obolkъ

ȍbolkъ (canonical masculine)
ȍbolkъ (nominative singular)
ȍbolka (dual nominative)
ȍbolci (nominative plural)
ȍbolka (genitive singular)
obolkù (dual genitive)
obõlkъ (genitive plural)
ȍbolku (dative singular)
obolkomà (dative dual)
obolkòmъ (dative plural)
ȍbolkъ (accusative singular)
ȍbolka (accusative dual)
ȍbolky (accusative plural)
ȍbolkъmь (instrumental singular)
ȍbolkomь (instrumental singular)
obolkomà (dual instrumental)
obolký (instrumental plural)
ȍbolcě (locative singular)
obolkù (dual locative)
obolcě̃xъ (locative plural)
obolče (singular vocative)
ȍbolka (dual vocative)
ȍbolci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: о́болоко (óboloko), о́болокъ (óbolokŭ)

Russian: о́болоко (óboloko) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: о́болок (óbolok) (dated)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: облакъ (oblakŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱁⰱⰾⰰⰽⱏ (oblakŭ)

Bulgarian: облак (oblak)

Macedonian: облак (oblak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏бла̄к

Latin script: ȍblāk

Slovene: oblȃk (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: oblak

Czech: oblak

Polish: obłok

Silesian: ôbłok

Old Slovak: oblak

Slovak: oblak

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: hobloka

From an earlier **obvolkъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *abwalkas. Morphologically from *ȍb- + *vȏlkъ. It literally means "a thing that shambles (in the sky)". For the loss of -v- between ob- and a vowel compare *obьlъ which comes from an earlier **obvьlъ.


perti

pérti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
pьrtьje (noun-from-verb)
perti (infinitive)
pertъ (supine)
pьrlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pьrtъ (participle passive past)
pьromъ (participle passive present)
pьrъ (active participle past)
pьry (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
perxъ (aorist first-person singular)
per (aorist second-person singular)
per (aorist singular third-person)
pьrǫ (first-person present singular)
pьreši (present second-person singular)
pьretь (present singular third-person)
perxově (aorist dual first-person)
persta (aorist dual second-person)
perste (aorist dual third-person)
pьrevě (dual first-person present)
pьreta (dual present second-person)
pьrete (dual present third-person)
perxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
perste (aorist plural second-person)
peršę (aorist plural third-person)
pьremъ (first-person plural present)
pьrete (plural present second-person)
pьrǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьrěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьrěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьrěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pьri (imperative second-person singular)
pьri (imperative singular third-person)
pьrěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьrěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьrěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pьrěvě (dual first-person imperative)
pьrěta (dual imperative second-person)
pьrěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьrěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьrěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pьrěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
pьrěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: пе́рці (pjérci), 1sg. пру (pru)

Russian: пере́ть (perétʹ, “to push, to drag; (colloquial) to move, to travel”), 1sg. пру (pru), 3sg. прёт (prjot)

Ukrainian: пе́рти (pérty), 1sg. пру (pru)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: прѣти (prěti, “to quarrel”), 1sg. пьрѫ (pĭrǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: запра́ (zaprá), запи́рам (zapíram, “to detain, to prohibit”)

Macedonian: запре (zapre, “to stop”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: за̀пре̄ти (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. за̏пре̄м

Latin: zàprēti (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. zȁprēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: zaprẹ́ti (“to bar, to lock”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. zaprȅm (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: přieti sě (“to challenge”)

Czech: přít se (“to quarrel”), 1sg. pru se, přu se; (obsolete) přít (“to deny, to renounce”), 1sg. přu, přím; zapřít (“to enclose, to obstruct”), 1sg. zapru

desc

Polish: przeć (“to push, to press (on)”), 1sg. prę

Slovak: zaprieť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: prěć (“to refuse, to renounce”)

Lower Sorbian: pŕěś (“to refuse, to renounce”)

* Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pertei, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian per̃ti (“to beat with a broom (in a bath)”), and wider Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit पृत् (pṛt), पृतन (pṛ́tana), पृतना (pṛ́tanā, “struggle, dispute, battle”), Old Armenian հարկանեմ (harkanem, “to beat”).
* Per Vasmer, cognates also include Latvian pḕrt (“to beat, to pound”), pirêtiês (“to quarrel”), Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬀 (pəšana, “battle”), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬉 (pər^ətantē, “they are fighting”), Sanskrit परि (parí), परिन् (parin, “enemy”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬭- (par-, “stand in the way”). Vasmer also includes various cognates beginning with *sp- that may reflect a separate Indo-European root *sperH- or *perH: Lithuanian spi̇̀rti (“to prop up”), 1sg. Lithuanian spiriù and Lithuanian ãtsparas (“support, stand”), and wider Indo-European cognates Latin spernō (“to spurn”), English spurn, Sanskrit स्फुरति (sphuráti, “to kick away, to shudder”), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (sparaⁱti, “to trample, to push”).
Vasmer treats the Russian meanings "to move, to travel" as belonging to an entirely separate homophonous verb, also found in Old Church Slavonic перѫтъ (perǫtŭ, “they fly”), but this form more correctly stems from the Proto-Slavic verb *pьrati (“to fly”), and the Russian meanings are colloquial and likely to be extensions of the underlying meaning "to drag".
* Rix considers the root to derive from *sperH- 'kick'.

cog

→ to quarrel, deny, renounce


pьrati

c (accent-paradigm)
pьranьje (noun-from-verb)
pьrati (infinitive)
pьratъ (supine)
pьralъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pьranъ (participle passive past)
peromъ (participle passive present)
pьravъ (active participle past)
pery (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pьraxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pьra (aorist second-person singular)
pьra (aorist singular third-person)
perǫ (first-person present singular)
pereši (present second-person singular)
peretь (present singular third-person)
pьraxově (aorist dual first-person)
pьrasta (aorist dual second-person)
pьraste (aorist dual third-person)
perevě (dual first-person present)
pereta (dual present second-person)
perete (dual present third-person)
pьraxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pьraste (aorist plural second-person)
pьrašę (aorist plural third-person)
peremъ (first-person plural present)
perete (plural present second-person)
perǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьraaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьraaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьraaše (imperfect singular third-person)
peri (imperative second-person singular)
peri (imperative singular third-person)
pьraaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьraašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьraašete (dual imperfect third-person)
perěvě (dual first-person imperative)
perěta (dual imperative second-person)
pьraaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьraašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьraaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
perěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
perěte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: перу (peru, “I fly, I move”) (Russian)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: 1sg. перѫ (perǫ, “I fly”), 3pl. перѫтъ (perǫtŭ, “they fly”)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

* Per Derksen, related to *però (“wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-, from *perH-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran, “to wander”), German fahren (“to travel”), English fare, and less directly with Lithuanian spar̃nas (“wing”), Latvian spā̀rns (“wing”), Sanskrit पर्ण (parṇá, “wing”), Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, “wing”), Old English fearn (“fern”), English fern, Old Irish raith (“fern”).
* Per Vasmer, cognate with Ancient Greek πείρω (peírō, “to pierce, to break”), περάω (peráō, “to pierce, to break”), πόρος (póros, “passage”), πορθμός (porthmós, “isthmus, crossing”), Sanskrit पिपर्ति (píparti, “to transport, to transfer”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran, “to wander”), German fahren (“to travel”), English fare. This apparently reflects Proto-Indo-European *per-, without a laryngeal.
* Others derive both *però (“wing”) and Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, “wing”) from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥, cognate with English feather.
Note that Vasmer derives Old Church Slavonic перѫтъ (perǫtŭ, “they fly”) from Proto-Slavic *perti (“to fly”) (etymologically separate from the normal verb of that shape). This derivation is not consistent with evidence from other languages, which show that *perti has 1sg. *pьrǫ rather than **perǫ. Vasmer also includes Russian пере́ть (perétʹ, “to move, to travel”) as a derivative of this putative verb rather than as a colloquial, secondary development from the primary meaning "to drag".


pьrati

pьràti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
pьranьje (noun-from-verb)
pьrati (infinitive)
pьratъ (supine)
pьralъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pьranъ (participle passive past)
peromъ (participle passive present)
pьravъ (active participle past)
pery (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pьraxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pьra (aorist second-person singular)
pьra (aorist singular third-person)
perǫ (first-person present singular)
pereši (present second-person singular)
peretь (present singular third-person)
pьraxově (aorist dual first-person)
pьrasta (aorist dual second-person)
pьraste (aorist dual third-person)
perevě (dual first-person present)
pereta (dual present second-person)
perete (dual present third-person)
pьraxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pьraste (aorist plural second-person)
pьrašę (aorist plural third-person)
peremъ (first-person plural present)
perete (plural present second-person)
perǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьraaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьraaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьraaše (imperfect singular third-person)
peri (imperative second-person singular)
peri (imperative singular third-person)
pьraaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьraašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьraašete (dual imperfect third-person)
perěvě (dual first-person imperative)
perěta (dual imperative second-person)
pьraaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьraašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьraaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
perěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
perěte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: пьрати (pĭrati)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьрати (pĭrati)

Belarusian: праць (pracʹ)

desc

Russian: прать (pratʹ), попра́ть (poprátʹ)

Ukrainian: пра́ти (práty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пера́ (perá)

Macedonian: пере (pere)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра̏ти

Latin script: prȁti

Slovene: práti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: práti

Czech: prát

Kashubian: prac

Polish: prać

Slovak: prať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: prać

Lower Sorbian: praś

Formed as *perti + *-ati, descending either from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to beat”) or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)perH- (“to trample, to spurn”) (see *perti for further explanation). The present tense declension continues the simple thematic forms *(s)per(H)-é-ti.


prosterti

prostьrtьje (noun-from-verb)
prosterti (infinitive)
prostertъ (supine)
prostьrlъ (l-participle)
prostьrtъ (participle passive past)
prostьrъ (active participle past)
prosterxъ (aorist first-person singular)
proster (aorist second-person singular)
proster (aorist singular third-person)
prostьrǫ (first-person present singular)
prostьreši (present second-person singular)
prostьretь (present singular third-person)
prosterxově (aorist dual first-person)
prostersta (aorist dual second-person)
prosterste (aorist dual third-person)
prostьrevě (dual first-person present)
prostьreta (dual present second-person)
prostьrete (dual present third-person)
prosterxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
prosterste (aorist plural second-person)
prosteršę (aorist plural third-person)
prostьremъ (first-person plural present)
prostьrete (plural present second-person)
prostьrǫtь (plural present third-person)
prostьri (imperative second-person singular)
prostьri (imperative singular third-person)
prostьrěvě (dual first-person imperative)
prostьrěta (dual imperative second-person)
prostьrěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
prostьrěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: прасце́рці (prascjérci)

Russian: простере́ть (prosterétʹ), 1sg. простру́ (prostrú)

Ukrainian: просте́рти (prostérty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: прострѣти (prostrěti), 1sg. простьрѫ (prostĭrǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: простра́ (prostrá)

Macedonian: простре (prostre)

