koltiti

kōltìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
kolťenьje (noun-from-verb)
koltiti (infinitive)
koltitъ (supine)
koltilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
kolťenъ (participle passive past)
koltimъ (participle passive present)
kolťь (active participle past)
koltę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
koltixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kolti (aorist second-person singular)
kolti (aorist singular third-person)
kolťǫ (first-person present singular)
koltiši (present second-person singular)
koltitь (present singular third-person)
koltixově (aorist dual first-person)
koltista (aorist dual second-person)
koltiste (aorist dual third-person)
koltivě (dual first-person present)
koltita (dual present second-person)
koltite (dual present third-person)
koltixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
koltiste (aorist plural second-person)
koltišę (aorist plural third-person)
koltimъ (first-person plural present)
koltite (plural present second-person)
koltętь (plural present third-person)
kolťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kolťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kolťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kolti (imperative second-person singular)
kolti (imperative singular third-person)
kolťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kolťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kolťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
koltivě (dual first-person imperative)
koltita (dual imperative second-person)
kolťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kolťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kolťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
koltimъ (first-person imperative plural)
koltite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: колотити (kolotiti) (17th century)

Belarusian: калаци́ць (kalacícʹ)

Russian: колоти́ть (kolotítʹ)

Ukrainian: колоти́ти (kolotýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: клатити (klatiti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: кла́тя (klátja)

Macedonian: клати (klati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кла́тити

Latin script: klátiti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: klatīti, klátiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: klátiti

Czech: klátit

Polish: kłócić

Slovak: klátiť

Slovincian: klôcëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kłóćić

Lower Sorbian: kłośiś

From *kõltъ (“club? log? sledgehammer?”) + *-iti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kálˀtas, from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *kalˀ-. Cognate with Lithuanian káltas (“chisel”), Latvian kal̃ts (“chisel, small hammer”). See *kòlti (“to stab, to sting”) for further etymology.


kolti

kòlti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
koltьje (noun-from-verb)
kolti (infinitive)
koltъ (supine)
kollъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
koltъ (participle passive past)
koľemъ (participle passive present)
kolvъ (active participle past)
koľę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
kolsъ (aorist first-person singular)
kol (aorist second-person singular)
kol (aorist singular third-person)
koľǫ (first-person present singular)
koľeši (present second-person singular)
koľetь (present singular third-person)
kolsově (aorist dual first-person)
kolsta (aorist dual second-person)
kolste (aorist dual third-person)
koľevě (dual first-person present)
koľeta (dual present second-person)
koľete (dual present third-person)
kolsomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kolste (aorist plural second-person)
kolsę (aorist plural third-person)
koľemъ (first-person plural present)
koľete (plural present second-person)
koľǫtь (plural present third-person)
koľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
koľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
koľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
koľi (imperative second-person singular)
koľi (imperative singular third-person)
koľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
koľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
koľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
koľivě (dual first-person imperative)
koľita (dual imperative second-person)
koľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
koľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
koľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
koľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
koľite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: колоти (koloti) (10th century)

Belarusian: кало́ць (kalócʹ)

Russian: коло́ть (kolótʹ)

Ukrainian: коло́ти (kolóty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: клати (klati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ко́ля (kólja)

Macedonian: коле (kole)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кла̏ти

Latin script: klȁti

Slovene: kláti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kláti

Czech: klát

Kashubian: kłoc

Old Polish: kłuć, kłóć

Polish: kłuć, kłóć

Slovak: klať

Slovincian: klôc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kłóć

Lower Sorbian: kłojś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kálˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *kolh₂-, from the root *kelh₂-.
Cognate with Lithuanian kálti (“to strike (with a hammer or axe), to forge”) (1sg. kalù), Latvian kal̃t (“to beat, to forge”) (1sg. kaļu), Lithuanian kùlti (“to hit”), Latvian kul̂t (“to hit”), Old Prussian preicalis (“anvil”), kalopeilis (“hoe”), Latin percellō (“to overturn, to strike”) (infinitive percellere, perfect perculī), Old Irish cellach (“war”), Ancient Greek κελεΐς (keleḯs, “axe”) (Hesychius), per Vasmer probably also Lithuanian skélti (“to split”).


klokotati

c (accent-paradigm)
klokotanьje (noun-from-verb)
klokotati (infinitive)
klokotatъ (supine)
klokotalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
klokotanъ (participle passive past)
klokoťemъ (participle passive present)
klokotavъ (active participle past)
klokoťę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
klokotaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klokota (aorist second-person singular)
klokota (aorist singular third-person)
klokoťǫ (first-person present singular)
klokoťeši (present second-person singular)
klokoťetь (present singular third-person)
klokotaxově (aorist dual first-person)
klokotasta (aorist dual second-person)
klokotaste (aorist dual third-person)
klokoťevě (dual first-person present)
klokoťeta (dual present second-person)
klokoťete (dual present third-person)
klokotaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klokotaste (aorist plural second-person)
klokotašę (aorist plural third-person)
klokoťemъ (first-person plural present)
klokoťete (plural present second-person)
klokoťǫtь (plural present third-person)
klokotaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
klokotaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
klokotaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
klokoťi (imperative second-person singular)
klokoťi (imperative singular third-person)
klokotaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
klokotaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
klokotaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
klokoťivě (dual first-person imperative)
klokoťita (dual imperative second-person)
klokotaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
klokotaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
klokotaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
klokoťimъ (first-person imperative plural)
klokoťite (imperative plural second-person)
*klokъtati (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: клокотати (klokotati), клокътати (klokŭtati) (11th century)

Belarusian: клаката́ць (klakatácʹ)

Russian: клокота́ть (klokotátʹ), клохта́ть (kloxtátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: клокотати (klokotati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: клоко́тя (klokótja), клоко́ча (klokóča)

Macedonian: клокоти (klokoti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: клоко̀тати

Latin script: klokòtati

Slovene: klokotáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kloktati, klokotati

Czech: klokotat, kloktat

Slovak: klokotať, kloktať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kłokotać

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: clocoti

Onomatopoeic, analogous to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”). Cognate with Lithuanian klókti (“to puke, to spit out”) (1sg. klókiu), klakšinât (“to click with the tongue”).


klikati

klìkati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
klikanьje (noun-from-verb)
klikati (infinitive)
klikatъ (supine)
klikalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
klikanъ (participle passive past)
kličemъ (participle passive present)
klikavъ (active participle past)
kličę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
klikaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klika (aorist second-person singular)
klika (aorist singular third-person)
kličǫ (first-person present singular)
kličeši (present second-person singular)
kličetь (present singular third-person)
klikaxově (aorist dual first-person)
klikasta (aorist dual second-person)
klikaste (aorist dual third-person)
kličevě (dual first-person present)
kličeta (dual present second-person)
kličete (dual present third-person)
klikaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klikaste (aorist plural second-person)
klikašę (aorist plural third-person)
kličemъ (first-person plural present)
kličete (plural present second-person)
kličǫtь (plural present third-person)
klikaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
klikaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
klikaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kliči (imperative second-person singular)
kliči (imperative singular third-person)
klikaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
klikaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
klikaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kličivě (dual first-person imperative)
kličita (dual imperative second-person)
klikaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
klikaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
klikaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kličimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kličite (imperative plural second-person)
*klìťi (alternative)
*klìcati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кликати (klikati) (11th century), кликоша (klikoša) (aorist)

Belarusian: клі́каць (klíkacʹ)

Russian: кли́кать (klíkatʹ)

Ukrainian: кли́кати (klýkaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: клицати (klicati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: кли́кам (klíkam) (dialectal)

Macedonian: клика (klika)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кли̏цати, (dialectal) кли̏кати, кли̏ћи, кличе

Latin: klȉcati, (dialectal) klȉkati

Slovene: klícati (tonal orthography), (literary) klíkati

West Slavic:

Old Czech: klíčeti

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *klīˀkāˀtei. Cognate with Lithuanian klỹkti (“to scream, to yell”) (1sg. klykiù), kli̇̀kti (“to shriek, to cry out”) (1sg. klinkù), klýkoti (“to scream, to yell”), klýkauti (“to shout”), Latvian klĩkât (“to scream loudly (in a forest)”), klìekt (“to shout loudly”). Vasmer adds as cognates Middle High German līen, līhen (“to speak, to inform”), Old English hlīgan (“to ascribe”). Per Trubachev, onomatopoeic.


kliknǫti

klìknǫti (canonical perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
kliknovenьje (noun-from-verb)
kliknǫti (infinitive)
kliknǫtъ (supine)
kliknǫlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kliknovenъ (participle passive past)
kliknǫvъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
kliknǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kliknǫ (aorist second-person singular)
kliknǫ (aorist singular third-person)
kliknǫ (first-person present singular)
klikneši (present second-person singular)
kliknetь (present singular third-person)
kliknǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
kliknǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
kliknǫste (aorist dual third-person)
kliknevě (dual first-person present)
klikneta (dual present second-person)
kliknete (dual present third-person)
kliknǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kliknǫste (aorist plural second-person)
kliknǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
kliknemъ (first-person plural present)
kliknete (plural present second-person)
kliknǫtь (plural present third-person)
klikni (imperative second-person singular)
klikni (imperative singular third-person)
klikněvě (dual first-person imperative)
klikněta (dual imperative second-person)
klikněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
klikněte (imperative plural second-person)
kličenьje (noun-from-verb)
kliknǫti (infinitive)
kliknǫtъ (supine)
kliklъ (l-participle)
kličenъ (participle passive past)
klikъ (active participle past)
klikъ (aorist first-person singular)
klikoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kliče (aorist second-person singular)
kliče (aorist singular third-person)
kliknǫ (first-person present singular)
klikneši (present second-person singular)
kliknetь (present singular third-person)
klikově (aorist dual first-person)
klikoxově (aorist dual first-person)
kliketa (aorist dual second-person)
klikosta (aorist dual second-person)
klikete (aorist dual third-person)
klikoste (aorist dual third-person)
kliknevě (dual first-person present)
klikneta (dual present second-person)
kliknete (dual present third-person)
klikomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klikoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klikete (aorist plural second-person)
klikoste (aorist plural second-person)
klikǫ (aorist plural third-person)
klikošę (aorist plural third-person)
kliknemъ (first-person plural present)
kliknete (plural present second-person)
kliknǫtь (plural present third-person)
klikni (imperative second-person singular)
klikni (imperative singular third-person)
klikněvě (dual first-person imperative)
klikněta (dual imperative second-person)
klikněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
klikněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: кликнѫти (kliknǫti), кликнути (kliknuti)

