us-

us- (canonical)
os- (canonical)
usmak (infinitive)
usgan (participle present)
usugma (participle present)
usar (participle present)
usduk (participle past)
usmïš (participle past)
usdačï (future participle)
usmakčï (future participle)
ussïk (future participle)
usačak (future participle)
usma (noun-from-verb)
usug (noun-from-verb)
usgu (noun-from-verb)
usuš (adverbial)
usar ben (aorist indicative singular)
usar sen (aorist indicative singular)
usar (aorist indicative singular)
usar biz (aorist indicative plural)
usar siz (aorist indicative plural)
usar (aorist indicative plural)
usdum (indicative past singular)
usduŋ (indicative past singular)
usdï (indicative past singular)
usduk (indicative past plural)
usdumuz (indicative past plural)
usduŋuz (indicative past plural)
usdï (indicative past plural)
usmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
usdačï ben (future indicative singular)
usmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
usačak ben (future indicative singular)
usdačï sen (future indicative singular)
usmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
usačak sen (future indicative singular)
usdačï (future indicative singular)
usmakčï (future indicative singular)
usačak (future indicative singular)
usdačï biz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
usačak biz (future indicative plural)
usdačï siz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
usačak siz (future indicative plural)
usdačï (future indicative plural)
usmakčï (future indicative plural)
usačak (future indicative plural)
usgay ben (future indicative singular)
usgay sen (future indicative singular)
usgay (future indicative singular)
usgay biz (future indicative plural)
usgay siz (future indicative plural)
usgay (future indicative plural)
ussukum (future indicative singular)
ussukuŋ (future indicative singular)
ussuk (future indicative singular)
ussukumuz (future indicative plural)
ussukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
ussuk (future indicative plural)
ussam (conditional singular)
ussar ben (conditional singular)
ussaŋ (conditional singular)
ussar sen (conditional singular)
ussa (conditional singular)
ussar (conditional singular)
ussak (conditional plural)
ussamïz (conditional plural)
ussar biz (conditional plural)
ussaŋïz (conditional plural)
ussar siz (conditional plural)
ussalar (conditional plural)
ussar (conditional plural)
usgay ben (optative singular)
usgay sen (optative singular)
usgay (optative singular)
usgay biz (optative plural)
usgay siz (optative plural)
usgay (optative plural)
usmakda ben (progressive singular)
usmakda sen (progressive singular)
usmakda (progressive singular)
usmakda biz (plural progressive)
usmakda siz (plural progressive)
usmakda (plural progressive)
usmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
usmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
usmalïg (necessitative singular)
usmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg (necessitative plural)
usayïn (imperative singular)
us (imperative singular)
usgïl (imperative singular)
uszun (imperative singular)
usalïm (imperative plural)
usuŋ (imperative plural)
uszun (imperative plural)
usmamak (infinitive negative)
usmagan (negative participle present)
usmagma (negative participle present)
usmaz (negative participle present)
usmaduk (negative participle past)
usmamïš (negative participle past)
usmačï (future negative participle)
usmasïk (future negative participle)
usmayačak (future negative participle)
usmama (negative noun-from-verb)
usmag (negative noun-from-verb)
usmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
usmayuš (adverbial negative)
usmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmadum (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
usmadï (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduk (indicative negative past plural)
usmadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmadï (indicative negative past plural)
usmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukum (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
usmasuk (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasuk (future indicative negative plural)
usmasam (conditional negative singular)
usmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
usmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
usmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
usmasa (conditional negative singular)
usmasar (conditional negative singular)
usmasak (conditional negative plural)
usmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
usmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
usmasalar (conditional negative plural)
usmasar (conditional negative plural)
usmagay ben (negative optative singular)
usmagay sen (negative optative singular)
usmagay (negative optative singular)
usmagay biz (negative optative plural)
usmagay siz (negative optative plural)
usmagay (negative optative plural)
usmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda (negative plural progressive)
usmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
usmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
usma (imperative negative singular)
usmagïl (imperative negative singular)
usmazun (imperative negative singular)
usmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
usmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
usmazun (imperative negative plural)

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
tr:Ahmet_Bican_Ercilasun
tr:Besim Atalay

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: اُسْماقْ (osmāk) or اُسْماقْ (usmāk)

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوصماق

⇒? Azerbaijani: yosma

Ottoman Turkish: يوصماق

Turkish: osmak, yosmak, usmak

⇒? Turkish: yosma

→? Crimean Tatar: yosma

Turkmen: osmak

Usually read as *us- however Ercilasun argues against this and suggests *os- instead, compare also *osug (“a way of doing something; comparison between two objects; the changing of one object to another”).
If the above is true the homophonous *us (“mind”) is unrelated.

osug

way of doing something; comparison; change


us-

usmak (infinitive)
usgan (participle present)
usugma (participle present)
usar (participle present)
usduk (participle past)
usmïš (participle past)
usdačï (future participle)
usmakčï (future participle)
ussïk (future participle)
usačak (future participle)
usma (noun-from-verb)
usug (noun-from-verb)
usgu (noun-from-verb)
usuš (adverbial)
usar ben (aorist indicative singular)
usar sen (aorist indicative singular)
usar (aorist indicative singular)
usar biz (aorist indicative plural)
usar siz (aorist indicative plural)
usar (aorist indicative plural)
usdum (indicative past singular)
usduŋ (indicative past singular)
usdï (indicative past singular)
usduk (indicative past plural)
usdumuz (indicative past plural)
usduŋuz (indicative past plural)
usdï (indicative past plural)
usmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
usdačï ben (future indicative singular)
usmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
usačak ben (future indicative singular)
usdačï sen (future indicative singular)
usmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
usačak sen (future indicative singular)
usdačï (future indicative singular)
usmakčï (future indicative singular)
usačak (future indicative singular)
usdačï biz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
usačak biz (future indicative plural)
usdačï siz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
usačak siz (future indicative plural)
usdačï (future indicative plural)
usmakčï (future indicative plural)
usačak (future indicative plural)
usgay ben (future indicative singular)
usgay sen (future indicative singular)
usgay (future indicative singular)
usgay biz (future indicative plural)
usgay siz (future indicative plural)
usgay (future indicative plural)
ussukum (future indicative singular)
ussukuŋ (future indicative singular)
ussuk (future indicative singular)
ussukumuz (future indicative plural)
ussukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
ussuk (future indicative plural)
ussam (conditional singular)
ussar ben (conditional singular)
ussaŋ (conditional singular)
ussar sen (conditional singular)
ussa (conditional singular)
ussar (conditional singular)
ussak (conditional plural)
ussamïz (conditional plural)
ussar biz (conditional plural)
ussaŋïz (conditional plural)
ussar siz (conditional plural)
ussalar (conditional plural)
ussar (conditional plural)
usgay ben (optative singular)
usgay sen (optative singular)
usgay (optative singular)
usgay biz (optative plural)
usgay siz (optative plural)
usgay (optative plural)
usmakda ben (progressive singular)
usmakda sen (progressive singular)
usmakda (progressive singular)
usmakda biz (plural progressive)
usmakda siz (plural progressive)
usmakda (plural progressive)
usmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
usmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
usmalïg (necessitative singular)
usmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg (necessitative plural)
usayïn (imperative singular)
us (imperative singular)
usgïl (imperative singular)
uszun (imperative singular)
usalïm (imperative plural)
usuŋ (imperative plural)
uszun (imperative plural)
usmamak (infinitive negative)
usmagan (negative participle present)
usmagma (negative participle present)
usmaz (negative participle present)
usmaduk (negative participle past)
usmamïš (negative participle past)
usmačï (future negative participle)
usmasïk (future negative participle)
usmayačak (future negative participle)
usmama (negative noun-from-verb)
usmag (negative noun-from-verb)
usmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
usmayuš (adverbial negative)
usmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmadum (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
usmadï (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduk (indicative negative past plural)
usmadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmadï (indicative negative past plural)
usmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukum (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
usmasuk (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasuk (future indicative negative plural)
usmasam (conditional negative singular)
usmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
usmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
usmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
usmasa (conditional negative singular)
usmasar (conditional negative singular)
usmasak (conditional negative plural)
usmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
usmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
usmasalar (conditional negative plural)
usmasar (conditional negative plural)
usmagay ben (negative optative singular)
usmagay sen (negative optative singular)
usmagay (negative optative singular)
usmagay biz (negative optative plural)
usmagay siz (negative optative plural)
usmagay (negative optative plural)
usmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda (negative plural progressive)
usmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
usmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
usma (imperative negative singular)
usmagïl (imperative negative singular)
usmazun (imperative negative singular)
usmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
usmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
usmazun (imperative negative plural)

Common Turkic:

Karluk: اُسْماقْ (usmāk)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: ʾws (us-)

Western Yugur: oʰs-

Räsänen suggets a possible relation with Proto-Mongolic *usun (“water”).


ēl

ēl (nominative singular)
ēlig (accusative singular)
ēlni (accusative singular)
ēlniŋ (genitive singular)
ēlke (dative singular)
ēlte (locative singular)
ēlten (ablative singular)
ēlgerü (allative singular)
ēlin (instrumental singular)
ēlče (equative singular)
ēlleyü (singular)
ēlligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: يَال (yēl, “tribe, clan”)

Chuvash: ял (jal)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: el, (dialectally) il

Ottoman Turkish: ایل (il)

Turkish: el

Gagauz: iel

Turkmen:

Cyrillic script: ил (īl)

Latin script: īl

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ايل (é̄l)

Chagatai: اِيلْ (īl), اِل (il)

Uyghur: ئەل (el)

Uzbek: el

Kipchak:

Kipchak: el

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ил (il)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: ил (il)

Latin script: il

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: el

Karachay-Balkar: эл (el)

Karaim::

Cyrillic script: ел

Latin script: el

Kumyk: эл (el)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: el

Kazakh: ел (el)

Nogai: эл (él)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эл (el)

Southern Altai: эл (el)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰠 (é̄l), (Yenisei) 𐰅𐰠 (é̄l)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (é̄l)

South Siberian:

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: ил (il)

Shor: эл

North Siberian:

Yakut: ил (il, “peace”) (if not re-borrowed from Mongolic), ил (il, “state”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *el

Classical Mongolian: ᠡᠯ (el)

Mongolian: ил (il)

Kalmyk: эл (el)


kopuŕ

kopuŕ (nominative singular)
kopuŕug (accusative singular)
kopuŕnï (accusative singular)
kopuŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
kopuŕka (dative singular)
kopuŕta (locative singular)
kopuŕtan (ablative singular)
kopuŕgaru (allative singular)
kopuŕun (instrumental singular)
kopuŕča (equative singular)
kopuŕlayu (singular)
kopuŕlugu (comitative singular)

→? Manchu: ᡴᡠᠮᡠᠨ (kumun, “music”)

desctree

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kuxur
Middle Mongol: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
Buryat: хуур (xuur)
Daur: koor
East Yugur: xuur
Kalmyk: хуур (xuur), хур (xur)
Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
Khalkha Mongolian: хуур (xuur)
→ Chinese: 胡兀兒／胡兀儿 (húwù'ér)
→ Evenki: кӯр (kūr) (Nerchinsk)
→? Jurchen: qūr
→⇒ Persian: قهورچی (qohurči, “fiddler”) (obsolete, from *quxurci)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qopuz

desc

Ottoman Turkish: قوپوز (kopuz, “a lute with a somewhat globular body”)

Turkish: kopuz

Turkmen: gopuz (“mouth harp”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُبُز (qopuz)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kopuz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kobuz)

Uyghur: قوۋۇز (qowuz)

Uzbek: qoʻbiz

Kipchak:

Cuman:

→ Hungarian: koboz

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡумыҙ (qumıź), ҡубыҙ (qubıź)

Tatar: кубыз (qubız)

→ Chuvash: купӑс (kup̬ăs), копӑс (kop̬ăs)

→ Eastern Mari: ковыж (kovyž)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qomuz

Karachay-Balkar: къобуз (qobuz)

Karaim: qobuz

Kumyk: къомуз (qomuz)

