ubogъ

ubògъ (canonical)
ubogъ (masculine nominative singular)
uboga (feminine nominative singular)
ubogo (neuter nominative singular)
uboga (genitive masculine singular)
ubogy (feminine genitive singular)
uboga (genitive neuter singular)
ubogu (dative masculine singular)
ubodzě (dative feminine singular)
ubogu (dative neuter singular)
ubogъ (accusative masculine singular)
ubogǫ (accusative feminine singular)
ubogo (accusative neuter singular)
ubogomь (instrumental masculine singular)
ubogojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
ubogomь (instrumental neuter singular)
ubodzě (locative masculine singular)
ubodzě (feminine locative singular)
ubodzě (locative neuter singular)
ubože (masculine singular vocative)
ubogo (feminine singular vocative)
ubogo (neuter singular vocative)
uboga (dual masculine nominative)
ubodzě (dual feminine nominative)
ubodzě (dual neuter nominative)
ubogu (dual genitive masculine)
ubogu (dual feminine genitive)
ubogu (dual genitive neuter)
ubogoma (dative dual masculine)
ubogama (dative dual feminine)
ubogoma (dative dual neuter)
uboga (accusative dual masculine)
ubodzě (accusative dual feminine)
ubodzě (accusative dual neuter)
ubogoma (dual instrumental masculine)
ubogama (dual feminine instrumental)
ubogoma (dual instrumental neuter)
ubogu (dual locative masculine)
ubogu (dual feminine locative)
ubogu (dual locative neuter)
uboga (dual masculine vocative)
ubodzě (dual feminine vocative)
ubodzě (dual neuter vocative)
ubodzi (masculine nominative plural)
ubogy (feminine nominative plural)
uboga (neuter nominative plural)
ubogъ (genitive masculine plural)
ubogъ (feminine genitive plural)
ubogъ (genitive neuter plural)
ubogomъ (dative masculine plural)
ubogamъ (dative feminine plural)
ubogomъ (dative neuter plural)
ubogy (accusative masculine plural)
ubogy (accusative feminine plural)
uboga (accusative neuter plural)
ubogy (instrumental masculine plural)
ubogami (feminine instrumental plural)
ubogy (instrumental neuter plural)
ubodzěxъ (locative masculine plural)
ubogaxъ (feminine locative plural)
ubodzěxъ (locative neuter plural)
ubodzi (masculine plural vocative)
ubogy (feminine plural vocative)
uboga (neuter plural vocative)
ubogъjь (masculine nominative singular)
ubogaja (feminine nominative singular)
ubogoje (neuter nominative singular)
ubogajego (genitive masculine singular)
ubogyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
ubogajego (genitive neuter singular)
ubogujemu (dative masculine singular)
ubodzěji (dative feminine singular)
ubogujemu (dative neuter singular)
ubogъjь (accusative masculine singular)
ubogǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
ubogoje (accusative neuter singular)
ubogyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
ubogǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
ubogyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
ubodzějemь (locative masculine singular)
ubodzěji (feminine locative singular)
ubodzějemь (locative neuter singular)
ubogъjь (masculine singular vocative)
ubogaja (feminine singular vocative)
ubogoje (neuter singular vocative)
ubogaja (dual masculine nominative)
ubodzěji (dual feminine nominative)
ubodzěji (dual neuter nominative)
uboguju (dual genitive masculine)
uboguju (dual feminine genitive)
uboguju (dual genitive neuter)
ubogyjima (dative dual masculine)
ubogyjima (dative dual feminine)
ubogyjima (dative dual neuter)
ubogaja (accusative dual masculine)
ubodzěji (accusative dual feminine)
ubodzěji (accusative dual neuter)
ubogyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
ubogyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
ubogyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
uboguju (dual locative masculine)
uboguju (dual feminine locative)
uboguju (dual locative neuter)
ubogaja (dual masculine vocative)
ubodzěji (dual feminine vocative)
ubodzěji (dual neuter vocative)
ubodziji (masculine nominative plural)
ubogyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
ubogaja (neuter nominative plural)
ubogъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
ubogъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
ubogъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
ubogyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
ubogyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
ubogyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
ubogyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
ubogyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
ubogaja (accusative neuter plural)
ubogyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
ubogyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
ubogyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
ubogyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
ubogyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
ubogyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
ubodziji (masculine plural vocative)
ubogyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
ubogaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: убогъ (ubogŭ)

Belarusian: убо́гі (ubóhi)

Russian: убо́гий (ubógij)

Ukrainian: убо́гий (ubóhyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: оубогъ (ubogŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱆⰱⱁⰳⱏ (ubogŭ)

Bulgarian: убо̀г (ubòg)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̏бог

Latin script: ȕbog

Slovene: ubọ̑g (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ubohý

Czech: ubohý

Old Polish: ubog

Polish: ubogi

Slovak: úbohý

A bahuvrihi compound of *u and an adjective *bogъ (“fortunate”), but which later shifted in meaning to "god". Compare *nebogъ (“poor”).


grobъ

grȍbъ (canonical)
gròbъ (canonical masculine)
grȍbъ (nominative singular)
grȍba (dual nominative)
grȍbi (nominative plural)
grȍba (genitive singular)
grobù (dual genitive)
gròbъ (genitive plural)
grȍbu (dative singular)
grobomà (dative dual)
grobòmъ (dative plural)
grȍbъ (accusative singular)
grȍba (accusative dual)
grȍby (accusative plural)
grȍbъmь (instrumental singular)
grȍbomь (instrumental singular)
grobomà (dual instrumental)
grobý (instrumental plural)
grȍbě (locative singular)
grobù (dual locative)
grobě̃xъ (locative plural)
grobe (singular vocative)
grȍba (dual vocative)
grȍbi (plural vocative)
gròbъ (nominative singular)
grobà (dual nominative)
grobì (nominative plural)
grobà (genitive singular)
grobù (dual genitive)
gròbъ (genitive plural)
grobù (dative singular)
grobòma (dative dual)
grobòmъ (dative plural)
gròbъ (accusative singular)
grobà (accusative dual)
grobỳ (accusative plural)
grobъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
grobòmь (instrumental singular)
grobòma (dual instrumental)
gròby (instrumental plural)
grobě̀ (locative singular)
grobù (dual locative)
gròběxъ (locative plural)
grobe (singular vocative)
grobà (dual vocative)
grobì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: гробъ (grobŭ)
Belarusian: гроб (hrob, “coffin”)
Russian: гроб (grob, “coffin”)
Middle Ukrainian: гроб (hrob)
Ukrainian: гріб (hrib)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: гробъ (grobŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⱁⰱⱏ (grobŭ)

Bulgarian: гроб (grob)

Macedonian: гроб (grob)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гро̏б

Latin script: grȍb

Slovene: grȍb (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrob

Czech: hrob

Polish: grób

Silesian: grōb

Slovak: hrob

Slovincian: grób

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: grob

Morphologically from *grebti. From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrobʰos. Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰 (graba, “ditch, trench”), Old High German grab (“grave”) and English grave.


dolto

dōltò (canonical neuter)
dōltò (nominative singular)
dõltě (dual nominative)
dōltà (nominative plural)
dōltà (genitive singular)
dōltù (dual genitive)
dõltъ (genitive plural)
dōltù (dative singular)
dōltòma (dative dual)
dōltòmъ (dative plural)
dōltò (accusative singular)
dõltě (accusative dual)
dōltà (accusative plural)
dōltъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
dōltòmь (instrumental singular)
dōltòma (dual instrumental)
dõlty (instrumental plural)
dōltě̀ (locative singular)
dōltù (dual locative)
dõltěxъ (locative plural)
dōltò (singular vocative)
dõltě (dual vocative)
dōltà (plural vocative)
*dēltò (alternative)

Church Slavonic: длато (dlato) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: до́лата (dólata)

Russian: долото́ (dolotó)

Ukrainian: долото́ (dolotó)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: длато́ (dlató)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dláto

Czech: dláto

Old Polish: dłóto

Polish: dłuto

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dłóto

Slovincian: dwótô

Slovak: dláto

→ Albanian: daltë (possibly)

→ Finnish: taltta

→ Karelian: taltta

→ Romanian: daltă (probably)

→ Veps: talt

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dálbta, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰolbʰ-to-m, from *dʰelbʰ- (“to dig, excavate”). Morphologically an instrument noun from *dьlti (“to hollow, chisel”) + *-to or from *dьlbiti (“to hollow, chisel”).
Cognate with Old Prussian dalptan (“punch, instrument for punching holes”) and Old English delfan (“to dig”).


rusъ

rusъ (masculine nominative singular)
rusa (feminine nominative singular)
ruso (neuter nominative singular)
rusa (genitive masculine singular)
rusy (feminine genitive singular)
rusa (genitive neuter singular)
rusu (dative masculine singular)
rusě (dative feminine singular)
rusu (dative neuter singular)
rusъ (accusative masculine singular)
rusǫ (accusative feminine singular)
ruso (accusative neuter singular)
rusomь (instrumental masculine singular)
rusojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
rusomь (instrumental neuter singular)
rusě (locative masculine singular)
rusě (feminine locative singular)
rusě (locative neuter singular)
ruse (masculine singular vocative)
ruso (feminine singular vocative)
ruso (neuter singular vocative)
rusa (dual masculine nominative)
rusě (dual feminine nominative)
rusě (dual neuter nominative)
rusu (dual genitive masculine)
rusu (dual feminine genitive)
rusu (dual genitive neuter)
rusoma (dative dual masculine)
rusama (dative dual feminine)
rusoma (dative dual neuter)
rusa (accusative dual masculine)
rusě (accusative dual feminine)
rusě (accusative dual neuter)
rusoma (dual instrumental masculine)
rusama (dual feminine instrumental)
rusoma (dual instrumental neuter)
rusu (dual locative masculine)
rusu (dual feminine locative)
rusu (dual locative neuter)
rusa (dual masculine vocative)
rusě (dual feminine vocative)
rusě (dual neuter vocative)
rusi (masculine nominative plural)
rusy (feminine nominative plural)
rusa (neuter nominative plural)
rusъ (genitive masculine plural)
rusъ (feminine genitive plural)
rusъ (genitive neuter plural)
rusomъ (dative masculine plural)
rusamъ (dative feminine plural)
rusomъ (dative neuter plural)
rusy (accusative masculine plural)
rusy (accusative feminine plural)
rusa (accusative neuter plural)
rusy (instrumental masculine plural)
rusami (feminine instrumental plural)
rusy (instrumental neuter plural)
rusěxъ (locative masculine plural)
rusaxъ (feminine locative plural)
rusěxъ (locative neuter plural)
rusi (masculine plural vocative)
rusy (feminine plural vocative)
rusa (neuter plural vocative)
rusъjь (masculine nominative singular)
rusaja (feminine nominative singular)
rusoje (neuter nominative singular)
rusajego (genitive masculine singular)
rusyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
rusajego (genitive neuter singular)
rusujemu (dative masculine singular)
rusěji (dative feminine singular)
rusujemu (dative neuter singular)
rusъjь (accusative masculine singular)
rusǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
rusoje (accusative neuter singular)
rusyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
rusǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
rusyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
rusějemь (locative masculine singular)
rusěji (feminine locative singular)
rusějemь (locative neuter singular)
rusъjь (masculine singular vocative)
rusaja (feminine singular vocative)
rusoje (neuter singular vocative)
rusaja (dual masculine nominative)
rusěji (dual feminine nominative)
rusěji (dual neuter nominative)
rusuju (dual genitive masculine)
rusuju (dual feminine genitive)
rusuju (dual genitive neuter)
rusyjima (dative dual masculine)
rusyjima (dative dual feminine)
rusyjima (dative dual neuter)
rusaja (accusative dual masculine)
rusěji (accusative dual feminine)
rusěji (accusative dual neuter)
rusyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
rusyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
rusyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
rusuju (dual locative masculine)
rusuju (dual feminine locative)
rusuju (dual locative neuter)
rusaja (dual masculine vocative)
rusěji (dual feminine vocative)
rusěji (dual neuter vocative)
rusiji (masculine nominative plural)
rusyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
rusaja (neuter nominative plural)
rusъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
rusъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
rusъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
rusyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
rusyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
rusyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
rusyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
rusyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
rusaja (accusative neuter plural)
rusyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
rusyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
rusyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
rusyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
rusyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
rusyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
rusiji (masculine plural vocative)
rusyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
rusaja (neuter plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: русъ (rusŭ) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: русъ (rusŭ)

Belarusian: ру́сы (rúsy)

Russian: ру́сый (rúsyj)