Belarusian: клі́кнуць (klíknucʹ)

Russian: кли́кнуть (klíknutʹ)

Ukrainian: кли́кнути (klýknuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: кликнѫти (kliknǫti)

Bulgarian: кликнѫ (kliknǫ) (archaic; Gerov's dictionary)

Macedonian: кликне (klikne)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кли̏кнути

Latin script: klȉknuti

Slovene: klíkniti (tonal orthography)


kaziti

kazìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
kaženьje (noun-from-verb)
kaziti (infinitive)
kazitъ (supine)
kazilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kaženъ (participle passive past)
kazimъ (participle passive present)
kažь (active participle past)
kazę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kazixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kazi (aorist second-person singular)
kazi (aorist singular third-person)
kažǫ (first-person present singular)
kaziši (present second-person singular)
kazitь (present singular third-person)
kazixově (aorist dual first-person)
kazista (aorist dual second-person)
kaziste (aorist dual third-person)
kazivě (dual first-person present)
kazita (dual present second-person)
kazite (dual present third-person)
kazixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kaziste (aorist plural second-person)
kazišę (aorist plural third-person)
kazimъ (first-person plural present)
kazite (plural present second-person)
kazętь (plural present third-person)
kažaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kažaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kažaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kazi (imperative second-person singular)
kazi (imperative singular third-person)
kažaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kažaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kažaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kazivě (dual first-person imperative)
kazita (dual imperative second-person)
kažaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kažaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kažaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kazimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kazite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: казитися (kazitisja) (12th century)

Belarusian: ка́зіць (kázicʹ)

Russian: кази́ть (kazítʹ) (archaic or dialectal)

Ukrainian: кази́ти (kazýty), кази́тися (kazýtysja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: казити (kaziti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кази́ти (dialectal); (нака́зити)

Latin: kazíti (dialectal); (nakáziti)

Slovene: kazīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kazit

Kashubian: kazëc

Old Polish: kazić
Polish: kazić

Slovak: kaziť

Slovincian: kazëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kazyć

Lower Sorbian: kazyś

Most likely a causative of the root found in *čèznǫti (“to disappear”).


kašьľati

kašьľanьje (noun-from-verb)
kašьľati (infinitive)
kašьľatъ (supine)
kašьľalъ (l-participle)
kašьľanъ (participle passive past)
kašьľajemъ (participle passive present)
kašьľavъ (active participle past)
kašьľaję (active participle present)
kašьľaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kašьľa (aorist second-person singular)
kašьľa (aorist singular third-person)
kašьľajǫ (first-person present singular)
kašьľaješi (present second-person singular)
kašьľajetь (present singular third-person)
kašьľaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kašьľasta (aorist dual second-person)
kašьľaste (aorist dual third-person)
kašьľajevě (dual first-person present)
kašьľajeta (dual present second-person)
kašьľajete (dual present third-person)
kašьľaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kašьľaste (aorist plural second-person)
kašьľašę (aorist plural third-person)
kašьľajemъ (first-person plural present)
kašьľajete (plural present second-person)
kašьľajǫtь (plural present third-person)
kašьľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kašьľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kašьľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kašьľaji (imperative second-person singular)
kašьľaji (imperative singular third-person)
kašьľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kašьľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kašьľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kašьľajivě (dual first-person imperative)
kašьľajita (dual imperative second-person)
kašьľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kašьľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kašьľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kašьľajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kašьľajite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: кашьлꙗти (kašĭljati)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ка́шляць (kášljacʹ)

Russian: ка́шлять (kášljatʹ)

Ukrainian: ка́шляти (kášljaty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ка́шля (kášlja), ка́шлям (kášljam)

Macedonian: кашла (kašla)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̀шљати

Latin script: kàšljati

Slovene: kȃšljati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kašlat

Polabian: koslĕ (3sg.)

Polish: kaszlać, kaszleć, kasłać

Slovak: kašlať

Slovincian: kaszlac

Sorbian:

⇒ Upper Sorbian: kašlować

Lower Sorbian: kašliś, kašlaś

Denominative verb derived from *kaš(ь)ľь (“cough”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kāˀsulia, *kāˀslia, from *kāˀs-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s-.
Cognates include Lithuanian kósėti (“to cough”) (1sg. kósiu), kósti (“to cough”), Latvian kãsêt (“to cough”), Lithuanian kosulỹs (“cough”), Latvian kãsulis, kãsus, kãsa, kãsis (“cough”), Sanskrit कासते (kā́sate, “to cough”), कास (kāsa, “cough”), कासिका (kā́sikā, “cough”), Old High German huosto, hwuosto (“cough”), Old English hwōsta (“cough”), Albanian kollë (“cough”), Middle Irish cosachtach (“cough, coughing”), Welsh pâs (“whooping cough”).


vixъrъ

vìxъrъ (canonical masculine)
vixъrъ (nominative singular)
vixъra (dual nominative)
vixъri (nominative plural)
vixъra (genitive singular)
vixъru (dual genitive)
vixъrъ (genitive plural)
vixъru (dative singular)
vixъroma (dative dual)
vixъromъ (dative plural)
vixъrъ (accusative singular)
vixъra (accusative dual)
vixъry (accusative plural)
vixъrъmь (instrumental singular)
vixъromь (instrumental singular)
vixъroma (dual instrumental)
vixъrȳ (instrumental plural)
vixъrě (locative singular)
vixъru (dual locative)
vixъrě̄xъ (locative plural)
vixъre (singular vocative)
vixъra (dual vocative)
vixъri (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вихърь (vixŭrĭ)

Old Ruthenian: вихръ (vixr)

Belarusian: віхор (vixór)

Ukrainian: ви́хор (výxor)

Russian: вихрь (vixrʹ), вихо́р (vixór), (dialectal) ви́хор (víxor)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вихъръ (vixŭrŭ)

Bulgarian: ви́хър (víhǎr)

Macedonian: виор (vior)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ви̏хор

Latin script: vȉhor

Slovene: vihȃr (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vichr

Czech: vichr

Bohemian (Chod dialect): věchar, vichar

Polabian: vaixår

Old Polish: wicher

Polish: wicher, (archaic) wichr

Slovak: víchor

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wichor

Lower Sorbian: wichor, (archaic) wichar

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: vihar

→ Romanian: vifor

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *weiˀšuras, *weiˀšulas (“whirlwind”).


vitь

vĩtь (nominative singular)
vītì (dual nominative)
vītì (nominative plural)
vĩti (genitive singular)
vĩtьju (dual genitive)
vītь̀jь (genitive plural)
vītì (dative singular)
vĩtьma (dative dual)
vītь̀mъ (dative plural)
vĩtь (accusative singular)
vītì (accusative dual)
vītì (accusative plural)
vĩtьjǫ (instrumental singular)
vĩtьma (dual instrumental)
vĩtьmī (instrumental plural)
vĩti (locative singular)
vĩtьju (dual locative)
vītь̀xъ (locative plural)
viti (singular vocative)
vītì (dual vocative)
vītì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: вить (vitʹ)

South Slavic:

⇒ Serbo-Croatian: pȁvit

Slovene: vȋt (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Czech: vít

Old Polish: wić

Polish: wić

Slovak: viť

Slovincian: wjic


jьzuti

a (accent-paradigm)
jьzutьje (noun-from-verb)
jьzuti (infinitive)
jьzutъ (supine)
jьzulъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
jьzutъ (participle passive past)
jьzujemъ (participle passive present)
jьzuvъ (active participle past)
jьzuję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
jьzuxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jьzu (aorist second-person singular)
jьzu (aorist singular third-person)
jьzujǫ (first-person present singular)
jьzuješi (present second-person singular)
jьzujetь (present singular third-person)
jьzuxově (aorist dual first-person)
jьzusta (aorist dual second-person)
jьzuste (aorist dual third-person)
jьzujevě (dual first-person present)
jьzujeta (dual present second-person)
jьzujete (dual present third-person)
jьzuxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jьzuste (aorist plural second-person)
jьzušę (aorist plural third-person)
jьzujemъ (first-person plural present)
jьzujete (plural present second-person)
jьzujǫtь (plural present third-person)
jьzujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jьzujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jьzujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
jьzuji (imperative second-person singular)
jьzuji (imperative singular third-person)
jьzujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jьzujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jьzujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
jьzujivě (dual first-person imperative)
jьzujita (dual imperative second-person)
jьzujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jьzujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jьzujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
jьzujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
jьzujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: изꙋти (izuti) (11th century?)

Russian: изу́ть (izútʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: изути (izuti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: изу́я (izúja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ѝзути

Latin script: ìzuti

Slovene: izúti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zúti

Czech: zout

Old Polish: zuć

⇒ Polish: zzuć (archaic)

Slovak: zozuť (obsolete)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zuć

Lower Sorbian: zuś

From *jьz + *uti (“to put on footwear”). Cognate with Lithuanian išaũti (“to take off footwear”), Latin exuō (“to take off, to take out”) (infinitive exuere), among others. See *obuti (“to put on footwear”) for further etymology.