Urum: хобуз

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qobız

Kazakh: қобыз (qobyz)

Nogai: кобыз (kobız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кобуз (kobuz), комуз (komuz)

→ English: komuz

Southern Altai: комус (komus)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qopūz, qopuz)

Western Yugur: qoŋïs

North Siberian:

Yakut: хомус (qomus)

→ Evenki: камус (kamus) (Uchur)

South Siberian:

Northern Altai: кобыс (kobïs), комыс (komïs) (in Chelkan)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: һобус (“music”)

Tuvan: хомус (xomus)

→ Chinese: 火不思 (huǒbùsī)

East Slavic:

→ Belarusian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Russian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Carpathian Rusyn: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Ukrainian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ English: kobza

→ Polish: kobza

→ Romanian: cobză

→ English: cobza

→ Slovak: kobza

→ Persian: قوبوز (qôbuz)

→ Lak: къумуз (q:umuz)

komuŕ

Some authorities reconstruct *komuŕ as a separate root meaning that was later merged in the descendant languages


yạrïn

Oghur:

Chuvash: ыран (yran)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یارین (yarïn)
Azerbaijani: yarın
Ottoman Turkish: یارین (yarïn)
Gagauz: yaarın
Turkish: yarın

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَرِنْ (yarïn, “tomorrow”)

desc

Chagatai: [script needed] (yarïn, “tomorrow”)

Uzbek: [script needed] (yarın, “next year”) (dialect)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (yarın, “next year”) (dialect)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: jaryn (“next year”)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јарын (ǰarïn, “morning”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰺𐰣 (y¹r¹n¹ /yarïn/, “morning”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һарсын (harsïn)

Yakut: сарсын (sarsın)

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: yarïn (“next year”)

Unclear whether derived from *yaru- (“to shine”) or *yarï- (“to shine”) + *-n. But Old Turkic having yarïn rather than expected *yarun.
Gagauz points to a long vowel. Therefore Talât Tekin (1995) reconstructs it as *yārïn and compare it to Tuvan даарта (daarta).
By Altaicists compared to Proto-Mongolic *naran (“sun”) (cf. Mongolian нар (nar, “sun”)), Proto-Tungusic *ŋēri (“light”) (cf. Evenki ӈэ̄ри (ŋə̄ri, “light”)) and Korean 날 (nal, “day”) (< Middle Korean nár). However the most likely hypothesis is that the word is a wanderwort in Asia, compare Proto-Semitic *nūr- (“fire”) and Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəj (“day; sun”)


tu-

tumak (infinitive)
tugan (participle present)
tugma (participle present)
tur (participle present)
tuduk (participle past)
tumïš (participle past)
tudačï (future participle)
tumakčï (future participle)
tusïk (future participle)
tuyačak (future participle)
tuma (noun-from-verb)
tug (noun-from-verb)
tugu (noun-from-verb)
tuš (adverbial)
tur ben (aorist indicative singular)
tur sen (aorist indicative singular)
tur (aorist indicative singular)
tur biz (aorist indicative plural)
tur siz (aorist indicative plural)
tur (aorist indicative plural)
tudum (indicative past singular)
tuduŋ (indicative past singular)
tudï (indicative past singular)
tuduk (indicative past plural)
tudumuz (indicative past plural)
tuduŋuz (indicative past plural)
tudï (indicative past plural)
tumïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tumïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tumïš (indicative inferential past singular)
tumïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tumïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tumïš (indicative inferential past plural)
tudačï ben (future indicative singular)
tumakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tuyačak ben (future indicative singular)
tudačï sen (future indicative singular)
tumakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tuyačak sen (future indicative singular)
tudačï (future indicative singular)
tumakčï (future indicative singular)
tuyačak (future indicative singular)
tudačï biz (future indicative plural)
tumakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tuyačak biz (future indicative plural)
tudačï siz (future indicative plural)
tumakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tuyačak siz (future indicative plural)
tudačï (future indicative plural)
tumakčï (future indicative plural)
tuyačak (future indicative plural)
tugay ben (future indicative singular)
tugay sen (future indicative singular)
tugay (future indicative singular)
tugay biz (future indicative plural)
tugay siz (future indicative plural)
tugay (future indicative plural)
tusukum (future indicative singular)
tusukuŋ (future indicative singular)
tusuk (future indicative singular)
tusukumuz (future indicative plural)
tusukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
tusuk (future indicative plural)
tusam (conditional singular)
tusar ben (conditional singular)
tusaŋ (conditional singular)
tusar sen (conditional singular)
tusa (conditional singular)
tusar (conditional singular)
tusak (conditional plural)
tusamïz (conditional plural)
tusar biz (conditional plural)
tusaŋïz (conditional plural)
tusar siz (conditional plural)
tusalar (conditional plural)
tusar (conditional plural)
tugay ben (optative singular)
tugay sen (optative singular)
tugay (optative singular)
tugay biz (optative plural)
tugay siz (optative plural)
tugay (optative plural)
tumakda ben (progressive singular)
tumakda sen (progressive singular)
tumakda (progressive singular)
tumakda biz (plural progressive)
tumakda siz (plural progressive)
tumakda (plural progressive)
tumalïg ben (necessitative singular)
tumalïg sen (necessitative singular)
tumalïg (necessitative singular)
tumalïg biz (necessitative plural)
tumalïg siz (necessitative plural)
tumalïg (necessitative plural)
tuyayïn (imperative singular)
tu (imperative singular)
tugïl (imperative singular)
tuzun (imperative singular)
tuyalïm (imperative plural)
tuyuŋ (imperative plural)
tuzun (imperative plural)
tumamak (infinitive negative)
tumagan (negative participle present)
tumagma (negative participle present)
tumaz (negative participle present)
tumaduk (negative participle past)
tumamïš (negative participle past)
tumačï (future negative participle)
tumasïk (future negative participle)
tumayačak (future negative participle)
tumama (negative noun-from-verb)
tumag (negative noun-from-verb)
tumagu (negative noun-from-verb)
tumaš (adverbial negative)
tumaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tumaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tumaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
tumaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tumaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tumaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tumadum (indicative negative past singular)
tumaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tumadï (indicative negative past singular)
tumaduk (indicative negative past plural)
tumadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
tumaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
tumadï (indicative negative past plural)
tumamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tumamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tumamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tumamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tumamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tumamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tumačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
tumayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
tumačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
tumayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
tumačï (future indicative negative singular)
tumayačak (future indicative negative singular)
tumačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
tumayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
tumačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
tumayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
tumačï (future indicative negative plural)
tumayačak (future indicative negative plural)
tumagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
tumagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
tumagay (future indicative negative singular)
tumagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
tumagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
tumagay (future indicative negative plural)
tumasukum (future indicative negative singular)
tumasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tumasuk (future indicative negative singular)
tumasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
tumasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
tumasuk (future indicative negative plural)
tumasam (conditional negative singular)
tumasar ben (conditional negative singular)
tumasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
tumasar sen (conditional negative singular)
tumasa (conditional negative singular)
tumasar (conditional negative singular)
tumasak (conditional negative plural)
tumasamïz (conditional negative plural)
tumasar biz (conditional negative plural)
tumasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
tumasar siz (conditional negative plural)
tumasalar (conditional negative plural)
tumasar (conditional negative plural)
tumagay ben (negative optative singular)
tumagay sen (negative optative singular)
tumagay (negative optative singular)
tumagay biz (negative optative plural)
tumagay siz (negative optative plural)
tumagay (negative optative plural)
tumamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
tumamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
tumamakda (negative progressive singular)
tumamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
tumamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
tumamakda (negative plural progressive)
tumamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
tumamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
tumamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
tumamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
tumamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
tumamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
tumayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tuma (imperative negative singular)
tumagïl (imperative negative singular)
tumazun (imperative negative singular)
tumayalïm (imperative negative plural)
tumayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
tumazun (imperative negative plural)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (dunukmak)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (duncukmak), [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (tunukmak), [script needed] (dulunmak/tulunmak)

Turkish: duncukmak, tuncumak, tuncukmak, tuncukdurmak, dulunmak (all are dialectal)

Salar: dumğusı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumaq), [script needed] (tunmaq), [script needed] (tunturmaq)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tunçuk-)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (tu-)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (ton-)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (tudjur-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (tunçuk-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұну (tūnu), тұнжырау (tūnjyrau), тұнық (tūnyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тунуу (tunuu), тунаруу (tunaruu), тундуруу (tunduruu)

Southern Altai: тунар (tunar, “to put”), тундырар (tundïrar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆 (t¹u)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tu-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (dun-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tun-)

⇒? Common Turkic: *tu-mak (“hat, cap”)

(Common Turkic, transitive) to close, occlude


kulkak

kulkak (nominative singular)
kulkakïg (accusative singular)
kulkaknï (accusative singular)
kulkaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kulkakka (dative singular)
kulkakda (locative singular)
kulkakdan (ablative singular)
kulkakgaru (allative singular)
kulkakïn (instrumental singular)
kulkakča (equative singular)
kulkaklayu (singular)
kulkaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑлха (hălh̬a)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kulkï

Mongolian: хулхи (xulxi, “earwax, inner ear”)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُلَقْ (qulaq), قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qulaɣ)

Uyghur: قۇلاق (qulaq)

Uzbek: quloq

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡолаҡ (qolaq)

Tatar: колак (qolaq)

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qulaq

Karachay-Balkar: къулакъ (qulaq)

Karaim: къулакъ

Karaim: къулакъ

Kumyk: къулакъ (qulaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: qulaq

Kazakh: құлақ (qūlaq)

Nogai: кулак (kulak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулак (kulak)

Southern Altai: кулак (kulak)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qulaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قلاق (qulaq)

Azerbaijani: qulaq

Ottoman Turkish: قولاق (kulak)

Gagauz: kulak

Turkish: kulak

Eastern:

Salar: gulaq

Turkmen: gulak

Southern:

Qashqai: قُلَقْ (qulaq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (qulqaq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qulqaq)

Western Yugur: qulaq

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хулах (xulax)

Shor: қулақ

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: қулақ

Tuvan: кулак (kulak)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кулгаах

Dolgan: кулгаах

Yakut: кулгаах (kulgaaq)

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *kulkï (“ear wax, middle ear”), however the exact relationship remains unclear; compare Mongolian хулхи (xulxi, “ear-wax, inner ear”). Proto-Tungusic *xūl- (“to sound”) and Proto-Uralic *kule- (“to hear”) are also compared.


tīĺ

tīĺ (nominative singular)
tīĺig (accusative singular)
tīĺni (accusative singular)
tīĺniŋ (genitive singular)
tīĺke (dative singular)
tīĺte (locative singular)
tīĺten (ablative singular)
tīĺgerü (allative singular)
tīĺin (instrumental singular)
tīĺče (equative singular)
tīĺleyü (singular)
tīĺligü (comitative singular)

Arghu

Khalaj: tîş

Proto-Oghuz: *dīš

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (diş)

Azerbaijani: diş

Ottoman Turkish: دیش (diş)

Gagauz: diş

Turkish: diş

Salar: tiş

Turkmen: dīş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تيٖشْ (tï̄š)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tiš)

Uyghur: چىش (chish)

Uzbek: tish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: теш (teş)

Tatar: теш (teş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tiş

Karachay-Balkar: тиш (tiş)

Krymchak: чыш

Kumyk: тиш (tiş)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: tis

Kazakh: тіс (tıs)

Nogai: тис (tis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тиш (tiş)

Southern Altai: тиш (tiš)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: тиш

Khakas: тіс (tìs)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: діш

Tuvan: диш (diş)

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: тиис

Yakut: тиис (tiis)

Old Uyghur:

Old Uyghur: tyš (tïš)

Western Yugur: dïs

Unknown. Compare Proto-Tungusic *ǯul- (“wedge”), Proto-Uralic *tolwa (“wedge, peg”) and Udmurt тул (tul, “wedge”).