Serbo-Croatian:

desc

про̀стрије̄ти

Cyrillic script: про̀стрије̄ти, 1sg. про̏стрије̄м

Latin: pròstrijēti, 1sg. prȍstrijēm

Slovene: prostrẹ́ti, 1sg. prostrȅm (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: prostřít

⇒ Old Polish: rozprostrzeć

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: přestrěć

Lower Sorbian: pśestŕeś


vьrtěti

vьrtě̀ti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
vьrtěnьje (noun-from-verb)
vьrtěti (infinitive)
vьrtětъ (supine)
vьrtělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
vьrtěnъ (participle passive past)
vьrtimъ (participle passive present)
vьrtěvъ (active participle past)
vьrtę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
vьrtěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrtě (aorist second-person singular)
vьrtě (aorist singular third-person)
vьrťǫ (first-person present singular)
vьrtiši (present second-person singular)
vьrtitь (present singular third-person)
vьrtěxově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrtěsta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrtěste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrtivě (dual first-person present)
vьrtita (dual present second-person)
vьrtite (dual present third-person)
vьrtěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrtěste (aorist plural second-person)
vьrtěšę (aorist plural third-person)
vьrtimъ (first-person plural present)
vьrtite (plural present second-person)
vьrtętь (plural present third-person)
vьrtěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьrtěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьrtěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьrti (imperative second-person singular)
vьrti (imperative singular third-person)
vьrtěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьrtěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьrtěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьrtivě (dual first-person imperative)
vьrtita (dual imperative second-person)
vьrtěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьrtěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьrtěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьrtimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьrtite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вьртѣти (vĭrtěti)

Old Ruthenian: вертѣти (vertěti)

Belarusian: вярце́ць (vjarcjécʹ)

Ukrainian: верті́ти (vertíty)

Russian: верте́ть (vertétʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: врьтѣти (vrĭtěti)

Bulgarian: въртя́ (vǎrtjá)

Macedonian: врти (vrti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр́тјети

Latin script: vŕtjeti

Slovene: vrtéti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrtěti

Czech: vrtět

desctree

Old Polish: wiercieć
⇒ Silesian: wiertać

Slovak: vrtieť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wjerćić

Lower Sorbian: wjerśeś

Non-Slavic:

→ Aromanian: anvãrtescu (with an and -escu)

→ Romanian: învârti (with în)

→ Romanian: vârtej

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wirtḗˀtei, *wirstei from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥t-, from Proto-Indo-European *wert-.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian vir̃sti (“to fall, to collapse”), 1sg. virčiù, Latvian vḕrst (“to direct, to steer”), Old Prussian wīrst (“becomes”, 3sg.). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “to turn, to roll”), Latin vertō (“to turn”), Proto-Germanic *werþaną (“to become”).


sǫdi

sǫdì (canonical masculine)
sǫdь̀ja (nominative singular)
sǫdь̀ji (dual nominative)
sǫdь̀ję̇ (nominative plural)
sǫdь̀ję̇ (genitive singular)
sǫdь̀ju (dual genitive)
sǫdь̀jь (genitive plural)
sǫdь̀ji (dative singular)
sǫdь̀jama (dative dual)
sǫdь̀jamъ (dative plural)
sǫdь̀jǫ (accusative singular)
sǫdь̀ji (accusative dual)
sǫdь̀ję̇ (accusative plural)
sǫdь̀jejǫ (instrumental singular)
sǫdь̀jǫ (instrumental singular)
sǫdь̀jama (dual instrumental)
sǫdь̀jamī (instrumental plural)
sǫdь̀ji (locative singular)
sǫdь̀ju (dual locative)
sǫdь̀jasъ (locative plural)
sǫdь̀jaxъ (locative plural)
sǫdьje (singular vocative)
sǫdь̀ji (dual vocative)
sǫdь̀ję̇ (plural vocative)
*sǫdьji (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: сꙋди (sudi), сꙋдии (sudii), сꙋдиꙗ (sudija)

Belarusian: суддзя́ (suddzjá), судзьдзя́ (sudzʹdzjá)

Russian: судья́ (sudʹjá)

Ukrainian: суддя́ (suddjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сѫди (sǫdi), сѫдии (sǫdii)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: съдия́ (sǎdijá)

Macedonian: судија (sudija)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су̀дија

Latin script: sùdija

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: sọ́dij, sọ́dja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: sãdza

Old Czech: sudí

Czech: sudí

Old Polish: sędzia

Polish: sędzia

Silesian: syńdzia

From Proto-Indo-European *som-dʰh₁-ih₂, from *som- (“together”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to place, do”) + *-ih₂. Cognate with Lithuanian samdà (“rent”), samdýti (“to hire”), Sanskrit संधि (saṃdhí, “connection, treaty, peace”).


sǫditi

sǫdìti (canonical)
sǭdìti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
sǫďenьje (noun-from-verb)
sǫditi (infinitive)
sǫditъ (supine)
sǫdilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
sǫďenъ (participle passive past)
sǫdimъ (participle passive present)
sǫďь (active participle past)
sǫdę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
sǫdixъ (aorist first-person singular)
sǫdi (aorist second-person singular)
sǫdi (aorist singular third-person)
sǫďǫ (first-person present singular)
sǫdiši (present second-person singular)
sǫditь (present singular third-person)
sǫdixově (aorist dual first-person)
sǫdista (aorist dual second-person)
sǫdiste (aorist dual third-person)
sǫdivě (dual first-person present)
sǫdita (dual present second-person)
sǫdite (dual present third-person)
sǫdixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sǫdiste (aorist plural second-person)
sǫdišę (aorist plural third-person)
sǫdimъ (first-person plural present)
sǫdite (plural present second-person)
sǫdętь (plural present third-person)
sǫďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sǫďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sǫďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sǫdi (imperative second-person singular)
sǫdi (imperative singular third-person)
sǫďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sǫďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sǫďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sǫdivě (dual first-person imperative)
sǫdita (dual imperative second-person)
sǫďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sǫďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sǫďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sǫdimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sǫdite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѫди́ти (sǫdíti)

Old Ruthenian: суди́ти (sudíti)

Belarusian: судзі́ць (sudzícʹ)

Ukrainian: суди́ти (sudýty)

Middle Russian: суди́ти (sudíti)

Russian: суди́ть (sudítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сѫдити (sǫditi)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱘⰴⰺⱅⰺ (sǫditi)

Bulgarian: съ́дя (sǎ́dja)

Macedonian: суди (sudi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су́дити

Latin script: súditi

Slovene: sọ́diti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: súditi

Czech: soudit

desctree

Old Polish: sędzić
Polish: sądzić
Silesian: sōndzić

Slovak: súdiť

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: sãdzëc

Slovincian: sãdzëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sudźić

Lower Sorbian: suźiś

→ Albanian: sodit

→ Estonian: sundima

→ Romanian: osândi


sǫdъ

sǫ̃dъ (canonical masculine)
sǫ̃dъ (nominative singular)
sǭdà (dual nominative)
sǭdì (nominative plural)
sǭdà (genitive singular)
sǭdù (dual genitive)
sǫ̃dъ (genitive plural)
sǭdù (dative singular)
sǭdòma (dative dual)
sǭdòmъ (dative plural)
sǫ̃dъ (accusative singular)
sǭdà (accusative dual)
sǭdỳ (accusative plural)
sǭdъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
sǭdòmь (instrumental singular)
sǭdòma (dual instrumental)
sǫ̃dy (instrumental plural)
sǭdě̀ (locative singular)
sǭdù (dual locative)
sǫ̃děxъ (locative plural)
sǫde (singular vocative)
sǭdà (dual vocative)
sǭdì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѫдъ (sǫdŭ), судъ (sudŭ)
Old Ruthenian: судъ (sud)
Belarusian: суд (sud)
Ukrainian: суд (sud)
Russian: суд (sud) (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сѫдъ (sǫdŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱘⰴⱏ (sǫdŭ)

Bulgarian: съд (sǎd), сънт (sǎnt) (dialectal)

Macedonian: суд (sud)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су̑д

Latin script: sȗd

Slovene: sọ́d (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: súd
Czech: soud

Old Polish: sąd (“court”)
Polish: sąd (“court”)
Silesian: sōnd

Old Slovak: súd
Slovak: súd

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: sąd

Slovincian: sõd

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sud

Lower Sorbian: sud

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: sũdas

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sámdas, from Proto-Indo-European *som-dʰh₁-os, from *som- + *dʰeh₁- + *-os. Cognate with Lithuanian samdà (“rent”), Sanskrit सन्धि (sandhí, “connection, treaty, peace”). See *sǫdì (“judge”).


pojasъ

pȍjāsъ (canonical masculine)
pȍjāsъ (nominative singular)
pȍjāsa (dual nominative)
pȍjāsi (nominative plural)
pȍjāsa (genitive singular)
pojāsù (dual genitive)
pojãsъ (genitive plural)
pȍjāsu (dative singular)
pojāsomà (dative dual)
pojāsòmъ (dative plural)
pȍjāsъ (accusative singular)
pȍjāsa (accusative dual)
pȍjāsy (accusative plural)
pȍjāsъmь (instrumental singular)
pȍjāsomь (instrumental singular)
pojāsomà (dual instrumental)
pojāsý (instrumental plural)
pȍjāsě (locative singular)
pojāsù (dual locative)
pojāsě̃xъ (locative plural)
pojase (singular vocative)
pȍjāsa (dual vocative)
pȍjāsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: поꙗсъ (pojasŭ), поꙗсьница (pojasĭnica)

Belarusian: по́яс (pójas)

Russian: по́яс (pójas)

Ukrainian: по́яс (pójas)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: поꙗсъ (pojasŭ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: по́яс (pójas)

Macedonian: појас (pojas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̏ја̄с

Latin script: pȍjās

Slovene: pȃs (tonal orthography), gen. pȃsa, pasȗ (tonal orthography); pojȃs (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pás

Czech: pás

desctree

Polish: pas, pás (obsolete or dialectal)
→ Belarusian: пас (pas)
→ Yiddish: פּאַס (pas)

Slovak: pás

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pas

Lower Sorbian: pas

From *po- + *jasъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *yōˀs-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s-. Cognate with Lithuanian júosta (“girdle”), Latvian jôsta (“girdle”), Ancient Greek ζωστήρ (zōstḗr, “girdle”), Ancient Greek ζωστός (zōstós, “girdled”), Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬵- (yāh-, “girdle”), 𐬫𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀 (yāsta, “girdled”), Albanian gjesh (“to gird”).