Ukrainian: ру́сий (rúsyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: роусъ (rusŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱃⱆⱄⱏ (rusŭ)

Bulgarian: рус (rus)

Macedonian: рус (rus)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ру̏с

Latin script: rȕs

Slovene: rȗs

West Slavic:

Czech: rusý (literary), rysý (obsolete)

Polish: rusy

Slovak: rusý

From earlier *rudsъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *raudsas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰ-s-o-, from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Morphologically *rud- + *-sъ.
Compare Baltic:
Lithuanian raũsvas, rùsvas, rusė́ti, ruslės,
Latvian rusls, rûsa.
Compare Indo-European:
Latin russus.


sluxъ

slȗxъ (canonical masculine)
slȗxъ (nominative singular)
slȗxa (dual nominative)
slȗśi (nominative plural)
slȗxa (genitive singular)
sluxù (dual genitive)
slũxъ (genitive plural)
slȗxu (dative singular)
sluxomà (dative dual)
sluxòmъ (dative plural)
slȗxъ (accusative singular)
slȗxa (accusative dual)
slȗxy (accusative plural)
slȗxъmь (instrumental singular)
slȗxomь (instrumental singular)
sluxomà (dual instrumental)
sluxý (instrumental plural)
slȗśě (locative singular)
sluxù (dual locative)
sluśě̃xъ (locative plural)
sluše (singular vocative)
slȗxa (dual vocative)
slȗśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: слухъ (sluxŭ)

Belarusian: слых (slyx)

Russian: слух (slux)

Ukrainian: слух (slux)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: слоухъ (sluxŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱄⰾⱆⱈⱏ (sluxŭ)

Bulgarian: слух (sluh)

Macedonian: слух (sluh)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: слу̑х

Latin script: slȗh

Slovene: slȗh (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sluch

Czech: sluch

Polish: słuch

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: слух (slux)

Slovak: sluch

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *klaušás, *ślaušás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Cognate with Lithuanian klausa (“hearing”), klausyti (“to hear”), Latvian klausīšanās (“listening”), klausīties (“to listen”).


olni

òlni (canonical feminine)
òlni (nominative singular)
olnьji (dual nominative)
olnьję̇ (nominative plural)
olnьję̇ (genitive singular)
olnьju (dual genitive)
olnьjь (genitive plural)
olnьjī (dative singular)
olnьjama (dative dual)
olnьjāmъ (dative plural)
olnьjǫ (accusative singular)
olnьji (accusative dual)
olnьję̇ (accusative plural)
olnьjējǫ (instrumental singular)
olnьjǭ (instrumental singular)
olnьjama (dual instrumental)
olnьjāmī (instrumental plural)
olnьjī (locative singular)
olnьju (dual locative)
olnьjāsъ (locative plural)
olnьje (singular vocative)
olnьji (dual vocative)
olnьję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: ланиꙗ (lanija), ланьꙗ (lanĭja), лании (lanii), лань (lanĭ), алъниꙗ (alŭnija)

Belarusian: лань (lanʹ)

Russian: лань (lanʹ)

Ukrainian: лань (lanʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: алънии (alŭnii)

Glagolitic script: ⰰⰾⱏⱀⰻⰻ (alŭnii)

Slovene: lanjec

West Slavic:

Old Czech: laní

Czech: laň

Old Polish: łani

Polish: łania

Slovak: laň

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *alˀnīˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁olHnih₂.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian élnis (“deer”), álnis (“deer”), élnias (“deer”), élnė (“doe”), álnė (“doe”), Latvian alnis (“elk”) and Old Prussian alne (“deer?”).
Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek ἑλλός (hellós, “deer-calf”), ἔλαφος (élaphos, “deer”), Old Armenian եղն (ełn) and Middle Irish ailit (“doe, hind”).
From the e-grade of the same Indo-European root also *elenь (“deer”), and from a different extension also *olsь (“elk”).


olni

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лони (loni)

Belarusian: ла́ні (láni) (dialectal)

Russian: лони́ (loní), ло́не (lóne) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: лони (lony), влони (vlony) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: лани (lani)

Bulgarian: ла́ни (láni), ла́нье (lánje) (archaic, poetic)

desc

⇒ Bulgarian: вла́ни (vláni, “in last year”), дола́ни (doláni, “until last year”), пола́ни (poláni, “two years ago”)

Macedonian: лани (lani)

⇒ Macedonian: полани (polani, “two years ago”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̑ни, ла́не

Latin script: lȃni, láne

Slovene: láni

West Slavic:

Old Czech: loni, lóni

Czech: loni, vloni; (dialectal) lůni

Kashubian: łoni

Old Polish: łoni
Polish: łoni

Old Slovak: lani, vlani, loni, vloni

Pannonian Rusyn: влонї (vlonji)

Slovak: lani, vlaňí

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: loni (dialectal)

Upper Sorbian: loni (dialectal)

Relic locative case of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ól-h₁n- (“that, previous time”) (< *h₂el- (“alien, other”)), cognate with Latin ōlim (“at that time”). Suffix perhaps identical with n-extension of Lithuanian pérnai (“last year”), Latvian pērn (“last time”), Proto-Germanic *fernaz (“recent, previous”). According to some interpretations, may be a 0-grade of the root that has yielded Ancient Greek ἕνος (hénos, “former time”).


olnę

olnę (nominative singular)
olnęti (dual nominative)
olnęta (nominative plural)
olnęte (genitive singular)
olnętu (dual genitive)
olnętъ (genitive plural)
olnęti (dative singular)
olnętьma (dative dual)
olnętьmъ (dative plural)
olnę (accusative singular)
olnęti (accusative dual)
olnęta (accusative plural)
olnętьmь (instrumental singular)
olnętьma (dual instrumental)
olnęty (instrumental plural)
olnęte (locative singular)
olnętu (dual locative)
olnętьxъ (locative plural)
olnę (singular vocative)
olnęti (dual vocative)
olnęta (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: ланѧ (lanę)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: льня (lĭnja)

Ukrainian: ланя (lanja)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: алне (alne, “young chamois”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̏не

Latin script: lȁne

West Slavic:

Czech: lané

Polish: łanię, łaniątko

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łanjo


-ti

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ти (-ti)

Old Ruthenian: -ти (-ti)

Belarusian: -ць (-cʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ти (-ty)

Ukrainian: -ти (-ty), -ть (-tʹ)

Russian: -ть (-tʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ти (-ti)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰹ (-ti)

Bulgarian: — (infinitive has been lost)

Macedonian: — (infinitive has been lost)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ти

Latin script: -ti

Slovene: -ti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ti

Czech: -t; -ti (dialectal)

Kashubian: -c

Old Polish: -ć

Polish: -ć

Slovak: -ť

Slovincian: -c

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ś

Upper Sorbian: -ć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-tei, from the dialectal Proto-Indo-European *-tey, the dative or locative singular of *-tis (as opposed to the regular dative *-tey-ey, with a suffix *-tey- in e-grade and the dative singular ending *-ey).
E.g. Late Proto-Slavic *dàti (“to give”) < Early Proto-Slavic *dā́ˀtei < Proto-Balto-Slavic *dṓˀtei < earlier *deh₃téy < Proto-Indo-European *dh₃téy (and not *deh₃tey-ey), nominative *déh₃tis, from the root *deh₃-.

The ending of the infinitive. Not productive by itself; new verbs were created with a variety of stem-forming suffixes before the ending.


-ťi

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -чи (-či)

Belarusian: -чы (-čy)

Russian: -чь (-čʹ)

Ukrainian: -чи (-čy)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -щи (-šti)

Glagolitic: -ⱋⰻ (-šti)

Bulgarian: — (infinitive has been lost)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ћи

Latin script: -ći

Slovene: -či

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ci

Czech: -ci

Old Polish: -c

Polish: -c

Slovak: -ť

When the stem ended in a velar the cluster *-kt- became palatalized before front vowels during the Common Slavic period which yielded this variant ending: *-kti > *-ḱťi > *-ćťi (?) > *-ťi.

Form of *-ti, used with root-stem verbs ending in *k or *g.


cěsta

cě̀sta (canonical feminine)
cě̀sta (nominative singular)
cě̀stě (dual nominative)
cě̀sty (nominative plural)
cě̀sty (genitive singular)
cě̀stu (dual genitive)
cě̀stъ (genitive plural)
cě̀stě (dative singular)
cě̀stama (dative dual)
cě̀stamъ (dative plural)
cě̀stǫ (accusative singular)
cě̀stě (accusative dual)
cě̀sty (accusative plural)
cě̀stojǫ (instrumental singular)
cě̀stǭ (instrumental singular)
cě̀stama (dual instrumental)
cě̀stamī (instrumental plural)
cě̀stě (locative singular)
cě̀stu (dual locative)
cě̀stasъ (locative plural)
cě̀staxъ (locative plural)
cě̀sto (singular vocative)
cě̀stě (dual vocative)
cě̀sty (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: цѣста (cěsta)

Glagolitic script: ⱌⱑⱄⱅⰰ (cěsta)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: цѐста

Latin script: cèsta

Slovene: cẹ́sta (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: cěsta, ciesta

Czech: cesta

Slovak: cesta

Most likely akin to *cěstiti (“to clean”) + *-a. Possibly an old calque of Latin strāta (“paved road”) or Ancient Greek πλατεῖα (plateîa, “street”), which according to Skok explains its limited distribution. According to Derksen, the best etymology is by Zubatý 1894 who connects it with Lithuanian káišti (“to scrape”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *káyćas (“curl of hair”) from Proto-Indo-European *keyḱ- (“to snap”), with "road" being a "worn path" or "flattened/cleared path"; compare Latin via trita (“beaten path, safe path”) and Polish utarta droga.
Alternatively, from pre-Slavic *cětta/*cědta related to Proto-Germanic *haiþī (“heath, wasteland”), Proto-Brythonic *koɨd (“forest”) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keyt- (“to cleanse, to cut”) or to Latin scissus (“cut, split”), Ancient Greek σχῐστός (skhĭstós, “cloven, dissected”) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keyd- (“to split, to cleave”).


čistъ

čìstъ (canonical)
čìstъ (masculine nominative singular)
čìsta (feminine nominative singular)
čìsto (neuter nominative singular)
čìsta (genitive masculine singular)
čìsty (feminine genitive singular)
čìsta (genitive neuter singular)
čìstu (dative masculine singular)
čìstě (dative feminine singular)
čìstu (dative neuter singular)
čìstъ (accusative masculine singular)
čìstǫ (accusative feminine singular)
čìsto (accusative neuter singular)
čìstomь (instrumental masculine singular)
čìstojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
čìstomь (instrumental neuter singular)
čìstě (locative masculine singular)
čìstě (feminine locative singular)
čìstě (locative neuter singular)
čìste (masculine singular vocative)
čìsto (feminine singular vocative)
čìsto (neuter singular vocative)
čìsta (dual masculine nominative)
čìstě (dual feminine nominative)
čìstě (dual neuter nominative)
čìstu (dual genitive masculine)
čìstu (dual feminine genitive)
čìstu (dual genitive neuter)
čìstoma (dative dual masculine)
čìstama (dative dual feminine)
čìstoma (dative dual neuter)
čìsta (accusative dual masculine)
čìstě (accusative dual feminine)
čìstě (accusative dual neuter)
čìstoma (dual instrumental masculine)
čìstama (dual feminine instrumental)
čìstoma (dual instrumental neuter)
čìstu (dual locative masculine)
čìstu (dual feminine locative)
čìstu (dual locative neuter)
čìsta (dual masculine vocative)
čìstě (dual feminine vocative)
čìstě (dual neuter vocative)
čìsti (masculine nominative plural)
čìsty (feminine nominative plural)
čìsta (neuter nominative plural)
čìstъ (genitive masculine plural)
čìstъ (feminine genitive plural)
čìstъ (genitive neuter plural)
čìstomъ (dative masculine plural)
čìstamъ (dative feminine plural)
čìstomъ (dative neuter plural)
čìsty (accusative masculine plural)
čìsty (accusative feminine plural)
čìsta (accusative neuter plural)
čìsty (instrumental masculine plural)
čìstami (feminine instrumental plural)
čìsty (instrumental neuter plural)
čìstěxъ (locative masculine plural)
čìstaxъ (feminine locative plural)
čìstěxъ (locative neuter plural)
čìsti (masculine plural vocative)
čìsty (feminine plural vocative)
čìsta (neuter plural vocative)
čìstъjь (masculine nominative singular)
čìstaja (feminine nominative singular)
čìstoje (neuter nominative singular)
čìstajego (genitive masculine singular)
čìstyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
čìstajego (genitive neuter singular)
čìstujemu (dative masculine singular)
čìstěji (dative feminine singular)
čìstujemu (dative neuter singular)
čìstъjь (accusative masculine singular)
čìstǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
čìstoje (accusative neuter singular)
čìstyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
čìstǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
čìstyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
čìstějemь (locative masculine singular)
čìstěji (feminine locative singular)
čìstějemь (locative neuter singular)
čìstъjь (masculine singular vocative)
čìstaja (feminine singular vocative)
čìstoje (neuter singular vocative)
čìstaja (dual masculine nominative)
čìstěji (dual feminine nominative)
čìstěji (dual neuter nominative)
čìstuju (dual genitive masculine)
čìstuju (dual feminine genitive)
čìstuju (dual genitive neuter)
čìstyjima (dative dual masculine)
čìstyjima (dative dual feminine)
čìstyjima (dative dual neuter)
čìstaja (accusative dual masculine)
čìstěji (accusative dual feminine)
čìstěji (accusative dual neuter)
čìstyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
čìstyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
čìstyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
čìstuju (dual locative masculine)
čìstuju (dual feminine locative)
čìstuju (dual locative neuter)
čìstaja (dual masculine vocative)
čìstěji (dual feminine vocative)
čìstěji (dual neuter vocative)
čìstiji (masculine nominative plural)
čìstyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
čìstaja (neuter nominative plural)
čìstъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
čìstъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
čìstъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
čìstyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
čìstyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
čìstyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
čìstyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
čìstyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
čìstaja (accusative neuter plural)
čìstyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
čìstyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
čìstyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
čìstyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
čìstyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
čìstyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
čìstiji (masculine plural vocative)
čìstyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
čìstaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чистъ (čistŭ)