tāĺ

tāĺ (nominative singular)
tāĺïg (accusative singular)
tāĺnï (accusative singular)
tāĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāĺka (dative singular)
tāĺta (locative singular)
tāĺtan (ablative singular)
tāĺgaru (allative singular)
tāĺïn (instrumental singular)
tāĺča (equative singular)
tāĺlayu (singular)
tāĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *tāl

Old Chuvash: *ti̯ål

Middle Chuvash: *čål

Chuvash: чул (čul)

Viryal: чол (čol)

Anatri: чул (čul)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *čïla- (an unknown verb) > *čïlaxun (“stone”)

Mongolian: чулуу (čuluu)

→ Fuyu Kyrgyz: [script needed] (čʰolo)

Common Turkic: *tāš

Arghu:

Khalaj: tâaş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: daş

Ottoman Turkish: طاش (taş)

Gagauz: taş

Turkish: taş

Salar: daş

Turkmen: dāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تاشْ (tāš)

Khorezmian Turkic: تشْ (taš)

Chagatai: تاش (taš)

Uyghur: تاش (tash)

Ili Turki: taş

Uzbek: tosh

Kipchak:

Kipchak: tas (tāš) (Codex Cumanicus)

Mamluk-Kipchak: تاش (tāš), طاش (ṭāš)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: таш (taş)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: таш (taş)

Latin script: taş

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: taş

Karachay-Balkar: таш (taş)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: таш

Latin script: taš

Kumyk: таш (taş)

Urum: таш (taš), даш (daš)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Latin script: tas

Cyrillic script: тас

Kazakh: тас (tas)

Nogai: тас (tas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: таш (taş)

Southern Altai: таш (taš)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐱁 (taš)

Old Kirghiz: 𐱄𐰗𐱀 (t¹y¹š) (Scribal error, should be 𐱄𐱀* (t¹š); found in Qara-bulun I (e-65) Inscription https://bitig.kz/show_big.php?fn=sizes/2894.gif)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽿𐾅 (taš)

Western Yugur: das, dahs

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: таас (taas)

Yakut: таас (taas)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: тас (tas)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: [script needed] (daš)

Shor: таш

Northern Altai: таш (taš)

Tofa: даш (daş)

Tuvan: даш (daş)

Soyot: даш (daş)

Tuha: дааш (daaş)

→ Southern Mongolic:

East Yugur: tash

Shirongolic:

Bonan: tasri

Dongxiang: tashi

Kangjia: txashi

Monguor:

Mangghuer: tashi

Mongghul: taashi

Unknown. Possibly onomatopoeic.
Etymological links to other "Altaic Languages", especially with Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”) and Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”) have been proposed by several authors, giving Chuvash чул (čul) as evidence. However, Turkic, Mongolic and Koreanic words for stone are most likely not related.
Doerfer (1965) presents the potential problems with problems with Poppe's (1927) and Räsänen's (1949) proposals that give way to a Mongolic cognate. He adds at the end that Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun (earlier *čïlapun, which would point to a verb instead) may simply be an ancient loanword from Proto-Turkic, rather than a cognate. Vovin (2005) seconds this, giving that while a relation between Mongolic *čïlapun and Turkic *tāĺ definitely exists, it is most likely a loaning into Mongolic, rather than of shared inheritance.
* In his book, Yegorov (1964) traces back the Chuvash чул (čul) to Khalkha Mongolian яилагун (jailagun) and чулун (čulun), Buryat шулуун (šuluun) and Kalmyk чолун (çolun) (cf. теермин чолун (teermin çolun, “millstone”), as given by his entry).
* In their rebuttal against Vovin, Dybo and Starostin (2008) reposit that basic vocabulary like 'stone' are usually not loaned into other languages, and when they do, it is often the result of heavy contact. Following this line of thought, they suppose that any Bulgar-Proto-Mongolic contact would be limited at best, and even so, add that "this gives [Proto-Mongolic] a very small amount of time to make *čilaɣu out of [Bulgar] *čol or *čul."
Räsänen (1969) also compares Koreanic *tol (< *tal) (cf. 돌 (dol)), following Ramstedt (1952-1957), which is also called into doubt by Vovin (2005), giving accentological and historical data to support his contrary claim.
Altaicists compare this word with the ones above, but also with Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”) (cf. Evenki дёло (ʒolo)) and Proto-Japonic *esoi (actually *(d)isi, according to the authors; cf. Japanese 石 (ishi).) Needless to say, such comparisons are not accepted by mainstream comparative linguistics.

Alexander Vovin
Altaic Languages
Anna Dybo
Codex Cumanicus
Georgiy_Starostin
Gerhard Doerfer
Gustaf_John_Ramstedt
Martti Räsänen
Nicholas Poppe
cv:Егоров Василий Георгиевич


yöke

yöke (nominative singular)
yökeg (accusative singular)
yökeni (accusative singular)
yökeniŋ (genitive singular)
yökeke (dative singular)
yökede (locative singular)
yökeden (ablative singular)
yökegerü (allative singular)
yöken (instrumental singular)
yökeče (equative singular)
yökeleyü (singular)
yökeligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz

Turkish: cöke (dialectal)

Azerbaijani: cökə

Karluk

Chagatai: [script needed] (yöke)

Uzbek: joʻka

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йүкә (yükə)

Tatar: юкә (yukä)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: ёге (yöge)

Karachay-Balkar: джёге (cöge)

Crimean Tatar: yüke

South Kipchak

Kazakh: жөке (jöke)

Nogai: йоьке (yöke)

Karakalpak: joʻke (“burlap”)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жөкө (jökö)

Siberian

Southern Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: чӧге

Oghur

Chuvash: ҫӑка (śăk̬a)

Perhaps related to Mongolian ᠨᠢᠭᠦᠷᠰᠦ (nigürsü, “sappanwood, alder”) or Urmi Evenki лакамавун (lakamawun, “elm”), Manchu ᠯᠠᡥᠠᡵᡳ (lahari, “a kind of oak”), ᠯᠠᡥᠠ (laha, “straw mixed with clay to form a building material”).


āb

āb (nominative singular)
āblar (nominative plural)
ābnïŋ (genitive singular)
āblarnïŋ (genitive plural)
ābka (dative singular)
āblarka (dative plural)
ābda (locative singular)
āblarda (locative plural)
ābdan (ablative singular)
āblardan (ablative plural)
āblarïn (instrumental plural)
ābča (equative singular)
āblarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ov

Ottoman Turkish: آو (av)

Turkish: av

Gagauz: av

Turkmen: āw

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااڤْ (āv)

Uyghur: اۋ (aw), ав (aw)

Uzbek: ov, ов (ov)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ав (aw)

Bashkir: ау (aw)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: av

Kumyk: ав (aw), гьав (haw)

Karachay-Balkar: ув (uv)

Karaim: [script needed] (av)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ау (au)

Karakalpak: aw

Nogai: ав (av)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уу (uu)

Southern Altai: уу (uu) hunt (with net)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉 (ab)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (av)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *aba (“hunt, chase”).

(Common Turkic) hunting, hunt, prey, chase


ač-

Oghur:

Chuvash: уҫ (uś)

Common Turkic: *ač-

Atghi:

Khalaj: haçmaq

Proto-Oghuz: *ač-

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (açmaq)

Azerbaijani: açmaq

Ottoman Turkish: اچمق (açmak)

Turkish: açmak

East Oghuz:

Salar: aşğusı

Turkmen: açmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَچْماقْ (ačmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ačmaq)

Chagatai: اچماق (ačmaq)

Uzbek: ochmoq

Uyghur: ئاچماق (achmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اچماق (açmaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: асыу (asıw)

Tatar: ачырга (açırga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: açmaq

Karachay-Balkar: ачаргъа (açarğa)

Kumyk: ачмакъ (açmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ашу (aşu)

Karakalpak: ashıw

Nogai: ашув (aşuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ачуу (acuu)

Southern Altai: ачар (ačar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰲 (ač)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: ač-, aš-

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: ас (as) → аһагас (ahagas)

Yakut: ас (as) → аһаҕас (ahağas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: аһяр (ahar)

Tuvan: ажар (ajar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: ашарға (ašarğa)

Khakas: азарға (azarğa)


ēĺük

ēĺük (nominative singular)
ēĺüküg (accusative singular)
ēĺükni (accusative singular)
ēĺüknüŋ (genitive singular)
ēĺükke (dative singular)
ēĺükde (locative singular)
ēĺükden (ablative singular)
ēĺükgerü (allative singular)
ēĺükün (instrumental singular)
ēĺükče (equative singular)
ēĺükleyü (singular)
ēĺüklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: алӑк (alăk)

Common Turkic

Arghu

Khalaj: êşük

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: eşik

Gagauz: eşik

Turkish: eşik

East Oghuz

Turkmen: iişik

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Kumyk: эшик (eşik)

Karachay-Balkar: эшик (eşik)

North Kipchak

Tatar: ишек (işek)

Bashkir: ишек (işek)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: esik

Kazakh: есік (esık)

Nogai: эсик (ésik)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: эшик (eşik)

Southern Altai: эжик (ežik)

Karluk

East Karluk

Chagatai: [script needed] (ešik)

Uyghur: ئىشىك (ishik)

West Karluk

Uzbek: eshik

Siberian

Old Turkic: [script needed] (ešik)(orkhon)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: ізік (ìzìk)

Shor: эжик

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: эжик (ejik)

Tofa: эч̡ик (eǰik)

Northern Altai: эжик (ežik), эджик (edžik)

Western Yugur: sïq


yōk

Oghur:

Old Chuvash: *śåχ

Middle Chuvash: *śåχ

Viryal: ҫок (śok)

Anatri: ҫук (śuk)

Common Turkic: *yōk

Arghu:

Khalaj: yôq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yox

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یوق (yok)
Gagauz: yok
Turkish: yok (yoğ-)
→ Macedonian: јок (jok)
→ Romanian: ioc
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јок
Latin script: jok

Salar: yox

Turkmen: ýōk (ýōg-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُوقْ (yōq)

Chagatai: يوق (yoq)

Uyghur: يوق (yoq)

Uzbek: yo'q

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: юҡ (yuq)

Tatar: юк (yuk)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: ёкъ (yoq)

Karachay-Balkar: джокъ (coq)

Crimean Tatar: yoq

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: joq

Kazakh: жоқ (joq)

Nogai: йок (yok)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жок (jok)

Southern Altai: јок (ǰok)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰸 (yoq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yok)

Western Yugur: ǯoq

North Siberian:

Yakut: суох (suoq)

Dolgan: һуок (huok)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чох (çox)

Shor: чок

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чоӄ (çoq)

Tuvan: чок (çok)

Likely from *yō- (“to destroy”) + *-k, compare *yōd- (“to destroy”) from the same hypothetical root.


bulga-

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: пӑлхан (pălh̬an, “to become turbid”)

→? Hungarian: bolygat (“to bother; to create disorder”), bolyong (“to wander, walk without a destination”)

Common Turkic: *bulga-

Arghu:

Khalaj: bulğamaq

Proto-Oghuz: *bulɣa-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (bulamaq)

Azerbaijani: bulamaq

Ottoman Turkish: بولامق (bulamak)

Turkish: bulamak

East Oghuz:

Salar: bulğïla-

Turkmen: bulamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلْغاماقْ (bulɣāmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bulğamaq)

Chagatai: بولغاماق (bulğamaq)

Uzbek: bulgʻamoq

Uyghur: بۇلغىماق (bulghimaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بولغاماق (bulğamaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: болғау (bolğaw)

Tatar: болгау (bolgaw)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bulğamaq

Karaim: булгъа-, bulgamach

Kumyk: булгъамакъ (bulğamaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұлғау (būlğau)

Nogai: булгав (bulgav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: булгоо (bulgoo)

Southern Altai: булгаар (bulgaar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀 (b¹ul¹ǧa /bulɣa-/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bulɣa-)

Western Yugur: pula-

North Siberian:

Dolgan: булкуй

Yakut: булаа (bulaa)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: былгаар (bılgaar)

Yenisei:

Khakas: пулғирға (pulğirğa)

Northern Altai: булгаар (bulgaar), пулгайарга (pulgayarga)

