klenъ

klȅnъ (canonical masculine)
*klьnъ (alternative)
*klěnъ (alternative)
klȅnъ (nominative singular)
klȅna (dual nominative)
klȅni (nominative plural)
klȅna (genitive singular)
klenù (dual genitive)
klènъ (genitive plural)
klȅnu (dative singular)
klenomà (dative dual)
klenòmъ (dative plural)
klȅnъ (accusative singular)
klȅna (accusative dual)
klȅny (accusative plural)
klȅnъmь (instrumental singular)
klȅnomь (instrumental singular)
klenomà (dual instrumental)
klený (instrumental plural)
klȅně (locative singular)
klenù (dual locative)
kleně̃xъ (locative plural)
klene (singular vocative)
klȅna (dual vocative)
klȅni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кленъ (klenŭ)

Old Ruthenian: кленъ (klen)
Belarusian: клён (kljon)
Ukrainian: клен (klen)

Russian: клён (kljon)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кленъ (klenŭ)

Bulgarian: клен (klen)

Macedonian: клен (klen)

Serbo-Croatian:

desc

кље̏н, кли̏јен, ку̑н (dialectal)

Cyrillic script: кле̏н; кље̏н, кли̏јен, ку̑н (dialectal)

Latin script: klȅn; kljȅn, klȉjn, kȗn (dialectal)

Slovene: klèn; klán (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: klen

Polabian: klen

Polish: klon

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: klón

Slovincian: klón

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: клєн (kljen)

Slovak: klen

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: klon

Upper Sorbian: klon, klen

Unknown. Probably related to Lithuanian klẽvas m (“maple”), Latvian kļava f (“maple”), Latgalian kļovs m (“maple”).
Trubačev tentatively presumes origin from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to jolt, to push”).


dętelъ

dę̀telъ (canonical masculine)
*dętьlъ (alternative)
*dětelъ (alternative Serbian)
dętelъ (nominative singular)
dętela (dual nominative)
dęteli (nominative plural)
dętela (genitive singular)
dętelu (dual genitive)
dętelъ (genitive plural)
dętelu (dative singular)
dęteloma (dative dual)
dętelomъ (dative plural)
dętelъ (accusative singular)
dętela (accusative dual)
dętely (accusative plural)
dętelъmь (instrumental singular)
dętelomь (instrumental singular)
dęteloma (dual instrumental)
dętely (instrumental plural)
dętelě (locative singular)
dętelu (dual locative)
dętelěxъ (locative plural)
dętele (singular vocative)
dętela (dual vocative)
dęteli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: дзя́цел (dzjácjel)

Russian: дя́тел (djátel)

Ukrainian: дя́тел (djátel)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дѧтелъ (dętelŭ)

Bulgarian: де́тел (détel), де́тло n (détlo) (dialectal)

Macedonian: детел (detel)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дјетао

Latin script: djetao

Slovene: dẹ́təł (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dětel

Czech: datel

Kashubian: dzãdzeł, dzãdzół, dzëdzół

Polish: dzięcioł

Slovak: ďateľ

Disputed:
* Machek, Trubačev, Derksen, Snoj (dominant view): From *dьlbti, *dьlbati (“to delve, to carve”) + *-telъ (o-stem variant of *-teľь), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelbʰ- (“to dig, excavate”). Akin to dialectal *dьlbačь (attested in Bulgarian and Ukrainian). Nasalization due to presumed dissimilation l-T-l > n-T-l.
* Mladenov: From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”) + *-telъ (cf. Ancient Greek δήξ (dḗx, “woodworm”)) with inherited nasalization, but with no other descendants from the reconstructed root within Balto-Slavic.


dętelьcь

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дје̏тлић

Latin script: djȅtlić

West Slavic:

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: źiśelc, źěśelc

Upper Sorbian: dźećelc


dolnь

dòlnь (canonical feminine)
dòlnь (nominative singular)
dòlni (dual nominative)
dòlni (nominative plural)
dòlnī (genitive singular)
dòlnьju (dual genitive)
dòlnьjь (genitive plural)
dòlni (dative singular)
dòlnьma (dative dual)
dòlnьmъ (dative plural)
dòlnь (accusative singular)
dòlni (accusative dual)
dòlni (accusative plural)
dòlnьjǫ (instrumental singular)
dòlnьma (dual instrumental)
dòlnьmī (instrumental plural)
dòlnī (locative singular)
dòlnьju (dual locative)
dòlnьxъ (locative plural)
dolni (singular vocative)
dòlni (dual vocative)
dòlni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: долонь (dolonĭ)

Old Ruthenian: доло́нь (dolónʹ)

Belarusian: дало́нь (dalónʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: доло́ня (dolónja), доло́нь (dolónʹ)

Russian: ладо́нь (ladónʹ, metathesis); доло́нь (dolónʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰴⰾⰰⱀⱐ (dlanĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: длань (dlanĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дла̏н

Latin script: dlȁn

Slovene: dlȃn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dlan
Czech: dlaň

desctree

Old Polish: dłoń
Polish: dłoń
Silesian: dłōń

Old Slovak: dlaň, dlaňa

Pannonian Rusyn: длань (dlanʹ)

Slovak: dlaň

Polabian: dlan

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dłóń

Slovincian: dlóń

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: dłoń

Upper Sorbian: dłóń

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dalˀniś, akin to e-grade *delˀnāˀ whence Latvian dęl̃nа, Latgalian dalna, Lithuanian délna, délnas.
The Balto-Slavic root is possibly from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to split, to divide”) through the initial meaning carved, rasped surface. Doubted by Derksen. Another theory by Kroonen tentatively connects Proto-Germanic *teldaną (“to cover”), with the Indo-European root reconstructed as *delH- (“to spread out”), without a specific identity for the laryngeal.

der

Brill Publishers
Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen


dъska

dъskà (canonical feminine)
dъskà (nominative singular)
dъ̏scě (dual nominative)
dъ̏sky (nominative plural)
dъský (genitive singular)
dъskù (dual genitive)
dъ̀skъ (genitive plural)
dъscě̀ (dative singular)
dъskàma (dative dual)
dъskàmъ (dative plural)
dъ̏skǫ (accusative singular)
dъ̏scě (accusative dual)
dъ̏sky (accusative plural)
dъskojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
dъskàma (dual instrumental)
dъskàmi (instrumental plural)
dъ̏scě (locative singular)
dъskù (dual locative)
dъskàsъ (locative plural)
dъskàxъ (locative plural)
dъsko (singular vocative)
dъ̏scě (dual vocative)
dъ̏sky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: дъска (dŭska), дьска (dĭska)

Middle Russian: доска (doska), дска (dska), цка (cka)

desctree

Russian: доска́ (doská); цка́ (cká) (dialectal)
→ Ingrian: doska
→ Yakut: дуоска (duoska)
→ Yup'ik: tuskaq

Old Ruthenian: доска (doska)

Old Novgorodian: дъска (dŭska)

Old Pskovian: дъща (dŭśka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰴⱏⱄⰽⰰ (dŭska)

Old Cyrillic script: дъска (dŭska)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: даска, деска

Latin script: daska, deska

Slovene: deska

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dska

Czech: deska

Polish: deska

Old Slovak: daska, deska, doska

Pannonian Rusyn: деска (deska)

Slovak: doska

Borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *disk, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos). *ъ is enigmatic.


obrěsti

obrětenьje (noun-from-verb)
obrěsti (infinitive)
obrěstъ (supine)
obrětlъ (l-participle)
obrětenъ (participle passive past)
obrětъ (active participle past)
obrětъ (aorist first-person singular)
obrětoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
obrěte (aorist second-person singular)
obrěte (aorist singular third-person)
obręťǫ (first-person present singular)
obręťeši (present second-person singular)
obręťetь (present singular third-person)
obrětově (aorist dual first-person)
obrětoxově (aorist dual first-person)
obrěteta (aorist dual second-person)
obrětosta (aorist dual second-person)
obrětete (aorist dual third-person)
obrětoste (aorist dual third-person)
obręťevě (dual first-person present)
obręťeta (dual present second-person)
obręťete (dual present third-person)
obrětomъ (aorist first-person plural)
obrětoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
obrětete (aorist plural second-person)
obrětoste (aorist plural second-person)
obrětǫ (aorist plural third-person)
obrětošę (aorist plural third-person)
obręťemъ (first-person plural present)
obręťete (plural present second-person)
obręťǫtь (plural present third-person)
obręťi (imperative second-person singular)
obręťi (imperative singular third-person)
obręťivě (dual first-person imperative)
obręťita (dual imperative second-person)
obręťimъ (first-person imperative plural)
obręťite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: обрѣсти (obrěsti, “to find”), 1sg. обрѧщѫ (obręštǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: обрести (“to find”) (13th-16th century)

Latin: obresti (“to find”) (13th-16th century); dialectal obrèsti se (“to meet”), obrȅs(t) (“to be found, to turn out to be”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: obrẹ́sti (“to find”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. obrẹ́tem (tonal orthography)

From *ob- + an obscure element *rět-, possibly from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wrēt-, also found in Proto-Slavic *sъrěsti (“to encounter”). Cognate with Lithuanian surė̃sti (“to seize”). Per Trubachev, the most likely cognates are Ancient Greek εὑρίσκω (heurískō, “to find, to acquire”) (aor. εὗρον (heûron)), Old Irish ·fúar (“I found”) < *wewr- (3sg. passive -fríth (“it was found”) < *wrē-to), Old Armenian գերեմ (gerem, “to capture, take prisoner”). However, LIV derives these from *wreh₁- (“to find”) (Matasović similarly from *werh₁- (“to find”)), and tentatively derives the Slavic verb from a verbal root Proto-Indo-European *reh₁t- (“to encounter, to find”).


odolěti

odolě̀ti (canonical)
odolěnьje (noun-from-verb)
odolěti (infinitive)
odolětъ (supine)
odolělъ (l-participle)
odolěnъ (participle passive past)
odolějemъ (participle passive present)
odolěvъ (active participle past)
odolěję (active participle present)
odolěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
odolě (aorist second-person singular)
odolě (aorist singular third-person)
odolějǫ (first-person present singular)
odolěješi (present second-person singular)
odolějetь (present singular third-person)
odolěxově (aorist dual first-person)
odolěsta (aorist dual second-person)
odolěste (aorist dual third-person)
odolějevě (dual first-person present)
odolějeta (dual present second-person)
odolějete (dual present third-person)
odolěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
odolěste (aorist plural second-person)
odolěšę (aorist plural third-person)
odolějemъ (first-person plural present)
odolějete (plural present second-person)
odolějǫtь (plural present third-person)
odolěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
odolěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
odolěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
odolěji (imperative second-person singular)
odolěji (imperative singular third-person)
odolěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
odolěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
odolěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
odolějivě (dual first-person imperative)
odolějita (dual imperative second-person)
odolěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
odolěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
odolěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
odolějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
odolějite (imperative plural second-person)
*obdolěti (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: одолѣти (odolěti)