Belarusian: чы́сты (čýsty)

Russian: чи́стый (čístyj)

Carpathian Rusyn: чы́стий (čŷ́styj)

Ukrainian: чи́стий (čýstyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чистъ (čistŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰻⱄⱅⱏ (čistŭ)

Bulgarian: чист (čist)

Macedonian: чист (čist)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чи̏ст

Latin script: čȉst

Slovene: čȋst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: czësti

Old Czech: čistý

Czech: čistý

Polabian: caist, caistĕ

desctree

Old Polish: czysty, czyst
Polish: czysty, cysty (Far Masovian, Kielce)
Silesian: czysty, czisty

Slovak: čistý

Slovincian: czisty

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: čisty

Lower Sorbian: cysty

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: tiszta

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *skīstas, *skaistas, from Proto-Indo-European *skidtos (by Winter's law), *skoydtos, from *(s)keyd-.
Cognate with Lithuanian skýstas (“thin”) and/or skáistas (“beautiful, pretty”), Latvian šķîsts (“thin, clear, clean”) and Old Prussian skijstan (“pure”).


buky

bùky (canonical feminine)
bùky (nominative singular)
bùkъvi (dual nominative)
bùkъvi (nominative plural)
bùkъve (genitive singular)
bùkъvu (dual genitive)
bùkъvъ (genitive plural)
bùkъvi (dative singular)
bùkъvьma (dative dual)
bùkъvama (dative dual)
bùkъvьmъ (dative plural)
bùkъvamъ (dative plural)
bùkъvь (accusative singular)
bùkъvi (accusative dual)
bùkъvi (accusative plural)
bùkъvьjǫ (instrumental singular)
bùkъvľǭ (instrumental singular)
bùkъvьma (dual instrumental)
bùkъvama (dual instrumental)
bùkъvьmī (instrumental plural)
bùkъvamī (instrumental plural)
bùkъve (locative singular)
bùkъvu (dual locative)
bùkъvьxъ (locative plural)
bùkъvaxъ (locative plural)
bùky (singular vocative)
bùkъvi (dual vocative)
bùkъvi (plural vocative)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бꙋкꙑ (buky), бꙋкъвь (bukŭvĭ), бꙋкъва (bukŭva)

Russian: бу́ква (búkva), бу́ки (búki)

→ Ingrian: bukva

→ Polish: bukwa

→ Skolt Sami: bukva

Carpathian Rusyn: бу́ква (búkva)

Ukrainian: бу́ква (búkva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: боукꙑ (buky)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱆⰽⱏⰺ (buky)

Bulgarian: бу́ква (búkva)

Macedonian: буква (bukva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̏ква

Latin script: bȕkva

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: bȗkəv, bȗkva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bukev

Czech: bukva, bukev

desctree

Old Polish: bukiew
Polish: bukiew
Silesian: bukwia

Old Slovak: bukva, bukev

Slovak: bukev

Polabian: bükvoi

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: búkwa

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bukow

Of Germanic origin, with two proposed sources of borrowing:
* For meaning beech: From Proto-West Germanic *bōku (“beech”), formally equivalent to *bukъ (“beech”) + *-y.
* For meaning books, writs: From Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 pl (bōkōs, “books”) (per Vasmer, Trubachev).
Interrelation between the two meanings is now widely considered uncertain (or even dismissed entirely, e.g. by Kluge/Seebold), mainly because there is no surviving evidence for beech-based writing among early Germanic and Balto-Slavic peoples. It is possible (as noted by Mallory and Adams) that beech had religious significance for ancient Indo-European people and so was used to inscribe sacred symbols onto. In this case, the extended meaning writ, sign would be directly borrowed from Germanic. A third hypothesis speculates that beechmast was used for counting and bookkeeping, whence the word innately developed a sense of “unit of data representation” → grapheme, writ.

(by extension) writ, grapheme, written sign → letter

(by extension, in the plural) books (corpus of written inscriptions)


tъlmačь

tъlmáčь (canonical masculine)
tъlmačь (nominative singular)
tъlmača (dual nominative)
tъlmači (nominative plural)
tъlmača (genitive singular)
tъlmaču (dual genitive)
tъlmačь (genitive plural)
tъlmaču (dative singular)
tъlmačema (dative dual)
tъlmačemъ (dative plural)
tъlmačь (accusative singular)
tъlmača (accusative dual)
tъlmačę̇ (accusative plural)
tъlmačьmь (instrumental singular)
tъlmačemь (instrumental singular)
tъlmačema (dual instrumental)
tъlmači (instrumental plural)
tъlmači (locative singular)
tъlmaču (dual locative)
tъlmačixъ (locative plural)
tъlmaču (singular vocative)
tъlmača (dual vocative)
tъlmači (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тълмачь (tŭlmačĭ)

Russian: толма́ч (tolmáč) (obsolete)

Ukrainian: товма́ч (tovmáč)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: тълма́ч (tǎlmáč) (archaic)

Macedonian: то́лмач (tólmač) (archaic)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ту̀ма̄ч

Latin script: tùmāč

Slovene: tolmáč (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tlmač

Czech: tlumač (archaic)

Bohemian (Chod dialect): tulmač

Kashubian: tołmôcz, tłómôcz

Polish: tłumacz

→ Belarusian: тлума́ч (tlumáč)

→ Ukrainian: тлума́ч (tlumáč)

Slovak: tlmač (obsolete)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: tołmač

Non-Slavic languages:

→ Hungarian: tolmács

→ Northern Mansi: толмась (tolmasʹ)

→ Middle High German: tolmetsche

German: Dolmetsch, Dolmetscher

Luxembourgish: Dolmetscher

→ Romanian: tălmaci

Of Turkic origin, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *tilmač (“interpreter”), from Proto-Turkic *til (“tongue”). Cognate with Turkish dilmaç, Kazakh тілмаш (tılmaş), Uzbek tilmoch.


lučь

lũčь (canonical feminine)
lũčь (nominative singular)
lūčì (dual nominative)
lūčì (nominative plural)
lũči (genitive singular)
lũčьju (dual genitive)
lūčь̀jь (genitive plural)
lūčì (dative singular)
lũčьma (dative dual)
lūčь̀mъ (dative plural)
lũčь (accusative singular)
lūčì (accusative dual)
lūčì (accusative plural)
lũčьjǫ (instrumental singular)
lũčьma (dual instrumental)
lũčьmī (instrumental plural)
lũči (locative singular)
lũčьju (dual locative)
lūčь̀xъ (locative plural)
luči (singular vocative)
lūčì (dual vocative)
lūčì (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: лучь (lučĭ) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лучь (lučĭ)

Belarusian: луч (luč)

Russian: луч (luč)

Ukrainian: луч (luč)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лучь (lučĭ), лоуча (luča)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: луч (luč), лъч (lǎč)

Macedonian: лач (lač)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лу̑ч

Latin script: lȗč

Slovene: lūč (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lúč

Czech: louč

Polish: łucz, łuczywo

Slovak: lúč

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *laukis, from Proto-Indo-European *lowkis, from *lewk- (“white; light; bright”).
Cognates include Old Prussian luckis (“torch, log”), Proto-Germanic *laugiz (“flame”).


luditi

luďenьje (noun-from-verb)
luditi (infinitive)
luditъ (supine)
ludilъ (l-participle)
luďenъ (participle passive past)
ludimъ (participle passive present)
luďь (active participle past)
ludę (active participle present)
ludixъ (aorist first-person singular)
ludi (aorist second-person singular)
ludi (aorist singular third-person)
luďǫ (first-person present singular)
ludiši (present second-person singular)
luditь (present singular third-person)
ludixově (aorist dual first-person)
ludista (aorist dual second-person)
ludiste (aorist dual third-person)
ludivě (dual first-person present)
ludita (dual present second-person)
ludite (dual present third-person)
ludixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ludiste (aorist plural second-person)
ludišę (aorist plural third-person)
ludimъ (first-person plural present)
ludite (plural present second-person)
ludętь (plural present third-person)
luďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
luďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
luďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ludi (imperative second-person singular)
ludi (imperative singular third-person)
luďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
luďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
luďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ludivě (dual first-person imperative)
ludita (dual imperative second-person)
luďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
luďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
luďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ludimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ludite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: лудзи́ць (ludzícʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: луди́ть (ludítʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: луди́ти (ludýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: лоудити (luditi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лу́дити

Latin script: lúditi

Slovene: lúditi

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lúditi

Czech: loudit

Old Polish: łudzić

Polish: łudzić

Slovak: lúdiť


zvǫkъ

zvǫkъ (nominative singular)
zvǫka (dual nominative)
zvǫci (nominative plural)
zvǫka (genitive singular)
zvǫku (dual genitive)
zvǫkъ (genitive plural)
zvǫku (dative singular)
zvǫkoma (dative dual)
zvǫkomъ (dative plural)
zvǫkъ (accusative singular)
zvǫka (accusative dual)
zvǫky (accusative plural)
zvǫkъmь (instrumental singular)
zvǫkomь (instrumental singular)
zvǫkoma (dual instrumental)
zvǫky (instrumental plural)
zvǫcě (locative singular)
zvǫku (dual locative)
zvǫcěxъ (locative plural)
zvǫče (singular vocative)
zvǫka (dual vocative)
zvǫci (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: звукъ (zvukŭ) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Russian: звук (zvuk)

Carpathian Rusyn: звук (zvuk)

Ukrainian: звук (zvuk)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: звук (zvuk)

Macedonian: звук (zvuk)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зву̑к

Latin script: zvȗk

Slovene: zvọ̑k (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zvuk

Czech: zvuk

Old Slovak: zvuk

Pannonian Rusyn: звук (zvuk)