(transitive) to produce a state of disorder


bulït

bulït (nominative singular)
bulïtïg (accusative singular)
bulïtnï (accusative singular)
bulïtnïŋ (genitive singular)
bulïtka (dative singular)
bulïtda (locative singular)
bulïtdan (ablative singular)
bulïtgaru (allative singular)
bulïtïn (instrumental singular)
bulïtča (equative singular)
bulïtlayu (singular)
bulïtlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗлӗт (pĕlĕt)

Common Turkic: *bulït

Arghu:

Khalaj: bulıt

Proto-Oghuz: *bulūt

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بلوت (bulut)

Azerbaijani: bulud

→ Udi: булут (bulut)

Ottoman Turkish: بولوت, بولوط (bulut)

Gagauz: bulut

Turkish: bulut

East Oghuz:

Salar: bulud, bulut

Turkmen: bulut

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلِتْ (bulït)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bulït), [script needed] (bulut)

desctree

Chagatai: بولوت (bulut)
Uzbek: bulut
Uyghur: بۇلۇت (bulut)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بلت (bulut)
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: болот (bolot)
Tatar: болыт (bolıt)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: bulut
Karachay-Balkar: булут (bulut)
Karaim: bulut
Kumyk: булут (bulut)
Urum: булут
South Kipchak:
Caspian:
Kazakh: бұлт (būlt)
Karakalpak: bult
Nogai: булыт (bulıt)
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: булут (bulut)
Southern Altai: булут (bulut)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃 (b¹ul¹it¹ /bulït/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bulït)

Western Yugur: bələt, bulət

North Siberian:

Yakut: былыт (bılıt)

Dolgan: былыт

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: булут

Tuvan: булут (bulut)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пулут (pulut)

Shor: пулут

The *-t is hypothesised to be an ancient plural suffix by Doerfer.
Compared to Proto-Uralic *pilwe (“cloud”) and Proto-Tungusic *bol- (“autumn, air”) by some sources.


ȫŕ

ȫŕ (nominative singular)
ȫŕüg (accusative singular)
ȫŕni (accusative singular)
ȫŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫŕke (dative singular)
ȫŕte (locative singular)
ȫŕten (ablative singular)
ȫŕgerü (allative singular)
ȫŕün (instrumental singular)
ȫŕče (equative singular)
ȫŕleyü (singular)
ȫŕlügü (comitative singular)

Potentially from *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-ŕ.


ȫŕ

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: вар (var, “inside; stomach, belly”)

Common Turkic: *ȫz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (öz)

Azerbaijani: öz

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (öz)

Gagauz: öz

Turkish: öz

Salar: iz

Turkmen: ȫz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوزْ (öz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (öz)

Uyghur: ئۆز (öz)

Uzbek: oʻz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үҙ (üź), үҙ- (üź-)

Tatar: үз (üz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: öz

Kumyk: оьз (öz)

Karachay-Balkar: ёз (öz)

Karaim: [script needed] (öz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: oʻz

Kazakh: өз (öz)

Nogai: оьз (öz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өз (öz)

Southern Altai: ӧс (ös)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰔 (öz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (öz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (üz)

North Siberian:

Yakut: үөс (üös)

Dolgan: үөс

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: өс (ös)

Tofa: өъс

Yenisei:

Khakas: ӧс

Shor: ӧс


öŋüč

öŋüč (nominative singular)
öŋüčüg (accusative singular)
öŋüčni (accusative singular)
öŋüčnüŋ (genitive singular)
öŋüčke (dative singular)
öŋüčde (locative singular)
öŋüčden (ablative singular)
öŋüčgerü (allative singular)
öŋüčün (instrumental singular)
öŋüčče (equative singular)
öŋüčleyü (singular)
öŋüčlügü (comitative singular)

Medieval

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öŋüč)

Karluk

Uzbek: onggach

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Kumyk: оьнгеч (öñeç, “gullet”)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: үңәс (üñəs, “gullet”)

Tatar: үңәч (üñäç, “gullet”), үңеч (üñeç, “gullet”)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: өңеш (öñeş)

Karakalpak: o'ngesh

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өңөч (öŋöc)

Southern Altai: ӧӧч (ööč, “gullet”), ӧҥӧч (öŋöč)

Siberian

North Siberian

Yakut: өҥүс (öñüs), үҥүс (üñüs)

Yakut: өҥүс (öñüs), үҥүс (üñüs)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: өөш (ööş, “gullet”)

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: ӧӧс (öös, “rib (of body)”)

Khakas: ӧӧс (“rib (of body)”)


öpke

öpke (nominative singular)
öpkeg (accusative singular)
öpkeni (accusative singular)
öpkeniŋ (genitive singular)
öpkeke (dative singular)
öpkede (locative singular)
öpkeden (ablative singular)
öpkegerü (allative singular)
öpken (instrumental singular)
öpkeče (equative singular)
öpkeleyü (singular)
öpkeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ӳпке (üpke)

Common Turkic: *öpke

Oghuz: *öwke ("anger"), *öwken ("lungs")

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوكه (öwke, “anger”), اويكه (öyke, “anger”), ايكن (öyken, “lungs”), اويكن (öyken, “lungs”)

Azerbaijani: öfkə (“lungs; anger”), öxbə (“lungs”) (dial.), öfgə (“lungs”) (dial.), öfkələnmək (“to get angry”)

Ottoman Turkish: اوفكه (öfke, “anger”), اويكه (öyke, “anger”), اويكن (öyken, “lungs”), اويكهلنمك (öykelenmek, “to get angry”)

Gagauz: üfke (“anger”)

Turkish: öfke, öfkelenmek, öyke (“anger”) (dialectal), öyken (“lungs”) (dialectal), övken (“asthma”) (dialectal), öykelenmek (dialectal), övkelenmek (dialectal)

Salar: öken (“lungs”)

Turkmen: öýke (“sadness”), öýken (“lungs”), öýkelemek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (öpke)

Uyghur: ئۆپكە (öpke)

Uzbek: oʻpka

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үпкә (üpkə)

Tatar: үпкә (üpkä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: öpke

Karachay-Balkar: ёпке (öpke)

Kumyk: оьпке (öpke)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: o'kpa'

Kazakh: өкпе (ökpe)

Nogai: оьпке (öpke)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өпкө (öpkö)

Southern Altai: ӧкпӧ (ökpö)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (öpke) (Yenisei)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öpke, övke)

Western Yugur: üʰkpi, [script needed] (öhkbe)

Sayan:

Tofa: өъкпэ (ö"kpe)

Tuvan: өкпе (ökpe)

Dukhan: öʰkpe

Yenisei:

Khakas: ӧкпе

Perhaps related to Manchu ᡠᡶᡠᡥᡠ (ufuhu, “lung”).


bitig

bitig (nominative singular)
bitigig (accusative singular)
bitigni (accusative singular)
bitigniŋ (genitive singular)
bitigke (dative singular)
bitigde (locative singular)
bitigden (ablative singular)
bitiggerü (allative singular)
bitigin (instrumental singular)
bitigče (equative singular)
bitigleyü (singular)
bitigligü (comitative singular)

→ Hungarian: betű

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗтӳ (pĕt̬ü, “amulet”)

Common Turkic: *bitig, *bitik

Proto-Oghuz: *bitig, *bitik

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بِتى (biti, “letter, written document”)

Azerbaijani: bitik (archaic)

Ottoman Turkish: بتى (biti, “letter, written document; memory (literature); bill, document”)

biti<t:letter, post; amulet; notebook; book; forme; amulet; credentials, document, compass, licence; clerk><qq:dialectal>

Turkish: biti (“letter, post; amulet; notebook; book; forme; amulet; credentials, document, compass, licence; clerk”) (dialectal)

East Oghuz:

Salar: bitik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِتِكٔ (bitig, bitik)

Khorezmian Turkic:

→ Bulgar: بطك (bitik)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: بېتىك (bëtik)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بتو (bitüv, bitiv), بتی (biti), بتك (bitik)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бетеү (betew, “amulet”)

Tatar: бөти (böti, “letter, amulet”)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: битик (bitik)

Kumyk: битик (bitik, “amulet”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бітік (bıtık, “letter, scripture”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏 (b²it²g /bitig/)

→ Turkish: betik

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bitig)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (pïʰtïɣ, “book”)

→ Mongolian: бичиг (bičig)

→ Kyrgyz: бичик (bicik, “book of Kalmyk”)

→ Southern Altai: бичик (bičik, “book”)

→ Khakas: пічік (pìçìk, “book”)

→ Shor: пичик (“script, alphabet”)

→ Tuvan: бижик (bijik)

→ Yakut: бичик (bicik)


bodu-

trk-cmn-conj-head

bodudačï ben, bodumakčï ben, boduyačak ben

bodudačï sen, bodumakčï sen, boduyačak sen

bodudačï biz, bodumakčï biz, boduyačak biz

bodudačï siz, bodumakčï siz, boduyačak siz

bodumak (infinitive)
bodugan (participle present)
bodugma (participle present)
bodur (participle present)
boduduk (participle past)
bodumïš (participle past)
bodudačï (future participle)
bodumakčï (future participle)
bodusïk (future participle)
boduyačak (future participle)
boduma (noun-from-verb)
bodug (noun-from-verb)
bodugu (noun-from-verb)
boduš (adverbial)
bodur ben (aorist indicative singular)
bodur sen (aorist indicative singular)
bodur (aorist indicative singular)
bodur biz (aorist indicative plural)
bodur siz (aorist indicative plural)
bodur (aorist indicative plural)
bodudum (indicative past singular)
boduduŋ (indicative past singular)
bodudï (indicative past singular)
boduduk (indicative past plural)
bodudumuz (indicative past plural)
boduduŋuz (indicative past plural)
bodudï (indicative past plural)
bodumïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
bodumïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
bodumïš (indicative inferential past singular)
bodumïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
bodumïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
bodumïš (indicative inferential past plural)
bodudačï ben (future indicative singular)
bodumakčï ben (future indicative singular)
boduyačak ben (future indicative singular)
bodudačï sen (future indicative singular)
bodumakčï sen (future indicative singular)
boduyačak sen (future indicative singular)
bodudačï (future indicative singular)
bodumakčï (future indicative singular)
boduyačak (future indicative singular)
bodudačï biz (future indicative plural)
bodumakčï biz (future indicative plural)
boduyačak biz (future indicative plural)
bodudačï siz (future indicative plural)
bodumakčï siz (future indicative plural)
boduyačak siz (future indicative plural)
bodudačï (future indicative plural)
bodumakčï (future indicative plural)
boduyačak (future indicative plural)
bodugay ben (future indicative singular)
bodugay sen (future indicative singular)
bodugay (future indicative singular)
bodugay biz (future indicative plural)
bodugay siz (future indicative plural)
bodugay (future indicative plural)
bodusukum (future indicative singular)
bodusukuŋ (future indicative singular)
bodusuk (future indicative singular)
bodusukumuz (future indicative plural)
bodusukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
bodusuk (future indicative plural)
bodusam (conditional singular)
bodusar ben (conditional singular)
bodusaŋ (conditional singular)
bodusar sen (conditional singular)
bodusa (conditional singular)
bodusar (conditional singular)
bodusak (conditional plural)
bodusamïz (conditional plural)
bodusar biz (conditional plural)
bodusaŋïz (conditional plural)
bodusar siz (conditional plural)
bodusalar (conditional plural)
bodusar (conditional plural)
bodugay ben (optative singular)
bodugay sen (optative singular)
bodugay (optative singular)
bodugay biz (optative plural)
bodugay siz (optative plural)
bodugay (optative plural)
bodumakda ben (progressive singular)
bodumakda sen (progressive singular)
bodumakda (progressive singular)
bodumakda biz (plural progressive)
bodumakda siz (plural progressive)
bodumakda (plural progressive)
bodumalïg ben (necessitative singular)
bodumalïg sen (necessitative singular)
bodumalïg (necessitative singular)
bodumalïg biz (necessitative plural)
bodumalïg siz (necessitative plural)
bodumalïg (necessitative plural)
boduyayïn (imperative singular)
bodu (imperative singular)
bodugïl (imperative singular)
boduzun (imperative singular)
boduyalïm (imperative plural)
boduyuŋ (imperative plural)
boduzun (imperative plural)
bodumamak (infinitive negative)
bodumagan (negative participle present)
bodumagma (negative participle present)
bodumaz (negative participle present)
bodumaduk (negative participle past)
bodumamïš (negative participle past)
bodumačï (future negative participle)
bodumasïk (future negative participle)
bodumayačak (future negative participle)
bodumama (negative noun-from-verb)
bodumag (negative noun-from-verb)
bodumagu (negative noun-from-verb)
bodumaš (adverbial negative)
bodumaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
bodumaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
bodumaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
bodumaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bodumaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bodumaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bodumadum (indicative negative past singular)
bodumaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
bodumadï (indicative negative past singular)
bodumaduk (indicative negative past plural)
bodumadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
bodumaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
bodumadï (indicative negative past plural)
bodumamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bodumamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bodumamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bodumamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bodumamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bodumamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bodumačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
bodumayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
bodumačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
bodumayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
bodumačï (future indicative negative singular)
bodumayačak (future indicative negative singular)
bodumačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumačï (future indicative negative plural)
bodumayačak (future indicative negative plural)
bodumagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
bodumagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
bodumagay (future indicative negative singular)
bodumagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumagay (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasukum (future indicative negative singular)
bodumasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
bodumasuk (future indicative negative singular)
bodumasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasuk (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasam (conditional negative singular)
bodumasar ben (conditional negative singular)
bodumasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
bodumasar sen (conditional negative singular)
bodumasa (conditional negative singular)
bodumasar (conditional negative singular)
bodumasak (conditional negative plural)
bodumasamïz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasar biz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasar siz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasalar (conditional negative plural)
bodumasar (conditional negative plural)
bodumagay ben (negative optative singular)
bodumagay sen (negative optative singular)
bodumagay (negative optative singular)
bodumagay biz (negative optative plural)
bodumagay siz (negative optative plural)
bodumagay (negative optative plural)
bodumamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
bodumamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
bodumamakda (negative progressive singular)
bodumamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
bodumamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
bodumamakda (negative plural progressive)
bodumamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
bodumamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
bodumamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
bodumamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
bodumamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
bodumamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
bodumayayïn (imperative negative singular)
boduma (imperative negative singular)
bodumagïl (imperative negative singular)
bodumazun (imperative negative singular)
bodumayalïm (imperative negative plural)
bodumayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
bodumazun (imperative negative plural)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *buda-