Belarusian: адо́лець (adóljecʹ)

desc

Russian: одоле́ть (odolétʹ, “to overcome, to conquer”), 1sg. одоле́ю (odoléju)

→ Bulgarian: одоле́я (odoléja, “to overcome”)

Ukrainian: одолі́ти (odolíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: одолѣти (odolěti), 1sg. одолѣѭ (odolějǫ)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Macedonian: одолее (odolee, “to overcome”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: одо̀љети (“to overcome, to withstand”), 1sg. о̀долӣм

Latin script: odòljeti (“to overcome, to withstand”), 1sg. òdolīm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: odolẹ́ti (“to overcome, to defeat”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desc

Old Czech: odolati, udolati (“to endure, to bear on one's shoulders”))

Czech: odoleti (“to resist, to withstand”) (archaic; Kott's dictionary)

Polish: podołać (“to cope, to manage, to be up, to be equal to”)); (zdołać (“to be able”))

Slovak: odolieť (“to resist, to defend oneself”) (dialectal)

From *ob- + Proto-Indo-European *dolh₁-, from the root *delh₁- (“to split”). Cognate with Lithuanian dalýti (“to share”), Latvian dalît (“to share”), Old Prussian dellieis (“share!”, imperative), Latin dolō (“to fashion, to work (wood)”). Per Derksen and Vasmer, the semantic development was split > share > get one's share > win > overcome.


olkati

őlkati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
olkanьje (noun-from-verb)
olkati (infinitive)
olkatъ (supine)
olkalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
olkanъ (participle passive past)
olčemъ (participle passive present)
olkavъ (active participle past)
olčę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
olkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
olka (aorist second-person singular)
olka (aorist singular third-person)
olčǫ (first-person present singular)
olčeši (present second-person singular)
olčetь (present singular third-person)
olkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
olkasta (aorist dual second-person)
olkaste (aorist dual third-person)
olčevě (dual first-person present)
olčeta (dual present second-person)
olčete (dual present third-person)
olkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
olkaste (aorist plural second-person)
olkašę (aorist plural third-person)
olčemъ (first-person plural present)
olčete (plural present second-person)
olčǫtь (plural present third-person)
olkaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
olkaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
olkaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
olči (imperative second-person singular)
olči (imperative singular third-person)
olkaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
olkaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
olkaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
olčivě (dual first-person imperative)
olčita (dual imperative second-person)
olkaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
olkaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
olkaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
olčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
olčite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: лакати (lakati, “to crave”)

Russian: лака́ть (lakátʹ, “to crave”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: алъкати (alŭkati, “to be hungry, to fast”); лакати (lakati, “to be hungry, to fast”)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: lákati (“to be hungry, to be greedy, to starve”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lákati (“to crave”)

Polish: łaknąć (“to feel hunger for, to crave”)

Slovak: lákať

Sorbian:

desc

Lower Sorbian: łakaś (“to show desire, to stalk”)

Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *álˀktei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁olHk-, with the second laryngeal required to account for the acute tone in Balto-Slavic; but perhaps more commonly reconstructed as coming from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ- (e.g. Rasmussen (p. 199) reconstructs *h₁e-h₁olk- > Proto-Balto-Slavic *ōlk-), compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”). Cognate with Lithuanian álkti (“to be hungry”) (1sg. álkstu, 1sg. past álkau), Latvian al̂kt (“to be hungry”) (1sg. al̂kstu), Old Prussian alkīns (“sober, skinny”), Old High German ilgi (“hunger, gnashing of the teeth”), probably also Old Norse illr (“evil”) < Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz.


oběťati

oběťanьje (noun-from-verb)
oběťati (infinitive)
oběťatъ (supine)
oběťalъ (l-participle)
oběťanъ (participle passive past)
oběťajemъ (participle passive present)
oběťavъ (active participle past)
oběťaję (active participle present)
oběťaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
oběťa (aorist second-person singular)
oběťa (aorist singular third-person)
oběťajǫ (first-person present singular)
oběťaješi (present second-person singular)
oběťajetь (present singular third-person)
oběťaxově (aorist dual first-person)
oběťasta (aorist dual second-person)
oběťaste (aorist dual third-person)
oběťajevě (dual first-person present)
oběťajeta (dual present second-person)
oběťajete (dual present third-person)
oběťaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
oběťaste (aorist plural second-person)
oběťašę (aorist plural third-person)
oběťajemъ (first-person plural present)
oběťajete (plural present second-person)
oběťajǫtь (plural present third-person)
oběťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
oběťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
oběťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
oběťaji (imperative second-person singular)
oběťaji (imperative singular third-person)
oběťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
oběťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
oběťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
oběťajivě (dual first-person imperative)
oběťajita (dual imperative second-person)
oběťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
oběťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
oběťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
oběťajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
oběťajite (imperative plural second-person)
*obvěťati (alternative)
*obvětati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: обѣчати (oběčati)

Old Ruthenian: обѣчати (oběčati)

desc

Russian: обеча́ть (obečátʹ), обвеча́ть (obvečátʹ) (Northern dialectal); обвича́ть (obvičátʹ) (Arkhangelsk)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱁⰱⱑⱋⰰⱅⰻ (oběštati)

Old Cyrillic script: обѣщати (oběštati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: обѐћати

Latin script: obèćati

Slovene: obẹ́čati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Lechitic:

Old Polish: obiecać

Polish: obiecać

→ Old Ruthenian: обѣцати (oběcati), обицати (obicati)

Belarusian: абяца́ць (abjacácʹ)

Ukrainian: обіця́ти (obicjáty)

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: wôbjêcac

Old Czech: oběcěti

Czech: oběcati (archaic); oběcet (dialectal)

Old Slovak: obecať

Slovak: obecať


niknǫti

ničenьje (noun-from-verb)
niknǫti (infinitive)
niknǫtъ (supine)
niklъ (l-participle)
ničenъ (participle passive past)
niknomъ (participle passive present)
nikъ (active participle past)
nikny (active participle present)
nikъ (aorist first-person singular)
nikoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
niče (aorist second-person singular)
niče (aorist singular third-person)
niknǫ (first-person present singular)
nikneši (present second-person singular)
niknetь (present singular third-person)
nikově (aorist dual first-person)
nikoxově (aorist dual first-person)
niketa (aorist dual second-person)
nikosta (aorist dual second-person)
nikete (aorist dual third-person)
nikoste (aorist dual third-person)
niknevě (dual first-person present)
nikneta (dual present second-person)
niknete (dual present third-person)
nikomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nikoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nikete (aorist plural second-person)
nikoste (aorist plural second-person)
nikǫ (aorist plural third-person)
nikošę (aorist plural third-person)
niknemъ (first-person plural present)
niknete (plural present second-person)
niknǫtь (plural present third-person)
nikněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nikněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nikněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nikni (imperative second-person singular)
nikni (imperative singular third-person)
nikněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nikněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nikněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nikněvě (dual first-person imperative)
nikněta (dual imperative second-person)
nikněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nikněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nikněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nikněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
nikněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: никнꙋти (niknuti, “to appear, to arise”)

Belarusian: ні́кнуць (níknucʹ, “to droop, to wilt, (dialectal) to disappear”)

Russian: ни́кнуть (níknutʹ, “to droop”)

Ukrainian: ни́кнути (nýknuty, “to droop, to wilt, (dialectal) to disappear”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: никнѫти (niknǫti, “to appear, to arise”)

Bulgarian: ни́кна (níkna, “to germinate, to sprout”)

Macedonian: никне (nikne, “to grow, to come”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ни̏кнути (“to appear, to arise”), 1sg. ни̏кне̄м

Latin: nȉknuti (“to appear, to arise”), 1sg. nȉknēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: níkniti (“to germinate, to sprout, to disappear”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. nȋknem (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

i

Czech: niknout (“to germinate, to sprout, to bow, to disappear”) (archaic? found now mostly in compounds)

⇒ Czech: vzniknout

desc

Old Polish: niknąć (“to pass, to disappear”)

Polish: niknąć (“to disappear, to be lost”)

Slovincian: njyknõc (“to disappear, to vanish”)

Per Derksen, from the root of *nicь (“lying face downwards”), from Proto-Indo-European *ni-h₃kʷo- with the Slavic progressive palatalization, from the root *ni-. Cognate with Sanskrit नि (ni, “downwards”), नीचा (nīcā́, “downwards”).
Per Vasmer, there are two etymologically separate verbs here, one with the approximate meaning "to droop, to wilt" and coming from the root of *nicь as above, and another with the approximate meaning "to arise, to penetrate" from a different root:
* The former is cognate with Lithuanian nỹkti (“to disappear, perish”) and Latin nikt (“to suffer; to wear out”).
* The latter is cognate with Lithuanian ni̇̀kti (“to glow”) (1sg. ninkù, 1sg. past nikaũ), įni̇̀kti į̇̃ dárbą (“to plunge headlong into work”), apni̇̀kti (“to attack”), etc., as well as Old Prussian neikaut (“to walk, to wander”), Latvian niktiês (“to impose oneself”), nikns (“fierce, wicked”), nàiks (“fierce, wicked, angry, quick”), and Ancient Greek νεῖκος (neîkos, “quarrel, dispute”), νεικέω (neikéō, “to quarrel, to attack”), νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”), νῑκάω (nīkáō, “to win”).

cog

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
Slavic progressive palatalization
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


govorъ

gȍvorъ (canonical masculine)
*gavorъ (alternative)
*govora (alternative)
*govorь (alternative)
*govori (alternative)
gȍvorъ (nominative singular)
gȍvora (dual nominative)
gȍvori (nominative plural)
gȍvora (genitive singular)
govorù (dual genitive)
govòrъ (genitive plural)
gȍvoru (dative singular)
govoromà (dative dual)
govoròmъ (dative plural)
gȍvorъ (accusative singular)
gȍvora (accusative dual)
gȍvory (accusative plural)
gȍvorъmь (instrumental singular)
gȍvoromь (instrumental singular)
govoromà (dual instrumental)
govorý (instrumental plural)
gȍvorě (locative singular)
govorù (dual locative)
govorě̃xъ (locative plural)
govore (singular vocative)
gȍvora (dual vocative)
gȍvori (plural vocative)
gȍvorъ (nominative singular)
gȍvory (dual nominative)
gȍvorove (nominative plural)
gȍvoru (genitive singular)
govorovù (dual genitive)
govoròvъ (genitive plural)
gȍvorovi (dative singular)
govorъmà (dative dual)
gȍvorъmъ (dative plural)
gȍvorъ (accusative singular)
gȍvory (accusative dual)
gȍvory (accusative plural)
gȍvorъmь (instrumental singular)
govorъmà (dual instrumental)
govorъmì (instrumental plural)
govorú (locative singular)
govorovù (dual locative)
gȍvorъxъ (locative plural)
govoru (singular vocative)
gȍvory (dual vocative)
gȍvorove (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: говоръ (govorŭ)

Belarusian: го́вар (hóvar) (dialectal)

⇒ Belarusian: гаво́рка (havórka) (standard)

