չանաղ (čʻanaġ)
→ Aromanian: cinácã
→ Bulgarian: ча́нак (čának)
→ Greek: τσανάκα (tsanáka), τσανάκι (tsanáki)
→ Georgian: ჩანახი (čanaxi)
→ Ladino: chanaka
→ Macedonian: чанак (čanak)
→ Romanian: ceanac, cenac
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ча̀нак
Latin script: čànak

Turkish: ayak (dialectal)

Turkmen: çānak

→ Uzbek: chanoq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَيَقْ (ayak)

Uzbek: chinoyoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сынаяҡ (sınayaq)

Tatar: чынаяк (çınayak)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: аякъ (ayaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: аяқ (aäq), шыныаяқ (şynyaäq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяк (ayak)

desc

Southern Altai: айак (ayak), чын-айак (čïn-ayak)

Siberian:

Yakut: айах (ayaq)

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰴 (y¹q)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ayak)

Western Yugur: ayaq

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: айах (ayax), сыны аях (sını ayax)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: айақ

Tuvan: аяк (ayak)


ȫkür-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӳхӗр (üh̬ĕr)

Common Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ogi- (“to belch, nauseate”), *ogsi-

→ Karakhanid: اُقٖيماقْ (oqï:ma:q)

→ Tuvan: [script needed] (okï-)

→ Southern Altai: [script needed] (okï-)

→ Uzbek: o‘qchimoq

→ Tatar: [script needed] (ukši-)

Oghuz: *ȫgür-

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öyümək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوكورمك, اوكرمك (öğürmek)
Turkish: öğürmek

Salar: öhregüsi

Turkmen: ȫgemek

Karluk: *ökür-

Chagatai:

Uzbek: o‘kirmoq

Kipchak: *ökür-

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (üker-)

Tatar: [script needed] (üker-)

West Kipchak:

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (yökür-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (ökür-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: өкіру (ökıru)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өкүрүү (ökürüü)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: өҕүй (öğüy)


yāz-

Common Turkic: *yaz-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yazuq)

Azerbaijani: yazıq

Ottoman Turkish: یازیق

Gagauz: yazık

Turkish: yazık

Turkmen: ýāzyk

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: yozmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: язу (yazu)

Bashkir: яҙыу (yaźıw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джазыу (cazıu)

Kumyk: [script needed] (yazıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жазу (jazu)

Karakalpak: жазыў

⇒ Nogai: [script needed] (yazıq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жазуу (jazuu)

Southern Altai: јас- (ǰas-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaz-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыыс

Yakut: сыыс (sııs)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (čas-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (čas-)


yāz-

Turkmen: ýāzmak


ekši-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

⇒ Azerbaijani: əkşi

Ottoman Turkish: اكشیمك, اكشی

Gagauz: iişimää, iişi

Turkish: ekşimek, ekşi, yüzünü ekşitmek

→ Crimean Tatar: ekşimek

→ Karaim: [script needed] (ekşi-), [script needed] (ekşi)

→? Chuvash: йӗксӳ (jĕksü) (If borrowed from Oghuz)

⇒ Turkmen: ýüzüňi egşitmek

Karluk: (If not borrowed from Oghuz)

⇒ Karakhanid: اَكْشِكْ (ekşig)

Chagatai: [script needed] (ekşi-)

Generally considered simplex, however EDAL, based on Proto-Mongolic *hekexün (“sour”) and Manchu ᡶᡝᡴᠴᡠᡥᡠᠨ (fekcuhun, “astringent”) under the disputed Altaic theory, suggests a derivation from *ek-, however there does not exist a suffix *-ĺči-.
There is no note of Oghuz dialect in اَكْشِكْ (ekşig) in Kashgarî's dictionary.

noncog

(Oghuz Turkic, intransitive) to become sour, acid


küdeč

küdeč (nominative singular)
küdečig (accusative singular)
küdečni (accusative singular)
küdečniŋ (genitive singular)
küdečke (dative singular)
küdečde (locative singular)
küdečden (ablative singular)
küdečgerü (allative singular)
küdečin (instrumental singular)
küdečče (equative singular)
küdečleyü (singular)
küdečligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: güvəc

Ottoman Turkish: كوكج (güveç)

Gagauz: güveç

Turkish: güveç

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: göweç

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӧӧш (kööš)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: كُزَجْ (küzeč), كُوَجْ (küweč), كُذَجْ (küδeč)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (küvič), [script needed] (küzeč)

Of uncertain origin. Proposals include:
* EDAL reconstructs *kübeč in order to connect with Proto-Tungusic *gǖb- (“to fume”), Korean 굽다 (gupda, “to bake”) and Japanese 香る (kaoru, “to smell good”) under the disputed Altaic theory, however this form is phonologically impossible as otherwise the historical forms, which EDAL does not include, küδeč and küzeč would be inexplicable.
* Nişanyan suggests a derivation *kǖd- (“to wait”) + *-geč, this is phonologically improbable as the earliest instance should've been *küδgüč ~ *küzgüč.
* Clauson instead searches for a foreign origin, possibly from Iranic, with the possible addition of *-č (“diminutive suffix”) (note however that said suffix is usually reserved for kinship terms). Compare Khotanese kūysa- (“pot, jar”) and Persian کوزه (kuze, “earthen bottle”) (whence Chagatai کوزه (küze), Turkmen küýze etc.) from Proto-Indo-European *kog- ~ *keg- ~ *keng- (“peg, hook; claw”) or *kew(H)- ("to bend").