čajati

čàjati (canonical)
a (accent-paradigm)
čajanьje (noun-from-verb)
čajati (infinitive)
čajatъ (supine)
čajalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
čajanъ (participle passive past)
čajemъ (participle passive present)
čajavъ (active participle past)
čaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
čajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čaja (aorist second-person singular)
čaja (aorist singular third-person)
čajǫ (first-person present singular)
čaješi (present second-person singular)
čajetь (present singular third-person)
čajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čajasta (aorist dual second-person)
čajaste (aorist dual third-person)
čajevě (dual first-person present)
čajeta (dual present second-person)
čajete (dual present third-person)
čajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čajaste (aorist plural second-person)
čajašę (aorist plural third-person)
čajemъ (first-person plural present)
čajete (plural present second-person)
čajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čaji (imperative second-person singular)
čaji (imperative singular third-person)
čajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čajita (dual imperative second-person)
čajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

i

Old East Slavic: чаꙗти (čajati) (11th century; accent paradigm a, with traces of c)

Russian: ча́ять (čájatʹ) (obsolete)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: чаꙗти (čajati)

Glagolitic: ⱍⰰⱑⱅⰹ (čaěti)

Bulgarian: ча́ем (čáem) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ча̏јати

Latin script: čȁjati

Slovene: čȃjati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: čáti (archaic or dialectal; Jungmann's dictionary)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₁y-e-, from the root *kʷeh₁y- (Derksen's reconstruction; Rix prefers *kʷey-). Cognates include Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (kaiieⁱti), Sanskrit चायति (cā́yati, “to perceive, to observe”), Ancient Greek τίω (tíō, “to esteem, to respect”).


xoxotati

xoxotanьje (noun-from-verb)
xoxotati (infinitive)
xoxotatъ (supine)
xoxotalъ (l-participle)
xoxotanъ (participle passive past)
xoxoťemъ (participle passive present)
xoxotavъ (active participle past)
xoxoťę (active participle present)
xoxotaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
xoxota (aorist second-person singular)
xoxota (aorist singular third-person)
xoxoťǫ (first-person present singular)
xoxoťeši (present second-person singular)
xoxoťetь (present singular third-person)
xoxotaxově (aorist dual first-person)
xoxotasta (aorist dual second-person)
xoxotaste (aorist dual third-person)
xoxoťevě (dual first-person present)
xoxoťeta (dual present second-person)
xoxoťete (dual present third-person)
xoxotaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
xoxotaste (aorist plural second-person)
xoxotašę (aorist plural third-person)
xoxoťemъ (first-person plural present)
xoxoťete (plural present second-person)
xoxoťǫtь (plural present third-person)
xoxotaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
xoxotaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
xoxotaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
xoxoťi (imperative second-person singular)
xoxoťi (imperative singular third-person)
xoxotaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
xoxotaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
xoxotaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
xoxoťivě (dual first-person imperative)
xoxoťita (dual imperative second-person)
xoxotaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
xoxotaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
xoxotaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
xoxoťimъ (first-person imperative plural)
xoxoťite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: хохота́ть (xoxotátʹ)

Ukrainian: хохота́ти (xoxotáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: хохотати (xoxotati)

Bulgarian: кикотя (kikotja)

Macedonian: се ки́коти (se kíkoti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хохотати (archaic or rare)

Latin: hohotati (archaic or rare)

Slovene: hohotáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: chochtat

Polish: chichotać

Slovak: chichotať sa, chychotať sa

Sorbian:

desc

Upper Sorbian: chachotać (“to laugh loudly”), chichotać (“to giggle”)

Lower Sorbian: chychotaś, chichotaś (“to giggle”)

Onomatopoeic. Compare Ancient Greek καχάζω (kakházō, “to laugh loudly”), Latin cachinnō (“to laugh loudly”),
Old Armenian խախանք (xaxankʻ, “laughter”), Proto-West Germanic *kahhattjan, Sanskrit कखति (kákhati, “to laugh”).


xorniti

xorňenьje (noun-from-verb)
xorniti (infinitive)
xornitъ (supine)
xornilъ (l-participle)
xorňenъ (participle passive past)
xornimъ (participle passive present)
xorňь (active participle past)
xornę (active participle present)
xornixъ (aorist first-person singular)
xorni (aorist second-person singular)
xorni (aorist singular third-person)
xorňǫ (first-person present singular)
xorniši (present second-person singular)
xornitь (present singular third-person)
xornixově (aorist dual first-person)
xornista (aorist dual second-person)
xorniste (aorist dual third-person)
xornivě (dual first-person present)
xornita (dual present second-person)
xornite (dual present third-person)
xornixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
xorniste (aorist plural second-person)
xornišę (aorist plural third-person)
xornimъ (first-person plural present)
xornite (plural present second-person)
xornętь (plural present third-person)
xorňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
xorňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
xorňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
xorni (imperative second-person singular)
xorni (imperative singular third-person)
xorňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
xorňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
xorňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
xornivě (dual first-person imperative)
xornita (dual imperative second-person)
xorňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
xorňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
xorňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
xornimъ (first-person imperative plural)
xornite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хоронити (xoroniti) (11th century)

Belarusian: харані́ць (xaranícʹ)

Russian: хорони́ть (xoronítʹ)

Ukrainian: хорони́ти (xoronýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: хранити (xraniti)

Glagolitic: ⱈⱃⰰⱀⰻⱅⰻ (xraniti)

Bulgarian: хра́ня (hránja)

Macedonian: храни (hrani)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хра́нити

Latin: hrániti

Slovene: hrániti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chrániti

Czech: chránit

Polabian: xornĕ (“to feed”, 3sg.)

Old Polish: chronić

Polish: chronić

Old Slovak: chrániť

desc

Pannonian Rusyn: хранїц (xranjic, “to defend, to protect, to preserve”)

Slovak: chrániť (“to defend, to protect, to preserve”)

Slovincian: chônjic (“to protect”)

→ Romanian: hrăni (“to feed”)

Denominative verb from *xorna (“food, fodder”).
* Per Derksen, possibly a borrowing from Iranian (compare Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (xᵛar^əna, “food”).
* Per Vasmer, related to Latin servō (“to save”) (infinitive servāre), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬉 (haraitē, “to beware, to take care”), 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (haᵘruuaⁱti, “to guard”); the connection with Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (xᵛar^əna, “food”) is "difficult".


gręzti

gręzenьje (noun-from-verb)
gręzti (infinitive)
gręztъ (supine)
gręzlъ (l-participle)
gręzъ (active participle past)
gręzy (active participle present)
gręzъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręzoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręze (aorist second-person singular)
gręze (aorist singular third-person)
gręzǫ (first-person present singular)
gręzeši (present second-person singular)
gręzetь (present singular third-person)
gręzově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzoxově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzeta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzosta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzete (aorist dual third-person)
gręzoste (aorist dual third-person)
gręzevě (dual first-person present)
gręzeta (dual present second-person)
gręzete (dual present third-person)
gręzomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzete (aorist plural second-person)
gręzoste (aorist plural second-person)
gręzǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gręzošę (aorist plural third-person)
gręzemъ (first-person plural present)
gręzete (plural present second-person)
gręzǫtь (plural present third-person)
gręzěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gręzěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gręzěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gręzi (imperative second-person singular)
gręzi (imperative singular third-person)
gręzěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gręzěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gręzěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gręzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
gręzěta (dual imperative second-person)
gręzěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gręzěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gręzěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gręzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gręzěte (imperative plural second-person)
gręzenьje (noun-from-verb)
gręznǫti (infinitive)
gręznǫtъ (supine)
gręzlъ (l-participle)
gręzъ (active participle past)
gręzny (active participle present)
gręzъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręzoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręze (aorist second-person singular)
gręze (aorist singular third-person)
gręznǫ (first-person present singular)
gręzneši (present second-person singular)
gręznetь (present singular third-person)
gręzově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzoxově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzeta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzosta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzete (aorist dual third-person)
gręzoste (aorist dual third-person)
gręznevě (dual first-person present)
gręzneta (dual present second-person)
gręznete (dual present third-person)
gręzomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzete (aorist plural second-person)
gręzoste (aorist plural second-person)
gręzǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gręzošę (aorist plural third-person)
gręznemъ (first-person plural present)
gręznete (plural present second-person)
gręznǫtь (plural present third-person)
gręzněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gręzněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gręzněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gręzni (imperative second-person singular)
gręzni (imperative singular third-person)
gręzněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gręzněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gręzněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gręzněvě (dual first-person imperative)
gręzněta (dual imperative second-person)
gręzněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gręzněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gręzněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gręzněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gręzněte (imperative plural second-person)
*grę̑znǫti (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: *грꙗзти (*grjazti, “to sink, to wallow”), грꙗзуща (grjazušča) (11th century?)

West Slavic:

Polish: grząźć, ugrząźć

Kashubian: gřëzc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *grimz-. Cognate with Lithuanian grim̃zti (“to sink”) (3sg. grim̃zta, 3sg. past grim̃zdo), Latvian grim̃t (“to sink”), grèmdêt (“to immerse”).
* Per Derksen, further connections uncertain.
* Per Vasmer, cognate with Gothic 𐌵𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (qrammiþa, “humidity”), Latin grāmiae (“pus in the eye”, pl.), and possibly with Albanian kreth (“to dive into the water”) (passive kredhem, aorist ukrodha).


grǫziti

grǫženьje (noun-from-verb)
grǫziti (infinitive)
grǫzitъ (supine)
grǫzilъ (l-participle)
grǫženъ (participle passive past)
grǫzimъ (participle passive present)
grǫžь (active participle past)
grǫzę (active participle present)
grǫzixъ (aorist first-person singular)
grǫzi (aorist second-person singular)
grǫzi (aorist singular third-person)
grǫžǫ (first-person present singular)
grǫziši (present second-person singular)
grǫzitь (present singular third-person)
grǫzixově (aorist dual first-person)
grǫzista (aorist dual second-person)
grǫziste (aorist dual third-person)
grǫzivě (dual first-person present)
grǫzita (dual present second-person)
grǫzite (dual present third-person)
grǫzixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grǫziste (aorist plural second-person)
grǫzišę (aorist plural third-person)
grǫzimъ (first-person plural present)
grǫzite (plural present second-person)
grǫzętь (plural present third-person)
grǫžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
grǫžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
grǫžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
grǫzi (imperative second-person singular)
grǫzi (imperative singular third-person)
grǫžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
grǫžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
grǫžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
grǫzivě (dual first-person imperative)
grǫzita (dual imperative second-person)
grǫžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
grǫžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
grǫžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
grǫzimъ (first-person imperative plural)
grǫzite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: грузі́ць (hruzícʹ)

Middle Russian: грꙋзити (gruziti) (13th century?)