Russian: го́вор (góvor); гово́ра f (govóra) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: го́вір (hóvir) (u-stem); гово́р (hovór) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: говоръ (govorŭ, “prattle, grumble”)

Bulgarian: го́вор (góvor)

Macedonian: говор (govor)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: го̏во̄р

Latin script: gȍvōr

Slovene: gôvor (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hovor

Czech: hovor

Kashubian: gòwôr

Slovak: hovor

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawaras, from Proto-Indo-European *gowH-oro-s, from *g⁽ʷ⁾ewH- (“to call, name”). Cognate with Latvian gaura (“chatter”). Cognate with Sanskrit जोगुवे (jóguve, “to call, to invoke”), Ancient Greek γόος (góos, “wailing, weeping”).

cog

(by extension) vernacular (style of talking)


nyřati

nyřanьje (noun-from-verb)
nyřati (infinitive)
nyřatъ (supine)
nyřalъ (l-participle)
nyřanъ (participle passive past)
nyřajemъ (participle passive present)
nyřavъ (active participle past)
nyřaję (active participle present)
nyřaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
nyřa (aorist second-person singular)
nyřa (aorist singular third-person)
nyřajǫ (first-person present singular)
nyřaješi (present second-person singular)
nyřajetь (present singular third-person)
nyřaxově (aorist dual first-person)
nyřasta (aorist dual second-person)
nyřaste (aorist dual third-person)
nyřajevě (dual first-person present)
nyřajeta (dual present second-person)
nyřajete (dual present third-person)
nyřaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nyřaste (aorist plural second-person)
nyřašę (aorist plural third-person)
nyřajemъ (first-person plural present)
nyřajete (plural present second-person)
nyřajǫtь (plural present third-person)
nyřaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nyřaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nyřaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nyřaji (imperative second-person singular)
nyřaji (imperative singular third-person)
nyřaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nyřaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nyřaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nyřajivě (dual first-person imperative)
nyřajita (dual imperative second-person)
nyřaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nyřaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nyřaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nyřajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
nyřajite (imperative plural second-person)
nyranьje (noun-from-verb)
nyrati (infinitive)
nyratъ (supine)
nyralъ (l-participle)
nyranъ (participle passive past)
nyřemъ (participle passive present)
nyravъ (active participle past)
nyřę (active participle present)
nyraxъ (aorist first-person singular)
nyra (aorist second-person singular)
nyra (aorist singular third-person)
nyřǫ (first-person present singular)
nyřeši (present second-person singular)
nyřetь (present singular third-person)
nyraxově (aorist dual first-person)
nyrasta (aorist dual second-person)
nyraste (aorist dual third-person)
nyřevě (dual first-person present)
nyřeta (dual present second-person)
nyřete (dual present third-person)
nyraxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nyraste (aorist plural second-person)
nyrašę (aorist plural third-person)
nyřemъ (first-person plural present)
nyřete (plural present second-person)
nyřǫtь (plural present third-person)
nyraaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nyraaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nyraaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nyři (imperative second-person singular)
nyři (imperative singular third-person)
nyraaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nyraašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nyraašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nyřivě (dual first-person imperative)
nyřita (dual imperative second-person)
nyraaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nyraašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nyraaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nyřimъ (first-person imperative plural)
nyřite (imperative plural second-person)
nyranьje (noun-from-verb)
nyrati (infinitive)
nyratъ (supine)
nyralъ (l-participle)
nyranъ (participle passive past)
nyrajemъ (participle passive present)
nyravъ (active participle past)
nyraję (active participle present)
nyraxъ (aorist first-person singular)
nyra (aorist second-person singular)
nyra (aorist singular third-person)
nyrajǫ (first-person present singular)
nyraješi (present second-person singular)
nyrajetь (present singular third-person)
nyraxově (aorist dual first-person)
nyrasta (aorist dual second-person)
nyraste (aorist dual third-person)
nyrajevě (dual first-person present)
nyrajeta (dual present second-person)
nyrajete (dual present third-person)
nyraxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nyraste (aorist plural second-person)
nyrašę (aorist plural third-person)
nyrajemъ (first-person plural present)
nyrajete (plural present second-person)
nyrajǫtь (plural present third-person)
nyraaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nyraaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nyraaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nyraji (imperative second-person singular)
nyraji (imperative singular third-person)
nyraaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nyraašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nyraašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nyrajivě (dual first-person imperative)
nyrajita (dual imperative second-person)
nyraaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nyraašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nyraaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nyrajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
nyrajite (imperative plural second-person)
*nirati (alternative)
*nyrati (alternative)

Church Slavonic: нꙑрати (nyrati, “to immerse oneself”), 1sg. нꙑрѭ (nyrjǫ), нꙑраѭ (nyrajǫ); нꙑрꙗти (nyrjati, “to immerse oneself”), 1sg. нꙑрꙗѭ (nyrjajǫ)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ныра́ць (nyrácʹ)

Middle Russian: нырꙗти (nyrjati) (14th century)

Russian: ныря́ть (nyrjátʹ, “to dive”), 1sg. ныря́ю (nyrjáju)

Ukrainian: ниря́ти (nyrjáty, “to dive”)

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian nérti (“to dive”), also nãras (“hole, lair”), narà (“hole, lair”) (both dialectal).


gǫsti

gǫdenьje (noun-from-verb)
gǫsti (infinitive)
gǫstъ (supine)
gǫdlъ (l-participle)
gǫdenъ (participle passive past)
gǫdomъ (participle passive present)
gǫdъ (active participle past)
gǫdy (active participle present)
gǫdъ (aorist first-person singular)
gǫdoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gǫde (aorist second-person singular)
gǫde (aorist singular third-person)
gǫdǫ (first-person present singular)
gǫdeši (present second-person singular)
gǫdetь (present singular third-person)
gǫdově (aorist dual first-person)
gǫdoxově (aorist dual first-person)
gǫdeta (aorist dual second-person)
gǫdosta (aorist dual second-person)
gǫdete (aorist dual third-person)
gǫdoste (aorist dual third-person)
gǫdevě (dual first-person present)
gǫdeta (dual present second-person)
gǫdete (dual present third-person)
gǫdomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gǫdoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gǫdete (aorist plural second-person)
gǫdoste (aorist plural second-person)
gǫdǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gǫdošę (aorist plural third-person)
gǫdemъ (first-person plural present)
gǫdete (plural present second-person)
gǫdǫtь (plural present third-person)
gǫděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gǫděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gǫděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gǫdi (imperative second-person singular)
gǫdi (imperative singular third-person)
gǫděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gǫděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gǫděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gǫděvě (dual first-person imperative)
gǫděta (dual imperative second-person)
gǫděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gǫděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gǫděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gǫděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gǫděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: густь (gustʹ) (dialectal), густи́ (gustí) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: густи́ (hustý) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: гѫсти (gǫsti)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱘⱄⱅⰹ (gǫsti)

Serbo-Croatian: gústi (archaic)

Slovene: gọ́sti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hústi

Czech: houst (archaic)

Old Polish: gąść

Slovak: húsť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gaustei, from Proto-Indo-European *gowh₂-dʰh₁-y-óti, denominative form of *gewH- (“to call, invoke, cry”).


mьstiti

mьsťenьje (noun-from-verb)
mьstiti (infinitive)
mьstitъ (supine)
mьstilъ (l-participle)
mьsťenъ (participle passive past)
mьstimъ (participle passive present)
mьsťь (active participle past)
mьstę (active participle present)
mьstixъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьsti (aorist second-person singular)
mьsti (aorist singular third-person)
mьsťǫ (first-person present singular)
mьstiši (present second-person singular)
mьstitь (present singular third-person)
mьstixově (aorist dual first-person)
mьstista (aorist dual second-person)
mьstiste (aorist dual third-person)
mьstivě (dual first-person present)
mьstita (dual present second-person)
mьstite (dual present third-person)
mьstixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьstiste (aorist plural second-person)
mьstišę (aorist plural third-person)
mьstimъ (first-person plural present)
mьstite (plural present second-person)
mьstętь (plural present third-person)
mьsťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mьsťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mьsťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mьsti (imperative second-person singular)
mьsti (imperative singular third-person)
mьsťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mьsťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mьsťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mьstivě (dual first-person imperative)
mьstita (dual imperative second-person)
mьsťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mьsťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mьsťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mьstimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mьstite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мьстити (mĭstiti)

Belarusian: мсціць (mscicʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: мсти́ть (mstítʹ)

Ukrainian: мсти́ти (mstýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мьстити (mĭstiti)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱐⱄⱅⰻⱎⰻ (mĭstiši)

Bulgarian: мъстя́ (mǎstjá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мастити (archaic?)

Latin: mastiti (archaic?)

Slovene: məstīti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mstiti

Czech: mstít

Kashubian: mscëc

Old Polish: mścić

Polish: mścić

Slovak: mstiť (archaic)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: msćiś (archaic)

From *mьstь (“revenge, vengeance”) + *-iti.


mьrznǫti

mьrzenьje (noun-from-verb)
mьrznǫti (infinitive)
mьrznǫtъ (supine)
mьrzlъ (l-participle)
mьrzъ (active participle past)
mьrzny (active participle present)
mьrzъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьrzoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьrze (aorist second-person singular)
mьrze (aorist singular third-person)
mьrznǫ (first-person present singular)
mьrzneši (present second-person singular)
mьrznetь (present singular third-person)
mьrzově (aorist dual first-person)
mьrzoxově (aorist dual first-person)
mьrzeta (aorist dual second-person)
mьrzosta (aorist dual second-person)
mьrzete (aorist dual third-person)
mьrzoste (aorist dual third-person)
mьrznevě (dual first-person present)
mьrzneta (dual present second-person)
mьrznete (dual present third-person)
mьrzomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьrzoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьrzete (aorist plural second-person)
mьrzoste (aorist plural second-person)
mьrzǫ (aorist plural third-person)
mьrzošę (aorist plural third-person)
mьrznemъ (first-person plural present)
mьrznete (plural present second-person)
mьrznǫtь (plural present third-person)
mьrzněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mьrzněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mьrzněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mьrzni (imperative second-person singular)
mьrzni (imperative singular third-person)
mьrzněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mьrzněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mьrzněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mьrzněvě (dual first-person imperative)
mьrzněta (dual imperative second-person)
mьrzněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mьrzněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mьrzněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mьrzněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
mьrzněte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: мръзнѫти (mrŭznǫti)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мьрзнѫти (mĭrznǫti), мьрзнути (mĭrznuti)

Belarusian: ме́рзнуць (mjérznucʹ)

Russian: мёрзнуть (mjórznutʹ)

Ukrainian: ме́рзнути (mérznuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: помръзнѫти (pomrŭznǫti)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱁⰿⱃⱏⰸⱀⱘⱅⰻ (pomrŭznǫti)

Bulgarian: мръ́зна (mrǎ́zna)

Macedonian: мрзне (mrzne)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мр̏знути

Latin script: mȑznuti

Slovene: mŕzniti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mrznúti

Czech: mrznout

Kashubian: miarznąc

Polabian: marznĕ

Polish: marznąć, mierznąć (archaic)