sějati

sě̀jati (canonical)
sějanьje (noun-from-verb)
sějati (infinitive)
sějatъ (supine)
sějalъ (l-participle)
sějanъ (participle passive past)
sějemъ (participle passive present)
sějavъ (active participle past)
sěję (active participle present)
sějaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěja (aorist second-person singular)
sěja (aorist singular third-person)
sějǫ (first-person present singular)
sěješi (present second-person singular)
sějetь (present singular third-person)
sějaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sějasta (aorist dual second-person)
sějaste (aorist dual third-person)
sějevě (dual first-person present)
sějeta (dual present second-person)
sějete (dual present third-person)
sějaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sějaste (aorist plural second-person)
sějašę (aorist plural third-person)
sějemъ (first-person plural present)
sějete (plural present second-person)
sějǫtь (plural present third-person)
sějaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sějaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sějaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sěji (imperative second-person singular)
sěji (imperative singular third-person)
sějaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sějaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sějaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sějivě (dual first-person imperative)
sějita (dual imperative second-person)
sějaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sějaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sějaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sějite (imperative plural second-person)


pъtica

pъtìca (canonical feminine)
pъtìca (nominative singular)
pъtìci (dual nominative)
pъtìcę̇ (nominative plural)
pъtìcę̇ (genitive singular)
pъtìcu (dual genitive)
pъtìcь (genitive plural)
pъtìcī (dative singular)
pъtìcama (dative dual)
pъtìcāmъ (dative plural)
pъtìcǫ (accusative singular)
pъtìci (accusative dual)
pъtìcę̇ (accusative plural)
pъtìcējǫ (instrumental singular)
pъtìcǭ (instrumental singular)
pъtìcama (dual instrumental)
pъtìcāmī (instrumental plural)
pъtìcī (locative singular)
pъtìcu (dual locative)
pъtìcāsъ (locative plural)
pъtìce (singular vocative)
pъtìci (dual vocative)
pъtìcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: пътица (pŭtica)
Old Ruthenian: пти́ца (ptíca)
Belarusian: пці́ца (pcíca)
Carpathian Rusyn: пти́ця (ptýcja)
Ukrainian: пти́ця (ptýcja)
Russian: пти́ца (ptíca)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: пътица (pŭtica)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱏⱅⰻⱌⰰ (pŭtica)

Bulgarian: пти́ца (ptíca)

Macedonian: птица (ptica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пти̏ца

Latin script: ptȉca

Slovene: ptíca (tonal orthography)

From *pъta + *-ica, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *put-. Cognate with Latvian putns (“bird”) (see there for more theories and potential cognates), Lithuanian putýtis (“little bird”), Lithuanian pučiùtė (“chicken”). Perhaps also more distantly cognate with Latin putila (“chick, baby bird”) and (per Vasmer) various words referring to children, e.g. Latin putus, putillus (“child”), Sanskrit पुत्र (putrá, “child, son”), Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬚𐬭𐬀 (puθra, “child, son”), Paelignian puclo- (“child”). Chernykh adds Latin pullus (“chicken”) < Proto-Indo-European *put-s-lo-.


derti

dertì (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrtьje (noun-from-verb)
derti (infinitive)
dertъ (supine)
dьrlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrtъ (participle passive past)
dьromъ (participle passive present)
dьrъ (active participle past)
dьry (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
derxъ (aorist first-person singular)
der (aorist second-person singular)
der (aorist singular third-person)
dьrǫ (first-person present singular)
dьreši (present second-person singular)
dьretь (present singular third-person)
derxově (aorist dual first-person)
dersta (aorist dual second-person)
derste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrevě (dual first-person present)
dьreta (dual present second-person)
dьrete (dual present third-person)
derxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
derste (aorist plural second-person)
deršę (aorist plural third-person)
dьremъ (first-person plural present)
dьrete (plural present second-person)
dьrǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьrěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьrěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьri (imperative second-person singular)
dьri (imperative singular third-person)
dьrěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьrěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьrěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrěvě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrěta (dual imperative second-person)
dьrěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьrěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьrěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьrěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: дзерці (dzjerci)

Ukrainian: дерти (derty)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дријѐти

Latin script: drijèti

Slovene: drẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dřieti

Czech: dřít

Polish: drzeć

Slovak: drieť

Slovincian: drzéc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: drjeć, drěć

Lower Sorbian: drěś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *derˀtéi (“to tear; to peel”), reanalyzed athematic root aorist of Proto-Indo-European *derH- (“to split, to separate; to tear, to crack, to shatter”).
Cognate with Lithuanian dérti (“to tear, to peel”) (Žemaitian dialect), as well as Ancient Greek δέρω (dérō, “to flay”), Proto-Germanic *teraną (“to tear; snatch or pull off [from]; tug”).

cog

tearing, skinning; flayer; skinning; shive, boon (of flax stalk); shive, boon (of flax stalk); butcher

derъ*kožederъ ()*pazderь ()*pazderьje ()*živoderъ ()


vęzati

vę̄zàti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
vęzanьje (noun-from-verb)
vęzati (infinitive)
vęzatъ (supine)
vęzalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
vęzanъ (participle passive past)
vęžemъ (participle passive present)
vęzavъ (active participle past)
vęžę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
vęzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vęza (aorist second-person singular)
vęza (aorist singular third-person)
vęžǫ (first-person present singular)
vęžeši (present second-person singular)
vęžetь (present singular third-person)
vęzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
vęzasta (aorist dual second-person)
vęzaste (aorist dual third-person)
vęževě (dual first-person present)
vęžeta (dual present second-person)
vęžete (dual present third-person)
vęzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vęzaste (aorist plural second-person)
vęzašę (aorist plural third-person)
vęžemъ (first-person plural present)
vęžete (plural present second-person)
vęžǫtь (plural present third-person)
vęzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vęzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vęzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vęži (imperative second-person singular)
vęži (imperative singular third-person)
vęzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vęzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vęzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vęživě (dual first-person imperative)
vęžita (dual imperative second-person)
vęzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vęzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vęzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vęžite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вѧзати (vęzati)

Belarusian: вяза́ць (vjazácʹ)

Russian: вяза́ть (vjazátʹ)

Ukrainian: в'яза́ти (vʺjazáty)

Carpathian Rusyn: вязати (vjazaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: вѧзати (vęzati)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⱔⰸⰰⱅⰻ (vęzati)

desc

Bulgarian: ве́жа (véža) (obsolescent, dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве́зати

Latin script: vézati

Slovene: vẹ́zati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vázati

Czech: vázat

Bohemian (Chod dialect): vázat

Kashubian: wiãzac

Polabian: v́ǫzăt

desctree

Old Polish: więzać
Polish: wiązać
Silesian: wiōnzać

Old Slovak: vázať, viazať

Pannonian Rusyn: вязац (vjazac)

Slovak: viazať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wjazać

Lower Sorbian: wjezaś

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“to constrict, tighten”). (Originally *h₂m̥ǵʰ-?) Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (ḫamank, “to tie, to betroth”) < *h₂m-(o)n-ǵʰ-, Ancient Greek ἄγχω (ánkhō, “to strangle, to squeeze”), Latin angere (“to strangle, to choke”), Old High German engi (“narrow”). Derksen says the initial *v- is "unclear"; Vasmer attributes it to contamination with *verzti (“to tie, to squeeze”), while Chernykh sees contamination with *viti (“to twist”).

cog

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


česati

česàti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
česanьje (noun-from-verb)
česati (infinitive)
česatъ (supine)
česalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
česanъ (participle passive past)
češemъ (participle passive present)
česavъ (active participle past)
češę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
česaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
česa (aorist second-person singular)
česa (aorist singular third-person)
češǫ (first-person present singular)
češeši (present second-person singular)
češetь (present singular third-person)
česaxově (aorist dual first-person)
česasta (aorist dual second-person)
česaste (aorist dual third-person)
češevě (dual first-person present)
češeta (dual present second-person)
češete (dual present third-person)
česaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
česaste (aorist plural second-person)
česašę (aorist plural third-person)
češemъ (first-person plural present)
češete (plural present second-person)
češǫtь (plural present third-person)
česaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
česaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
česaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
češi (imperative second-person singular)
češi (imperative singular third-person)
česaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
česaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
česaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
češivě (dual first-person imperative)
češita (dual imperative second-person)
česaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
česaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
česaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
češimъ (first-person imperative plural)
češite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чесати (česati)

Belarusian: часа́ць (časácʹ)

Russian: чеса́ть (česátʹ)

Ukrainian: чеса́ти (česáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чесати (česati)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰵⱄⰰⱅⰻ (česati)

Bulgarian: че́ша (čéša)

Macedonian: чеша (češa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чѐшати

Latin script: čèšati

Slovene: česáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: česati

Czech: česat

Kashubian: czosac

Polabian: cesăt

Old Polish: czosać
Polish: czesać

Slovak: česať

Slovincian: czôsac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: česać

Lower Sorbian: cesaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *késtei, from Proto-Indo-European *kes-.


měriti

mě̀riti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
měřenьje (noun-from-verb)
měriti (infinitive)
měritъ (supine)
měrilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
měřenъ (participle passive past)
měrimъ (participle passive present)
měřь (active participle past)
měrę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
měrixъ (aorist first-person singular)
měri (aorist second-person singular)
měri (aorist singular third-person)
měřǫ (first-person present singular)
měriši (present second-person singular)
měritь (present singular third-person)
měrixově (aorist dual first-person)
měrista (aorist dual second-person)
měriste (aorist dual third-person)
měrivě (dual first-person present)
měrita (dual present second-person)
měrite (dual present third-person)
měrixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
měriste (aorist plural second-person)
měrišę (aorist plural third-person)
měrimъ (first-person plural present)
měrite (plural present second-person)
měrętь (plural present third-person)
měřaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
měřaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
měřaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
měri (imperative second-person singular)
měri (imperative singular third-person)
měřaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
měřaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
měřaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
měrivě (dual first-person imperative)
měrita (dual imperative second-person)
měřaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
měřaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
měřaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
měrimъ (first-person imperative plural)
měrite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мѣрити (měriti)

Belarusian: ме́раць (mjéracʹ)

Russian: ме́рить (méritʹ)

Ukrainian: мі́рити (míryty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мѣрити (měriti)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱑⱃⰻⱅⰻ (měriti)

Bulgarian: ме́ря (mérja)

Macedonian: мери (meri)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ме̏рити

Latin script: mȅriti

Slovene: mẹ́riti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: měřiti, mieřiti

Czech: měřit, mířit

Polabian: merĕ

Old Polish: mierzyć

Polish: mierzyć

Slovak: mieriť

Slovincian: mjêrzëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: měrić

Lower Sorbian: měriś

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: miẽryti

→ Latvian: mẽrît

→ Old Prussian: ermīrit, pomīrit


rъvati

rъvàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
rъvanьje (noun-from-verb)
rъvati (infinitive)
rъvatъ (supine)
rъvalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
rъvanъ (participle passive past)
rъvomъ (participle passive present)
rъvavъ (active participle past)
rъvy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
rъvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
rъva (aorist second-person singular)
rъva (aorist singular third-person)
rъvǫ (first-person present singular)
rъveši (present second-person singular)
rъvetь (present singular third-person)
rъvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
rъvasta (aorist dual second-person)
rъvaste (aorist dual third-person)
rъvevě (dual first-person present)
rъveta (dual present second-person)
rъvete (dual present third-person)
rъvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
rъvaste (aorist plural second-person)
rъvašę (aorist plural third-person)
rъvemъ (first-person plural present)
rъvete (plural present second-person)
rъvǫtь (plural present third-person)
rъvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
rъvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
rъvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rъvi (imperative second-person singular)
rъvi (imperative singular third-person)
rъvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
rъvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
rъvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rъvěvě (dual first-person imperative)
rъvěta (dual imperative second-person)
rъvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
rъvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
rъvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rъvěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
rъvěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ръвати (rŭvati)

desc

Belarusian: рваць (rvacʹ), ірва́ць (irvácʹ)