Mongolian: будах (budax)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗве (pĕve), пӗвет (pĕvet)

Common Turkic: *bodu-, *boda-

Arghu:

Khalaj: bodamaq

Proto-Oghuz: *boya-

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boyamaq)

Azerbaijani: boyamaq

Ottoman Turkish: بویامق (boyamak)

Gagauz: boyamaa

Turkish: boyamak

East Oghuz:

Salar: boya

Turkmen: boýamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُذوُماقْ (boδūmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (boya-)

Chagatai: بويماق (boyamaq)

Uzbek: boʻyamoq

Uyghur: بويىماق (boyimaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بويماق (boyamaq)

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: буяу (buyaw)

Tatar: буярга (buyarga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boyamaq

Karachay-Balkar: бояргъа (boyarğa)

Karaim: [script needed] (boya-)

Kumyk: боямакъ (boyamaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бояу (boäu)

Karakalpak: boyaw

Nogai: бояв (boyav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: боёо (boyoo)

Southern Altai: бойор (boyor), бойо- (boyo-) (dialectal) ,(Teleut)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

⇒ Old Uyghur: [script needed] (boduğ)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бутуй (butuy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: будуур (buduur)

From *bod (“color”) + *-u- (cf. Old Uyghur pwy (boy, “color”)).


kār

kār (nominative singular)
kārïg (accusative singular)
kārnï (accusative singular)
kārnïŋ (genitive singular)
kārka (dative singular)
kārta (locative singular)
kārtan (ablative singular)
kārgaru (allative singular)
kārïn (instrumental singular)
kārča (equative singular)
kārlayu (singular)
kārlïgu (comitative singular)

Chuvash: юр (jur)

Karluk

Chagatai: قَارْ

Uyghur: قار (qar)

Uzbek: qor

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡар (qar)

Tatar: qar

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qar

Karachay-Balkar: къар (qar)

Kumyk: къар (qar)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: қар (qar)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кар (kar)

Southern Altai: кар (kar)

Siberian Turkic

North Siberian

Dolgan: каар

Yakut: хаар (qaar)

South Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰺 (kar)

Yenisei

Shor: қар

Khakas: хар (xar)

Sayan

Tuvan: хар (xar)

Arghu

Khalaj: qâr

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: qar

Ottoman Turkish: قار (kar)

Turkish: kar

Turkmen: gar


ūdï-

Arghu:

Khalaj: ûdımaq

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: uyumaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اویومق (uyumak)
Gagauz: uyumaa
Turkish: uyumak

Karluk

Karakhanid: اُذِيماقْ (uδï̄māq)

Chagatai: اویوماق (uyumaq)

Kipchak: [script needed] (ūyī-)

Khorezmian: اوذیماق (uðımaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ойоу (oyow, “sleep lightly”)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰑𐰃 (udï-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (udï-)

North Siberian

Yakut: утуй (utuy)

Dolgan: утуй (utuy)

South Siberian

Khakas: узирға (uzirğa)

Tuvan: удуур (uduur)


sạč-

Common Turkic:

Medieval

Karakhanid: سَجْماقْ (sačmāq)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰲 (sač-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sač-)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (sač-)

Kipchak: [script needed] (sač-)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (sačmaq)

Uyghur: چاچماق (chachmaq)

Uzbek: sochmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәсеү (səsew)

desc

Tatar: чәчү (çäçü)

Tatar: чәчү (çäçü)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шашу (şaşu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чачуу (cacuu)

Southern Altai: чачар (čačar)

Arghu:

Khalaj: saçmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: saçmaq

Ottoman Turkish: صاچمق (saçmak)

Turkish: saçmak

Turkmen: saçmak

Siberian:

North Kipchak:

Dolgan: ыс

Yakut: ыс (ıs)

South Kipchak:

Khakas: сазарға (sazarğa)

Tuvan: чажар (çajar)

?→ Proto-Mongolic: *saču-

Common Turkic: *sạč(ï)ra-

Oghuz: *sïčra-

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sıçramaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: sıçramak

Salar: sıçra

Turkmen: syçramak

Kipchak: *sačra-

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәсрәү (səsrəw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шашырау (şaşyrau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чачыроо (cacıroo)

Karluk: *sačra-

Chagatai:

Uyghur:

Uzbek: sachramoq

Siberian

South Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: шачыра-

Shor: шачыра-

Compare Proto-Mongolic *saču- (“to scatter, sow, spatte”), Proto-Tungusic *šeše- (“to scatter, spatter”), (Manchu ᠰᡳᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ (sisambi, “to spatter”), Evenki чичэвэ (çiçəwə, “to sprinkle”)).


ēr

ēr (nominative singular)
ērig (accusative singular)
ērni (accusative singular)
ērniŋ (genitive singular)
ērke (dative singular)
ērte (locative singular)
ērten (ablative singular)
ērgerü (allative singular)
ērin (instrumental singular)
ērče (equative singular)
ērleyü (singular)
ērligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ар (ar)

Middle Turkic: er

Arghu:

Khalaj: hər

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (er)

Azerbaijani: ər

Ottoman Turkish: ار (er)

Turkish: er

Gagauz: er

Turkmen: är

Salar: er

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (er)

Chagatai: اير (er)

Uyghur: ئەر (er)

Ili Turki: er

Uzbek: er

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: ир (ir)

Tatar: ир (ir)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: er

Kazakh: ер (er)

Nogai: эр (ér)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эр (er)

Southern Altai: эр (er)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: er

Karachay-Balkar: эр (er)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: эр

Latin script: er

Kumyk: эр (er)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (er)

Western Yugur: jer

North Siberian:

Dolgan: эр

Yakut: эр (er)

South Siberian:

Yenissei Turkic

Khakas: ир (ir)

Shor: эр

Sayan turkic:

Soyot:эр (er)

Tofa: эр

Tuvan: эр (er)

The word er 'man' according to Egorov (Eg. 30) is one of the oldest Turkic words and it is registered in almost all Turkic languages.
Compare Proto-Mongolic *ere (“male, man”).


olur-

Medieval

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰞𐰺 (olur-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (olur-), [script needed] (olor-)

Siberian

Dolgan: олор (olor)

Tuvan: олурар (olurar)

Yakut: олор (olor)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (olïr-)

Bulghar

Chuvash: лар (lar)

Causative of *ol- (“to be”) and basically cognate of *ol-tur- (“to sit”).


ol-

Medieval

Karakhanid: اُلْماقْ (olmāq)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (ol-) (perhaps)

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: olmaq

Ottoman Turkish: اولمق (olmak) (perhaps, if not from *bōl-)

Turkish: olmak

Siberian:

Yakut: олох (oloq, “life”)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ol- (“to find, obtain”), Proto-Tungusic *ō- (“to make, become”) and Korean 오다 (oda, “to come”) (< Middle Korean [script needed] (ó-)). Compare also Proto-Uralic *wole- (cf. Estonian olema, Finnish olla) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-.


oltur-

Common Turkic:

Medieval

اُلْتُرْماقْ

اُلْدُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: اُلْتُرْماقْ (olturmāq), اُلْدُرْماقْ (oldurmāq)

Old Turkic

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (oltur-)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (oltur-), [script needed] (otur-)

Kipchak: [script needed] (oltur-)

Karluk

Chagatai: اولتورمق (olturmaq)

Uyghur: ئولتۇرماق (olturmaq)

Uzbek: oʻtirmoq

Kipchak

Aral:

Kazakh: отыру (otyru)

Eastern

Kyrgyz: отуруу (oturuu), олтуруу (olturuu)

Southern Altai: отурар (oturar)

Ural:

Bashkir: ултырыу (ultırıw)

Tatar: утыру (utıru), утырырга (utırırga)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: oturmaq

Ottoman Turkish: اوتورمق (oturmak)

Turkish: oturmak

Salar: otğusı, otırğusı

Turkmen: oturmak

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: олор

Yakut: олор (olor)

South Siberian:

Khakas: одырарға (odırarğa)

Causative of *ol- (“to be”). Some modern languages show assimilation of -/lt/- cluster into -/t/-. Cognate of *olur- (“to sit”).


bōl-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *bol-

Khalkha Mongolian: болох (bolox)

Oghur:

Bulgar: بل (bal)
Chuvash: пул (pul)

Arghu:

Khalaj: ôlmaq

Proto-Oghuz: *bōl-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: olmaq

Ottoman Turkish: بولمق (bolmak), اولمق (olmak) (if not < *ol-)

Turkish: olmak (if not < *ol-)

Gagauz: olmaa

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bolmak

Salar: vol, bo

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلْماقْ (bolmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bol-), [script needed] (ol-) (if not < *ol-)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bolmaq)

Uyghur: بولماق (bolmaq)

Uzbek: boʻlmoq

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بُولْ (bol-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bolmaq

Kumyk: болмакъ (bolmaq)

Karachay-Balkar: болургъа (bolurğa)

Karaim: bolmak

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: булыу (bulıw)

Tatar: булу (bulu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: болуу (boluu)

Southern Altai: болор (bolor)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: болу (bolu)

Nogai: болув (boluv)

Karakalpak: boli'w

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞 (b¹ul¹ /bol-/)

Old Uyghur: pwlmʾk (bolmak)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: буол (buol)

Yakut: буол (buol)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: болур (bolur)

Tofa: болур (bolur)

Yenisei:

Khakas: поларға (polarğa)

Shor: пол (pol-)

Western Yugur: pol

Compare Proto-Mongolic *bol- (“to become”), Khitan 𘮧𘯶 (*p o, “to become, appoint”) and Proto-Uralic *wole- (“to be”). Karakhanid, Bulgar and Turkmen forms point to a short vowel instead.