Slovak: mrznúť

Slovincian: mjêrznõc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mjerznyć

Lower Sorbian: marznuś

Per Derksen, from *mьrzě̀ti (“to freeze? to be repulsive? to irritate?”) + *-nǫti. Cognate with Albanian mardhem (“to tremble with cold”), mardhë (“frost”), which Derksen tentatively reconstructs as coming from Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to be wet, withered”). Chernykh adds Middle High German murc (“rotten, flabby”), Old Norse morkinn (“rotten”), Old Irish meirc (“rusty”).


mьrknǫti

mь̀rknǫti (canonical imperfective perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
mьrčenьje (noun-from-verb)
mьrknǫti (infinitive)
mьrknǫtъ (supine)
mьrklъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
mьrčenъ (participle passive past)
mьrknomъ (participle passive present)
mьrkъ (active participle past)
mьrkny (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
mьrkъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьrkoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьrče (aorist second-person singular)
mьrče (aorist singular third-person)
mьrknǫ (first-person present singular)
mьrkneši (present second-person singular)
mьrknetь (present singular third-person)
mьrkově (aorist dual first-person)
mьrkoxově (aorist dual first-person)
mьrketa (aorist dual second-person)
mьrkosta (aorist dual second-person)
mьrkete (aorist dual third-person)
mьrkoste (aorist dual third-person)
mьrknevě (dual first-person present)
mьrkneta (dual present second-person)
mьrknete (dual present third-person)
mьrkomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьrkoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьrkete (aorist plural second-person)
mьrkoste (aorist plural second-person)
mьrkǫ (aorist plural third-person)
mьrkošę (aorist plural third-person)
mьrknemъ (first-person plural present)
mьrknete (plural present second-person)
mьrknǫtь (plural present third-person)
mьrkněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mьrkněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mьrkněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mьrkni (imperative second-person singular)
mьrkni (imperative singular third-person)
mьrkněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mьrkněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mьrkněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mьrkněvě (dual first-person imperative)
mьrkněta (dual imperative second-person)
mьrkněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mьrkněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mьrkněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mьrkněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
mьrkněte (imperative plural second-person)
*mьrťi (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мьркнꙋти (mĭrknuti)

desc

прыме́ркнуць

⇒ Belarusian: прыме́ркнуць (prymjérknucʹ)

Russian: ме́ркнуть (mérknutʹ)

Ukrainian: ме́ркнути (mérknuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: мрькнѫти (mrĭknǫti), мръкнѫти (mrŭknǫti)

Bulgarian: мръ́кна (mrǎ́kna)

Macedonian: мркне (mrkne)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мр̏кнути

Latin script: mȑknuti

Slovene: mŕkniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mrknúti

Czech: mrknout

Polish: mierzchnąć

Slovak: mrknuť

Slovincian: mjêrzknõc

Ukrainian: ме́ркти (mérkty)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мр̏ћи

Latin script: mȑći

Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *mirˀk-, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥Hk-, from the root *merHk-. Cognate with Lithuanian mirksė́ti (“to blink”), mérkti (“to close one's eyes”) (1sg. mérkiu, 1sg. past mérkiau), Latvian mir̂kšķêt, mir̂kšêt (“to blink”), mir̃kšķinât (“to blink, to make a sign”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (maurgins, “morning”). Vasmer adds Sanskrit मर्क (marká-, “solar eclipse”) as a possible, if uncertain, cognate. Chernykh adds as a cognate Old Irish mrecht (“multicolored, motley, spotted”) as well as Old Norse murta (“small trout”) < *mr̥Hk-t-, due to its spotted coloring and the exact correspondence with the previously mentioned Old Irish word.


mъlviti

a (accent-paradigm)
mъlvľenьje (noun-from-verb)
mъlviti (infinitive)
mъlvitъ (supine)
mъlvilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
mъlvľenъ (participle passive past)
mъlvimъ (participle passive present)
mъlvľь (active participle past)
mъlvę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
mъlvixъ (aorist first-person singular)
mъlvi (aorist second-person singular)
mъlvi (aorist singular third-person)
mъlvľǫ (first-person present singular)
mъlviši (present second-person singular)
mъlvitь (present singular third-person)
mъlvixově (aorist dual first-person)
mъlvista (aorist dual second-person)
mъlviste (aorist dual third-person)
mъlvivě (dual first-person present)
mъlvita (dual present second-person)
mъlvite (dual present third-person)
mъlvixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mъlviste (aorist plural second-person)
mъlvišę (aorist plural third-person)
mъlvimъ (first-person plural present)
mъlvite (plural present second-person)
mъlvętь (plural present third-person)
mъlvľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mъlvľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mъlvľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mъlvi (imperative second-person singular)
mъlvi (imperative singular third-person)
mъlvľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mъlvľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mъlvľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mъlvivě (dual first-person imperative)
mъlvita (dual imperative second-person)
mъlvľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mъlvľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mъlvľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mъlvimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mъlvite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мълвити (mŭlviti)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: мовити (moviti), мо́вить (móvitʹ) — Middle Belarusian, мо́лвити (mólviti) — archaic
Belarusian: мо́віць (móvicʹ), мо́виць (móvicʹ), мо́вицьца (móvicʹca)
Carpathian Rusyn: мо́вити (móvyty)
Ukrainian: мо́вити (móvyty)

Russian: мо́лвить (mólvitʹ) (archaic, poetic or dialectal)

desc

Old Novgorodian: мълвити (mŭlviti), молвити (molviti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: млъвити (mlŭviti)

Glagolitic: ⰿⰾⱏⰲⰻⱅⰻ (mlŭviti)

Bulgarian: мълвя́ (mǎlvjá)

Slovene: mółviti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mluviti

Czech: mluvit

desctree

Old Polish: mówić, mołwić
Polish: mówić, mówieć (Middle Polish)
Silesian: mōwić

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mówic

Slovincian: môwjic

Slovak: mluviť (Kálal's dictionary)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mołwić, mołwjeć

Lower Sorbian: mołwiś

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mlewH-der.
Proto-Slavic *mъ̀lva
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Proto-Slavic *-iti
Proto-Slavic *mъlviti
From *mъ̀lva (“speech”) + *-iti (“denominal suffix”); or continues Proto-Balto-Slavic *múlˀwīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥wH-éye-ti, from *mlewH- (“to speak”). Cognate with Sanskrit ब्रवीति (brávīti, “to say”), Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mraoⁱti, “to say”). Per Chernykh, some linguists link the root to Ancient Greek μέλος (mélos, “song, melody”).

cog

Rick Derksen
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


mъrgati

mъrganьje (noun-from-verb)
mъrgati (infinitive)
mъrgatъ (supine)
mъrgalъ (l-participle)
mъrganъ (participle passive past)
mъrgajemъ (participle passive present)
mъrgavъ (active participle past)
mъrgaję (active participle present)
mъrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mъrga (aorist second-person singular)
mъrga (aorist singular third-person)
mъrgajǫ (first-person present singular)
mъrgaješi (present second-person singular)
mъrgajetь (present singular third-person)
mъrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
mъrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
mъrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
mъrgajevě (dual first-person present)
mъrgajeta (dual present second-person)
mъrgajete (dual present third-person)
mъrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mъrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
mъrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
mъrgajemъ (first-person plural present)
mъrgajete (plural present second-person)
mъrgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
mъrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mъrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mъrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mъrgaji (imperative second-person singular)
mъrgaji (imperative singular third-person)
mъrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mъrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mъrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mъrgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
mъrgajita (dual imperative second-person)
mъrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mъrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mъrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mъrgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mъrgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: марга́ць (marhácʹ), мірга́ць (mirhácʹ)

Russian: морга́ть (morgátʹ)

Ukrainian: морга́ти (morháty)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mrhati

Czech: mrhat, mrgať (dialectal), ⇒ mrholit

Polish: margać, mrugać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mërgac

Slovincian: mërgac

Silesian: mrugać

Slovak: mrhať

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *murˀg-, *mirˀg-, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥gʷ- or *mr̥Hgʷ-, from the root *mergʷ- or *merHgʷ-. Cognate with Lithuanian mirgė́ti (“to twinkle”) (3sg. mi̇̀rga), Latvian mir̂dzêt (“to twinkle”), Old Norse myrkr (“dark”) (acc. myrkvan).

Rick Derksen
cs:Český etymologický slovník


mъčati

mъčanьje (noun-from-verb)
mъčati (infinitive)
mъčatъ (supine)
mъčalъ (l-participle)
mъčanъ (participle passive past)
mъčimъ (participle passive present)
mъčavъ (active participle past)
mъčę (active participle present)
mъčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mъča (aorist second-person singular)
mъča (aorist singular third-person)
mъčǫ (first-person present singular)
mъčiši (present second-person singular)
mъčitь (present singular third-person)
mъčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
mъčasta (aorist dual second-person)
mъčaste (aorist dual third-person)
mъčivě (dual first-person present)
mъčita (dual present second-person)
mъčite (dual present third-person)
mъčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mъčaste (aorist plural second-person)
mъčašę (aorist plural third-person)
mъčimъ (first-person plural present)
mъčite (plural present second-person)
mъčętь (plural present third-person)
mъčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mъčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mъčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mъči (imperative second-person singular)
mъči (imperative singular third-person)
mъčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mъčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mъčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mъčivě (dual first-person imperative)
mъčita (dual imperative second-person)
mъčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mъčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mъčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mъčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mъčite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *мъчати (*mŭčati)

⇒ Belarusian: імча́ць (imčácʹ)

Russian: мчать (mčatʹ)

Ukrainian: мча́ти (mčáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мьчими (mĭčimi, nom. pl. pres. pass. part.)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: (до̀мчати)

Latin: (dòmčati)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mčieti

Czech: mčet (archaic or dialectal)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *muk-, from Proto-Indo-European *mukyéti, from the root *(s)mewk-. Cognate with Lithuanian mùkti (“to flit, to come off, to stick”) (1sg. munkù), Latvian mukt (“to flee, to come off”), Lithuanian maũkti (“to tighten, to sip (wine)”) (1sg. maukiù), Sanskrit मुच्यते (múcyate, “to be released”), मुञ्चति (muñcáti, “to liberate, to save”), Ancient Greek ἀπο-μύσσω (apo-mússō, “to snort, to cheat”), possibly Latin ē-mungō (“to blow one's nose, to cheat”) (infinitive ēmungere).