Russian: грузи́ть (gruzítʹ)

Ukrainian: грузи́ти (hruzýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: (погрѫзити (pogrǫziti))

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гру̏зити, гру̏жити

Latin: grȕziti, grȕžiti

Slovene: grozīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hroužit

Polish: grążyć (obsolete)

Slovak: hrúžiť

Slovincian: grõzëc, grą̃zĕc

Causative of the root found in *gręzti (“to sink”). Compare also Lithuanian gramzdė́ti (“to sink”), gramzdýti (“to immerse”), gramzdi̇̀nti (“to immerse, to drown”).


gręznǫti

grę̑znǫti (canonical)
gręznǫ̀ti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
gręzenьje (noun-from-verb)
gręznǫti (infinitive)
gręznǫtъ (supine)
gręzlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
gręzъ (active participle past)
gręzny (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
gręzъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręzoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręze (aorist second-person singular)
gręze (aorist singular third-person)
gręznǫ (first-person present singular)
gręzneši (present second-person singular)
gręznetь (present singular third-person)
gręzově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzoxově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzeta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzosta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzete (aorist dual third-person)
gręzoste (aorist dual third-person)
gręznevě (dual first-person present)
gręzneta (dual present second-person)
gręznete (dual present third-person)
gręzomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzete (aorist plural second-person)
gręzoste (aorist plural second-person)
gręzǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gręzošę (aorist plural third-person)
gręznemъ (first-person plural present)
gręznete (plural present second-person)
gręznǫtь (plural present third-person)
gręzněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gręzněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gręzněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gręzni (imperative second-person singular)
gręzni (imperative singular third-person)
gręzněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gręzněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gręzněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gręzněvě (dual first-person imperative)
gręzněta (dual imperative second-person)
gręzněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gręzněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gręzněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gręzněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gręzněte (imperative plural second-person)
b (accent-paradigm)
gręzenьje (noun-from-verb)
gręznǫti (infinitive)
gręznǫtъ (supine)
gręzlъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
gręzъ (active participle past)
gręzny (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
gręzъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręzoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręze (aorist second-person singular)
gręze (aorist singular third-person)
gręznǫ (first-person present singular)
gręzneši (present second-person singular)
gręznetь (present singular third-person)
gręzově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzoxově (aorist dual first-person)
gręzeta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzosta (aorist dual second-person)
gręzete (aorist dual third-person)
gręzoste (aorist dual third-person)
gręznevě (dual first-person present)
gręzneta (dual present second-person)
gręznete (dual present third-person)
gręzomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gręzete (aorist plural second-person)
gręzoste (aorist plural second-person)
gręzǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gręzošę (aorist plural third-person)
gręznemъ (first-person plural present)
gręznete (plural present second-person)
gręznǫtь (plural present third-person)
gręzněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gręzněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gręzněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gręzni (imperative second-person singular)
gręzni (imperative singular third-person)
gręzněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gręzněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gręzněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gręzněvě (dual first-person imperative)
gręzněta (dual imperative second-person)
gręzněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gręzněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gręzněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gręzněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gręzněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: грѧзнѫти (gręznǫti)

Belarusian: гра́знуць (hráznucʹ)

Russian: гря́знуть (grjáznutʹ)

Ukrainian: гря́знути (hrjáznuty)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: по-грѧзнѫти (po-gręznǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гре̏знути

Latin script: grȅznuti

Slovene: grẹ́zniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hřáznuti

Czech: hřeznout

Polish: grzęznąć

Slovak: hriaznuť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrěznyć

Lower Sorbian: grěznuś (“to get stuck”)


gręsti

gręstì (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
grędenьje (noun-from-verb)
gręsti (infinitive)
gręstъ (supine)
grędlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
grędenъ (participle passive past)
grędomъ (participle passive present)
grędъ (active participle past)
grędy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
grędъ (aorist first-person singular)
grędoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gręde (aorist second-person singular)
gręde (aorist singular third-person)
grędǫ (first-person present singular)
grędeši (present second-person singular)
grędetь (present singular third-person)
grędově (aorist dual first-person)
grędoxově (aorist dual first-person)
grędeta (aorist dual second-person)
grędosta (aorist dual second-person)
grędete (aorist dual third-person)
grędoste (aorist dual third-person)
grędevě (dual first-person present)
grędeta (dual present second-person)
grędete (dual present third-person)
grędomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grędoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grędete (aorist plural second-person)
grędoste (aorist plural second-person)
grędǫ (aorist plural third-person)
grędošę (aorist plural third-person)
grędemъ (first-person plural present)
grędete (plural present second-person)
grędǫtь (plural present third-person)
gręděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gręděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gręděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
grędi (imperative second-person singular)
grędi (imperative singular third-person)
gręděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gręděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gręděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gręděvě (dual first-person imperative)
gręděta (dual imperative second-person)
gręděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gręděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gręděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gręděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gręděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: грѧсти (gręsti) (11th century); грѣсти (grěsti) (11th century)

Russian: грясти́ (grjastí) (infinitive is dated)

Ukrainian: грясти́ (hrjastý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: грѧсти (gręsti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: грядѫ́ (grjadǫ́) (archaic; Gerov's dictionary)

Macedonian: греде (grede) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: грѐсти, гре́сти

Latin: grèsti, grésti

Slovene: īti (tonal orthography) (suppletive present tense)

* Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *grid-, *grind-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰri-n-dʰ-, from the root *gʰreydʰ-. Cognate with Lithuanian gri̇̀dyti (“to go, to wander”) (1sg. gri̇̀dyju), Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌳 (grid, “step”, acc. sg.), Middle High German grit (“step”), Old Irish in·greinn, do·greinn (“to persecute”).
* Per Vasmer, cognate as above, and also with Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬌 (aiuuigər^əδmahi, “we begin”), Sanskrit गृध्यति (gṛdhyati, “to be fast approaching something (?)”), Latin gradior (“to step”) (infinitive gradī). These words are normally reconstructed as coming from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ-.

cog

𐬀𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬌


grajati

grajanьje (noun-from-verb)
grajati (infinitive)
grajatъ (supine)
grajalъ (l-participle)
grajavъ (active participle past)
graję (active participle present)
grajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
graja (aorist second-person singular)
graja (aorist singular third-person)
grajǫ (first-person present singular)
graješi (present second-person singular)
grajetь (present singular third-person)
grajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
grajasta (aorist dual second-person)
grajaste (aorist dual third-person)
grajevě (dual first-person present)
grajeta (dual present second-person)
grajete (dual present third-person)
grajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grajaste (aorist plural second-person)
grajašę (aorist plural third-person)
grajemъ (first-person plural present)
grajete (plural present second-person)
grajǫtь (plural present third-person)
grajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
grajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
grajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
graji (imperative second-person singular)
graji (imperative singular third-person)
grajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
grajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
grajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
grajivě (dual first-person imperative)
grajita (dual imperative second-person)
grajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
grajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
grajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
grajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
grajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: граꙗти (grajati)

Russian: гра́ять (grájatʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гра́я (grája)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гра̏јати, гра́јати

Latin: grȁjati, grájati

Slovene: grājati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polish: grać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *grāˀ-, *grāˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”). Cognate with Lithuanian gróti (“to caw, to croak, to howl, to roar, to scold”) (1sg. gróju; also grióti, 1sg. grióju), Old High German krāen (“to crow”).


gověti

gově̀ti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
gověnьje (noun-from-verb)
gověti (infinitive)
govětъ (supine)
govělъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
gověnъ (participle passive past)
govějemъ (participle passive present)
gověvъ (active participle past)
gověję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
gověxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gově (aorist second-person singular)
gově (aorist singular third-person)
govějǫ (first-person present singular)
gověješi (present second-person singular)
govějetь (present singular third-person)
gověxově (aorist dual first-person)
gověsta (aorist dual second-person)
gověste (aorist dual third-person)
govějevě (dual first-person present)
govějeta (dual present second-person)
govějete (dual present third-person)
gověxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gověste (aorist plural second-person)
gověšę (aorist plural third-person)
govějemъ (first-person plural present)
govějete (plural present second-person)
govějǫtь (plural present third-person)
gověaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gověaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gověaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gověji (imperative second-person singular)
gověji (imperative singular third-person)
gověaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gověašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gověašete (dual imperfect third-person)
govějivě (dual first-person imperative)
govějita (dual imperative second-person)
gověaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gověašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gověaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
govějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
govějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: говѣти (gověti)

Belarusian: гаве́ць (havjécʹ)

Russian: гове́ть (govétʹ)

Ukrainian: гові́ти (hovíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: говѣти (gověti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: гове́я (govéja)

Macedonian: гувее (guvee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: го̀вјети

Latin script: gòvjeti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hověti

Czech: hovět

Slovak: hovieť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: howić

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰow-, from the root *gʷʰew-.
Possibly cognate with Latin faveō (“to favor, to show mercy”) (infinitive favēre), Old Norse gá (“to pay attention, to respect, to revere”), gaumr (“attention”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “to notice, to pay attention”). Also cognate with Lithuanian govė́ti (“to fast”), Latvian gavêt (“to fast”), but (per Derksen) both are borrowings from East Slavic.


gňiti

gňìti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
gňitьje (noun-from-verb)
gňiti (infinitive)
gňitъ (supine)
gňilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
gňivъ (active participle past)
gňьję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
gňixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gňi (aorist second-person singular)
gňi (aorist singular third-person)
gňьjǫ (first-person present singular)
gňьješi (present second-person singular)
gňьjetь (present singular third-person)
gňixově (aorist dual first-person)
gňista (aorist dual second-person)
gňiste (aorist dual third-person)
gňьjevě (dual first-person present)
gňьjeta (dual present second-person)
gňьjete (dual present third-person)
gňixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gňiste (aorist plural second-person)
gňišę (aorist plural third-person)
gňьjemъ (first-person plural present)
gňьjete (plural present second-person)
gňьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
gňьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gňьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gňьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gňьji (imperative second-person singular)
gňьji (imperative singular third-person)
gňьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gňьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gňьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gňьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
gňьjita (dual imperative second-person)
gňьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gňьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gňьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gňьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gňьjite (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
gňitьje (noun-from-verb)
gňiti (infinitive)
gňitъ (supine)
gňilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
gňivъ (active participle past)
gňьję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
gňixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gňi (aorist second-person singular)
gňi (aorist singular third-person)
gňьjǫ (first-person present singular)
gňьješi (present second-person singular)
gňьjetь (present singular third-person)
gňixově (aorist dual first-person)
gňista (aorist dual second-person)
gňiste (aorist dual third-person)
gňьjevě (dual first-person present)
gňьjeta (dual present second-person)
gňьjete (dual present third-person)
gňixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gňiste (aorist plural second-person)
gňišę (aorist plural third-person)
gňьjemъ (first-person plural present)
gňьjete (plural present second-person)
gňьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
gňьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gňьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gňьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gňьji (imperative second-person singular)
gňьji (imperative singular third-person)
gňьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gňьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gňьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gňьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
gňьjita (dual imperative second-person)
gňьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gňьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gňьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gňьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gňьjite (imperative plural second-person)
*gniti (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гнити (gniti) (11th century)

Belarusian: гніць (hnicʹ)

Russian: гнить (gnitʹ)

Ukrainian: гни́ти (hnýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: гниѭщии (gnijǫštii, “suppurating”, dat. fem. sg. pres. act. part.)