Russian: рвать (rvatʹ)

Ukrainian: рва́ти (rváty), ірва́ти (irváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ръвати (rŭvati)

Bulgarian: ръва́ (rǎvá) (obsolete)

⇒ Bulgarian: ръ́фам (rǎ́fam)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: р̀вати, хр̀вати

Latin script: r̀vati, hr̀vati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: rváti, ruváti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: rvát

Old Polish: rwać

Polish: rwać

Silesian: rwać

Polabian: råvăt

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: rwac

Slovak: rvať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: rwać

Lower Sorbian: rwaś

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian ravė́ti (“to weed”), 1sg. raviù, Latvian ravêt (“to weed”), Lithuanian ráuti (“to tear out, to pull”), Latvian raût (“to tear, to pull, to take”). Further connections:
* Vasmer: Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit रवति (rávati, “to smash, to crush”), Latin ruere (“to rip, to dig”), rūtrum (“spade”), Ancient Greek ἐρυσίχθων (erusíkhthōn, “raking the ground”), Irish ruam (“spade”) < *roumā. (This root is normally reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *Hrew-.)
* Derksen: From Proto-Indo-European *(H)ruH-. Indo-European cognates include Old Norse rýja (“to tear out wool”), Latin rūta caesa (“minerals already dug up, timber already felled, when an estate is sold”). Derksen seems unwilling to include Vasmer's cognates due to his assumption of a laryngeal in the root, required in his view to account for the acute tone of *rỳti.
Distantly related to English reave etc., from Proto-Germanic *reufaną, from a PIE root extension *Hrewp- of the above root, and with a further extension to Latin rumpō (“to burst”). Not related to English rift etc., from Proto-Germanic *rīfaną.


nyti

nytьje (noun-from-verb)
nyti (infinitive)
nytъ (supine)
nylъ (l-participle)
nytъ (participle passive past)
nyjemъ (participle passive present)
nyvъ (active participle past)
nyję (active participle present)
nyxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ny (aorist second-person singular)
ny (aorist singular third-person)
nyjǫ (first-person present singular)
nyješi (present second-person singular)
nyjetь (present singular third-person)
nyxově (aorist dual first-person)
nysta (aorist dual second-person)
nyste (aorist dual third-person)
nyjevě (dual first-person present)
nyjeta (dual present second-person)
nyjete (dual present third-person)
nyxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nyste (aorist plural second-person)
nyšę (aorist plural third-person)
nyjemъ (first-person plural present)
nyjete (plural present second-person)
nyjǫtь (plural present third-person)
nyjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nyjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nyjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nyji (imperative second-person singular)
nyji (imperative singular third-person)
nyjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nyjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nyjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nyjivě (dual first-person imperative)
nyjita (dual imperative second-person)
nyjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nyjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nyjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nyjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
nyjite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: нꙑти (nyti)

Belarusian: ныць (nycʹ)

Russian: ныть (nytʹ)

Ukrainian: ни́ти (nýty)

South Slavic:

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: оунꙑти (unyti)

⇒ Bulgarian: унѝвам (unìvam)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: nýti

Czech: nýt

Kashubian: nyc, nëc

Polish: nyć (obsolete)

Slovak: nyť (poetic)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: nyć

* Derksen: From Proto-Balto-Slavic *nūˀ(d)-, cognate with Lithuanian panū́sti (“to yearn”). Derksen considers the most likely cognates outside of Balto-Slavic to be Old High German nôt (“need, force”), Old English nēod (“need”), English need, which may contain a Proto-Indo-European suffix *-ti- based off of a root *newH- (or *new-). Derksen assumes a relationship with *nùditi (“to compel, to force”) and *nùtiti (“to compel, to force”), which may have distinct root enlargements on top of the same underlying root.
* Vasmer, Trubačev (ESSJa), Chernykh: Cognate with Old East Slavic навь (navĭ), навье (navĭje, “dead man”), Lithuanian nõvyti (“to torment, to ruin, to afflict”), Latvian nâvêt (“to kill”), Latvian nâvîtiês (“to worry, to agonize”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍃 (naus, “dead man, corpse”) (from Proto-Germanic *nawiz (“corpse”)), Old Irish núnа (“hunger”), from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w-.

unyti

to lose heart, to be cast down, to be dejected or depressed


sъsati

sъsàti (canonical imperfective)
sъsanьje (noun-from-verb)
sъsati (infinitive)
sъsatъ (supine)
sъsalъ (l-participle)
sъsanъ (participle passive past)
sъsomъ (participle passive present)
sъsavъ (active participle past)
sъsy (active participle present)
sъsaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъsa (aorist second-person singular)
sъsa (aorist singular third-person)
sъsǫ (first-person present singular)
sъseši (present second-person singular)
sъsetь (present singular third-person)
sъsaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъsasta (aorist dual second-person)
sъsaste (aorist dual third-person)
sъsevě (dual first-person present)
sъseta (dual present second-person)
sъsete (dual present third-person)
sъsaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъsaste (aorist plural second-person)
sъsašę (aorist plural third-person)
sъsemъ (first-person plural present)
sъsete (plural present second-person)
sъsǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъsaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъsaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъsaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъsi (imperative second-person singular)
sъsi (imperative singular third-person)
sъsaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъsaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъsaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъsěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sъsěta (dual imperative second-person)
sъsaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъsaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъsaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъsěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъsěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: съса́ти (sŭsáti)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: сса́ти (ssáti), зса́ти (zsáti), сса́ть (ssátʹ)
Belarusian: ссаць (ssacʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: сса́ти (ssáty); цуца́ти (cucáty), ціца́ти (cicáty)
Ukrainian: сса́ти (ssáty); сца́ти (scáty), сиса́ти (sysáty) (dialectal)

Russian: соса́ть (sosátʹ); сса́ть (ssátʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: съсати (sŭsati)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱏⱄⰰⱅⰻ (sŭsati)

desc

Bulgarian: си́сам (sísam) (archaic, dialectal)

Macedonian: цица (cica) (?)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: са̏ти, си̏сати

Latin script: sȁti, sȉsati

Slovene: sesáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ssáti

Czech: sát

Kashubian: susac

Old Polish: ssać

Polish: ssać

Slovak: sať

* Derksen: From Proto-Balto-Slavic *suś- / *suk-, from Proto-Indo-European *sewḱ-. Cognate with Latvian sùkt, Latin sūcus (“juice”). Proto-Indo-European root variant *sewǵ- produces English suck (Proto-Germanic *sūkaną), Latin sūgō (“to suck”) (inf. sūgere).
* Chernykh: Derived from earlier *sъpsati, from Proto-Indo-European *sew(H)-, with extended variants *sewp-, *sewb-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 (supōn, “to spice, to season”), Old English sūpan (“to drink, to slurp”), English sup, Sanskrit सूप (sū́pa, “soup”).


gnesti

gnestì (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
gnetenьje (noun-from-verb)
gnesti (infinitive)
gnestъ (supine)
gnetlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
gnetenъ (participle passive past)
gnetomъ (participle passive present)
gnetъ (active participle past)
gnety (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
gnetъ (aorist first-person singular)
gnetoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gnete (aorist second-person singular)
gnete (aorist singular third-person)
gnetǫ (first-person present singular)
gneteši (present second-person singular)
gnetetь (present singular third-person)
gnetově (aorist dual first-person)
gnetoxově (aorist dual first-person)
gneteta (aorist dual second-person)
gnetosta (aorist dual second-person)
gnetete (aorist dual third-person)
gnetoste (aorist dual third-person)
gnetevě (dual first-person present)
gneteta (dual present second-person)
gnetete (dual present third-person)
gnetomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gnetoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gnetete (aorist plural second-person)
gnetoste (aorist plural second-person)
gnetǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gnetošę (aorist plural third-person)
gnetemъ (first-person plural present)
gnetete (plural present second-person)
gnetǫtь (plural present third-person)
gnetěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gnetěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gnetěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gneti (imperative second-person singular)
gneti (imperative singular third-person)
gnetěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gnetěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gnetěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gnetěvě (dual first-person imperative)
gnetěta (dual imperative second-person)
gnetěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gnetěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gnetěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gnetěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gnetěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гнести (gnesti)

Belarusian: гне́сці (hnjésci)

Russian: гнести́ (gnestí)

Ukrainian: гнести́ (hnestý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: гнести (gnesti)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱀⰵⱄⱅⰻ (gnesti)

Bulgarian: гнетя̀ (gnetjà)

Macedonian: гнете (gnete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: гњѐсти

Serbo-Croatian: gnjèsti

Slovene: gnésti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hňésti

Czech: hníst

Kashubian: gniesc

Polabian: gnest

Polish: gnieść

Slovak: hniesť

Slovincian: gnjêsc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gnestei, from Proto-Indo-European *gnét-ti, from *gnet-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *knudaną.


tręsti

tręstì (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
tręsenьje (noun-from-verb)
tręsti (infinitive)
tręstъ (supine)
tręslъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
tręsenъ (participle passive past)
tręsomъ (participle passive present)
tręsъ (active participle past)
tręsy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
tręsъ (aorist first-person singular)
tręsoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tręse (aorist second-person singular)
tręse (aorist singular third-person)
tręsǫ (first-person present singular)
tręseši (present second-person singular)
tręsetь (present singular third-person)
tręsově (aorist dual first-person)
tręsoxově (aorist dual first-person)
tręseta (aorist dual second-person)
tręsosta (aorist dual second-person)
tręsete (aorist dual third-person)
tręsoste (aorist dual third-person)
tręsevě (dual first-person present)
tręseta (dual present second-person)
tręsete (dual present third-person)
tręsomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tręsoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tręsete (aorist plural second-person)
tręsoste (aorist plural second-person)
tręsǫ (aorist plural third-person)
tręsošę (aorist plural third-person)
tręsemъ (first-person plural present)
tręsete (plural present second-person)
tręsǫtь (plural present third-person)
tręsěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tręsěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tręsěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tręsi (imperative second-person singular)
tręsi (imperative singular third-person)
tręsěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tręsěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tręsěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tręsěvě (dual first-person imperative)
tręsěta (dual imperative second-person)
tręsěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tręsěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tręsěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tręsěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
tręsěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: трѧсти (tręsti)

Belarusian: трэ́сці (trésci)

Russian: трясти́ (trjastí)

Ukrainian: трясти́ (trjastý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: трѧсти (tręsti)

Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱔⱄⱅⰻ (tręsti)

Bulgarian: треса́ (tresá)

