gnědъ

gně̑dъ (canonical)
gnědъ (masculine nominative singular)
gněda (feminine nominative singular)
gnědo (neuter nominative singular)
gněda (genitive masculine singular)
gnědy (feminine genitive singular)
gněda (genitive neuter singular)
gnědu (dative masculine singular)
gnědě (dative feminine singular)
gnědu (dative neuter singular)
gnědъ (accusative masculine singular)
gnědǫ (accusative feminine singular)
gnědo (accusative neuter singular)
gnědomь (instrumental masculine singular)
gnědojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
gnědomь (instrumental neuter singular)
gnědě (locative masculine singular)
gnědě (feminine locative singular)
gnědě (locative neuter singular)
gněde (masculine singular vocative)
gnědo (feminine singular vocative)
gnědo (neuter singular vocative)
gněda (dual masculine nominative)
gnědě (dual feminine nominative)
gnědě (dual neuter nominative)
gnědu (dual genitive masculine)
gnědu (dual feminine genitive)
gnědu (dual genitive neuter)
gnědoma (dative dual masculine)
gnědama (dative dual feminine)
gnědoma (dative dual neuter)
gněda (accusative dual masculine)
gnědě (accusative dual feminine)
gnědě (accusative dual neuter)
gnědoma (dual instrumental masculine)
gnědama (dual feminine instrumental)
gnědoma (dual instrumental neuter)
gnědu (dual locative masculine)
gnědu (dual feminine locative)
gnědu (dual locative neuter)
gněda (dual masculine vocative)
gnědě (dual feminine vocative)
gnědě (dual neuter vocative)
gnědi (masculine nominative plural)
gnědy (feminine nominative plural)
gněda (neuter nominative plural)
gnědъ (genitive masculine plural)
gnědъ (feminine genitive plural)
gnědъ (genitive neuter plural)
gnědomъ (dative masculine plural)
gnědamъ (dative feminine plural)
gnědomъ (dative neuter plural)
gnědy (accusative masculine plural)
gnědy (accusative feminine plural)
gněda (accusative neuter plural)
gnědy (instrumental masculine plural)
gnědami (feminine instrumental plural)
gnědy (instrumental neuter plural)
gněděxъ (locative masculine plural)
gnědaxъ (feminine locative plural)
gněděxъ (locative neuter plural)
gnědi (masculine plural vocative)
gnědy (feminine plural vocative)
gněda (neuter plural vocative)
gnědъjь (masculine nominative singular)
gnědaja (feminine nominative singular)
gnědoje (neuter nominative singular)
gnědajego (genitive masculine singular)
gnědyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
gnědajego (genitive neuter singular)
gnědujemu (dative masculine singular)
gněději (dative feminine singular)
gnědujemu (dative neuter singular)
gnědъjь (accusative masculine singular)
gnědǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
gnědoje (accusative neuter singular)
gnědyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
gnědǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
gnědyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
gnědějemь (locative masculine singular)
gněději (feminine locative singular)
gnědějemь (locative neuter singular)
gnědъjь (masculine singular vocative)
gnědaja (feminine singular vocative)
gnědoje (neuter singular vocative)
gnědaja (dual masculine nominative)
gněději (dual feminine nominative)
gněději (dual neuter nominative)
gněduju (dual genitive masculine)
gněduju (dual feminine genitive)
gněduju (dual genitive neuter)
gnědyjima (dative dual masculine)
gnědyjima (dative dual feminine)
gnědyjima (dative dual neuter)
gnědaja (accusative dual masculine)
gněději (accusative dual feminine)
gněději (accusative dual neuter)
gnědyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
gnědyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
gnědyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
gněduju (dual locative masculine)
gněduju (dual feminine locative)
gněduju (dual locative neuter)
gnědaja (dual masculine vocative)
gněději (dual feminine vocative)
gněději (dual neuter vocative)
gnědiji (masculine nominative plural)
gnědyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
gnědaja (neuter nominative plural)
gnědъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
gnědъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
gnědъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
gnědyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
gnědyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
gnědyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
gnědyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
gnědyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
gnědaja (accusative neuter plural)
gnědyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
gnědyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
gnědyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
gnědyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
gnědyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
gnědyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
gnědiji (masculine plural vocative)
gnědyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
gnědaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: гнеды (hnjedy), гняды (hnjady)

Russian: гнедо́й (gnedój)

Ukrainian: гнідий (hnidyj)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hnědý

Czech: hnědý

Polish: gniady

Slovak: hnedý


gojь

gȍjь (canonical masculine)
gȍjь (nominative singular)
gȍja (dual nominative)
gȍji (nominative plural)
gȍja (genitive singular)
gojù (dual genitive)
gòjь (genitive plural)
gȍju (dative singular)
gojemà (dative dual)
gojèmъ (dative plural)
gȍjь (accusative singular)
gȍja (accusative dual)
gȍję̇ (accusative plural)
gȍjьmь (instrumental singular)
gȍjemь (instrumental singular)
gojemà (dual instrumental)
gojí (instrumental plural)
gȍji (locative singular)
gojù (dual locative)
gojĩxъ (locative plural)
goju (singular vocative)
gȍja (dual vocative)
gȍji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гои (goi)

Russian: гой (goj) (archaic)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: gȏj

Slovene: gȍj (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hoj

Slovak: hoj (poetic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gajas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷoyh₃-o-s, from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”). Compare Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬊 (gaiio, “life”).


golgolati

golgolàti (canonical)
golgolanьje (noun-from-verb)
golgolati (infinitive)
golgolatъ (supine)
golgolalъ (l-participle)
golgolanъ (participle passive past)
golgoľemъ (participle passive present)
golgolavъ (active participle past)
golgoľę (active participle present)
golgolaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
golgola (aorist second-person singular)
golgola (aorist singular third-person)
golgoľǫ (first-person present singular)
golgoľeši (present second-person singular)
golgoľetь (present singular third-person)
golgolaxově (aorist dual first-person)
golgolasta (aorist dual second-person)
golgolaste (aorist dual third-person)
golgoľevě (dual first-person present)
golgoľeta (dual present second-person)
golgoľete (dual present third-person)
golgolaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
golgolaste (aorist plural second-person)
golgolašę (aorist plural third-person)
golgoľemъ (first-person plural present)
golgoľete (plural present second-person)
golgoľǫtь (plural present third-person)
golgolaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
golgolaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
golgolaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
golgoľi (imperative second-person singular)
golgoľi (imperative singular third-person)
golgolaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
golgolaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
golgolaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
golgoľivě (dual first-person imperative)
golgoľita (dual imperative second-person)
golgolaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
golgolaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
golgolaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
golgoľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
golgoľite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: глаголати (glagolati)

Glagolitic: ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰰⱅⰻ (glagolati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глаго̀љати (obsolete, historical)

Latin script: glagòljati (obsolete, historical)

West Slavic:

Czech: hlaholati (18th century)


golvьňa

golvьňà (canonical feminine)
golvьňà (nominative singular)
gȏlvьňi (dual nominative)
gȏlvьňę̇ (nominative plural)
golvьňę̇́ (genitive singular)
golvьňù (dual genitive)
golvь̀ňь (genitive plural)
golvьňì (dative singular)
golvьňàma (dative dual)
golvьňàmъ (dative plural)
gȏlvьňǫ (accusative singular)
gȏlvьňi (accusative dual)
gȏlvьňę̇ (accusative plural)
golvьňejǫ́ (instrumental singular)
golvьňàma (dual instrumental)
golvьňàmi (instrumental plural)
gȏlvьňī (locative singular)
golvьňù (dual locative)
golvьňàsъ (locative plural)
golvьňàxъ (locative plural)
golvьňe (singular vocative)
gȏlvьňi (dual vocative)
gȏlvьňę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: галаўня́ (halaŭnjá)

Russian: головня́ (golovnjá)

Ukrainian: головня́ (holovnjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: главнꙗ (glavnja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гла̏вња

Latin script: glȁvnja

Slovene: glȃvnja (tonal orthography) (Western dialects)

West Slavic:

q

Czech: hlaveň (barrel (metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged))

Polish: głownia


gonъ

gònъ (canonical masculine)
gònъ (nominative singular)
gonà (dual nominative)
gonì (nominative plural)
gonà (genitive singular)
gonù (dual genitive)
gònъ (genitive plural)
gonù (dative singular)
gonòma (dative dual)
gonòmъ (dative plural)
gònъ (accusative singular)
gonà (accusative dual)
gonỳ (accusative plural)
gonъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
gonòmь (instrumental singular)
gonòma (dual instrumental)
gòny (instrumental plural)
goně̀ (locative singular)
gonù (dual locative)
gòněxъ (locative plural)
gone (singular vocative)
gonà (dual vocative)
gonì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гонъ (gonŭ)

Russian: гон (gon)

South Slavic:

Slovene: gȍn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hon

Kashubian: góń

Old Polish: gon

Polish: gon

Silesian: gōn

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰón-o-s, from *gʷʰen- (“to slay, strike”). Cognate to Ancient Greek φόνος (phónos, “murder”) and Sanskrit घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”).


gorditi

gordìti (canonical)
gorďenьje (noun-from-verb)
gorditi (infinitive)
gorditъ (supine)
gordilъ (l-participle)
gorďenъ (participle passive past)
gordimъ (participle passive present)
gorďь (active participle past)
gordę (active participle present)
gordixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gordi (aorist second-person singular)
gordi (aorist singular third-person)
gorďǫ (first-person present singular)
gordiši (present second-person singular)
gorditь (present singular third-person)
gordixově (aorist dual first-person)
gordista (aorist dual second-person)
gordiste (aorist dual third-person)
gordivě (dual first-person present)
gordita (dual present second-person)
gordite (dual present third-person)
gordixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gordiste (aorist plural second-person)
gordišę (aorist plural third-person)
gordimъ (first-person plural present)
gordite (plural present second-person)
gordętь (plural present third-person)
gorďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gorďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gorďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gordi (imperative second-person singular)
gordi (imperative singular third-person)
gorďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gorďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gorďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gordivě (dual first-person imperative)
gordita (dual imperative second-person)
gorďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gorďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gorďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gordimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gordite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: городи́ть (gorodítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: градити (graditi)

→ Russian: -гради́ть (-gradítʹ)

Bulgarian: градя̀ (gradjà)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гра́дити

Latin script: gráditi

Slovene: gradīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hraditi

Czech: hradit

Moravian (Mistřice): hraďit

Polish: grodzić

Old Slovak: hradiť, hrázdiť

Slovak: hradiť


gorďa

gõrďa (canonical feminine)
gõrďa (nominative singular)
gõrďi (dual nominative)
gõrďę̇ (nominative plural)
gõrďę̇ (genitive singular)
gõrďu (dual genitive)
gõrďь (genitive plural)
gõrďi (dative singular)
gõrďama (dative dual)
gõrďamъ (dative plural)
gõrďǫ (accusative singular)
gõrďi (accusative dual)
gõrďę̇ (accusative plural)
gõrďejǫ (instrumental singular)
gõrďǫ (instrumental singular)
gõrďama (dual instrumental)
gõrďamī (instrumental plural)
gõrďi (locative singular)
gõrďu (dual locative)
gõrďasъ (locative plural)
gõrďaxъ (locative plural)
gorďe (singular vocative)
gõrďi (dual vocative)
gõrďę̇ (plural vocative)
*gõrďь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: горо́жа (goróža)

Belarusian: гаро́жа (haróža)

(Drahichyn): горо́джа (horódža)

Russian: горо́жа (goróža)

Ukrainian: горо́жа (horóža)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гра̑ђа

Latin script: grȃđa

(Chakavian): grãja

Slovene: grāja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrázě

Czech: hráz

Polish: grodza

Slovak: hrádza

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gárdjāˀ. Perhaps with borrowing in Proto-Mordvinic *kardə; Erzya кардо (kardo, “stable”), Moksha карда (karda, “stable”)?
Apparently, this form confirms the barytone accent paradigm in the form *gárdas (“enclosure”), which was reconstructed on the basis of a small material.


gorďь

gõrďь (canonical masculine)
gõrďь (nominative singular)
gōrďà (dual nominative)
gōrďì (nominative plural)
gōrďà (genitive singular)
gōrďù (dual genitive)
gõrďь (genitive plural)
gōrďù (dative singular)
gōrďèma (dative dual)
gõrďemъ (dative plural)
gõrďь (accusative singular)
gōrďà (accusative dual)
gōrďę̇̀ (accusative plural)
gōrďь̀mь (instrumental singular)
gōrďèmь (instrumental singular)
gōrďèma (dual instrumental)
gõrďi (instrumental plural)
gōrďì (locative singular)
gōrďù (dual locative)
gõrďixъ (locative plural)
gorďu (singular vocative)
gōrďà (dual vocative)
gōrďì (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: граждь (graždĭ)