Slovak: zvuk

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zuk

Upper Sorbian: zuk


zelenъ

zelènъ (canonical)
zelenъ (masculine nominative singular)
zelena (feminine nominative singular)
zeleno (neuter nominative singular)
zelena (genitive masculine singular)
zeleny (feminine genitive singular)
zelena (genitive neuter singular)
zelenu (dative masculine singular)
zeleně (dative feminine singular)
zelenu (dative neuter singular)
zelenъ (accusative masculine singular)
zelenǫ (accusative feminine singular)
zeleno (accusative neuter singular)
zelenomь (instrumental masculine singular)
zelenojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
zelenomь (instrumental neuter singular)
zeleně (locative masculine singular)
zeleně (feminine locative singular)
zeleně (locative neuter singular)
zelene (masculine singular vocative)
zeleno (feminine singular vocative)
zeleno (neuter singular vocative)
zelena (dual masculine nominative)
zeleně (dual feminine nominative)
zeleně (dual neuter nominative)
zelenu (dual genitive masculine)
zelenu (dual feminine genitive)
zelenu (dual genitive neuter)
zelenoma (dative dual masculine)
zelenama (dative dual feminine)
zelenoma (dative dual neuter)
zelena (accusative dual masculine)
zeleně (accusative dual feminine)
zeleně (accusative dual neuter)
zelenoma (dual instrumental masculine)
zelenama (dual feminine instrumental)
zelenoma (dual instrumental neuter)
zelenu (dual locative masculine)
zelenu (dual feminine locative)
zelenu (dual locative neuter)
zelena (dual masculine vocative)
zeleně (dual feminine vocative)
zeleně (dual neuter vocative)
zeleni (masculine nominative plural)
zeleny (feminine nominative plural)
zelena (neuter nominative plural)
zelenъ (genitive masculine plural)
zelenъ (feminine genitive plural)
zelenъ (genitive neuter plural)
zelenomъ (dative masculine plural)
zelenamъ (dative feminine plural)
zelenomъ (dative neuter plural)
zeleny (accusative masculine plural)
zeleny (accusative feminine plural)
zelena (accusative neuter plural)
zeleny (instrumental masculine plural)
zelenami (feminine instrumental plural)
zeleny (instrumental neuter plural)
zeleněxъ (locative masculine plural)
zelenaxъ (feminine locative plural)
zeleněxъ (locative neuter plural)
zeleni (masculine plural vocative)
zeleny (feminine plural vocative)
zelena (neuter plural vocative)
zelenъjь (masculine nominative singular)
zelenaja (feminine nominative singular)
zelenoje (neuter nominative singular)
zelenajego (genitive masculine singular)
zelenyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
zelenajego (genitive neuter singular)
zelenujemu (dative masculine singular)
zeleněji (dative feminine singular)
zelenujemu (dative neuter singular)
zelenъjь (accusative masculine singular)
zelenǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
zelenoje (accusative neuter singular)
zelenyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
zelenǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
zelenyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
zelenějemь (locative masculine singular)
zeleněji (feminine locative singular)
zelenějemь (locative neuter singular)
zelenъjь (masculine singular vocative)
zelenaja (feminine singular vocative)
zelenoje (neuter singular vocative)
zelenaja (dual masculine nominative)
zeleněji (dual feminine nominative)
zeleněji (dual neuter nominative)
zelenuju (dual genitive masculine)
zelenuju (dual feminine genitive)
zelenuju (dual genitive neuter)
zelenyjima (dative dual masculine)
zelenyjima (dative dual feminine)
zelenyjima (dative dual neuter)
zelenaja (accusative dual masculine)
zeleněji (accusative dual feminine)
zeleněji (accusative dual neuter)
zelenyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
zelenyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
zelenyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
zelenuju (dual locative masculine)
zelenuju (dual feminine locative)
zelenuju (dual locative neuter)
zelenaja (dual masculine vocative)
zeleněji (dual feminine vocative)
zeleněji (dual neuter vocative)
zeleniji (masculine nominative plural)
zelenyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
zelenaja (neuter nominative plural)
zelenъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
zelenъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
zelenъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
zelenyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
zelenyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
zelenyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
zelenyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
zelenyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
zelenaja (accusative neuter plural)
zelenyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
zelenyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
zelenyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
zelenyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
zelenyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
zelenyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
zeleniji (masculine plural vocative)
zelenyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
zelenaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зеленꙑи (zelenyi)

Old Ruthenian: зеле́ный (zelényj)

Belarusian: зялёны (zjaljóny)

Carpathian Rusyn: зеле́ный (zelénŷj)

Ukrainian: зеле́ний (zelényj)

Russian: зелёный (zeljónyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: зеленъ (zelenŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰵⰾⰵⱀⱏ (zelenŭ)

Bulgarian: зеле́н (zelén)

Macedonian: зелен (zelen)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зѐлен

Latin script: zèlen

Slovene: zelȅn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: zelony

Old Czech: zelený

Czech: zelený

Polish: zielony

Silesian: zielōny

Old Slovak: zelený

Pannonian Rusyn: желєни (željeni)

Slovak: zelený

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zeleny

Lower Sorbian: zeleny

Apparently originally participle of verb **zelti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źelˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). Morphologically *zel- + *-enъ.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian žélti (“to sprout”), žãlias (“green”), žel̃vas (“greenish”),
Latvian zelt (“to become green”), zaļš (“green”), Old Prussian saligan (“green”).
Indo-European cognates include
Sanskrit हरि (hari, “fallow, yellowish, greenish”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬥𐬫𐬀 (zaranya),
Latin helvus (“honey-yellow”), Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green, greenish yellow”),
Proto-Germanic *gelwaz (“yellow”).


bělъ

bě̃lъ (canonical)
bělъ (masculine nominative singular)
běla (feminine nominative singular)
bělo (neuter nominative singular)
běla (genitive masculine singular)
běly (feminine genitive singular)
běla (genitive neuter singular)
bělu (dative masculine singular)
bělě (dative feminine singular)
bělu (dative neuter singular)
bělъ (accusative masculine singular)
bělǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bělo (accusative neuter singular)
bělomь (instrumental masculine singular)
bělojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bělomь (instrumental neuter singular)
bělě (locative masculine singular)
bělě (feminine locative singular)
bělě (locative neuter singular)
běle (masculine singular vocative)
bělo (feminine singular vocative)
bělo (neuter singular vocative)
běla (dual masculine nominative)
bělě (dual feminine nominative)
bělě (dual neuter nominative)
bělu (dual genitive masculine)
bělu (dual feminine genitive)
bělu (dual genitive neuter)
běloma (dative dual masculine)
bělama (dative dual feminine)
běloma (dative dual neuter)
běla (accusative dual masculine)
bělě (accusative dual feminine)
bělě (accusative dual neuter)
běloma (dual instrumental masculine)
bělama (dual feminine instrumental)
běloma (dual instrumental neuter)
bělu (dual locative masculine)
bělu (dual feminine locative)
bělu (dual locative neuter)
běla (dual masculine vocative)
bělě (dual feminine vocative)
bělě (dual neuter vocative)
běli (masculine nominative plural)
běly (feminine nominative plural)
běla (neuter nominative plural)
bělъ (genitive masculine plural)
bělъ (feminine genitive plural)
bělъ (genitive neuter plural)
bělomъ (dative masculine plural)
bělamъ (dative feminine plural)
bělomъ (dative neuter plural)
běly (accusative masculine plural)
běly (accusative feminine plural)
běla (accusative neuter plural)
běly (instrumental masculine plural)
bělami (feminine instrumental plural)
běly (instrumental neuter plural)
bělěxъ (locative masculine plural)
bělaxъ (feminine locative plural)
bělěxъ (locative neuter plural)
běli (masculine plural vocative)
běly (feminine plural vocative)
běla (neuter plural vocative)
bělъjь (masculine nominative singular)
bělaja (feminine nominative singular)
běloje (neuter nominative singular)
bělajego (genitive masculine singular)
bělyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
bělajego (genitive neuter singular)
bělujemu (dative masculine singular)
bělěji (dative feminine singular)
bělujemu (dative neuter singular)
bělъjь (accusative masculine singular)
bělǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
běloje (accusative neuter singular)
bělyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
bělǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bělyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
bělějemь (locative masculine singular)
bělěji (feminine locative singular)
bělějemь (locative neuter singular)
bělъjь (masculine singular vocative)
bělaja (feminine singular vocative)
běloje (neuter singular vocative)
bělaja (dual masculine nominative)
bělěji (dual feminine nominative)
bělěji (dual neuter nominative)
běluju (dual genitive masculine)
běluju (dual feminine genitive)
běluju (dual genitive neuter)
bělyjima (dative dual masculine)
bělyjima (dative dual feminine)
bělyjima (dative dual neuter)
bělaja (accusative dual masculine)
bělěji (accusative dual feminine)
bělěji (accusative dual neuter)
bělyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
bělyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
bělyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
běluju (dual locative masculine)
běluju (dual feminine locative)
běluju (dual locative neuter)
bělaja (dual masculine vocative)
bělěji (dual feminine vocative)
bělěji (dual neuter vocative)
běliji (masculine nominative plural)
bělyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
bělaja (neuter nominative plural)
bělъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
bělъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
bělъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
bělyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
bělyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
bělyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
bělyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
bělyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
bělaja (accusative neuter plural)
bělyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
bělyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
bělyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
bělyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
bělyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
bělyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
běliji (masculine plural vocative)
bělyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
bělaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: бѣлъ (bělŭ)
Old Ruthenian: бѣ́лый (bě́lyj)
Belarusian: бе́лы (bjély)
Carpathian Rusyn: білый (bilŷj)
Ukrainian: бі́лий (bílyj)
Russian: бе́лый (bélyj)

Old Novgorodian: бѣле (běle)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бѣлъ (bělŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱑⰾⱏ (bělŭ)

Bulgarian: бял (bjal)

Macedonian: бел (bel)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̏о

Latin script: bȅo

Slovene: bẹ́ł (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bielý, biełý (alternative writing)
Czech: bílý

Old Polish: biały
Polish: biały
Silesian: bioły

Old Slovak: biely

Pannonian Rusyn: били (bili)

Slovak: biely

Polabian: b́olĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: biôłi

Slovincian: bjoly

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: běły

Lower Sorbian: běły

→ Romanian: băl

From Proto-Indo-European root noun *bʰel- (“white surface or stain”). Cognate with Lithuanian bãlas (“white”), báltas (“white”) and Latvian bãls (“pale”), balts (“white”).

*bě̃lъ bȍgъ

clear, clean
(figuratively) → good, favorable, happy

*bě̃lъ dь̏nь


čьrnъ

čь̀rnъ (canonical)
čь̀rnъ (masculine nominative singular)
čь̀rna (feminine nominative singular)
čь̀rno (neuter nominative singular)
čь̀rna (genitive masculine singular)
čь̀rny (feminine genitive singular)
čь̀rna (genitive neuter singular)
čь̀rnu (dative masculine singular)
čь̀rně (dative feminine singular)
čь̀rnu (dative neuter singular)
čь̀rnъ (accusative masculine singular)
čь̀rnǫ (accusative feminine singular)
čь̀rno (accusative neuter singular)
čь̀rnomь (instrumental masculine singular)
čь̀rnojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
čь̀rnomь (instrumental neuter singular)
čь̀rně (locative masculine singular)
čь̀rně (feminine locative singular)
čь̀rně (locative neuter singular)
čь̀rne (masculine singular vocative)
čь̀rno (feminine singular vocative)
čь̀rno (neuter singular vocative)
čь̀rna (dual masculine nominative)
čь̀rně (dual feminine nominative)
čь̀rně (dual neuter nominative)
čь̀rnu (dual genitive masculine)
čь̀rnu (dual feminine genitive)
čь̀rnu (dual genitive neuter)
čь̀rnoma (dative dual masculine)
čь̀rnama (dative dual feminine)
čь̀rnoma (dative dual neuter)
čь̀rna (accusative dual masculine)
čь̀rně (accusative dual feminine)
čь̀rně (accusative dual neuter)
čь̀rnoma (dual instrumental masculine)
čь̀rnama (dual feminine instrumental)
čь̀rnoma (dual instrumental neuter)
čь̀rnu (dual locative masculine)
čь̀rnu (dual feminine locative)
čь̀rnu (dual locative neuter)
čь̀rna (dual masculine vocative)
čь̀rně (dual feminine vocative)
čь̀rně (dual neuter vocative)
čь̀rni (masculine nominative plural)
čь̀rny (feminine nominative plural)
čь̀rna (neuter nominative plural)
čь̀rnъ (genitive masculine plural)
čь̀rnъ (feminine genitive plural)
čь̀rnъ (genitive neuter plural)
čь̀rnomъ (dative masculine plural)
čь̀rnamъ (dative feminine plural)
čь̀rnomъ (dative neuter plural)
čь̀rny (accusative masculine plural)
čь̀rny (accusative feminine plural)
čь̀rna (accusative neuter plural)
čь̀rny (instrumental masculine plural)
čь̀rnami (feminine instrumental plural)
čь̀rny (instrumental neuter plural)
čь̀rněxъ (locative masculine plural)
čь̀rnaxъ (feminine locative plural)
čь̀rněxъ (locative neuter plural)
čь̀rni (masculine plural vocative)
čь̀rny (feminine plural vocative)
čь̀rna (neuter plural vocative)
čь̀rnъjь (masculine nominative singular)
čь̀rnaja (feminine nominative singular)
čь̀rnoje (neuter nominative singular)
čь̀rnajego (genitive masculine singular)
čь̀rnyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
čь̀rnajego (genitive neuter singular)
čь̀rnujemu (dative masculine singular)
čь̀rněji (dative feminine singular)
čь̀rnujemu (dative neuter singular)
čь̀rnъjь (accusative masculine singular)
čь̀rnǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
čь̀rnoje (accusative neuter singular)
čь̀rnyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
čь̀rnǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
čь̀rnyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
čь̀rnějemь (locative masculine singular)
čь̀rněji (feminine locative singular)
čь̀rnějemь (locative neuter singular)
čь̀rnъjь (masculine singular vocative)
čь̀rnaja (feminine singular vocative)
čь̀rnoje (neuter singular vocative)
čь̀rnaja (dual masculine nominative)
čь̀rněji (dual feminine nominative)
čь̀rněji (dual neuter nominative)
čь̀rnuju (dual genitive masculine)
čь̀rnuju (dual feminine genitive)
čь̀rnuju (dual genitive neuter)
čь̀rnyjima (dative dual masculine)
čь̀rnyjima (dative dual feminine)
čь̀rnyjima (dative dual neuter)
čь̀rnaja (accusative dual masculine)
čь̀rněji (accusative dual feminine)
čь̀rněji (accusative dual neuter)
čь̀rnyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
čь̀rnyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
čь̀rnyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
čь̀rnuju (dual locative masculine)
čь̀rnuju (dual feminine locative)
čь̀rnuju (dual locative neuter)
čь̀rnaja (dual masculine vocative)
čь̀rněji (dual feminine vocative)
čь̀rněji (dual neuter vocative)
čь̀rniji (masculine nominative plural)
čь̀rnyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
čь̀rnaja (neuter nominative plural)
čь̀rnъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
čь̀rnъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
čь̀rnъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
čь̀rnyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
čь̀rnyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
čь̀rnyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
čь̀rnyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
čь̀rnyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
čь̀rnaja (accusative neuter plural)
čь̀rnyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
čь̀rnyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
čь̀rnyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
čь̀rnyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
čь̀rnyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
čь̀rnyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
čь̀rniji (masculine plural vocative)
čь̀rnyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
čь̀rnaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чьрнъ (čĭrnŭ)
Old Ruthenian: чо́рный (čórnyj)
Belarusian: чо́рны (čórny)
Carpathian Rusyn: чо́рный (čórnŷj)
Ukrainian: чо́рний (čórnyj)
Russian: чёрный (čórnyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чрьнъ (črĭnŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⱃⱐⱀⱏ (črĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: черен (čeren)

