ol

ol (nominative singular)
anï (accusative singular)
anïŋ (genitive singular)
aŋa (dative singular)
anta (locative singular)
antan (ablative singular)
aŋaru (allative singular)
anïn (instrumental singular)
anča (equative singular)
anlayu (singular)
anlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: ول

Chuvash: вӑл (văl)

Common Turkic:

→ Chinese: 兀 (wù) (that)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰞 (ul¹ /ol/)

Karakhanid: اُلْ (ol)

Arghu:

Khalaj: ô

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اول (ol)

Azerbaijani: o

Gagauz: o

Ottoman Turkish: او (o), اول (ol)

Turkish: o

Salar: u

Turkmen: ol

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (ol)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ол

Karachay-Balkar: ол (ol)

Kumyk: ол (ol)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ул (ul)

Tatar: ул (ul)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ол (ol)

Karakalpak: ol

Nogai: ол (ol)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ал (al), ол (ol)

Southern Altai: ол (ol)

Karluk:

Chagatai: او (u), اول (ul)

Uzbek: u

Uyghur: ئۇ (u)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ол (ol)

Yakut: ол (ol) (inanimate)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ол (ol)

Tuvan: ол (ol)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ол (ol)

Shor: ол (ol)

The oblique form *an- is comparable to Proto-Mongolic *ïn- (“third person singular pronoun”) and *an- (“third person plural pronoun”), neither of which appear in the nominative case.

noncog

Denotes "to be" for third person singular when at the end of a noun; is.


kem

kem (nominative singular)
kemni (accusative singular)
kemniŋ (genitive singular)
kemke (dative singular)
kemte (locative singular)
kemden (ablative singular)
kemgerü (allative singular)
kem bile (instrumental singular)
kemče (equative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: كم

Chuvash: кам (kam)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kêm

Proto-Oghuz: *kim

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kim)

Azerbaijani: kim

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كیم (kim)
Gagauz: kim
Turkish: kim

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kim

Salar: kem

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِمْ (kim)

Uzbek: kim

→ Tajik: ким- (kim-)

Uyghur: كىم (kim)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kim

Karachay-Balkar: ким (kim)

Kumyk: ким (kim)

Karaim: kim

Urum: ким (kim)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кем (kem)

Tatar: кем (kem)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кім (kım)

Karakalpak: ким (kim)

Nogai: ким (kim)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ким (kim)

Southern Altai: кем (kem)

Siberian

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰢 (kem)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kem)

Western Yugur: kïm

North Siberian

Dolgan: ким (kim)

Yakut: ким (kim)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ӄум (qum)

Tuvan: кым (kım)

Yenisei:

Khakas: кем (kem)

Shor: кем (kem)

Derived from the interrogative particle *ka-.
Compare Proto-Uralic *ke (“who”) and Proto-Mongolic *ken (“who”), whence also Mongolian хэн (xen, “who”).


bū

bū (nominative singular)
būnï (accusative singular)
būnïŋ (genitive singular)
būŋa (dative singular)
būnta (locative singular)
būntan (ablative singular)
būŋaru (allative singular)
būnïn (instrumental singular)
būnča (equative singular)
būnlayu (singular)
būnlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *bū

Arghu:

Khalaj: bô

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (bu)

Azerbaijani: bu

Ottoman Turkish: بو (bu)

Turkish: bu

Gagauz: bu

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: bu

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bū)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bu)

Uyghur: [script needed] (bu)

Uzbek: bu

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: был (bıl)

Tatar: бу (bu)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bo

Crimean Tatar: бу (bu)

Karachay-Balkar: бу (bu)

Karaim: бу (bu)

Kumyk: бу (bu)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: bul

Kazakh: бул (bul)

Nogai: бу (bu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бул (bul)

Southern Altai: бу (bu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆 (bu)

Old Uyghur: bw (bu)

Western Yugur: pu

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бу

Yakut: бу (bu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бо

Tuvan: бо (bo)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: пу (pu)

Shor: пу


ka-

ka (nominative singular)
kanï (accusative singular)
kanïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŋa (dative singular)
kanta (locative singular)
kantan (ablative singular)
kaŋaru (allative singular)
kanïn (instrumental singular)
kanča (equative singular)
kanlayu (singular)
kanlïgu (comitative singular)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kańu (“which”), *kańusï (“which of”)