→ Romanian: grajd

West Slavic:

Polabian: gord

Polish: grodź, gródź


goře

gȍře (canonical neuter)
gȍře (nominative singular)
gȍři (dual nominative)
gořà (nominative plural)
gȍřa (genitive singular)
gořù (dual genitive)
gòřь (genitive plural)
gȍřu (dative singular)
gořemà (dative dual)
gořémъ (dative plural)
gȍře (accusative singular)
gȍři (accusative dual)
gořà (accusative plural)
gȍřьmь (instrumental singular)
gȍřemь (instrumental singular)
gořemà (dual instrumental)
goří (instrumental plural)
gȍři (locative singular)
gořù (dual locative)
goříxъ (locative plural)
gȍře (singular vocative)
gȍři (dual vocative)
gořà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: го́ра (hóra)

Russian: го́ре (góre)

Ukrainian: го́ре (hóre)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гор҄е (gorʹje)

Slovene: gorjẹ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hoře

Old Polish: gorze

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: góŕe


gospoďa

gospoďa (nominative singular)
gospoďi (dual nominative)
gospoďę̇ (nominative plural)
gospoďę̇ (genitive singular)
gospoďu (dual genitive)
gospoďь (genitive plural)
gospoďi (dative singular)
gospoďama (dative dual)
gospoďamъ (dative plural)
gospoďǫ (accusative singular)
gospoďi (accusative dual)
gospoďę̇ (accusative plural)
gospoďejǫ (instrumental singular)
gospoďǫ (instrumental singular)
gospoďama (dual instrumental)
gospoďami (instrumental plural)
gospoďi (locative singular)
gospoďu (dual locative)
gospoďasъ (locative plural)
gospoďaxъ (locative plural)
gospoďe (singular vocative)
gospoďi (dual vocative)
gospoďę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: госпожа (gospoža)

desc

Old Ruthenian: госпожа́ (hospožá), господжа́ (hospodžá), оспожа́ (ospožá)

Ukrainian: госпожа́ (hospožá) (obsolete, archaic)

Russian: госпожа́ (gospožá)

→ Bulgarian: госпожа́ (gospožá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: госпожда (gospožda)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰶⰴⰰ (gospožda)

Macedonian: госпоѓа (gospoǵa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: го̏спођа

Latin script: gȍspođa

Slovene: gospá (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: gospodza

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hospoza

Lower Sorbian: góspoza

Marko Snoj
be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі
uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович


gǫšča

gǫ̃šča (canonical feminine)
gǫ̃šča (nominative singular)
gǫ̃šči (dual nominative)
gǫ̃ščę̇ (nominative plural)
gǫ̃ščę̇ (genitive singular)
gǫ̃šču (dual genitive)
gǫ̃ščь (genitive plural)
gǫ̃šči (dative singular)
gǫ̃ščama (dative dual)
gǫ̃ščamъ (dative plural)
gǫ̃ščǫ (accusative singular)
gǫ̃šči (accusative dual)
gǫ̃ščę̇ (accusative plural)
gǫ̃ščejǫ (instrumental singular)
gǫ̃ščǫ (instrumental singular)
gǫ̃ščama (dual instrumental)
gǫ̃ščamī (instrumental plural)
gǫ̃šči (locative singular)
gǫ̃šču (dual locative)
gǫ̃ščasъ (locative plural)
gǫ̃ščaxъ (locative plural)
gǫšče (singular vocative)
gǫ̃šči (dual vocative)
gǫ̃ščę̇ (plural vocative)
*gǫščь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: гушча (hušča)

Russian: гу́ща (gúšča)

Ukrainian: гу́ща (húšča)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гу̏шта

Latin script: gȕšta

Slovene: gọ́šča (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: houšť

Slovak: húšť

Deadjectival form of *gǫstъ (“dense”) + *-ja or a nomen acti of *gǫstiti (“to condense”) + *-ja.


granь

grȃnь (canonical feminine)
grȃnь (nominative singular)
grȃni (dual nominative)
grȃni (nominative plural)
graní (genitive singular)
granьjù (dual genitive)
granь̀jь (genitive plural)
grȃni (dative singular)
granьmà (dative dual)
grȃnьmъ (dative plural)
grȃnь (accusative singular)
grȃni (accusative dual)
grȃni (accusative plural)
granьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
granьmà (dual instrumental)
granьmì (instrumental plural)
graní (locative singular)
granьjù (dual locative)
grȃnьxъ (locative plural)
grani (singular vocative)
grȃni (dual vocative)
grȃni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: грань (granʹ)

Ukrainian: грань (hranʹ, “corner”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: грань (granĭ)

Bulgarian: гран (gran, “tree's canopy”) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Polish: grań

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrō- (“growing”) + *-nь (nomen acti suffix), akin to Proto-Germanic *granō (“bristle”), Old Norse grannr (“slim, slender”). Alternatively, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrōn- (“edge, end, tip”), a lengthened-grade of root *gʰren-, whence Welsh gran (“eyelid”), Breton grann (“brow, eyebrow”), Old Irish grend, though, Matasovic is skeptical of the link. See literature for further discussion.


granь

grȃnь (nominative singular)
grȃni (dual nominative)
grȃni (nominative plural)
graní (genitive singular)
granьjù (dual genitive)
granь̀jь (genitive plural)
grȃni (dative singular)
granьmà (dative dual)
grȃnьmъ (dative plural)
grȃnь (accusative singular)
grȃni (accusative dual)
grȃni (accusative plural)
granьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
granьmà (dual instrumental)
granьmì (instrumental plural)
graní (locative singular)
granьjù (dual locative)
grȃnьxъ (locative plural)
grani (singular vocative)
grȃni (dual vocative)
grȃni (plural vocative)

A fossilized dialectal form of *grěnь (“gnawing”), from *grěti (“to heat, to burn”) + *-nь; perhaps amalgamated with *gornь (“burning”), from *gorěti (“to burn”) + *-nь.


grędь

grę̑dь (canonical feminine)
grę̑dь (nominative singular)
grę̑di (dual nominative)
grę̑di (nominative plural)
grędí (genitive singular)
grędьjù (dual genitive)
grędь̀jь (genitive plural)
grę̑di (dative singular)
grędьmà (dative dual)
grę̑dьmъ (dative plural)
grę̑dь (accusative singular)
grę̑di (accusative dual)
grę̑di (accusative plural)
grędьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
grędьmà (dual instrumental)
grędьmì (instrumental plural)
grędí (locative singular)
grędьjù (dual locative)
grę̑dьxъ (locative plural)
grędi (singular vocative)
grę̑di (dual vocative)
grę̑di (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: гред (gred, “landmark within a field”) (archaic)

⇒ Romanian: grind (“hill”)

⇒ Hungarian: gerend (“mound”)


grǫzъ

grǫ̑zъ (canonical masculine)
grǫ̑zъ (nominative singular)
grǫ̑za (dual nominative)
grǫ̑zi (nominative plural)
grǫ̑za (genitive singular)
grǫzù (dual genitive)
grǫ̃zъ (genitive plural)
grǫ̑zu (dative singular)
grǫzomà (dative dual)
grǫzòmъ (dative plural)
grǫ̑zъ (accusative singular)
grǫ̑za (accusative dual)
grǫ̑zy (accusative plural)
grǫ̑zъmь (instrumental singular)
grǫ̑zomь (instrumental singular)
grǫzomà (dual instrumental)
grǫzý (instrumental plural)
grǫ̑zě (locative singular)
grǫzù (dual locative)
grǫzě̃xъ (locative plural)
grǫze (singular vocative)
grǫ̑za (dual vocative)
grǫ̑zi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: груз (hruz)

Russian: груз (gruz)

Ukrainian: грузь (hruzʹ)

West Slavic:

Polish: grąz (obsolete)


gryža

grỳža (canonical feminine)
grỳža (nominative singular)
grỳži (dual nominative)
grỳžę̇ (nominative plural)
grỳžę̇ (genitive singular)
grỳžu (dual genitive)
grỳžь (genitive plural)
grỳžī (dative singular)
grỳžama (dative dual)
grỳžāmъ (dative plural)
grỳžǫ (accusative singular)
grỳži (accusative dual)
grỳžę̇ (accusative plural)
grỳžējǫ (instrumental singular)
grỳžǭ (instrumental singular)
grỳžama (dual instrumental)
grỳžāmī (instrumental plural)
grỳžī (locative singular)
grỳžu (dual locative)
grỳžāsъ (locative plural)
grỳže (singular vocative)
grỳži (dual vocative)
grỳžę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: гры́жа (hrýža)

Russian: гры́жа (grýža)

Russian: гри́жа (gríža, “sorrow”) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: гри́жа (hrýža)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гри́жа (gríža, “concern, worry”)

→ Romanian: grijă (“concern, worry”)

Macedonian: грижа (griža, “concern, worry”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гри̏жа

Latin script: grȉža

Slovene: grȋža (tonal orthography)

Nomen acti of *gryzti (“to gnaw”) + *-ja.

→ dysentery, hernia

physical discomfort, pain (usually in the stomach)


grъmъ

grъ̏mъ (canonical masculine)
grъ̏mъ (nominative singular)
grъ̏ma (dual nominative)
grъ̏mi (nominative plural)
grъ̏ma (genitive singular)
grъmù (dual genitive)
grъ̀mъ (genitive plural)
grъ̏mu (dative singular)
grъmomà (dative dual)
grъmòmъ (dative plural)
grъ̏mъ (accusative singular)
grъ̏ma (accusative dual)
grъ̏my (accusative plural)
grъ̏mъmь (instrumental singular)
grъ̏momь (instrumental singular)
grъmomà (dual instrumental)
grъmý (instrumental plural)
grъ̏mě (locative singular)
grъmù (dual locative)
grъmě̃xъ (locative plural)
grъme (singular vocative)
grъ̏ma (dual vocative)
grъ̏mi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гръмъ (grŭmŭ), громъ (gromŭ)

Russian: гром (grom)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: гръмъ (grŭmŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱃⱏⰿⱏ (grŭmŭ)

Bulgarian: гръм (grǎm)

Serbo-Croatian: gȓm

Serbo-Croatian: gȑm (Chakavian)

Slovene: gȓm (tonal orthography)

Supposed to be from an earlier *grъdmъ, from the 0-grade of *gruda (“pile, heap”) + *-mъ. Possibly akin to Lithuanian graũmenys pl (“thicket”).


omanъ

omanъ (nominative singular)
omana (dual nominative)
omani (nominative plural)
omana (genitive singular)
omanu (dual genitive)
omanъ (genitive plural)
omanu (dative singular)
omanoma (dative dual)
omanomъ (dative plural)
omanъ (accusative singular)
omana (accusative dual)
omany (accusative plural)
omanъmь (instrumental singular)
omanomь (instrumental singular)
omanoma (dual instrumental)
omany (instrumental plural)
omaně (locative singular)
omanu (dual locative)
omaněxъ (locative plural)
omane (singular vocative)
omana (dual vocative)
omani (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ама́н (amán)

Russian: ома́н (omán)

Ukrainian: ома́н (omán)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: оманъ (omanŭ)

Bulgarian: ома́н (omán)

Macedonian: оман (oman)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̀ман

Latin script: òman

Slovene: ọ̑man (tonal orthography), vọ̑man

West Slavic:

Old Czech: oman

Czech: oman, woman, voman (obsolete)

Polish: oman

Slovak: oman

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: homan

Upper Sorbian: woman

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: omán

→ Romanian: omán

From *omaniti (“to bewitch”), for ascribed protective witchery, its vegetable pungency, and its medicinal potency, fulfilling the role of the Arnica montana in the Germania.

elecampane (Inula spp., especially Inula helenium)


devęsilъ

devęsilъ (nominative singular)
devęsila (dual nominative)
devęsili (nominative plural)
devęsila (genitive singular)
devęsilu (dual genitive)
devęsilъ (genitive plural)
devęsilu (dative singular)
devęsiloma (dative dual)
devęsilomъ (dative plural)
devęsilъ (accusative singular)
devęsila (accusative dual)
devęsily (accusative plural)
devęsilъmь (instrumental singular)
devęsilomь (instrumental singular)
devęsiloma (dual instrumental)
devęsily (instrumental plural)
devęsilě (locative singular)
devęsilu (dual locative)
devęsilěxъ (locative plural)
devęsile (singular vocative)
devęsila (dual vocative)
devęsili (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: дзівасі́л (dzivasíl)