Macedonian: црн (crn)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: цр̑н, чрн, чарн

Latin: cȓn, črn, čarn

Slovene: čŕn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: črný, černý, čirný
Czech: černý

Old Polish: czarny
Polish: czarny
Silesian: czŏrny

desc

Old Slovak: čarny, černý, čierny, čírny, črny

Pannonian Rusyn: чарни (čarni)

Slovak: čierny

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czôrny

Slovincian: czorny

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: carny

Upper Sorbian: čorny

From earlier *čirxna < *kiršna, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kiršnas, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥snós (“black”). Cognates include Lithuanian kir̃snas (“black (about a horse)”), Old Prussian kirsnan (“black”), Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black; dark”), Persian کرسنه (“dirty”).

cog

čь̀rnъ:

*čь̀rna àgoda

*čь̀rna vodà

*čь̀rnъ lě̑sъ

*čь̀rna gorà

*čь̀rna nòťь

*čь̀rnъ xlě̀bъ

*čь̀rna jьstъbà

*čь̀rnъ bȍgъ

*čь̀rnъ dь̏nь

*čь̀rna bolestь

*čь̀rna nemoťь

*čь̀rna sъmьrtь


modrъ

mòdrъ (canonical)
modrъ (masculine nominative singular)
modra (feminine nominative singular)
modro (neuter nominative singular)
modra (genitive masculine singular)
modry (feminine genitive singular)
modra (genitive neuter singular)
modru (dative masculine singular)
modrě (dative feminine singular)
modru (dative neuter singular)
modrъ (accusative masculine singular)
modrǫ (accusative feminine singular)
modro (accusative neuter singular)
modromь (instrumental masculine singular)
modrojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
modromь (instrumental neuter singular)
modrě (locative masculine singular)
modrě (feminine locative singular)
modrě (locative neuter singular)
modre (masculine singular vocative)
modro (feminine singular vocative)
modro (neuter singular vocative)
modra (dual masculine nominative)
modrě (dual feminine nominative)
modrě (dual neuter nominative)
modru (dual genitive masculine)
modru (dual feminine genitive)
modru (dual genitive neuter)
modroma (dative dual masculine)
modrama (dative dual feminine)
modroma (dative dual neuter)
modra (accusative dual masculine)
modrě (accusative dual feminine)
modrě (accusative dual neuter)
modroma (dual instrumental masculine)
modrama (dual feminine instrumental)
modroma (dual instrumental neuter)
modru (dual locative masculine)
modru (dual feminine locative)
modru (dual locative neuter)
modra (dual masculine vocative)
modrě (dual feminine vocative)
modrě (dual neuter vocative)
modri (masculine nominative plural)
modry (feminine nominative plural)
modra (neuter nominative plural)
modrъ (genitive masculine plural)
modrъ (feminine genitive plural)
modrъ (genitive neuter plural)
modromъ (dative masculine plural)
modramъ (dative feminine plural)
modromъ (dative neuter plural)
modry (accusative masculine plural)
modry (accusative feminine plural)
modra (accusative neuter plural)
modry (instrumental masculine plural)
modrami (feminine instrumental plural)
modry (instrumental neuter plural)
modrěxъ (locative masculine plural)
modraxъ (feminine locative plural)
modrěxъ (locative neuter plural)
modri (masculine plural vocative)
modry (feminine plural vocative)
modra (neuter plural vocative)
modrъjь (masculine nominative singular)
modraja (feminine nominative singular)
modroje (neuter nominative singular)
modrajego (genitive masculine singular)
modryję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
modrajego (genitive neuter singular)
modrujemu (dative masculine singular)
modrěji (dative feminine singular)
modrujemu (dative neuter singular)
modrъjь (accusative masculine singular)
modrǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
modroje (accusative neuter singular)
modryjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
modrǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
modryjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
modrějemь (locative masculine singular)
modrěji (feminine locative singular)
modrějemь (locative neuter singular)
modrъjь (masculine singular vocative)
modraja (feminine singular vocative)
modroje (neuter singular vocative)
modraja (dual masculine nominative)
modrěji (dual feminine nominative)
modrěji (dual neuter nominative)
modruju (dual genitive masculine)
modruju (dual feminine genitive)
modruju (dual genitive neuter)
modryjima (dative dual masculine)
modryjima (dative dual feminine)
modryjima (dative dual neuter)
modraja (accusative dual masculine)
modrěji (accusative dual feminine)
modrěji (accusative dual neuter)
modryjima (dual instrumental masculine)
modryjima (dual feminine instrumental)
modryjima (dual instrumental neuter)
modruju (dual locative masculine)
modruju (dual feminine locative)
modruju (dual locative neuter)
modraja (dual masculine vocative)
modrěji (dual feminine vocative)
modrěji (dual neuter vocative)
modriji (masculine nominative plural)
modryję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
modraja (neuter nominative plural)
modrъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
modrъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
modrъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
modryjimъ (dative masculine plural)
modryjimъ (dative feminine plural)
modryjimъ (dative neuter plural)
modryję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
modryję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
modraja (accusative neuter plural)
modryjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
modryjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
modryjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
modryjixъ (locative masculine plural)
modryjixъ (feminine locative plural)
modryjixъ (locative neuter plural)
modriji (masculine plural vocative)
modryję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
modraja (neuter plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: модър (modǎr) (dialectal)

Macedonian: модар (modar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̏дар

Latin script: mȍdar

Slovene: mọ́dər (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: modrý

Czech: modrý

Kashubian: mòdri

Polish: modry

Silesian: modry

Slovak: modrý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: módry

Upper Sorbian: módry

From Proto-Indo-European *modʰros (“blue”) (compare Hittite *𒀭𒋫𒊏𒀸 (antaraš, “blue”), accusative 𒀭𒋫𒊏𒀭 (antaran)).


žьltъ

žь̑ltъ (canonical)
žьltъ (masculine nominative singular)
žьlta (feminine nominative singular)
žьlto (neuter nominative singular)
žьlta (genitive masculine singular)
žьlty (feminine genitive singular)
žьlta (genitive neuter singular)
žьltu (dative masculine singular)
žьltě (dative feminine singular)
žьltu (dative neuter singular)
žьltъ (accusative masculine singular)
žьltǫ (accusative feminine singular)
žьlto (accusative neuter singular)
žьltomь (instrumental masculine singular)
žьltojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
žьltomь (instrumental neuter singular)
žьltě (locative masculine singular)
žьltě (feminine locative singular)
žьltě (locative neuter singular)
žьlte (masculine singular vocative)
žьlto (feminine singular vocative)
žьlto (neuter singular vocative)
žьlta (dual masculine nominative)
žьltě (dual feminine nominative)
žьltě (dual neuter nominative)
žьltu (dual genitive masculine)
žьltu (dual feminine genitive)
žьltu (dual genitive neuter)
žьltoma (dative dual masculine)
žьltama (dative dual feminine)
žьltoma (dative dual neuter)
žьlta (accusative dual masculine)
žьltě (accusative dual feminine)
žьltě (accusative dual neuter)
žьltoma (dual instrumental masculine)
žьltama (dual feminine instrumental)
žьltoma (dual instrumental neuter)
žьltu (dual locative masculine)
žьltu (dual feminine locative)
žьltu (dual locative neuter)
žьlta (dual masculine vocative)
žьltě (dual feminine vocative)
žьltě (dual neuter vocative)
žьlti (masculine nominative plural)
žьlty (feminine nominative plural)
žьlta (neuter nominative plural)
žьltъ (genitive masculine plural)
žьltъ (feminine genitive plural)
žьltъ (genitive neuter plural)
žьltomъ (dative masculine plural)
žьltamъ (dative feminine plural)
žьltomъ (dative neuter plural)
žьlty (accusative masculine plural)
žьlty (accusative feminine plural)
žьlta (accusative neuter plural)
žьlty (instrumental masculine plural)
žьltami (feminine instrumental plural)
žьlty (instrumental neuter plural)
žьltěxъ (locative masculine plural)
žьltaxъ (feminine locative plural)
žьltěxъ (locative neuter plural)
žьlti (masculine plural vocative)
žьlty (feminine plural vocative)
žьlta (neuter plural vocative)
žьltъjь (masculine nominative singular)
žьltaja (feminine nominative singular)
žьltoje (neuter nominative singular)
žьltajego (genitive masculine singular)
žьltyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
žьltajego (genitive neuter singular)
žьltujemu (dative masculine singular)
žьltěji (dative feminine singular)
žьltujemu (dative neuter singular)
žьltъjь (accusative masculine singular)
žьltǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
žьltoje (accusative neuter singular)
žьltyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
žьltǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
žьltyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
žьltějemь (locative masculine singular)
žьltěji (feminine locative singular)
žьltějemь (locative neuter singular)
žьltъjь (masculine singular vocative)
žьltaja (feminine singular vocative)
žьltoje (neuter singular vocative)
žьltaja (dual masculine nominative)
žьltěji (dual feminine nominative)
žьltěji (dual neuter nominative)
žьltuju (dual genitive masculine)
žьltuju (dual feminine genitive)
žьltuju (dual genitive neuter)
žьltyjima (dative dual masculine)
žьltyjima (dative dual feminine)
žьltyjima (dative dual neuter)
žьltaja (accusative dual masculine)
žьltěji (accusative dual feminine)
žьltěji (accusative dual neuter)
žьltyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
žьltyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
žьltyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
žьltuju (dual locative masculine)
žьltuju (dual feminine locative)
žьltuju (dual locative neuter)
žьltaja (dual masculine vocative)
žьltěji (dual feminine vocative)
žьltěji (dual neuter vocative)
žьltiji (masculine nominative plural)
žьltyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
žьltaja (neuter nominative plural)
žьltъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
žьltъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
žьltъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
žьltyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
žьltyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
žьltyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
žьltyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
žьltyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
žьltaja (accusative neuter plural)
žьltyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
žьltyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
žьltyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
žьltyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
žьltyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
žьltyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
žьltiji (masculine plural vocative)
žьltyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
žьltaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: жьлтъ (žĭltŭ), желтъ (želtŭ), жолтъ (žoltŭ)

Old Ruthenian: жо́лтый (žóltyj), жо́втый (žóvtyj)

Belarusian: жо́ўты (žóŭty)

Carpathian Rusyn: жо́втый (žóvtŷj)

Ukrainian: жо́втий (žóvtyj)

→ Pannonian Rusyn: жовти (žovti)

Russian: жёлтый (žóltyj)