mǫtiti

mǭtìti (canonical)
mǫťenьje (noun-from-verb)
mǫtiti (infinitive)
mǫtitъ (supine)
mǫtilъ (l-participle)
mǫťenъ (participle passive past)
mǫtimъ (participle passive present)
mǫťь (active participle past)
mǫtę (active participle present)
mǫtixъ (aorist first-person singular)
mǫti (aorist second-person singular)
mǫti (aorist singular third-person)
mǫťǫ (first-person present singular)
mǫtiši (present second-person singular)
mǫtitь (present singular third-person)
mǫtixově (aorist dual first-person)
mǫtista (aorist dual second-person)
mǫtiste (aorist dual third-person)
mǫtivě (dual first-person present)
mǫtita (dual present second-person)
mǫtite (dual present third-person)
mǫtixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mǫtiste (aorist plural second-person)
mǫtišę (aorist plural third-person)
mǫtimъ (first-person plural present)
mǫtite (plural present second-person)
mǫtętь (plural present third-person)
mǫťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mǫťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mǫťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mǫti (imperative second-person singular)
mǫti (imperative singular third-person)
mǫťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mǫťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mǫťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mǫtivě (dual first-person imperative)
mǫtita (dual imperative second-person)
mǫťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mǫťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mǫťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mǫtimъ (first-person imperative plural)
mǫtite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мꙋтити (mutiti)

Belarusian: муци́ць (mucícʹ)

Russian: мути́ть (mutítʹ)

Ukrainian: мути́ти (mutýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мѫтити (mǫtiti)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱘⱅⰻⱅⰻ (mǫtiti)

desc

Bulgarian: мъ́тя (mǎ́tja), мъ́нтя (mǎ́ntja) (dialectal)

Macedonian: мати (mati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: му́тити

Latin script: mútiti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: motīti, mọ́titi (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mútiti

Czech: moutit, mútit, mutit (obsolete or dialectal), mútiť (dialectal)

desctree

Old Polish: mącić, męcić
Polish: mącić
Silesian: mōńcić

Slovak: mútiť

Slovincian: mãcëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mućić

Lower Sorbian: muśiś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *mántīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *month₂-éye-ti (given as *montH-éye-ti in Derksen). See *męstì for further etymology.


moltiti

mōltìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
molťenьje (noun-from-verb)
moltiti (infinitive)
moltitъ (supine)
moltilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
molťenъ (participle passive past)
moltimъ (participle passive present)
molťь (active participle past)
moltę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
moltixъ (aorist first-person singular)
molti (aorist second-person singular)
molti (aorist singular third-person)
molťǫ (first-person present singular)
moltiši (present second-person singular)
moltitь (present singular third-person)
moltixově (aorist dual first-person)
moltista (aorist dual second-person)
moltiste (aorist dual third-person)
moltivě (dual first-person present)
moltita (dual present second-person)
moltite (dual present third-person)
moltixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
moltiste (aorist plural second-person)
moltišę (aorist plural third-person)
moltimъ (first-person plural present)
moltite (plural present second-person)
moltętь (plural present third-person)
molťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
molťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
molťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
molti (imperative second-person singular)
molti (imperative singular third-person)
molťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
molťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
molťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
moltivě (dual first-person imperative)
moltita (dual imperative second-person)
molťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
molťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
molťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
moltimъ (first-person imperative plural)
moltite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: молотити (molotiti)

Belarusian: малаці́ць (malacícʹ)

Russian: молоти́ть (molotítʹ)

Ukrainian: молоти́ти (molotýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: млатити (mlatiti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: мла́тя (mlátja)

Macedonian: млати (mlati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мла́тити

Latin script: mlátiti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: mlatīti, mlátiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mlátiti

Czech: mlátit

Old Polish: młócić

Polish: młócić

Slovak: mlátiť

Slovincian: mlôcëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: młócić

Lower Sorbian: młośiś

mělъ

finely ground substance, chalk, sandbank


minǫti

c (accent-paradigm)
minovenьje (noun-from-verb)
minǫti (infinitive)
minǫtъ (supine)
minǫlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
minovenъ (participle passive past)
minǫvъ (active participle past)
c (accent-paradigm)
minǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
minǫ (aorist second-person singular)
minǫ (aorist singular third-person)
minǫ (first-person present singular)
mineši (present second-person singular)
minetь (present singular third-person)
minǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
minǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
minǫste (aorist dual third-person)
minevě (dual first-person present)
mineta (dual present second-person)
minete (dual present third-person)
minǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
minǫste (aorist plural second-person)
minǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
minemъ (first-person plural present)
minete (plural present second-person)
minǫtь (plural present third-person)
mini (imperative second-person singular)
mini (imperative singular third-person)
miněvě (dual first-person imperative)
miněta (dual imperative second-person)
miněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
miněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: минѫти (minǫti), минути (minuti)

Belarusian: міну́ць (minúcʹ)

Russian: мину́ть (minútʹ)

Ukrainian: мину́ти (mynúty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: минѫти (minǫti)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ми́на (mína)

Macedonian: мине (mine)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ми́нути

Latin script: mínuti

Slovene: minīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: minúti

Czech: minout

Old Polish: minąć

Polish: minąć

Slovak: minúť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: minyć

Lower Sorbian: minuś

From the root of *mijati (“to pass”) + *-nǫti, from Proto-Indo-European *mey-. Cognate with Latin meō (“to go, to pass”) (infinitive meāre).


minovati

minovanьje (noun-from-verb)
minovati (infinitive)
minovatъ (supine)
minovalъ (l-participle)
minovanъ (participle passive past)
minujemъ (participle passive present)
minovavъ (active participle past)
minuję (active participle present)
minovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
minova (aorist second-person singular)
minova (aorist singular third-person)
minujǫ (first-person present singular)
minuješi (present second-person singular)
minujetь (present singular third-person)
minovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
minovasta (aorist dual second-person)
minovaste (aorist dual third-person)
minujevě (dual first-person present)
minujeta (dual present second-person)
minujete (dual present third-person)
minovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
minovaste (aorist plural second-person)
minovašę (aorist plural third-person)
minujemъ (first-person plural present)
minujete (plural present second-person)
minujǫtь (plural present third-person)
minovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
minovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
minovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
minuji (imperative second-person singular)
minuji (imperative singular third-person)
minovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
minovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
minovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
minujivě (dual first-person imperative)
minujita (dual imperative second-person)
minovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
minovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
minovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
minujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
minujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: миновати (minovati)

Belarusian: миновати (minóvati) (obsolete)

Russian: минова́ть (minovátʹ)

Ukrainian: минува́ти (mynuváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: миновати (minovati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: мина́вам (minávam)

Macedonian: минува (minuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мино̀вати

Latin script: minòvati

Slovene: minováti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: minovati

Czech: minovat

Old Polish: minować

Polish: minować


migati

migàti (canonical imperfective)
miganьje (noun-from-verb)
migati (infinitive)
migatъ (supine)
migalъ (l-participle)
miganъ (participle passive past)
migajemъ (participle passive present)
migavъ (active participle past)
migaję (active participle present)
migaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
miga (aorist second-person singular)
miga (aorist singular third-person)
migajǫ (first-person present singular)
migaješi (present second-person singular)
migajetь (present singular third-person)
migaxově (aorist dual first-person)
migasta (aorist dual second-person)
migaste (aorist dual third-person)
migajevě (dual first-person present)
migajeta (dual present second-person)
migajete (dual present third-person)
migaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
migaste (aorist plural second-person)
migašę (aorist plural third-person)
migajemъ (first-person plural present)
migajete (plural present second-person)
migajǫtь (plural present third-person)
migaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
migaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
migaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
migaji (imperative second-person singular)
migaji (imperative singular third-person)
migaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
migaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
migaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
migajivě (dual first-person imperative)
migajita (dual imperative second-person)
migaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
migaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
migaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
migajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
migajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мигати (migati)

Belarusian: міга́ць (mihácʹ)

Russian: мига́ть (migátʹ)

Ukrainian: мига́ти (myháty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ми́гам (mígam)

Macedonian: мига (miga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ми̏гати

Latin script: mȉgati

Slovene: mȋgati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: míhat

Polabian: ḿėgojĕ

Old Polish: migać

Polish: migać

Slovak: migáť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: migaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *meigātei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃meygʰ-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian miegóti (“to sleep”), Old Prussian meicte (“to sleep”).

mižati

to doze, to screw up one's eyes; to drizzle


męsti

męstì (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
mętenьje (noun-from-verb)
męsti (infinitive)
męstъ (supine)
mętlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
mętenъ (participle passive past)
mętomъ (participle passive present)
mętъ (active participle past)
męty (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
mętъ (aorist first-person singular)
mętoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
męte (aorist second-person singular)
męte (aorist singular third-person)
mętǫ (first-person present singular)
męteši (present second-person singular)
mętetь (present singular third-person)
mętově (aorist dual first-person)
mętoxově (aorist dual first-person)
męteta (aorist dual second-person)
mętosta (aorist dual second-person)
mętete (aorist dual third-person)
mętoste (aorist dual third-person)
mętevě (dual first-person present)
męteta (dual present second-person)
mętete (dual present third-person)
mętomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mętoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mętete (aorist plural second-person)
mętoste (aorist plural second-person)
mętǫ (aorist plural third-person)
mętošę (aorist plural third-person)
mętemъ (first-person plural present)
mętete (plural present second-person)
mętǫtь (plural present third-person)
mętěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mętěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mętěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
męti (imperative second-person singular)
męti (imperative singular third-person)
mętěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mętěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mętěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mętěvě (dual first-person imperative)
mętěta (dual imperative second-person)
mętěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mętěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mętěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mętěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
mętěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мꙗсти (mjasti)

Russian: мясти́ (mjastí) (obsolete)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мѧсти (męsti)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱔⱄⱅⰻ (męsti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ме́сти

Latin script: mésti

Slovene: mẹ́sti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: miesti

Czech: mást

Slovak: miasť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mjasć

Lower Sorbian: měsć (archaic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *menstei, from Proto-Indo-European *menth₂- (given as *mentH- in Derksen). Baltic cognates include Lithuanian mę̃sti (“to mix”) (3sg. meñčia). Other Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit मन्थति (mánthati, “to whirl, to rub”) (also मथ्नाति (mathnā́ti), मथति (máthati)), मन्थयति (manthayati, “to shake, to stir”) (also मथयति (mathayati)), Tocharian A mäntācär (“you are injured”, 2pl.), Tocharian B mintanaṃ (“to mix (clay with water)”). Per Vasmer, also cognate with Latin mamphur (“part of a lathe”) (an apparent borrowing from unattested Oscan *manfar), Vulgar Latin *mandar (the unattested ancestor of French mandrin (“mandrel”), which has added the Latin ending -īnus), Old Norse mǫndull (“handmill lever”); but all of these require a Proto-Indo-European root *mendʰ-.

