tokurčïn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طقورجين

Ottoman Turkish: طقورجين

Turkish: dokurcun (dial.)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: طُقُرْجِنْ


iakïn

iakïn (nominative singular)
iakïnïg (accusative singular)
iakïnnï (accusative singular)
iakïnnïŋ (genitive singular)
iakïnka (dative singular)
iakïnta (locative singular)
iakïntan (ablative singular)
iakïngaru (allative singular)
iakïnïn (instrumental singular)
iakïnča (equative singular)
iakïnlayu (singular)
iakïnlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: юхӑм (juh̬ăm)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: axın

Ottoman Turkish: آقین (aqın)

Turkish: akın

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَقِنْ (aqïn)

Uyghur: ئېقىن (ëqin)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: aqın

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ағын (ağyn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: агын (agın)

Southern Altai: агын (agïn)


yuldura-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yıldıramak

Turkmen: ýyldyramak

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жылтырау (jyltyrau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылтыроо (jıltıroo)

Southern Altai: јылтыраар (ǰïltïraar)


agtar-

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: axtarmaq
*** East Oghuz:
**** Salar: aqdar
**** Turkmen: agtarmak
** Karluk:
*** Uzbek: axtarmoq (“to search”)
** Kipchak:
*** South Kipchak:
**** Kazakh: ақтару (aqtaru)

Unrelated to *āgtar- (“to turn upside down; to plough”).


boguŕ

boguŕ (nominative singular)
boguŕug (accusative singular)
boguŕnï (accusative singular)
boguŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
boguŕka (dative singular)
boguŕta (locative singular)
boguŕtan (ablative singular)
boguŕgaru (allative singular)
boguŕun (instrumental singular)
boguŕča (equative singular)
boguŕlayu (singular)
boguŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: boğız

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: boğaz, بوْغاز

Ottoman Turkish: بوغاز (boğaz)

Turkish: boğaz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bogaz, بوْغاز

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (boɣuz)

Chagatai: بوغوز

Uyghur: بوغۇز (boghuz)

Uzbek: boʻgʻiz, بۉغیز

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: боғаҙ (boğaź)

Tatar: бугаз (buğaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğaz

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: богуз (boguz)

Southern Altai: боос (boos)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔 (boɣuz)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: боостаа (boostaa) (<*boguŕla- ?)

Tofa: боос (boos)


saraŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

desc

Uyghur: ساراڭ (sarang, “mentally disordered, crazy, idiot”)

Uzbek: sarang (“baffled, perplexed”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һаран (haran, “frugal”)

Tatar: саран (saran, “frugal”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: сараң (sarañ, “frugal”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сараң (saraŋ, “frugal”)

Southern Altai: сарам (saram)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (saran, “frugal, parsimonious”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: араҥ (arañ)

Yakut: араҥ (arañ)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сараӈ (saraŋ, “frugal”)

Perhaps compare Chuvash суран (suran, “wound”) (?).


agsak

agsak (nominative singular)
agsakïg (accusative singular)
agsaknï (accusative singular)
agsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
agsakka (dative singular)
agsakda (locative singular)
agsakdan (ablative singular)
agsakgaru (allative singular)
agsakïn (instrumental singular)
agsakča (equative singular)
agsaklayu (singular)
agsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: уксах (uksah)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: axsaq

Ottoman Turkish: آغساق (aksak)

Turkish: aksak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: agsak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَخْساقْ (axsāq)

Uyghur: ئاخساق (axsaq), ئاسقاق (asqaq)

Uzbek: oqsoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аҡһаҡ (aqhaq)

Tatar: аксак (aqsaq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: aqsaq

Karachay-Balkar: акъсакъ (aqsaq)

Kumyk: акъсакъ (aqsaq)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (suwıq)

Kazakh: ақсақ (aqsaq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аксак (aksak)

Southern Altai: аксак (aksak)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: ʾʾqsʾq (aɣsaq/aqsaq/axsaq)


yeŕne

yeŕne (nominative singular)
yeŕneg (accusative singular)
yeŕneni (accusative singular)
yeŕneniŋ (genitive singular)
yeŕneke (dative singular)
yeŕnede (locative singular)
yeŕneden (ablative singular)
yeŕnegerü (allative singular)
yeŕnen (instrumental singular)
yeŕneče (equative singular)
yeŕneleyü (singular)
yeŕneligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йысна (jysna)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *yezne

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yeznə

Turkmen: ýeznä

Karluk:

Uzbek: yezna

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еҙнә (yeźnə)

Tatar: җизнә (ciznä), җизни (cizni)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жезде (jezde)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жезде (jezde)

Southern Altai: јесте (ǰeste)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: yezde

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: честе (çeste)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чисте (çiste)

Shor: честе (çeste)

Similarity to Spanish yerno (“son-in-law”) is highly a coincidence.
Compare also Chuvash ҫамрӑк (śamrăk), Hungarian gyermek.


kẹli

kẹli (nominative singular)
kẹlig (accusative singular)
kẹlini (accusative singular)
kẹliniŋ (genitive singular)
kẹlike (dative singular)
kẹlide (locative singular)
kẹliden (ablative singular)
kẹligerü (allative singular)
kẹlin (instrumental singular)
kẹliče (equative singular)
kẹlileyü (singular)
kẹliligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: килӗ (kilĕ)

→ Hungarian: kölyű

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Uzbek: keli

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: киле (kile)

Tatar: киле (kile)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: кели (keli)

Kumyk: кели (keli)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: келi (keli)

Siberian:

Siberian Tatar: кейле (keyle)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кэлии (kelii)

Yakut: кэлии (kelii)

Similarity to Proto-Tungusic *xelńe (“mortar”), may have explains the early form of *kelńi, which is also preserved in Hungarian and Siberian Tatar. (?)


koyug

Oghur:

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *goyuɣ

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qoyu

Azerbaijani: قویوق (balloon) (Iran)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قویو (koyu)
Turkish: koyu
→ Armenian: խօյի (xōyi), կույի (kuyi)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: goýy

Karluk:

Uyghur: قويۇق (qoyuq)

Uzbek: quyuq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуйы (quyı)

Tatar: куе (quye)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoyu

Karachay-Balkar: къою (qoyu)

Karaim: koju

Kumyk: къою (qoyu)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: койы (koyı)

Kazakh: қою (qoü)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коюу (koyuu)

Southern Altai: койу (koyu)

Siberian:

Siberian Tatar: ҡуйы (quyï)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: койуу (koyuu)

Yakut: хойуу (qoyuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: хоюг (xoyug)

Tofa: [script needed] (konьug)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хойығ (xoyığ)

Shor: қойуғ (qoyuğ)

From *koyu- (“to become viscous, thick”) + *-g.


yogun

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yoğun

Proto-Oghuz: *yoɣan

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yoğun

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یوغون (yoğun), یوغن (yoğun)
Turkish: yoğun
→ Armenian: եօղուն (eōġun)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýogȳn

Salar: yoğan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُغُونْ (yoɣun)

Chagatai: یوغون (yoɣun), یوغان (yoɣan)

Uyghur: يوغان (yoghan)

Uzbek: yoʻgʻon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йыуан (yıwan)

Tatar: юан (yuan)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жуан (juan)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоон (joon)

Southern Altai: јоон (ǰoon)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣 (yoɣun)

Old Uyghur: ywqwn (yoɣun)

Western Yugur: joɣən

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һуон (huon)

Yakut: суон (suon)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чоон (çoon)

Tofa: нёон (ńoon)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чоон (çoon)

Shor: чоон (çoon)

From *yogu- (“to knead”) + *-un. The stem is not attested in Turkic but compare Proto-Mongolic *nïku- (“to knead”). EDAL tries to connect it with Proto-Mongolic *ǰuǰaxan (“thick”); however, that has a phonetic problem with *-ǰ-.


eyekü

eyekü (nominative singular)
eyeküg (accusative singular)
eyeküni (accusative singular)
eyekünüŋ (genitive singular)
eyeküke (dative singular)
eyeküde (locative singular)
eyeküden (ablative singular)
eyekügerü (allative singular)
eyekün (instrumental singular)
eyeküče (equative singular)
eyeküleyü (singular)
eyekülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: аяк (ajak)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: eyeği

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَياكُو (eyegü, “side”)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ээги (eegi)

Tofa: ээги (eegi)


yāń-

→ Proto-Mongolic: *nayï- (“to shake”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaymaq (dial.)

desc

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (yaymaq)

Turkish: yaymak (dial.)

Turkmen: ýāýmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَيْماقْ (yaymāq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰪 (yań-), 𐰖𐰖 (yay-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сайыс (sayıs)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: чаяр (çayar)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *yańka-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaxalamaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yıkamak

Salar: yıqağusı (“to rinse”)

Turkmen: ýaýkalamak

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (yayqa-) (dial.)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (yayqa-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жайқалу (jaiqalu)

Nogai: [script needed] (yayqal-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жайкоо (jaykoo)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (d́ajqa-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (čajxa-), [script needed] (najxal- (dial.))

South Siberian:

Tofa: [script needed] (ča'jha-)

Tuvan: [script needed] (ča'jɣa-)


bīn-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: minmək

Ottoman Turkish: بینمك (binmek)

Turkish: binmek

Salar: min

Turkmen: münmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (münmek)

Uyghur: [script needed] (minmek)

Uzbek: minmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мэнэв (menev)

Tatar: менәргә (menärgä)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: міну (mınu)

Nogai: минуьв (minüv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: минүү (minüü)

Southern Altai: минер (miner)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: minmek

Kumyk: минмек (minmek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰤 (bin-), 𐰢𐰃𐰤 (min-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: миин (miin)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: мунар (munar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: мӱнерге (münerge)

Shor: мӱнерге

Shor: мӱнерге

The alternative form *bǖn- has rounding due to neighboring /b/.


yub-

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُڤْماقْ (yuwmāq)

Unknown. Perhaps compare *yum (“round”).