Macedonian: тресе (trese)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тре́сти

Latin script: trésti

Slovene: trẹ́sti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: trzisc

Old Czech: třiesti

Czech: třást

Old Polish: trząść

Polish: trząść

Slovak: triasť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: třasć

Lower Sorbian: tśěsć

Per Vasmer, Rix (LIV) and Chernykh, a contamination of Proto-Indo-European *trem- and *tres-:
* *trem- produces Lithuanian tri̇̀mti (“to shiver with cold”), 1sg. trimù, Lithuanian trémti (“to knock over”), 1sg. tremiù, Latin tremō (“to shiver”), inf. tremere, Ancient Greek τρέμω (trémō, “to shiver”), Tocharian A träm- (“to shiver”), Tocharian B tremem (“trepidation”), Albanian trëmp (“to get frightened”) (Tosk), trem (“to get frightened”) (Gheg), Old Saxon thrimman (“to jump”).
* *tres- produces Sanskrit त्रसति (trásati, “to shiver”), Avestan 𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tər^əsaⁱti, “to tremble”), Ancient Greek τρέω (tréō, “to tremble”), aorist τρέσσαι (tréssai).


voňь

vòňь (canonical)
vòňa (canonical feminine)
vòňь (nominative singular)
voňì (dual nominative)
voňì (nominative plural)
vòňi (genitive singular)
vòňьju (dual genitive)
voňь̀jь (genitive plural)
voňì (dative singular)
vòňьma (dative dual)
voňь̀mъ (dative plural)
vòňь (accusative singular)
voňì (accusative dual)
voňì (accusative plural)
vòňьjǫ (instrumental singular)
vòňьma (dual instrumental)
vòňьmī (instrumental plural)
vòňi (locative singular)
vòňьju (dual locative)
voňь̀xъ (locative plural)
voňi (singular vocative)
voňì (dual vocative)
voňì (plural vocative)
vòňa (nominative singular)
vòňi (dual nominative)
vòňę̇ (nominative plural)
vòňę̇ (genitive singular)
vòňu (dual genitive)
vòňь (genitive plural)
vòňi (dative singular)
vòňama (dative dual)
vòňamъ (dative plural)
vòňǫ (accusative singular)
vòňi (accusative dual)
vòňę̇ (accusative plural)
vòňejǫ (instrumental singular)
vòňǫ (instrumental singular)
vòňama (dual instrumental)
vòňamī (instrumental plural)
vòňi (locative singular)
vòňu (dual locative)
vòňasъ (locative plural)
vòňaxъ (locative plural)
voňe (singular vocative)
vòňi (dual vocative)
vòňę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вонꙗ (vonja)

desc

Old Ruthenian: вонь (vonʹ), вонꙗ (vonja)

Ukrainian: во́ня (vónja)

Middle Russian: вонь (vonʹ), вонꙗ (vonja)

Russian: вонь (vonʹ, “stench, bad smell”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: вонꙗ (vonja), вонь (vonĭ)

Bulgarian: воня́ (vonjá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: во̑њ, во̏ња

Serbo-Croatian: vȏnj, vȍnja

Slovene: vọ́nja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vóně

Czech: vůně

Kashubian: wòniô

Polabian: vińă

Polish: woń

Silesian: wōń

Slovak: vôňa

Pannonian Rusyn: вонь (vonʹ)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wóń

Lower Sorbian: wóń

Non-Slavic:

→? Proto-Finnic: *vaina (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wánjāˀ; Derksen suggests a possible derivation as jā-stem from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


grěti

grě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
grěnьje (noun-from-verb)
grěti (infinitive)
grětъ (supine)
grělъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
grěnъ (participle passive past)
grějemъ (participle passive present)
grěvъ (active participle past)
grěję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
grěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
grě (aorist second-person singular)
grě (aorist singular third-person)
grějǫ (first-person present singular)
grěješi (present second-person singular)
grějetь (present singular third-person)
grěxově (aorist dual first-person)
grěsta (aorist dual second-person)
grěste (aorist dual third-person)
grějevě (dual first-person present)
grějeta (dual present second-person)
grějete (dual present third-person)
grěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grěste (aorist plural second-person)
grěšę (aorist plural third-person)
grějemъ (first-person plural present)
grějete (plural present second-person)
grějǫtь (plural present third-person)
grěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
grěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
grěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
grěji (imperative second-person singular)
grěji (imperative singular third-person)
grěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
grěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
grěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
grějivě (dual first-person imperative)
grějita (dual imperative second-person)
grěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
grěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
grěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
grějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
grějite (imperative plural second-person)
grějanьje (noun-from-verb)
grějati (infinitive)
grějatъ (supine)
grějalъ (l-participle)
grějanъ (participle passive past)
grějemъ (participle passive present)
grějavъ (active participle past)
grěję (active participle present)
grějaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
grěja (aorist second-person singular)
grěja (aorist singular third-person)
grějǫ (first-person present singular)
grěješi (present second-person singular)
grějetь (present singular third-person)
grějaxově (aorist dual first-person)
grějasta (aorist dual second-person)
grějaste (aorist dual third-person)
grějevě (dual first-person present)
grějeta (dual present second-person)
grějete (dual present third-person)
grějaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grějaste (aorist plural second-person)
grějašę (aorist plural third-person)
grějemъ (first-person plural present)
grějete (plural present second-person)
grějǫtь (plural present third-person)
grějaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
grějaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
grějaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
grěji (imperative second-person singular)
grěji (imperative singular third-person)
grějaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
grějaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
grějaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
grějivě (dual first-person imperative)
grějita (dual imperative second-person)
grějaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
grějaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
grějaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
grějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
grějite (imperative plural second-person)
*grě̀jati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: грѣти (grěti); грѣꙗтисꙗ (grějatisja)

Belarusian: грэць (hrecʹ)

Russian: гре́ть (grétʹ)

Ukrainian: грі́ти (hríty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: грѣти (grěti)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱃⱑⱅⰻ (grěti)

Bulgarian: гре́я (gréja)

Macedonian: грее (gree)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гре̏јати

Latin: grȅjati

Slovene: grẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hřieti

Czech: hřát

Polabian: grijot

Polish: grzać

Silesian: grzŏć

Old Slovak: hriať, *hráť

Pannonian Rusyn: грац (hrac)

Slovak: hriať

Slovincian: grzoc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrěć

Lower Sorbian: grěś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *grḗˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰr-éh₁-ti, from *gʷʰer- (“to heat”) + *-éh₁ti (“stative suffix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θερέω (theréō), Albanian ngroh.


smьjati

smьjàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
smьjanьje (noun-from-verb)
smьjati (infinitive)
smьjatъ (supine)
smьjalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
smьjanъ (participle passive past)
smějemъ (participle passive present)
smьjavъ (active participle past)
směję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
smьjaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
smьja (aorist second-person singular)
smьja (aorist singular third-person)
smějǫ (first-person present singular)
směješi (present second-person singular)
smějetь (present singular third-person)
smьjaxově (aorist dual first-person)
smьjasta (aorist dual second-person)
smьjaste (aorist dual third-person)
smějevě (dual first-person present)
smějeta (dual present second-person)
smějete (dual present third-person)
smьjaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
smьjaste (aorist plural second-person)
smьjašę (aorist plural third-person)
smějemъ (first-person plural present)
smějete (plural present second-person)
smějǫtь (plural present third-person)
smьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
smьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
smьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
směji (imperative second-person singular)
směji (imperative singular third-person)
smьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
smьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
smьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
smějivě (dual first-person imperative)
smějita (dual imperative second-person)
smьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
smьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
smьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
smějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
smějite (imperative plural second-person)
*smijàti (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: смиꙗти (smijati), смѣꙗти (smějati)

Old Ruthenian: смѣꙗтисѧ (smějatisja), смѣатисѧ (směatisja), смѣꙗтись (smějatisʹ), смѣꙗтисє (smějatisje), смѣꙗтьсѧ (smějatʹsja), смиꙗтисѧ (smijatisja)

Belarusian: смяя́цца (smjajácca)

Carpathian Rusyn: смяти (smjaty)

Ukrainian: смія́тися (smijátysja)

Russian: смея́ться (smejátʹsja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Old Cyrillic script: смиꙗти (smijati), смѣати (směati), смиѣти (smijěti), смѣѣти (smějěti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: смѐјати, смѝјати, смијејати

Latin script: smèjati, smìjati, smijejati

Slovene: smejáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: smieti

Czech: smát

Old Polish: śmiać

Polish: śmiać

Silesian: śmiŏć

Polabian: sḿot

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: smiôc

Slovak: smiať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: smjeć

Lower Sorbian: smjaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *smīˀ-, *smai-, from Proto-Indo-European *smey-. Cognate with Latvian smiêt (“to mock”), 1sg. smeju, smiêtiês (“to laugh”), smaĩdît (“to mock”) (also Eastern dialect smaîdinât), smîdînât (“to make someone laugh”) (also Western dialect smĩdînât), smĩnêt (“to smile”). Also cognate with Sanskrit स्मयते (smáyate, “to smile, to laugh”), Ancient Greek μειδάω (meidáō), μειδιάω (meidiáō, “to smile”), φιλο-μμειδής (philo-mmeidḗs, “smiling gladly”) (Homeric), Tocharian A smimāṃ (“smiling”), English smile, Latin mīrus (“wonderful”). Per Derksen, the Balto-Slavic acute is an innovation.


dьržati

c (accent-paradigm)
dьržanьje (noun-from-verb)
dьržati (infinitive)
dьržatъ (supine)
dьržalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьržanъ (participle passive past)
dьržimъ (participle passive present)
dьržavъ (active participle past)
dьržę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьržaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrža (aorist second-person singular)
dьrža (aorist singular third-person)
dьržǫ (first-person present singular)
dьržiši (present second-person singular)
dьržitь (present singular third-person)
dьržaxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьržasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьržaste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrživě (dual first-person present)
dьržita (dual present second-person)
dьržite (dual present third-person)
dьržaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьržaste (aorist plural second-person)
dьržašę (aorist plural third-person)
dьržimъ (first-person plural present)
dьržite (plural present second-person)
dьržętь (plural present third-person)
dьržaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьržaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьržaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьrži (imperative second-person singular)
dьrži (imperative singular third-person)
dьržaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьržaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьržaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrživě (dual first-person imperative)
dьržita (dual imperative second-person)
dьržaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьržaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьržaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьržite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: дьржати (dĭržati), держати (deržati)
Old Ruthenian: держати (deržati)
Belarusian: дзіржа́ць (dziržácʹ) (dialectal)
Carpathian Rusyn: держа́ти (deržáty)
Ukrainian: держа́ти (deržáty)
Russian: держа́ть (deržátʹ)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: дрьжати (drĭžati), дръжати (drŭžati)

→ Old East Slavic: дрьжати (drĭžati), дръжати (drŭžati)

Bulgarian: държа́ (dǎržá)

Macedonian: држи (drži)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др̀жати