Russian: девяси́л (devjasíl), девяси́лъ (devjasíl) — Pre-reform orthography (1918), девятиси́л (devjatisíl), дивоси́л (divosíl)

Ukrainian: дев'яси́л (devʺjasýl), дивоси́л (dyvosýl), дев'ятиси́л (devʺjatysýl)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: девеси́л (devesíl), девиси́л (devisíl)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: девѐсиљ, невѐсиљ, девѐсиље, невѐсиље

Latin script: devèsilj, nevèsilj, devèsilje, nevèsilje

Slovene: devesílje

West Slavic:

Czech: devětsil

Polish: dziewięćsił, dziewięsił (archaic)

Slovak: deväťsil

Univerbation of *dȅvę + *sìlъ, literally “nine powers”, three times three powers, for its medicinal potency. Compare German Neunkraft, Neunkraut and continuation of such formations in Russian девяти́льник (devjatílʹnik), Slovene devẹ̑tək (tonal orthography).

cog

девяти́льник


-ьlъ

*-ъlъ (alternative)
*-elъ (alternative)
-ьlъ (nominative singular)
-ьla (dual nominative)
-ьli (nominative plural)
-ьla (genitive singular)
-ьlu (dual genitive)
-ьlъ (genitive plural)
-ьlu (dative singular)
-ьloma (dative dual)
-ьlomъ (dative plural)
-ьlъ (accusative singular)
-ьla (accusative dual)
-ьly (accusative plural)
-ьlъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьlomь (instrumental singular)
-ьloma (dual instrumental)
-ьly (instrumental plural)
-ьlě (locative singular)
-ьlu (dual locative)
-ьlěxъ (locative plural)
-ьle (singular vocative)
-ьla (dual vocative)
-ьli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьлъ (-ĭlŭ)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⰾⱏ (-ĭlŭ)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -el

Czech: -el

Polish: -eł

Fossilized doublet of *-lъ, attached to thematic roots. The *-ь- could reflect either a reduced *-e- or *-i- from i-theme declension. Regionally (especially in East Slavic), the -ь- was often hardened to -ъ- due to the backward influence of -l- (cf. Old East Slavic: молоко (moloko) < *melko or Old East Slavic: пълнъ (pŭlnŭ) < *pьlnъ).

kozьlъ (“goat”) ← *kozь(jь) (“goaty”)

pětьlъ (“rooster, cock”) ← *pětъ(jь) (“singing”)

sъsьlъ (“ground squirrel”) ← Proto-Balto-Slavic *śuśas (“shoving, ditching”) (possibly)

orьlъ (“eagle”) ← Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“stirring, rising one”)

pelvelъ (“weed”) ← *pelvъ (“pale, futile”)

From adjectives or participles, forms agent nouns (usually animals or plants)

svьrdьlъ (“chasel”) ← Proto-Indo-European *swerdʰóm (“sharp tool”) < *seh₂w- (“sharp”) + *-ér-

kotьlъ (“cauldron”) ← Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to encircle, to bound”)

kъbьlъ (“bucket”) ← Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to bend, to turn”)

gъdьlъ (“tickle”) ← *gъsti (“to tickle, to prick”)

From basic roots or verbs, forms tool nouns. Likely under the influence of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz


-ělъ

-ělъ (nominative singular)
-ěla (dual nominative)
-ěli (nominative plural)
-ěla (genitive singular)
-ělu (dual genitive)
-ělъ (genitive plural)
-ělu (dative singular)
-ěloma (dative dual)
-ělomъ (dative plural)
-ělъ (accusative singular)
-ěla (accusative dual)
-ěly (accusative plural)
-ělъmь (instrumental singular)
-ělomь (instrumental singular)
-ěloma (dual instrumental)
-ěly (instrumental plural)
-ělě (locative singular)
-ělu (dual locative)
-ělěxъ (locative plural)
-ěle (singular vocative)
-ěla (dual vocative)
-ěli (plural vocative)

Derived from the fusion of state expressing extension Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti + *-lós. Akin to Latin -ēla. By surface analysis, *-ě- + *-lъ

mьrzělъ (“sloth, one who lazes”)← *mьrzъ (“devious, lazy”)

mǫtělъ (“clutter, haze”) ← *mǭtiti (“to roil, to stir”)

svьrbělъ (“itchy one”) ← *svьrběti (“to itch”)

xъrbělъ (“slender one”) ← *xъrběti (“to thin”)

ščьrbělъ (“ribby one”) ← *ščьrbiti (“to rib”)

From adjectives or ě-theme verbs, forms state nouns (used as a cause for something) or agent nouns denoting a bearer of a state


-ělъ

-ělъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ěla (feminine nominative singular)
-ělo (neuter nominative singular)
-ěla (genitive masculine singular)
-ěly (feminine genitive singular)
-ěla (genitive neuter singular)
-ělu (dative masculine singular)
-ělě (dative feminine singular)
-ělu (dative neuter singular)
-ělъ (accusative masculine singular)
-ělǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ělo (accusative neuter singular)
-ělomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ělojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ělomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ělě (locative masculine singular)
-ělě (feminine locative singular)
-ělě (locative neuter singular)
-ěle (masculine singular vocative)
-ělo (feminine singular vocative)
-ělo (neuter singular vocative)
-ěla (dual masculine nominative)
-ělě (dual feminine nominative)
-ělě (dual neuter nominative)
-ělu (dual genitive masculine)
-ělu (dual feminine genitive)
-ělu (dual genitive neuter)
-ěloma (dative dual masculine)
-ělama (dative dual feminine)
-ěloma (dative dual neuter)
-ěla (accusative dual masculine)
-ělě (accusative dual feminine)
-ělě (accusative dual neuter)
-ěloma (dual instrumental masculine)
-ělama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ěloma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ělu (dual locative masculine)
-ělu (dual feminine locative)
-ělu (dual locative neuter)
-ěla (dual masculine vocative)
-ělě (dual feminine vocative)
-ělě (dual neuter vocative)
-ěli (masculine nominative plural)
-ěly (feminine nominative plural)
-ěla (neuter nominative plural)
-ělъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ělъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ělъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ělomъ (dative masculine plural)
-ělamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ělomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ěly (accusative masculine plural)
-ěly (accusative feminine plural)
-ěla (accusative neuter plural)
-ěly (instrumental masculine plural)
-ělami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ěly (instrumental neuter plural)
-ělěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ělaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ělěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ěli (masculine plural vocative)
-ěly (feminine plural vocative)
-ěla (neuter plural vocative)

myslělъ (“thought”) ← *myslěti (“to think”)

svьrbělъ (“itched”) ← *svьrběti (“to itch”)

(originally) From *-ěti verbs, forms participles


-ъlъ

-ъlъ (nominative singular)
-ъla (dual nominative)
-ъli (nominative plural)
-ъla (genitive singular)
-ъlu (dual genitive)
-ъlъ (genitive plural)
-ъlu (dative singular)
-ъloma (dative dual)
-ъlomъ (dative plural)
-ъlъ (accusative singular)
-ъla (accusative dual)
-ъly (accusative plural)
-ъlъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъlomь (instrumental singular)
-ъloma (dual instrumental)
-ъly (instrumental plural)
-ъlě (locative singular)
-ъlu (dual locative)
-ъlěxъ (locative plural)
-ъle (singular vocative)
-ъla (dual vocative)
-ъli (plural vocative)
*-ъľь (alternative)
*-ъla (alternative)
*-ъlo (alternative)

Variant of *-lъ, attached onto u-stems. Comparable with Latin -ulus.

pьkъlъ (“hell, pitch”) ← Proto-Indo-European *peyk- (“to carve, to hew”)

ǫgъlъ (“angle”) ← Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“to curve”)

čexъlъ (“cap, sleeper, cover”) ← of uncertain origin


pьkъ

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пък (pǎk)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̏к

Latin script: pȁk

Parallel to *pakъ (“again”), in which case the origin would (probably) be from Proto-Indo-European *h₁pi (“by, at”) + *-kъ (“denotational suffix”), similar to *tukъ (“here”), *takъ (“thus”), *kakъ (“how”) from *tu (“locative specifier”), *tъ (“that one”), *kъjь (“which, who”) + *-kъ.


pakъ

East Slavic:

⇒ Russian: пак (pak) (dialectal, archaic)

⇒ Ukrainian: пак (pak), па́ки́ (páký) (archaic)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: пакъ (pakŭ), пакꙑ (paky)

Bulgarian: пак (pak), dial. паки (paki)

Macedonian: пак (pak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̏к

Latin script: pȁk

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pak

Czech: pak

Lower Sorbian: pak

Either formed as *pa- (“later”) + *-kъ, in the same manner as *jakъ (“such”), *kakъ (“how”), *takъ (“thus”) from *jь (“this here”), *kъjь (“who, which”), *tъ (“this”), or a back-formation from *opakъ (“reverse, the other way round”) with dropped *o-.


-rъ

-rъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ra (feminine nominative singular)
-ro (neuter nominative singular)
-ra (genitive masculine singular)
-ry (feminine genitive singular)
-ra (genitive neuter singular)
-ru (dative masculine singular)
-rě (dative feminine singular)
-ru (dative neuter singular)
-rъ (accusative masculine singular)
-rǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ro (accusative neuter singular)
-romь (instrumental masculine singular)
-rojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-romь (instrumental neuter singular)
-rě (locative masculine singular)
-rě (feminine locative singular)
-rě (locative neuter singular)
-re (masculine singular vocative)
-ro (feminine singular vocative)
-ro (neuter singular vocative)
-ra (dual masculine nominative)
-rě (dual feminine nominative)
-rě (dual neuter nominative)
-ru (dual genitive masculine)
-ru (dual feminine genitive)
-ru (dual genitive neuter)
-roma (dative dual masculine)
-rama (dative dual feminine)
-roma (dative dual neuter)
-ra (accusative dual masculine)
-rě (accusative dual feminine)
-rě (accusative dual neuter)
-roma (dual instrumental masculine)
-rama (dual feminine instrumental)
-roma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ru (dual locative masculine)
-ru (dual feminine locative)
-ru (dual locative neuter)
-ra (dual masculine vocative)
-rě (dual feminine vocative)
-rě (dual neuter vocative)
-ri (masculine nominative plural)
-ry (feminine nominative plural)
-ra (neuter nominative plural)
-rъ (genitive masculine plural)
-rъ (feminine genitive plural)
-rъ (genitive neuter plural)
-romъ (dative masculine plural)
-ramъ (dative feminine plural)
-romъ (dative neuter plural)
-ry (accusative masculine plural)
-ry (accusative feminine plural)
-ra (accusative neuter plural)
-ry (instrumental masculine plural)
-rami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ry (instrumental neuter plural)
-rěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-raxъ (feminine locative plural)
-rěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ri (masculine plural vocative)
-ry (feminine plural vocative)
-ra (neuter plural vocative)
-rъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-raja (feminine nominative singular)
-roje (neuter nominative singular)
-rajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ryję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-rajego (genitive neuter singular)
-rujemu (dative masculine singular)
-rěji (dative feminine singular)
-rujemu (dative neuter singular)
-rъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-rǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-roje (accusative neuter singular)
-ryjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-rǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ryjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-rějemь (locative masculine singular)
-rěji (feminine locative singular)
-rějemь (locative neuter singular)
-rъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-raja (feminine singular vocative)
-roje (neuter singular vocative)
-raja (dual masculine nominative)
-rěji (dual feminine nominative)
-rěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ruju (dual genitive masculine)
-ruju (dual feminine genitive)
-ruju (dual genitive neuter)
-ryjima (dative dual masculine)
-ryjima (dative dual feminine)
-ryjima (dative dual neuter)
-raja (accusative dual masculine)
-rěji (accusative dual feminine)
-rěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ryjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ryjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ryjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ruju (dual locative masculine)
-ruju (dual feminine locative)
-ruju (dual locative neuter)
-raja (dual masculine vocative)
-rěji (dual feminine vocative)
-rěji (dual neuter vocative)
-riji (masculine nominative plural)
-ryję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-raja (neuter nominative plural)
-rъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-rъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-rъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ryjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ryjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ryjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ryję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ryję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-raja (accusative neuter plural)
-ryjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ryjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ryjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ryjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ryjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ryjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-riji (masculine plural vocative)
-ryję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-raja (neuter plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ras, from Proto-Indo-European *-rós. Unlike the Indo-European suffix, the Slavic one could be attached to any-grade (0-, e-, or o-) stems. Cognate with Lithuanian -ras, -rus and Latvian -rs.