يڤساماق

Proto-Turkic: *yubsa- (“to want to be rolled”)

يُڤْلُنْماقْ

Proto-Turkic: *yublan- (“to get rolled”)

يُڤْتُرْماقْ

Proto-Turkic: *yubtur- (“to make (something) roll”)

𐰖𐰆𐰉𐰞

Proto-Turkic: *yubïl- (“to be rolled”); Old Turkic


kẹ̄ŋ

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: كیك (geñ)

Turkish: gen (dialectal)

Turkmen: giň

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: كەڭ (keng)

Uzbek: keng

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: киң (kiñ)

Tatar: киң (kiñ)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: кең (keñ)

Nogai: кенъ (keñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кең (keŋ)

Southern Altai: кеҥ (keŋ)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: keñ

Kumyk: генг (geñ)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: киэҥ (kieñ)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: кең

Proto-Turkic: *kẹ̄ŋ-iĺ (“wide”)

Oghur:

>? Chuvash: канлӗ (kanlĕ)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: geniş

Ottoman Turkish: گݣیش (geñiş):

→ Crimean Tatar: keniş

Turkish: geniş

Turkmen: giňiş


tīŕ

tīŕ (nominative singular)
tīŕig (accusative singular)
tīŕni (accusative singular)
tīŕniŋ (genitive singular)
tīŕke (dative singular)
tīŕte (locative singular)
tīŕten (ablative singular)
tīŕgerü (allative singular)
tīŕin (instrumental singular)
tīŕče (equative singular)
tīŕleyü (singular)
tīŕligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗр (čĕr)

→ Hungarian: térd

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tîz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: diz

Ottoman Turkish: دیز (diz)

Turkish: diz

Turkmen: dyz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: tiz

Uyghur: تىز (tiz)

Uzbek: tiz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тез (tez)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: тізе (tıze)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тизе (tize)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃𐰔 (tiz)


bürküt

bürküt (nominative singular)
bürkütüg (accusative singular)
bürkütni (accusative singular)
bürkütnüŋ (genitive singular)
bürkütke (dative singular)
bürkütde (locative singular)
bürkütden (ablative singular)
bürkütgerü (allative singular)
bürkütün (instrumental singular)
bürkütče (equative singular)
bürkütleyü (singular)
bürkütlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗркӗт (pĕrk̬ĕt)

Common Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *bürgüd

Mongolian: бүргэд (bürged)

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Salar: bürgüt

Turkmen: bürgüt

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (börküt)

Uzbek: burgut

Uyghur: بۈركۈت (bürküt)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөркөт (börköt)

Tatar: бөркет (börket)

→ Russian: беркут (berkut)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: бүркит (бürkit)

Kazakh: бүркіт (bürkıt)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бүркүт (bürküt)

Southern Altai: мӱркӱт (mürküt)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бүргүт (bürgüt)

The original stem may have been *bür-, which preserved in Kazakh бүру (büru, “to grasp prey (of an eagle)”). Or a back formation hypothesis *bürküt > *bür-.
Also compared to Proto-Tungusic *muri (“eagle”), whence in Evenki мури (muri)


yȫr-

yȫrmek (infinitive)
yȫrgen (participle present)
yȫrügme (participle present)
yȫrür (participle present)
yȫrtük (participle past)
yȫrmiš (participle past)
yȫrteči (future participle)
yȫrmekči (future participle)
yȫrsik (future participle)
yȫreček (future participle)
yȫrme (noun-from-verb)
yȫrüg (noun-from-verb)
yȫrgü (noun-from-verb)
yȫrüš (adverbial)
yȫrür ben (aorist indicative singular)
yȫrür sen (aorist indicative singular)
yȫrür (aorist indicative singular)
yȫrür biz (aorist indicative plural)
yȫrür siz (aorist indicative plural)
yȫrür (aorist indicative plural)
yȫrtüm (indicative past singular)
yȫrtüŋ (indicative past singular)
yȫrti (indicative past singular)
yȫrtük (indicative past plural)
yȫrtümüz (indicative past plural)
yȫrtüŋüz (indicative past plural)
yȫrti (indicative past plural)
yȫrmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
yȫrmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
yȫrmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
yȫrmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
yȫrmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
yȫrmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
yȫrteči ben (future indicative singular)
yȫrmekči ben (future indicative singular)
yȫreček ben (future indicative singular)
yȫrteči sen (future indicative singular)
yȫrmekči sen (future indicative singular)
yȫreček sen (future indicative singular)
yȫrteči (future indicative singular)
yȫrmekči (future indicative singular)
yȫreček (future indicative singular)
yȫrteči biz (future indicative plural)
yȫrmekči biz (future indicative plural)
yȫreček biz (future indicative plural)
yȫrteči siz (future indicative plural)
yȫrmekči siz (future indicative plural)
yȫreček siz (future indicative plural)
yȫrteči (future indicative plural)
yȫrmekči (future indicative plural)
yȫreček (future indicative plural)
yȫrgey ben (future indicative singular)
yȫrgey sen (future indicative singular)
yȫrgey (future indicative singular)
yȫrgey biz (future indicative plural)
yȫrgey siz (future indicative plural)
yȫrgey (future indicative plural)
yȫrsüküm (future indicative singular)
yȫrsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
yȫrsük (future indicative singular)
yȫrsükümüz (future indicative plural)
yȫrsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
yȫrsük (future indicative plural)
yȫrsem (conditional singular)
yȫrser ben (conditional singular)
yȫrseŋ (conditional singular)
yȫrser sen (conditional singular)
yȫrse (conditional singular)
yȫrser (conditional singular)
yȫrsek (conditional plural)
yȫrsemiz (conditional plural)
yȫrser biz (conditional plural)
yȫrseŋiz (conditional plural)
yȫrser siz (conditional plural)
yȫrseler (conditional plural)
yȫrser (conditional plural)
yȫrgey ben (optative singular)
yȫrgey sen (optative singular)
yȫrgey (optative singular)
yȫrgey biz (optative plural)
yȫrgey siz (optative plural)
yȫrgey (optative plural)
yȫrmekde ben (progressive singular)
yȫrmekde sen (progressive singular)
yȫrmekde (progressive singular)
yȫrmekde biz (plural progressive)
yȫrmekde siz (plural progressive)
yȫrmekde (plural progressive)
yȫrmelig ben (necessitative singular)
yȫrmelig sen (necessitative singular)
yȫrmelig (necessitative singular)
yȫrmelig biz (necessitative plural)
yȫrmelig siz (necessitative plural)
yȫrmelig (necessitative plural)
yȫreyin (imperative singular)
yȫr (imperative singular)
yȫrgil (imperative singular)
yȫrzün (imperative singular)
yȫrelim (imperative plural)
yȫrüŋ (imperative plural)
yȫrzün (imperative plural)
yȫrmemek (infinitive negative)
yȫrmegen (negative participle present)
yȫrmegme (negative participle present)
yȫrmez (negative participle present)
yȫrmedük (negative participle past)
yȫrmemiš (negative participle past)
yȫrmeči (future negative participle)
yȫrmesik (future negative participle)
yȫrmeyeček (future negative participle)
yȫrmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
yȫrmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
yȫrmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
yȫrmeyüš (adverbial negative)
yȫrmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
yȫrmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
yȫrmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
yȫrmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yȫrmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yȫrmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
yȫrmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
yȫrmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
yȫrmedi (indicative negative past singular)
yȫrmedük (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmedi (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yȫrmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yȫrmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yȫrmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yȫrmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yȫrmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yȫrmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeči (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeči (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmegey (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmegey (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmesük (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesük (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesem (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmese (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeser (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmesek (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeseler (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeser (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmegey ben (negative optative singular)
yȫrmegey sen (negative optative singular)
yȫrmegey (negative optative singular)
yȫrmegey biz (negative optative plural)
yȫrmegey siz (negative optative plural)
yȫrmegey (negative optative plural)
yȫrmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
yȫrmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
yȫrmemekde (negative progressive singular)
yȫrmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
yȫrmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
yȫrmemekde (negative plural progressive)
yȫrmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
yȫrmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
yȫrmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
yȫrmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
yȫrmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
yȫrmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
yȫrme (imperative negative singular)
yȫrmegil (imperative negative singular)
yȫrmezün (imperative negative singular)
yȫrmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
yȫrmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
yȫrmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yozmaq

Ottoman Turkish: یورمق (yormak)

Turkish: yormak

Turkmen: ýormak

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yörmek), [script needed] (yormaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йурав (yurav)

Tatar: йурарга (yurarga)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жору (joru)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоруу (joruu)

Southern Altai: јоро (ǰoro, “omen”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: ywr (yör-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сүөр (süör)

For the two meanings, compare *čöŕ- (“to untie; solve”).

(Common Turkic, transitive) to interpret


yïlïm

yïlïm (nominative singular)
yïlïmïg (accusative singular)
yïlïmnï (accusative singular)
yïlïmnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïlïmka (dative singular)
yïlïmda (locative singular)
yïlïmdan (ablative singular)
yïlïmgaru (allative singular)
yïlïmïn (instrumental singular)
yïlïmča (equative singular)
yïlïmlayu (singular)
yïlïmlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫилӗм (śilĕm)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýylym

Karluk:

Uzbek: yilim

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йылым (yılım)

Tatar: жылым (jılım)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: jilim

Kazakh: жылым (jylym)

Nogai: йылым (yılım)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылым (jılım)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: илим

Yakut: илим (ilim)

The archaic form probably is *(y)ilim since seems related to *īl- (“to catch, hold; to hang”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰃𐰞𐰃𐰤 (ilin-, “to be caught”).