Old Novgorodian: жьлъте (žĭlŭte)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: жлътъ (žlŭtŭ)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: жълт (žǎlt)

Macedonian: жолт (žolt)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жу̑т

Latin script: žȗt

Slovene: žȏłt (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: žlutý

Czech: žlutý

→ Old Polish: żluty

Kashubian: żôłti

Old Polish: żółty

Polish: żółty

Silesian: żōłty

Old Slovak: žltý, žlutý, žoltý

Pannonian Rusyn: (dialectal, Kucura) жолти (žolti)

Slovak: žltý

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: žołty

Lower Sorbian: žołty

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gilˀtas, akin to Lithuanian gel̃tas (stress pattern 4), Latvian dzȩlts (dialectal, standard dzeltens). Classically derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃tós from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”), similar to Proto-Slavic *zelenъ (“green”), *zoltъ (“golden”).


kurьcь

kurьcь (nominative singular)
kurьca (dual nominative)
kurьci (nominative plural)
kurьca (genitive singular)
kurьcu (dual genitive)
kurьcь (genitive plural)
kurьcu (dative singular)
kurьcema (dative dual)
kurьcemъ (dative plural)
kurьcь (accusative singular)
kurьca (accusative dual)
kurьcę̇ (accusative plural)
kurьcьmь (instrumental singular)
kurьcemь (instrumental singular)
kurьcema (dual instrumental)
kurьci (instrumental plural)
kurьci (locative singular)
kurьcu (dual locative)
kurьcixъ (locative plural)
kurьče (singular vocative)
kurьca (dual vocative)
kurьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: курецъ (kurecŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Bulgarian: ку́рец (kúrec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̏рац

Latin script: kȕrac

Slovene: kȗrəc (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kurec

Kashubian: kùrc

Polish: kurzec, kurzak


kurьcь

East Slavic:

Belarusian: курэц (kurec)

Russian: куре́ц (kuréc)

Ukrainian: курець (kurecʹ)

South Slavic: —

West Slavic:

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kurc


obrazъ

obra̋zъ (canonical masculine)
obrazъ (nominative singular)
obraza (dual nominative)
obrazi (nominative plural)
obraza (genitive singular)
obrazu (dual genitive)
obrazъ (genitive plural)
obrazu (dative singular)
obrazoma (dative dual)
obrazomъ (dative plural)
obrazъ (accusative singular)
obraza (accusative dual)
obrazy (accusative plural)
obrazъmь (instrumental singular)
obrazomь (instrumental singular)
obrazoma (dual instrumental)
obrazy (instrumental plural)
obrazě (locative singular)
obrazu (dual locative)
obrazěxъ (locative plural)
obraze (singular vocative)
obraza (dual vocative)
obrazi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: образъ (obrazŭ)

Belarusian: во́браз (vóbraz), Belarusian: абра́з (abráz)

Russian: о́браз (óbraz)

Ukrainian: о́браз (óbraz)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: образъ (obrazŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱁⰱⱃⰰⰸⱏ (obrazŭ)

Bulgarian: о́браз (óbraz)

Macedonian: о́браз (óbraz)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̀браз

Latin script: òbraz

Slovene: obrȁz (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: obraz
Czech: obraz

desctree

Old Polish: obraz
Polish: obraz
Silesian: ôbrŏz

Old Slovak: obraz
Slovak: obraz

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: òbrôz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wobraz

Lower Sorbian: wobraz, hobraz

Other:

Old Hungarian: abráz

Hungarian: ábráz

Romanian: obraz / образ (obraz)

Vilamovian: obros

Deverbal from *obraziti, from *ob- + *raziti (ESSJa), or directly from *ob- + *razъ (Vasmer), both derivations from the same ultimate root.


obrusъ

obrusъ (nominative singular)
obrusa (dual nominative)
obrusi (nominative plural)
obrusa (genitive singular)
obrusu (dual genitive)
obrusъ (genitive plural)
obrusu (dative singular)
obrusoma (dative dual)
obrusomъ (dative plural)
obrusъ (accusative singular)
obrusa (accusative dual)
obrusy (accusative plural)
obrusъmь (instrumental singular)
obrusomь (instrumental singular)
obrusoma (dual instrumental)
obrusy (instrumental plural)
obrusě (locative singular)
obrusu (dual locative)
obrusěxъ (locative plural)
obruse (singular vocative)
obrusa (dual vocative)
obrusi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: обрусъ (obrusŭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: обрусъ (obrus), обрюсъ (obrjus)

Belarusian: абру́с (abrús)

Ukrainian: обру́с (obrús), о́брус (óbrus)

Russian: обру́с (obrús) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: обрус (obrus)

Serbo-Croatian: обру̀с

Slovene: obrús

West Slavic:

Czech: ubrus

Polish: obrus

Slovak: obrus

Non-Slavic:

Hungarian: abrosz


ogarь

ogarь (nominative singular)
ogari (dual nominative)
ogarьje (nominative plural)
ogari (genitive singular)
ogarьju (dual genitive)
ogarьjь (genitive plural)
ogari (dative singular)
ogarьma (dative dual)
ogarьmъ (dative plural)
ogarь (accusative singular)
ogari (accusative dual)
ogari (accusative plural)
ogarьmь (instrumental singular)
ogarьma (dual instrumental)
ogarьmi (instrumental plural)
ogari (locative singular)
ogarьju (dual locative)
ogarьxъ (locative plural)
ogari (singular vocative)
ogari (dual vocative)
ogarьje (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: огаръ (ogarŭ) (Serbian/Croatian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: огаръ (ogarŭ, “kind of a ship”) (possibly)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: огарь (ogarĭ)

Glagolitic: ⱁⰳⰰⱃⱐ (ogarĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏гар

Latin script: ȍgar

Slovene: ogar

West Slavic:

Czech: ohař

Kashubian: ògarz

Polish: ogar

Slovak: ohar

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: hogoŕ

→ Old Hungarian: agar

Hungarian: agár

Possibly from a Turkic language, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *eker (“hunting dog”). Compare Southern Altai (Teleut dialect) [script needed] (eŋer, “hunting dog”), Chuvash акар (ak̬ar, “greyhound”) and Ossetian егар (egar, “greyhound”), also from Turkic.


okъno

okъnò (canonical neuter)
okъnò (nominative singular)
okъ̀ně (dual nominative)
okъnà (nominative plural)
okъnà (genitive singular)
okъnù (dual genitive)
okъ̀nъ (genitive plural)
okъnù (dative singular)
okъnòma (dative dual)
okъnòmъ (dative plural)
okъnò (accusative singular)
okъ̀ně (accusative dual)
okъnà (accusative plural)
okъnъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
okъnòmь (instrumental singular)
okъnòma (dual instrumental)
okъ̀ny (instrumental plural)
okъně̀ (locative singular)
okъnù (dual locative)
okъ̀něxъ (locative plural)
okъnò (singular vocative)
okъ̀ně (dual vocative)
okъnà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: окъно (okŭno), окно (okno)
Old Ruthenian: окно́ (oknó), вокно́ (voknó)
Belarusian: акно́ (aknó), вакно́ (vaknó)
Carpathian Rusyn: окно́ (oknó)
Ukrainian: вікно́ (viknó)
Russian: окно́ (oknó)
→ Udmurt: укно (ukno)
→ Proto-Finnic: *akkuna (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: окно (okno) (Russian)

Bulgarian: окно́ (oknó) (dated), о́кно (ókno) (dated)

Macedonian: окно (okno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̀кно

Latin script: òkno

Slovene: ókno (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: okno
Czech: okno

Old Polish: okno
Polish: okno, ôkno (Przemyśl)
Silesian: ôkno

Old Slovak: okno
Slovak: okno

Polabian: våknü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: òkno

Slovincian: wôknô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: hokno, wokno

Upper Sorbian: wokno

Other:

→ Hungarian: akna

→ Romanian: ocnă

*oko (“eye”) + *-ъno. Early Proto-Slavic form *akuna has been clearly preserved in Finnish and Votic akkuna.
For semantic parallels, compare Old English ēagþȳrel (“window”, literally “eye-hole”) and Old Norse vindauga (“window”, literally “wind-eye”) (whence also modern English window).


babonъ

babonъ (nominative singular)
babona (dual nominative)
baboni (nominative plural)
babona (genitive singular)
babonu (dual genitive)
babonъ (genitive plural)
babonu (dative singular)
babonoma (dative dual)
babonomъ (dative plural)
babonъ (accusative singular)
babona (accusative dual)
babony (accusative plural)
babonъmь (instrumental singular)
babonomь (instrumental singular)
babonoma (dual instrumental)
babony (instrumental plural)
baboně (locative singular)
babonu (dual locative)
baboněxъ (locative plural)
babone (singular vocative)
babona (dual vocative)
baboni (plural vocative)
*babunъ (alternative)
*babona (alternative)

Church Slavonic: бабуны (babuny) (Russian), бабуни (babuni) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бабу́ни pl (babúni), бабу́ны pl (babúny)

Ukrainian: бабо́ни (babóny) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: бабун (babun)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̀буна

Latin script: bàbuna

West Slavic:

Czech: baboněk

Kashubian: zababón, babóna

Polish: zabobon

Slovak: babona, bobona

Other:

Hungarian: babona


krajь

kràjь (canonical masculine)
kràjь (nominative singular)
kràja (dual nominative)
kràji (nominative plural)
kràja (genitive singular)
kràju (dual genitive)
kràjь (genitive plural)
kràju (dative singular)
kràjema (dative dual)
kràjēmъ (dative plural)
kràjь (accusative singular)
kràja (accusative dual)
kràję̇ (accusative plural)
kràjьmь (instrumental singular)
kràjemь (instrumental singular)
kràjema (dual instrumental)
kràjī (instrumental plural)
kràji (locative singular)
kràju (dual locative)
kràjīxъ (locative plural)
kràju (singular vocative)
kràja (dual vocative)
kràji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: краи (krai)

Belarusian: край (kraj)

Russian: край (kraj)

Carpathian Rusyn: край (kraj)

Ukrainian: край (kraj)

→ Finnic:

Estonian: raja

Finnish: raja

Ingrian: raja

Karelian: raja

Ludian: raja

Votic: raja

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: краи (krai)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: край (kraj)

Macedonian: крај (kraj)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кра̑ј

Latin script: krȃj

Slovene: krȁj (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kraj
Czech: kraj

desctree

Old Polish: kraj
Polish: kraj
Silesian: kraj

Old Slovak: kraj

Pannonian Rusyn: край (kraj)

Slovak: kraj

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: krôj

Slovincian: krôj

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kraj
→ Lower Sorbian: kraj

Lower Sorbian: kšaj

→ Albanian: krah (possibly)

* ESSJa: from *krojiti (“to cut”), with lengthening of the root vowel (Proto-Balto-Slavic *krāˀjаs and *krajīˀtei, respectively). Compare *tvarь f : *tvoriti, *gajь m : *gojiti.
* Derksen: from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-, full-grade of the root *kreh₁(y)- (“to sieve, separate”), *krey- (“sieve”).


božurъ

božurъ (nominative singular)
božura (dual nominative)
božuri (nominative plural)
božura (genitive singular)
božuru (dual genitive)
božurъ (genitive plural)
božuru (dative singular)
božuroma (dative dual)
božuromъ (dative plural)
božurъ (accusative singular)
božura (accusative dual)
božury (accusative plural)
božurъmь (instrumental singular)
božuromь (instrumental singular)
božuroma (dual instrumental)
božury (instrumental plural)
božurě (locative singular)
božuru (dual locative)
božurěxъ (locative plural)
božure (singular vocative)
božura (dual vocative)
božuri (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: божур (božur)

Macedonian: бо́жур (bóžur)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̀жӯр

Latin script: bòžūr

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: božúr, božȗr (tonal orthography)

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: bozhure

→ Old Hungarian: bazsár

Hungarian: bazsarózsa

→ Romanian: bujor

From *bogъ (“god”) + *urъ. Interestingly, the word peony also includes a divine notion. Compare Ancient Greek Παιών (Paiṓn, “Paean, the physician of the gods”), related to παιών (paiṓn, “a physician”), from which the word peony is derived.

m+

(South Slavic) peony, Paeonia officinalis


bьrdo

bьrdo (nominative singular)
bьrdě (dual nominative)
bьrda (nominative plural)
bьrda (genitive singular)
bьrdu (dual genitive)
bьrdъ (genitive plural)
bьrdu (dative singular)
bьrdoma (dative dual)
bьrdomъ (dative plural)
bьrdo (accusative singular)
bьrdě (accusative dual)
bьrda (accusative plural)
bьrdъmь (instrumental singular)
bьrdomь (instrumental singular)
bьrdoma (dual instrumental)
bьrdy (instrumental plural)
bьrdě (locative singular)
bьrdu (dual locative)
bьrděxъ (locative plural)
bьrdo (singular vocative)
bьrdě (dual vocative)
bьrda (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бердо (berdo)