cog

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">mandrel</i>


męknǫti

mę̀knǫti (canonical)
a (accent-paradigm)
męknenьje (noun-from-verb)
męknǫti (infinitive)
męknǫtъ (supine)
męknlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
męknenъ (participle passive past)
męknomъ (participle passive present)
męknъ (active participle past)
mękny (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
męknъ (aorist first-person singular)
męknoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mękne (aorist second-person singular)
mękne (aorist singular third-person)
męknǫ (first-person present singular)
mękneši (present second-person singular)
męknetь (present singular third-person)
męknově (aorist dual first-person)
męknoxově (aorist dual first-person)
mękneta (aorist dual second-person)
męknosta (aorist dual second-person)
męknete (aorist dual third-person)
męknoste (aorist dual third-person)
męknevě (dual first-person present)
mękneta (dual present second-person)
męknete (dual present third-person)
męknomъ (aorist first-person plural)
męknoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
męknete (aorist plural second-person)
męknoste (aorist plural second-person)
męknǫ (aorist plural third-person)
męknošę (aorist plural third-person)
męknemъ (first-person plural present)
męknete (plural present second-person)
męknǫtь (plural present third-person)
mękněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mękněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mękněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mękni (imperative second-person singular)
mękni (imperative singular third-person)
mękněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mękněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mękněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mękněvě (dual first-person imperative)
mękněta (dual imperative second-person)
mękněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mękněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mękněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mękněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
mękněte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: мѧкнѫти (męknǫti)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мѧкънꙋти (mękŭnuti)

Belarusian: мя́кнуць (mjáknucʹ)

Russian: мя́кнуть (mjáknutʹ)

Ukrainian: м'я́кнути (mʺjáknuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: (оумѧкнѫти (umęknǫti))

Glagolitic: (ⱆⰿⱔⰽⱀⱘⱅⰻ (umęknǫti))

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ме̏кнути

Latin script: mȅknuti

Slovene: mẹ́kniti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Czech: měknout

Polish: mięknąć

Slovak: mäknúť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mjaknyć

Lower Sorbian: měknuś

Cognate with Lithuanian mi̇̀nkyti (“to knead”), Latvian mîcît (“to knead”), Old English menġan (“to mix”), and more distantly with Lithuanian mánkyti (“to knead, to press, to crumple”).
* Derksen: From Proto-Balto-Slavic *manˀk-, from Proto-Indo-European *monHk-, from the root *menHk-.
* Vasmer, Trubachev, Chernykh: Further cognate with Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō, “to knead”) (aorist passive Ancient Greek μαγῆναι (magênai)) < Proto-Indo-European *mn̥k-y-oh₂. Chernykh, quoting Pokorny, gives the root as *men(H)k-; Rix prefers non-laryngeal *menk-, despite the Balto-Slavic evidence for a laryngeal (which he notes). According to Derksen, quoting Chantraine, the Greek root could be either μαγ- (mag-) or μακ- (mak-), despite the aorist passive. Derksen, however, would rather derive the Greek word from a different root *meh₂ǵ-; see *màzati (“to oil, to smear, to anoint”).


měniti

měnìti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
měňenьje (noun-from-verb)
měniti (infinitive)
měnitъ (supine)
měnilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
měňenъ (participle passive past)
měnimъ (participle passive present)
měňь (active participle past)
měnę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
měnixъ (aorist first-person singular)
měni (aorist second-person singular)
měni (aorist singular third-person)
měňǫ (first-person present singular)
měniši (present second-person singular)
měnitь (present singular third-person)
měnixově (aorist dual first-person)
měnista (aorist dual second-person)
měniste (aorist dual third-person)
měnivě (dual first-person present)
měnita (dual present second-person)
měnite (dual present third-person)
měnixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
měniste (aorist plural second-person)
měnišę (aorist plural third-person)
měnimъ (first-person plural present)
měnite (plural present second-person)
měnętь (plural present third-person)
měňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
měňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
měňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
měni (imperative second-person singular)
měni (imperative singular third-person)
měňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
měňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
měňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
měnivě (dual first-person imperative)
měnita (dual imperative second-person)
měňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
měňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
měňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
měnimъ (first-person imperative plural)
měnite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мѣнити (měniti, “to exchange”) (15th century)

Belarusian: менитися (mjenitisja) (obsolete)

Russian: мени́ть (menítʹ) (dialectal); -мени́ть (-menítʹ)

⇒ Russian: измени́ть (izmenítʹ)

Ukrainian: міни́ти (minýty) (rare)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мѣнитъ (měnitŭ, 3sg. pres.)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: меня́ (menjá)

Macedonian: мени (meni)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ме́нити, мијѐнити

Latin script: méniti, mijèniti

Slovene: menīti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: měniti

Czech: měnit

Old Polish: mienić

Polish: mienić

Slovak: meniť sa

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mienic

Slovincian: mjênic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: měnić

Lower Sorbian: měniś

From *měna (“change, exchange”) + *-iti.


měniti

měnìti (canonical)
měňenьje (noun-from-verb)
měniti (infinitive)
měnitъ (supine)
měnilъ (l-participle)
měňenъ (participle passive past)
měnimъ (participle passive present)
měňь (active participle past)
měnę (active participle present)
měnixъ (aorist first-person singular)
měni (aorist second-person singular)
měni (aorist singular third-person)
měňǫ (first-person present singular)
měniši (present second-person singular)
měnitь (present singular third-person)
měnixově (aorist dual first-person)
měnista (aorist dual second-person)
měniste (aorist dual third-person)
měnivě (dual first-person present)
měnita (dual present second-person)
měnite (dual present third-person)
měnixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
měniste (aorist plural second-person)
měnišę (aorist plural third-person)
měnimъ (first-person plural present)
měnite (plural present second-person)
měnętь (plural present third-person)
měňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
měňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
měňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
měni (imperative second-person singular)
měni (imperative singular third-person)
měňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
měňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
měňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
měnivě (dual first-person imperative)
měnita (dual imperative second-person)
měňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
měňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
měňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
měnimъ (first-person imperative plural)
měnite (imperative plural second-person)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мѣнити (měniti) (12th–13th century)

Ukrainian: м'іни́ти (mʺinýty) (dialectal)

⇒ Ukrainian: поміни́ти (pominýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мѣнити (měniti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ме́нити, мијѐнити (regional)

Latin: méniti, mijèniti (regional)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: menīti, mẹ́niti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mieniti

Czech: mínit

Polish: mienić

Slovak: mieniť

Slovincian: mjìe̯nĭc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: měnić

Lower Sorbian: mjěniś, měniś

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *mainijaną (“to mean, to think”) (whence German meinen (“to mean”), English mean, etc.), Old Irish mían (“wish, desire”). Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *meyn-. Per Derksen, quoting Kluge-Seebold, possibly related to *měniti (“to change”), with an original meaning "to consequentively present one's meaning".


maniti

maňenьje (noun-from-verb)
maniti (infinitive)
manitъ (supine)
manilъ (l-participle)
maňenъ (participle passive past)
manimъ (participle passive present)
maňь (active participle past)
manę (active participle present)
manixъ (aorist first-person singular)
mani (aorist second-person singular)
mani (aorist singular third-person)
maňǫ (first-person present singular)
maniši (present second-person singular)
manitь (present singular third-person)
manixově (aorist dual first-person)
manista (aorist dual second-person)
maniste (aorist dual third-person)
manivě (dual first-person present)
manita (dual present second-person)
manite (dual present third-person)
manixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
maniste (aorist plural second-person)
manišę (aorist plural third-person)
manimъ (first-person plural present)
manite (plural present second-person)
manętь (plural present third-person)
maňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
maňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
maňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mani (imperative second-person singular)
mani (imperative singular third-person)
maňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
maňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
maňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
manivě (dual first-person imperative)
manita (dual imperative second-person)
maňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
maňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
maňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
manimъ (first-person imperative plural)
manite (imperative plural second-person)

Alternative form of *mamiti (“to deceive”)


lupiti

lūpìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
lupľenьje (noun-from-verb)
lupiti (infinitive)
lupitъ (supine)
lupilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
lupľenъ (participle passive past)
lupimъ (participle passive present)
lupľь (active participle past)
lupę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
lupixъ (aorist first-person singular)
lupi (aorist second-person singular)
lupi (aorist singular third-person)
lupľǫ (first-person present singular)
lupiši (present second-person singular)
lupitь (present singular third-person)
lupixově (aorist dual first-person)
lupista (aorist dual second-person)
lupiste (aorist dual third-person)
lupivě (dual first-person present)
lupita (dual present second-person)
lupite (dual present third-person)
lupixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lupiste (aorist plural second-person)
lupišę (aorist plural third-person)
lupimъ (first-person plural present)
lupite (plural present second-person)
lupętь (plural present third-person)
lupľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lupľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lupľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lupi (imperative second-person singular)
lupi (imperative singular third-person)
lupľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lupľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lupľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lupivě (dual first-person imperative)
lupita (dual imperative second-person)
lupľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lupľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lupľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lupimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lupite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: (вылоупитисꙗ (vylupitisja)) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лꙋпити (lupiti)

Belarusian: лупі́ць (lupícʹ)

Russian: лупи́ть (lupítʹ)

Ukrainian: лупи́ти (lupýty)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: лу́пя (lúpja) (dialectal), лю́пя (ljúpja)

Macedonian: лупи (lupi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лу́пити, лу̏пити

Latin: lúpiti, lȕpiti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: lupīti, lúpiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lúpiti

Czech: loupit

Old Polish: łupić

Polish: łupić

Slovak: lúpiť

Slovincian: lëpjic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: łupić

Lower Sorbian: łupiś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *láupīˀtei.
* Per Derksen, from a -p- variant of Proto-Indo-European *lowbʰ-, found in *lubъ (“bast”), Latin liber (“bark, book”).
* Per Vasmer, Russian лупи́ть (lupítʹ) is derived from лу́па (lúpa, “scab”).
* Per Trubachev, from *lupъ (“peel, shell?”) + *-iti.
* Chernkyh adds as cognates Ancient Greek λύπη (lúpē, “pain, suffering”), λυπέω (lupéō, “to torment, to trouble”), Sanskrit लोपयति (lopáyati, “to harm, to destroy”), लुम्पति (lumpati, “to rob, to destroy”).


luskati

luskanьje (noun-from-verb)
luskati (infinitive)
luskatъ (supine)
luskalъ (l-participle)
luskanъ (participle passive past)
luskajemъ (participle passive present)
luskavъ (active participle past)
luskaję (active participle present)
luskaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
luska (aorist second-person singular)
luska (aorist singular third-person)
luskajǫ (first-person present singular)
luskaješi (present second-person singular)
luskajetь (present singular third-person)
luskaxově (aorist dual first-person)
luskasta (aorist dual second-person)
luskaste (aorist dual third-person)
luskajevě (dual first-person present)
luskajeta (dual present second-person)
luskajete (dual present third-person)
luskaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
luskaste (aorist plural second-person)
luskašę (aorist plural third-person)
luskajemъ (first-person plural present)
luskajete (plural present second-person)
luskajǫtь (plural present third-person)
luskaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
luskaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
luskaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
luskaji (imperative second-person singular)
luskaji (imperative singular third-person)
luskaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
luskaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
luskaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
luskajivě (dual first-person imperative)
luskajita (dual imperative second-person)
luskaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
luskaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
luskaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
luskajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
luskajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: лу́скаць (lúskacʹ)

Middle Russian: лꙋскати (luskati) (17th century, to peel, to shell)

desc

Russian: луска́ть (luskátʹ), лу́скать (lúskatʹ, “to peel, to shell”)

Ukrainian: лу́скати (lúskaty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лю́скам (ljúskam) (meaning “to husk” has become obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: љу̏скати (“to peel, to shell”) (dialectal)

Latin: ljȕskati (“to peel, to shell”) (dialectal)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: lúskati (“to peel, to shell; to clean (fish)”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desc

Old Czech: luskati, lúskati (“to crack a shell”)

Czech: louskat (“to crack a nut; to eat; to beat (lice)”)

Old Polish: łuskać

Polish: łuskać (“to peel, to shell”)

Slovak: lúskať (“to peel, to shell”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: łuskać (“to snap, click, crackle softly”)

* Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *lauskāˀtei or *lauˀskāˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *loup- + *-sk-, from the same root as Proto-Slavic *lūpìti (“to peel”). Cognate with Latvian làuskāt (“to flake, to peel”) (East Baltic dialectal, where the sustained and falling tones are merged). Derksen also notes Latvian laûska (“fragment, splinter, potsherd”) but suggests it may be etymologically unrelated, derived instead from laûzt (“to break”), from Proto-Indo-European *louǵ-sk-.
* Vasmer, contra Derksen, endorses the connection with Latvian laûska and adds as cognates Latvian lauskas (“dandruff, husks”, pl.), Lithuanian lùskos (“rags”, pl.), lùskis (“ragamuffin”), lùkštas, lū́kštas (“apple peel, shell, husk”), Latvian laũkšķêt (“to click, to pop”), laušķinât (“to click, to crack, to knock, to make noise”).


luščiti

luščìti (canonical)
luščenьje (noun-from-verb)
luščiti (infinitive)
luščitъ (supine)
luščilъ (l-participle)
luščenъ (participle passive past)
luščimъ (participle passive present)
luščь (active participle past)
luščę (active participle present)
luščixъ (aorist first-person singular)
lušči (aorist second-person singular)
lušči (aorist singular third-person)
luščǫ (first-person present singular)
luščiši (present second-person singular)
luščitь (present singular third-person)
luščixově (aorist dual first-person)
luščista (aorist dual second-person)
luščiste (aorist dual third-person)
luščivě (dual first-person present)
luščita (dual present second-person)
luščite (dual present third-person)
luščixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
luščiste (aorist plural second-person)
luščišę (aorist plural third-person)
luščimъ (first-person plural present)
luščite (plural present second-person)
luščętь (plural present third-person)
luščaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
luščaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
luščaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lušči (imperative second-person singular)
lušči (imperative singular third-person)
luščaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
luščaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
luščaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
luščivě (dual first-person imperative)
luščita (dual imperative second-person)
luščaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
luščaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
luščaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
luščimъ (first-person imperative plural)
luščite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: лу́шчыць (lúščycʹ)

Russian: лущи́ть (luščítʹ)

Ukrainian: лу́щити (lúščyty)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: лю́щя (ljúštja), лу́щя (lúštja)

Macedonian: лушти (lušti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: љу́штити

Latin script: ljúštiti

Slovene: luščīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: luščiti

Czech: luštit

Polish: łuszczyć

Slovak: lúštiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: łušćić

Lower Sorbian: łušćiś


lęťi

lęknǫti (perfective)
lęčenьje (noun-from-verb)
lęťi (infinitive)
lęťь (supine)
lęklъ (l-participle)
lęčenъ (participle passive past)
lękomъ (participle passive present)
lękъ (active participle past)
lęky (active participle present)
lękъ (aorist first-person singular)
lękoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
lęče (aorist second-person singular)
lęče (aorist singular third-person)
lękǫ (first-person present singular)
lęčeši (present second-person singular)
lęčetь (present singular third-person)
lękově (aorist dual first-person)
lękoxově (aorist dual first-person)
lęketa (aorist dual second-person)
lękosta (aorist dual second-person)
lękete (aorist dual third-person)
lękoste (aorist dual third-person)
lęčevě (dual first-person present)
lęčeta (dual present second-person)
lęčete (dual present third-person)
lękomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lękoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lękete (aorist plural second-person)
lękoste (aorist plural second-person)
lękǫ (aorist plural third-person)
lękošę (aorist plural third-person)
lęčemъ (first-person plural present)
lęčete (plural present second-person)
lękǫtь (plural present third-person)
lęčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lęčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lęčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lęci (imperative second-person singular)
lęci (imperative singular third-person)
lęčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lęčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lęčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lęcěvě (dual first-person imperative)
lęcěta (dual imperative second-person)
lęčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lęčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lęčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lęcěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
lęcěte (imperative plural second-person)
lęčenьje (noun-from-verb)
lęťi (infinitive)
lęťь (supine)
lęklъ (l-participle)
lęčenъ (participle passive past)
lękomъ (participle passive present)
lękъ (active participle past)
lęky (active participle present)
lęxъ (aorist first-person singular)
lęče (aorist second-person singular)
lęče (aorist singular third-person)
lękǫ (first-person present singular)
lęčeši (present second-person singular)
lęčetь (present singular third-person)
lęxově (aorist dual first-person)
lęsta (aorist dual second-person)
lęste (aorist dual third-person)
lęčevě (dual first-person present)
lęčeta (dual present second-person)
lęčete (dual present third-person)
lęxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lęste (aorist plural second-person)
lęšę (aorist plural third-person)
lęčemъ (first-person plural present)
lęčete (plural present second-person)
lękǫtь (plural present third-person)
lęčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lęčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lęčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lęci (imperative second-person singular)
lęci (imperative singular third-person)
lęčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lęčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lęčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lęcěvě (dual first-person imperative)
lęcěta (dual imperative second-person)
lęčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lęčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lęčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lęcěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
lęcěte (imperative plural second-person)
*lękti (alternative)
*lękťi (alternative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: лѧщи (lęšti) (rare, usually prefixed)

→ Old East Slavic: лѧщи (lęšči)

West Slavic:

Czech: léci (archaic); líct (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: lac (archaic)

Lower Sorbian: lěc

→ (by extension) to set traps (in West Slavic)


lǫčiti

lǭčìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
lǫčenьje (noun-from-verb)
lǫčiti (infinitive)
lǫčitъ (supine)
lǫčilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
lǫčenъ (participle passive past)
lǫčimъ (participle passive present)
lǫčь (active participle past)
lǫčę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
lǫčixъ (aorist first-person singular)
lǫči (aorist second-person singular)
lǫči (aorist singular third-person)
lǫčǫ (first-person present singular)
lǫčiši (present second-person singular)
lǫčitь (present singular third-person)
lǫčixově (aorist dual first-person)
lǫčista (aorist dual second-person)
lǫčiste (aorist dual third-person)
lǫčivě (dual first-person present)
lǫčita (dual present second-person)
lǫčite (dual present third-person)
lǫčixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lǫčiste (aorist plural second-person)
lǫčišę (aorist plural third-person)
lǫčimъ (first-person plural present)
lǫčite (plural present second-person)
lǫčętь (plural present third-person)
lǫčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lǫčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lǫčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lǫči (imperative second-person singular)
lǫči (imperative singular third-person)
lǫčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lǫčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lǫčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lǫčivě (dual first-person imperative)
lǫčita (dual imperative second-person)
lǫčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lǫčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lǫčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lǫčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lǫčite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лꙋчити (lučiti) (12th century)

Belarusian: лучы́ць (lučýcʹ)

Russian: лучи́ть (lučítʹ) (dialectal), (standard разлучи́ть (razlučítʹ))

Ukrainian: лучи́ти (lučýty) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лѫчити (lǫčiti)

Glagolitic: ⰾⱘⱍⰹⱅⰹ (lǫčiti)

Bulgarian: лъ́ча (lǎ́ča)

Macedonian: лачи (lači)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лу́чити

Latin script: lúčiti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: ločīti, lọ́čiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lúčiti

Czech: loučit (literary)

Old Polish: łączyć

Polish: łączyć

Slovak: lúčiť

Slovincian: lãczic

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łucyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *lánkīˀtei, causative/iterative of *lenk- (“to bend”).


kyvati

kyvanьje (noun-from-verb)
kyvati (infinitive)
kyvatъ (supine)
kyvalъ (l-participle)
kyvanъ (participle passive past)
kyvajemъ (participle passive present)
kyvavъ (active participle past)
kyvaję (active participle present)
kyvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kyva (aorist second-person singular)
kyva (aorist singular third-person)
kyvajǫ (first-person present singular)
kyvaješi (present second-person singular)
kyvajetь (present singular third-person)
kyvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kyvasta (aorist dual second-person)
kyvaste (aorist dual third-person)
kyvajevě (dual first-person present)
kyvajeta (dual present second-person)
kyvajete (dual present third-person)
kyvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kyvaste (aorist plural second-person)
kyvašę (aorist plural third-person)
kyvajemъ (first-person plural present)
kyvajete (plural present second-person)
kyvajǫtь (plural present third-person)
kyvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kyvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kyvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kyvaji (imperative second-person singular)
kyvaji (imperative singular third-person)
kyvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kyvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kyvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kyvajivě (dual first-person imperative)
kyvajita (dual imperative second-person)
kyvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kyvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kyvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kyvajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kyvajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кꙑвати (kyvati) (13th century)

Belarusian: ківа́ць (kivácʹ)

Russian: кива́ть (kivátʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: кы́вати (kŷ́vaty)

Ukrainian: кива́ти (kyváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: кꙑвати (kyvati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ки́вам (kívam) (dialectal)

Slovene: kívati (tonal orthography) (obsolete, dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: kývat

Old Polish: kiwać

Polish: kiwać

Silesian: kiwać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: cziwac

Slovincian: kjiwac

Slovak: kývať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kiwać

Lower Sorbian: kiwaś

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₁u-, from the root *keh₁w-. Cognate with Latin cēveō (“to move the backside in a lewd manner, to twerk”). Vasmer suggests a possible additional cognate in Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skēwjan, “to wander”), while Chernykh adds as possibilities Ossetian чи́уын (ḱíwyn, “to stagger, to stumble”) (also кеун (kewn)), Central Kurdish کەیان (keyan, “to waver, to wobble”).


kutiti

kuťenьje (noun-from-verb)
kutiti (infinitive)
kutitъ (supine)
kutilъ (l-participle)
kuťenъ (participle passive past)
kutimъ (participle passive present)
kuťь (active participle past)
kutę (active participle present)
kutixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kuti (aorist second-person singular)
kuti (aorist singular third-person)
kuťǫ (first-person present singular)
kutiši (present second-person singular)
kutitь (present singular third-person)
kutixově (aorist dual first-person)
kutista (aorist dual second-person)
kutiste (aorist dual third-person)
kutivě (dual first-person present)
kutita (dual present second-person)
kutite (dual present third-person)
kutixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kutiste (aorist plural second-person)
kutišę (aorist plural third-person)
kutimъ (first-person plural present)
kutite (plural present second-person)
kutętь (plural present third-person)
kuťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kuťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kuťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kuti (imperative second-person singular)
kuti (imperative singular third-person)
kuťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kuťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kuťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kutivě (dual first-person imperative)
kutita (dual imperative second-person)
kuťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kuťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kuťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kutimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kutite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: коутити (kutiti, “to devise”)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: кути́ть (kutítʹ, “to carouse, to revel; to spread gossip (dialectal); to whirl (of a snowstorm) (dialectal)”), 1sg. кучу́ (kučú), 3sg. ку́тит (kútit)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ку́тя (kútja, “to take care”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку́тити (“to fall completely into illness”)