üskür-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӳсӗр (üs̬ĕr)

Common Turkic:
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: êsürmək
** Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: öskürmək
***** Ottoman Turkish: اوكسورمك (öksürmek)
****** Gagauz: üüsürmää
****** Turkish: öksürmek
****** →? Karaim: [script needed] (öksür-, öksir-)
*** East Oghuz:
**** Salar: üksir, üksür
**** Turkmen: üsgürmek
** Siberian:
*** South Siberian:
**** Yeniseain Turkic:
***** Khakas: [script needed] (üskür-)

From *ös (“onomatopoetic word”) + *-kür.


yẹlim

yẹlim (nominative singular)
yẹlimig (accusative singular)
yẹlimni (accusative singular)
yẹlimniŋ (genitive singular)
yẹlimke (dative singular)
yẹlimde (locative singular)
yẹlimden (ablative singular)
yẹlimgerü (allative singular)
yẹlimin (instrumental singular)
yẹlimče (equative singular)
yẹlimleyü (singular)
yẹlimligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫилӗм (śilĕm)

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *yẹlim
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýelim
**** Salar: yilem
** Karluk:
*** Chagatai: [script needed] (yelim)
**** Uyghur: يېلىم (yëlim)
**** Uzbek: yelim
***** → Tajik: елим (yelim)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: елем (yelem)
**** Tatar: җилем (cilem)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Karachay-Balkar: джелим (celim)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: jelim
**** Kazakh: желім (jelım)
**** Nogai: елим (yelim)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: желим (jelim)
**** Southern Altai: јелим (ǰelim)
** Siberian:
*** Old Uyghur: yylym (yelim)
*** Northern Altai: челим (čelim)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: һилим (hilim)
**** Yakut: силим (silim)
*** South Siberian:
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Shor: челим (çelim)


kadïŋ

kadïŋ (nominative singular)
kadïŋïg (accusative singular)
kadïŋnï (accusative singular)
kadïŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
kadïŋka (dative singular)
kadïŋda (locative singular)
kadïŋdan (ablative singular)
kadïŋgaru (allative singular)
kadïŋïn (instrumental singular)
kadïŋča (equative singular)
kadïŋlayu (singular)
kadïŋlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хурăн (hurăn)

Common Turkic:
** Oghuz: قَيِنْكْ (qayïŋ)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Azerbaijani: qayın
**** Ottoman Turkish: قاین (kayın)
***** Gagauz: kayın
***** Turkish: kayın
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: gaýyň
**** Salar: [script needed] (qayın)
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: قَذِنْكْ (qaδïŋ)
**** Chagatai:
***** Uyghur: قېيىن (qëyin)
***** Uzbek: qayin
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: ҡайын (qayın)
**** Tatar: каен (qayen)
***** Siberian Tatar: ҡайын (qayın)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: qayın
**** Karachay-Balkar: къайын (qayın)
**** Kumyk: къайын (qayın)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: қайың (qayïŋ)
**** Kazakh: қайың (qaiyñ)
**** Nogai: кайын (kayın)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: кайың (kayıŋ)
**** Southern Altai: кайыҥ (kayïŋ)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic: [script needed] (qadïŋ)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: катыҥ (jatıñ)
**** Yakut: хатыҥ (qatıñ)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: ӄадыӈ (qadïŋ)
***** Tuvan: хадың (xadıñ)
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Khakas: хазың (xazıñ)
***** Shor: қазың (qazıñ)


yül-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: يلمك

⇒ Azerbaijani: ülgüc

Ottoman Turkish: يولومك (yülümek), يوليمك (yülimek), [script needed] (yülütmek)

Turkish: yülümek

Salar: yiligüsi

Turkmen: yülmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُليٖماكْ (yülimēk)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (jöle-, “to tear off”) (dialectal)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (žülü-)

Karaim: [script needed] (ülü-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (yülü-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүл (“to tear off”)

Yakut: сүл (sül, “to tear off”)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (čülü-)

Considering it doesn't exist in Old Turkic or Chuvash and its phonetic and semantic similarity, it may be a later front variant of *yol- (“to pluck”).


yorïnčga

yorïnčga (nominative singular)
yorïnčgag (accusative singular)
yorïnčganï (accusative singular)
yorïnčganïŋ (genitive singular)
yorïnčgaka (dative singular)
yorïnčgada (locative singular)
yorïnčgadan (ablative singular)
yorïnčgagaru (allative singular)
yorïnčgan (instrumental singular)
yorïnčgača (equative singular)
yorïnčgalayu (singular)
yorïnčgalïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: yovunca
** Oghuz: [script needed] (yorınça)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: yonca
***** Ottoman Turkish: یونجه (yonca)
****** → Tatar: йонча (yonça)
****** → Bashkir: йонса (yonsa)
****** → Krymchak: yonca
****** → Karaim: yonca
****** Turkish: yonca
****** Gagauz: yonca
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýorunja
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: [script needed] (yorınçğa)
**** Uzbek: yoʻngʻichqa
** Kipchak:
*** West Kipchak:
**** Kumyk: ёнгурчгъа (yoñurçğa)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: йоңыншка (yoñışqa)
**** Kazakh: жоңышқа (joñyşqa), жоңырышқа (joñyryşqa)
**** Nogai: йорынша (yorınşa)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: жоңгучка (joŋgucka)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ywrwnčxʾ

Sevortjan suggests a derivation such as *yōr- (“to untie; to interpret”) + *-ïn- + *-ïĺč- + *-ga.
Clauson suggets that the root is obscure much like most words suffixed with *-ga.


boyïn

boyïn (nominative singular)
boyïnug (accusative singular)
boyïnnï (accusative singular)
boyïnnuŋ (genitive singular)
boyïnka (dative singular)
boyïnta (locative singular)
boyïntan (ablative singular)
boyïngaru (allative singular)
boyïnun (instrumental singular)
boyïnča (equative singular)
boyïnlayu (singular)
boyïnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑй (măj)

Common Turkic: *bōń, *bōyn

Arghu:

Khalaj: bôyın

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: boyun

Ottoman Turkish: بوین (boyun)

Gagauz: boyun

Turkish: boyun

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: boyun

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: boýun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (boyın)

Chagatai: [script needed] (moyun)

Uyghur: بويۇن (boyun)

Uzbek: boʻyin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: муйын (muyın)

Tatar: муен (muyen)

East Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: moyun

Urum: боин (boin)

Karachay-Balkar: боюн (boyun)

Karaim: бойун

Kumyk: боюн (boyun)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: moyın

Kazakh: мойын (moiyn)

Nogai: мойын (moyın)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: моюн (moyun)

Southern Altai: мойын (moyïn)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: bwyyn (boyïn)

Western Yugur: mojn

North Siberian:

Dolgan: муой (muoy)

Yakut: моой (mooy)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мөэн

Tuvan: моюн (moyun)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: мойын (moyın)

Shor: мойун

The form *bōń, suggested by Rasanen and ESTJa, is fixed by Chuvash and North Siberian descendants and the initial m- in some descendants.
Going off DLT, Clauson and Nishanyan reconstructs it as *bōyïn instead.
ESTJa also suggests a derivation *bod (“stature”) + *-ïn, however this is morphologically impossible, as not only is there no *-n denominal noun suffix, the suffix that does exist has fourfold vowel harmony, ontop of that no descendent phonetically points to it.
Compared to Proto-Tungusic *moń- (“neck”) by Altaicists.

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bōńa-k

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bōń-a- (“to narrow; to be obstinate”)


tȫg-

tȫgmek (infinitive)
tȫggen (participle present)
tȫgügme (participle present)
tȫger (participle present)
tȫgdük (participle past)
tȫgmiš (participle past)
tȫgdeči (future participle)
tȫgmekči (future participle)
tȫgsik (future participle)
tȫgeček (future participle)
tȫgme (noun-from-verb)
tȫgüg (noun-from-verb)
tȫggü (noun-from-verb)
tȫgüš (adverbial)
tȫger ben (aorist indicative singular)
tȫger sen (aorist indicative singular)
tȫger (aorist indicative singular)
tȫger biz (aorist indicative plural)
tȫger siz (aorist indicative plural)
tȫger (aorist indicative plural)
tȫgdüm (indicative past singular)
tȫgdüŋ (indicative past singular)
tȫgdi (indicative past singular)
tȫgdük (indicative past plural)
tȫgdümüz (indicative past plural)
tȫgdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
tȫgdi (indicative past plural)
tȫgmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tȫgmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tȫgmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
tȫgmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tȫgmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tȫgmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
tȫgdeči ben (future indicative singular)
tȫgmekči ben (future indicative singular)
tȫgeček ben (future indicative singular)
tȫgdeči sen (future indicative singular)
tȫgmekči sen (future indicative singular)
tȫgeček sen (future indicative singular)
tȫgdeči (future indicative singular)
tȫgmekči (future indicative singular)
tȫgeček (future indicative singular)
tȫgdeči biz (future indicative plural)
tȫgmekči biz (future indicative plural)
tȫgeček biz (future indicative plural)
tȫgdeči siz (future indicative plural)
tȫgmekči siz (future indicative plural)
tȫgeček siz (future indicative plural)
tȫgdeči (future indicative plural)
tȫgmekči (future indicative plural)
tȫgeček (future indicative plural)
tȫggey ben (future indicative singular)
tȫggey sen (future indicative singular)
tȫggey (future indicative singular)
tȫggey biz (future indicative plural)
tȫggey siz (future indicative plural)
tȫggey (future indicative plural)
tȫgsüküm (future indicative singular)
tȫgsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
tȫgsük (future indicative singular)
tȫgsükümüz (future indicative plural)
tȫgsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
tȫgsük (future indicative plural)
tȫgsem (conditional singular)
tȫgser ben (conditional singular)
tȫgseŋ (conditional singular)
tȫgser sen (conditional singular)
tȫgse (conditional singular)
tȫgser (conditional singular)
tȫgsek (conditional plural)
tȫgsemiz (conditional plural)
tȫgser biz (conditional plural)
tȫgseŋiz (conditional plural)
tȫgser siz (conditional plural)
tȫgseler (conditional plural)
tȫgser (conditional plural)
tȫggey ben (optative singular)
tȫggey sen (optative singular)
tȫggey (optative singular)
tȫggey biz (optative plural)
tȫggey siz (optative plural)
tȫggey (optative plural)
tȫgmekde ben (progressive singular)
tȫgmekde sen (progressive singular)
tȫgmekde (progressive singular)
tȫgmekde biz (plural progressive)
tȫgmekde siz (plural progressive)
tȫgmekde (plural progressive)
tȫgmelig ben (necessitative singular)
tȫgmelig sen (necessitative singular)
tȫgmelig (necessitative singular)
tȫgmelig biz (necessitative plural)
tȫgmelig siz (necessitative plural)
tȫgmelig (necessitative plural)
tȫgeyin (imperative singular)
tȫg (imperative singular)
tȫggil (imperative singular)
tȫgzün (imperative singular)
tȫgelim (imperative plural)
tȫgüŋ (imperative plural)
tȫgzün (imperative plural)
tȫgmemek (infinitive negative)
tȫgmegen (negative participle present)
tȫgmegme (negative participle present)
tȫgmez (negative participle present)
tȫgmedük (negative participle past)
tȫgmemiš (negative participle past)
tȫgmeči (future negative participle)
tȫgmesik (future negative participle)
tȫgmeyeček (future negative participle)
tȫgmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
tȫgmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
tȫgmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
tȫgmeyüš (adverbial negative)
tȫgmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tȫgmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tȫgmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
tȫgmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tȫgmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tȫgmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
tȫgmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
tȫgmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tȫgmedi (indicative negative past singular)
tȫgmedük (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmedi (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tȫgmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tȫgmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tȫgmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tȫgmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tȫgmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tȫgmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeči (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeči (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmegey (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmegey (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmesük (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesük (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesem (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmese (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeser (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmesek (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeseler (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeser (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmegey ben (negative optative singular)
tȫgmegey sen (negative optative singular)
tȫgmegey (negative optative singular)
tȫgmegey biz (negative optative plural)
tȫgmegey siz (negative optative plural)
tȫgmegey (negative optative plural)
tȫgmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
tȫgmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
tȫgmemekde (negative progressive singular)
tȫgmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
tȫgmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
tȫgmemekde (negative plural progressive)
tȫgmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
tȫgmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
tȫgmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
tȫgmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
tȫgmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
tȫgmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
tȫgme (imperative negative singular)
tȫgmegil (imperative negative singular)
tȫgmezün (imperative negative singular)
tȫgmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
tȫgmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
tȫgmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӳ (tü), тĕв (tĕv)