bъdrъ (“awake”) ← *bъděti (“to be conscious, to look over”)

rъdrъ (“red, rusty”) ← *rъděti (“to rust”)

starъ (“old”) ← *stati (“to stay, to stand”)

pьstrъ (“colourful”) < earlier *pьsrъ ← *pьsati (“to draw, to paint”)

sporъ (“abundant”) < earlier *sp(ə)rъ ← *spěti (“to advance, to succeed”)

xytrъ (“cunning, clever”) ← *xvatаti (“to catch, to grasp, to gulp”)

bystrъ (“transparent, rapid”) < earlier *bysrъ ← Pre-Slavic *bʰuHs- (“stormy, blowing”)

ostrъ (“sharp”) < earlier *osrъ ← Pre-Slavic *h₂ḱ- (“acute, sharp”)

From intransitive verbs or basic 0-grade stems, forms adjectives

dobrъ (“good”) ← *dobъ (“suitable time”)

mokrъ (“wet”) ← *močь (“moisture”)

motrъ (“focused, accurate”) ← *motati (“to revolve”)

mǫdrъ (“wise”) ← **mǫdъ (“on one's mind”) ← *mьněti (“to think, to form opinion”) + *-dъ (“locative particle”)

vedrъ (“fair, clear”) ← **vedъ (“clear weather”) ←*věti (“to blow, to wind”) + *-dъ (“locative particle”)

ędrъ (“large”) ← **ędъ (“mass, distribution”) ←*ęti (“to take, to have”) + *-dъ (“locative particle”)

From e-grade stems, forms adjectives (rare)


-ro

*-rъ (alternative)
*-ra (alternative)
-ro (nominative singular)
-rě (dual nominative)
-ra (nominative plural)
-ra (genitive singular)
-ru (dual genitive)
-rъ (genitive plural)
-ru (dative singular)
-roma (dative dual)
-romъ (dative plural)
-ro (accusative singular)
-rě (accusative dual)
-ra (accusative plural)
-rъmь (instrumental singular)
-romь (instrumental singular)
-roma (dual instrumental)
-ry (instrumental plural)
-rě (locative singular)
-ru (dual locative)
-rěxъ (locative plural)
-ro (singular vocative)
-rě (dual vocative)
-ra (plural vocative)

Reanalyzed form of the adjective-forming suffix *-rъ.

bedro (“thigh”) ← earlier *bedrъ (“ditched, speared”)

rebro (“rib”) ← earlier *rebrъ (“tilted, wrapping”)

vedro (“fair weather”) ← earlier *vedrъ (“fair, nice (for weather)”)

vědro (“bucket”) ← earlier *vědrъ (“fluid, laminar”)

utro (“morning”) ← earlier unattested *ustrъ (“eastern, dawn”)

From earlier adjectives, forming neutral tool nouns

bagrъ (“dye, hue”) ← earlier *bagrъ (“crimson, purple”)

koprъ (“dill”) ← earlier *kъprъ (“smelly, nifty”)

zǫbrъ (“bison, wisent”) ← earlier *zǫbrъ (“pointy, bristly, pungent”)

vixъrъ (“whirlwind”) ← earlier *vixъrъ (“vortical”)

kamorъ (“stone”) ← earlier *okm(ə)rъ (“made of stone”)

From earlier adjectives, forming masculine agent, instrumental or event nouns

vydra (“otter”) ← earlier *(v)ydrъ (“watery”)

kypra (“bonny girl”) ← earlier *kyprъ (“boiling, raving”)

kapra (“pus, liquid from the eye”) ← earlier *kaprъ (“dripping”)

dǫbrava (“small woodland”) ← earlier *dǫbrъ (“woody, timber”)

From earlier adjectives, forming feminine agent, collective or substance nouns


-ьjь

-ьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ьja (feminine nominative singular)
-ьje (neuter nominative singular)
-ьja (genitive masculine singular)
-ьję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ьja (genitive neuter singular)
-ьju (dative masculine singular)
-ьji (dative feminine singular)
-ьju (dative neuter singular)
-ьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ьjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьje (accusative neuter singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьjejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьji (locative masculine singular)
-ьji (feminine locative singular)
-ьji (locative neuter singular)
-ьju (masculine singular vocative)
-ьje (feminine singular vocative)
-ьje (neuter singular vocative)
-ьja (dual masculine nominative)
-ьji (dual feminine nominative)
-ьji (dual neuter nominative)
-ьju (dual genitive masculine)
-ьju (dual feminine genitive)
-ьju (dual genitive neuter)
-ьjema (dative dual masculine)
-ьjama (dative dual feminine)
-ьjema (dative dual neuter)
-ьja (accusative dual masculine)
-ьji (accusative dual feminine)
-ьji (accusative dual neuter)
-ьjema (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьjama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьjema (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьju (dual locative masculine)
-ьju (dual feminine locative)
-ьju (dual locative neuter)
-ьja (dual masculine vocative)
-ьji (dual feminine vocative)
-ьji (dual neuter vocative)
-ьji (masculine nominative plural)
-ьję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ьja (neuter nominative plural)
-ьjь (genitive masculine plural)
-ьjь (feminine genitive plural)
-ьjь (genitive neuter plural)
-ьjemъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьjamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьjemъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ьję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ьja (accusative neuter plural)
-ьji (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьjami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьji (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьjaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьji (masculine plural vocative)
-ьję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ьja (neuter plural vocative)
-ьjьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ьjaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ьjeje (neuter nominative singular)
-ьjajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ьję̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ьjajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ьjujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ьjiji (dative feminine singular)
-ьjujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ьjьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ьjǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьjeje (accusative neuter singular)
-ьjijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьjǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьjijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьjijemь (locative masculine singular)
-ьjiji (feminine locative singular)
-ьjijemь (locative neuter singular)
-ьjьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ьjaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ьjeje (neuter singular vocative)
-ьjaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ьjiji (dual feminine nominative)
-ьjiji (dual neuter nominative)
-ьjuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ьjuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ьjuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ьjijima (dative dual masculine)
-ьjijima (dative dual feminine)
-ьjijima (dative dual neuter)
-ьjaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ьjiji (accusative dual feminine)
-ьjiji (accusative dual neuter)
-ьjijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьjijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьjijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьjuju (dual locative masculine)
-ьjuju (dual feminine locative)
-ьjuju (dual locative neuter)
-ьjaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ьjiji (dual feminine vocative)
-ьjiji (dual neuter vocative)
-ьjiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ьję̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ьjaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ьjьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьjьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьjьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьjijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьjijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьjijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьję̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ьję̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ьjaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ьjijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьjijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьjijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьjijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьjijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьjijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьjiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ьję̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ьjaja (neuter plural vocative)
*-jь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ь (-ĭ), -ии (-ii)

Belarusian: -і m (-i) -ы m (-y),

Russian: -ий m (-ij), -ья f (-ʹja), -ье n (-ʹje)

Ukrainian: -ий m (-yj), -ій m (-ij)

Old Novgorodian: -ьи (-ĭi)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ьи (-ĭi), -ии (-ii)

Bulgarian: -и m (-i), -(и)я f (-(i)ja), -(и)е n (-(i)e)

Macedonian:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ји

Latin script: -ji

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech: -í

desctree

Old Polish: -i, -y
Polish: -i
Polish: -y

Slovak: -í

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -e, -y

Lower Sorbian: -i, -y

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: -jy

Extending ending of archaic i-stem adjectives, effectively equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *-is + *-ós. In Late Common Slavic, the accent was retracted from the ending on the preceding syllable (known as Ivšić's law). A similar effect occurred already during Balto-Slavic when an acute syllable attracted the accent from the ending, e.g. in Proto-Slavic *jьnьjь (“frost”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁iH-n̥-yós (compare Lithuanian ýnis (“frost”)).
Old Church Slavonic preserved a few true i-stem adjectives, however, they were indeclinable for gender, case or number: e.g. Old Church Slavonic исплънь (isplŭnĭ, “full of”), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”), различь (različĭ, “different”), ꙋдобь (udobĭ, “comfortable, easy”), обиль (obilĭ, “abundant”). In parallel to these forms, there were declinable derivatives of theirs with o-stem declension: плънъ (plŭnŭ), свободьнъ (svobodĭnŭ), различьнъ (različĭnŭ), ꙋдобьнъ (udobĭnŭ), обильнъ (obilĭnŭ).
All other i-stem adjectives were extended with secondary suffixes such as *-ьnъ, *-ьskъ, or *-ikъ by historical times. Nonetheless, in Old Church Slavonic, the comparative and superlative form of these adjectives was still formed from the earlier i-stem, e.g. *lišьnъ (“deprive of, redundant”) : *lišijь (“devoid, more redundant”) (instead of the later *lišьňьjь). For comparison, consider the o-stem *lixъ (“superfluous”) : *lišьjь (“more superfluous”).
Cognate with Latin third declension Latin -is, Germanic i-stem declension Proto-Germanic *-iz, and Greek third ι-stem declension.

cog

božьjь (“divine”) ← *bogъ (“God”)

čьlověčьjь (“humane”) ← *čьlověkъ (“human”)

orbьjь (“laborous”) ← *orbъ (“servant”)

voržьjь (“hostile”) ← *vorgъ (“enemy”)

kozьjь (“goaty”) ← *koza (“goat”)

gǫsьjь (“goosey”) ← *gǫsь (“goose”)

myšьjь (“mousy”) ← *myšь (“mouse”)

lisьjь (“foxy”) ← *lisъ (“fox”)

vьlčьjь (“lupine”) ← *vьlkъ (“wolf”)

pьsьjь (“doggy”) ← *pьsъ (“dog”)

From animal or plant nouns, forming adjectives denoting pertainment to the respective animal

velь (“great”) (later replaced by *velikъ) ← *velь (“greatness”)

divьjь (“marvelous, natural, freely growing”) ← *divь (“amazement, wild nature”)

pročьjь (“remaining, additional”) ← *prokъ (“remainder”)

From collective nouns, forming expressive adjectives denoting excess of something


-ьjь

-ьjь (nominative singular)
-ьja (dual nominative)
-ьji (nominative plural)
-ьja (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьju (dative singular)
-ьjema (dative dual)
-ьjemъ (dative plural)
-ьjь (accusative singular)
-ьja (accusative dual)
-ьję̇ (accusative plural)
-ьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental singular)
-ьjema (dual instrumental)
-ьji (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjixъ (locative plural)
-ьju (singular vocative)
-ьja (dual vocative)
-ьji (plural vocative)
*-jь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian:

Russian: -ей (-ej)

Ukrainian:

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ии (-ii)

Bulgarian: -ей (-ej)

Macedonian: -еј (-ej)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -еј

Latin script: -ej

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech:

Slovak:

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

From o-stems or i-stems *-ъ, *-ь + *-jь. Cognate with Ancient Greek -εῖος (-eîos), Latin -eus.

-ьje

noun-forming, usually denoting manner or location as well as the standard ending for deverbial action nouns

gvozdьjь (“pin, nail”) ← *gvozdь (“nail”)

čьrvьjь (“worm”) ← *čьrvь (“worm”)

Denomial, from i-stem nouns forms emphatic nouns denoting bearers of a property:

rěpьjь (“bur”) ← *rěpъ (“burdock, spec. Arctium lappa”)

solvьjь (“nightingale”) ← *solvъ (“beige, dirty yellow”)

červьjь (“shoe”) ← *červo (“gut”)

žerbьjь (“lot”) ← *žerbъ (“cut-off”)

Denomial, from o-stem nouns (or adjectives) forms nouns denoting bearers of a property:


-skъ

-skъ (nominative singular)
-ska (dual nominative)
-sci (nominative plural)
-ska (genitive singular)
-sku (dual genitive)
-skъ (genitive plural)
-sku (dative singular)
-skoma (dative dual)
-skomъ (dative plural)
-skъ (accusative singular)
-ska (accusative dual)
-sky (accusative plural)
-skъmь (instrumental singular)
-skomь (instrumental singular)
-skoma (dual instrumental)
-sky (instrumental plural)
-scě (locative singular)
-sku (dual locative)
-scěxъ (locative plural)
-šče (singular vocative)
-ska (dual vocative)
-sci (plural vocative)

Probably continuing the inchoative suffix Proto-Indo-European *-skós.
In South Slavic, the suffix underwent splitting *-skъ > *-s(ъ)kъ.

piskъ (“peep, squeak”) ← e-grade of *pěti (“to sing”) ← *pi-pi!

vyskъ (“neigh”) ← *vyti (“to howl”) ← *vъjь!

plěskъ (“splash, sound of slapping”) ← *plěkati (“to clap, to slap”) ← *plě-plě!

trěskъ (“clatter”) ← *trakati (“to rattle”) ← *tra-tra!

krěskъ (“grunt, scream”) ← *krěkati (“to crack”) ← *krě-krě!

driskъ (“burst, spurt”) (pejoratively could mean "turd") ← *derti (“to tear”)

sviskъ (“swish, hissing”) ← *svistěti (“to whistle”)

From expressive or onomatopaeic interjections, forms nouns denoting the respective interjection

puskъ (“launch, drop”) ← *puskati (“to let go, to drop”)

tiskъ (“pressure, push”) ← *tiskati (“to press, to squeeze”)

tъska (“stenosis”) ← *tъsnǫti (“to compress, to damage”)

luskъ/*luska (“shell”) ← *luskati (“to peel”)

blěskъ (“glimmer”) ← *blьščati (“to shine”)

sъblьskъ (“collision”) ← *blьskati (“to push, to dash, to hustle”)

From inchoative verbs, forms action nouns


-pъ

Nominal suffix of onomatopoeic origin, expressing muffling or resonant nuance to the specified sound. Exhibits parallels in other Indo-European languages, cf. English puff or English flop, however, no common ancestral origin could be established. Most of the derived terms with this ending were later grammaticized.

tropъ (“stamp, step, dot”) ← *tropati (“to stamp, to pierce”) ← *xop-trop!

xlopъ (“knock, clap”) ← *xlopati (“to knock”) ← *xlop!

tupъ (“thump, flop”) ← *tupati (“to thump, to plump”) ← *tup-tup!

copъ (“sound of disturbed water”) ← *copnǫti (“to jump into water”) ← *cop!