Latin script: dr̀žati

Slovene: dŕžati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: držet

Polabian: dirzĕt

Old Polish: dzierżeć

Polish: dzierżyć (archaic)

Slovak: držať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dźeržeć

Lower Sorbian: źaržaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dirg-/*dеrg-.
* Per Derksen and Vasmer, from earlier *dьrg-ěti, from extension of Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- or *der-.
** Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬉 (dražaitē, “to hold”), inf. 𐬛𐬭𐬁𐬘𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬈 (drājaŋhe). Further cognates are either:
*** *dʰer-: Lithuanian derė́ti, Sanskrit धारयति (dhāráyati, “to hold”), Latin firmus, Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (d-a-r-y-t-i-y /dārayatiy/)
*** *der-: Ancient Greek δράσσομαι (drássomai), Attic δράττομαι (dráttomai, “to seize, to grab”), which is (per Vasmer) cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrgati (“to pull”), from [extension of] Proto-Indo-European *der- (> *dьrati (“to tear”)).
* Trubachev discusses the above etymology but discounts it in favor of reconstructing earlier *dьrz-jati, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ-. But usually suffix -ja- is found in verbs derived from -i- + *-ati. Conjugation -ja/i- or -ja/j-? is unusual (unless it was influenced by -ě/i-).
** Cognate with Lithuanian dir̃žti (“to harden, to become tough”), 1sg. diržù, Sanskrit दृह्यति (dṛ́hyati, “to be strong”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to link, to tie”), Old Latin forctis (“strong”) (Latin fortis).

cog

𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌


velěti

velě̀ti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
velěnьje (noun-from-verb)
velěti (infinitive)
velětъ (supine)
velělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
velěnъ (participle passive past)
velimъ (participle passive present)
velěvъ (active participle past)
velę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
velěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
velě (aorist second-person singular)
velě (aorist singular third-person)
veľǫ (first-person present singular)
veliši (present second-person singular)
velitь (present singular third-person)
velěxově (aorist dual first-person)
velěsta (aorist dual second-person)
velěste (aorist dual third-person)
velivě (dual first-person present)
velita (dual present second-person)
velite (dual present third-person)
velěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
velěste (aorist plural second-person)
velěšę (aorist plural third-person)
velimъ (first-person plural present)
velite (plural present second-person)
velętь (plural present third-person)
velěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
velěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
velěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
veli (imperative second-person singular)
veli (imperative singular third-person)
velěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
velěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
velěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
velivě (dual first-person imperative)
velita (dual imperative second-person)
velěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
velěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
velěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
velimъ (first-person imperative plural)
velite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: велѣти (velěti)

Old Ruthenian: велѣти (velěti)

Ukrainian: велі́ти (velíty)

Russian: веле́ть (velétʹ), 1sg. велю́ (veljú), 3sg. вели́т (velít)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: велѣти (velěti), 1sg. велѭ (veljǫ)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

desc

Bulgarian: ве́ля (vélja), ве́лям (véljam) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: повеля̀вам (poveljàvam)

Macedonian: вели (veli)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: 1sg. вѐлӣм (“I say”)

Latin: 1sg. vèlīm (“I say”)

Slovene: velẹ́ti (tonal orthography), 1sg. velím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: veleti

Czech: velet

Old Polish: wielić (“to command”)

Slovak: veliť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wel- / *welˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁-. Cognate with Old Lithuanian velti (“to allow”), 1sg. velmi, Latin volō (“to want”), inf. velle, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wiljan, “to want”), English will, Sanskrit वृणाति (vṛṇā́ti, “to choose, to prefer”), Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬉 (vər^əntē, “to choose, to prefer”), Welsh gwell (“better”), Ancient Greek ἔλδομαι (éldomai, “to wish”).


zьrěti

zьrěnьje (noun-from-verb)
zьrěti (infinitive)
zьrětъ (supine)
zьrělъ (l-participle)
zьrěnъ (participle passive past)
zьrimъ (participle passive present)
zьrěvъ (active participle past)
zьrę (active participle present)
zьrěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zьrě (aorist second-person singular)
zьrě (aorist singular third-person)
zьřǫ (first-person present singular)
zьriši (present second-person singular)
zьritь (present singular third-person)
zьrěxově (aorist dual first-person)
zьrěsta (aorist dual second-person)
zьrěste (aorist dual third-person)
zьrivě (dual first-person present)
zьrita (dual present second-person)
zьrite (dual present third-person)
zьrěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zьrěste (aorist plural second-person)
zьrěšę (aorist plural third-person)
zьrimъ (first-person plural present)
zьrite (plural present second-person)
zьrętь (plural present third-person)
zьrěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zьrěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zьrěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zьri (imperative second-person singular)
zьri (imperative singular third-person)
zьrěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zьrěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zьrěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zьrivě (dual first-person imperative)
zьrita (dual imperative second-person)
zьrěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zьrěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zьrěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zьrimъ (first-person imperative plural)
zьrite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зьрѣти (zĭrěti)

Old Ruthenian: зрѣ́ти (zrě́ti)

Ukrainian: зрі́ти (zríty) (obsolete), здрі́ти (zdríty) (obsolete)

Russian: зреть (zretʹ) (archaic)

Old Novgorodian: ꙁьрѣти (zĭrěti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зьрѣти (zĭrěti)

Glagolitic: ⰸⱐⱃⱑⱅⰹ (zĭrěti)

Bulgarian: зра (zra) (literary)

Macedonian: ѕирка (dzirka), ѕирне (dzirne), проѕирност (prodzirnost), ѕира (dzira)

Serbo-Croatian: (obsolete)

Cyrillic script: зре̏ти

Latin: zrȅti

Slovene: zréti (tonal orthography) (literary)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zřieti

Czech: zřít (archaic)

desctree

Old Polish: źrzeć (“to look”)
Middle Polish: źrzeć (“to look”), źreć (Western Kraków, Podhale, Rabka-Zdrój)
Silesian: zdrzić

Slovak: zrieť (obsolete or poetic)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zrjeć (obsolete)

Cognate with Lithuanian žėrė́ti (“to shine, to sparkle”), 1sg. žẽriu, žėrúoti (“to glow, sparkle”), possibly also žiūrė́ti (“to look”).
* Per Derksen, further connections unclear.
* Chernykh (per Pokorny) reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerh₁-, and connects Proto-Germanic *grēwaz (“gray”).

cog

ozařati*zaranь ()*zarьnica ()

to elluminate; morning, dayspring; lightning


zьrěti

zьrěnьje (noun-from-verb)
zьrěti (infinitive)
zьrětъ (supine)
zьrělъ (l-participle)
zьrěvъ (active participle past)
zьrěję (active participle present)
zьrěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zьrě (aorist second-person singular)
zьrě (aorist singular third-person)
zьrějǫ (first-person present singular)
zьrěješi (present second-person singular)
zьrějetь (present singular third-person)
zьrěxově (aorist dual first-person)
zьrěsta (aorist dual second-person)
zьrěste (aorist dual third-person)
zьrějevě (dual first-person present)
zьrějeta (dual present second-person)
zьrějete (dual present third-person)
zьrěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zьrěste (aorist plural second-person)
zьrěšę (aorist plural third-person)
zьrějemъ (first-person plural present)
zьrějete (plural present second-person)
zьrějǫtь (plural present third-person)
zьrěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zьrěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zьrěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zьrěji (imperative second-person singular)
zьrěji (imperative singular third-person)
zьrěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zьrěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zьrěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zьrějivě (dual first-person imperative)
zьrějita (dual imperative second-person)
zьrěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zьrěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zьrěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zьrějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
zьrějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: зьрѣлыи (zĭrělyi, “ripe”), съзьрѣти (sŭzĭrěti)

Russian: зреть (zretʹ), 1sg. зре́ю (zréju)

Ukrainian: зрі́ти (zríty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: зьрѣти (zĭrěti)

Cyrillic: зьрѣлъ (zĭrělŭ, “ripe”)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: зре́я (zréja)

Macedonian: зрее (zree)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зре̏ти, 1sg. зри̑м

Latin: zrȅti, 1sg. zrȋm

Slovene: zrẹ́ti (tonal orthography), 1sg. zrẹ̑jem, zrẹ̑m (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: zrát, 1sg. zraji, zrám

desctree

Old Polish: źrzeć (“ripen”)
Middle Polish: źrzeć (“to ripen”), źreć (Żywiec, Rabka-Zdrój, Podhale)

Slovak: zreť, zrieť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zrać

Lower Sorbian: zdrjaś

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-der.
Proto-Slavic *zьrěti
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit जरति (járati), जीर्यति (jī́ryati, “to become decrepit or rotten, to age”), जरत् (járat, “old”), Ancient Greek γραῦς (graûs, “old woman”), γέρων (gérōn, “old man, old”), γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), Old Armenian ծեր (cer, “old man, old”), Old Norse karl (“man, old man”), English churl.


mьlčati

mьlčàti (canonical imperfective)
mьlknǫti (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
mьlčanьje (noun-from-verb)
mьlčati (infinitive)
mьlčatъ (supine)
mьlčalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
mьlčanъ (participle passive past)
mьlčimъ (participle passive present)
mьlčavъ (active participle past)
mьlčę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
mьlčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьlča (aorist second-person singular)
mьlča (aorist singular third-person)
mьlčǫ (first-person present singular)
mьlčiši (present second-person singular)
mьlčitь (present singular third-person)
mьlčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
mьlčasta (aorist dual second-person)
mьlčaste (aorist dual third-person)
mьlčivě (dual first-person present)
mьlčita (dual present second-person)
mьlčite (dual present third-person)
mьlčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьlčaste (aorist plural second-person)
mьlčašę (aorist plural third-person)
mьlčimъ (first-person plural present)
mьlčite (plural present second-person)
mьlčętь (plural present third-person)
mьlčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mьlčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mьlčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mьlči (imperative second-person singular)
mьlči (imperative singular third-person)
mьlčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mьlčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mьlčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mьlčivě (dual first-person imperative)
mьlčita (dual imperative second-person)
mьlčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mьlčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mьlčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mьlčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mьlčite (imperative plural second-person)
mьlčanьje (noun-from-verb)
mьlčati (infinitive)
mьlčatъ (supine)
mьlčalъ (l-participle)
mьlčanъ (participle passive past)
mьlčemъ (participle passive present)
mьlčavъ (active participle past)
mьlčę (active participle present)
mьlčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьlča (aorist second-person singular)
mьlča (aorist singular third-person)
mьlčǫ (first-person present singular)
mьlčeši (present second-person singular)
mьlčetь (present singular third-person)
mьlčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
mьlčasta (aorist dual second-person)
mьlčaste (aorist dual third-person)
mьlčevě (dual first-person present)
mьlčeta (dual present second-person)
mьlčete (dual present third-person)
mьlčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьlčaste (aorist plural second-person)
mьlčašę (aorist plural third-person)
mьlčemъ (first-person plural present)
mьlčete (plural present second-person)
mьlčǫtь (plural present third-person)
mьlčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mьlčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mьlčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mьlči (imperative second-person singular)
mьlči (imperative singular third-person)
mьlčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mьlčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mьlčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mьlčivě (dual first-person imperative)
mьlčita (dual imperative second-person)
mьlčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mьlčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mьlčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mьlčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mьlčite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мълчати (mŭlčati), молчати (molčati)