Common Turkic: *tȫg-, *tög-

Proto-Oghuz: *tȫg-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: döymək

Ottoman Turkish: دوكمك (döğmek)

Gagauz: düümää

Turkish: dövmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: döwmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tögmēk)

Uzbek: tuymoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төйөу (töyöw)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: dögmek

Urum: дӧгиер (dögier)

Karachay-Balkar: тюйюрге (tüyürge)

Kumyk: тюймек (tüymek)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: tüyüw

Kazakh: түйу (tüiu)

Nogai: туьймек (tüymek)


tüg-

tügmek (infinitive)
tüggen (participle present)
tügügme (participle present)
tüger (participle present)
tügdük (participle past)
tügmiš (participle past)
tügdeči (future participle)
tügmekči (future participle)
tügsik (future participle)
tügeček (future participle)
tügme (noun-from-verb)
tügüg (noun-from-verb)
tüggü (noun-from-verb)
tügüš (adverbial)
tüger ben (aorist indicative singular)
tüger sen (aorist indicative singular)
tüger (aorist indicative singular)
tüger biz (aorist indicative plural)
tüger siz (aorist indicative plural)
tüger (aorist indicative plural)
tügdüm (indicative past singular)
tügdüŋ (indicative past singular)
tügdi (indicative past singular)
tügdük (indicative past plural)
tügdümüz (indicative past plural)
tügdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
tügdi (indicative past plural)
tügmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tügmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tügmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
tügmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tügmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tügmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
tügdeči ben (future indicative singular)
tügmekči ben (future indicative singular)
tügeček ben (future indicative singular)
tügdeči sen (future indicative singular)
tügmekči sen (future indicative singular)
tügeček sen (future indicative singular)
tügdeči (future indicative singular)
tügmekči (future indicative singular)
tügeček (future indicative singular)
tügdeči biz (future indicative plural)
tügmekči biz (future indicative plural)
tügeček biz (future indicative plural)
tügdeči siz (future indicative plural)
tügmekči siz (future indicative plural)
tügeček siz (future indicative plural)
tügdeči (future indicative plural)
tügmekči (future indicative plural)
tügeček (future indicative plural)
tüggey ben (future indicative singular)
tüggey sen (future indicative singular)
tüggey (future indicative singular)
tüggey biz (future indicative plural)
tüggey siz (future indicative plural)
tüggey (future indicative plural)
tügsüküm (future indicative singular)
tügsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
tügsük (future indicative singular)
tügsükümüz (future indicative plural)
tügsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
tügsük (future indicative plural)
tügsem (conditional singular)
tügser ben (conditional singular)
tügseŋ (conditional singular)
tügser sen (conditional singular)
tügse (conditional singular)
tügser (conditional singular)
tügsek (conditional plural)
tügsemiz (conditional plural)
tügser biz (conditional plural)
tügseŋiz (conditional plural)
tügser siz (conditional plural)
tügseler (conditional plural)
tügser (conditional plural)
tüggey ben (optative singular)
tüggey sen (optative singular)
tüggey (optative singular)
tüggey biz (optative plural)
tüggey siz (optative plural)
tüggey (optative plural)
tügmekde ben (progressive singular)
tügmekde sen (progressive singular)
tügmekde (progressive singular)
tügmekde biz (plural progressive)
tügmekde siz (plural progressive)
tügmekde (plural progressive)
tügmelig ben (necessitative singular)
tügmelig sen (necessitative singular)
tügmelig (necessitative singular)
tügmelig biz (necessitative plural)
tügmelig siz (necessitative plural)
tügmelig (necessitative plural)
tügeyin (imperative singular)
tüg (imperative singular)
tüggil (imperative singular)
tügzün (imperative singular)
tügelim (imperative plural)
tügüŋ (imperative plural)
tügzün (imperative plural)
tügmemek (infinitive negative)
tügmegen (negative participle present)
tügmegme (negative participle present)
tügmez (negative participle present)
tügmedük (negative participle past)
tügmemiš (negative participle past)
tügmeči (future negative participle)
tügmesik (future negative participle)
tügmeyeček (future negative participle)
tügmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
tügmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
tügmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
tügmeyüš (adverbial negative)
tügmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tügmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tügmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
tügmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tügmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tügmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
tügmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
tügmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tügmedi (indicative negative past singular)
tügmedük (indicative negative past plural)
tügmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
tügmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
tügmedi (indicative negative past plural)
tügmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tügmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tügmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tügmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tügmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tügmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tügmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeči (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeči (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
tügmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
tügmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
tügmegey (future indicative negative singular)
tügmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmegey (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
tügmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tügmesük (future indicative negative singular)
tügmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesük (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesem (conditional negative singular)
tügmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
tügmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
tügmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
tügmese (conditional negative singular)
tügmeser (conditional negative singular)
tügmesek (conditional negative plural)
tügmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeseler (conditional negative plural)
tügmeser (conditional negative plural)
tügmegey ben (negative optative singular)
tügmegey sen (negative optative singular)
tügmegey (negative optative singular)
tügmegey biz (negative optative plural)
tügmegey siz (negative optative plural)
tügmegey (negative optative plural)
tügmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
tügmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
tügmemekde (negative progressive singular)
tügmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
tügmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
tügmemekde (negative plural progressive)
tügmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
tügmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
tügmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
tügmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
tügmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
tügmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
tügmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
tügme (imperative negative singular)
tügmegil (imperative negative singular)
tügmezün (imperative negative singular)
tügmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
tügmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
tügmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

⇒? Chuvash: тӳле (tüle)

Common Turkic: *tüg-

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: düymək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: düğmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: düwmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tügmēk)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tügmek)

Uzbek: tugmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төйөу (töyöw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тюйюрге (tüyürge)

Kumyk: тюймек (tüymek)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: tüyüw

Kazakh: түю (tüü)

Nogai: туьймек (tüymek)

East Kipchak

desc

Southern Altai: тӱйер (tüyer), тӱӱр (tüür)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰏 (tüg-)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: дүғер (düğer)

Tuvan: дүйер (düyer)


-kir

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-kire (“suffix forming imitative verb”).

noncog

bar (“sound of shouting”) + *-kir → *barkïr- (“to shout”)

Forms imitative verbs from onomatopoeia.


yïp

yïp (nominative singular)
yïpïg (accusative singular)
yïpnï (accusative singular)
yïpnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïpka (dative singular)
yïpda (locative singular)
yïpdan (ablative singular)
yïpgaru (allative singular)
yïpïn (instrumental singular)
yïpča (equative singular)
yïplayu (singular)
yïplïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫип (śip)

→⇒ Hungarian: gyeplő

Common Turkic: *yïp

Arghu:

Khalaj: yîp

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ip)

Azerbaijani: ip

Ottoman Turkish: ایپ (ip)

Turkish: ip

Gagauz: ip

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: yip

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýüp

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yıp)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yip)

Uyghur: [script needed] (ip)

Uzbek: ip

Kipchak: [script needed] (yip)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еп (yep)

Tatar: җеп (cep)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: cip

Karachay-Balkar: гъиб (ğib)

Karaim: йип

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jip

Kazakh: жіп (jıp)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жип (jip)

Southern Altai: јип (ǰip)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: yyb (yïp)

Western Yugur: jip

North Siberian:

Yakut: сип (sip)

South Siberian:

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: чiп (çip)

Shor: чип

Connected with Proto-Mongolic *jexeg (“thin thread”) by EDAL, however the Mongolian is likely a borrowing from Proto-Turkic *yïpak (“silk”).

string, cord, rope, line, thick strands of other cordage that are twisted together

⇒ *yïp-la-ĺč-

⇒ *yïp-la- (“to pluck hair with a string”)

⇒ *yïp-la-t-

to make pluck eachother's hair with a string


čarlag

čarlag (nominative singular)
čarlagïg (accusative singular)
čarlagnï (accusative singular)
čarlagnïŋ (genitive singular)
čarlagka (dative singular)
čarlagda (locative singular)
čarlagdan (ablative singular)
čarlaggaru (allative singular)
čarlagïn (instrumental singular)
čarlagča (equative singular)
čarlaglayu (singular)
čarlaglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫурла (śurla)

→ Eastern Mari: сорла (sorla)

→ Hungarian: sarló

→ Komi-Permyak: чарла (ćarla)

→ Komi-Zyrian: чарла (ćarla)

→ Udmurt: сюрло (śurlo)

Räsänen suggets that the word is from *čarla- (“to whet”) from *čar (“whetstone”) to which Róna-Tas agrees, pointing to the final long vowel in Hungarian.
Bang instead suggests a derivation from *or- (“to mow”). Yegorov refutes this and suggests that the Chuvash form is borrowed instead, ultimately being from Proto-Iranian *cr̥Hwáh (“horn”). Ligeti rejects this, however he still suggests that the Iranic and the Turkic forms may be interrelated, he further suggests a derivation from *yār- (“to split”), however Róna-Tas rejects this from a chronological perspective.


balčïk

balčïk (nominative singular)
balčïkïg (accusative singular)
balčïknï (accusative singular)
balčïknïŋ (genitive singular)
balčïkka (dative singular)
balčïkda (locative singular)
balčïkdan (ablative singular)
balčïkgaru (allative singular)
balčïkïn (instrumental singular)
balčïkča (equative singular)
balčïklayu (singular)
balčïklïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بَلْجِقْ (balçıq)

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (balçuk)

desctree

Azerbaijani: palçıq
→ Khalaj: palçoq, palçuq
→ Lezgi: палчух (palčuχ)

desc

Ottoman Turkish: بالچيٖق (balçıq), بالچق (balçıq)

Gagauz: balçık

Turkish: balçık

Salar: palçıq

Turkmen: palçyk

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (palçığ)

Uyghur: بالچۇق (balchuq)

Uzbek: balchiq

Kipchak: [script needed] (balçık), [script needed] (balçuk), [script needed] (balşık)

Cuman: balçuc

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: балсыҡ (balsıq).