Arghu:

Arghu: قَنُو (qanū)

Khalaj: qânı, qânısı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قانسی (qansı)

هانسی (hansı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانسی (hansı)

Azerbaijani: hansı

Ottoman Turkish: (Dialectal, Early Ottoman) قانسی (kansı)

Salar: gaysı

Turkmen: haýsy

Old Khalaj: خَيُو (xayū) (11th ce.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَيُو (qayū)

Chagatai: قَایسی

Uyghur: قايسى (qaysi)

Uzbek: qaysi

Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡайһы (qayhı)

Tatar: кайсы (qaysı)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaysı

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: қай (qai), қайсы (qaisy)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysı)

Southern Altai: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰪𐰆 (qńu /qańu/) (Ordu-Balyk/Karabalgasun I)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qanu, qayu)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: хая (qaya)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хайзы (xayzı)

Shor: қайзы (qayzï)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *kangï (“which”), *kangïsï (“which of”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنغی (qanğı), قنغیسی (qanğısı)

هانغی (hanğı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانغی (hanğı)

Azerbaijani: (Dialectal) hankı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قنغی (kangı), (Middle Ottoman) هانغی (hangı), خانغی (hangı), (Late Ottoman) هانکی (hangi)

Gagauz: hangı, angı

Turkish: hangi

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanta (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: قانده

Oghuz:

Old Khalaj: خَنْدا (xandā) (11th ce.)

Salar: gayda

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَنْدا (qandā)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кайда (qayda)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қайда (qaida)

Nogai: кайда (kayda)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кайда (kayda)

Southern Altai: кайда (kayda)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀 (qn¹t¹a)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кайда (kayda)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Northern Altai: кайда (kayda)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qânı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَنى (qanı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانی (hanı)

Azerbaijani: hanı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قَانی (kanı), (Middle & Late Ottoman) هانی (hani)

Turkish: hani

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَانى, قَنى (qanï)

Chagatai: قَنی, qani

Uyghur: قېنى (qëni)

Uzbek: qani

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐰃 (qn¹i)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qaçân

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: خَاچَانْ (ḫaçan), قَاچَانْ (qaçan)

هاچان (haçan)

Ajem-Turkic: هاچان (haçan)

Azerbaijani: haçan

Gagauz: açan

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: هاچان (haçan), قاچان (kaçan) — early, خاچان (haçan)
Turkish: (dialectal) haçan
→ Armenian: հա՛չան (háčʻan)

Salar: gaçañ

Turkmen: haçan

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قچان (qaçan)

Uyghur: قاچان (qachan)

Uzbek: qachon

Kipchak: قایچان (qayçan)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡасан (qasan)

Tatar: кайчан (qayçan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қашан (qaşan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: качан (kacan)

Southern Altai: качан (kačan)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: каһан (kahan)

Yakut: хаһан (qahan)

South Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: қачан (qačan)

Khakas: хаӌан (xacan)

Western Yugur: qačan

desc

Northern Altai: каджан (kadžan), кайджан (kaydžan), каччан (kaččan), качан (kačan)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanča (“when”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنجە (qanca, “when”), قنجارو (qancaru, “where”)

Ajem-Turkic: هانجارو (hancaru)

Azerbaijani: hancarı, həncəri (“where, how”), hanceri

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قانچە (qança, “how much”)

Uyghur: قانچە (qanche, “how much”)

Uzbek: qancha (“how much”)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: къанча (qança, “how much”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қанша (qanşa, “how much”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: канча (kanca, “how much”)

Southern Altai: канча (kanča, “how many, how much”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (qança)

Northern Altai: канча (kanča), канджа (kandža)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kandïn (“from where?”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰦𐰣 (qntn¹)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”),
Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”).
Possibly also Proto-Japonic *ka (“interrogative particle”) and Proto-Uralic *ku (“who, where”)


ȫŕ

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: вар (var, “inside; stomach, belly”)

Common Turkic: *ȫz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (öz)

Azerbaijani: öz

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (öz)