temürči

temürči (nominative singular)
temürčig (accusative singular)
temürčini (accusative singular)
temürčiniŋ (genitive singular)
temürčike (dative singular)
temürčide (locative singular)
temürčiden (ablative singular)
temürčigerü (allative singular)
temürčin (instrumental singular)
temürčiče (equative singular)
temürčileyü (singular)
temürčiligü (comitative singular)

Medieval

Karakhanid: تَمُرْجىٖ (temürči)

→ Turkish: Temürçi (a last name, learned borrowing)

Old Turkic

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (temirči)

Kipchak: [script needed] (temirči)

Volga Bulgar: تمرج

Chuvash: тимӗрҫӗ (timĕrś̬ĕ)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: dəmirçi

Ottoman Turkish تیمورجی (demirci, demürci)

Turkish: demirci

East Oghuz

Turkmen: demirçi

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: тимерсе (timerse)

Tatar: тимерче (timerçe)

Aral:

Kazakh: темірші (temırşı)

Eastern:

Kyrgyz: темирчи (temirci)

Southern Altai: темирчи (temirči)

Karluk:

Uzbek: temirchi

Uyghur: تۆمۈرچى (tömürchi)

→ Mongolic:

Middle Mongol: [script needed] (Temüǰin) (birthname of Genghis Khan)

Mongolian: ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ (temüǰin) (a male given name)

→ Turkish: Timuçin (a male given name)

From *temür (“iron”) + *-či (“occupational suffix”).


kï̄ŕ-

Medieval:

Karakhanid: قِزْماقْ (qïzmāq)

Kipchak: [script needed] (qïz-)

Bulghar:

Chuvash: хӗрме (hĕrme)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (qïzmaq)

Uyghur: قىزىماق (qizimaq)

Uzbek: qizimoq

Kipchak:

Aral:

Kazakh: қызу (qyzu)

Eastern:

Kyrgyz: кызуу (kızuu)

Southern Altai: кызыыр (kïzïïr)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыҙыу (qıźıw)

Tatar: кызу (qızu)

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qızmaq

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (qïz-)

Ottoman Turkish: قیزمق (qïzmaq)

Turkish: kızmak

Turkmen: gyzmak

Siberian:

Tuvan: кызар (kızar)

Yakut: кыыс (kııs)

Karakhanid and Turkmen point short vowel.

kïŕ-a-r-

*kïŕ (“?red, hot”) (reconstructed based on the attested derivatives, see below)


edgü

Oghur:

Chuvash: ырӑ (yră, “good”)

Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: اَذْكُو (eδgǖ), [script needed] (eygü), [script needed] (ezgü)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (eδgü), [script needed] (eygü)

→ Turki:

→ Bashkir: изге (izge)

→ Kazakh: ізгі (ızgı)

→ Tatar: изге (izge)

→ Uyghur: ئەزگۇ (ezgu)

→ Uzbek: ezgu

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (eygi)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эйе (eye, “yes”), иге (ige, “good”)

Tatar: иге (ige)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: игі (igı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ийги (iygi)

Southern Altai: эйе (eye, “yes”)

Proto-Oghuz: *eyɣü

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (eygü)

Azerbaijani: eyi

Ottoman Turkish: ایو (eyü)

Turkish: iyi

Turkmen: eýgilik

East Oghuz:

Salar: ī

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰏𐰇 (edgü)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽸𐽷𐽳 (edgü)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үтүө (ütüö)

Yakut: үтүө (ütüö)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: эки (eki, “good”)


kï̄ŕ

kï̄ŕ (nominative singular)
kï̄ŕïg (accusative singular)
kï̄ŕnï (accusative singular)
kï̄ŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
kï̄ŕka (dative singular)
kï̄ŕta (locative singular)
kï̄ŕtan (ablative singular)
kï̄ŕgaru (allative singular)
kï̄ŕïn (instrumental singular)
kï̄ŕča (equative singular)
kï̄ŕlayu (singular)
kï̄ŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: هیر (hï̄r)

Chuvash: хӗр (hĕr)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qıız

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qız

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیز (qïz)
Turkish: kız
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: qîz

Gagauz: kız

→ Swedish: guss

Salar: gız

Turkmen: gȳz

Old Khalaj: خٖيزْ (xï̄z)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قٖيزْ (qï̄z)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qïz)

Uyghur: قىز (qiz)

Uzbek: qiz

Kipchak: [script needed] (qïz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qız

Karachay-Balkar: къыз (qız)

Karaim: kyz

Kumyk: къыз (qız)

Urum: хыз

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыҙ (qıź)

Tatar: кыз (qız)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qız

Kazakh: қыз (qyz)

Nogai: кыз (kız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыз (kız)

Southern Altai: кыс (kïs)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰶𐰃𐰕 (qïz)

Old Uyghur: qyz (qïz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыыс

Yakut: кыыс (kııs)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кыс (kıs)

Tofa: кыс

Yenisei:

Khakas: хыс (xıs)

Shor: қыс

Western Yugur: qïs

Proto-Turkic: *kïrnāk

Oghuz: قِرْناقْ

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: kırnak

Turkish: kırnak

desc

Kipchak: قِرْناقْ

Kipchak: قِرْناقْ

Karakhanid: قِرْناقْ

Turkmen: gyrnak

Proto-Turkic: *kï̄rkïn

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: هیرحومْ (hïrhum)

Chuvash: хӑрхӑм (hărh̬ăm)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡырҡын (qırqın)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرقِنْ

Akin to *kï̄rkïn (“maiden, slave girl”), *kïrnak (“slave girl”); compared to Proto-Tungusic *girkī (“mate, wife”).


kudruk

kudruk (nominative singular)
kudrukug (accusative singular)
kudruknï (accusative singular)
kudruknuŋ (genitive singular)
kudrukka (dative singular)
kudrukda (locative singular)
kudrukdan (ablative singular)
kudrukgaru (allative singular)
kudrukun (instrumental singular)
kudrukča (equative singular)
kudruklayu (singular)
kudruklugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӳре (hüre)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kudurga

Mongolian: хударга (xudarga)

East Yugur: ghudurgha

Common Turkic:

Karakhanid: قُذْرُقْ (quδruq), قُیرُقْ (quyruq) (Late Karakhanid)

Khorezmian Turkic: قُذرُق (quδruq)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qudruq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قُيرُقْ

Azerbaijani: quyruq

Ottoman Turkish: قویروق (quyruq)

Gagauz: kuyruk

Turkish: kuyruk

Salar: guruq

Turkmen: guýruk

Kipchak:

Kipchak: cuyrug

Kipchak: قويرق (quyruɣ)

Mamluk-Kipchak: قُيرُغ (quyruɣ), قُيرُق (quyruq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: quyruq

Karachay-Balkar: къуйрукъ (quyruq)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: куйрук

Latin script: kuyruk

Kumyk: къуйрукъ (quyruq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡойроҡ (qoyroq)

Tatar: койрык (qoyrıq)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: quyrıq

Kazakh: құйрық (qūiryq)

Nogai: куйрык (kuyrık)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куйрук (kuyruk)

Southern Altai: куйрук (kuyruk)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (quyruɣ)

Uzbek: quyruq

Uyghur: قۇيرۇق (quyruq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰆𐰸 (qudruq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qudruq)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (guzuruq)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кутурук (kuturuk)

Yakut: кутурук (kuturuk)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: қудуруқ, қудурық, қудырық

Tofa: ӄудуруӄ, қудуруқ

Tofa: ӄудуруӄ, қудуруқ

Tuvan: кудурук (kuduruk)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хузурух (xuzurux)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: guzruh

Shor: қузуруқ (quzuruq)

East Slavic:

→ Belarusian: курдзю́к (kurdzjúk)

→ Russian: курдю́к (kurdjúk)

→ Ukrainian: курдю́к (kurdjúk)

Derived from the unattested stem *kudu-r-. Cognate with Proto-Mongolic *kudurga (“crupper”) and Proto-Tungusic *xürgü (“tail”).


ūč

ūč (nominative singular)
ūčug (accusative singular)
ūčnï (accusative singular)
ūčnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūčka (dative singular)
ūčda (locative singular)
ūčdan (ablative singular)
ūčgaru (allative singular)
ūčun (instrumental singular)
ūčča (equative singular)
ūčlayu (singular)
ūčlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӑҫ (văś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uc/уҹ

Ottoman Turkish: اوچ

Gagauz: uç (uc-)

Turkish: uç (uc-)

Salar: uc

Turkmen: ūç (ūj-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (uč)

Chagatai: ۇچ (uč)

Uzbek: uch/уч (uch)

Uyghur: ۇچ (uch)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: оч (oç)

Bashkir: ос (os)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: uc

Karaim: uč

Kumyk: уч (uç)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ush

Kazakh: ұш (ūş)

Nogai: уш (uş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уч (uc)

Southern Altai: уч (uč)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (uč)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: uč, [script needed] (udžu), [script needed] (užu)

North Siberian:

Yakut: уһук (uhuk) (<*ūč-uk)

Dolgan: уһук (uhuk) (<*ūč-uk)

South siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ус (us)

Shor: уш, уч

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: уш (uš)

Tuvan: уш (uş)


üč

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: وج (v(e)ç)

Chuvash: виҫӗ (viś̬ĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ü̂ç

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوُچْ

Azerbaijani: üç

Ottoman Turkish: اوچ (üç)
Turkish: üç

Gagauz: üç

Salar: üş, uş

Turkmen: üç

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُجْ (üč)

desctree

Chagatai: اوچ (üç)
Ili Turki: uch
Uyghur: ئۈچ (üch)
Uzbek: uch

Kipchak: [script needed] (üč)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өс (ös)

Siberian Tatar: өш (öş)

Tatar: өч (öç)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üç

Karachay-Balkar: юч (yuç)

Karaim: üč

Kumyk: уьч (üç)

Urum: ӱч

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: úsh

Kazakh: үш (üş)

Nogai: уьш (üş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үч (üc)

Southern Altai: ӱч (üč)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰲 (üč)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽽 (üč)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үс

Yakut: үс (üs)

South Siberian:

Yenisei-Turkic:

Chulym: ӱщ

Khakas: ӱс (üs)

Shor: ӱш (üş)

Western Yugur: üš

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: үш (üş)

Tofa: үш (üş)

Northern Altai: ӱш (üš), ӱч (üč)


buŕagu

buŕagu (nominative singular)
buŕagug (accusative singular)
buŕagunï (accusative singular)
buŕagunuŋ (genitive singular)
buŕaguka (dative singular)
buŕaguda (locative singular)
buŕagudan (ablative singular)
buŕagugaru (allative singular)
buŕagun (instrumental singular)
buŕaguča (equative singular)
buŕagulayu (singular)
buŕagulugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑру (păru)

→ Hungarian: borjú

→ Proto-Mongolic: *biraxu

Mongolian: бяруу (bjaruu)

→ Evenki: боро (boro)

Common Turkic: *buzagu

Proto-Oghuz: *buzaɣu

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: buzov

Ottoman Turkish: بوزاغو (buzağu)
Gagauz: buzaa
Turkish: buzağı

Salar: buzı

Turkmen: buzaw

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُزاغُو (buzāɣū)

desc

Chagatai: بوزاغو (buzaɣu), بوزاغ (buzaɣ)

Uzbek: buzoq

Uyghur: موزاي (mozay)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بوزاو (buzaw)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بوزاغو (buzaɣu), بوزاو (buzawu)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: быҙау (bıźaw)

Tatar: бозау (bozaw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: бузоу (buzou)

Krymchak: бузов

Kumyk: бузав (buzaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұзау (būzau)

Karakalpak: бузаў, buzaw

Nogai: бузав (buzav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: музоо (muzoo)

Southern Altai: бозу (bozu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆 (b¹uzǧu /buzaɣu/)

Old Uyghur: pwz՚γw (buzaɣu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: бызаа (bızaa)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пызо (pızo)