Glagolitic: ⰃⰐⰋⰩⰛⰋⰋ (GNIJǫŠtII)

Bulgarian: гни́я (gníja)

Macedonian: гние (gnie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гњи̏ти

Latin script: gnjȉti

Slovene: gníti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hníti

Czech: hnít

Old Polish: gnić

Polish: gnić

Silesian: gnić

Polabian: *gnait; ⇒ gnålĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: gnic

Slovincian: gnjic

Slovak: hniť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hnić

Lower Sorbian: gniś

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰneyH- (given as *ǵʰn(e)iH- in Derksen, but the palatal *ǵ is likely a typo). Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek χνίει (khníei, “(it) drizzles, (it) crumbles”) (Hesychius), Proto-Germanic *gnīdaną.


glъxnǫti

glъšenьje (noun-from-verb)
glъxnǫti (infinitive)
glъxnǫtъ (supine)
glъxlъ (l-participle)
glъxъ (active participle past)
glъxny (active participle present)
glъxъ (aorist first-person singular)
glъxoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
glъše (aorist second-person singular)
glъše (aorist singular third-person)
glъxnǫ (first-person present singular)
glъxneši (present second-person singular)
glъxnetь (present singular third-person)
glъxově (aorist dual first-person)
glъxoxově (aorist dual first-person)
glъxeta (aorist dual second-person)
glъxosta (aorist dual second-person)
glъxete (aorist dual third-person)
glъxoste (aorist dual third-person)
glъxnevě (dual first-person present)
glъxneta (dual present second-person)
glъxnete (dual present third-person)
glъxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
glъxoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
glъxete (aorist plural second-person)
glъxoste (aorist plural second-person)
glъxǫ (aorist plural third-person)
glъxošę (aorist plural third-person)
glъxnemъ (first-person plural present)
glъxnete (plural present second-person)
glъxnǫtь (plural present third-person)
glъxněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
glъxněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
glъxněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
glъxni (imperative second-person singular)
glъxni (imperative singular third-person)
glъxněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
glъxněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
glъxněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
glъxněvě (dual first-person imperative)
glъxněta (dual imperative second-person)
glъxněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
glъxněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
glъxněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
glъxněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
glъxněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: глъхнѫти (glŭxnǫti), глъхнути (glŭxnuti)

Russian: гло́хнуть (glóxnutʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: глъ́хна (glǎ́hna)

desc/sl-tonal

⇒ Slovene: zagółhniti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

⇒ Old Czech: ohlechnúti

Czech: ohluchnout

⇒ Old Polish: okchnąć

From the zero-grade of the root of *glȗxъ (“deaf”) + *-nǫti. See *glȗxъ for further etymology. See also *gluxnǫti, restructured based on *glȗxъ.


gluxnǫti

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: глу́хнуць (hlúxnucʹ, “to become deaf”)

Ukrainian: глу́хнути (hlúxnuty, “to become deaf”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: глу́хнѫ (glúhnǫ, “to become deaf”) (archaic; Gerov's dictionary)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глу̏хнути (“to become deaf”), 1sg. глу̏хне̄м; глу̏нути (“to become deaf”)

Latin: glȕhnuti (“to become deaf”), 1sg. glȕhnēm; glȕnuti (“to become deaf”)

West Slavic:

Czech: hluchnout (“to become deaf”)

Polish: głuchnąć (“to become deaf, to become silent”)

Slovak: hluchnúť (“to become deaf”)

Slovincian: glëchnõc (“to become deaf”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hłuchnyć (“to become deaf”)

Lower Sorbian: głuchnuś (“to become deaf”)

From *glȗxъ (“deaf”) + *-nǫti. Restructured based on *glȗxъ from original *glъxnǫti. See *glȗxъ for further etymology.


ględěti

ględěnьje (noun-from-verb)
ględěti (infinitive)
ględětъ (supine)
ględělъ (l-participle)
ględěnъ (participle passive past)
ględimъ (participle passive present)
ględěvъ (active participle past)
ględę (active participle present)
ględěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ględě (aorist second-person singular)
ględě (aorist singular third-person)
glęďǫ (first-person present singular)
ględiši (present second-person singular)
ględitь (present singular third-person)
ględěxově (aorist dual first-person)
ględěsta (aorist dual second-person)
ględěste (aorist dual third-person)
ględivě (dual first-person present)
ględita (dual present second-person)
ględite (dual present third-person)
ględěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ględěste (aorist plural second-person)
ględěšę (aorist plural third-person)
ględimъ (first-person plural present)
ględite (plural present second-person)
ględętь (plural present third-person)
ględěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
ględěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
ględěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ględi (imperative second-person singular)
ględi (imperative singular third-person)
ględěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
ględěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
ględěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ględivě (dual first-person imperative)
ględita (dual imperative second-person)
ględěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
ględěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
ględěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ględimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ględite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глѧдѣти (ględěti)

Old Ruthenian: глѧдѣти, глꙗдѣти, гледѣти, глѧдѣть, гледзѣти (hljaděti, hljaděti, hleděti, hljadětʹ, hledzěti)

Belarusian: глядзе́ць (hljadzjécʹ)

гляді́ти, гле́діти

Ukrainian: гляді́ти, гле́діти (hljadíty, hlédity)

Russian: гляде́ть (gljadétʹ)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hleděti

Czech: hledět

Old Polish: ględzieć

Middle Polish: ględzić

Slovak: hľadieť


dьrznǫti

dьrznovenьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrznǫti (infinitive)
dьrznǫtъ (supine)
dьrznǫlъ (l-participle)
dьrznovenъ (participle passive past)
dьrznǫvъ (active participle past)
dьrznǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrznǫ (aorist second-person singular)
dьrznǫ (aorist singular third-person)
dьrznǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrzneši (present second-person singular)
dьrznetь (present singular third-person)
dьrznǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrznǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrznǫste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrznevě (dual first-person present)
dьrzneta (dual present second-person)
dьrznete (dual present third-person)
dьrznǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrznǫste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrznǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrznemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrznete (plural present second-person)
dьrznǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrzni (imperative second-person singular)
dьrzni (imperative singular third-person)
dьrzněvě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrzněta (dual imperative second-person)
dьrzněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrzněte (imperative plural second-person)
dьrzenьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrznǫti (infinitive)
dьrznǫtъ (supine)
dьrzlъ (l-participle)
dьrzenъ (participle passive past)
dьrzъ (active participle past)
dьrzъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrzoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrze (aorist second-person singular)
dьrze (aorist singular third-person)
dьrznǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrzneši (present second-person singular)
dьrznetь (present singular third-person)
dьrzově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrzoxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrzeta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrzosta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrzete (aorist dual third-person)
dьrzoste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrznevě (dual first-person present)
dьrzneta (dual present second-person)
dьrznete (dual present third-person)
dьrzomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrzoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrzete (aorist plural second-person)
dьrzoste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrzǫ (aorist plural third-person)
dьrzošę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrznemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrznete (plural present second-person)
dьrznǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrzni (imperative second-person singular)
dьrzni (imperative singular third-person)
dьrzněvě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrzněta (dual imperative second-person)
dьrzněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrzněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дьрзнѫти (dĭrznǫti), дьръзнѫти (dĭrŭznǫti)

Russian: дерзну́ть (derznútʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дрьзнѫти (drĭznǫti), дръзнѫти (drŭznǫti)

Bulgarian: дръ́зна (drǎ́zna)

Macedonian: дрзне (drzne)

→ Old East Slavic: дрьзнѫти (drĭznǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др̏знути

Latin script: dȑznuti

Slovene: dŕzniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: drznúti

Old Polish: darznąć

Slovincian: dzyrznõc

Non-Slavic:

Romanian: îndrăzni

From the same root as *dьrzati + *-nǫti; see *dьrzati for further etymology. Compare also Sanskrit धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇóti, “to dare”) (cognate per Derksen and Trubachev, not necessarily per Vasmer or Chernykh).


dьrgati

dьrnǫti (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrganьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrgati (infinitive)
dьrgatъ (supine)
dьrgalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrganъ (participle passive past)
dьrgajemъ (participle passive present)
dьrgavъ (active participle past)
dьrgaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrga (aorist second-person singular)
dьrga (aorist singular third-person)
dьrgajǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrgaješi (present second-person singular)
dьrgajetь (present singular third-person)
dьrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrgajevě (dual first-person present)
dьrgajeta (dual present second-person)
dьrgajete (dual present third-person)
dьrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrgajemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrgajete (plural present second-person)
dьrgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьrgaji (imperative second-person singular)
dьrgaji (imperative singular third-person)
dьrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrgajita (dual imperative second-person)
dьrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьrgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дръгати (drŭgati)

Belarusian: до́ргаць (dórhacʹ)

Russian: дёргать (djórgatʹ)

Ukrainian: де́ргати (dérhaty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дъ́рзам (dǎ́rzam), дъ́ргам (dǎ́rgam)

Slovene: dŕgati (tonal orthography)

Serbo-Croatian: дркати,

West Slavic:

Czech: drhat

Polish: dziergać, dzierzgać

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: źergaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dirˀg-, from Proto-Indo-European *dr̥Hgʰ, from the root *derHgʰ- (given as *derHǵʰ- in Derksen, but this is likely a typo). Cognate with Lithuanian di̇̀rginti (“to irritate”), di̇̀rgti (“to become weak”) and Latvian dragât (“to pull, to tear”), derglît (“to tear, to split”). Further akin to Proto-Germanic *targijaną (“to tarry, to pull”).
In some dialects, *dьrgati has overlapped with forms of Proto-Slavic *drъgati (“to shake off, to tremble”).


bľusti

bľustì (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
bľudenьje (noun-from-verb)
bľusti (infinitive)
bľustъ (supine)
bľudlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
bľudenъ (participle passive past)
bľudomъ (participle passive present)
bľudъ (active participle past)
bľudy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
bľudъ (aorist first-person singular)
bľudoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bľude (aorist second-person singular)
bľude (aorist singular third-person)
bľudǫ (first-person present singular)
bľudeši (present second-person singular)
bľudetь (present singular third-person)
bľudově (aorist dual first-person)
bľudoxově (aorist dual first-person)
bľudeta (aorist dual second-person)
bľudosta (aorist dual second-person)
bľudete (aorist dual third-person)
bľudoste (aorist dual third-person)
bľudevě (dual first-person present)
bľudeta (dual present second-person)
bľudete (dual present third-person)
bľudomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bľudoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bľudete (aorist plural second-person)
bľudoste (aorist plural second-person)
bľudǫ (aorist plural third-person)
bľudošę (aorist plural third-person)
bľudemъ (first-person plural present)
bľudete (plural present second-person)
bľudǫtь (plural present third-person)
bľuděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bľuděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bľuděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bľudi (imperative second-person singular)
bľudi (imperative singular third-person)
bľuděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bľuděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bľuděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bľuděvě (dual first-person imperative)
bľuděta (dual imperative second-person)
bľuděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bľuděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bľuděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bľuděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
bľuděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: блюсти (bljusti)