Gagauz: öz

Turkish: öz

Salar: iz

Turkmen: ȫz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوزْ (öz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (öz)

Uyghur: ئۆز (öz)

Uzbek: oʻz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үҙ (üź), үҙ- (üź-)

Tatar: үз (üz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: öz

Kumyk: оьз (öz)

Karachay-Balkar: ёз (öz)

Karaim: [script needed] (öz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: өз

Kazakh: өз (öz)

Nogai: оьз (öz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өз (öz)

Southern Altai: ӧс (ös)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰔 (öz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (öz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (üz)

North Siberian:

Yakut: үөс (üös)

Dolgan: үөс

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: өс (ös)

Tofa: өъс

Yenisei:

Khakas: ӧс

Shor: ӧс

Potentially from *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-ŕ.


kẹntü

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kendü)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kendü)

Proto-Oghuz: *gendü

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كندو (gändü)

Azerbaijani: gəndi (dialectal)

Ottoman Turkish: كندو (kendü)

Turkish: kendi

Gagauz: kendi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَنْدُو (kendǖ)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰦𐰇 (kentü)

Old Uyghur: k՚ntw (kentü)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: гини (gini)

Yakut: кини (kini)


bẹ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эпӗ (ep̬ĕ)

Common Turkic: *ben

Arghu:

Khalaj: mən

Oghuz: بَنْ (bän)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بن (bän), ـون (-vän)

Ajem-Turkic: من (män), ـم (-äm)

Azerbaijani: mən, -əm

Qashqai: من (män), ـم (-äm)

Sonqori: مه (mä), ـم (-äm)

Ottoman Turkish: بن (ben), ـم (-im)

Gagauz: bän, -im

Turkish: ben, -im

Salar: men

Turkmen: men, -in

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنْ (män)

Khorezmian Turkic: بن (bän), من (män)

Chagatai: من (män)

Uyghur: مەن (men)

Uzbek: men

Kipchak:

Kipchak: من (män)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мин (min)

Tatar: мин (min)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: men

Karachay-Balkar: мен (men)

Karaim: мэн

Kumyk: мен (men)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: мен

Kazakh: мен (men)

Nogai: мен (men)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мен (men)

Southern Altai: мен (men)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰤 (mn² /men/), 𐰋𐰤 (b²n² /ben/), 𐰌𐰥 (b²n²)

Old Uyghur: pʾn (ben), mʾn (men)

Western Yugur: men

North Siberian:

Dolgan: мин (min)

Yakut: мин (min)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мен (men)

Tuvan: мен (men)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: мин (min)

Shor: мен (men)

Usually compared to Proto-Mongolic *bi (“I”) and Proto-Tungusic *bi (“I”).
The Common Turkic form *ben is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *bẹn- with the pronominal-n.

Denotes "to be" for first person singular when at the end of an object; am


sẹ

Oghur

Chuvash: эсӗ (es̬ĕ)

Common Turkic

Karakhanid: سَنْ (sen)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰤 (sen)

Old Uyghur: sʾn (sen)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (sen)

Arghu

Khalaj: sən

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: sən

Gagauz: sän

Ottoman Turkish: سن (sen), سین (-sin)

Turkish: sen, -sin

Salar: [script needed] (sēn)

Turkmen: sen

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (sen)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sen)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: sen

Karachay-Balkar: сен (sen)

Kumyk: сен (sen)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һин (hin)

Tatar: син (sin)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сен (sen)

Karakalpak: сен

Nogai: сен (sen)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сен (sen)

Southern Altai: сен (sen)

Karluk

Chagatai: سن (sän)

Uzbek: sen

Uyghur: سەن (sen)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: эн (en)

Yakut: эн (en)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (sen)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: син (sin)

Shor: сен (sen)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: сен (sen)

Tuvan: сен (sen)

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *či (“you”), under the discarded Altaic theory.
The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.