From expressive or onomatopoeic interjections, forms onomatopoeic action nouns referring to the respective interjection


-pъ

Uncertain. There have been various ad hoc attempts to explain concrete derivatives.
Encountered as an extension to roots in parallel to resembling derivatives with other extensions, e.g.:
* Proto-Slavic *glupъ (“stupid”): compared with Proto-Slavic *glumъ, *gluxъ (“deaf”).
* Proto-Slavic *vorpъ (“assault, ripple, wrinkle”): compared with Proto-Slavic *verti (“to shove, to thrust”), *vьrěti (“to brew, to boil”), *vьrlъ (“enraged, violent”) and forms related to Proto-Slavic *vьrtěti (“to turn, to rotate”).
Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-pos, cf. Sanskrit वर्पस् (varpas, “shape, form”). Compare Lithuanian -ópas attested in Lithuanian *antrópas (“different”), savópas (“particular”), dvejópas (“binary”), etc.

sverěpъ (“wild, cruel”)

vьrtъpъ (“whirlpool”), *vьrtьpъ (“cave; garden”) ← *vьrtъ (“turn, enclosure”) ← *vьrtěti (“to turn, to rotate”)

kъrľepъ (“tick”) ← *kъrľь (“stinger”)

snopъ (“bundle, sheaf”) ← *snuti (“warp”) (possibly)

Forms resultative or object nouns from adjectives or verbs:

skorupa (“shell, hull”) ← *skora (“bast, skin”)

gorupъ (“bittercress”) ← *gorьkъ (“bitter, hot”)

Forms nouns expressing a state from base nouns or adjectives with the addition of *-(l)u-. Equivalent to *-upъ:


vьrzati

vьrzàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
vьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
vьrzati (infinitive)
vьrzatъ (supine)
vьrzalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
vьrzanъ (participle passive past)
vьržemъ (participle passive present)
vьrzavъ (active participle past)
vьržę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
vьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrza (aorist second-person singular)
vьrza (aorist singular third-person)
vьržǫ (first-person present singular)
vьržeši (present second-person singular)
vьržetь (present singular third-person)
vьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrževě (dual first-person present)
vьržeta (dual present second-person)
vьržete (dual present third-person)
vьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
vьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
vьržemъ (first-person plural present)
vьržete (plural present second-person)
vьržǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьrži (imperative second-person singular)
vьrži (imperative singular third-person)
vьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьrživě (dual first-person imperative)
vьržita (dual imperative second-person)
vьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьržite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: верза́ць (vjerzácʹ)

desc

Russian: верза́ть (verzátʹ, “to defecate”), dial. верзти (verzti)

Ukrainian: верза́ти (verzáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вьрзати (vĭrzati)

Bulgarian: вържа (vǎrža)

q

reflects <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*verzti</i>

→ Macedonian: врзе (vrze) (reflects *verzti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: врзати (“to sneak”)

Latin script: vrzati (“to sneak”)

Slovene: vrzẹ́ti

West Slavic: –

Derived from the present stem of an earlier *verzti. Probably continuing Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵʰyéti (“to tighten”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wurgijaną (“to strangle”) and akin to Lithuanian ver̃žti (“to string”).

cog

to bind; to tie off; to open; to wrap up, to bind; to connect

verzti*orzverzti ()*otъverzti ()*priverzti ()*sъverzti ()


-ogъ

-ogъ (nominative singular)
-oga (dual nominative)
-odzi (nominative plural)
-oga (genitive singular)
-ogu (dual genitive)
-ogъ (genitive plural)
-ogu (dative singular)
-ogoma (dative dual)
-ogomъ (dative plural)
-ogъ (accusative singular)
-oga (accusative dual)
-ogy (accusative plural)
-ogъmь (instrumental singular)
-ogomь (instrumental singular)
-ogoma (dual instrumental)
-ogy (instrumental plural)
-odzě (locative singular)
-ogu (dual locative)
-odzěxъ (locative plural)
-ože (singular vocative)
-oga (dual vocative)
-odzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -огъ (-ogŭ)

Belarusian: -ог (-oh)

Russian: -ог (-og)

Ukrainian: -ог (-oh)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -огъ (-ogŭ)

Bulgarian: -ог (-og)

Macedonian: -ог (-og)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ог

Latin script: -og

Slovene: -og

West Slavic:

Czech: -oh

Polish: -og

Slovak: -oh

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -oh

Lower Sorbian: -oh

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-agas. Cognates include Lithuanian -agas, Latvian -ags.
Additionally reflects Proto-Germanic *-ugaz in Germanic borrowings such as Proto-Slavic *xǫdogъ (“handy, dextrous”) from Proto-Germanic *handugaz.

cog

sъvarъ (“heat”) → *Sъvarogъ (“Svarog (Slavic god of fire)”)

pirъ (“fest, party”) → *pirogъ (“type of pie”)

batъ (“club, cudgel”) → *batogъ (“thick stick”)

tvarь (“creation”) → *tvarogъ (“quark”)

ostrъ (“sharp”) → *ostrogъ (“spike”)

bьrlъ (“messy, deranged”) → *bьrlogъ (“den”)

jьnъ (“other, another”) → *jьnogъ (“griffin”)

Deadjectival, forming attributive nouns.


-otъ

*-etъ (alternative)
-otъ (nominative singular)
-ota (dual nominative)
-oti (nominative plural)
-ota (genitive singular)
-otu (dual genitive)
-otъ (genitive plural)
-otu (dative singular)
-otoma (dative dual)
-otomъ (dative plural)
-otъ (accusative singular)
-ota (accusative dual)
-oty (accusative plural)
-otъmь (instrumental singular)
-otomь (instrumental singular)
-otoma (dual instrumental)
-oty (instrumental plural)
-otě (locative singular)
-otu (dual locative)
-otěxъ (locative plural)
-ote (singular vocative)
-ota (dual vocative)
-oti (plural vocative)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tós.

živъ (“alive”), *žiti (“to live”) → *životъ (“life”)

žьvati (“to munch, to chew”) → *životъ (“stomach, belly”)

sopti (“to rumble, to wheeze”) → *sopotъ (“place with echo”)

jьmati (“to have, to possess”) → *jьmotъ (“property”)

blekъ (“bleat, whine”) → *blekotъ (“poisonous herb (that causes temporary speech impediment))”)

pǫkъ (“crack, snap”) → *pǫkotъ (“rupture”)

Forms resultant nouns from verbs, adjectives, or nouns:

groxati (“to thunder”) → *groxotъ (“rumble, din”)

trepati (“to swing, to jerk”) → *trepetъ (“trill”)

ękati (“to groan, to rumble”) → *ękotъ (“echo, resound”)

go-go! (onomatopoeia) → *gogotъ (“titter, laughter”)

ky-ky! (onomatopoeia) → *kykotъ (“giggle”)

xo-xo! (onomatopoeia) → *xoxotъ (“derisive laughter”)

Forms event nouns, denoting sounds or effects, from onomatopoeic or expressive stems:


-otь

-otь (nominative singular)
-oti (dual nominative)
-otьje (nominative plural)
-oti (genitive singular)
-otьju (dual genitive)
-otьjь (genitive plural)
-oti (dative singular)
-otьma (dative dual)
-otьmъ (dative plural)
-otь (accusative singular)
-oti (accusative dual)
-oti (accusative plural)
-otьmь (instrumental singular)
-otьma (dual instrumental)
-otьmi (instrumental plural)
-oti (locative singular)
-otьju (dual locative)
-otьxъ (locative plural)
-oti (singular vocative)
-oti (dual vocative)
-otьje (plural vocative)
-otь (nominative singular)
-oti (dual nominative)
-oti (nominative plural)
-oti (genitive singular)
-otьju (dual genitive)
-otьjь (genitive plural)
-oti (dative singular)
-otьma (dative dual)
-otьmъ (dative plural)
-otь (accusative singular)
-oti (accusative dual)
-oti (accusative plural)
-otьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-otьma (dual instrumental)
-otьmi (instrumental plural)
-oti (locative singular)
-otьju (dual locative)
-otьxъ (locative plural)
-oti (singular vocative)
-oti (dual vocative)
-oti (plural vocative)

I-stem counter-part of *-otъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis appended to o-stems. Parallel to *-ъtь.

pьrxotь f (“dandruff”) ← *pьrxъ (“powder”)

golotь m (“frost”) ← *golъ (“naked, bare”)

From basic roots, forms derivative nouns


-ъtь

-ъtь (nominative singular)
-ъti (dual nominative)
-ъtьje (nominative plural)
-ъťe (nominative plural)
-ъti (genitive singular)
-ъtьju (dual genitive)
-ъťu (dual genitive)
-ъtьjь (genitive plural)
-ъti (genitive plural)
-ъti (dative singular)
-ъtьma (dative dual)
-ъtьmъ (dative plural)
-ъtь (accusative singular)
-ъti (accusative dual)
-ъti (accusative plural)
-ъtьmь (instrumental singular)
-ъtьma (dual instrumental)
-ъtьmi (instrumental plural)
-ъti (locative singular)
-ъtьju (dual locative)
-ъťu (dual locative)
-ъtьxъ (locative plural)
-ъti (singular vocative)
-ъti (dual vocative)
-ъtьje (plural vocative)
-ъťe (plural vocative)
-ъtь (nominative singular)
-ъti (dual nominative)
-ъti (nominative plural)
-ъti (genitive singular)
-ъtьju (dual genitive)
-ъťu (dual genitive)
-ъtьjь (genitive plural)
-ъti (genitive plural)
-ъti (dative singular)
-ъtьma (dative dual)
-ъtьmъ (dative plural)
-ъtь (accusative singular)
-ъti (accusative dual)
-ъti (accusative plural)
-ъtьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъťǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъtьma (dual instrumental)
-ъtьmi (instrumental plural)
-ъti (locative singular)
-ъtьju (dual locative)
-ъťu (dual locative)
-ъtьxъ (locative plural)
-ъti (singular vocative)
-ъti (dual vocative)
-ъti (plural vocative)

I-stem counter-part of *-ъtъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis appended to u-stems. Parallel to *-otь.

degъtь m (“tar”) ← Pre-Slavic *degti (“to heat, to burn”)

lapъtь m (“metatarsus, bast shoe”) ← *lapа (“paw”)

slękъtь f (“slime”) ← *slęka (“slush”)

nogъtь m (“nail”) ← *noga (“foot”)

polъtь f (“half-side”) ← *polъ (“one half”)

From nouns, forms partitive nouns with diminutive meaning


-ъtъ

-ъtъ (nominative singular)
-ъta (dual nominative)
-ъti (nominative plural)
-ъta (genitive singular)
-ъtu (dual genitive)
-ъtъ (genitive plural)
-ъtu (dative singular)
-ъtoma (dative dual)
-ъtomъ (dative plural)
-ъtъ (accusative singular)
-ъta (accusative dual)
-ъty (accusative plural)
-ъtъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъtomь (instrumental singular)
-ъtoma (dual instrumental)
-ъty (instrumental plural)
-ъtě (locative singular)
-ъtu (dual locative)
-ъtěxъ (locative plural)
-ъte (singular vocative)
-ъta (dual vocative)
-ъti (plural vocative)

Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- + *-ъtъ → *rъpъtъ

Proto-Indo-European *sweyp- + *-ъtъ → *šьpъtъ

Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp- + *-ъtъ → *tъpъtъ

čęхnǫti + *-ъtъ → *čęхъtъ (“convulsion”)

Forms resultant or instantive nouns from roots with expressive or onomatopoeic meaning:


konьcь

konьcь (nominative singular)
konьca (dual nominative)
konьci (nominative plural)
konьca (genitive singular)
konьcu (dual genitive)
konьcь (genitive plural)
konьcu (dative singular)
konьcema (dative dual)
konьcemъ (dative plural)
konьcь (accusative singular)
konьca (accusative dual)
konьcę̇ (accusative plural)
konьcьmь (instrumental singular)
konьcemь (instrumental singular)
konьcema (dual instrumental)
konьci (instrumental plural)
konьci (locative singular)
konьcu (dual locative)
konьcixъ (locative plural)
konьče (singular vocative)
konьca (dual vocative)
konьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: коньць (konĭcĭ)

Belarusian: кане́ц (kanjéc)

Russian: коне́ц (konéc)

Ukrainian: кіне́ць (kinécʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: коньць (konĭcĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱀⱐⱌⱐ (konĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: коне́ц (konéc)

Macedonian: ко́нец (kónec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: kònac

Cyrillic script: ко̀нац

Slovene: kónec (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: konec
Czech: konec

desctree

Old Polish: koniec, końc
Polish: koniec, końc (Middle Polish)
Silesian: kōniec

Polabian: ťönăc

Old Slovak: koniec

Pannonian Rusyn: конєц (konjec)

Slovak: koniec

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kùńc

Slovincian: kóńc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kónc

Lower Sorbian: kóńc


-okъ

-òkъ (canonical masculine)
-okъ (nominative singular)
-oka (dual nominative)
-oci (nominative plural)
-oka (genitive singular)
-oku (dual genitive)
-okъ (genitive plural)
-oku (dative singular)
-okoma (dative dual)
-okomъ (dative plural)
-okъ (accusative singular)
-oka (accusative dual)
-oky (accusative plural)
-okъmь (instrumental singular)
-okomь (instrumental singular)
-okoma (dual instrumental)
-oky (instrumental plural)
-ocě (locative singular)
-oku (dual locative)
-ocěxъ (locative plural)
-oče (singular vocative)
-oka (dual vocative)
-oci (plural vocative)

Nominal suffix, derived from *-kъ appended to o-stems *-ъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-kós.

pъtъka (“duck”) → *pъtokъ (“drake”)

mečьka f (“bear”) → *mečokъ f (“bear”)

gǫsь (“goose”) → *gǫsokъ (“gander”)

myšь f (“mouse”) → *myšokъ m (“mouse”)

(Regional) From feminine animal nouns (usually in i-stem), forms the respective masculine counter-part (in South Slavic)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldokъ (“novice, youth, young tree”)

starъ (“old”) → *starokъ (“veteran, elderly”)

slěpъ (“blind”) → *slěpokъ (“blind creature/person”)

Pre-Slavic *sklǫbъ (“lateral”) → *xlǫbokъ (“hip”)

From adjectives, forms a carrier of the adjective

0-grade of *per (“for, per”) → *prokъ (“remnant, remainder”)

From prepositions, forms a carrier of the adjective


-okъ

-òkъ (canonical)
*-ekъ (alternative)
-okъ (masculine nominative singular)
-oka (feminine nominative singular)
-oko (neuter nominative singular)
-oka (genitive masculine singular)
-oky (feminine genitive singular)
-oka (genitive neuter singular)
-oku (dative masculine singular)
-ocě (dative feminine singular)
-oku (dative neuter singular)
-okъ (accusative masculine singular)
-okǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-oko (accusative neuter singular)
-okomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-okojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-okomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ocě (locative masculine singular)
-ocě (feminine locative singular)
-ocě (locative neuter singular)
-oče (masculine singular vocative)
-oko (feminine singular vocative)
-oko (neuter singular vocative)
-oka (dual masculine nominative)
-ocě (dual feminine nominative)
-ocě (dual neuter nominative)
-oku (dual genitive masculine)
-oku (dual feminine genitive)
-oku (dual genitive neuter)
-okoma (dative dual masculine)
-okama (dative dual feminine)
-okoma (dative dual neuter)
-oka (accusative dual masculine)
-ocě (accusative dual feminine)
-ocě (accusative dual neuter)
-okoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-okama (dual feminine instrumental)
-okoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-oku (dual locative masculine)
-oku (dual feminine locative)
-oku (dual locative neuter)
-oka (dual masculine vocative)
-ocě (dual feminine vocative)
-ocě (dual neuter vocative)
-oci (masculine nominative plural)
-oky (feminine nominative plural)
-oka (neuter nominative plural)
-okъ (genitive masculine plural)
-okъ (feminine genitive plural)
-okъ (genitive neuter plural)
-okomъ (dative masculine plural)
-okamъ (dative feminine plural)
-okomъ (dative neuter plural)
-oky (accusative masculine plural)
-oky (accusative feminine plural)
-oka (accusative neuter plural)
-oky (instrumental masculine plural)
-okami (feminine instrumental plural)
-oky (instrumental neuter plural)
-ocěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-okaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ocěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-oci (masculine plural vocative)
-oky (feminine plural vocative)
-oka (neuter plural vocative)
-okъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-okaja (feminine nominative singular)
-okoje (neuter nominative singular)
-okajego (genitive masculine singular)
-okyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-okajego (genitive neuter singular)
-okujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ocěji (dative feminine singular)
-okujemu (dative neuter singular)
-okъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-okǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-okoje (accusative neuter singular)
-okyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-okǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-okyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ocějemь (locative masculine singular)
-ocěji (feminine locative singular)
-ocějemь (locative neuter singular)
-okъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-okaja (feminine singular vocative)
-okoje (neuter singular vocative)
-okaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ocěji (dual feminine nominative)
-ocěji (dual neuter nominative)
-okuju (dual genitive masculine)
-okuju (dual feminine genitive)
-okuju (dual genitive neuter)
-okyjima (dative dual masculine)
-okyjima (dative dual feminine)
-okyjima (dative dual neuter)
-okaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ocěji (accusative dual feminine)
-ocěji (accusative dual neuter)
-okyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-okyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-okyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-okuju (dual locative masculine)
-okuju (dual feminine locative)
-okuju (dual locative neuter)
-okaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ocěji (dual feminine vocative)
-ocěji (dual neuter vocative)
-ociji (masculine nominative plural)
-okyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-okaja (neuter nominative plural)
-okъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-okъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-okъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-okyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-okyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-okyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-okyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-okyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-okaja (accusative neuter plural)
-okyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-okyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-okyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-okyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-okyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-okyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ociji (masculine plural vocative)
-okyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-okaja (neuter plural vocative)

Adjectival suffix, derived from *-kъ appended to o-stems *-ъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

glǫbь (“depth”) → *glǫbokъ (“deep”)

vysь (“height, elevation”) → *vysokъ (“high, elevated”)

širь (“scope, vast space”) → *širokъ (“wide”)

dalь (“distance”) → *dalekъ (“distant”)

žestь (“stiffness”) → *žestokъ (“cruel, severe”)

Pre-Slavic *grǫstь (“roughness, cavity”) → *grǫstokъ (“rough, sturdy”)

From gauge nouns in i-stem, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y


-otьja

-otь̀ja (canonical feminine)
-otьja (nominative singular)
-otьji (dual nominative)
-otьję̇ (nominative plural)
-otьję̇ (genitive singular)
-otьju (dual genitive)
-otьjь (genitive plural)
-otьji (dative singular)
-otьjama (dative dual)
-otьjamъ (dative plural)
-otьjǫ (accusative singular)
-otьji (accusative dual)
-otьję̇ (accusative plural)
-otьjejǫ (instrumental singular)
-otьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-otьjama (dual instrumental)
-otьjami (instrumental plural)
-otьji (locative singular)
-otьju (dual locative)
-otьjasъ (locative plural)
-otьjaxъ (locative plural)
-otьje (singular vocative)
-otьji (dual vocative)
-otьję̇ (plural vocative)

From the combination of *-ota + *-ьja. Productive only in Bulgarian and Macedonian, so likely inherited from Old Church Slavonic. Probably, the construct was influenced by Byzantine Greek forms such as ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “private citizen”) → ἰδιωτεία (idiōteía, “ignorance”).

běda (“trouble, misfortune”) → Macedonian бедотија (bedotija, “misery”)

groza (“horror, ugliness”) → *grozotьja (“eyesore”)

gnǫsъ (“disgust”) → *gnǫsotьja (“repugnance”)

sormъ (“shame”) → *sormotьja (“disgrace”)

Denominal, forming apologetic abstract nouns with negative connotation

samъ (“alone”) → *samotьja (“solitute, loneliness”)
krivъ (“curved, awry”) → *krivotьja (“curvature; figur. petulant person”)
lošь (“bad”) → *lošetьja (“malice”)
tǫpъ (“dump”) → *tǫpotьja (“stupidity, stupid act”)
prostъ (“simple”) → *prostotьja (“simplicity, simpleton act”)

bědьnъ (“poor”) → Bulgarian беднотия (bednotija, “poverty”)
alčьnъ (“greedy, avid”) → *alčьnotьja (“excessive greed, avidity”)
tьmьnъ (“dark, dull”) → *tьmьnotьja (“pitch darkness”)
těsnъ (“narrow”) → *těsnotьja (“lack of space, slimness”)

Deadjectival, forming apologetic abstract nouns with negative connotation

mьrsiti (“to pollute, to defile”) → *mьrsotьja (“pollution”)

brъkati (“to stir, to mix”) → *brъkotьja (“disorder, absolute mess”)

Deverbial, forming apologetic abstract nouns with negative connotation


širь

šȋrь (canonical feminine)
širь (nominative singular)
širi (genitive singular)
širi (dative singular)
širь (accusative singular)
širьjǫ (instrumental singular)
širi (locative singular)
širi (singular vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: ширь (širʹ)

Ukrainian: шир (šyr)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ширь (širĭ)

Bulgarian: шир (šir)

Macedonian: шир (šir)

Slovene: šȋr (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: šíř, šíře

Old Polish: szyrz
Polish: (obsolete) szerz

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: šěŕ

Upper Sorbian: šуŕ

Uncertain. Speculated to be a borrowing from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram (“land, country”) (likely via Scythian), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tḱey- (“to settle, to cultivate”).
Alternatively, it could be a dialectal derivative of Proto-Indo-European *sḱēy- (“to shine”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *ščirъ (“sincere, honest”) and Proto-Germanic *skīriz (“sheer, pure”).


pьrxotь

pьrxotь (nominative singular)
pьrxoti (genitive singular)
pьrxoti (dative singular)
pьrxotь (accusative singular)
pьrxotьmь (instrumental singular)
pьrxoti (locative singular)
pьrxoti (singular vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: перхаць (pjerxacʹ)

Russian: пе́рхоть (pérxotʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пъ́рхот (pǎ́rhot)

Macedonian: првут (prvut)

Slovene: prhọ̑t, prhljȃj

From *pьrxъ (“powder”) + *-otь, ultimately descending from Proto-Indo-European *pers- (“to process, to run through, to spatter”).