Belarusian: бёрда (bjórda)

Russian: бёрдо (bjórdo)

Ukrainian: бе́рдо (bérdo)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бъ́рдо (bǎ́rdo)

Macedonian: брдо (brdo), бердо (berdo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бр̏до

Latin script: bȑdo

Slovene: bŕdo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brdo

Czech: brdo

Polabian: b́ordü

Old Polish: bardo
Polish: bardo, Bardo

Old Slovak: brdo

Slovak: brdo

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: bjardô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bardo

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: borda

from earlier *birda:

→ Estonian: piird

→ Finnish: pirta

→ Ingrian: pirta

→ Karelian: pirta

→ Livvi: pirdu

→ Ludian: bird

→ Veps: bird

→ Votic: pirtõ

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerh₃- (“to hit with a sharp instrument”) + *-do, whence also *boriti sę (“to fight”), and probably *borzda (“furrow”).
Cognate with Latvian birds (“loom”).
Usually compared with Germanic *burdą (“board, plank; table”), as if both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥h₃dʰo-.

der

(by extension, South Slavic) hill, mountain


cěsařь

cěsãřь (canonical masculine)
cěsãřь (nominative singular)
cěsāřà (dual nominative)
cěsāřì (nominative plural)
cěsāřà (genitive singular)
cěsāřù (dual genitive)
cěsãřь (genitive plural)
cěsāřù (dative singular)
cěsāřèma (dative dual)
cěsãřemъ (dative plural)
cěsãřь (accusative singular)
cěsāřà (accusative dual)
cěsāřę̇̀ (accusative plural)
cěsāřь̀mь (instrumental singular)
cěsāřèmь (instrumental singular)
cěsāřèma (dual instrumental)
cěsãři (instrumental plural)
cěsāřì (locative singular)
cěsāřù (dual locative)
cěsãřixъ (locative plural)
cěsařu (singular vocative)
cěsāřà (dual vocative)
cěsāřì (plural vocative)
*cesařь (alternative)
*cьsařь (alternative)
*cařь (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: цѣсарь (cěsarĭ), цесарь (cesarĭ)

Belarusian: цэ́сар (césar)

Russian: це́сарь (césarʹ), царь (carʹ) (see there for further descendants)

Ukrainian: цісар (cisar), цесар (cesar)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: цѣсар҄ь (cěsarʹĭ), цар҄ь (carʹĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱌⱑⱄⰰⱃ҄ⱐ (cěsarʹĭ), ⱌⰰⱃ҄ⱐ (carʹĭ)

Bulgarian: цар (car)

Macedonian: цар (car), цесар (cesar) (literary)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: це̏сар, ца̏р

Latin script: cȅsar, cȁr

Slovene: césar (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: césôrz, cysôrz, cesôrz

Old Czech: ciesař

Czech: císař

→ Slovak: cisár

Old Polish: cesarz

Polish: cesarz

Silesian: cysŏrz

→ Hungarian: császár

Ultimately from Latin Caesar, the name of Julius Caesar, whose name became part of the Roman emperor's title. The name was borrowed into Germanic separately as Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) and as Northwest Germanic *kaisaraz. Slavic in turn borrowed the word from Germanic, although the precise donor language is difficult to ascertain.
The most commonly regarded etymon cited in the literature is Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar). Old High German and Old Saxon forms with the suffix -ur are less plausible etymons.


zvękъ

zvękъ (nominative singular)
zvęka (dual nominative)
zvęci (nominative plural)
zvęka (genitive singular)
zvęku (dual genitive)
zvękъ (genitive plural)
zvęku (dative singular)
zvękoma (dative dual)
zvękomъ (dative plural)
zvękъ (accusative singular)
zvęka (accusative dual)
zvęky (accusative plural)
zvękъmь (instrumental singular)
zvękomь (instrumental singular)
zvękoma (dual instrumental)
zvęky (instrumental plural)
zvęcě (locative singular)
zvęku (dual locative)
zvęcěxъ (locative plural)
zvęče (singular vocative)
zvęka (dual vocative)
zvęci (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: звѧкъ (zvękŭ) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

Russian: звяк (zvjak)

Ukrainian: жвяк (žvjak)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: ѕвек (dzvek), ѕвекот (dzvekot)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зве̑к

Latin script: zvȇk

West Slavic:

Kashubian: zwãk

Old Czech: zvek

desctree

Old Polish: dźwięk, źwięk
Polish: dźwięk
Silesian: źwiynk

Related to *zvǫkъ (“sound”), see there for more.


ablъko

àblъko (canonical neuter)
àblъko (nominative singular)
àblъcě (dual nominative)
àblъka (nominative plural)
àblъka (genitive singular)
àblъku (dual genitive)
àblъkъ (genitive plural)
àblъku (dative singular)
àblъkoma (dative dual)
àblъkomъ (dative plural)
àblъko (accusative singular)
àblъcě (accusative dual)
àblъka (accusative plural)
àblъkъmь (instrumental singular)
àblъkomь (instrumental singular)
àblъkoma (dual instrumental)
àblъkȳ (instrumental plural)
àblъcě (locative singular)
àblъku (dual locative)
àblъcě̄xъ (locative plural)
àblъko (singular vocative)
àblъcě (dual vocative)
àblъka (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗблъко (jablŭko)

desc

Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́блоко (jábloko), ꙗ́блуко (jábluko), ꙗ́блыко (jáblyko), ꙗ́блеко (jábleko)

Carpathian Rusyn: я́блоко (jábloko), я́бко (jábko)

Ukrainian: я́блуко (jábluko); я́блоко (jábloko), а́бко (ábko), я́блеко (jábleko) (dialectal)

Russian: я́блоко (jábloko) (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: аблъко (ablŭko)

Glagolitic script: ⰰⰱⰾⱏⰽⱁ (ablŭko)

Bulgarian: а́блъко (áblǎko), я́блъко (jáblǎko) (dialectal)

Macedonian: ја́болко (jábolko)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: јабуко

Latin script: jabuko

Slovene: jábołko (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jablko

Czech: jablko

Old Polish: jabłko, jebłko

Polish: jabłko

→ Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́блко (jáblko)

Old Slovak: jablko

Pannonian Rusyn: яблуко (jabluko)

Slovak: jablko, (dialectal) jabluko

Polabian: jobťü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jabkò, jabłkò

Slovincian: jabkô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jabłuko

Upper Sorbian: jabłuko

From Early Proto-Slavic *ā́˙bluka. From *ablo (“apple”) + *-ъko.

(originally) diminutive of *ablo (“apple”)


agoda

àgoda (canonical feminine)
àgoda (nominative singular)
àgodě (dual nominative)
àgody (nominative plural)
àgody (genitive singular)
àgodu (dual genitive)
àgodъ (genitive plural)
àgodě (dative singular)
àgodama (dative dual)
àgodamъ (dative plural)
àgodǫ (accusative singular)
àgodě (accusative dual)
àgody (accusative plural)
àgodojǫ (instrumental singular)
àgodǭ (instrumental singular)
àgodama (dual instrumental)
àgodamī (instrumental plural)
àgodě (locative singular)
àgodu (dual locative)
àgodasъ (locative plural)
àgodaxъ (locative plural)
àgodo (singular vocative)
àgodě (dual vocative)
àgody (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ꙗгода (jagoda), агода (agoda)
Old Ruthenian: ꙗ҆́года (ja҆́hoda)
Belarusian: я́гада (jáhada)
Carpathian Rusyn: я́года (jáhoda)
Ukrainian: я́года (jáhoda)
Russian: я́года (jágoda)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: агода (agoda) (Sava's Book)

desc

Bulgarian: я́года (jágoda, “strawberry”)

Macedonian: ја́года (jágoda, “strawberry”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏года (“strawberry”)

Latin script: jȁgoda (“strawberry”)

Slovene: jágoda (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jahoda (“strawberry”)

Czech: jahoda (“strawberry”)

Polabian: *joďödă

Old Polish: jagoda

Polish: jagoda

Old Slovak: jahoda

Pannonian Rusyn: ягода (jahoda, “mulberry”)

Slovak: jahoda (“strawberry”)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jagòda

Slovincian: jagôda

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jahoda

Lower Sorbian: jagoda

From *àga (from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀgāˀ) + *-oda.

*čь̀rna àgoda

berry, small fruit
→ (figuratively) cheek


strěla

strěla (nominative singular)
strělě (dual nominative)
strěly (nominative plural)
strěly (genitive singular)
strělu (dual genitive)
strělъ (genitive plural)
strělě (dative singular)
strělama (dative dual)
strělamъ (dative plural)
strělǫ (accusative singular)
strělě (accusative dual)
strěly (accusative plural)
strělojǫ (instrumental singular)
strělǫ (instrumental singular)
strělama (dual instrumental)
strělami (instrumental plural)
strělě (locative singular)
strělu (dual locative)
strělasъ (locative plural)
strělaxъ (locative plural)
strělo (singular vocative)
strělě (dual vocative)
strěly (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стрѣла (strěla)

Belarusian: страла́ (stralá)

Russian: стрела́ (strelá)

Ukrainian: стріла́ (strilá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: стрѣла (strěla)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱅⱃⱑⰾⰰ (strěla)

Bulgarian: стрела́ (strelá)

Macedonian: стрела (strela)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стре́ла, стрије́ла

Latin: stréla, strijéla, strila

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: strẹ́la (“lightning bolt”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: střěla

Czech: střela

Old Polish: strzała

Polish: strzała

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: strzola

Slovak: strela

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: třěła

Lower Sorbian: stśěła

From Proto-Indo-European *strel-, *strēl-, *strēlā, from *ster- (“line, streak, stripe; jet, spurt; beam”).
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian strėlė̃, strėlà (“arrow; shoot, branch; rafter”), Latvian strēle (“arrow, dart”).
Indo-European cognates include Proto-West Germanic *strālu (“arrow”).


sokъ

sȍkъ (canonical masculine)
sȍkъ (nominative singular)
sȍka (dual nominative)
sȍci (nominative plural)
sȍka (genitive singular)
sokù (dual genitive)
sòkъ (genitive plural)
sȍku (dative singular)
sokomà (dative dual)
sokòmъ (dative plural)
sȍkъ (accusative singular)
sȍka (accusative dual)
sȍky (accusative plural)
sȍkъmь (instrumental singular)
sȍkomь (instrumental singular)
sokomà (dual instrumental)
soký (instrumental plural)
sȍcě (locative singular)
sokù (dual locative)
socě̃xъ (locative plural)
soče (singular vocative)
sȍka (dual vocative)
sȍci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: сокъ (sokŭ)
Old Ruthenian: сокъ (sok)
Belarusian: сок (sok)
Carpathian Rusyn: сок (sok)
Ukrainian: сік (sik); сок (sok), соч (soč) (dialectal)
Russian: сок (sok), сокъ (sok) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: սոկ (sok)
→ Komi-Zyrian: сок (sok)
→ Yakut: сок (sok)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сокъ (sokŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱁⰽⱏ (sokŭ)

Bulgarian: сок (sok)

Macedonian: сок (sok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̑к

Latin script: sȏk

Slovene: sọ̑k (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: sok (dialectal)

Old Polish: sok (“juice”)
Polish: sok

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sok

Upper Sorbian: sok

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sakás, from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷós.


sokъ

sokъ (nominative singular)
soka (dual nominative)
soci (nominative plural)
soka (genitive singular)
soku (dual genitive)
sokъ (genitive plural)
soku (dative singular)
sokoma (dative dual)
sokomъ (dative plural)
sokъ (accusative singular)
soka (accusative dual)
soky (accusative plural)
sokъmь (instrumental singular)
sokomь (instrumental singular)
sokoma (dual instrumental)
soky (instrumental plural)
socě (locative singular)
soku (dual locative)
socěxъ (locative plural)
soče (singular vocative)
soka (dual vocative)
soci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сокъ (sokŭ, “accuser”)

Russian: сок (sok, “plaintiff”)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: сокъ (sokŭ) (Russian recension)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̏к

Latin script: sȍk

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sok (“plaintiff”)

Czech: sok (“rival”)

Old Polish: sok (“slanderer”)

Slovak: sok (“rival”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-ó-s, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”).


olъ

ȍlъ (canonical masculine)
ȍlъ (nominative singular)
ȍlu (genitive singular)
ȍlovi (dative singular)
ȍlъ (accusative singular)
ȍlъmь (instrumental singular)
olú (locative singular)
olu (singular vocative)

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: олъ (olŭ)

Russian: ол (ol) (archaic, dialectal)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic олъ (olŭ)

Slovene: ọ̑l, ọ̑ł (tonal orthography)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *álu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-. Displaced by Proto-Slavic *pȋvo.