Denotes "to be" for second person singular/plural when at the end of an object; are


biŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эпир (ep̬ir)

Common Turkic: *biz

Arghu:

Khalaj: biz

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *biz

Old Anatolian Turkish: بز (biz), ـوز (-viz)

Azerbaijani: biz

Ottoman Turkish: بز (biz), ـز (-z, -iz)

Turkish: biz, -iz

Gagauz: biz

⇒ Salar: piser

Turkmen: biz, -iz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِزْ (biz)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (biz), [script needed] (biz)

Chagatai: بیز (biz)

Uzbek: biz

Uyghur: بىز (biz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بز (biz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بز (biz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: беҙ (beź)

Tatar: без (bez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: biz

Karachay-Balkar: биз (biz)

Kumyk: биз (biz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: біз (bız)

Karakalpak: biz

Nogai: биз (biz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: биз (biz)

Southern Altai: бис (bis)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰕 (b²iz /biz/)

Old Uyghur: pʾz (biz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (pız)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биһиги (bihigi)

Yakut: биһиги (bihigi)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: биъс (bis)

Tuvan: бис (bis)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пiс (pis)

Shor: пiс (pis)

Denotes "to be" for first person plural when at the end of an object; are


siŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эсир (es̬ir)

Common Turkic:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰃𐰕 (s²iz /siz/)

Old Uyghur: sʾz (siz)

Karakhanid: [script needed] (siz)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (siz)

Arghu:

Khalaj: siz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (siz)

Azerbaijani: siz

Ottoman Turkish: سز (siz)

Turkish: siz

Gagauz: siz

Turkmen: siz

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (siz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (siz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: siz

Karachay-Balkar: сиз (siz)

Kumyk: сиз (siz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һеҙ (heź)

Tatar: сез (sez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сіз (sız)

Karakalpak: siz

Nogai: сиз (siz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сиз (siz)

Southern Altai: слер (sler)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (siz)

Uzbek: siz

Uyghur: سىز (siz)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: эһиги (ehigi)

Yakut: эһиги (ehigi)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сілер (siler)

Tuvan: силер (siler)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: силер (siler)

Shor: силер (siler)

Denotes "to be" for second person plural when at the end of an object; are


beniŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash: манӑн (manăn), ман (man)

Common Turkic: *beniŋ

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *beniŋ

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (benüm)

Azerbaijani: mənim

Ottoman Turkish: بنم (benim)

Gagauz: benim, benin

Turkish: benim

Salar: minigi

Turkmen: meniň (abbreviature: me'ň)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنِڭْ (meniŋ)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: منينک (mening)

Uzbek: mening

Uyghur: مېنىڭ (mëning)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: منيڭ (meniñ)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (meniñ)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: минең (mineñ)

Tatar: минем (minem)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: menim

Karachay-Balkar: мени (meni)

Karaim: [script needed] (mienim)

Kumyk: мени (meni)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: менің (menıñ)

Karakalpak: mening

Nogai: менинъ (meniñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: менин (menin)

Southern Altai: мениҥ (meniŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰤𐰭 (mn²ŋ /meniŋ/), 𐰋𐰤𐰭 (b²n²ŋ /beniŋ/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: mineŋ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: миниэнэ (miniene)

Yakut: миэнэ (miene)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мииӈ (miiñ)

Tuvan: мээң (meeñ)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: минің (minìñ)

Shor: меең (meeñ)


tẹ

tẹ (nominative singular)
tẹni (accusative singular)
tẹniŋ (genitive singular)
tẹŋe (dative singular)
tẹnte (locative singular)
tẹnten (ablative singular)
tẹŋerü (allative singular)
tẹn (instrumental singular)
tẹnče (equative singular)
tẹnleyü (singular)
tẹnligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: те (te)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Gagauz: te bu (“this there”), te o (“that there”)

East Oghuz:

Salar: düğü, tüü

Turkmen: şütki, şütüki, bitiki

Kipchak:

Cuman: [script needed] (tigi)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: теге (tege)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: [script needed] (tigi) (dialectal)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тиги (tigi)

Southern Altai: тиги (tigi), ту (tu)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ити (iti)

Yakut: ити (iti)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: тээ (tee)

Tuvan: дөө (döö)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: теге (tege, “so, thus”)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *te (“that”), Proto-Tungusic *ta- (“that”), Proto-Uralic *tä (“that”). Compare also modern Mongolian тэр (ter) and Evenki тар (tar).
Some of the descendants point to a derivation *tẹ + *-ki. The reasoning for rounding in some forms is uncertain.