Presumably from *buŕ-a- (“to bear a calf”) + *-gu.


takïgu

tiakïgu (canonical)
takïgu (nominative singular)
takïgug (accusative singular)
takïgunï (accusative singular)
takïgunuŋ (genitive singular)
takïguka (dative singular)
takïguda (locative singular)
takïgudan (ablative singular)
takïgugaru (allative singular)
takïgun (instrumental singular)
takïguča (equative singular)
takïgulayu (singular)
takïgulugu (comitative singular)

Serbi—Mongolic:

→? Proto-Mongolic: *takïxa

Mongolian: тахиа (taxia)

→ Tuvan: дагаа (dagaa)

→? Khitan: 𘰺𘯛𘯺 (teqoa)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *tiaku

Manchu: ᠴᠣᡴᠣ (coko)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: توح (tox) (as in توحجِ (toxçı))

Chuvash: чӑх (čăh)

Danube Bulgar: тох

→ Hungarian: tyúk

Common Turkic: *taqïɣu

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: toyuq

Ottoman Turkish: طاوق (tavuk)

Turkish: tavuk

Gagauz: tauk

Salar: tox

Turkmen: towuk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَقاغُو (taqāɣū)

Khorezmian: طاوق (tavuq)

Chagatai: تاغوق (taɣuq), تاوق (tawuq)

Uzbek: tovuq

Uyghur: توخۇ (toxu)

Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: դավուխ (tavuχ), դավուղ (tavuɣ)

Kipchak: tauc (tawuq)

Mamluk-Kipchak: طاووق (ṭawuq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tavuq

Karachay-Balkar: тауукъ (tauuq)

Kumyk: тавукъ (tawuq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тауыҡ (tawıq)

Tatar: тавык (tawıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тауық (tauyq)

Nogai тавык (tavık)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоок (took)

Southern Altai: така (taka), таак (taak)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽲𐾄𐽶𐽲𐽳 (takïgu)

Western Yugur: tahɢa, tahɢaɣə

North Siberian:

Yakut:

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: таңах (tañax)

From Proto-Turkic *tiakï + *-gu. Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *takïxa (“hen”), Khitan 𘰺𘯛𘯺 (teqoa, “hen”) and Proto-Tungusic *tiaku (“hen”), but they might be interdialectal loans ultimately going back to the Proto-Turkic form.
See also Arabic دَجَاج (dajāj).


kaŕgan

kaŕgan (nominative singular)
kaŕganïg (accusative singular)
kaŕgannï (accusative singular)
kaŕgannïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŕganka (dative singular)
kaŕganta (locative singular)
kaŕgantan (ablative singular)
kaŕgangaru (allative singular)
kaŕganïn (instrumental singular)
kaŕganča (equative singular)
kaŕganlayu (singular)
kaŕganlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хуран (huran)

→ Hungarian: harang (“bell”) (uncertain)

Common Turkic:

→ Middle Mongol: [Arabic needed] (qazghan) (Ibn Muhanna)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаҙан (qaźan)

Tatar: казан (qazan)

Siberian Tatar: казаннау (“to prepare in a cauldron”)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: qazan

Kazakh: қазан (qazan)

Nogai: казан (kazan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: казан (kazan)

Southern Altai: казан (kazan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qazan

Karachay-Balkar: къазан (qazan)

Karaim: казан

Kumyk: къазан (qazan)

Krymchak: казан (“stockpot”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَزْغانْ (qazɣān, “dug out”) (uncertain)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (qazan)

Uzbek: qozon

Arghu:

Khalaj: qazğân

Proto-Oghuz: *γazan

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qazan

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قزان (qazan), قزغان (kazğan)
Turkish: kazan
→ Albanian: kazan
→ Arabic: قَزَان (qazān), قَازَان (qāzān)
→ Armenian: խազան (xazan), ղազան (ġazan), կազան (kazan), ղզղան (ġzġan)
→ Aromanian: cãzáne
→ Bulgarian: каза́н (kazán)
→ Greek: καζάνι (kazáni)
→ Macedonian: казан (kazan)
→ Romanian: cazàn
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ка̀зан
Latin script: kàzan
→ Northern Kurdish: quşxane

Gagauz: kazan

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gazan

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Khakas: хазан (xazan)

Shor: қазан (qazan)

Analysis as *kaŕ- (“to dig out”) + *-gan is often proposed, however not without some controversy; see literature for details.


urug

urug (nominative singular)
urugug (accusative singular)
urugnï (accusative singular)
urugnuŋ (genitive singular)
urugka (dative singular)
urugda (locative singular)
urugdan (ablative singular)
uruggaru (allative singular)
urugun (instrumental singular)
urugča (equative singular)
uruglayu (singular)
uruglugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӑрӑ (vără)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uruq

Ottoman Turkish: اوروق (uruq)

Turkmen: urug

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرُغْ (uruğ)

Uzbek: urugʻ

Uyghur: ئۇرۇق (uruq)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: урук (uruk), уруу (uruu)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ырыу (ırıw)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ұрық (ūryq), ру (ru)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (uruğ)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уруу

Yakut: уруу (uruu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

desc

Tuvan: уруг (urug, “child; young girl, daughter”)

Tofa: [script needed] (uruğ)

Yenisei:

Khakas: урух (urux)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *urugla-

اُرُغْلاماقْ

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلاماقْ (uruğlamaq)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *uruglan-

اُرُغْلَنْماقْ

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلَنْماقْ (uruğlanmaq)

desctree

Proto-Turkic: *urugluk
Common Turkic:
Oghuz:
Salar: urlaq, urluq
Karluk:
Karakhanid: اُرُغْلُقْ (uruğluq, “seed corn”)
Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (urluk)
Uyghur: [script needed] (uruqluq)
Kipchak:
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: орлоҡ (orloq)
Tatar: орлык (orlıq)
→? Chuvash: вӑрлӑх (vărlăh)
Cuman-Kipchak: [script needed] (urluk)
Kumyk: урлукъ (urluq)
Crimean Tatar: urluq
Karachay-Balkar: урлукъ (urluq)
South Kipchak:
Nogai: урлык (urlık)

From *ur + *-ug. Very similar to Proto-Turkic *urï (“male child, son”).


köŕ

köŕ (nominative singular)
köŕüg (accusative singular)
köŕni (accusative singular)
köŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
köŕke (dative singular)
köŕte (locative singular)
köŕten (ablative singular)
köŕgerü (allative singular)
köŕün (instrumental singular)
köŕče (equative singular)
köŕleyü (singular)
köŕlügü (comitative singular)

>? Oghur: *köŕ

>? Old Chuvash: *kur(s/či)

>? Middle Chuvash: *kur(śĕ)

>? Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

desc

⇒ Chuvash: куҫлӗх (kuślĕh, “glasses, mirror”)

>? Middle Chuvash: *kü(r)ś

>? Chuvash: *kĕś

⇒? Chuvash: куҫкӗски (kuśkĕski, “mirror”) (< куҫ (kuś) + *kĕś + *-gü) (if not from Tatar көзге (közge) or Bashkir көҙгө (köźgö) instead)

Common Turkic: *köz

Arghu:

Khalaj: köz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كوز

Azerbaijani: göz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوز (göz)
Turkish: göz
Gagauz: göz
→ Armenian: գյոզ (gyoz)

Turkmen: göz

Salar: göz, gaozi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُوزْ (kȫz)

Khorezmian Turkic: كوز (köz)

Chagatai: كوز (göz)

Chagatai: كوزكی (“mirror”)

Classical Persian: كوزكی (“mirror”)

Uzbek: koʻz

Uyghur: كۆز (köz)

Ili Turki: kȯz (koz)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: كوز (köz)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: күҙ (küź)

Tatar: күз (küz)

→? Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

Kipchak-Cuman: chox (köz) (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: köz

Karachay-Balkar: кёз (köz)

desc

⇒ Karachay-Balkar: кёзбав (közbav, “witchcraft, magic”)

Kumyk: гёз (göz)

Karaim: коз (koz)

Urum: гӧз (göz), кӧз (köz), коз (koz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көз (köz)

Karakalpak: ko'z

Nogai: коьз (köz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көз (köz)

Southern Altai: кӧс (kös)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰕 (köz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴 (kwyz /köz/)

⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽳𐽺𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwyzwnmʾk /közünmäk/, “to appear”)

Western Yugur: kos (köz), kohs

North Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Yakut: көһүн (köhün, “to appear”)

⇒ Dolgan: көһүн (köhün, “to appear”)

South Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Soyot: көскүдәр (“to show”)

⇒ Tofa: көстүр (“to appear”)

⇒ Tuvan: көскү (köskü, “visible”), көстүк (köstük, “glasses”)

Northern Altai: кӧз (köz)

Possibly an anthimeric (zero derivation) form of *kör- (“to see”).
There is no consensus on the origin of the Chuvash куҫ (kuś), which is integral in part of determining the antiquity of the Proto-Turkic root. EDAL, Sevortyan, Yegorov and Fedotov suppose that Chuvash form indeed goes back to Proto-Turkic stage, but each with different reconstructions and methods. Eren (1982), in his remarks on Yegorov's work, disagree that Chuvash form may come from Proto-Turkic but Tatar.
Nişanyan comments on the dubiousness of this root being derived from *kör-.
Altaicists assume *köŕ ~ *körs and compare this reconstruction (along with *kör- (“to see”), which is also assumed to be from the same root) with Khalkha Mongolian горьдлого (gorʹdlogo, “hope”), Proto-Tungusic [Term?] (“to look out, to appear”) and Korean 그립다 (geuripda, “to miss, to long for”). However, Altaic hypothesis and comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream consensus.
Siberian languages at large have adopted *karak (“eye, pupil”), replacing the original *köz.


kāš

kāš (nominative singular)
kāšlar (nominative plural)
kāšnïŋ (genitive singular)
kāšlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kāška (dative singular)
kāšlarka (dative plural)
kāšta (locative singular)
kāšlarda (locative plural)
kāštan (ablative singular)
kāšlardan (ablative plural)
kāšlarïn (instrumental plural)
kāšča (equative singular)
kāšlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qâş

Proto-Oghuz: *kāš

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قاش (kaş)
Gagauz: kaş
Turkish: kaş

Salar: gaş (“edge”)

Turkmen: gāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قاشْ (qāš)

Khorezmian Turkic: قاش (qaš)

Chagatai: قاش (qaš)
Uyghur: قاش (qash)
Uzbek: qosh

Kipchak: قاش (qaš), cas — Codex Cumanicus
North Kipchak
Bashkir: ҡаш (qaş)
Tatar: каш (qaş) / qaş
West Kipchak
Crimean Tatar: qaş
Karachay-Balkar: къаш (qaş)
Karaim: къаш, каш, кас
Kumyk: къаш (qaş)
Central Kipchak
Karakalpak: qas
Kazakh: қас (qas)
Nogai: кас (kas)
East Kipchak
Kyrgyz: каш (kaş)
Southern Altai: каш (kaš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱁 (qaš)

Old Uyghur: q̈՚š (qaš)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каас (kaas)

Yakut: хаас (qaas)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хас (xas), кас (kas)

Shor: қаш

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: хаш

Tuvan: каш (kaş)


ạbuč

ạbuč (nominative singular)
ạbučug (accusative singular)
ạbučnï (accusative singular)
ạbučnuŋ (genitive singular)
ạbučka (dative singular)
ạbučda (locative singular)
ạbučdan (ablative singular)
ạbučgaru (allative singular)
ạbučun (instrumental singular)
ạbučča (equative singular)
ạbučlayu (singular)
ạbučlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ывӑҫ (yvăś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ovuc

Ottoman Turkish: آووچ (avuç)

Turkish: avuç

Gagauz: auç

Salar: uc

Turkmen: owuç

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (avut)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (avuč)

Chagatai: [script needed] (owuč)

Uzbek: hovuch

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (awut)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (awuč)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: avuç

Karachay-Balkar: уууч (uuuç)

Karaim: avuč ,uvuč

Kumyk: увуч (uwuç)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ус (us),

Tatar: уч (uç)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: уыс (uys)