Sławski, Franciszek
w:pl:Franciszek Sławski

originally; probably; originally; probably

(possibly; Slavic mythology) drink of immortality


xala

xàla (canonical feminine)
*xalь (alternative)
*xaľa (alternative)
xala (nominative singular)
xàlě (dual nominative)
xàly (nominative plural)
xàly (genitive singular)
xàlu (dual genitive)
xàlъ (genitive plural)
xàlě (dative singular)
xàlama (dative dual)
xàlamъ (dative plural)
xàlǫ (accusative singular)
xàlě (accusative dual)
xàly (accusative plural)
xàlojǫ (instrumental singular)
xàlǭ (instrumental singular)
xàlama (dual instrumental)
xàlamī (instrumental plural)
xàlě (locative singular)
xàlu (dual locative)
xàlasъ (locative plural)
xàlaxъ (locative plural)
xàlo (singular vocative)
xàlě (dual vocative)
xàly (plural vocative)

East Slavic

Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)

desc

Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)

South Slavic:

>? Bulgarian: ха́лище (hálište, “rough fabric, mat”)

>? Macedonian: алишта pl (ališta, “clothing”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ха̏ља, ха̀љина

Latin script: hȁlja, hàljina

Slovene: hálja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polish: chała (dialectal)

⇒ Polish: chalka, halka (“overgarment”)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: chałë pl (“rags”)

Per Snoj and Trubačev, from Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂, *ksōlyeh₂, perhaps an action/resultant noun of *xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a or substantivized from the l-participle of Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”). Trubačev further identifies this term with Etymology 2.

cog

naxalъ

*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)


xala

xala (nominative singular)
xalě (dual nominative)
xaly (nominative plural)
xaly (genitive singular)
xalu (dual genitive)
xalъ (genitive plural)
xalě (dative singular)
xalama (dative dual)
xalamъ (dative plural)
xalǫ (accusative singular)
xalě (accusative dual)
xaly (accusative plural)
xalojǫ (instrumental singular)
xalǫ (instrumental singular)
xalama (dual instrumental)
xalami (instrumental plural)
xalě (locative singular)
xalu (dual locative)
xalasъ (locative plural)
xalaxъ (locative plural)
xalo (singular vocative)
xalě (dual vocative)
xaly (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal) (< *xala + *vějь)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ха́ла (hála)

>? Macedonian: ала (ala)

>? Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: а́ла, ха́ла

Latin script: ála, hála

West Slavic:

>? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”) (dialectal)

>? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”) (regional)

Unclear. Several proposed etymologies exist:
* Based on sense “hail, blizzard, tempest”:
** Borrowed origin: According to Iv. Georgieva, from some dialectal form of Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”), likely cognate with Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”).
** Native grammatical origin: Per Brückner, related to *xalěpa (“bad weather”) (of disputed origin), *xoľavъ (“murky, muddy”). Possibly akin to Etymology 1 + Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”) and further to Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”).
* Based on sense “typhon, calamity”:
** Native or borrowed expressive origin: Per M. Bjeletić, from *xaliti, *xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a or from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”) (whence Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)).
** Onomatopoeic origin: Per Iljinsky, possibly akin to semi-onomatopoeic *šalъ (“intemperate, naughty”), *šaliti (“to play pranks, to infuriate”). Favoured by Trubačev and Meljničuk (ESSJa).
** Substantivized origin: Perhaps from a substantivization of *xalavъ (“insatiable, gluttonous”), *xalъkъ (“insolent”), related to the above hypothesis.
* Based on sense “dragon” in Serbian and Macedonian:
** Recent borrowing from Ottoman Turkish: According to early Serbo-Croatian philologists, South Slavic term has developed from Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”), euphemistic for ییلان (yılan, “snake”). Correspondances in other branches are presumably coincidental. Disputed on phonetical basis by Trubačev, Brückner, and some Serbo-Croatian linguists.
Skok does not exclude contamination of various sources.

cog

(Slavic mythology) tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine or ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch


ǫžь

ǫ̃žь (canonical masculine)
ǫ̃žь (nominative singular)
ǭžà (dual nominative)
ǭžì (nominative plural)
ǭžà (genitive singular)
ǭžù (dual genitive)
ǫ̃žь (genitive plural)
ǭžù (dative singular)
ǭžèma (dative dual)
ǫ̃žemъ (dative plural)
ǫ̃žь (accusative singular)
ǭžà (accusative dual)
ǭžę̇̀ (accusative plural)
ǭžь̀mь (instrumental singular)
ǭžèmь (instrumental singular)
ǭžèma (dual instrumental)
ǫ̃ži (instrumental plural)
ǭžì (locative singular)
ǭžù (dual locative)
ǫ̃žixъ (locative plural)
ǫžu (singular vocative)
ǭžà (dual vocative)
ǭžì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ѫжь (ǫžĭ), ужь (užĭ)
Old Ruthenian: ужъ (už), вужъ (vuž)
Belarusian: вуж (vuž)
Carpathian Rusyn: уж (už)
Ukrainian: вуж (vuž), уж (už)
Russian: уж (už)
→? Estonian: uss

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: въжек (vǎžek, “a kind of a grey non-venomous snake”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ужак (“a legless, snake-like lizard”), гуж (Shtokavian)

Latin script: u̯õš (“a kind of a black snake”) (Chakavian)

l/sl-tonal

Slovene: ọ́ž (“a grass snake”) (tonal orthography), vọ̑ž, gọ́ž (“snake”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

⇒ Czech: užovka

Kashubian: wąż

Old Polish: wąż

Polish: wąż

Silesian: wōnż

⇒ Slovak: užovka

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wuž, huž

Upper Sorbian: wuž

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ángis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éngʷʰis (“snake”). Baltic cognates include Old Prussian angis, Lithuanian angi̇̀s, Latvian odze. Indo-European cognates include Latin anguis, Old High German unc and Old Armenian աւձ (awj).


smaga

smàga (canonical feminine)
smàga (nominative singular)
smàdzě (dual nominative)
smàgy (nominative plural)
smàgy (genitive singular)
smàgu (dual genitive)
smàgъ (genitive plural)
smàdzě (dative singular)
smàgama (dative dual)
smàgamъ (dative plural)
smàgǫ (accusative singular)
smàdzě (accusative dual)
smàgy (accusative plural)
smàgojǫ (instrumental singular)
smàgǭ (instrumental singular)
smàgama (dual instrumental)
smàgamī (instrumental plural)
smàdzě (locative singular)
smàgu (dual locative)
smàgasъ (locative plural)
smàgaxъ (locative plural)
smàgo (singular vocative)
smàdzě (dual vocative)
smàgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сма́га (smága)

Belarusian: сма́га (smáha)

Russian: сма́га (smága)

Ukrainian: сма́га (smáha)

South Slavic:

Slovene: smágа (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: smáhа, smahа (obsolete)

Polish: smaga

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: smaga

Upper Sorbian: smaha

By surface analysis, *smagati (“to whip”) + *-a, most likely akin to Lithuanian smõgti (“to strike, to sway”). Further origin unclear.
Has been tenatively compared with Ancient Greek σμήχω (smḗkhō, “to wipe off, to purge”).


listъ

lȋstъ (canonical masculine)
lȋstъ (nominative singular)
lȋsta (dual nominative)
lȋsti (nominative plural)
lȋsta (genitive singular)
listù (dual genitive)
lĩstъ (genitive plural)
lȋstu (dative singular)
listomà (dative dual)
listòmъ (dative plural)
lȋstъ (accusative singular)
lȋsta (accusative dual)
lȋsty (accusative plural)
lȋstъmь (instrumental singular)
lȋstomь (instrumental singular)
listomà (dual instrumental)
listý (instrumental plural)
lȋstě (locative singular)
listù (dual locative)
listě̃xъ (locative plural)
liste (singular vocative)
lȋsta (dual vocative)
lȋsti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: листъ (listŭ)

Old Ruthenian: листъ (list)

Belarusian: ліст (list)

Carpathian Rusyn: лист (lyst)

Ukrainian: лист (lyst)

Russian: лист (list)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: листъ (listŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⰹⱄⱅⱏ (listŭ)

Bulgarian: лист (list)

Macedonian: лист (list)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ли̑ст

Latin script: lȋst

Slovene: lȋst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: list

desctree

Old Polish: list
Polish: list
Silesian: list

Old Slovak: list
Pannonian Rusyn: лїст (ljist)
Slovak: list

Polabian: laist

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: lëst

Slovincian: lëst

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: list

Lower Sorbian: list

Cognate with Lithuanian lai̇̃škas, láiškas (“letter”), Latvian laiska (“leaf of a flax stalk”), laiksne (“white water-lily”), and Old Prussian lāiskas (“book”). Baltic forms require pre-form of Proto-Balto-Slavic *laiskas, while Slavic forms require *leistas. Ultimately possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leyd- (“to let”).
Despite similar phonetics and semantics, apparently unrelated to Proto-Germanic *līstǭ (“strip, edge, list”) (whence English list).


blъxa

blъxà (canonical feminine)
blъxà (nominative singular)
blъ̀śě (dual nominative)
blъxỳ (nominative plural)
blъxỳ (genitive singular)
blъxù (dual genitive)
blъ̀xъ (genitive plural)
blъśě̀ (dative singular)
blъxàma (dative dual)
blъxàmъ (dative plural)
blъxǫ̀ (accusative singular)
blъ̀śě (accusative dual)
blъxỳ (accusative plural)
blъxòjǫ (instrumental singular)
blъ̀xǫ (instrumental singular)
blъxàma (dual instrumental)
blъxàmī (instrumental plural)
blъśě̀ (locative singular)
blъxù (dual locative)
blъxàsъ (locative plural)
blъxàxъ (locative plural)
blъxo (singular vocative)
blъ̀śě (dual vocative)
blъxỳ (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: блъха (blŭxa) (Russian)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: блъха (blŭxa), блоха (bloxa), бълоха (bŭloxa)

Belarusian: блыха́ (blyxá)

Russian: блоха́ (bloxá)

Ukrainian: блоха́ (bloxá)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бълха́ (bǎlhá)

Macedonian: болва (bolva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̀ва

Latin script: bùha, bùva

Slovene: bółha (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: blcha

Czech: blecha

Polabian: blåxă

Polish: pchła

Silesian: błecha

Slovak: blcha

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: błëcha

Slovincian: pchla

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pcha, bcha

Upper Sorbian: tcha, (older) pcha

→ Hungarian: bolha

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *blúšāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlúseh₂.


bujati

buniti (perfective)
bujanьje (noun-from-verb)
bujati (infinitive)
bujatъ (supine)
bujalъ (l-participle)
bujanъ (participle passive past)
bujajemъ (participle passive present)
bujavъ (active participle past)
bujaję (active participle present)
bujaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
buja (aorist second-person singular)
buja (aorist singular third-person)
bujajǫ (first-person present singular)
bujaješi (present second-person singular)
bujajetь (present singular third-person)
bujaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bujasta (aorist dual second-person)
bujaste (aorist dual third-person)
bujajevě (dual first-person present)
bujajeta (dual present second-person)
bujajete (dual present third-person)
bujaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bujaste (aorist plural second-person)
bujašę (aorist plural third-person)
bujajemъ (first-person plural present)
bujajete (plural present second-person)
bujajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bujaji (imperative second-person singular)
bujaji (imperative singular third-person)
bujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bujajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bujajita (dual imperative second-person)
bujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bujajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bujajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: буя́ць (bujácʹ)

Russian: буя́ть (bujátʹ) (dialectic)

Ukrainian: буя́ти (bujáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: бꙋꙗти (bujati)

Bulgarian: буяя (bujaja)

Macedonian: буи (bui) (i-stem derivative)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̀јати

Latin script: bùjati

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bujěti

Czech: bujet

Kashubian: bùjac

Old Polish: bujać

Polish: bujać

Slovak: bujať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

Formed as *bujь + *-ěti (or *-ati) from the eh₁-fientive *bʰowH-yeh₁-ti (or respectively the eh₂-causative *bʰowH-eh₂yé-ti), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to inflate, to grow”). The secondary meaning related to rampaging and aggressiveness may have been partially influenced by the onomatopoeic *bew- (“to howl, to blow”).