Middle Belarusian: блюсти (bljusti)

Russian: блюсти́ (bljustí)

Middle Ukrainian: блюсти (bljusty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: блюсти (bljusti)

Glagolitic: ⰱⰾⱓⱄⱅⰻ (bljusti)

From earlier *bjusti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bjaustei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwdʰeti.


bъdrъ

bъ̀drъ (canonical)
bъdrъ (masculine nominative singular)
bъdra (feminine nominative singular)
bъdro (neuter nominative singular)
bъdra (genitive masculine singular)
bъdry (feminine genitive singular)
bъdra (genitive neuter singular)
bъdru (dative masculine singular)
bъdrě (dative feminine singular)
bъdru (dative neuter singular)
bъdrъ (accusative masculine singular)
bъdrǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bъdro (accusative neuter singular)
bъdromь (instrumental masculine singular)
bъdrojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bъdromь (instrumental neuter singular)
bъdrě (locative masculine singular)
bъdrě (feminine locative singular)
bъdrě (locative neuter singular)
bъdre (masculine singular vocative)
bъdro (feminine singular vocative)
bъdro (neuter singular vocative)
bъdra (dual masculine nominative)
bъdrě (dual feminine nominative)
bъdrě (dual neuter nominative)
bъdru (dual genitive masculine)
bъdru (dual feminine genitive)
bъdru (dual genitive neuter)
bъdroma (dative dual masculine)
bъdrama (dative dual feminine)
bъdroma (dative dual neuter)
bъdra (accusative dual masculine)
bъdrě (accusative dual feminine)
bъdrě (accusative dual neuter)
bъdroma (dual instrumental masculine)
bъdrama (dual feminine instrumental)
bъdroma (dual instrumental neuter)
bъdru (dual locative masculine)
bъdru (dual feminine locative)
bъdru (dual locative neuter)
bъdra (dual masculine vocative)
bъdrě (dual feminine vocative)
bъdrě (dual neuter vocative)
bъdri (masculine nominative plural)
bъdry (feminine nominative plural)
bъdra (neuter nominative plural)
bъdrъ (genitive masculine plural)
bъdrъ (feminine genitive plural)
bъdrъ (genitive neuter plural)
bъdromъ (dative masculine plural)
bъdramъ (dative feminine plural)
bъdromъ (dative neuter plural)
bъdry (accusative masculine plural)
bъdry (accusative feminine plural)
bъdra (accusative neuter plural)
bъdry (instrumental masculine plural)
bъdrami (feminine instrumental plural)
bъdry (instrumental neuter plural)
bъdrěxъ (locative masculine plural)
bъdraxъ (feminine locative plural)
bъdrěxъ (locative neuter plural)
bъdri (masculine plural vocative)
bъdry (feminine plural vocative)
bъdra (neuter plural vocative)
bъdrъjь (masculine nominative singular)
bъdraja (feminine nominative singular)
bъdroje (neuter nominative singular)
bъdrajego (genitive masculine singular)
bъdryję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
bъdrajego (genitive neuter singular)
bъdrujemu (dative masculine singular)
bъdrěji (dative feminine singular)
bъdrujemu (dative neuter singular)
bъdrъjь (accusative masculine singular)
bъdrǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bъdroje (accusative neuter singular)
bъdryjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
bъdrǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bъdryjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
bъdrějemь (locative masculine singular)
bъdrěji (feminine locative singular)
bъdrějemь (locative neuter singular)
bъdrъjь (masculine singular vocative)
bъdraja (feminine singular vocative)
bъdroje (neuter singular vocative)
bъdraja (dual masculine nominative)
bъdrěji (dual feminine nominative)
bъdrěji (dual neuter nominative)
bъdruju (dual genitive masculine)
bъdruju (dual feminine genitive)
bъdruju (dual genitive neuter)
bъdryjima (dative dual masculine)
bъdryjima (dative dual feminine)
bъdryjima (dative dual neuter)
bъdraja (accusative dual masculine)
bъdrěji (accusative dual feminine)
bъdrěji (accusative dual neuter)
bъdryjima (dual instrumental masculine)
bъdryjima (dual feminine instrumental)
bъdryjima (dual instrumental neuter)
bъdruju (dual locative masculine)
bъdruju (dual feminine locative)
bъdruju (dual locative neuter)
bъdraja (dual masculine vocative)
bъdrěji (dual feminine vocative)
bъdrěji (dual neuter vocative)
bъdriji (masculine nominative plural)
bъdryję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
bъdraja (neuter nominative plural)
bъdrъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
bъdrъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
bъdrъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
bъdryjimъ (dative masculine plural)
bъdryjimъ (dative feminine plural)
bъdryjimъ (dative neuter plural)
bъdryję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
bъdryję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
bъdraja (accusative neuter plural)
bъdryjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
bъdryjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
bъdryjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
bъdryjixъ (locative masculine plural)
bъdryjixъ (feminine locative plural)
bъdryjixъ (locative neuter plural)
bъdriji (masculine plural vocative)
bъdryję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
bъdraja (neuter plural vocative)
*bъ̀dřь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бъдръ (bŭdrŭ)

Old Ruthenian: бодрый (bodryj)

Belarusian: бадзёры (badzjóry)

→ Ukrainian: бадьо́рий (badʹóryj)

Ukrainian: бо́дрий (bódryj)

Russian: бо́дрый (bódryj)

→ Bulgarian: бо́дър (bódǎr)

→ Czech: bodrý

→ Slovak: bodrý

→ Macedonian: бодар (bodar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: бо̏дар, bȍdar

→ Slovene: bọ́der (tonal orthography)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: бъдръ (bŭdrŭ), бъждрь (bŭždrĭ)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *budras,
from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰros, from *bʰewdʰ-.
Morphologically *bъd- + *-rъ.
Cognate with
Lithuanian budrùs (“vigilant”),
Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬠𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (zaēnibudra)

cheerful, vigorous, sprightly, chipper, upbeat, buoyant, spry, brisk, lively


olkъtь

ȍlkъtь (canonical masculine)
ȏlkъtь (nominative singular)
ȏlkъta (dual nominative)
ȏlkъti (nominative plural)
ȏlkъta (genitive singular)
olkъtù (dual genitive)
olkъ̀tь (genitive plural)
ȏlkъtu (dative singular)
olkъtemà (dative dual)
olkъtèmъ (dative plural)
ȏlkъtь (accusative singular)
ȏlkъta (accusative dual)
ȏlkъtę̇ (accusative plural)
ȏlkъtьmь (instrumental singular)
ȏlkъtemь (instrumental singular)
olkъtemà (dual instrumental)
olkъtí (instrumental plural)
ȏlkъti (locative singular)
olkъtù (dual locative)
olkъtĩxъ (locative plural)
olkъtu (singular vocative)
ȏlkъta (dual vocative)
ȏlkъti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ло́къть (lókŭtĭ)

Old Ruthenian: ло́коть (lókotʹ)

Belarusian: ло́каць (lókacʹ), ло́кець (lókjecʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: лі́коть (líkotʹ), ло́кіть (lókitʹ), ло́коть (lókotʹ)

Middle Russian: ло́коть (lókotʹ)

Russian: ло́коть (lókotʹ), ло́ко́т (lókót) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: локъть (lokŭtĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: лакъть (lakŭtĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⰰⰽⱏⱅⱐ (lakŭtĭ)

Bulgarian: ла́кът (lákǎt), ла́кат (lákat), ла́кет (láket), ла́кят (lákjat) (dialectal)

Macedonian: лакт (lakt), лакот (lakot), лакто (lakto)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̑кат, ло̑кат, ла̏кат

Cyrillic script: ла̑кат, ло̑кат, ла̏кат (dialectal)

Latin script: lȃkat, lȏkat, lȁkat (dialectal)

Kajkavian Serbo-Croatian: lãket

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: lȃket, lakȃt (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: loket

Czech: loket, łokeť (dialectal)

Knaanic: לוקיט (lokit)

Kashubian: łokc

Polabian: lüťit

Old Polish: łokieć

Polish: łokieć

Silesian: łokeć

Slovak: lakeť, lokeť

Slovincian: lôkc

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łokś

Upper Sorbian: łochć

From pre-Slavic *olkъ (“ell”) + *-ъtь (cf. dial. Bulgarian лак m (lak), ла́ко n (láko)), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *alk, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l-.
Root stem cognate with Latvian ȩ̀lks (“elbow, bend”), Lithuanian alkū́nė (“elbow”) (dial. elkū̃nė), Old Prussian alkunis (“elbow”), affixed with n-suffix instead. Furhter akin to Lithuanian úolektis (“ell”), Latvian uôlekts (“ell”), Old Prussian woaltis (“forearm”) (with ō-grade).
Outside of Balto-Slavic, closest relative is Old Armenian ուղուկ (ułuk, “shank”).


pьrxъ

pь̑rxъ (canonical masculine)
pь̑rxъ (nominative singular)
pьrxa (dual nominative)
pьrśi (nominative plural)
pьrxa (genitive singular)
pьrxu (dual genitive)
pьrxъ (genitive plural)
pьrxu (dative singular)
pьrxoma (dative dual)
pьrxomъ (dative plural)
pь̑rxъ (accusative singular)
pьrxa (accusative dual)
pьrxy (accusative plural)
pьrxъmь (instrumental singular)
pьrxomь (instrumental singular)
pьrxoma (dual instrumental)
pьrxy (instrumental plural)
pьrśě (locative singular)
pьrxu (dual locative)
pьrśěxъ (locative plural)
pьrše (singular vocative)
pьrxa (dual vocative)
pьrśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: парша (parša)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пърх (pǎrh)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пр̑х

Latin script: pȓh

Slovene: pȓh (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polish: parch

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *piršas, from Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥s-o-s, from *pers- (“to sprinkle”).


pьrstь

pь̑rstь (canonical feminine)
pь̑rstь (nominative singular)
pьrsti (dual nominative)
pьrsti (nominative plural)
pьrsti (genitive singular)
pьrstьju (dual genitive)
pьrsťu (dual genitive)
pьrstьjь (genitive plural)
pьrsti (genitive plural)
pьrsti (dative singular)
pьrstьma (dative dual)
pьrstьmъ (dative plural)
pь̑rstь (accusative singular)
pьrsti (accusative dual)
pьrsti (accusative plural)
pьrstьjǫ (instrumental singular)
pьrsťǫ (instrumental singular)
pьrstьma (dual instrumental)
pьrstьmi (instrumental plural)
pьrsti (locative singular)
pьrstьju (dual locative)
pьrsťu (dual locative)
pьrstьxъ (locative plural)
pьrsti (singular vocative)
pьrsti (dual vocative)
pьrsti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: персть (perstʹ) (archaic)

Ukrainian: персть (perstʹ) (archaic)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: прьсть (prĭstĭ)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱃⱐⱄⱅⱐ (prĭstĭ)

Bulgarian: пръст (prǎst)

Slovene: pȓst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: prst

Czech: prsť

Old Polish: pierść

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pirštis, from Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥s-ti-s ~ *pr̥s-téy-s, from *pers- (“to sprinkle”). Cognate with Latvian pìrkstis and Lithuanian pir̃kšnys.