(in West Slavic)


sъnęti

sъnętьje (noun-from-verb)
sъnęti (infinitive)
sъnętъ (supine)
sъnęlъ (l-participle)
sъnętъ (participle passive past)
sъnьmъ (active participle past)
sъnęsъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъnę (aorist second-person singular)
sъnę (aorist singular third-person)
sъnьmǫ (first-person present singular)
sъnьmeši (present second-person singular)
sъnьmetь (present singular third-person)
sъnęsově (aorist dual first-person)
sъnęsta (aorist dual second-person)
sъnęste (aorist dual third-person)
sъnьmevě (dual first-person present)
sъnьmeta (dual present second-person)
sъnьmete (dual present third-person)
sъnęsomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъnęste (aorist plural second-person)
sъnęsę (aorist plural third-person)
sъnьmemъ (first-person plural present)
sъnьmete (plural present second-person)
sъnьmǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъnьmi (imperative second-person singular)
sъnьmi (imperative singular third-person)
sъnьměvě (dual first-person imperative)
sъnьměta (dual imperative second-person)
sъnьměmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъnьměte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: зняць (znjacʹ)

Russian: сня́ть (snjátʹ)

Ukrainian: зня́ти (znjáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: сънѧти (sŭnęti)

Bulgarian: снѐмам (snèmam)

Macedonian: снима (snima)

Serbo-Croatian: snȅti

Slovene: snẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: snieti

Czech: sejmout

Old Polish: zniąć

Slovak: sňať


-ьnikъ

-ьnikъ (nominative singular)
-ьnika (dual nominative)
-ьnici (nominative plural)
-ьnika (genitive singular)
-ьniku (dual genitive)
-ьnikъ (genitive plural)
-ьniku (dative singular)
-ьnikoma (dative dual)
-ьnikomъ (dative plural)
-ьnikъ (accusative singular)
-ьnika (accusative dual)
-ьniky (accusative plural)
-ьnikъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьnikomь (instrumental singular)
-ьnikoma (dual instrumental)
-ьniky (instrumental plural)
-ьnicě (locative singular)
-ьniku (dual locative)
-ьnicěxъ (locative plural)
-ьniče (singular vocative)
-ьnika (dual vocative)
-ьnici (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -никъ (-nikŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -никъ (-nik)

Belarusian: -нік (-nik)

Ukrainian: -ник (-nyk)

Russian: -ник (-nik)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьникъ (-ĭnikŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⱀⰻⰽⱏ (-ĭnikŭ)

Bulgarian: -ник (-nik)

Macedonian: -ник (-nik)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ник

Latin script: -nik

Slovene: -nik

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ník

Czech: -ník

Polish: -nik

Old Slovak: -ník, -nik

Pannonian Rusyn: -нїк (-njik)

Slovak: -ník, -nik

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -nik

Compound masculine suffix from *-ьnъ + *-ikъ. Parallel to *-ьnica f for derivatives in feminine gender.

pǫtь (“path”) → *pǫtьnikъ (“traveler, passenger”)

kry (“blood”) → *krъvьnikъ (“hangman, avenger”)

mętežь (“scuffle, mutiny”) → *mętežьnikъ (“rioter”)

orbota (“work”) → *orbotьnikъ (“worker”)

směхъ (“laughter”) → *směšьnikъ (“funnyman, clown”)

zakonъ (“law”) → *zakonьnikъ (“law-maker, lawyer, canon”)

From base concept nouns, forms agent nouns who execute or embark in the referred concept

dьrvo (“tree”) → *dьrvьnikъ (“block, log”)

peťь (“oven, cook”) → *peťьnikъ (“furnace”)

sъborъ (“aggregate, sum”) → *sъborьnikъ (“collection, anthology”)

From base object nouns, forms derivative object nouns

xubostь (“handsomeness”) → *xubostьnikъ (“handsome man”)

pakostь (“mischief, vicissitude”) → *pakostьnikъ (“varmint, trickster”)

From concept nouns in *-ostь, forms carrier nouns of the specified concept

protivъ (“against”) → *protivьnikъ (“opponent”)

nadъ (“over, upon”) → *nadьnikъ (“bonus”)

Pre-Slavic *porzdъ (“over there, forwards with skipping one”) → *porzdьnikъ (“holiday”)

From prepositions, forms subject nouns exhibiting the specified proposition


-nikъ

-nikъ (nominative singular)
-nika (dual nominative)
-nici (nominative plural)
-nika (genitive singular)
-niku (dual genitive)
-nikъ (genitive plural)
-niku (dative singular)
-nikoma (dative dual)
-nikomъ (dative plural)
-nikъ (accusative singular)
-nika (accusative dual)
-niky (accusative plural)
-nikъmь (instrumental singular)
-nikomь (instrumental singular)
-nikoma (dual instrumental)
-niky (instrumental plural)
-nicě (locative singular)
-niku (dual locative)
-nicěxъ (locative plural)
-niče (singular vocative)
-nika (dual vocative)
-nici (plural vocative)
*-nьcь (alternative)

Compound of *-nъ + *-ikъ, cognate with Latvian -nieks.
The form *-nikъ seems to be prevalent mainly in East and South Slavic. West Slavic uses instead *-nьcь (from *-nъ + *-ьcь), e.g. Polish pomazaniec, wybraniec.

podati (“to yield”) → *podanikъ (“subject”)

vъstati (“to rise up”) → *vъstanikъ (“rebel, insurgent”)

From verbal root-stems, forms agent or object nouns.

věja (“branch”) → *věnikъ (“wreath”)

From nominal root-stems, forms object nouns.


kľuti

kľunǫti (perfective)
*kľьvati (alternative)
*kľuvati (alternative)
c (accent-paradigm)
klьvanьje (noun-from-verb)
kluti (infinitive)
klutъ (supine)
klьvalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
klьvanъ (participle passive past)
klьvomъ (participle passive present)
klьvavъ (active participle past)
klьvy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
klьvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klьva (aorist second-person singular)
klьva (aorist singular third-person)
klьvǫ (first-person present singular)
klьveši (present second-person singular)
klьvetь (present singular third-person)
klьvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
klьvasta (aorist dual second-person)
klьvaste (aorist dual third-person)
klьvevě (dual first-person present)
klьveta (dual present second-person)
klьvete (dual present third-person)
klьvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klьvaste (aorist plural second-person)
klьvašę (aorist plural third-person)
klьvemъ (first-person plural present)
klьvete (plural present second-person)
klьvǫtь (plural present third-person)
klьvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
klьvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
klьvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
klьvi (imperative second-person singular)
klьvi (imperative singular third-person)
klьvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
klьvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
klьvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
klьvěvě (dual first-person imperative)
klьvěta (dual imperative second-person)
klьvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
klьvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
klьvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
klьvěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
klьvěte (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
kľьvanьje (noun-from-verb)
kľьvati (infinitive)
kľьvatъ (supine)
kľьvalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kľьvanъ (participle passive past)
kľujemъ (participle passive present)
kľьvavъ (active participle past)
kľuję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kľьvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kľьva (aorist second-person singular)
kľьva (aorist singular third-person)
kľujǫ (first-person present singular)
kľuješi (present second-person singular)
kľujetь (present singular third-person)
kľьvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kľьvasta (aorist dual second-person)
kľьvaste (aorist dual third-person)
kľujevě (dual first-person present)
kľujeta (dual present second-person)
kľujete (dual present third-person)
kľьvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kľьvaste (aorist plural second-person)
kľьvašę (aorist plural third-person)
kľujemъ (first-person plural present)
kľujete (plural present second-person)
kľujǫtь (plural present third-person)
kľьvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kľьvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kľьvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kľuji (imperative second-person singular)
kľuji (imperative singular third-person)
kľьvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kľьvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kľьvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kľujivě (dual first-person imperative)
kľujita (dual imperative second-person)
kľьvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kľьvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kľьvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kľujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kľujite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: кълва́ (kǎlvá)

Macedonian: колва (kolva)

East Slavic:

Russian: клева́ть (klevátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: кльвати (klĭvati)

Bulgarian: клю́вам (kljúvam) (dialectal)

Slovene: kljeváti (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: klvati (“to peck”)

desc

Czech: klvati (obsolete), klíti (obsolete), klovat (“to peck”), klobat (uncommon), klubat se (“to hatch”)

Polish: klwać (dialectal)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: клюва́ць (kljuvácʹ)

Ukrainian: клюва́ти (kljuváty)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кљу̏вати

Latin script: kljȕvati

Slovene: kljuváti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

q

only the infinitive reflects <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*kluti</i>

inflects as <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*kľuvati</i>

Polish: kłuć (only the infinitive reflects *kluti, inflects as *kľuvati); Polish: kluć

Slovak: kľuvať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kluwać

Lower Sorbian: kluwaś

An archaic form of doublet *kľьvati, reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *kljautei, from Proto-Indo-European *klewh₂-. Probably an enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, to stab”), whence Proto-Slavic *kolti (“to slaughter”). Cognate with Lithuanian kliū́ti (“to cleave”), Latvian kļūt (“to become”).


kľьvati

kľьvàti (canonical imperfective)
kľunǫti (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
kľьvanьje (noun-from-verb)
kľьvati (infinitive)
kľьvatъ (supine)
kľьvalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kľьvanъ (participle passive past)
kľujemъ (participle passive present)
kľьvavъ (active participle past)
kľuję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kľьvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kľьva (aorist second-person singular)
kľьva (aorist singular third-person)
kľujǫ (first-person present singular)
kľuješi (present second-person singular)
kľujetь (present singular third-person)
kľьvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kľьvasta (aorist dual second-person)
kľьvaste (aorist dual third-person)
kľujevě (dual first-person present)
kľujeta (dual present second-person)
kľujete (dual present third-person)
kľьvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kľьvaste (aorist plural second-person)
kľьvašę (aorist plural third-person)
kľujemъ (first-person plural present)
kľujete (plural present second-person)
kľujǫtь (plural present third-person)
kľьvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kľьvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kľьvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kľuji (imperative second-person singular)
kľuji (imperative singular third-person)
kľьvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kľьvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kľьvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kľujivě (dual first-person imperative)
kľujita (dual imperative second-person)
kľьvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kľьvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kľьvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kľujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kľujite (imperative plural second-person)

From an earlier *kľuti + *-ati, yet identical in meaning.


-yka

-ỳka (canonical feminine)
-yka (nominative singular)
-ycě (dual nominative)
-yky (nominative plural)
-yky (genitive singular)
-yku (dual genitive)
-ykъ (genitive plural)
-ycě (dative singular)
-ykama (dative dual)
-ykamъ (dative plural)
-ykǫ (accusative singular)
-ycě (accusative dual)
-yky (accusative plural)
-ykojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ykǫ (instrumental singular)
-ykama (dual instrumental)
-ykami (instrumental plural)
-ycě (locative singular)
-yku (dual locative)
-ykasъ (locative plural)
-ykaxъ (locative plural)
-yko (singular vocative)
-ycě (dual vocative)
-yky (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Probably a combination of *-y + *-ka. A fossilization of an older *-yja or a borrowed origin have been also proposed (see Proto-Germanic *-ungō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷ-).
Unlike *-ykъ which seems to be a mere extension of archaic masculine *-y nouns (cf. *ęzykъ (“tongue”) < Pre-Slavic *inźūˀ), *-yka appears to fulfill a genuine grammatical function.

motati (“to hurl, to reel”) → *motyka (“hoe, mattock”)

volděti (“to rule, to wield”) → *voldyka (“sovereign”)

kъldovati (“to conjure, to bewitch”) → *kъldyka (“sick, handicap person”)

xoditi (“to walk”) → *хоdyka (⇒ Belarusian хады́ка (xadýka, “walker”))

Deverbial, forms instruments or representees of the referred verb (rare)


-ьtъ

*-ьta (alternative)
-ьtъ (nominative singular)
-ьta (dual nominative)
-ьti (nominative plural)
-ьta (genitive singular)
-ьtu (dual genitive)
-ьtъ (genitive plural)
-ьtu (dative singular)
-ьtoma (dative dual)
-ьtomъ (dative plural)
-ьtъ (accusative singular)
-ьta (accusative dual)
-ьty (accusative plural)
-ьtъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьtomь (instrumental singular)
-ьtoma (dual instrumental)
-ьty (instrumental plural)
-ьtě (locative singular)
-ьtu (dual locative)
-ьtěxъ (locative plural)
-ьte (singular vocative)
-ьta (dual vocative)
-ьti (plural vocative)

Derived from *-tъ appended to i-stems *-ь and possibly yo-stems *-jь, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tós. Reflects Latin *-(ē)tum in acētum (“vinegar”), borrowed as South Slavic *ocьtъ.

skrьžьtъ (“grinding of teeth, sorrow”) ← *skrьžiti (“to scratch, to gnash one's teeth”)

klьčьtъ (“clatter of teeth, screech”) (along with *klekotъ) ← *klekati (“to cry, to clatter”)

From basic roots, forms onomatopoeic event nouns (in 0-grade)

xrьbьtъ (“ditch, tooth”) ← *xribъ (“hill”)

mьčьta (“dream”) ← *mikъ (“tremble, vibration, shimmer”)

From nouns (or corresponding verbs), forms expressive synonyms of the original noun (in 0-grade)