Tatar: балчык (balçıq)

→ Chuvash: пылчăк (pylčăk), пулчăк (pulčăk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: balçıq

Kumyk: балчыкь (balçıkʹ)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: балшық (balşyq), балқаш (balqaş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: балчык (balcık), балкыч (balkıc)

Southern Altai: палгаш (palgaš)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: малгаш (malgaş)

Yenisei:

Khakas: палгас (palgas), палчах (palçax)

Shor: палғаш

Shor: палғаш

→ Proto-Mongolic: *balcig

Cognate with *balïk, whence Arghu بَلِقْ (balıq, “mud”) and Old Turkic 𐰉𐰞𐰃𐰶 (balïq). Nişanyan suggests that *bālïk (“fish”) is also related, compare *siāŕgan (“carp”) for semantic development. Sevortjan suggests the root for all of them is *bạl (“honey”) which he supposes comes from an earlier meaning "viscous liquid". Some of the Kipchak and Siberian reflexes show a metathesis to *balkïč. Some academicians such as Hasan Eren, Nedim Tuna and Yasemin Bulut claim *balkač as the archaic form and reflexes show a metathesis to *balčak and *balčïk. Ananiasz Zajaczkowski suggests *balkčïk.


yogurgan

yogurgan (nominative singular)
yogurganïg (accusative singular)
yogurgannï (accusative singular)
yogurgannïŋ (genitive singular)
yogurganka (dative singular)
yogurganta (locative singular)
yogurgantan (ablative singular)
yogurgangaru (allative singular)
yogurganïn (instrumental singular)
yogurganča (equative singular)
yogurganlayu (singular)
yogurganlïgu (comitative singular)

desc

Common Turkic:
** Arghu
*** Khalaj: yorğân
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Azerbaijani: yorğan
**** Ottoman Turkish: یورغان (yorğan)
Turkish: yorgan
→ Albanian: jorgan
→ Armenian: յորղան (yorġan)
→ Bulgarian: юрган (jurgan)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: yurẍan
→ Macedonian: јорган (jorgan)
→ Laz: ჲორღანი (yorğani)
→ Romanian: iorgan
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јо̀рган
Latin script: jòrgan
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýorgan
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: یُغُرْقان (yuɣurqan)
**** Chagatai: یوورقاب (yuvurqan)
***** Uyghur: يوتقان (yotqan)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: юрған (yurğan)
**** Tatar: юрган (yurgan)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: yorğan
**** Karachay-Balkar: джууургъан (cuuurğan)
**** Kumyk: ювургъан (yuwurğan)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Nogai: ювыркан (yuvırkan), юркан (yurkan)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: жууркан (juurkan)
**** Southern Altai: јууркан (ǰuurkan)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ywqwrqʾn (yoɣurqan)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: һуорган (huorgan)
**** Yakut: суорҕан (suorğan)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: чоорһан (çoorhan)
***** Tuvan: чоорган (çoorgan)
**** Yenisei:
***** Khakas: чорған (çorğan)

From *yogur- (“to knead”) + *-gan, the descendants point to a *yogurkan, this is due to a natural development of the consonant cluster *-rg- to *-rk-. Clauson states that the semantics are not obvious, but may makes sense with *yogun (“thick, dense”) in mind.


solak

solak (nominative singular)
solakïg (accusative singular)
solaknï (accusative singular)
solaknïŋ (genitive singular)
solakka (dative singular)
solakda (locative singular)
solakdan (ablative singular)
solakgaru (allative singular)
solakïn (instrumental singular)
solakča (equative singular)
solaklayu (singular)
solaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: сула (sula)

→ Kipchak: سُلاقْ (solāq)

Clauson derives the word from *sōl (“left”) and proposes the original meaning "organ on the left side of the body"; if so, the word could be considered the same as *sōlak (“left handed”) however note that such a word only survives in Turkish and may ultimately be a borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *solugai (“left handed”), itself a derivation of Proto-Turkic *sōl.
The DLT's attempt at connecting it to *tālak (“spleen”) is an error made by Kashgari.


kańak

kańak (nominative singular)
kańakïg (accusative singular)
kańaknï (accusative singular)
kańaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kańakka (dative singular)
kańakda (locative singular)
kańakdan (ablative singular)
kańakgaru (allative singular)
kańakïn (instrumental singular)
kańakča (equative singular)
kańaklayu (singular)
kańaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Early Volga Bulgar: قَنَقْ (qanaq) (11th c.)

Common Turkic:

Arghu: قَنَقْ

Khalaj: qânaq, قاناق

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَيَقْ (“qayaq”)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kaymak)

Uyghur: [script needed] (qaymaq)

Uzbek: qaymoq

Kipchak: [script needed] (kaymak)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаймаҡ (qaymaq)

Tatar: каймак (qaymaq)

→ Chuvash: хӑйма (hăjma)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қаймақ (qaimaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: каймак (kaymak)

Southern Altai: каймак (kaymak)

Oghuz: *kaymak

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaymaq

Ottoman Turkish: قایماق

Gagauz: kaymak

Turkish: kaymak

→ Bulgarian: Каймак (Kajmak)

→ English: kaymak

→ French: Kajmak

→ Macedonian: кајмак (kajmak)

→ Persian: قیماق (qeymâq)

→ Polish: kajmak

→ Romanian: caimac

→ Russian: каймак (kajmak)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kajmak, кајмак

→ Slovene: kajmak

Turkmen: gaýmak

There have been a few theories on the derivation:
# Clauson derives from a hypothetical *kań-, however such a verb is not attested.
# Nişanyan instead suggests *kańa- (“to boil; to melt”) + *-k.
# Doerfer suggests a derivation from a hypothetical *kāyïn-, the passive of *kāy- (“to slide”), however this is unlikely on phonological grounds.


tȫr

tȫr (nominative singular)
tȫrüg (accusative singular)
tȫrni (accusative singular)
tȫrnüŋ (genitive singular)
tȫrke (dative singular)
tȫrte (locative singular)
tȫrten (ablative singular)
tȫrgerü (allative singular)
tȫrün (instrumental singular)
tȫrče (equative singular)
tȫrleyü (singular)
tȫrlügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tör)

Azerbaijani: dör

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (tör)

Turkish: tör, dör

Turkmen: tȫr

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tör)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tör)

Uzbek: toʻr

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: түр (tür)

Tatar: түр (tür)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (tör)

Karaim: [script needed] (tör)

Kumyk: [script needed] (tör)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (tör)

Kazakh: төр (tör)

Nogai: [script needed] (tör)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төр (tör)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (tör)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tör)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tör)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: дөр (dör)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (tör)

Khakas: тӧр


-mir

ạl- (“to take”) + *-mir → *ạlmïr (“greed, desire, lust”)

yag- (“to rain”) + *-mir → *yagmur (“rain”)


-ŋ

Nişanyan suggests a crasis from an earlier form *-nig from *-n- + *-ig. Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-ŋ (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

yal- (“to strip”) + *-ŋ → *yalïŋ (“naked”)