ǫkotь

ǫkotь (nominative singular)
ǫkoti (dual nominative)
ǫkoti (nominative plural)
ǫkoti (genitive singular)
ǫkotьju (dual genitive)
ǫkotьjь (genitive plural)
ǫkoti (dative singular)
ǫkotьma (dative dual)
ǫkotьmъ (dative plural)
ǫkotь (accusative singular)
ǫkoti (accusative dual)
ǫkoti (accusative plural)
ǫkotьjǫ (instrumental singular)
ǫkotьma (dual instrumental)
ǫkotьmi (instrumental plural)
ǫkoti (locative singular)
ǫkotьju (dual locative)
ǫkotьxъ (locative plural)
ǫkoti (singular vocative)
ǫkoti (dual vocative)
ǫkoti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: укоть (ukotĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ѫкоть (ǫkotĭ)

From Pre-Slavic *ankatis, a derivative of Proto-Balto-Slavic *ankas (“a hook, loop”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ónkos (“bend, turn”).


komiti

komľenьje (noun-from-verb)
komiti (infinitive)
komitъ (supine)
komilъ (l-participle)
komľenъ (participle passive past)
komimъ (participle passive present)
komľь (active participle past)
komę (active participle present)
komixъ (aorist first-person singular)
komi (aorist second-person singular)
komi (aorist singular third-person)
komľǫ (first-person present singular)
komiši (present second-person singular)
komitь (present singular third-person)
komixově (aorist dual first-person)
komista (aorist dual second-person)
komiste (aorist dual third-person)
komivě (dual first-person present)
komita (dual present second-person)
komite (dual present third-person)
komixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
komiste (aorist plural second-person)
komišę (aorist plural third-person)
komimъ (first-person plural present)
komite (plural present second-person)
komętь (plural present third-person)
komľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
komľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
komľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
komi (imperative second-person singular)
komi (imperative singular third-person)
komľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
komľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
komľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
komivě (dual first-person imperative)
komita (dual imperative second-person)
komľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
komľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
komľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
komimъ (first-person imperative plural)
komite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: коми́ть (komítʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀мити

Latin script: kòmiti


duti

dunǫti (perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
dutьje (noun-from-verb)
duti (infinitive)
dutъ (supine)
dulъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
dutъ (participle passive past)
dujemъ (participle passive present)
duvъ (active participle past)
duję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
duxъ (aorist first-person singular)
du (aorist second-person singular)
du (aorist singular third-person)
dujǫ (first-person present singular)
duješi (present second-person singular)
dujetь (present singular third-person)
duxově (aorist dual first-person)
dusta (aorist dual second-person)
duste (aorist dual third-person)
dujevě (dual first-person present)
dujeta (dual present second-person)
dujete (dual present third-person)
duxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
duste (aorist plural second-person)
dušę (aorist plural third-person)
dujemъ (first-person plural present)
dujete (plural present second-person)
dujǫtь (plural present third-person)
dujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
duji (imperative second-person singular)
duji (imperative singular third-person)
dujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dujivě (dual first-person imperative)
dujita (dual imperative second-person)
dujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dujite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: доути (duti)

Bulgarian: дуя (duja)

Macedonian: дуе (due)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ду̏ти (obsolete)

Latin script: dȕti (obsolete)

Slovene: dúti

West Slavic:

Polish: duć

Slovak: duť

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewH- (“to gush, to shake, to blow”), cognate with Sanskrit धूयते (dhūyate, “to shake, to tremble”) and Ancient Greek θῡ́ω (thū́ō, “to rush in, to storm”). Within Balto-Slavic, akin to Lithuanian dujà (“dizzle, mist”).
Formally, the lemma also bears resemblance with the onomatopoeic Proto-Slavic *duda (“duda (type of bagpipe)”), *dudati (“to play a duda”), *dudněti (“to buzz, to make noise”).
The conjugation pattern is probably normal thematic inflection. On the surface, it looks as *je-inflection, however, the -j- is likely resultant from a compensatory hiatus.

cog

to swell, to inflate (by blowing air into)


veselъ

vȅselъ (canonical)
veselъ (masculine nominative singular)
vesela (feminine nominative singular)
veselo (neuter nominative singular)
vesela (genitive masculine singular)
vesely (feminine genitive singular)
vesela (genitive neuter singular)
veselu (dative masculine singular)
veselě (dative feminine singular)
veselu (dative neuter singular)
veselъ (accusative masculine singular)
veselǫ (accusative feminine singular)
veselo (accusative neuter singular)
veselomь (instrumental masculine singular)
veselojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
veselomь (instrumental neuter singular)
veselě (locative masculine singular)
veselě (feminine locative singular)
veselě (locative neuter singular)
vesele (masculine singular vocative)
veselo (feminine singular vocative)
veselo (neuter singular vocative)
vesela (dual masculine nominative)
veselě (dual feminine nominative)
veselě (dual neuter nominative)
veselu (dual genitive masculine)
veselu (dual feminine genitive)
veselu (dual genitive neuter)
veseloma (dative dual masculine)
veselama (dative dual feminine)
veseloma (dative dual neuter)
vesela (accusative dual masculine)
veselě (accusative dual feminine)
veselě (accusative dual neuter)
veseloma (dual instrumental masculine)
veselama (dual feminine instrumental)
veseloma (dual instrumental neuter)
veselu (dual locative masculine)
veselu (dual feminine locative)
veselu (dual locative neuter)
vesela (dual masculine vocative)
veselě (dual feminine vocative)
veselě (dual neuter vocative)
veseli (masculine nominative plural)
vesely (feminine nominative plural)
vesela (neuter nominative plural)
veselъ (genitive masculine plural)
veselъ (feminine genitive plural)
veselъ (genitive neuter plural)
veselomъ (dative masculine plural)
veselamъ (dative feminine plural)
veselomъ (dative neuter plural)
vesely (accusative masculine plural)
vesely (accusative feminine plural)
vesela (accusative neuter plural)
vesely (instrumental masculine plural)
veselami (feminine instrumental plural)
vesely (instrumental neuter plural)
veselěxъ (locative masculine plural)
veselaxъ (feminine locative plural)
veselěxъ (locative neuter plural)
veseli (masculine plural vocative)
vesely (feminine plural vocative)
vesela (neuter plural vocative)
veselъjь (masculine nominative singular)
veselaja (feminine nominative singular)
veseloje (neuter nominative singular)
veselajego (genitive masculine singular)
veselyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
veselajego (genitive neuter singular)
veselujemu (dative masculine singular)
veselěji (dative feminine singular)
veselujemu (dative neuter singular)
veselъjь (accusative masculine singular)
veselǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
veseloje (accusative neuter singular)
veselyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
veselǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
veselyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
veselějemь (locative masculine singular)
veselěji (feminine locative singular)
veselějemь (locative neuter singular)
veselъjь (masculine singular vocative)
veselaja (feminine singular vocative)
veseloje (neuter singular vocative)
veselaja (dual masculine nominative)
veselěji (dual feminine nominative)
veselěji (dual neuter nominative)
veseluju (dual genitive masculine)
veseluju (dual feminine genitive)
veseluju (dual genitive neuter)
veselyjima (dative dual masculine)
veselyjima (dative dual feminine)
veselyjima (dative dual neuter)
veselaja (accusative dual masculine)
veselěji (accusative dual feminine)
veselěji (accusative dual neuter)
veselyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
veselyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
veselyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
veseluju (dual locative masculine)
veseluju (dual feminine locative)
veseluju (dual locative neuter)
veselaja (dual masculine vocative)
veselěji (dual feminine vocative)
veselěji (dual neuter vocative)
veseliji (masculine nominative plural)
veselyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
veselaja (neuter nominative plural)
veselъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
veselъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
veselъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
veselyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
veselyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
veselyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
veselyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
veselyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
veselaja (accusative neuter plural)
veselyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
veselyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
veselyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
veselyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
veselyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
veselyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
veseliji (masculine plural vocative)
veselyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
veselaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: веселъ (veselŭ)

Belarusian: вясёлы (vjasjóly)

Russian: весёлый (vesjólyj)

Ukrainian: весе́лий (vesélyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: веселъ (veselŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰵⱄⰵⰾⱏ (veselŭ)

Bulgarian: ве́сел (vésel)

Macedonian: весел (vesel)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве̏сео

Latin: vȅseo

Slovene: vesẹ̑l (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: veselý

Czech: veselý

desctree

Old Polish: wesoły, wiesieły, wiesioły, wiesiół, wiesoły
Polish: wesoły, wesół

Slovak: veselý

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wjesoły

Lower Sorbian: wjasoły

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: vesel

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wéselas, from *h₁wés- (“good”) + *-elъ. Akin to u-stem *h₁wésus (“good”) (see there for further descendants). An example of archaic Caland derivation which operated in early Proto-Indo-European.


kolsъ

kȏlsъ (canonical masculine)
kȏlsъ (nominative singular)
kȏlsa (dual nominative)
kȏlsi (nominative plural)
kȏlsa (genitive singular)
kolsù (dual genitive)
kõlsъ (genitive plural)
kȏlsu (dative singular)
kolsomà (dative dual)
kolsòmъ (dative plural)
kȏlsъ (accusative singular)
kȏlsa (accusative dual)
kȏlsy (accusative plural)
kȏlsъmь (instrumental singular)
kȏlsomь (instrumental singular)
kolsomà (dual instrumental)
kolsý (instrumental plural)
kȏlsě (locative singular)
kolsù (dual locative)
kolsě̃xъ (locative plural)
kolse (singular vocative)
kȏlsa (dual vocative)
kȏlsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ко́лас (kólas)