ẹrkek

ẹrkek (canonical)
hẹrkek (canonical)
ẹrkek (nominative singular)
ẹrkekig (accusative singular)
ẹrkekni (accusative singular)
ẹrkekniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹrkekke (dative singular)
ẹrkekde (locative singular)
ẹrkekden (ablative singular)
ẹrkekgerü (allative singular)
ẹrkekin (instrumental singular)
ẹrkekče (equative singular)
ẹrkekleyü (singular)
ẹrkekligü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hirkək

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: erkək

Ottoman Turkish: اركك (erkek)

Gagauz: erkek

Turkish: erkek

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: erkik

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: erkek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْكَكْ (erkek)

Uzbek: erkak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: иркәк (irkək)

Tatar: иркәк (irkäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: еркек (erkek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эркек (erkek)

Southern Altai: эркек (erkek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰼𐰚𐰚 (érkek)

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (érkek, irkek)

Western Yugur: erkik

North Siberian:

Dolgan: иргэк (irgek)

Yakut: иргэх (irgeq)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: иргэк (irgek)

It has originally been considered to be a derivation from the near-synonymous *ēr (“man”), however most sources have since disputed this, noting the vowel mismatch (*ẹ- as opposed to *ē-) and impossible morphology (the denominal suffix *-kek ~ *-gek is used to form body parts).
Erdal instead suggests a derivation from *ẹrk (“young ram”) with the diminutive suffix *-ak, compare *oglak (“kid”), the diminutive of *ogul (“child”), for a reverse semantic shift.
Could be related to *erkeč (“he-goat”) if it was originally pronounced *ẹrkeč.


ȫrdek

ȫrdek (nominative singular)
ȫrdekig (accusative singular)
ȫrdekni (accusative singular)
ȫrdekniŋ (genitive singular)
ȫrdekke (dative singular)
ȫrdekde (locative singular)
ȫrdekden (ablative singular)
ȫrdekgerü (allative singular)
ȫrdekin (instrumental singular)
ȫrdekče (equative singular)
ȫrdekleyü (singular)
ȫrdekligü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: irdək

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ördək

Ottoman Turkish: اوردك (ördek)

Gagauz: ördek

Turkish: ördek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ördek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرْدَكْ (ördek, “duck, goose”)

Uyghur: ئۆردەك (ördek)

Uzbek: oʻrdak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйрәк (öyrək), үрҙәк (ürźək)

Tatar: үрдәк (ürdäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: үйрек (üirek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өрдөк (ördök)

Southern Altai: ӧртӧк (örtök)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ödrek), [script needed] (ödirek), [script needed] (ördek)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: өдүрек (ödürek)

A metathesized form, *ȫdrek, appears to have risen at an early date.
While usually considered simplex, there have been several proposals regarding its etymology:
* Nişanyan considers the possibility *ȫdrek might be the original form and puts forth a derivation from *öt- (“to chirp”), however he does elaborate on its morphology or phonology.
* Clauson suggests a derivation from *ȫr- (“to rise”) in reference to ducks rising out of the water, however there does not exist a suffix *-dek.
* EDAL reconstructs *Ebür(d)ek in order to connect it with Proto-Tungusic *ābu- (“a kind of duck”) and Japanese 鵜 (u, “cormorant”) under the disputed Altaic theory.


yogrut

yogrut (nominative singular)
yogrutug (accusative singular)
yogrutnï (accusative singular)
yogrutnuŋ (genitive singular)
yogrutka (dative singular)
yogrutda (locative singular)
yogrutdan (ablative singular)
yogrutgaru (allative singular)
yogrutun (instrumental singular)
yogrutča (equative singular)
yogrutlayu (singular)
yogrutlugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yoğurt

Ottoman Turkish: یوغورت (yoğurt)

Gagauz: yuurt

Turkish: yoğurt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُغْرُتْ (yoğrut), يُغُرْتْ (yoğurt)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жуурат (juurat)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽲𐽾𐽳𐾀 (yogrut), 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽲𐽳𐾀 (yorgut)

North Siberian:

Yakut: суорат (suorat)

From *yogur- (“to knead”) + *-ut. EDAL criticizes this based on semantics, however compare Ottoman Turkish [script needed] (yoğrulmak, “to be curdled”) passive form of *yogur- (“to knead”) and *katuk (“curdled milk; vinegar, seasoning”) from *kat- (“to mix”).
Metathesized to yogurt during the medieval period, compare *semri- and *sēkri- for similar phonological developement.

cog

(Common Turkic) curdled, coagulated milk; yogurt


köt-

kötmek (infinitive)
kötgen (participle present)
kötügme (participle present)
köter (participle present)
kötdük (participle past)
kötmiš (participle past)
kötdeči (future participle)
kötmekči (future participle)
kötsik (future participle)
köteček (future participle)
kötme (noun-from-verb)
kötüg (noun-from-verb)
kötgü (noun-from-verb)
kötüš (adverbial)
köter ben (aorist indicative singular)
köter sen (aorist indicative singular)
köter (aorist indicative singular)
köter biz (aorist indicative plural)
köter siz (aorist indicative plural)
köter (aorist indicative plural)
kötdüm (indicative past singular)
kötdüŋ (indicative past singular)
kötdi (indicative past singular)
kötdük (indicative past plural)
kötdümüz (indicative past plural)
kötdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
kötdi (indicative past plural)
kötmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kötmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kötmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
kötmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kötmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kötmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
kötdeči ben (future indicative singular)
kötmekči ben (future indicative singular)
köteček ben (future indicative singular)
kötdeči sen (future indicative singular)
kötmekči sen (future indicative singular)
köteček sen (future indicative singular)
kötdeči (future indicative singular)
kötmekči (future indicative singular)
köteček (future indicative singular)
kötdeči biz (future indicative plural)
kötmekči biz (future indicative plural)
köteček biz (future indicative plural)
kötdeči siz (future indicative plural)
kötmekči siz (future indicative plural)
köteček siz (future indicative plural)
kötdeči (future indicative plural)
kötmekči (future indicative plural)
köteček (future indicative plural)
kötgey ben (future indicative singular)
kötgey sen (future indicative singular)
kötgey (future indicative singular)
kötgey biz (future indicative plural)
kötgey siz (future indicative plural)
kötgey (future indicative plural)
kötsüküm (future indicative singular)
kötsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
kötsük (future indicative singular)
kötsükümüz (future indicative plural)
kötsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
kötsük (future indicative plural)
kötsem (conditional singular)
kötser ben (conditional singular)
kötseŋ (conditional singular)
kötser sen (conditional singular)
kötse (conditional singular)
kötser (conditional singular)
kötsek (conditional plural)
kötsemiz (conditional plural)
kötser biz (conditional plural)
kötseŋiz (conditional plural)
kötser siz (conditional plural)
kötseler (conditional plural)
kötser (conditional plural)
kötgey ben (optative singular)
kötgey sen (optative singular)
kötgey (optative singular)
kötgey biz (optative plural)
kötgey siz (optative plural)
kötgey (optative plural)
kötmekde ben (progressive singular)
kötmekde sen (progressive singular)
kötmekde (progressive singular)
kötmekde biz (plural progressive)
kötmekde siz (plural progressive)
kötmekde (plural progressive)
kötmelig ben (necessitative singular)
kötmelig sen (necessitative singular)
kötmelig (necessitative singular)
kötmelig biz (necessitative plural)
kötmelig siz (necessitative plural)
kötmelig (necessitative plural)
köteyin (imperative singular)
köt (imperative singular)
kötgil (imperative singular)
kötzün (imperative singular)
kötelim (imperative plural)
kötüŋ (imperative plural)
kötzün (imperative plural)
kötmemek (infinitive negative)
kötmegen (negative participle present)
kötmegme (negative participle present)
kötmez (negative participle present)
kötmedük (negative participle past)
kötmemiš (negative participle past)
kötmeči (future negative participle)
kötmesik (future negative participle)
kötmeyeček (future negative participle)
kötmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
kötmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
kötmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
kötmeyüš (adverbial negative)
kötmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kötmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kötmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
kötmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kötmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kötmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
kötmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
kötmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kötmedi (indicative negative past singular)
kötmedük (indicative negative past plural)
kötmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
kötmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
kötmedi (indicative negative past plural)
kötmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kötmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kötmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kötmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kötmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kötmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kötmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeči (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeči (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
kötmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
kötmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
kötmegey (future indicative negative singular)
kötmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmegey (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
kötmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kötmesük (future indicative negative singular)
kötmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesük (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesem (conditional negative singular)
kötmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
kötmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
kötmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
kötmese (conditional negative singular)
kötmeser (conditional negative singular)
kötmesek (conditional negative plural)
kötmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeseler (conditional negative plural)
kötmeser (conditional negative plural)
kötmegey ben (negative optative singular)
kötmegey sen (negative optative singular)
kötmegey (negative optative singular)
kötmegey biz (negative optative plural)
kötmegey siz (negative optative plural)
kötmegey (negative optative plural)
kötmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
kötmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
kötmemekde (negative progressive singular)
kötmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
kötmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
kötmemekde (negative plural progressive)
kötmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
kötmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
kötmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
kötmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
kötmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
kötmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
kötmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
kötme (imperative negative singular)
kötmegil (imperative negative singular)
kötmezün (imperative negative singular)
kötmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
kötmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
kötmezün (imperative negative plural)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (köti-, “to rise”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: көт (“to fly”)

Yakut: көт (köt, “to fly”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kötü-

Proto-Mongolic: *köteyi- (“to be high, lift the breast”)

Proto-Mongolic: *kötüle- (“to lead”)


taya-

trk-cmn-conj-head

tayadačï ben, tayamakčï ben, tayayačak ben

tayadačï sen, tayamakčï sen, tayayačak sen

tayadačï biz, tayamakčï biz, tayayačak biz

tayadačï siz, tayamakčï siz, tayayačak siz

tayamak (infinitive)
tayagan (participle present)
tayagma (participle present)
tayar (participle present)
tayaduk (participle past)
tayamïš (participle past)
tayadačï (future participle)
tayamakčï (future participle)
tayasïk (future participle)
tayayačak (future participle)
tayama (noun-from-verb)
tayag (noun-from-verb)
tayagu (noun-from-verb)
tayaš (adverbial)
tayar ben (aorist indicative singular)
tayar sen (aorist indicative singular)
tayar (aorist indicative singular)
tayar biz (aorist indicative plural)
tayar siz (aorist indicative plural)
tayar (aorist indicative plural)
tayadïm (indicative past singular)
tayadïŋ (indicative past singular)
tayadï (indicative past singular)
tayadïk (indicative past plural)
tayadïmïz (indicative past plural)
tayadïŋïz (indicative past plural)
tayadï (indicative past plural)
tayamïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tayamïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tayamïš (indicative inferential past singular)
tayamïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tayamïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tayamïš (indicative inferential past plural)
tayadačï ben (future indicative singular)
tayamakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tayayačak ben (future indicative singular)
tayadačï sen (future indicative singular)
tayamakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tayayačak sen (future indicative singular)
tayadačï (future indicative singular)
tayamakčï (future indicative singular)
tayayačak (future indicative singular)
tayadačï biz (future indicative plural)
tayamakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tayayačak biz (future indicative plural)
tayadačï siz (future indicative plural)
tayamakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tayayačak siz (future indicative plural)
tayadačï (future indicative plural)
tayamakčï (future indicative plural)
tayayačak (future indicative plural)
tayagay ben (future indicative singular)
tayagay sen (future indicative singular)
tayagay (future indicative singular)
tayagay biz (future indicative plural)
tayagay siz (future indicative plural)
tayagay (future indicative plural)
tayasïkïm (future indicative singular)
tayasïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
tayasïk (future indicative singular)
tayasïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
tayasïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
tayasïk (future indicative plural)
tayasam (conditional singular)
tayasar ben (conditional singular)
tayasaŋ (conditional singular)
tayasar sen (conditional singular)
tayasa (conditional singular)
tayasar (conditional singular)
tayasak (conditional plural)
tayasamïz (conditional plural)
tayasar biz (conditional plural)
tayasaŋïz (conditional plural)
tayasar siz (conditional plural)
tayasalar (conditional plural)
tayasar (conditional plural)
tayagay ben (optative singular)
tayagay sen (optative singular)
tayagay (optative singular)
tayagay biz (optative plural)
tayagay siz (optative plural)
tayagay (optative plural)
tayamakda ben (progressive singular)
tayamakda sen (progressive singular)
tayamakda (progressive singular)
tayamakda biz (plural progressive)
tayamakda siz (plural progressive)
tayamakda (plural progressive)
tayamalïg ben (necessitative singular)
tayamalïg sen (necessitative singular)
tayamalïg (necessitative singular)
tayamalïg biz (necessitative plural)
tayamalïg siz (necessitative plural)
tayamalïg (necessitative plural)
tayayayïn (imperative singular)
taya (imperative singular)
tayagïl (imperative singular)
tayazun (imperative singular)
tayayalïm (imperative plural)
tayayïŋ (imperative plural)
tayazun (imperative plural)
tayamamak (infinitive negative)
tayamagan (negative participle present)
tayamagma (negative participle present)
tayamaz (negative participle present)
tayamaduk (negative participle past)
tayamamïš (negative participle past)
tayamačï (future negative participle)
tayamasïk (future negative participle)
tayamayačak (future negative participle)
tayamama (negative noun-from-verb)
tayamag (negative noun-from-verb)
tayamagu (negative noun-from-verb)
tayamaš (adverbial negative)
tayamaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tayamaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tayamaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
tayamaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tayamaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tayamaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tayamadïm (indicative negative past singular)
tayamadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tayamadï (indicative negative past singular)
tayamadïk (indicative negative past plural)
tayamadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
tayamadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
tayamadï (indicative negative past plural)
tayamamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tayamamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tayamamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tayamamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tayamamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tayamamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tayamačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
tayamayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
tayamačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
tayamayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
tayamačï (future indicative negative singular)
tayamayačak (future indicative negative singular)
tayamačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamačï (future indicative negative plural)
tayamayačak (future indicative negative plural)
tayamagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
tayamagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
tayamagay (future indicative negative singular)
tayamagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamagay (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
tayamasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tayamasïk (future indicative negative singular)
tayamasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasïk (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasam (conditional negative singular)
tayamasar ben (conditional negative singular)
tayamasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
tayamasar sen (conditional negative singular)
tayamasa (conditional negative singular)
tayamasar (conditional negative singular)
tayamasak (conditional negative plural)
tayamasamïz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasar biz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasar siz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasalar (conditional negative plural)
tayamasar (conditional negative plural)
tayamagay ben (negative optative singular)
tayamagay sen (negative optative singular)
tayamagay (negative optative singular)
tayamagay biz (negative optative plural)
tayamagay siz (negative optative plural)
tayamagay (negative optative plural)
tayamamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
tayamamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
tayamamakda (negative progressive singular)
tayamamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
tayamamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
tayamamakda (negative plural progressive)
tayamamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
tayamamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
tayamamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
tayamamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
tayamamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
tayamamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
tayamayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tayama (imperative negative singular)
tayamagïl (imperative negative singular)
tayamazun (imperative negative singular)
tayamayalïm (imperative negative plural)
tayamayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
tayamazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dayamaq

Ottoman Turkish: طیامق (dayamak)

Gagauz: dayamaa

Turkish: dayamak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: daýamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَياماقْ (tayāmāq)

Uzbek: tayamoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: таяү (tayaw)

East Kipchak:

desc

Southern Altai: тайаар (tayaar, “to prop up”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (taya-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тайаа (tayaa)

Nişanyan considers a possible derivation from *tay which he does not consider to necessarily be the same word as *tay (“colt”), however he still semantically compares French poutre (“beam”) from Latin pullus (“colt”) and Ottoman Turkish مرتك (mertek, “beam”) ultimately from Persian مردک (mardak, “little man”).


ẹ̄r

ẹ̄r (nominative singular)
ẹ̄rig (accusative singular)
ẹ̄rni (accusative singular)
ẹ̄rniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹ̄rke (dative singular)
ẹ̄rte (locative singular)
ẹ̄rten (ablative singular)
ẹ̄rgerü (allative singular)
ẹ̄rin (instrumental singular)
ẹ̄rče (equative singular)
ẹ̄rleyü (singular)
ẹ̄rligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Bulgar: ارلا (erle)

Chuvash: ир (ir), ирлесе (irles̬e)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: er

Turkmen: īr, īrki

Salar: er

Unrelated to *erken (“while”) from *er- (“to be”).


yārtu

yārtu (nominative singular)
yārtug (accusative singular)
yārtunï (accusative singular)
yārtunïŋ (genitive singular)
yārtuka (dative singular)
yārtuda (locative singular)
yārtudan (ablative singular)
yārtugaru (allative singular)
yārtun (instrumental singular)
yārtuča (equative singular)
yārtulayu (singular)
yārtulïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫурта (śurt̬a, “candle”)

→ Hungarian: gyertya (“candle”)

→ Komi-Zyrian: сартас (sartas, “tea-urn”)

Common Turkic: *yārtu

Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýārty (“half”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَرْتُو (“chip”)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жарты (jarty, “half”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yartu, “wood; strait, ravine”)

South Siberian:

Shor: [script needed] (čarta)


kaŋlï

Common Turkic:

→ Chinese: 康里 (*qaŋlï)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلو (kaŋlu)

Ottoman Turkish: قكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلی (kaŋlï), قاكلو (kaŋlu)

Turkish: kağnı

Salar: gañli

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَنكْلٖى (qaŋlï)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qaŋlï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: qʾnkly (qaŋlï)

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: хаңаа (xañaa)

Shor: қаңаа (“skis, sleigh”)

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (qaŋha, “skis, sleigh”)

Tuvan: [script needed] (xā̃k, “skis, sleigh”)


balkï-

trk-cmn-conj-head

balkïdačï, balkïmakčï, balkïsïk, balkïyačak

balkïdačï ben, balkïmakčï ben, balkïyačak ben

balkïdačï sen, balkïmakčï sen, balkïyačak sen

balkïdačï biz, balkïmakčï biz, balkïyačak biz

balkïdačï siz, balkïmakčï siz, balkïyačak siz

balkïmasak, balkïmasamïz, balkïmasar biz

balkïmak (infinitive)
balkïgan (participle present)
balkïgma (participle present)
balkïr (participle present)
balkïduk (participle past)
balkïmïš (participle past)
balkïdačï (future participle)
balkïmakčï (future participle)
balkïsïk (future participle)
balkïyačak (future participle)
balkïma (noun-from-verb)
balkïg (noun-from-verb)
balkïgu (noun-from-verb)
balkïš (adverbial)
balkïr ben (aorist indicative singular)
balkïr sen (aorist indicative singular)
balkïr (aorist indicative singular)
balkïr biz (aorist indicative plural)
balkïr siz (aorist indicative plural)
balkïr (aorist indicative plural)
balkïdïm (indicative past singular)
balkïdïŋ (indicative past singular)
balkïdï (indicative past singular)
balkïdïk (indicative past plural)
balkïdïmïz (indicative past plural)
balkïdïŋïz (indicative past plural)
balkïdï (indicative past plural)
balkïmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
balkïmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
balkïmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
balkïmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
balkïmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
balkïmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
balkïdačï ben (future indicative singular)
balkïmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
balkïyačak ben (future indicative singular)
balkïdačï sen (future indicative singular)
balkïmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
balkïyačak sen (future indicative singular)
balkïdačï (future indicative singular)
balkïmakčï (future indicative singular)
balkïyačak (future indicative singular)
balkïdačï biz (future indicative plural)
balkïmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
balkïyačak biz (future indicative plural)
balkïdačï siz (future indicative plural)
balkïmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
balkïyačak siz (future indicative plural)
balkïdačï (future indicative plural)
balkïmakčï (future indicative plural)
balkïyačak (future indicative plural)
balkïgay ben (future indicative singular)
balkïgay sen (future indicative singular)
balkïgay (future indicative singular)
balkïgay biz (future indicative plural)
balkïgay siz (future indicative plural)
balkïgay (future indicative plural)
balkïsïkïm (future indicative singular)
balkïsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
balkïsïk (future indicative singular)
balkïsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
balkïsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
balkïsïk (future indicative plural)
balkïsam (conditional singular)
balkïsar ben (conditional singular)
balkïsaŋ (conditional singular)
balkïsar sen (conditional singular)
balkïsa (conditional singular)
balkïsar (conditional singular)
balkïsak (conditional plural)
balkïsamïz (conditional plural)
balkïsar biz (conditional plural)
balkïsaŋïz (conditional plural)
balkïsar siz (conditional plural)
balkïsalar (conditional plural)
balkïsar (conditional plural)
balkïgay ben (optative singular)
balkïgay sen (optative singular)
balkïgay (optative singular)
balkïgay biz (optative plural)
balkïgay siz (optative plural)
balkïgay (optative plural)
balkïmakda ben (progressive singular)
balkïmakda sen (progressive singular)
balkïmakda (progressive singular)
balkïmakda biz (plural progressive)
balkïmakda siz (plural progressive)
balkïmakda (plural progressive)
balkïmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
balkïmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
balkïmalïg (necessitative singular)
balkïmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
balkïmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
balkïmalïg (necessitative plural)
balkïyayïn (imperative singular)
balkï (imperative singular)
balkïgïl (imperative singular)
balkïzun (imperative singular)
balkïyalïm (imperative plural)
balkïyïŋ (imperative plural)
balkïzun (imperative plural)
balkïmamak (infinitive negative)
balkïmagan (negative participle present)
balkïmagma (negative participle present)
balkïmaz (negative participle present)
balkïmaduk (negative participle past)
balkïmamïš (negative participle past)
balkïmačï (future negative participle)
balkïmasïk (future negative participle)
balkïmayačak (future negative participle)
balkïmama (negative noun-from-verb)
balkïmag (negative noun-from-verb)
balkïmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
balkïmaš (adverbial negative)
balkïmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
balkïmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
balkïmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
balkïmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
balkïmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
balkïmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
balkïmadïm (indicative negative past singular)
balkïmadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
balkïmadï (indicative negative past singular)
balkïmadïk (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmadï (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
balkïmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
balkïmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
balkïmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
balkïmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
balkïmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
balkïmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmačï (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmačï (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmagay (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmagay (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmasïk (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasïk (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasam (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasa (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasar (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasak (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasalar (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasar (conditional negative plural)
balkïmagay ben (negative optative singular)
balkïmagay sen (negative optative singular)
balkïmagay (negative optative singular)
balkïmagay biz (negative optative plural)
balkïmagay siz (negative optative plural)
balkïmagay (negative optative plural)
balkïmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
balkïmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
balkïmamakda (negative progressive singular)
balkïmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
balkïmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
balkïmamakda (negative plural progressive)
balkïmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
balkïmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
balkïmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
balkïmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
balkïmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
balkïmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
balkïmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
balkïma (imperative negative singular)
balkïmagïl (imperative negative singular)
balkïmazun (imperative negative singular)
balkïmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
balkïmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
balkïmazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: balkımak, balkmak

East Oghuz:

⇒ Turkmen: balkyldamak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: балҡыу (balqıw)

Tatar: балкырга (balkırga)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: балқу (balqu, “to melt”)

Karaim: balkymak

# According to Çağbayır, of onomatopoeic origin, compare Bashkir балҡ (balq, “expression used to denote a bright shine”).
# According to Tietze, from Arabic برق (barq, “lightning”) + *-ï-, compare dialectal Turkish barkımak (“to shine”) and balk (“lightning”), alternative form of berk.

noncog

(Common Turkic, transitive) to shine, glitter


togra-

trk-cmn-conj-head

togradačï, togramakčï, tograsïk, tograyačak

togradačï ben, togramakčï ben, tograyačak ben

togradačï sen, togramakčï sen, tograyačak sen

togradačï biz, togramakčï biz, tograyačak biz

togradačï siz, togramakčï siz, tograyačak siz

togramasak, togramasamïz, togramasar biz

togramak (infinitive)
togragan (participle present)
togragma (participle present)
tograr (participle present)
tograduk (participle past)
togramïš (participle past)
togradačï (future participle)
togramakčï (future participle)
tograsïk (future participle)
tograyačak (future participle)
tograma (noun-from-verb)
tograg (noun-from-verb)
togragu (noun-from-verb)
tograš (adverbial)
tograr ben (aorist indicative singular)
tograr sen (aorist indicative singular)
tograr (aorist indicative singular)
tograr biz (aorist indicative plural)
tograr siz (aorist indicative plural)
tograr (aorist indicative plural)
togradïm (indicative past singular)
togradïŋ (indicative past singular)
togradï (indicative past singular)
togradïk (indicative past plural)
togradïmïz (indicative past plural)
togradïŋïz (indicative past plural)
togradï (indicative past plural)
togramïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
togramïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
togramïš (indicative inferential past singular)
togramïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
togramïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
togramïš (indicative inferential past plural)
togradačï ben (future indicative singular)
togramakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tograyačak ben (future indicative singular)
togradačï sen (future indicative singular)
togramakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tograyačak sen (future indicative singular)
togradačï (future indicative singular)
togramakčï (future indicative singular)
tograyačak (future indicative singular)
togradačï biz (future indicative plural)
togramakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tograyačak biz (future indicative plural)
togradačï siz (future indicative plural)
togramakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tograyačak siz (future indicative plural)
togradačï (future indicative plural)
togramakčï (future indicative plural)
tograyačak (future indicative plural)
togragay ben (future indicative singular)
togragay sen (future indicative singular)
togragay (future indicative singular)
togragay biz (future indicative plural)
togragay siz (future indicative plural)
togragay (future indicative plural)
tograsïkïm (future indicative singular)
tograsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
tograsïk (future indicative singular)
tograsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
tograsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
tograsïk (future indicative plural)
tograsam (conditional singular)
tograsar ben (conditional singular)
tograsaŋ (conditional singular)
tograsar sen (conditional singular)
tograsa (conditional singular)
tograsar (conditional singular)
tograsak (conditional plural)
tograsamïz (conditional plural)
tograsar biz (conditional plural)
tograsaŋïz (conditional plural)
tograsar siz (conditional plural)
tograsalar (conditional plural)
tograsar (conditional plural)
togragay ben (optative singular)
togragay sen (optative singular)
togragay (optative singular)
togragay biz (optative plural)
togragay siz (optative plural)
togragay (optative plural)
togramakda ben (progressive singular)
togramakda sen (progressive singular)
togramakda (progressive singular)
togramakda biz (plural progressive)
togramakda siz (plural progressive)
togramakda (plural progressive)
togramalïg ben (necessitative singular)
togramalïg sen (necessitative singular)
togramalïg (necessitative singular)
togramalïg biz (necessitative plural)
togramalïg siz (necessitative plural)
togramalïg (necessitative plural)
tograyayïn (imperative singular)
togra (imperative singular)
togragïl (imperative singular)
tograzun (imperative singular)
tograyalïm (imperative plural)
tograyïŋ (imperative plural)
tograzun (imperative plural)
togramamak (infinitive negative)
togramagan (negative participle present)
togramagma (negative participle present)
togramaz (negative participle present)
togramaduk (negative participle past)
togramamïš (negative participle past)
togramačï (future negative participle)
togramasïk (future negative participle)
togramayačak (future negative participle)
togramama (negative noun-from-verb)
togramag (negative noun-from-verb)
togramagu (negative noun-from-verb)
togramaš (adverbial negative)
togramaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
togramaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
togramaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
togramaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togramaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togramaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togramadïm (indicative negative past singular)
togramadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
togramadï (indicative negative past singular)
togramadïk (indicative negative past plural)
togramadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
togramadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
togramadï (indicative negative past plural)
togramamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togramamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togramamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togramamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togramamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togramamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togramačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
togramayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
togramačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
togramayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
togramačï (future indicative negative singular)
togramayačak (future indicative negative singular)
togramačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
togramayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
togramačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
togramayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
togramačï (future indicative negative plural)
togramayačak (future indicative negative plural)
togramagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
togramagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
togramagay (future indicative negative singular)
togramagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
togramagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
togramagay (future indicative negative plural)
togramasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
togramasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
togramasïk (future indicative negative singular)
togramasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
togramasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
togramasïk (future indicative negative plural)
togramasam (conditional negative singular)
togramasar ben (conditional negative singular)
togramasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
togramasar sen (conditional negative singular)
togramasa (conditional negative singular)
togramasar (conditional negative singular)
togramasak (conditional negative plural)
togramasamïz (conditional negative plural)
togramasar biz (conditional negative plural)
togramasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
togramasar siz (conditional negative plural)
togramasalar (conditional negative plural)
togramasar (conditional negative plural)
togramagay ben (negative optative singular)
togramagay sen (negative optative singular)
togramagay (negative optative singular)
togramagay biz (negative optative plural)
togramagay siz (negative optative plural)
togramagay (negative optative plural)
togramamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
togramamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
togramamakda (negative progressive singular)
togramamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
togramamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
togramamakda (negative plural progressive)
togramamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
togramamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
togramamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
togramamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
togramamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
togramamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
togramayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tograma (imperative negative singular)
togramagïl (imperative negative singular)
togramazun (imperative negative singular)
togramayalïm (imperative negative plural)
togramayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
togramazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тура (tura)

Arghu:

Khalaj: torğamaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: doğramaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طوغرامق (doğramak)
Gagauz: doramaa
Turkish: doğramak
→ Crimean Tatar: doğramaq
→ Karaim: [script needed] (doğramaq)

Turkmen: dogramak

Salar: doğrığusı, doğram

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (toğra-)

Chagatai: [script needed] (toğra-)

Uyghur: توغرىماق (toghrimaq)

Uzbek: to‘g‘ramoq

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: турау (turaw)

Tatar: турарга (turarga)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: tug‘rag‘u

Kazakh: турау (turau)

Nogai: [script needed] (tuwra-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тууроо (tuuroo)

Southern Altai: туураар (tuuraar)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: toramaq

Karachay-Balkar: туура- (tuura-)

Karaim: [script needed] (tuvra-)

Kumyk: тувра- (tuwra-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: тоғырга (toğırga)

Shor: тоғрага (toğra-)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (torğa-)

North Siberian:

⇒ Yakut: тоорот (toorot)

South Siberian:

Sayan turkic:

Tofa: доора- (doora-)

Tuvan: доорар (doorar)

# ESTJa suggests a derivation from *tog- and supposes a relation with *togan (“falcon”), however a denominal verb forming suffix *-ra does not exist.
# Nişanyan derives it from *toguru (“tang; straight, correct”), however the suffix *-a is attached only to stems ending with consonants.

(transitive) to cut into slices, small pieces


ẹ̄rte

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ertə

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: erte

Salar: ette

Turkmen: erte

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئەرتە (erte)

Uzbek: erta

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: иртә (irtə)

Tatar: иртә (irtä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ерте (erte)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эрте (erte)

Southern Altai: эрте (erte)

Siberian:

Yakut: эрдэ (erde)


saŋïr

Common Turkic:

→⇒? Chuvash: анра-сухра (anra-s̬uhra)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sağır

Ottoman Turkish: صاغر, صاغیر (sağır)
Gagauz: saar
Turkish: sağır
→ Crimean Tatar: sağır

Salar: sağır

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ساغرىغۇ (saghrighu)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (saŋır), [script needed] (saŋırav)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һаңғырау (hañğıraw)

Tatar: саңгырау (sañgıraw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: сангырау (sañırau)

Kumyk: сангырав (sañıraw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: саңырау (sañyrau)

Nogai: санъырав (sañırav)

Not related to Proto-Turkic *sagïr (“a game battue”).


yān-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yanımaq

Gagauz: yaanmaa, yaandırmaa

Karluk:

يَنْدُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: يَنْدُرْماقْ (yandurmāq, “to threaten”), يَنِغْ (yanığ, “threatening”)

Uyghur: [script needed] (ǯonu-)

Uzbek: [script needed] (yan-)

Kipchak: يَنْماقْ (yanmāq, “to threaten”)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (yana-)

Tatar: [script needed] (yana-)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (žan-, žaŋ-, ǯanï-, zanï-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yan-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: саан (saan)


tür(ü)k

türk (canonical)
türk (nominative singular)
türük (nominative singular)
türkler (nominative plural)
türükler (nominative plural)
türkniŋ (genitive singular)
türükniŋ (genitive singular)
türklerniŋ (genitive plural)
türüklerniŋ (genitive plural)
türkke (dative singular)
türükke (dative singular)
türklerke (dative plural)
türüklerke (dative plural)
türkte (locative singular)
türükte (locative singular)
türklerde (locative plural)
türüklerde (locative plural)
türkten (ablative singular)
türükten (ablative singular)
türklerden (ablative plural)
türüklerden (ablative plural)
türklerin (instrumental plural)
türüklerin (instrumental plural)
türkče (equative singular)
türükče (equative singular)
türklerče (equative plural)
türüklerče (equative plural)

Oghur: *türkü

→ Old Hungarian: Turcu (türkü)

Hungarian: török

→⇒ Old Hungarian: Thevreker (törek-ēr, “Cuman”) (< *tür(ü)k + *ēr)

→? Rouran: 𑀓𑁆𑀭𑀽𑀢𑀼 (türǖg)

Common Turkic: *türk

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (Türkmen)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ترك, تورك (türk)
Turkish: Türk
→ English: Türk
→ Albanian: turk
→ Portuguese: turco
→ Romanian: turc

→ Bashkir: төрөк (török)

→ Tatar: төрек (törek)

→ Chuvash: тӗрӗк (tĕrĕk)

→ Kazakh: түрік (türık)

→ Kyrgyz: түрк (türk)

→ Southern Altai: тӱрк (türk)

→ Yakut: турок (turok)

→ Russian: ту́рок (túrok)

→ Yakut: туурак (tuurak)

Azerbaijani: türk

⇒ Turkmen: Türkmen

→ Bulgar: تُرُكمَان (“Turkmen”)

→ Persian: ترکمان
→ Azerbaijani: türkman
→ Chagatai: ترکمان
Uzbek: turkmon
→ Gujarati: તુર્કમાન (turkamān)
→ Medieval Latin: Turcomannus
English: Turcoman
French: Turcoman
→ Ottoman Turkish: تركمان (Türkmân)
Turkish: Türkman
→ English: Turkman

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥, “Turks, Göktürks”)
⇒ Rouran: *türküt (“Turks”)
→ Middle Chinese: 突厥 (tʰuət̚ kɨut̚)
→ Middle Persian: twlk'

Old Uyghur: twyrk (türk, “Turkic”)

Uncertain. Multiple etymologies have been proposed;
# Doerfer (1965), based on Old Uyghur twyrk (“?”) found in fragmentary Manichaean scriptures as "...türk burxanlarta kén éntiŋiz..." ("...you have descended [to Earth] after [???] prophets (Boddhisatvas)..."), presumes that Old Uyghur word and thus *türk must have meant "strong", and or "capable." However, Clauson (1972) rejects this observation, stating that most of the text is illegible and twyrk in the Manichaean may simply be twyrt (“four”) instead. This is seconded by Nişanyan in his Modern Turkish etymological dictionary.
# According to Clauson (1972) *türk means "the culmination point of maturity", "ripe (as are fruit)" and "the prime of one's life".
# Räsänen (1969) in his entry surmises the etymologies above, giving that the word meant "power, might" in Old Uyghur, "midpoint of maturing" in Middle Turkic, "brave" in Chagatai and "brute, harsh; (and by extension) illiterate" in Ottoman Turkish. He also gives "Chinese Tu-küz" (cf. Middle Chinese 突厥 (tʰuət̚ kɨut̚)) for the comparison. Whether or not the words mentioned are related to this etymon is unclear.
# Róna-Tas (1991) compares this form with Khotanese *tturakä (“lid, helmet”) in the light of the mention of "golden mountains shaped like helmets" by the Chinese Annals where Turks would live. Chinese records also state that Turks got their name from these mountains, which they call türküt. Notwithstanding this etymology, Róna-Tas and Berta (2011) suppose the proto-form as *türkü and comment that this word is not found natively in Yakut, Khakas and Chuvash languages.
The earliest attestation of Turk is found in the Hüis Tolgoi Inscription, stone 1 as 𑀓𑁆𑀭𑀽𑀢𑀼 (türǖg) in Brahmi script, dating back to 584 AD.
See more at Turkic.


bańak

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بَيْنَقْ (baynaq, “dung”)

Kipchak: [script needed] (maya:q)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: مَيَقْ (mayaq, “dung of camel or sheep”), مَژَكْ (mejek, “dog dung”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (mayaq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (mayaq, “dung”)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: [script needed] (mıyaq)


büńüŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑйра (măjra), мӑйрака (măjrak̬a)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boynuz)

Azerbaijani: buynuz

Ottoman Turkish: بوینوز (boynuz)

Gagauz: boynuz, buynuz

Turkish: boynuz

→ Crimean Tatar: boynuz

Turkmen: buýnuz

Kipchak: [script needed] (müyiz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мөгөҙ (mögöź)

Tatar: мөгез (mögez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: müyüz

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk: [script needed] (müyüz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: мүйіз (müiız)

Nogai: [script needed] (müyiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мүйүз (müyüz)

Southern Altai: мӱӱс (müüs)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (müñüz)

büñüz, müñüz

Chagatai: [script needed] (büñüz, müñüz)

Uyghur: مۈڭگۈز (münggüz)

Uzbek: muguz

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (mıyıs)

Shor: мӱӱс

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (müyüz, müñüs)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (moŋ'əs)

→ Salar: moñas

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (müñüz)

Tofa:


ẹ̄rig

Common Turkic:

→ Hungarian: öreg

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: iri

Ottoman Turkish: ايرى

Gagauz: iiri

Turkish: iri

Salar: yiri

Turkmen: īri

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (erig)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ژىرىك (zhirik), [script needed] (yirik)

Uzbek: yirik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эре (ere)

Tatar: эре (ere)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (iri)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (iri)

Kazakh: ірі (ırı)

Nogai: [script needed] (iri)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ири (iri)

Southern Altai: эригер (eriger, “to be tired”), эрӱ (erü, “pain”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (erig, “wild”)


yẹ̄t-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yedmek)

Azerbaijani: yedmək, yedək

Ottoman Turkish: یدمك (yedmek)

Gagauz: edek

Turkish: yedmek, yedek

Turkmen: ītmek, īdeklemek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَتْماكْ (yetmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yét-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (yete-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

⇒ Kazakh: жетек (jetek)

Nogai: [script needed] (yet-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yét-)


yabaĺč

Common Turkic: *yabaš

→⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *namukan (“peaceful, gentle”) (from the hypothetical *yaba-kan (“id.”))

Mongolian: намхан (namxan, “peaceful, gentle”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yavaş

→ Persian: یواش (yavâš)

→ Khalaj: yəvâş

Ottoman Turkish: یواش (yavaş, “patient, mild, peaceable”)

Turkish: yavaş

Gagauz: yavaş

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýuwaş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yawaš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yawaš)

Uyghur: [script needed] (yuwaš) (dialectal)

Uzbek: yuvosh

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (yawa kiši, “a person who is timid, mild, tractable, and peaceable; docile (of animals)”)

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (yawa yḗr, “warm, cozy place”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: iavas (yawa:š, “docile and obsequious (of animals)”)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: йыуаш (yıwaş)

Middle Tatar: *ʒovaš ("peaceful, hospitable")

→? Chuvash: чӑваш (čăvaš, “Chuvash”)

→ Eastern Mari: суас (suas, “Tatar”)

→ Tatar: чуаш (çuwaş, “Chuvash”)

Russian: чува́ша (čuváša, “unkempt man”) (dialectal)

Tatar: юаш (yuaş), юваш (yuwaş)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar:

Krymchak: йуваш

Karachay-Balkar: джууаш (cuuaş)

Kumyk: яваш (yawaş), юваш (yuwaş)

Karaim: йуваш

Urum: йываш

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жуас (juas)

Nogai: ювас (yuvas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоош (jooş)

Southern Altai: јобош (ǰoboš)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Earlier Yakut: *samā- ("calm, pleasant, easy-going")

⇒? Yakut: самаан (samaan, “favourable summer, warm weather”)

South Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: yʾpʾs (yabaš)

⇒? Old Uyghur: yʾp yʾp (yap-yap, “timidly”)

Khakas: чабас (çabas)

Northern Altai: дьобоош (dʹobooš), чобош (čoboš)

Shor: чобаш (čobaš)

Tuvan: чааш (çaaş)

Tofa: чааш (čāš)

Tofa: чааш (čāš)

Unknown. Probably a deverbal from the unattested verb *yaba- (“to calm down (?)”), further etymology cannot be satisfactorily established.
Räsänen, Vasmer and Nemeth suggest that the ethnonym for Chuvash people (čăwaš) is borrowed or inherited from *yabaš (“calm, peaceful”), via intermediaries. Proto-Mongolic *namukan is given as a cognate by Räsänen (cf. Mongolian намхан (namxan, “gentle, peaceful”))
Altaicists compare their reconstructed form *yabaĺ with Khalkha Mongolian зөөлөн (zöölön, “soft, weak”) (cf. Written Mongolian ᠵᠣ᠊᠊ᠢ᠊ᠭᠡ᠊ᠯᠠ᠊ᠨ (ʒögelen)) and Japanese 柔ら (yawara, “something soft, fragile, gentle”) (cf. Japanese 柔柔 (yawayawa, “soft, supple”), reduplication of *yawa). Despite semantic and phonological similarities, Altaic comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream historical linguistics.

noncog

peaceful, quiet, calm, mild (Common Turkic)