Karakalpak: uwıs

Nogai: увыс (uvıs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ууч (uuc)

Southern Altai: ууш (uuš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽸𐽳𐾀 (adut), 𐽰𐽰𐽱𐽳𐾀 (avut), 𐽰𐽰𐽱𐽳𐽽 (avuč), 𐽰𐽰𐽸𐽳𐾀𐽽𐽰 (adutča)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (oš)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: оъш (o"š)

Yenisei:

Khakas: оос (oos)

Shor: ош

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *abuca (“taking, handful”), from Proto-Mongolic *ab- (“to take”). Compare to Proto-Tungusic *abgu- (“to pull out, take from”).


kïŕïl

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӗрлӗ (hĕrlĕ)

Common Turkic:

Aghu:

Khalaj: qızıl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qızıl

Ottoman Turkish: قزل (qızıl)

Gagauz: kızıl

Turkish: kızıl

Salar: gızıl, gızil

Turkmen: gyzyl

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qïzïl)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (qızıl)

Chagatai: قزل (qizil)

Uzbek: qizil

Uyghur: قىزىل (qizil)

Kipchak: قزل (qızıl)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qızıl

Karachay-Balkar: къызыл (qızıl)

Karaim: qızıl

Kumyk: къызыл (qızıl)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыҙыл (qıźıl)

Tatar: кызыл (qızıl)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қызыл (qyzyl)

Karakalpak: qızıl

Nogai кызыл (kızıl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кызыл (kızıl)

Southern Altai: кызыл (kïzïl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qïzïl)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qïzïl)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыһыл

Yakut: кыһыл (kıhıl)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кызыл (kızıl)

Tofa: ӄызыл (qïzïl)

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: қызыл (qïzïl)

Khakas: хызыл (xızıl)

Shor: қызыл

Northern Altai: кысыл (kïsïl), кызыл (kïzïl)

From *kï̄ŕ- (“to redden”) with secondary shortening or from the homophonous word *kï̄ŕ with similar development found in *yāĺïl (“green”) < *yāĺ (“young vegetables”).


yōl

yōl (nominative singular)
yōlug (accusative singular)
yōlnï (accusative singular)
yōlnuŋ (genitive singular)
yōlka (dative singular)
yōlta (locative singular)
yōltan (ablative singular)
yōlgaru (allative singular)
yōlun (instrumental singular)
yōlča (equative singular)
yōllayu (singular)
yōllugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Middle Chuvash: *śål

Viryal: ҫол (śol)

Anatri: ҫул (śul)

Common Turkic: *yōl

Arghu:

Khalaj: yôl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yol

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یول (yol)
Gagauz: yol
Turkish: yol
→ Albanian: joll
→ Armenian: յոլ (yol)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јо̏л
Latin script: jȍl
→ Northern Kurdish: ol (“order, sect, dogma”)

Turkmen: ýōl

Salar: yol

Karluk:

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yol)

Karakhanid: يُولْ (yōl)

Chagatai: يول (yol)

Uzbek: yoʻl, йўл (yoʻl)

Uyghur: يول (yol)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yol)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yol)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: юл (yul)

Bashkir: юл (yul)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: yol

Karaim: jol

Karachay-Balkar: джол (col)

Kumyk: ёл (yol)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жол (jol)

Karakalpak: jol

Nogai: йол (yol)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жол (jol)

Southern Altai: јол (ǰol)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰞 (yol)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐾁 (yol)

North Siberian:

Yakut: суол (suol)

Dolgan: һуол (huol)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чол (çol)

Shor: чол

Western Yugur: yol

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чоъл (čo"l) (archaic)

Tuvan: чол (çol) (archaic)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jol (“luck”)


čātïr

čātïr (nominative singular)
čātïrlar (nominative plural)
čātïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
čātïrlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
čātïrka (dative singular)
čātïrlarka (dative plural)
čātïrda (locative singular)
čātïrlarda (locative plural)
čātïrdan (ablative singular)
čātïrlardan (ablative plural)
čātïrlarïn (instrumental plural)
čātïrča (equative singular)
čātïrlarča (equative plural)

Karakhanid: چاتر (čātïr) [11th c.], [script needed] (čāčïr), [script needed] (čadïr) [13th c.], [script needed] (čādar, “canvas tent”) [14th c.]

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (čadïr, “tent”) [14th c.]

Kipchak: [script needed] (čatïr, “tent; sunshade; a woman's cloak”) [14th c.]

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сатыр (satır)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (čatïr)

Tatar: чатыр (çatır)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: shatır

Kazakh: шатыр (şatyr)

Nogai: шатыр (şatır)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чатыр (catır)

Southern Altai: чадыр (čadïr), чатыр (čatïr)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: şatır

Karachay-Balkar: чатыр (çatır)

Kumyk: чатыр (çatır)

→ Old Chuvash: *чатыр (*čat̬yr), *шатыр (*šat̬yr)

Chuvash: чатӑр (čat̬ăr)

→ Hungarian: sátor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Oghuz: *čādïr

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çadır

Ottoman Turkish: چادر (çadır)

Gagauz: çadır

Turkish: çadır

→ Albanian: çadër

→ Czech: čádor

→ Russian: шатёр (šatjór)

→ Serbo-Croatian: (“tent”)

Cyrillic script: чадор

Latin script: čador

→ Crimean Tatar: çadır

Salar: çadır

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: çādyr

Siberian Turkic:

Southern Siberian

Shor: шадыр

Tuvan: чадыр (çadır)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (čatïr, “sunshade; tent”) [14th c.]

Possibly borrowed from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (cʾtwl /čādur/), ultimately from Sanskrit छत्त्र (chattra, “parasol, umbrella, awning”).


yāg

yāg (nominative singular)
yāgïg (accusative singular)
yāgnï (accusative singular)
yāgnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāgka (dative singular)
yāgda (locative singular)
yāgdan (ablative singular)
yāggaru (allative singular)
yāgïn (instrumental singular)
yāgča (equative singular)
yāglayu (singular)
yāglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫу (śu), ҫӑв (śăv)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâğ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağ

Ottoman Turkish: یاغ (yağ)

Turkish: yağ

Gagauz: yaa

Turkmen: ýag

Salar: yağ

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ىاغ (yağ)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yağ)

Chagatai: یاغ (yağ)

Uzbek: yoʻg

Uyghur: ياغ (yagh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: yağ

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yağ), [Arabic needed] (yağ)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: яу (yaw)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağ

Karachay-Balkar: джау (cau)

Karaim: jav

Kumyk: яв (yaw)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоон (joon), жов (jov)

Southern Altai: јуу (ǰuu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yaɣ)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaɣ)

Western Yugur: yağ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыа (hıa)

Yakut: сыа (sıa)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чаг (çag)

Tofa: [script needed] (čaɣ)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чағ (çağ)

Shor: чағ (čağ)

Northern Altai: јаг (ǰag) (Chelkan), дьу (dʹu), дьыг (dʹïg) (Kumandin)

Sometimes connected with *yak- (“to rub, to smear”), with the both deriving from hypothetical *yā-, supposedly reflected in Khalaj yâ- (“to churn butter”).


yagï

yagï (nominative singular)
yagïg (accusative singular)
yagïnï (accusative singular)
yagïnïŋ (genitive singular)
yagïka (dative singular)
yagïda (locative singular)
yagïdan (ablative singular)
yagïgaru (allative singular)
yagïn (instrumental singular)
yagïča (equative singular)
yagïlayu (singular)
yagïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫу (śu, “heathen”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *dayïn

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağı

Ottoman Turkish: یاغی (yağı)

Gagauz: yaa

Turkish: yağı

Turkmen: ýagy

Turkmen: ýow

Salar: yağı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَغىٖ (yaɣï̄)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yağı)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yağı)

Uzbek: yov

Uyghur: ياۋ (yaw)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yağı)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yağï)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağı

Karachay-Balkar: джау (cau), жау (jau)

Kumyk: яв (yaw)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яу (yaw)

Tatar: яу (yaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жау (jau)

Karakalpak: jaw

Nogai: яв (yav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоо (joo)

Southern Altai: јуу (ǰuu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰍𐰃 (yaɣï)

Old Uyghur: y'g (yaɣï)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сыа хаар (sıa qaar), сыа каар (sıa kaar)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чаа (çaa)

Shor: чаа

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чаа (čaa)

Tuvan: чаа (çaa)

Northern Altai: чаг (čag)

Western Yugur: yaɣï

→ Persian: یاغی (yāğī)


taŋ

taŋ (nominative singular)
taŋlar (nominative plural)
taŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
taŋlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
taŋka (dative singular)
taŋlarka (dative plural)
taŋda (locative singular)
taŋlarda (locative plural)
taŋdan (ablative singular)
taŋlardan (ablative plural)
taŋlarïn (instrumental plural)
taŋča (equative singular)
taŋlarča (equative plural)

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dan

Ottoman Turkish: طاك (taŋ)

Turkish: tan

Turkmen: daň

Karluk

Uzbek: tong

Uyghur: تاڭ (tang)

Kipchak

West-Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tañ

Kumyk: танг (tañ)

Karachay-Balkar: танг (tañ)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: таң (tañ)

Tatar: таң (tañ)

Siberian Tatar: таң

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: таң (tañ)

Karakalpak: таң (tañ)

Nogai: танъ (tañ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: таң (taŋ), тан (tan)

Southern Altai: таҥ (taŋ)

Siberian

North Siberian

Yakut: тыҥ (tıñ)

Dolgan: [script needed] (tyŋ)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: даӈ

Tuvan: даң (dañ)

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: таң

Khakas: таң (tañ)

Chulym: таң

Western Yugur: taŋ


yüŕük

yüŕük (nominative singular)
yüŕüküg (accusative singular)
yüŕükni (accusative singular)
yüŕüknüŋ (genitive singular)
yüŕükke (dative singular)
yüŕükde (locative singular)
yüŕükden (ablative singular)
yüŕükgerü (allative singular)
yüŕükün (instrumental singular)
yüŕükče (equative singular)
yüŕükleyü (singular)
yüŕüklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗрӗ (śĕrĕ)

→ Hungarian: gyűrű

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: üzük

Ottoman Turkish: یوزوك (yüzük)

Turkish: yüzük

Gagauz: üzük

Turkmen: ýüzük

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُزُكْ (yüzük)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yüzük)

Chagatai: [script needed] (üzük)

Uzbek: uzuk

Uyghur: ئۈزۈك (üzük)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüzük)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yüzük)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yüzük

Karachay-Balkar: джюзюк (cüzük), жюзюк (jüzük)

Kumyk: юзюк (yuzük)

Karaim: [script needed] ((y)üzük)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөҙөк (yöźök)

Tatar: йөзек (yözek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жүзік (jüzık)

Karakalpak: ju'zik

Nogai юзик (yuzik)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүзүк (jüzük)

Southern Altai: јӱстӱк (ǰüstük)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүһүөх (hühüöx)

Yakut: сүһүөх (sühüöq)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чӱстӱк (çüstük)

Shor: чӱстӱк (čüstük)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чүстүк (çüstük)

Derived from *yüŕ- which is also the source of *yüŕeŋgü (“stirrup”). No doubt related to Proto-Mongolic *döre (“ring”) and Proto-Tungusic *dur-, see Mongolian дөр (dör, “pin, collar, nose-ring”). Loaned as gyűrű (“ring”) in Hungarian, which, according to Clauson points to an earlier word initial /dʰ/.


tarmak

⇒ Common Turkic: *tarmak (“branch”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Uyghur: تارماق (tarmaq)

Uzbek: tarmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тармаҡ (tarmaq)

Tatar: тармак (tarmaq)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: тармакъ (tarmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: tarmaq

Kazakh: тармақ (tarmaq)

Nogai: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тармак (tarmak)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

desc

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tarmaq, “finger”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тарбах (tarbaq, “finger”)

From *tar- (“to go apart, spread”) + *-mak.

Kipchak Turkic; Karluk Turkic; Kipchak Turkic; Karluk Turkic