kele-

trk-cmn-conj-head

keledeči ben, kelemekči ben, keleyeček ben

keledeči sen, kelemekči sen, keleyeček sen

keledeči biz, kelemekči biz, keleyeček biz

keledeči siz, kelemekči siz, keleyeček siz

kelemek (infinitive)
kelegen (participle present)
kelegme (participle present)
keler (participle present)
keledük (participle past)
kelemiš (participle past)
keledeči (future participle)
kelemekči (future participle)
kelesik (future participle)
keleyeček (future participle)
keleme (noun-from-verb)
keleg (noun-from-verb)
kelegü (noun-from-verb)
keleš (adverbial)
keler ben (aorist indicative singular)
keler sen (aorist indicative singular)
keler (aorist indicative singular)
keler biz (aorist indicative plural)
keler siz (aorist indicative plural)
keler (aorist indicative plural)
keledim (indicative past singular)
kelediŋ (indicative past singular)
keledi (indicative past singular)
keledik (indicative past plural)
keledimiz (indicative past plural)
kelediŋiz (indicative past plural)
keledi (indicative past plural)
kelemiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kelemiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kelemiš (indicative inferential past singular)
kelemiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kelemiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kelemiš (indicative inferential past plural)
keledeči ben (future indicative singular)
kelemekči ben (future indicative singular)
keleyeček ben (future indicative singular)
keledeči sen (future indicative singular)
kelemekči sen (future indicative singular)
keleyeček sen (future indicative singular)
keledeči (future indicative singular)
kelemekči (future indicative singular)
keleyeček (future indicative singular)
keledeči biz (future indicative plural)
kelemekči biz (future indicative plural)
keleyeček biz (future indicative plural)
keledeči siz (future indicative plural)
kelemekči siz (future indicative plural)
keleyeček siz (future indicative plural)
keledeči (future indicative plural)
kelemekči (future indicative plural)
keleyeček (future indicative plural)
kelegey ben (future indicative singular)
kelegey sen (future indicative singular)
kelegey (future indicative singular)
kelegey biz (future indicative plural)
kelegey siz (future indicative plural)
kelegey (future indicative plural)
kelesikim (future indicative singular)
kelesikiŋ (future indicative singular)
kelesik (future indicative singular)
kelesikimiz (future indicative plural)
kelesikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
kelesik (future indicative plural)
kelesem (conditional singular)
keleser ben (conditional singular)
keleseŋ (conditional singular)
keleser sen (conditional singular)
kelese (conditional singular)
keleser (conditional singular)
kelesek (conditional plural)
kelesemiz (conditional plural)
keleser biz (conditional plural)
keleseŋiz (conditional plural)
keleser siz (conditional plural)
keleseler (conditional plural)
keleser (conditional plural)
kelegey ben (optative singular)
kelegey sen (optative singular)
kelegey (optative singular)
kelegey biz (optative plural)
kelegey siz (optative plural)
kelegey (optative plural)
kelemekde ben (progressive singular)
kelemekde sen (progressive singular)
kelemekde (progressive singular)
kelemekde biz (plural progressive)
kelemekde siz (plural progressive)
kelemekde (plural progressive)
kelemelig ben (necessitative singular)
kelemelig sen (necessitative singular)
kelemelig (necessitative singular)
kelemelig biz (necessitative plural)
kelemelig siz (necessitative plural)
kelemelig (necessitative plural)
keleyeyin (imperative singular)
kele (imperative singular)
kelegil (imperative singular)
kelezün (imperative singular)
keleyelim (imperative plural)
keleyiŋ (imperative plural)
kelezün (imperative plural)
kelememek (infinitive negative)
kelemegen (negative participle present)
kelemegme (negative participle present)
kelemez (negative participle present)
kelemedük (negative participle past)
kelememiš (negative participle past)
kelemeči (future negative participle)
kelemesik (future negative participle)
kelemeyeček (future negative participle)
kelememe (negative noun-from-verb)
kelemeg (negative noun-from-verb)
kelemegü (negative noun-from-verb)
kelemeš (adverbial negative)
kelemez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kelemez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kelemez (aorist indicative negative singular)
kelemez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kelemez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kelemez (aorist indicative negative plural)
kelemedim (indicative negative past singular)
kelemediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kelemedi (indicative negative past singular)
kelemedik (indicative negative past plural)
kelemedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
kelemediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
kelemedi (indicative negative past plural)
kelememiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kelememiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kelememiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kelememiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kelememiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kelememiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kelemeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeči (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeči (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
kelemegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
kelemegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
kelemegey (future indicative negative singular)
kelemegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemegey (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesikim (future indicative negative singular)
kelemesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kelemesik (future indicative negative singular)
kelemesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesik (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesem (conditional negative singular)
kelemeser ben (conditional negative singular)
kelemeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
kelemeser sen (conditional negative singular)
kelemese (conditional negative singular)
kelemeser (conditional negative singular)
kelemesek (conditional negative plural)
kelemesemiz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeser biz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeser siz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeseler (conditional negative plural)
kelemeser (conditional negative plural)
kelemegey ben (negative optative singular)
kelemegey sen (negative optative singular)
kelemegey (negative optative singular)
kelemegey biz (negative optative plural)
kelemegey siz (negative optative plural)
kelemegey (negative optative plural)
kelememekde ben (negative progressive singular)
kelememekde sen (negative progressive singular)
kelememekde (negative progressive singular)
kelememekde biz (negative plural progressive)
kelememekde siz (negative plural progressive)
kelememekde (negative plural progressive)
kelememelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
kelememelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
kelememelig (necessitative negative singular)
kelememelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
kelememelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
kelememelig (necessitative negative plural)
kelemeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
keleme (imperative negative singular)
kelemegil (imperative negative singular)
kelemezün (imperative negative singular)
kelemeyelim (imperative negative plural)
kelemeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
kelemezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кала (kala)

⇒ Chuvash: калаҫ (kalaś)

Oghuz: [script needed] (keleçü)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: كلجى

Turkish: keleci

Salar: kelegüsi

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (kele-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кэлеу (kelew)

→ Chuvash: кӗле (kĕle)

Siberian:

Khakas: [script needed] (kǝle-)

⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *kele-n (“tongue”)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *kele-le- (“to talk”)

The verb is rather poorly attested within Turkic making it uncertain whether some of the descendants borrowed from Mongolic. The morphology of *kelečü is obscure as there is no deverbal *-čü suffix, compare however *-nčü.


yalŋuz

yalŋuz (nominative singular)
yalŋuzug (accusative singular)
yalŋuznï (accusative singular)
yalŋuznuŋ (genitive singular)
yalŋuzka (dative singular)
yalŋuzda (locative singular)
yalŋuzdan (ablative singular)
yalŋuzgaru (allative singular)
yalŋuzun (instrumental singular)
yalŋuzča (equative singular)
yalŋuzlayu (singular)
yalŋuzlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *yalŋuz (“alone”)

Kipchak

West Turkic

Kumyk: янгуз (yañuz)

North Turkic

desc

Bashkir: яңғыҙ (yañğıź), ялан (yalan), яланғас (yalanğas)

Tatar: ялгыз (yalgız)

South Turkic

Aral

Kazakh: жалғыз (jalğyz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жалгыз (jalgız)

Southern Altai: јаҥыс (ǰaŋïs)

Karluk

Uzbek: yolgʻiz

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yalnız, yalqız

Ottoman Turkish: یالڭز (yalñız)

Turkish: yalnız, yalağuz (dial.)

Salar: yalğuz, yalañaz

Turkmen: ýalňyz

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰞𐰭𐰆𐰽 (yalŋus)

Old Uyghur: yʾlnkwz, yʾlnqwz (yalŋuz), yʾlnkws (yalŋus)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чалғыс (çalğıs)

Northern Altai: ньагыс (nʹagïs)

Shor: чағыс

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: нюӈус

Tuvan: чаңгыс (çañgıs)

Western Yugur: yaŋğïs

North Siberian:

Yakut: соҕотох (soğotoq)

Tekin and Nişanyan both suggest a crasis of *yalïŋ and *ȫŕ (“self”) thus "bare, lone self". Erdal instead suggests a crasis of *yalïŋ and *us (“reason”). Clauson's suggestion that it is foreign due to an original *-s is baseless.


tog-

togmak (infinitive)
toggan (participle present)
togugma (participle present)
togar (participle present)
togduk (participle past)
togmïš (participle past)
togdačï (future participle)
togmakčï (future participle)
togsïk (future participle)
togačak (future participle)
togma (noun-from-verb)
togug (noun-from-verb)
toggu (noun-from-verb)
toguš (adverbial)
togar ben (aorist indicative singular)
togar sen (aorist indicative singular)
togar (aorist indicative singular)
togar biz (aorist indicative plural)
togar siz (aorist indicative plural)
togar (aorist indicative plural)
togdum (indicative past singular)
togduŋ (indicative past singular)
togdï (indicative past singular)
togduk (indicative past plural)
togdumuz (indicative past plural)
togduŋuz (indicative past plural)
togdï (indicative past plural)
togmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
togmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
togmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
togmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
togmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
togmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
togdačï ben (future indicative singular)
togmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
togačak ben (future indicative singular)
togdačï sen (future indicative singular)
togmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
togačak sen (future indicative singular)
togdačï (future indicative singular)
togmakčï (future indicative singular)
togačak (future indicative singular)
togdačï biz (future indicative plural)
togmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
togačak biz (future indicative plural)
togdačï siz (future indicative plural)
togmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
togačak siz (future indicative plural)
togdačï (future indicative plural)
togmakčï (future indicative plural)
togačak (future indicative plural)
toggay ben (future indicative singular)
toggay sen (future indicative singular)
toggay (future indicative singular)
toggay biz (future indicative plural)
toggay siz (future indicative plural)
toggay (future indicative plural)
togsukum (future indicative singular)
togsukuŋ (future indicative singular)
togsuk (future indicative singular)
togsukumuz (future indicative plural)
togsukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
togsuk (future indicative plural)
togsam (conditional singular)
togsar ben (conditional singular)
togsaŋ (conditional singular)
togsar sen (conditional singular)
togsa (conditional singular)
togsar (conditional singular)
togsak (conditional plural)
togsamïz (conditional plural)
togsar biz (conditional plural)
togsaŋïz (conditional plural)
togsar siz (conditional plural)
togsalar (conditional plural)
togsar (conditional plural)
toggay ben (optative singular)
toggay sen (optative singular)
toggay (optative singular)
toggay biz (optative plural)
toggay siz (optative plural)
toggay (optative plural)
togmakda ben (progressive singular)
togmakda sen (progressive singular)
togmakda (progressive singular)
togmakda biz (plural progressive)
togmakda siz (plural progressive)
togmakda (plural progressive)
togmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
togmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
togmalïg (necessitative singular)
togmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
togmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
togmalïg (necessitative plural)
togayïn (imperative singular)
tog (imperative singular)
toggïl (imperative singular)
togzun (imperative singular)
togalïm (imperative plural)
toguŋ (imperative plural)
togzun (imperative plural)
togmamak (infinitive negative)
togmagan (negative participle present)
togmagma (negative participle present)
togmaz (negative participle present)
togmaduk (negative participle past)
togmamïš (negative participle past)
togmačï (future negative participle)
togmasïk (future negative participle)
togmayačak (future negative participle)
togmama (negative noun-from-verb)
togmag (negative noun-from-verb)
togmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
togmayuš (adverbial negative)
togmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
togmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
togmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
togmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togmadum (indicative negative past singular)
togmaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
togmadï (indicative negative past singular)
togmaduk (indicative negative past plural)
togmadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
togmaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
togmadï (indicative negative past plural)
togmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
togmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
togmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
togmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
togmačï (future indicative negative singular)
togmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
togmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
togmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
togmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
togmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
togmačï (future indicative negative plural)
togmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
togmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
togmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
togmagay (future indicative negative singular)
togmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
togmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
togmagay (future indicative negative plural)
togmasukum (future indicative negative singular)
togmasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
togmasuk (future indicative negative singular)
togmasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
togmasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
togmasuk (future indicative negative plural)
togmasam (conditional negative singular)
togmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
togmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
togmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
togmasa (conditional negative singular)
togmasar (conditional negative singular)
togmasak (conditional negative plural)
togmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
togmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
togmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
togmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
togmasalar (conditional negative plural)
togmasar (conditional negative plural)
togmagay ben (negative optative singular)
togmagay sen (negative optative singular)
togmagay (negative optative singular)
togmagay biz (negative optative plural)
togmagay siz (negative optative plural)
togmagay (negative optative plural)
togmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
togmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
togmamakda (negative progressive singular)
togmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
togmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
togmamakda (negative plural progressive)
togmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
togmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
togmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
togmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
togmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
togmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
togmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
togma (imperative negative singular)
togmagïl (imperative negative singular)
togmazun (imperative negative singular)
togmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
togmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
togmazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