Russian: ко́лос (kólos)

Ukrainian: ко́лос (kólos)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: класъ (klasŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⰾⰰⱄⱏ (klasŭ)

Bulgarian: клас (klas)

Macedonian: клас (klas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кла̑с

Latin script: klȃs

Slovene: klȃs

West Slavic:

Old Czech: klas

Czech: klas

Moravian (Mistřice): ku̯as

Polabian: klås

Old Polish: kłos

Polish: kłos

Slovak: klas

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kłós

Lower Sorbian: kłos

Formed from *kolti (“to reap”) + *-sъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kálˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *kolh₂-so-. See also Latin culmus (“stalk”) and Proto-West Germanic *hulis (“butcher's broom”).


bъrščь

bъ̃rščь (canonical masculine)
bъ̃rščь (nominative singular)
bъrščà (dual nominative)
bъrščì (nominative plural)
bъrščà (genitive singular)
bъrščù (dual genitive)
bъ̃rščь (genitive plural)
bъrščù (dative singular)
bъrščèma (dative dual)
bъ̃rščemъ (dative plural)
bъ̃rščь (accusative singular)
bъrščà (accusative dual)
bъrščę̇̀ (accusative plural)
bъrščь̀mь (instrumental singular)
bъrščèmь (instrumental singular)
bъrščèma (dual instrumental)
bъ̃ršči (instrumental plural)
bъrščì (locative singular)
bъrščù (dual locative)
bъ̃rščixъ (locative plural)
bъršču (singular vocative)
bъrščà (dual vocative)
bъrščì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *бърщь (*bŭrščĭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: борщъ (boršč), борсчъ (borsč)
Belarusian: боршч (boršč)
→ Lithuanian: bar̃ščiai
Carpathian Rusyn: борщ (boršč)
Ukrainian: борщ (boršč); боршьшь (boršʹšʹ) (dialectal)
→ Yiddish: באָרשט (borsht)
→ English: borscht
→ Romanian: borș
→ Russian: борщ (boršč, “borscht”) (since the 18ᵗʰ c.)
→ Armenian: բորշ (borš)
→ Bulgarian: борш (borš)
→ Czech: boršč
→ Japanese: ボルシチ (borushichi)
→ Korean: 보르시 (boreusi)
→ Macedonian: боршч (boršč)
→ Mongolian: борщ (boršč)
→ Romanian: borș
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бо̏ршч
Latin script: bȍršč
→ Slovak: boršč
→? Pannonian Rusyn: борщ (boršč)
→ Slovene: boršč

desc

Middle Russian: борщъ (boršč), борщь (borščʹ, “hogweed”) (16-17ᵗʰ c.)

Russian: борщ (boršč), борщь (borščʹ, “hogweed”) (obsolete); борш (borš) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Slovene: br̀šč

West Slavic:

Czech: bršť

desctree

Old Polish: barszcz, barzcz
Polish: barszcz, barzszcz, barzcz (Middle Polish), bárzc (“rye or oat soup”) (Biecz), bászcz, bászc, boszcz (Przemyśl)
→ English: barszcz
→ Esperanto: barĉo
→ Old Ruthenian: барщъ (baršč)
Belarusian: баршч (baršč)

Slovak: bršt

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: baršć

Lower Sorbian: baršć

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *burštjás, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-t-yós, from *bʰers- (“top, tip, point”). Akin to Proto-Germanic *burstiz (“bristle”), Proto-Germanic *bruskaz (“tuft, thicket, underbrush”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰr̥štíš (“top, point”).


bǫbьnъ

bǫ̀bьnъ (canonical masculine)
*bǫbьňь (alternative)
*bǫbъnъ (alternative)
bǫbьnъ (nominative singular)
bǫbьna (dual nominative)
bǫbьni (nominative plural)
bǫbьna (genitive singular)
bǫbьnu (dual genitive)
bǫbьnъ (genitive plural)
bǫbьnu (dative singular)
bǫbьnoma (dative dual)
bǫbьnomъ (dative plural)
bǫbьnъ (accusative singular)
bǫbьna (accusative dual)
bǫbьny (accusative plural)
bǫbьnъmь (instrumental singular)
bǫbьnomь (instrumental singular)
bǫbьnoma (dual instrumental)
bǫbьnȳ (instrumental plural)
bǫbьně (locative singular)
bǫbьnu (dual locative)
bǫbьně̄xъ (locative plural)
bǫbьne (singular vocative)
bǫbьna (dual vocative)
bǫbьni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: бѫбьнъ (bǫbĭnŭ), бѫбънъ (bǫbŭnŭ)

Old Ruthenian: бубенъ (buben), бубонъ (bubon)

Belarusian: бу́бен (búbjen)

Ukrainian: бу́бон (búbon), бу́бен (búben), бу́бйон (búbjon)

desctree

Russian: бу́бен (búben)
→ Kildin Sami: бӯбен (būbjen, “shaman drum”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: бѫбьнъ (bǫbĭnŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̑бањ

Latin script: bȗbanj

Slovene: bọ̑bən (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: buben

Old Polish: bęben, buben
Polish: bęben
Silesian: bymbyn

Slovak: bubon

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bãben

Polabian: bǫbån

Onomatopoeic. Equivalent to *bǫbati + *-ьnъ.
Compare Ancient Greek βόμβος (bómbos, “buzz, hum”), Latin bombus (“buzz”).


bǫbьniti

bǫbьňenьje (noun-from-verb)
bǫbьniti (infinitive)
bǫbьnitъ (supine)
bǫbьnilъ (l-participle)
bǫbьňenъ (participle passive past)
bǫbьnimъ (participle passive present)
bǫbьňь (active participle past)
bǫbьnę (active participle present)
bǫbьnixъ (aorist first-person singular)
bǫbьni (aorist second-person singular)
bǫbьni (aorist singular third-person)
bǫbьňǫ (first-person present singular)
bǫbьniši (present second-person singular)
bǫbьnitь (present singular third-person)
bǫbьnixově (aorist dual first-person)
bǫbьnista (aorist dual second-person)
bǫbьniste (aorist dual third-person)
bǫbьnivě (dual first-person present)
bǫbьnita (dual present second-person)
bǫbьnite (dual present third-person)
bǫbьnixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bǫbьniste (aorist plural second-person)
bǫbьnišę (aorist plural third-person)
bǫbьnimъ (first-person plural present)
bǫbьnite (plural present second-person)
bǫbьnętь (plural present third-person)
bǫbьňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bǫbьňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bǫbьňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bǫbьni (imperative second-person singular)
bǫbьni (imperative singular third-person)
bǫbьňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bǫbьňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bǫbьňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bǫbьnivě (dual first-person imperative)
bǫbьnita (dual imperative second-person)
bǫbьňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bǫbьňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bǫbьňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bǫbьnimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bǫbьnite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бубни́ть (bubnítʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: бубоні́ти (buboníty), бубні́ти (bubníty)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: бабне (babne)

West Slavic:

Czech: bubeniti

Polish: bębnić


-ьja

-ьja (nominative singular)
-ьji (dual nominative)
-ьję̇ (nominative plural)
-ьję̇ (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьji (dative singular)
-ьjama (dative dual)
-ьjamъ (dative plural)
-ьjǫ (accusative singular)
-ьji (accusative dual)
-ьję̇ (accusative plural)
-ьjejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьjama (dual instrumental)
-ьjami (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjasъ (locative plural)
-ьjaxъ (locative plural)
-ьje (singular vocative)
-ьji (dual vocative)
-ьję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьꙗ (-ĭja), -иꙗ (-ija)

Old Ruthenian: -иꙗ (-ija), -ьꙗ (-ʹja), -ꙗ (-ja)

Belarusian: -'я (-ʺja)

Ukrainian: -'я (-ʺja), -я (-ja)

Russian: -ья (-ʹja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьꙗ (-ĭja), -иꙗ (-ija)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⱑ (-ĭě), -ⰻⱑ (-iě)

Bulgarian: -ия (-ija)

Macedonian:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ија; allomorphic: -ћа (<* -t-ьja), -шћа (<* -st-ьja) -ња (< *-n-ьja), -ља (< *-l-ьja)

Latin script: -ija; allomorphic: -ća (<* -t-ьja), -šća (<* -st-ьja) -nja (< *-n-ьja), -lja (< *-l-ьja)

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Old Czech:

Czech:

Kashubian:

Polish: -a

Slovak:

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

inh+

bratrьja / *bratьja (“brothers, brotherhood”) ← *bratrъ / *bratъ (“brother”)

čudesьja (“marvel”) ← *čudo (“miracle”)

sěmьja

Denominal, forming collective nouns or abstract nouns with hyperbolic conotation

(Regional, colloquial) From abstract nouns in *-ota, forming apologetic abstract nouns. Equivalent to *-otьja


porgъ

pòrgъ (canonical masculine)
porgъ (nominative singular)
pòrga (dual nominative)
pòrdzi (nominative plural)
pòrga (genitive singular)
pòrgu (dual genitive)
pòrgъ (genitive plural)
pòrgu (dative singular)
pòrgoma (dative dual)
pòrgomъ (dative plural)
porgъ (accusative singular)
pòrga (accusative dual)
pòrgy (accusative plural)
pòrgъmь (instrumental singular)
pòrgomь (instrumental singular)
pòrgoma (dual instrumental)
pòrgȳ (instrumental plural)
pòrdzě (locative singular)
pòrgu (dual locative)
pòrdzě̄xъ (locative plural)
pòrže (singular vocative)
pòrga (dual vocative)
pòrdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: порогъ (porogŭ)

Belarusian: паро́г (paróh)

Russian: поро́г (poróg)

Ukrainian: порі́г (poríh)

→ Polish: poroh

Carpathian Rusyn: пориг (poryh)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: прагъ (pragŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰰⰳⱏ (pragŭ)

Bulgarian: праг (prag)

Macedonian: праг (prag)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: праг

Latin script: prag

Slovene: prag

West Slavic:

Old Czech: práh

Czech: práh

Kashubian: próg

⇒ Kashubian: zôparg

Polabian: porg

Polish: próg

Silesian: prōg

Slovak: prah

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: prog

Upper Sorbian: próh

→ Albanian: prag

→ Romanian: prag

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *parˀgas, from Proto-Indo-European *porgʰos. Cognate with Lithuanian pérgas (“fishing canoe”).