Belarusian: маўча́ць (maŭčácʹ)

Russian: молча́ть (molčátʹ)

Ukrainian: мовча́ти (movčáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мльчати (mlĭčati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: мълча́ (mǎlčá); млъча́ (mlǎčá), мълчу́вам (mǎlčúvam) (dialectal)

Macedonian: молчи (molči)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: му́чати

Latin script: múčati

Slovene: mołčáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mlčěti

Czech: mlčet

Old Polish: milczeć

Polish: milczeć

Silesian: milczeć

Polabian: måuca̧cĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: môłczëc

Slovak: mlčať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mjelčeć

Lower Sorbian: mjelcaś

Uncertain:
* Derksen, LIV: No cognates outside of Slavic. If inherited, the root would be *melk- or *melkʷ-.
* Černykh, Vasmer, Mladenov, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂k-, per Mladenov probably a k-extension of *melh₂- (“to grind, to mill”). Akin to Lithuanian mùlkis (“simpleton”), Latvian muļķis m, muļķe f (“fool”) within Balto-Slavic; and to Sanskrit मूर्ख (mūrkhá, “stupid”), Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós, “soft, gentle, serene”), βλάξ (bláx, “stupid”), Old Irish malcaid (“to rot”) in other Indo-European languages.


blějati

c (accent-paradigm)
blějanьje (noun-from-verb)
blějati (infinitive)
blějatъ (supine)
blějalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
blějanъ (participle passive past)
blějemъ (participle passive present)
blějavъ (active participle past)
blěję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
blějaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
blěja (aorist second-person singular)
blěja (aorist singular third-person)
blějǫ (first-person present singular)
blěješi (present second-person singular)
blějetь (present singular third-person)
blějaxově (aorist dual first-person)
blějasta (aorist dual second-person)
blějaste (aorist dual third-person)
blějevě (dual first-person present)
blějeta (dual present second-person)
blějete (dual present third-person)
blějaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
blějaste (aorist plural second-person)
blějašę (aorist plural third-person)
blějemъ (first-person plural present)
blějete (plural present second-person)
blějǫtь (plural present third-person)
blějaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
blějaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
blějaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
blěji (imperative second-person singular)
blěji (imperative singular third-person)
blějaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
blějaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
blějaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
blějivě (dual first-person imperative)
blějita (dual imperative second-person)
blějaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
blějaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
blějaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
blějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
blějite (imperative plural second-person)
*blejati (alternative)

Church Slavonic: блѣꙗти (blějati) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: блѣꙗти (blějati)

Belarusian: бляя́ць (bljajácʹ)

Russian: бле́ять (bléjatʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: бле́яти (bléjaty), блія́ти (blijáty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бле́я (bléja)

Macedonian: блее (blee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бле́јати

Latin script: bléjati

Slovene: blẹ́jati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: bleti (archaic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *blḗˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰléh₁-ti, from *bʰleh₁- (“to bleat, cry”).


bolěti

bolě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
bolěnьje (noun-from-verb)
bolěti (infinitive)
bolětъ (supine)
bolělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
bolěvъ (active participle past)
bolę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
bolěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bolě (aorist second-person singular)
bolě (aorist singular third-person)
boľǫ (first-person present singular)
boliši (present second-person singular)
bolitь (present singular third-person)
bolěxově (aorist dual first-person)
bolěsta (aorist dual second-person)
bolěste (aorist dual third-person)
bolivě (dual first-person present)
bolita (dual present second-person)
bolite (dual present third-person)
bolěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bolěste (aorist plural second-person)
bolěšę (aorist plural third-person)
bolimъ (first-person plural present)
bolite (plural present second-person)
bolętь (plural present third-person)
bolěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bolěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bolěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
boli (imperative second-person singular)
boli (imperative singular third-person)
bolěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bolěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bolěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bolivě (dual first-person imperative)
bolita (dual imperative second-person)
bolěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bolěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bolěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bolimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bolite (imperative plural second-person)
*boljěti (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: болѣти (bolěti)

Middle Belarusian: болѣти (bolěti)

Belarusian: бале́ць (baljécʹ)

Russian: боле́ть (bolétʹ)

Ukrainian: болі́ти (bolíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: болѣти (bolěti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

→ Romanian: a boli

Bulgarian: боли́ (bolí), боля́ (boljá, “to be ill”)

Macedonian: боли (boli)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̀љети

Latin script: bòljeti

Slovene: bolẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bolěti

Czech: bolet

Bohemian (Chod dialect): bolít

Polabian: bülĕ (3sg.)

desctree

Old Polish: boleć
Polish: boleć
Silesian: boleć

Slovak: bolieť

Slovincian: bôlec

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: boleć

Lower Sorbian: bóleś

Non-slavic:

Romanian: boli

* Derksen: From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel(H)-; cognate with Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan, “to martyr”), Old Norse bǫlva (“to curse”), Old Irish bealaim (“to die”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₂w- (Ancient Greek φλαῦρος (phlaûros, “bad, inferior”), Old Norse blauðr (“timid”)) alongside *bʰelh₂-.
* Trubachev (ESSJa): Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bel- (“strong”) by taboo replacement; cognate with Sanskrit बल (bálaṃ, “strength, power”), Ancient Greek βελτίων (beltíōn, “better”), Russian большо́й (bolʹšój, “big, great”).


broditi

brodìti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
broďenьje (noun-from-verb)
broditi (infinitive)
broditъ (supine)
brodilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
broďenъ (participle passive past)
brodimъ (participle passive present)
broďь (active participle past)
brodę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
brodixъ (aorist first-person singular)
brodi (aorist second-person singular)
brodi (aorist singular third-person)
broďǫ (first-person present singular)
brodiši (present second-person singular)
broditь (present singular third-person)
brodixově (aorist dual first-person)
brodista (aorist dual second-person)
brodiste (aorist dual third-person)
brodivě (dual first-person present)
brodita (dual present second-person)
brodite (dual present third-person)
brodixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brodiste (aorist plural second-person)
brodišę (aorist plural third-person)
brodimъ (first-person plural present)
brodite (plural present second-person)
brodętь (plural present third-person)
broďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
broďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
broďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brodi (imperative second-person singular)
brodi (imperative singular third-person)
broďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
broďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
broďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brodivě (dual first-person imperative)
brodita (dual imperative second-person)
broďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
broďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
broďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brodimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brodite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: бродити (broditi, “to go across”) (Russian)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: бродити (broditi), бродитисꙗ (broditisja)

Belarusian: брадзі́ць (bradzícʹ)

Russian: броди́ть (brodítʹ)

Ukrainian: броди́ти (brodýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бро́дя (bródja)

Macedonian: броди (brodi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бро̀дити

Latin script: bròditi

Slovene: brodīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: broditi

Czech: brodit

Polabian: bradĕt

Polish: brodzić

Slovak: brodiť

Slovincian: brôdzëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: brodźić

Lower Sorbian: broźiś


mǫčiti

mǫ̀čiti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
mǫčenьje (noun-from-verb)
mǫčiti (infinitive)
mǫčitъ (supine)
mǫčilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
mǫčenъ (participle passive past)
mǫčimъ (participle passive present)
mǫčь (active participle past)
mǫčę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
mǫčixъ (aorist first-person singular)
mǫči (aorist second-person singular)
mǫči (aorist singular third-person)
mǫčǫ (first-person present singular)
mǫčiši (present second-person singular)
mǫčitь (present singular third-person)
mǫčixově (aorist dual first-person)
mǫčista (aorist dual second-person)
mǫčiste (aorist dual third-person)
mǫčivě (dual first-person present)
mǫčita (dual present second-person)
mǫčite (dual present third-person)
mǫčixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mǫčiste (aorist plural second-person)
mǫčišę (aorist plural third-person)
mǫčimъ (first-person plural present)
mǫčite (plural present second-person)
mǫčętь (plural present third-person)
mǫčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mǫčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mǫčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mǫči (imperative second-person singular)
mǫči (imperative singular third-person)
mǫčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mǫčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mǫčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mǫčivě (dual first-person imperative)
mǫčita (dual imperative second-person)
mǫčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mǫčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mǫčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mǫčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mǫčite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мꙋчити (mučiti)

Belarusian: му́чыць (múčycʹ)

Russian: му́чить (múčitʹ)

Ukrainian: му́чити (múčyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мѫчити (mǫčiti)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱘⱍⰻⱅⰻ (mǫčiti)

Bulgarian: мъ́ча (mǎ́ča)

Macedonian: мачи (mači)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: му̏чити

Latin script: mȕčiti

Slovene: múčiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mučiti

Czech: mučit

Old Polish: męczyć

Polish: męczyć

Slovincian: mãczic

Slovak: mučiť

Pannonian Rusyn: мучиц (mučic)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mučić

Lower Sorbian: mucyś


kotьlъ

kotь̀lъ (canonical masculine)
kotь̀lъ (nominative singular)
kotьlà (dual nominative)
kotьlì (nominative plural)
kotьlà (genitive singular)
kotьlù (dual genitive)
kotь̀lъ (genitive plural)
kotьlù (dative singular)
kotьlòma (dative dual)
kotьlòmъ (dative plural)
kotь̀lъ (accusative singular)
kotьlà (accusative dual)
kotьlỳ (accusative plural)
kotьlъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
kotьlòmь (instrumental singular)
kotьlòma (dual instrumental)
kotь̀ly (instrumental plural)
kotьlě̀ (locative singular)
kotьlù (dual locative)
kotь̀lěxъ (locative plural)
kotьle (singular vocative)
kotьlà (dual vocative)
kotьlì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: кацёл (kacjól)

Russian: котёл (kotjól)

Ukrainian: коте́л (kotél)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: котьлъ (kotĭlŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱅⱐⰾⱏ (kotĭlŭ)

Bulgarian: коте́л (kotél)

Macedonian: котел (kotel), котле (kotle)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀тао

Latin script: kòtao

Slovene: kótəl (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kotel

Polabian: ťüťål

Old Polish: kocieł

Polish: kocioł, kocieł (obsolete or dialectal)

Slovak: kotol

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kóśeł, kośeł

Upper Sorbian: kotoł

From Proto-Germanic *katilaz, via an East Germanic language (possibly Gothic). Possibly further related to Latin catīllus (“small bowl”), Ancient Greek κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup, vessel”).


maxati

māxàti (canonical imperfective)
maxanьje (noun-from-verb)
maxati (infinitive)
maxatъ (supine)
maxalъ (l-participle)
maxanъ (participle passive past)
mašemъ (participle passive present)
maxavъ (active participle past)
mašę (active participle present)
maxaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
maxa (aorist second-person singular)
maxa (aorist singular third-person)
mašǫ (first-person present singular)
mašeši (present second-person singular)
mašetь (present singular third-person)
maxaxově (aorist dual first-person)
maxasta (aorist dual second-person)
maxaste (aorist dual third-person)
maševě (dual first-person present)
mašeta (dual present second-person)
mašete (dual present third-person)
maxaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
maxaste (aorist plural second-person)
maxašę (aorist plural third-person)
mašemъ (first-person plural present)
mašete (plural present second-person)
mašǫtь (plural present third-person)
maxaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
maxaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
maxaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
maši (imperative second-person singular)
maši (imperative singular third-person)
maxaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
maxaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
maxaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mašivě (dual first-person imperative)
mašita (dual imperative second-person)
maxaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
maxaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
maxaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mašimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mašite (imperative plural second-person)
maxanьje (noun-from-verb)
maxati (infinitive)
maxatъ (supine)
maxalъ (l-participle)
maxanъ (participle passive past)
maxajemъ (participle passive present)
maxavъ (active participle past)
maxaję (active participle present)
maxaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
maxa (aorist second-person singular)
maxa (aorist singular third-person)
maxajǫ (first-person present singular)
maxaješi (present second-person singular)
maxajetь (present singular third-person)
maxaxově (aorist dual first-person)
maxasta (aorist dual second-person)
maxaste (aorist dual third-person)
maxajevě (dual first-person present)
maxajeta (dual present second-person)
maxajete (dual present third-person)
maxaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
maxaste (aorist plural second-person)
maxašę (aorist plural third-person)
maxajemъ (first-person plural present)
maxajete (plural present second-person)
maxajǫtь (plural present third-person)
maxaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
maxaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
maxaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
maxaji (imperative second-person singular)
maxaji (imperative singular third-person)
maxaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
maxaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
maxaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
maxajivě (dual first-person imperative)
maxajita (dual imperative second-person)
maxaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
maxaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
maxaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
maxajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
maxajite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: махати (maxati)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: махати (maxati)

Belarusian: маха́ць (maxácʹ)

Russian: маха́ть (maxátʹ)

Ukrainian: маха́ти (maxáty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ма́хам (máham)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ма́хати

Latin script: máhati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: máhati, maháti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: máchati

Czech: máchat

Old Polish: machać

Polish: machać

Slovak: máchať

Slovincian: machac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: machać

Lower Sorbian: machaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *māˀs-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂s-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”). Baltic cognates include Lithuanian mosúoti (“to wave”). See *majati (“to wave, to beckon”) for more.


majati

màjati (canonical imperfective)
manǫti (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
majanьje (noun-from-verb)
majati (infinitive)
majatъ (supine)
majalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
majanъ (participle passive past)
majemъ (participle passive present)
majavъ (active participle past)
maję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
majaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
maja (aorist second-person singular)
maja (aorist singular third-person)
majǫ (first-person present singular)
maješi (present second-person singular)
majetь (present singular third-person)
majaxově (aorist dual first-person)
majasta (aorist dual second-person)
majaste (aorist dual third-person)
majevě (dual first-person present)
majeta (dual present second-person)
majete (dual present third-person)
majaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
majaste (aorist plural second-person)
majašę (aorist plural third-person)
majemъ (first-person plural present)
majete (plural present second-person)
majǫtь (plural present third-person)
majaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
majaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
majaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
maji (imperative second-person singular)
maji (imperative singular third-person)
majaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
majaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
majaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
majivě (dual first-person imperative)
majita (dual imperative second-person)
majaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
majaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
majaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
majimъ (first-person imperative plural)
majite (imperative plural second-person)
*mavati (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: маꙗти (majati), помавати (pomavati)

Belarusian: ма́яць (májacʹ), мая́ць (majácʹ)

Russian: ма́ять (májatʹ); dialectal мавать (mavatʹ)

Ukrainian: ма́яти (májaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: намаꙗти (namajati) (attested form намаꙗахѫ (namajaaxǫ, 3pl. impf.))

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ма́я (mája)

Macedonian: мае (mae)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ма̏јати

Latin script: mȁjati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: majáti, májati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mávati

Czech: mávat

Slovak: mávať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mawaś

desc

⇒ Polish: majtać, majdać (less frequent or dialectal, Kielce, Biecz, Podegrodzie, Lasovia)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *māˀ-, with *-j- (or *-v-) inserted to break hiatus. Cognate with Lithuanian móti (“to beckon”), 1sg. móju, Latvian mãt (“to beckon”), 1sg. mãju, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂-.
Pokorny (and hence Vasmer) separates the meanings "to detain, to exhaust" found among some daughter languages into a separate, homophonous root *majati derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₃- and cognate with Old High German muoan (“to alarm, to worry”), muodi (“tired”) (modern German müde), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌸𐍃 (afmauiþs, “tired”), Ancient Greek μῶλος (môlos, “burden, labor”), μώλυς (mṓlus, “weakened, exhausted, stupid”), Latin mōlēs (“heaviness, weight”). Derksen prefers to keep all meanings together under Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂-.
See also *māxàti, *mamiti for further discussion.

cog

to detain, to dawdle (regionally, see Etymology)


stignǫti

stìgnǫti (canonical)
a (accent-paradigm)
stignovenьje (noun-from-verb)
stignǫti (infinitive)
stignǫtъ (supine)
stignǫlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
stignovenъ (participle passive past)
stignomъ (participle passive present)
stignǫvъ (active participle past)
stigny (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
stignǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
stignǫ (aorist second-person singular)
stignǫ (aorist singular third-person)
stignǫ (first-person present singular)
stigneši (present second-person singular)
stignetь (present singular third-person)
stignǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
stignǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
stignǫste (aorist dual third-person)
stignevě (dual first-person present)
stigneta (dual present second-person)
stignete (dual present third-person)
stignǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stignǫste (aorist plural second-person)
stignǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
stignemъ (first-person plural present)
stignete (plural present second-person)
stignǫtь (plural present third-person)
stigněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stigněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stigněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
stigni (imperative second-person singular)
stigni (imperative singular third-person)
stigněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stigněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stigněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
stigněvě (dual first-person imperative)
stigněta (dual imperative second-person)
stigněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stigněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stigněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
stigněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
stigněte (imperative plural second-person)
*stiťi (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -стигнꙋти (-stignuti), e.g. достигнꙋти (dostignuti)

Russian: -сти́гнуть (-stígnutʹ), e.g. пости́гнуть (postígnutʹ)

Ukrainian: сти́гнути (stýhnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -стигнѫти (-stignǫti), e.g. постигнѫти (postignǫti)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱁⱄⱅⰻⰳⱀⱘⱅⰻ (postignǫti)

Bulgarian: сти́гна (stígna)

Macedonian: сти́гне (stígne)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сти̏гнути

Latin: stȉgnuti

Slovene: stígniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: stihnúti

Czech: stihnout

Old Polish: ścignąć

Polish: ścignąć (dated)

Old Slovak: stihnúť

Pannonian Rusyn: сцигнуц (scihnuc)

desc

Slovak: stihnúť (“to catch up with, to overtake”)

From Proto-Indo-European *steygʰ-. Cognate with Lithuanian stei̇̃gti (“to found, to produce”), stei̇̃gtis (“to hurry up, to try”), 1sg. steigiúos, Latvian stèigt (“to hurry”), 1sg. stèidzu, Sanskrit स्तिघ्नोति (stighnóti, “to rise”), Ancient Greek στείχω (steíkhō, “to walk, to march”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (steigan, “to climb”), Old Irish tíagaim (“to walk, to go”), Albanian shteg (“path”).

postignǫti

to achieve, to accomplish; to comprehend


smьrděti

smьrdě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
smьrděnьje (noun-from-verb)
smьrděti (infinitive)
smьrdětъ (supine)
smьrdělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
smьrděvъ (active participle past)
smьrdę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
smьrděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
smьrdě (aorist second-person singular)
smьrdě (aorist singular third-person)
smьrďǫ (first-person present singular)
smьrdiši (present second-person singular)
smьrditь (present singular third-person)
smьrděxově (aorist dual first-person)
smьrděsta (aorist dual second-person)
smьrděste (aorist dual third-person)
smьrdivě (dual first-person present)
smьrdita (dual present second-person)
smьrdite (dual present third-person)
smьrděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
smьrděste (aorist plural second-person)
smьrděšę (aorist plural third-person)
smьrdimъ (first-person plural present)
smьrdite (plural present second-person)
smьrdętь (plural present third-person)
smьrděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
smьrděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
smьrděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
smьrdi (imperative second-person singular)
smьrdi (imperative singular third-person)
smьrděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
smьrděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
smьrděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
smьrdivě (dual first-person imperative)
smьrdita (dual imperative second-person)
smьrděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
smьrděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
smьrděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
smьrdimъ (first-person imperative plural)
smьrdite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: смьрдѣти (smĭrděti)

Belarusian: смярдзе́ць (smjardzjécʹ)

Russian: смерде́ть (smerdétʹ)

Ukrainian: смерді́ти (smerdíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: смрьдѣти (smrĭděti)

Glagolitic: ⱄⰿⱃⱐⰴⱑⱅⰻ (smrĭděti)

Bulgarian: смърдя́ (smǎrdjá)

Macedonian: смрди (smrdi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: смр̀дети, смр̀дјети, смр̀дити

Latin script: smr̀deti, smr̀djeti, smr̀diti

Slovene: smrdẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: smrděti

Czech: smrdět

Polabian: smardĕt

Old Polish: śmierdzieć

Polish: śmierdzieć

Slovak: smrdieť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: smjerdźić

Lower Sorbian: smjerźiś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *smirˀdḗˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd-.


smordъ

smȏrdъ (canonical masculine)
smordъ (nominative singular)
smorda (dual nominative)
smordi (nominative plural)
smorda (genitive singular)
smordu (dual genitive)
smordъ (genitive plural)
smordu (dative singular)
smordoma (dative dual)
smordomъ (dative plural)
smordъ (accusative singular)
smorda (accusative dual)
smordy (accusative plural)
smordъmь (instrumental singular)
smordomь (instrumental singular)
smordoma (dual instrumental)
smordy (instrumental plural)
smordě (locative singular)
smordu (dual locative)
smorděxъ (locative plural)
smorde (singular vocative)
smorda (dual vocative)
smordi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: смородъ (smorodŭ)

desc

Belarusian: смо́рад (smórad), смуро́д (smuród)

Russian: смо́род (smórod) (obsolete)

Ukrainian: смо́рід (smórid)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: смрадъ (smradŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰿⱃⰰⰴⱏ (smradŭ)

Bulgarian: смрад (smrad)

Macedonian: смрдеа (smrdea), смрад (smrad)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: смра̑д

Latin script: smrȃd

Slovene: smrȃd (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: smrad

Czech: smrad

Polabian: smord

Old Polish: smród

Polish: smród

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: smard

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: смрод (smrod)

Slovak: smrad

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: smród

Lower Sorbian: smrod

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *smarˀdas, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd-.
Cognate with Latvian smards, Lithuanian smardas, Ukrainian сморід (smorid), Latin merda (“dung, excrement, shit”).