>? Bulgar: طن

>? Chuvash: ту (tu, “to do, make”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: toğmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: doğmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: duumaa

Turkish: doğmak

Salar: doğğusı

Turkmen: dogmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tog-)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: تۇغۇلماق (tughulmaq)

Uzbek: tugʼilmoq

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (tuv-)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (tuv-)

Karaim: [script needed] (tuv-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (tuv-)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тыуыу (tıwıw)

Tatar: туырга (tuwırga), туу (tuwu), тудыру (tudıru)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (tuv-)

Kazakh: туу (tuu)

Nogai: [script needed] (tuv-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: туулуу (tuuluu)

Southern Altai: туур (tuur), туулар (tuular)

Siberian:

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴 (toɣsïq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tog-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (toɣ-)

(Common Turkic, intransitive) to be born


ögret-

trk-cmn-conj-head

ögretdeči, ögretmekči, ögretsik, ögreteček

ögretdeči ben, ögretmekči ben, ögreteček ben

ögretdeči sen, ögretmekči sen, ögreteček sen

ögretdeči biz, ögretmekči biz, ögreteček biz

ögretdeči siz, ögretmekči siz, ögreteček siz

ögretmesek, ögretmesemiz, ögretmeser biz

ögretmek (infinitive)
ögretgen (participle present)
ögretigme (participle present)
ögretür (participle present)
ögretdük (participle past)
ögretmiš (participle past)
ögretdeči (future participle)
ögretmekči (future participle)
ögretsik (future participle)
ögreteček (future participle)
ögretme (noun-from-verb)
ögretig (noun-from-verb)
ögretgü (noun-from-verb)
ögretiš (adverbial)
ögretür ben (aorist indicative singular)
ögretür sen (aorist indicative singular)
ögretür (aorist indicative singular)
ögretür biz (aorist indicative plural)
ögretür siz (aorist indicative plural)
ögretür (aorist indicative plural)
ögretdim (indicative past singular)
ögretdiŋ (indicative past singular)
ögretdi (indicative past singular)
ögretdik (indicative past plural)
ögretdimiz (indicative past plural)
ögretdiŋiz (indicative past plural)
ögretdi (indicative past plural)
ögretmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
ögretmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
ögretmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
ögretmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögretmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögretmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
ögretdeči ben (future indicative singular)
ögretmekči ben (future indicative singular)
ögreteček ben (future indicative singular)
ögretdeči sen (future indicative singular)
ögretmekči sen (future indicative singular)
ögreteček sen (future indicative singular)
ögretdeči (future indicative singular)
ögretmekči (future indicative singular)
ögreteček (future indicative singular)
ögretdeči biz (future indicative plural)
ögretmekči biz (future indicative plural)
ögreteček biz (future indicative plural)
ögretdeči siz (future indicative plural)
ögretmekči siz (future indicative plural)
ögreteček siz (future indicative plural)
ögretdeči (future indicative plural)
ögretmekči (future indicative plural)
ögreteček (future indicative plural)
ögretgey ben (future indicative singular)
ögretgey sen (future indicative singular)
ögretgey (future indicative singular)
ögretgey biz (future indicative plural)
ögretgey siz (future indicative plural)
ögretgey (future indicative plural)
ögretsikim (future indicative singular)
ögretsikiŋ (future indicative singular)
ögretsik (future indicative singular)
ögretsikimiz (future indicative plural)
ögretsikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
ögretsik (future indicative plural)
ögretsem (conditional singular)
ögretser ben (conditional singular)
ögretseŋ (conditional singular)
ögretser sen (conditional singular)
ögretse (conditional singular)
ögretser (conditional singular)
ögretsek (conditional plural)
ögretsemiz (conditional plural)
ögretser biz (conditional plural)
ögretseŋiz (conditional plural)
ögretser siz (conditional plural)
ögretseler (conditional plural)
ögretser (conditional plural)
ögretgey ben (optative singular)
ögretgey sen (optative singular)
ögretgey (optative singular)
ögretgey biz (optative plural)
ögretgey siz (optative plural)
ögretgey (optative plural)
ögretmekde ben (progressive singular)
ögretmekde sen (progressive singular)
ögretmekde (progressive singular)
ögretmekde biz (plural progressive)
ögretmekde siz (plural progressive)
ögretmekde (plural progressive)
ögretmelig ben (necessitative singular)
ögretmelig sen (necessitative singular)
ögretmelig (necessitative singular)
ögretmelig biz (necessitative plural)
ögretmelig siz (necessitative plural)
ögretmelig (necessitative plural)
ögreteyin (imperative singular)
ögret (imperative singular)
ögretgil (imperative singular)
ögretzün (imperative singular)
ögretelim (imperative plural)
ögretiŋ (imperative plural)
ögretzün (imperative plural)
ögretmemek (infinitive negative)
ögretmegen (negative participle present)
ögretmegme (negative participle present)
ögretmez (negative participle present)
ögretmedük (negative participle past)
ögretmemiš (negative participle past)
ögretmeči (future negative participle)
ögretmesik (future negative participle)
ögretmeyeček (future negative participle)
ögretmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
ögretmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
ögretmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
ögretmeyiš (adverbial negative)
ögretmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögretmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögretmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögretmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögretmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögretmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögretmedim (indicative negative past singular)
ögretmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
ögretmedi (indicative negative past singular)
ögretmedik (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmedi (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögretmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögretmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögretmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögretmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögretmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögretmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeči (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeči (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmegey (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmegey (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmesik (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesik (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesem (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
ögretmese (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeser (conditional negative singular)
ögretmesek (conditional negative plural)
ögretmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeseler (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeser (conditional negative plural)
ögretmegey ben (negative optative singular)
ögretmegey sen (negative optative singular)
ögretmegey (negative optative singular)
ögretmegey biz (negative optative plural)
ögretmegey siz (negative optative plural)
ögretmegey (negative optative plural)
ögretmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
ögretmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
ögretmemekde (negative progressive singular)
ögretmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
ögretmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
ögretmemekde (negative plural progressive)
ögretmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
ögretmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
ögretmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
ögretmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
ögretmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
ögretmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
ögretmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
ögretme (imperative negative singular)
ögretmegil (imperative negative singular)
ögretmezün (imperative negative singular)
ögretmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
ögretmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
ögretmezün (imperative negative plural)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: irgətmək

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (öğretmek)

Azerbaijani: öyrətmək, örgətmək

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (öğretmek)

Turkish: öğretmek

Salar: örget

Turkmen: öwretmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ögretmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (örgetmek)

Uyghur: [script needed] (ögetmek)

Uzbek: oʻrgatmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйрәтеү (öyrətew)

Tatar: өйрәтү (öyrätü)

West Kipchak:

Crimeanic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üyretmek

Urum: ӧргетиер (örgjetier)

Karachay-Balkar: юретиргъе (yuretirğe)

Karaim: ӧгрет (ögret), ӧрет (öret)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: üyretü

Kazakh: үйрету (üiretu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үйрөтүү (üyrötüü)

Southern Altai: ӱредер (üreder)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾt- (ögret-, “to teach”)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾtyn- (ögretin-, “to learn”)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾtyk (ögretig, “habit, tradition”)

Western Yugur: jørɣit, jørɣed

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үөрет

Yakut: үөрэт (üöret)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: өөрет

Tuvan: өөредир (ööredir)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: ӱгредерге (ügrederge)

Northern Altai: ӱгредерге (ügrederge)

Erdal, Nişanyan, Clauson and Tekin suggest a derivation *ögür (“herd”) + *-e- + *-t- with an earlier meaning of "to familiarize, tame, teach".
Sevortjan and Räsänen have both suggested a derivation from *ȫg (“mind”), however this is impossible from a morphological standpoint as there is no *-ra- denominal verbal suffix.


ögren-

trk-cmn-conj-head

ögrenteči, ögrenmekči, ögrensik, ögreneček

ögrenteči ben, ögrenmekči ben, ögreneček ben

ögrenteči sen, ögrenmekči sen, ögreneček sen

ögrenteči biz, ögrenmekči biz, ögreneček biz

ögrenteči siz, ögrenmekči siz, ögreneček siz

ögrenmesek, ögrenmesemiz, ögrenmeser biz

ögrenmek (infinitive)
ögrengen (participle present)
ögrenigme (participle present)
ögrenür (participle present)
ögrentük (participle past)
ögrenmiš (participle past)
ögrenteči (future participle)
ögrenmekči (future participle)
ögrensik (future participle)
ögreneček (future participle)
ögrenme (noun-from-verb)
ögrenig (noun-from-verb)
ögrengü (noun-from-verb)
ögreniš (adverbial)
ögrenür ben (aorist indicative singular)
ögrenür sen (aorist indicative singular)
ögrenür (aorist indicative singular)
ögrenür biz (aorist indicative plural)
ögrenür siz (aorist indicative plural)
ögrenür (aorist indicative plural)
ögrentim (indicative past singular)
ögrentiŋ (indicative past singular)
ögrenti (indicative past singular)
ögrentik (indicative past plural)
ögrentimiz (indicative past plural)
ögrentiŋiz (indicative past plural)
ögrenti (indicative past plural)
ögrenmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
ögrenmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
ögrenmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
ögrenmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögrenmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögrenmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
ögrenteči ben (future indicative singular)
ögrenmekči ben (future indicative singular)
ögreneček ben (future indicative singular)
ögrenteči sen (future indicative singular)
ögrenmekči sen (future indicative singular)
ögreneček sen (future indicative singular)
ögrenteči (future indicative singular)
ögrenmekči (future indicative singular)
ögreneček (future indicative singular)
ögrenteči biz (future indicative plural)
ögrenmekči biz (future indicative plural)
ögreneček biz (future indicative plural)
ögrenteči siz (future indicative plural)
ögrenmekči siz (future indicative plural)
ögreneček siz (future indicative plural)
ögrenteči (future indicative plural)
ögrenmekči (future indicative plural)
ögreneček (future indicative plural)
ögrengey ben (future indicative singular)
ögrengey sen (future indicative singular)
ögrengey (future indicative singular)
ögrengey biz (future indicative plural)
ögrengey siz (future indicative plural)
ögrengey (future indicative plural)
ögrensikim (future indicative singular)
ögrensikiŋ (future indicative singular)
ögrensik (future indicative singular)
ögrensikimiz (future indicative plural)
ögrensikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
ögrensik (future indicative plural)
ögrensem (conditional singular)
ögrenser ben (conditional singular)
ögrenseŋ (conditional singular)
ögrenser sen (conditional singular)
ögrense (conditional singular)
ögrenser (conditional singular)
ögrensek (conditional plural)
ögrensemiz (conditional plural)
ögrenser biz (conditional plural)
ögrenseŋiz (conditional plural)
ögrenser siz (conditional plural)
ögrenseler (conditional plural)
ögrenser (conditional plural)
ögrengey ben (optative singular)
ögrengey sen (optative singular)
ögrengey (optative singular)
ögrengey biz (optative plural)
ögrengey siz (optative plural)
ögrengey (optative plural)
ögrenmekde ben (progressive singular)
ögrenmekde sen (progressive singular)
ögrenmekde (progressive singular)
ögrenmekde biz (plural progressive)
ögrenmekde siz (plural progressive)
ögrenmekde (plural progressive)
ögrenmelig ben (necessitative singular)
ögrenmelig sen (necessitative singular)
ögrenmelig (necessitative singular)
ögrenmelig biz (necessitative plural)
ögrenmelig siz (necessitative plural)
ögrenmelig (necessitative plural)
ögreneyin (imperative singular)
ögren (imperative singular)
ögrengil (imperative singular)
ögrenzün (imperative singular)
ögrenelim (imperative plural)
ögreniŋ (imperative plural)
ögrenzün (imperative plural)
ögrenmemek (infinitive negative)
ögrenmegen (negative participle present)
ögrenmegme (negative participle present)
ögrenmez (negative participle present)
ögrenmedük (negative participle past)
ögrenmemiš (negative participle past)
ögrenmeči (future negative participle)
ögrenmesik (future negative participle)
ögrenmeyeček (future negative participle)
ögrenmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
ögrenmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
ögrenmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
ögrenmeyiš (adverbial negative)
ögrenmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögrenmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögrenmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögrenmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögrenmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögrenmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögrenmedim (indicative negative past singular)
ögrenmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
ögrenmedi (indicative negative past singular)
ögrenmedik (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmedi (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögrenmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögrenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögrenmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögrenmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögrenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögrenmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeči (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeči (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmegey (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmegey (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmesik (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesik (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesem (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmese (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeser (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmesek (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeseler (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeser (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmegey ben (negative optative singular)
ögrenmegey sen (negative optative singular)
ögrenmegey (negative optative singular)
ögrenmegey biz (negative optative plural)
ögrenmegey siz (negative optative plural)
ögrenmegey (negative optative plural)
ögrenmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
ögrenmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
ögrenmemekde (negative progressive singular)
ögrenmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
ögrenmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
ögrenmemekde (negative plural progressive)
ögrenmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
ögrenmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
ögrenmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
ögrenmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
ögrenmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
ögrenmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
ögrenme (imperative negative singular)
ögrenmegil (imperative negative singular)
ögrenmezün (imperative negative singular)
ögrenmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
ögrenmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
ögrenmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: вӗрен (vĕren, “to get used to; to learn”)

⇒ Chuvash: вӗрент (vĕrent, “to teach; to make memorize”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: öyrənmək, irgənmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (öğrenmek)

Azerbaijani: öyrənmək, örgənmək

Ottoman Turkish: اوگرنمك (öğrenmek)

Turkish: öğrenmek

Salar: örgen

Turkmen: öwrenmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ögrenmēk)

Khorezmian Turkic: اوکرانماک (ögränmäk)

Chagatai: اورگانماک (örgenmek)

Uyghur: ئۆگەنمەك (ögenmek)

Uzbek: oʻrganmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйрәнеү (öyrənew)

Tatar: өйрәнү (öyränü)

West Kipchak:

Crimeanic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üyrenmek

Urum: ӧргениер (örgjenier)

Karachay-Balkar: юрениргъе (yurenirğe)

Karaim: ӧгрен (ögren), ӧрен (ören)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: üyrenü

Kazakh: үйрену (üirenu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үйрөнүү (üyrönüü)

Southern Altai: ӱренер (ürener)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾn- (ögren-, “to get used to”)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾnmyš (ögrenmiš, “accustomed”)

Western Yugur: jørɣin, jørɣen

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үөрен

Yakut: үөрэн (üören)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: өөрен

Tuvan: өөренир (öörenir)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: ӱгренерге (ügrenerge)

Northern Altai: ӱгренерге (ügrenerge)

Erdal, Nişanyan, Clauson and Tekin suggest a derivation *ögür (“herd”) + *-e- + *-n- with an earlier meaning of "to get accustomed to, be tamed, learn".
Sevortjan and Räsänen have both suggested a derivation from *ȫg (“mind”), however this is impossible from a morphological standpoint as there is no *-ra- denominal verbal suffix.


kūtuŕ

Usually considered simplex, however there have been multiple attempts at a derivation:
# Erdal states that a derivation *kūtur- (“to go mad”) + *-ŕ is plausible, but Tekin states that the reverse is more likely from a phonological standpoint (cf. Turkmen guduramak).
# Nişanyan connects it with *kūt (“blessing, luck”), however this is morphologically imporbable.
# Räsänen suggests a derivation from *kūt- (“to lose strength”) (cf. Old Uyghur qwt- (“to lose strength”)).


kūtuŕ

kūtuŕ (nominative singular)
kūtuŕug (accusative singular)
kūtuŕnï (accusative singular)
kūtuŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
kūtuŕka (dative singular)
kūtuŕta (locative singular)
kūtuŕtan (ablative singular)
kūtuŕgaru (allative singular)
kūtuŕun (instrumental singular)
kūtuŕča (equative singular)
kūtuŕlayu (singular)
kūtuŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑтӑр (hăt̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: quduz

Ottoman Turkish: قودوز (kuduz)

Gagauz: kuduz

Turkish: kuduz

Turkmen: guduz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qutuz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qutuz)

Kipchak: [script needed] (qutuz), [script needed] (qutur)


bȫg

bȫg (nominative singular)
bȫgüg (accusative singular)
bȫgni (accusative singular)
bȫgnüŋ (genitive singular)
bȫgke (dative singular)
bȫgde (locative singular)
bȫgden (ablative singular)
bȫggerü (allative singular)
bȫgün (instrumental singular)
bȫgče (equative singular)
bȫgleyü (singular)
bȫglügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بىٖ (bi)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوی

desctree

Azerbaijani: böyə, böv, büvə
→ Armenian: բով (bov), բո (bo) (dialectal)
→ Tat: bö

Ottoman Turkish: بوی

Turkish: böğ

Salar: boy (“spider”)

Old Turkmen: بُوكْ (bȫg)

Turkmen: mȫý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُوىْ (bȫy), بُوكْ (bȫg)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: biy

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөйө (böyö)

Tatar: бөе (böe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: biy

Karaim: [script needed] (biy)

Kumyk: мия (miya)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: miy

Kazakh: бүйі (büiı)

Nogai: [script needed] (biy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бөйү (böyü)

Southern Altai: бӧкӧнӧк (bökönök)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *böxesün (“lice”)

Mongolian: бөөс (böös)


sagïzgan

sagïzgan (nominative singular)
sagïzganïg (accusative singular)
sagïzgannï (accusative singular)
sagïzgannïŋ (genitive singular)
sagïzganka (dative singular)
sagïzganta (locative singular)
sagïzgantan (ablative singular)
sagïzgangaru (allative singular)
sagïzganïn (instrumental singular)
sagïzganča (equative singular)
sagïzganlayu (singular)
sagïzganlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *sagsagan

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sağsağan

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: saksaan

Turkish: saksağan

Salar: sıqsağan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sağïzğan)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: zag‘izg‘on

Uyghur: سېغىزخان (sëghizxan)

Kipchak: *sagïsgan

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һайыҫҡан (hayıśqan)

desc

Tatar: саескан (sayeskan), савыскан (sawıskan)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (sawusqan)

Kumyk: савусгъан (sawusğan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sawısqan

Kazakh: сауысқан (sauysqan)

Nogai: [script needed] (sawısqan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сагызган (sagızgan)

Southern Altai: саҥыскан (saŋïskan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: sʾxyzxʾn (saɣïzɣan)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (saqɨsqan)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: сааскан (saaskan)

Yenisei:

Khakas: саасхан (saasxan)

Shor: саасқан

Shor: саасқан

Northern Altai: саскан (saskan)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *saxajïgai (“magpie”)

→ Manchu: [script needed] (saksaha, “magpie”)

From an unattested *sagïz root + *-gan. Nişanyan instead attempts to reconstruct a verb *sagïz- ("to chirp") comparing it to Mongolian шаг (šag, “sound of chirping”), шагших (šagšix, “to chirp”).


tamïr

tamïr (nominative singular)
tamïrïg (accusative singular)
tamïrnï (accusative singular)
tamïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
tamïrka (dative singular)
tamïrta (locative singular)
tamïrtan (ablative singular)
tamïrgaru (allative singular)
tamïrïn (instrumental singular)
tamïrča (equative singular)
tamïrlayu (singular)
tamïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тымар (tymar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: تَمَرْ (tamar)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: damar

Ottoman Turkish: طمر (damar)

Gagauz: damar

Turkish: damar

→ Crimean Tatar: damar

→ Karaim: тамар

Salar: damır, damur

Turkmen: damar

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَمُرْ (tamur)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: tomir

Uyghur: تومۇر (tomur)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тамыр (tamır)

Karaim: тамур

Kumyk: тамыр (tamır)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамыр (tamır)

Tatar: тамыр (tamır)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: тамыр

Kazakh: тамыр (tamyr)

Nogai: тамыр (tamır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тамыр (tamır)

Southern Altai: тамыр (tamïr)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: tʾmyr (tamır)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tamır)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тымыр

Yakut: тымыр (tımır)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: дамыр

Tuvan: дамыр (damır)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тамыр (tamır)

Shor:

desc

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamïr (“strength, energy; blood vessel”)

From *tam- (“to drip”) + *-mïr. Rounding of the second vowel due to neighboring /m/ to *tamur can be seen by Middle Turkic.