Latin: kútiti (“to fall completely into illness”)

Slovene: kutiti (“to bend, to hide oneself, to squat”)

West Slavic:

Czech: kutit (“to plan, to design, to venture”) (kutit se (“to rummage through”))

Polabian: t’autait, t’aitait (“to do”)

Slovak: kutiť (“to look for, to rummage through, to venture”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kućić (“to do, to be in charge”)

Per Vasmer and Derksen, the etymology is unclear.
Formerly connected to Ancient Greek σκεῦος (skeûos) and Proto-Germanic *hawjaną for a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁-.


kǫsati

kǫsàti (canonical imperfective)
kǫsanьje (noun-from-verb)
kǫsati (infinitive)
kǫsatъ (supine)
kǫsalъ (l-participle)
kǫsanъ (participle passive past)
kǫsajemъ (participle passive present)
kǫsavъ (active participle past)
kǫsaję (active participle present)
kǫsaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kǫsa (aorist second-person singular)
kǫsa (aorist singular third-person)
kǫsajǫ (first-person present singular)
kǫsaješi (present second-person singular)
kǫsajetь (present singular third-person)
kǫsaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kǫsasta (aorist dual second-person)
kǫsaste (aorist dual third-person)
kǫsajevě (dual first-person present)
kǫsajeta (dual present second-person)
kǫsajete (dual present third-person)
kǫsaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kǫsaste (aorist plural second-person)
kǫsašę (aorist plural third-person)
kǫsajemъ (first-person plural present)
kǫsajete (plural present second-person)
kǫsajǫtь (plural present third-person)
kǫsaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kǫsaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kǫsaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kǫsaji (imperative second-person singular)
kǫsaji (imperative singular third-person)
kǫsaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kǫsaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kǫsaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kǫsajivě (dual first-person imperative)
kǫsajita (dual imperative second-person)
kǫsaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kǫsaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kǫsaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kǫsajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kǫsajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кѫсати (kǫsati), кусати (kusati)

Belarusian: куса́ць (kusácʹ)

Russian: куса́ть (kusátʹ)

Ukrainian: куса́ти (kusáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: кѫсати (kǫsati)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱘⱄⰰⱅⰻ (kǫsati)

Bulgarian: къ́сам (kǎ́sam)

Macedonian: каса (kasa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку́сати

Latin script: kúsati

Slovene: kọ̑sati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kousat

Polabian: kǫsĕt

Old Polish: kąsać, kęsać
Polish: kąsać

Pomeranian:

Slovak: kúsať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kusać

Lower Sorbian: kusaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kanˀstei from an earlier form **kanˀdtei.
Per Vasmer, derived from *kǫ̑sъ (“piece”); but per Trubachev, the noun is derived from the verb. Cognate with Lithuanian ką́sti (“to bite”) (1sg. kándu), Latvian kuôst (“to bite”) (1sg. kuôžu). Possibly cognate with some or all of Ancient Greek κνώδων (knṓdōn, “knife, blade, prong”), κνώδαλον (knṓdalon, “wild beast”), Old High German hantag (“sharp, cutting”), Sanskrit खादति (khā́dati, “to chew, to bite”), Persian خاییدن (xâyidan, “to chew”), Old Armenian խածանեմ (xacanem, “to bite”). Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kanˀd-, from which a Proto-Indo-European root such as *k(ʷ)end- or *k(ʷ)enHd(ʰ)- can be constructed.


kǫtati

kǫ̀tati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
kǫtanьje (noun-from-verb)
kǫtati (infinitive)
kǫtatъ (supine)
kǫtalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kǫtanъ (participle passive past)
kǫtajemъ (participle passive present)
kǫtavъ (active participle past)
kǫtaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kǫtaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kǫta (aorist second-person singular)
kǫta (aorist singular third-person)
kǫtajǫ (first-person present singular)
kǫtaješi (present second-person singular)
kǫtajetь (present singular third-person)
kǫtaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kǫtasta (aorist dual second-person)
kǫtaste (aorist dual third-person)
kǫtajevě (dual first-person present)
kǫtajeta (dual present second-person)
kǫtajete (dual present third-person)
kǫtaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kǫtaste (aorist plural second-person)
kǫtašę (aorist plural third-person)
kǫtajemъ (first-person plural present)
kǫtajete (plural present second-person)
kǫtajǫtь (plural present third-person)
kǫtaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kǫtaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kǫtaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kǫtaji (imperative second-person singular)
kǫtaji (imperative singular third-person)
kǫtaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kǫtaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kǫtaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kǫtajivě (dual first-person imperative)
kǫtajita (dual imperative second-person)
kǫtaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kǫtaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kǫtaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kǫtajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kǫtajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кутати (kutati)

Belarusian: ку́таць (kútacʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: ку́тать (kútatʹ)

Ukrainian: ку́тати (kútaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: (съкѫтати (sŭkǫtati))

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: къ́там (kǎ́tam)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: (ску́тати)

Latin: (skútati)

⇒ Slovene: skotáti (tonal orthography)

Unclear. Per Vasmer, cognate with Old Prussian pokūnst (“to cover, to save”), pakūnst (“to store, to save”), kūnti, pokūnti (“(he) protects”).


krǫtiti

krǫťenьje (noun-from-verb)
krǫtiti (infinitive)
krǫtitъ (supine)
krǫtilъ (l-participle)
krǫťenъ (participle passive past)
krǫtimъ (participle passive present)
krǫťь (active participle past)
krǫtę (active participle present)
krǫtixъ (aorist first-person singular)
krǫti (aorist second-person singular)
krǫti (aorist singular third-person)
krǫťǫ (first-person present singular)
krǫtiši (present second-person singular)
krǫtitь (present singular third-person)
krǫtixově (aorist dual first-person)
krǫtista (aorist dual second-person)
krǫtiste (aorist dual third-person)
krǫtivě (dual first-person present)
krǫtita (dual present second-person)
krǫtite (dual present third-person)
krǫtixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
krǫtiste (aorist plural second-person)
krǫtišę (aorist plural third-person)
krǫtimъ (first-person plural present)
krǫtite (plural present second-person)
krǫtętь (plural present third-person)
krǫťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
krǫťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
krǫťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
krǫti (imperative second-person singular)
krǫti (imperative singular third-person)
krǫťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
krǫťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
krǫťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
krǫtivě (dual first-person imperative)
krǫtita (dual imperative second-person)
krǫťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
krǫťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
krǫťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
krǫtimъ (first-person imperative plural)
krǫtite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: крутити (krutiti)

desc

Middle Belarusian: крутити (krutiti, “to twist, to turn”)

Belarusian: круці́ць (krucícʹ, “to twist, to turn”)

Middle Russian: крутити (krutiti) (17th century)

Russian: крути́ть (krutítʹ)

Ukrainian: крути́ти (krutýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: крѫтити (krǫtiti), 1sg. крѫщѫ (krǫštǫ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⱘⱅⰻⱅⰻ (krǫtiti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: кру́тити, 1sg. кру̑тӣм

Latin: krútiti, 1sg. krȗtīm

Slovene: krotiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: krútiti

Czech: kroutit

Old Polish: kręcić

Polish: kręcić

Slovak: krútiť (“to turn, to twirl”)

Pannonian Rusyn: круциц (krucic)

Slovincian: krãcëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: krućić (“to strengthen”), kruć (“to twist”)

Lower Sorbian: kšuśiś (“to harden, to strengthen”)

Deadjectival from *krǫ̑tъ (“winding? steep? severe?”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *krant-, also found in Lithuanian krañtas (“bank (of a river)”).
* Per Derksen, with no cognates outside of Balto-Slavic.
* Per Vasmer, presumably from a nasal-infix variant of Proto-Indo-European *kert-, found in Sanskrit कृणत्ति (kṛṇátti, “to twist thread, to spin”), चृटति (cṛṭáti, “to bind, to fasten together”), Ancient Greek κάρταλος (kártalos, “basket”), κυρτία (kurtía, “anything made of wicker”), Latin crātis (“wattle fence, corral”), Old Irish cret (“body of a cart”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (haurds, “door”), Old High German hurt (“wattle fence, anything made of wicker”) (plural hurdi).


kosnǫti

kosnovenьje (noun-from-verb)
kosnǫti (infinitive)
kosnǫtъ (supine)
kosnǫlъ (l-participle)
kosnovenъ (participle passive past)
kosnǫvъ (active participle past)
kosnǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kosnǫ (aorist second-person singular)
kosnǫ (aorist singular third-person)
kosnǫ (first-person present singular)
kosneši (present second-person singular)
kosnetь (present singular third-person)
kosnǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
kosnǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
kosnǫste (aorist dual third-person)
kosnevě (dual first-person present)
kosneta (dual present second-person)
kosnete (dual present third-person)
kosnǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kosnǫste (aorist plural second-person)
kosnǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
kosnemъ (first-person plural present)
kosnete (plural present second-person)
kosnǫtь (plural present third-person)
kosni (imperative second-person singular)
kosni (imperative singular third-person)
kosněvě (dual first-person imperative)
kosněta (dual imperative second-person)
kosněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kosněte (imperative plural second-person)
kosenьje (noun-from-verb)
kosnǫti (infinitive)
kosnǫtъ (supine)
koslъ (l-participle)
kosenъ (participle passive past)
kosъ (active participle past)
kosъ (aorist first-person singular)
kosoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kose (aorist second-person singular)
kose (aorist singular third-person)
kosnǫ (first-person present singular)
kosneši (present second-person singular)
kosnetь (present singular third-person)
kosově (aorist dual first-person)
kosoxově (aorist dual first-person)
koseta (aorist dual second-person)
kososta (aorist dual second-person)
kosete (aorist dual third-person)
kososte (aorist dual third-person)
kosnevě (dual first-person present)
kosneta (dual present second-person)
kosnete (dual present third-person)
kosomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kosoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kosete (aorist plural second-person)
kososte (aorist plural second-person)
kosǫ (aorist plural third-person)
kosošę (aorist plural third-person)
kosnemъ (first-person plural present)
kosnete (plural present second-person)
kosnǫtь (plural present third-person)
kosni (imperative second-person singular)
kosni (imperative singular third-person)
kosněvě (dual first-person imperative)
kosněta (dual imperative second-person)
kosněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kosněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: коснѫти (kosnǫti), коснути (kosnuti)

Belarusian: касну́цца (kasnúcca) (dialectal)

Russian: косну́ться (kosnútʹsja)

Ukrainian: косну́тися (kosnútysja) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: коснѫти (kosnǫti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ко́снувам (kósnuvam) (obsolete, dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: доко̀сна (dokòsna)

Macedonian: косне (kosne)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̏снути

Latin script: kȍsnuti

From the root of *česàti (“to scratch, to comb”) + *-nǫti.