-itъ

-ìtъ (canonical)
-itъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ita (feminine nominative singular)
-ito (neuter nominative singular)
-ita (genitive masculine singular)
-ity (feminine genitive singular)
-ita (genitive neuter singular)
-itu (dative masculine singular)
-itě (dative feminine singular)
-itu (dative neuter singular)
-itъ (accusative masculine singular)
-itǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ito (accusative neuter singular)
-itomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-itojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-itomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-itě (locative masculine singular)
-itě (feminine locative singular)
-itě (locative neuter singular)
-ite (masculine singular vocative)
-ito (feminine singular vocative)
-ito (neuter singular vocative)
-ita (dual masculine nominative)
-itě (dual feminine nominative)
-itě (dual neuter nominative)
-itu (dual genitive masculine)
-itu (dual feminine genitive)
-itu (dual genitive neuter)
-itoma (dative dual masculine)
-itama (dative dual feminine)
-itoma (dative dual neuter)
-ita (accusative dual masculine)
-itě (accusative dual feminine)
-itě (accusative dual neuter)
-itoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-itama (dual feminine instrumental)
-itoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-itu (dual locative masculine)
-itu (dual feminine locative)
-itu (dual locative neuter)
-ita (dual masculine vocative)
-itě (dual feminine vocative)
-itě (dual neuter vocative)
-iti (masculine nominative plural)
-ity (feminine nominative plural)
-ita (neuter nominative plural)
-itъ (genitive masculine plural)
-itъ (feminine genitive plural)
-itъ (genitive neuter plural)
-itomъ (dative masculine plural)
-itamъ (dative feminine plural)
-itomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ity (accusative masculine plural)
-ity (accusative feminine plural)
-ita (accusative neuter plural)
-ity (instrumental masculine plural)
-itami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ity (instrumental neuter plural)
-itěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-itaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-itěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-iti (masculine plural vocative)
-ity (feminine plural vocative)
-ita (neuter plural vocative)
-itъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-itaja (feminine nominative singular)
-itoje (neuter nominative singular)
-itajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ityję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-itajego (genitive neuter singular)
-itujemu (dative masculine singular)
-itěji (dative feminine singular)
-itujemu (dative neuter singular)
-itъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-itǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-itoje (accusative neuter singular)
-ityjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-itǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ityjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-itějemь (locative masculine singular)
-itěji (feminine locative singular)
-itějemь (locative neuter singular)
-itъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-itaja (feminine singular vocative)
-itoje (neuter singular vocative)
-itaja (dual masculine nominative)
-itěji (dual feminine nominative)
-itěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ituju (dual genitive masculine)
-ituju (dual feminine genitive)
-ituju (dual genitive neuter)
-ityjima (dative dual masculine)
-ityjima (dative dual feminine)
-ityjima (dative dual neuter)
-itaja (accusative dual masculine)
-itěji (accusative dual feminine)
-itěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ityjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ityjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ityjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ituju (dual locative masculine)
-ituju (dual feminine locative)
-ituju (dual locative neuter)
-itaja (dual masculine vocative)
-itěji (dual feminine vocative)
-itěji (dual neuter vocative)
-itiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ityję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-itaja (neuter nominative plural)
-itъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-itъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-itъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ityjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ityjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ityjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ityję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ityję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-itaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ityjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ityjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ityjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ityjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ityjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ityjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-itiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ityję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-itaja (neuter plural vocative)

Derived from *-tъ appended to *-éyti proverbal ending, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tós.

jьmę (“name”) → *jьmenitъ (“famous”)

znamę (“flag, standard”) → *znamenitъ (“famous, well-known”)

sěmę (“seed”) → *sěmenitъ (“prolific, copious”)

plemę (“tribe”) → *plemenitъ (“noble”)

From nouns in *-mę, forms adjectives denoting property or a characteristic

čьstь (“honour”) → *čьstitъ (“honorous”)
mastь (“fat, grease”) → *mastitъ (“fatty, greasy”)

sьrdьce (“heart”) → *sьrditi → *sьrditъ (“sullen, irate”)
avьnъ (“apparent”) → *avìti → *avitъ (“revealed, apparent”)

From abstract nouns in i-stem, forms adjectives denoting possession of the referred characteristic

uporъ (“stoppage, stand-off”) → *uporitъ (“persistent”)

narokъ (“verdict”) → *naročitъ (“special, decided”)

From o-stem nouns, forms adjectives denoting an abstract characteristic

From archaic u-stem nouns:

domъ (“home”) → *domovitъ (“pertaining to a household”)

(j)ědъ (“poison, resentment”) → *(j)ědovitъ (“poisonous, resentful”)

From o-stem nouns:

plodъ (“fruit”) → *plodovitъ (“fruitful”)

morkъ (“darkness”) → *morkovitъ (“grim, murky”)

From nouns extended transferred into adjectives via *-ovъ, forms adjectives denoting property or characteristic. Equivalent to *-ovitъ


skovorda

skovordà (canonical feminine)
skovordà (nominative singular)
skȍvordě (dual nominative)
skȍvordy (nominative plural)
skovordý (genitive singular)
skovordù (dual genitive)
skovõrdъ (genitive plural)
skovordě̀ (dative singular)
skovordàma (dative dual)
skovordàmъ (dative plural)
skȍvordǫ (accusative singular)
skȍvordě (accusative dual)
skȍvordy (accusative plural)
skovordojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
skovordàma (dual instrumental)
skovordàmi (instrumental plural)
skȍvordě (locative singular)
skovordù (dual locative)
skovordàsъ (locative plural)
skovordàxъ (locative plural)
skovordo (singular vocative)
skȍvordě (dual vocative)
skȍvordy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: сковорода (skovoroda)
Old Ruthenian: сковорода́ (skovorodá)
Belarusian: скаварада́ (skavaradá)
Ukrainian: сковорода́ (skovorodá)
Russian: сковорода́ (skovorodá)
→ Yakut: хобордоох (qobordooq)
→ Yup'ik: eskuulutaq

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰽⱁⰲⱃⰰⰴⰰ (skovrada)

desc

Old Cyrillic script: сковрада (skovrada)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: skravada, skrovada

Polish: skowroda

Upper Sorbian: škorodej

Lower Sorbian: škórodej

Likely borrowed from the Ancient Greek or Iranian source of Old Armenian սկաւառակ (skawaṙak, “saucer, plate”), which probably represents Iranian *skavarid-ak, containing the well-known suffix -ակ (-ak). Compare Persian سکوره (sokôra, “earthen dish, saucer”), Ancient Greek σκευάριον (skeuárion), σκευαρίδιον (skeuarídion, “small vessel”). Also found in Lithuanian skarvadà (“frying pan”).


batę

batę (nominative singular)
batęti (dual nominative)
batęta (nominative plural)
batęte (genitive singular)
batętu (dual genitive)
batętъ (genitive plural)
batęti (dative singular)
batętьma (dative dual)
batętьmъ (dative plural)
batę (accusative singular)
batęti (accusative dual)
batęta (accusative plural)
batętьmь (instrumental singular)
batętьma (dual instrumental)
batęty (instrumental plural)
batęte (locative singular)
batętu (dual locative)
batętьxъ (locative plural)
batę (singular vocative)
batęti (dual vocative)
batęta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: батѧ (batę)

Belarusian: ба́ця (bácja)

Russian: ба́тя (bátja)

desc

Ukrainian: ба́тя (bátja), ба́тьо (bátʹo)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́те (báte), dial. ба́чо (báčo), баща́ (baštá)

Macedonian: бате (bate) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: baťa (if not from *baťa)

Slovak: baťa (if not from *baťa)

→ Hungarian: bátya (possibly)

→ Romanian: bade (possibly)

Diminutive of a rare *batь + *-ę (attested in Bulgarian and Ukrainian).

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)

older brother (or another male relative)


vapьno

vapьnò (canonical)
vápьno (canonical neuter)
vapьno (nominative singular)
vapьně (dual nominative)
vapьna (nominative plural)
vapьna (genitive singular)
vapьnu (dual genitive)
vapьnъ (genitive plural)
vapьnu (dative singular)
vapьnoma (dative dual)
vapьnomъ (dative plural)
vapьno (accusative singular)
vapьně (accusative dual)
vapьna (accusative plural)
vapьnъmь (instrumental singular)
vapьnomь (instrumental singular)
vapьnoma (dual instrumental)
vapьny (instrumental plural)
vapьně (locative singular)
vapьnu (dual locative)
vapьněxъ (locative plural)
vapьno (singular vocative)
vapьně (dual vocative)
vapьna (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вапьно (vapĭno)

Old Ruthenian: вапно (vapno)

Belarusian: вапна (vapna)

Ukrainian: ва́пно (vápno)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: *вапьно (*vapĭno)

ⱂⱁⰲⰰⱂⱐⱀⰵⱀⱁⰿⱏ

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: ⱂⱁⰲⰰⱂⱐⱀⰵⱀⱁⰿⱏ (povapĭnenomŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ва́пно

Latin script: vápno

Slovene: ápno (from older jápno, vapno)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vápno

Czech: vápno

Old Polish: wapno

Polish: wapno

Slovak: vápno

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: vapno

Formed as *vapъ (“dye”) + *-ьno; beyond that, of uncertain origin. Supposed to be related to Latvian vãpe (“glaze”), Old Prussian woapis (“dye”). Other similar lemmas in Indo-European languages, with no certain relation, include Latin vapor (“steam”), Albanian vapë (“hot weather”).
The verb вапсати (vapsati, “to paint”), which has spread among some daughter languages via Church Slavonic, is generally disregarded as a potential relative. The later is derived from the aorist of Ancient Greek βάπτω (báptō, “to soak, to dye”).


kopanь

kȍpanь (canonical feminine)
kȍpanь (nominative singular)
kȍpani (dual nominative)
kȍpani (nominative plural)
kopaní (genitive singular)
kopanьjù (dual genitive)
kopanь̀jь (genitive plural)
kȍpani (dative singular)
kopanьmà (dative dual)
kȍpanьmъ (dative plural)
kȍpanь (accusative singular)
kȍpani (accusative dual)
kȍpani (accusative plural)
kopanьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
kopanьmà (dual instrumental)
kopanьmì (instrumental plural)
kopaní (locative singular)
kopanьjù (dual locative)
kȍpanьxъ (locative plural)
kopani (singular vocative)
kȍpani (dual vocative)
kȍpani (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копань (kopanĭ)

Russian: ко́пань (kópanʹ, “pit”) (obsolete)

desc

Ukrainian: ко́пань (kópanʹ, “earthwork”) (obsolete)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: копань (kopanĭ)

⇒ Romanian: copaie

Bulgarian: ко́пан (kópan), копа́не (kopáne)

→ копа́нка (kopánka) (diminutive)

→ Macedonian: копанка (kopanka) (diminutive)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀па̄њ (obsolete, dialectal)

Latin script: kòpānj (obsolete, dialectal)

West Slavic:

Polish: kopań (obsolete)

Deverbial action noun of *kopati (“to dig”) + *-nь, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Akin to Ancient Greek κόπανος m (kópanos, “bat”), κόπανον n (kópanon, “vessel for braying”), whence comes the Late Balkan Slavic loanword копанъ (kopanŭ, “bat for laundry; poultry leg”) encountered in Bulgarian and Macedonian.

cog

→ (by extension) hollow, pit, trough


Miroslavъ

Miroslàvъ (canonical masculine)
Miroslàva (feminine)
Miroslavъ (nominative singular)
Miroslava (dual nominative)
Miroslavi (nominative plural)
Miroslava (genitive singular)
Miroslavu (dual genitive)
Miroslavъ (genitive plural)
Miroslavu (dative singular)
Miroslavomъ (dative plural)
Miroslavъ (accusative singular)
Miroslava (accusative dual)
Miroslavy (accusative plural)
Miroslavy (instrumental plural)
Miroslavě (locative singular)
Miroslavu (dual locative)
Miroslavěxъ (locative plural)
Miroslave (singular vocative)
Miroslava (dual vocative)
Miroslavi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: Мирославъ (Miroslavŭ)

Old Ruthenian: Миросла́въ (Mirosláv)

Belarusian: Мірасла́ў (Mirasláŭ)

Ukrainian: Миросла́в (Myrosláv)

Russian: Миросла́в (Mirosláv)

desc

Old Novgorodian: Мирославе (Miroslave), Миръславе (Mirŭslave), Мирславе (Mirslave)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: Миросла́в (Mirosláv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Ми̏рослав, Ми̏росав

Cyrillic script: Ми̏рослав, Ми̏росав

Latin script: Mȉroslav, Mȉrosav

West Slavic:

Old Czech: Miroslav

Czech: Miroslav

Polish: Mirosław

Slovak: Miroslav

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: Mirosław

Upper Sorbian: Měrosław

From *mȋrъ (“peace; world”) + *-o- + *slàva (“glory, fame”).

compound

uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович