jьlьmъ

jьlьmъ (nominative singular)
jьlьma (dual nominative)
jьlьmi (nominative plural)
jьlьma (genitive singular)
jьlьmu (dual genitive)
jьlьmъ (genitive plural)
jьlьmu (dative singular)
jьlьmoma (dative dual)
jьlьmomъ (dative plural)
jьlьmъ (accusative singular)
jьlьma (accusative dual)
jьlьmy (accusative plural)
jьlьmъmь (instrumental singular)
jьlьmomь (instrumental singular)
jьlьmoma (dual instrumental)
jьlьmy (instrumental plural)
jьlьmě (locative singular)
jьlьmu (dual locative)
jьlьměxъ (locative plural)
jьlьme (singular vocative)
jьlьma (dual vocative)
jьlьmi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: илемъ (ilemŭ)

Belarusian: лём (ljom)

desc

Russian: ильм (ilʹm), ильма (ilʹma), лёмок (ljómok) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: ільм (ilʹm), ілем (ilem), льом (lʹom)

South Slavic:

Slovene: lìm (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jilm

Czech: jilm

Polabian: jėlmă

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: lom

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ílimas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁l̥Himos. Indo-European cognates include English elm, Latin ulmus.


kalъ

kȃlъ (canonical masculine)
kȃlъ (nominative singular)
kȃla (dual nominative)
kȃli (nominative plural)
kȃla (genitive singular)
kalù (dual genitive)
kãlъ (genitive plural)
kȃlu (dative singular)
kalomà (dative dual)
kalòmъ (dative plural)
kȃlъ (accusative singular)
kȃla (accusative dual)
kȃly (accusative plural)
kȃlъmь (instrumental singular)
kȃlomь (instrumental singular)
kalomà (dual instrumental)
kalý (instrumental plural)
kȃlě (locative singular)
kalù (dual locative)
kalě̃xъ (locative plural)
kale (singular vocative)
kȃla (dual vocative)
kȃli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: кал (kal)

Ukrainian: кал (kal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: калъ (kalŭ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: кал (kal)

Macedonian: кал (kal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̑л

Latin script: kȃl

Slovene: kȃl

West Slavic:

Czech: kal

Kashubian: kôł

Polish: kał

Slovak: kal

Unknown. No reliable non-Slavic cognates have been identified to date (including in Baltic languages, which is surprising considering some archaic features of the word).
Semantically close Ancient Greek πηλός (pēlós, “clay, mud, bog”) (also Doric πᾱλός (pālós), which could indicate possible derivation from *kʷālos) is unexplained as well, since derivation from a common IE **kʷeh₂los is prevented by accentuation (Hirt's law). Beekes suspected it to be a Pre-Greek (non-IE substrate) borrowing.
Something similar is Latin squālus (“dirty, unkempt”): there's no etymology, sematics seems to be close and according to de Vaan, sequence "squ-" indicates it isn't an inherited word. However, the root may be derived to squālor (“filth, roughness of the surface”) and squāma (“scale”) even though those lack an etymology as well.
Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black, very dark blue”) is either a Dravidian borrowing or a late development, thus unrelated.


kaš(ь)ľь

kašľь (canonical masculine)
kašľь (nominative singular)
kašьľь (nominative singular)
kašľa (dual nominative)
kašьľa (dual nominative)
kašľi (nominative plural)
kašьľi (nominative plural)
kašľa (genitive singular)
kašьľa (genitive singular)
kašľu (dual genitive)
kašьľu (dual genitive)
kašľь (genitive plural)
kašьľь (genitive plural)
kašľu (dative singular)
kašьľu (dative singular)
kašľema (dative dual)
kašьľema (dative dual)
kašľemъ (dative plural)
kašьľemъ (dative plural)
kašľь (accusative singular)
kašьľь (accusative singular)
kašľa (accusative dual)
kašьľa (accusative dual)
kašľę̇ (accusative plural)
kašьľę̇ (accusative plural)
kašľьmь (instrumental singular)
kašьľьmь (instrumental singular)
kašľemь (instrumental singular)
kašьľemь (instrumental singular)
kašľema (dual instrumental)
kašьľema (dual instrumental)
kašľi (instrumental plural)
kašьľi (instrumental plural)
kašľi (locative singular)
kašьľi (locative singular)
kašľu (dual locative)
kašьľu (dual locative)
kašľixъ (locative plural)
kašьľixъ (locative plural)
kašľu (singular vocative)
kašьľu (singular vocative)
kašľa (dual vocative)
kašьľa (dual vocative)
kašľi (plural vocative)
kašьľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кашьль (kašĭlĭ)

Old Ruthenian: ка́шель (kášelʹ)

Belarusian: ка́шаль (kášalʹ)

Ukrainian: ка́шель (kášelʹ)

Russian: ка́шель (kášelʹ)

South Slavic:

⇒ Bulgarian: ка́шлица (kášlica)

⇒ Macedonian: кашлица (kašlica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̏шаљ

Latin script: kȁšalj

Slovene: kašelj

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kašel

Czech: kašel

Bohemian (Chod dialect): kášel

Old Polish: kaszel

Polish: kaszel

Polabian: kosal

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kaszel

Slovak: kašeľ

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kašel

Lower Sorbian: kašel

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kāˀs(u)lio-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s-.


plastъ

plãstъ (canonical masculine)
plãstъ (nominative singular)
plāstà (dual nominative)
plāstì (nominative plural)
plāstà (genitive singular)
plāstù (dual genitive)
plãstъ (genitive plural)
plāstù (dative singular)
plāstòma (dative dual)
plāstòmъ (dative plural)
plãstъ (accusative singular)
plāstà (accusative dual)
plāstỳ (accusative plural)
plāstъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
plāstòmь (instrumental singular)
plāstòma (dual instrumental)
plãsty (instrumental plural)
plāstě̀ (locative singular)
plāstù (dual locative)
plãstěxъ (locative plural)
plaste (singular vocative)
plāstà (dual vocative)
plāstì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: пластъ (plastŭ, “layer”)

Russian: пласт (plast, “layer”)

Ukrainian: пласт (plast)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пласт (plast, “layer”)

Macedonian: пласт (plast)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пла̑ст (“hay-stack”)

Latin script: plȃst

Slovene: рlа̑st (“layer, hay-swath”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: plást

Czech: plást

Old Polish: płast (“honeycomb”)

Slovak: plást (“honeycomb”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: płast

Either:
* From Proto-Indo-European *plōth₂-to-s, from *pleth₂- (“flat; to spread”), whence also *pleťè (“shoulder”); or
* From Proto-Indo-European *plōsk-to-s, from a root *plek- (“flat”), whose connection to the above *pleth₂-, if any, is unclear. Compare *ploskъ (“flat”), Proto-Germanic *flakaz (“flat”).


plěna

plěna (nominative singular)
plěně (dual nominative)
plěny (nominative plural)
plěny (genitive singular)
plěnu (dual genitive)
plěnъ (genitive plural)
plěně (dative singular)
plěnama (dative dual)
plěnamъ (dative plural)
plěnǫ (accusative singular)
plěně (accusative dual)
plěny (accusative plural)
plěnojǫ (instrumental singular)
plěnǫ (instrumental singular)
plěnama (dual instrumental)
plěnami (instrumental plural)
plěně (locative singular)
plěnu (dual locative)
plěnasъ (locative plural)
plěnaxъ (locative plural)
plěno (singular vocative)
plěně (dual vocative)
plěny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Belarusian: плёнка (pljónka, “film”)

Russian: плена́ (plená, “membrane”)

⇒ Russian: плёнка (pljónka, “film”)

Ukrainian: пліна́ (pliná, “membrane”), плінь (plinʹ)

South Slavic:

Slovene: plẹ́na

West Slavic:

Czech: plena (“membrane”)

⇒ Polish: plama (“stain”)

→ Ukrainian: пля́ма (pljáma)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *plēnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *plēn-eh₂, from the root *pel- (“to cover, wrap; covering, skin, hide”). Baltic cognates include Latvian plẽne, Lithuanian plėnė̃ (“membrane”), Old Prussian pleynis (“cerebral membrane”).


pěstъ

pě̃stъ (nominative singular)
pě̄stà (dual nominative)
pě̄stì (nominative plural)
pě̄stà (genitive singular)
pě̄stù (dual genitive)
pě̃stъ (genitive plural)
pě̄stù (dative singular)
pě̄stòma (dative dual)
pě̄stòmъ (dative plural)
pě̃stъ (accusative singular)
pě̄stà (accusative dual)
pě̄stỳ (accusative plural)
pě̄stъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
pě̄stòmь (instrumental singular)
pě̄stòma (dual instrumental)
pě̃sty (instrumental plural)
pě̄stě̀ (locative singular)
pě̄stù (dual locative)
pě̃stěxъ (locative plural)
pěste (singular vocative)
pě̄stà (dual vocative)
pě̄stì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: пе́сцік (pjéscik)

Russian: пест (pest), пе́стик (péstik)

Ukrainian: пе́стик (péstyk)

South Slavic:

Slovene: pẹ́stọ, pẹ́sta

West Slavic:

Czech: píst, písta

Polish: piasta

Slovak: piest

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pěsta

Upper Sorbian: pěsta

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *paista, from Proto-Indo-European *poys-to-m, from *peys- (“to crush, grind”).


pěšь

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пѣшь (pěšĭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: пѣ́шїй (pě́šij), пѣ́шый (pě́šyj)

Belarusian: пе́шы (pjéšy)

Carpathian Rusyn: пі́шый (píšŷj)

Ukrainian: піший (pišyj)

Russian: пе́ший (péšij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱑⱎⱐ (pěšĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: пѣшь (pěšĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пjе̏ше

Latin script: pješe

Slovene: ре̣̑šji (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pěší

Czech: pěší

Polish: pieszy

Old Slovak: peší

⇒ Pannonian Rusyn: пешо (pešo)

Slovak: peší

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: ре̌šу

Upper Sorbian: pěši

From earlier *pědšь, from Early Proto-Slavic *pḗ˙dsju, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pḗˀdsjas, ultimately a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.


rovъ

rovъ (nominative singular)
rova (dual nominative)
rovi (nominative plural)
rova (genitive singular)
rovu (dual genitive)
rovъ (genitive plural)
rovu (dative singular)
rovoma (dative dual)
rovomъ (dative plural)
rovъ (accusative singular)
rova (accusative dual)
rovy (accusative plural)
rovъmь (instrumental singular)
rovomь (instrumental singular)
rovoma (dual instrumental)
rovy (instrumental plural)
rově (locative singular)
rovu (dual locative)
rověxъ (locative plural)
rove (singular vocative)
rova (dual vocative)
rovi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ровъ (rovŭ)

Belarusian: роў (roŭ)

Russian: ров (rov)

Ukrainian: рів (riv)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ровъ (rovŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⱁⰲⱏ (rovŭ)

Bulgarian: ров (rov)

Macedonian: ров (rov)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ро̏в

Latin script: rȍv

Slovene: rȍv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: rov (literary)

Polish: rów

Slovak: rov

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: row

Upper Sorbian: row

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rawas, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)rewH- (“to dig out”). Cognate with Lithuanian rãvas (“ditch”), Old Prussian rawys (“ditch”).


ovьsъ

ovь̀sъ (canonical masculine)
ovь̀sъ (nominative singular)
ovьsà (dual nominative)
ovьsì (nominative plural)
ovьsà (genitive singular)
ovьsù (dual genitive)
ovь̀sъ (genitive plural)
ovьsù (dative singular)
ovьsòma (dative dual)
ovьsòmъ (dative plural)
ovь̀sъ (accusative singular)
ovьsà (accusative dual)
ovьsỳ (accusative plural)
ovьsъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
ovьsòmь (instrumental singular)
ovьsòma (dual instrumental)
ovь̀sy (instrumental plural)
ovьsě̀ (locative singular)
ovьsù (dual locative)
ovь̀sěxъ (locative plural)
ovьse (singular vocative)
ovьsà (dual vocative)
ovьsì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: овьсъ (ovĭsŭ)

Belarusian: авёс (avjós); аўёс (aŭjós) (dialectal); авес (avjes) (dialectal)

desctree

Russian: овёс (ovjós), овёсъ (ovjós) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kildin Sami: оввесь (ovvjes’)
→ Mongolian: овъёос (ovʺjoos)
→ Yakut: эбиэс (ebies)

Ukrainian: ове́с (ovés)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ове́с (ovés)

Macedonian: овес (oves)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̀вас

Latin script: òvas

Slovene: óvəs (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: oves

Czech: oves

Kashubian: óws

Polish: owies

Slovak: ovos

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: hows

Upper Sorbian: wows

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *awiś- ~ *awiź-, either from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-iǵʰ(s)-eh₂ or from a substrate language whence also the Latin cognate: Cognate with Latvian àuzas, Lithuanian avižà, Old Prussian wyse, and Latin avena.


ǫditi

ǫdìti (canonical)
ǫďenьje (noun-from-verb)
ǫditi (infinitive)
ǫditъ (supine)
ǫdilъ (l-participle)
ǫďenъ (participle passive past)
ǫdimъ (participle passive present)
ǫďь (active participle past)
ǫdę (active participle present)
ǫdixъ (aorist first-person singular)
ǫdi (aorist second-person singular)
ǫdi (aorist singular third-person)
ǫďǫ (first-person present singular)
ǫdiši (present second-person singular)
ǫditь (present singular third-person)
ǫdixově (aorist dual first-person)
ǫdista (aorist dual second-person)
ǫdiste (aorist dual third-person)
ǫdivě (dual first-person present)
ǫdita (dual present second-person)
ǫdite (dual present third-person)
ǫdixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ǫdiste (aorist plural second-person)
ǫdišę (aorist plural third-person)
ǫdimъ (first-person plural present)
ǫdite (plural present second-person)
ǫdętь (plural present third-person)
ǫďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
ǫďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
ǫďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ǫdi (imperative second-person singular)
ǫdi (imperative singular third-person)
ǫďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
ǫďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
ǫďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ǫdivě (dual first-person imperative)
ǫdita (dual imperative second-person)
ǫďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
ǫďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
ǫďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ǫdimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ǫdite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic: —

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: ѫдити (ǫditi)

Slovene: vodíti, odíti

West Slavic:

Czech: udit (“to smoke”)

Old Polish: wędzić

Polish: wędzić (“to smoke”)
→ Belarusian: вэ́ндзіць (véndzicʹ)

Silesian: wyndzić (“to smoke”)

(?) Slovak: údiť (“to smoke”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)wendh- (“to disappear”). Per Derksen, cognate with Old High German swintan and Old English swindan (from Proto-Germanic *swindaną).

der

to smoke (to preserve or prepare (food) for consumption by treating with smoke)

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
pl:Štefan Peciar


ǫtro

ǫtrò (canonical neuter)
ǭtrò (nominative singular)
ǫ̃trě (dual nominative)
ǭtrà (nominative plural)
ǭtrà (genitive singular)
ǭtrù (dual genitive)
ǫ̃trъ (genitive plural)
ǭtrù (dative singular)
ǭtròma (dative dual)
ǭtròmъ (dative plural)
ǭtrò (accusative singular)
ǫ̃trě (accusative dual)
ǭtrà (accusative plural)
ǭtrъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
ǭtròmь (instrumental singular)
ǭtròma (dual instrumental)
ǫ̃try (instrumental plural)
ǭtrě̀ (locative singular)
ǭtrù (dual locative)
ǫ̃trěxъ (locative plural)
ǭtrò (singular vocative)
ǫ̃trě (dual vocative)
ǭtrà (plural vocative)

East Slavic

Old East Slavic: нѫтрь (nǫtrĭ)

Belarusian: нутро́ (nutró)

Russian: нутро́ (nutró)
→ Czech: nitro

Ukrainian: нутро́ (nutró)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

Old Cyrillic script: ѫтрьѫдѫ (ǫtrĭǫdǫ), ѫтрьѭдѫ (ǫtrĭjǫdǫ)

Bulgarian: вътре (vǎtre)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̀нӯтра

Latin script: ùnūtra

Slovene: nọ̄ter (tonal orthography)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *antra, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ón-tr-om, from *h₁én (“in, inside”).
A similar derivation, but with e-grade, led to *ę̄trò (“liver”).


ǫty

ǫ̀ty (canonical feminine)
ǫty (nominative singular)
ǫ̀tъvi (dual nominative)
ǫ̀tъvi (nominative plural)
ǫ̀tъve (genitive singular)
ǫ̀tъvu (dual genitive)
ǫ̀tъvъ (genitive plural)
ǫ̀tъvi (dative singular)
ǫ̀tъvьma (dative dual)
ǫ̀tъvama (dative dual)
ǫ̀tъvьmъ (dative plural)
ǫ̀tъvamъ (dative plural)
ǫ̀tъvь (accusative singular)
ǫ̀tъvi (accusative dual)
ǫ̀tъvi (accusative plural)
ǫ̀tъvьjǫ (instrumental singular)
ǫ̀tъvľǭ (instrumental singular)
ǫ̀tъvьma (dual instrumental)
ǫ̀tъvama (dual instrumental)
ǫ̀tъvьmī (instrumental plural)
ǫ̀tъvamī (instrumental plural)
ǫ̀tъve (locative singular)
ǫ̀tъvu (dual locative)
ǫ̀tъvьxъ (locative plural)
ǫ̀tъvaxъ (locative plural)
ǫty (singular vocative)
ǫ̀tъvi (dual vocative)
ǫ̀tъvi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: оу́тꙑ (úty, “wild duck”)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: у́тва (útva)
Belarusian: ву́тва (vútva), вутва́ (vutvá) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: у́тва (útva)

Russian: утва́ pl (utvá, “ducks”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ѫтꙑ (ǫty)

Glagolitic script: ⱘⱅⱏⰹ (ǫty)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̏тва (“wild duck”)

Latin script: ȕtva (“wild duck”)

Slovene: ọ̑tva (“wild duck”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ánˀtō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”). Cognate with Latin anas, Proto-Germanic *anadz (whence English ennet).

ǫtь*ǫtę ()*ǫtenъkъ ()*ǫtęťь ()*ǫtica

duck; duckling; duckling; duck-related; East Slavic; East Slavic


sǫkъ

sǫ̑kъ (nominative singular)
sǫ̑ka (dual nominative)
sǫ̑ci (nominative plural)
sǫ̑ka (genitive singular)
sǫkù (dual genitive)
sǫ̃kъ (genitive plural)
sǫ̑ku (dative singular)
sǫkomà (dative dual)
sǫkòmъ (dative plural)
sǫ̑kъ (accusative singular)
sǫ̑ka (accusative dual)
sǫ̑ky (accusative plural)
sǫ̑kъmь (instrumental singular)
sǫ̑komь (instrumental singular)
sǫkomà (dual instrumental)
sǫký (instrumental plural)
sǫ̑cě (locative singular)
sǫkù (dual locative)
sǫcě̃xъ (locative plural)
sǫče (singular vocative)
sǫ̑ka (dual vocative)
sǫ̑ci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѫкъ (sǫkŭ)

Belarusian: сук (suk)

Russian: сук (suk)

Ukrainian: сук (suk)

desc

Old Novgorodian: сѫке (sǫke), соуке (suke)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сѫкъ (sǫkŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱘⰽⱏ (sǫkŭ)

Bulgarian: сък (sǎk), сънк (sǎnk) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су̑к

Latin script: sȗk

Slovene: sọ̑k (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: suk

Czech: suk

Polish: sęk

Slovak: suk

Slovincian: sãk

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: suk

Lower Sorbian: suk

Cognate with Lithuanian atšankė̃, Icelandic hár (“peg, thole pin, spiny fish”), Sanskrit शङ्कु (śaṅkú-, “pointed peg”).


moľь

moľь (nominative singular)
moľa (dual nominative)
moľi (nominative plural)
moľa (genitive singular)
moľu (dual genitive)
moľь (genitive plural)
moľu (dative singular)
moľema (dative dual)
moľemъ (dative plural)
moľь (accusative singular)
moľa (accusative dual)
moľę̇ (accusative plural)
moľьmь (instrumental singular)
moľemь (instrumental singular)
moľema (dual instrumental)
moľi (instrumental plural)
moľi (locative singular)
moľu (dual locative)
moľixъ (locative plural)
moľu (singular vocative)
moľa (dual vocative)
moľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: моль (molĭ)

Belarusian: моль (molʹ)

Russian: моль (molʹ)

Ukrainian: міль (milʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: моль (molĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱁⰾⱐ (molĭ)

⇒ Bulgarian: моле́ц (moléc)

⇒ Macedonian: молец (molec)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̀љац

Latin script: móljac

Slovene: mòlj

West Slavic:

Czech: mol

Polish: mól

Slovak: moľ

Pannonian Rusyn: моль (molʹ)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mól

Lower Sorbian: mól

→ Hungarian: moly

→ Romanian: molie

From Proto-Indo-European *molH-(y)o-. Cognate with Old Norse mǫlr.


mošьna

mošьnà (canonical feminine)
mošьnà (nominative singular)
mošь̀ně (dual nominative)
mošьnỳ (nominative plural)
mošьnỳ (genitive singular)
mošьnù (dual genitive)
mošь̀nъ (genitive plural)
mošьně̀ (dative singular)
mošьnàma (dative dual)
mošьnàmъ (dative plural)
mošьnǫ̀ (accusative singular)
mošь̀ně (accusative dual)
mošьnỳ (accusative plural)
mošьnòjǫ (instrumental singular)
mošь̀nǫ (instrumental singular)
mošьnàma (dual instrumental)
mošьnàmī (instrumental plural)
mošьně̀ (locative singular)
mošьnù (dual locative)
mošьnàsъ (locative plural)
mošьnàxъ (locative plural)
mošьno (singular vocative)
mošь̀ně (dual vocative)
mošьnỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: мошна́ (mošná)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мошьна (mošĭna)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̏шња

Latin script: mȍšnja

Slovene: móšnjа (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mošna

Czech: mošna

Moravian (Mistřice): mošňa

Polish: moszna

Slovak: mošna

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mоšеń

Lower Sorbian: mоšуnа

From Proto-Indo-European *mak-s-in-eh₂. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian makšnà (“case”), Old Prussian dantimax (“gums”). Further cognates with Old High German mago (“stomach”).


mǫka

mǫ̀ka (canonical feminine)
mǫ̀ka (nominative singular)
mǫ̀cě (dual nominative)
mǫ̀ky (nominative plural)
mǫ̀ky (genitive singular)
mǫ̀ku (dual genitive)
mǫ̀kъ (genitive plural)
mǫ̀cě (dative singular)
mǫ̀kama (dative dual)
mǫ̀kamъ (dative plural)
mǫ̀kǫ (accusative singular)
mǫ̀cě (accusative dual)
mǫ̀ky (accusative plural)
mǫ̀kojǫ (instrumental singular)
mǫ̀kǭ (instrumental singular)
mǫ̀kama (dual instrumental)
mǫ̀kamī (instrumental plural)
mǫ̀cě (locative singular)
mǫ̀ku (dual locative)
mǫ̀kasъ (locative plural)
mǫ̀kaxъ (locative plural)
mǫ̀ko (singular vocative)
mǫ̀cě (dual vocative)
mǫ̀ky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: му́ка (múka)

Russian: му́ка (múka)

Ukrainian: му́ка (múka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мѫка (mǫka)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱘⰽⰰ (mǫka)

desc

Bulgarian: мъ́ка (mǎ́ka), мъ́нка (mǎ́nka) (dialectal)

Macedonian: мака (maka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: му̏ка

Latin script: mȕka

Slovene: múka (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: muka, múka

Czech: muka

Kashubian: mãka

Old Polish: męka

Polish: męka

Slovak: muka

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: munka (“work”)

→ Romanian: muncă (“work”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *múnkāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *menHk- (“to knead”); see *mę̏kъkъ for more on the root.


mǫka

mǭkà (canonical feminine)
mǭkà (nominative singular)
mǫ̃cě (dual nominative)
mǭkỳ (nominative plural)
mǭkỳ (genitive singular)
mǭkù (dual genitive)
mǫ̃kъ (genitive plural)
mǭcě̀ (dative singular)
mǭkàma (dative dual)
mǭkàmъ (dative plural)
mǭkǫ̀ (accusative singular)
mǫ̃cě (accusative dual)
mǭkỳ (accusative plural)
mǭkòjǫ (instrumental singular)
mǫ̃kǫ (instrumental singular)
mǭkàma (dual instrumental)
mǭkàmī (instrumental plural)
mǭcě̀ (locative singular)
mǭkù (dual locative)
mǭkàsъ (locative plural)
mǭkàxъ (locative plural)
mǫko (singular vocative)
mǫ̃cě (dual vocative)
mǭkỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мука (muka)

Old Ruthenian: мука́ (muká)

Belarusian: мука́ (muká)

Carpathian Rusyn: мука́ (muká)

Ukrainian: мука́ (muká)

Russian: мука́ (muká)

Russenorsk: mokka

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мѫка (mǫka)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱘⰽⰰ (mǫka)

Bulgarian: му́ка̥ (múkḁ) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: му́ка; мӯка̏, мука̏ (dialectal)

Latin script: múka; mūkȁ, mukȁ (dialectal)

Slovene: mọ́ka (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: múka

Czech: mouka; múka (obsolete)

Kashubian: mąka

Polabian: mǫkă

Old Polish: mąka

Polish: mąka; mǫka, můŋka (dialectal)

Slovak: múka

Slovincian: mõka

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: muka

Upper Sorbian: muka

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ǵyéti, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵ-, *meh₂ḱ- (“to knead”), see also Sanskrit मचते (macate), Latin mācerō, and Proto-West Germanic *makōn, English make.


košь

kòšь (canonical masculine)
kòšь (nominative singular)
košà (dual nominative)
košì (nominative plural)
košà (genitive singular)
košù (dual genitive)
kòšь (genitive plural)
košù (dative singular)
košèma (dative dual)
kòšemъ (dative plural)
kòšь (accusative singular)
košà (accusative dual)
košę̇̀ (accusative plural)
košь̀mь (instrumental singular)
košèmь (instrumental singular)
košèma (dual instrumental)
kòši (instrumental plural)
košì (locative singular)
košù (dual locative)
kòšixъ (locative plural)
košu (singular vocative)
košà (dual vocative)
košì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: кош (koš)

Russian: кош (koš) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: кіш (kiš)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: кошь (košĭ)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱁⱎⱐ (košĭ)

Bulgarian: кош (koš, “basket”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̏ш

Latin script: kȍš

Slovene: kȍš (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: koš

Czech: koš

Bohemian (Chod dialect): kůš

Polish: kosz

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kòsz

Slovak: kôš

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kóš

Non Slavic:

→ Hungarian: kas

→ Romanian: coș

→ Friulian: cos

Uncertain. Dersken and Vasmer point a similarity with Latin quālum (“hamper”) and its diminutive quasillum, however, both sources qualify it as dubious. If correct, then the Slavic term is likely a back-formation from Proto-Slavic *košelъ < Proto-Indo-European *kʷes- + *-slo-.
Another alternative is from *kаt- (“to chain”) + *-s- (derivative aorist marker) or (less likely) *kadʰ- (“to cover”) + *-s-. Neither of these roots is well-established, though. If correct, this would make *košь and its derivatives cognates with Proto-Slavic *kotьcь, Proto-Slavic *kotьlъ and probably Proto-Slavic *kǫťa. Plausible cognates outside of Slavic include Latin casa (“hut”), Latin cassis (“helmet”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”), Middle Persian kwšk' (kōšk, “pavilion, kiosk”), and Proto-Germanic *hattuz (“hat”).
The meaning of the East Slavic term may have been affected by Old Turkic köç- (“migration”) → Kazakh көш (köş, “military camp”).


kotьcь

kotьcь (nominative singular)
kotьca (dual nominative)
kotьci (nominative plural)
kotьca (genitive singular)
kotьcu (dual genitive)
kotьcь (genitive plural)
kotьcu (dative singular)
kotьcema (dative dual)
kotьcemъ (dative plural)
kotьcь (accusative singular)
kotьca (accusative dual)
kotьcę̇ (accusative plural)
kotьcьmь (instrumental singular)
kotьcemь (instrumental singular)
kotьcema (dual instrumental)
kotьci (instrumental plural)
kotьci (locative singular)
kotьcu (dual locative)
kotьcixъ (locative plural)
kotьče (singular vocative)
kotьca (dual vocative)
kotьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: коте́ц (kotéc) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: коте́ць (kotécʹ)

South Slavic:

desc

котьць (kotĭcĭ)

Church Slavonic: котьць (kotĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: коте́ц (kotéc)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀тац

Latin script: kòtac

Slovene: kótəc (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kotec

Czech: kotec

desctree

Old Polish: kojec, kociec
Polish: kojec
→ Ukrainian: ко́єць (kójecʹ)

Slovak: kotec (dialectal)

Diminutive of an earlier *kotvь, *kotъ (u-stem) + *-ьcь. If native in origin, then may be a deverbial noun from Proto-Slavic *kotati (“to fold, to wrap”). Possibly distantly akin to Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “room, hut”), Old English heaþor (“enclosure, jail”), Ancient Greek κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup, pint”). Compared in the past with Old Norse kot (“cottage”), Middle Low German kote (“ramshackles”) (presumably from Proto-Germanic *kutą); however, nowadays, relation usually dismissed. Pokorny derives all of these from a tentative Proto-Indo-European *kot- (“dwelling space”).
If an orginal meaning “enclosure, interlacement” is presumed, then likely related to Proto-Slavic *košь (“basket”), *košara (“pen, sheepfold”).
Further resembling various wandering words throughout Eurasia: Proto-Uralic *kota (“hut”), Proto-Mongolic *kotan (“town”) (whence Mongolian хот (xot)), Turkish kodak (“shelter, home”).


kǫda

East Slavic:

Belarusian: куды́ (kudý)

Russian: куда́ (kudá)

Ukrainian: куди́ (kudý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кѫдѣ (kǫdě), кѫдоу (kǫdu)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̀да

Latin script: kùda

Slovene: kọ̄d (tonal orthography), (obsolete) kọ́da (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kudy

Old Polish: kędy, kąd

Slovak: kadiaľ

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷom-dʰ-; the first component *kʷom- is from *kʷós (“what”), while the second part *-dʰ- is of unclear interpretation and function.
Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *kʷom-do-, from *kʷom- (“what”) + *do (“to”), in which case cognate with Old Latin cunde (“whence”).
Baltic cognates include Old Prussian quendau (= kendau) in isquendau ("from where, whence"), from is "from" (cf. Lithuanian iš, Latvian iz, Proto-Slavic *jьz) + kendau.


kǫsъ

kǫsъ (masculine nominative singular)
kǫsa (feminine nominative singular)
kǫso (neuter nominative singular)
kǫsa (genitive masculine singular)
kǫsy (feminine genitive singular)
kǫsa (genitive neuter singular)
kǫsu (dative masculine singular)
kǫsě (dative feminine singular)
kǫsu (dative neuter singular)
kǫsъ (accusative masculine singular)
kǫsǫ (accusative feminine singular)
kǫso (accusative neuter singular)
kǫsomь (instrumental masculine singular)
kǫsojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
kǫsomь (instrumental neuter singular)
kǫsě (locative masculine singular)
kǫsě (feminine locative singular)
kǫsě (locative neuter singular)
kǫse (masculine singular vocative)
kǫso (feminine singular vocative)
kǫso (neuter singular vocative)
kǫsa (dual masculine nominative)
kǫsě (dual feminine nominative)
kǫsě (dual neuter nominative)
kǫsu (dual genitive masculine)
kǫsu (dual feminine genitive)
kǫsu (dual genitive neuter)
kǫsoma (dative dual masculine)
kǫsama (dative dual feminine)
kǫsoma (dative dual neuter)
kǫsa (accusative dual masculine)
kǫsě (accusative dual feminine)
kǫsě (accusative dual neuter)
kǫsoma (dual instrumental masculine)
kǫsama (dual feminine instrumental)
kǫsoma (dual instrumental neuter)
kǫsu (dual locative masculine)
kǫsu (dual feminine locative)
kǫsu (dual locative neuter)
kǫsa (dual masculine vocative)
kǫsě (dual feminine vocative)
kǫsě (dual neuter vocative)
kǫsi (masculine nominative plural)
kǫsy (feminine nominative plural)
kǫsa (neuter nominative plural)
kǫsъ (genitive masculine plural)
kǫsъ (feminine genitive plural)
kǫsъ (genitive neuter plural)
kǫsomъ (dative masculine plural)
kǫsamъ (dative feminine plural)
kǫsomъ (dative neuter plural)
kǫsy (accusative masculine plural)
kǫsy (accusative feminine plural)
kǫsa (accusative neuter plural)
kǫsy (instrumental masculine plural)
kǫsami (feminine instrumental plural)
kǫsy (instrumental neuter plural)
kǫsěxъ (locative masculine plural)
kǫsaxъ (feminine locative plural)
kǫsěxъ (locative neuter plural)
kǫsi (masculine plural vocative)
kǫsy (feminine plural vocative)
kǫsa (neuter plural vocative)
kǫsъjь (masculine nominative singular)
kǫsaja (feminine nominative singular)
kǫsoje (neuter nominative singular)
kǫsajego (genitive masculine singular)
kǫsyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
kǫsajego (genitive neuter singular)
kǫsujemu (dative masculine singular)
kǫsěji (dative feminine singular)
kǫsujemu (dative neuter singular)
kǫsъjь (accusative masculine singular)
kǫsǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
kǫsoje (accusative neuter singular)
kǫsyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
kǫsǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
kǫsyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
kǫsějemь (locative masculine singular)
kǫsěji (feminine locative singular)
kǫsějemь (locative neuter singular)
kǫsъjь (masculine singular vocative)
kǫsaja (feminine singular vocative)
kǫsoje (neuter singular vocative)
kǫsaja (dual masculine nominative)
kǫsěji (dual feminine nominative)
kǫsěji (dual neuter nominative)
kǫsuju (dual genitive masculine)
kǫsuju (dual feminine genitive)
kǫsuju (dual genitive neuter)
kǫsyjima (dative dual masculine)
kǫsyjima (dative dual feminine)
kǫsyjima (dative dual neuter)
kǫsaja (accusative dual masculine)
kǫsěji (accusative dual feminine)
kǫsěji (accusative dual neuter)
kǫsyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
kǫsyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
kǫsyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
kǫsuju (dual locative masculine)
kǫsuju (dual feminine locative)
kǫsuju (dual locative neuter)
kǫsaja (dual masculine vocative)
kǫsěji (dual feminine vocative)
kǫsěji (dual neuter vocative)
kǫsiji (masculine nominative plural)
kǫsyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
kǫsaja (neuter nominative plural)
kǫsъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
kǫsъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
kǫsъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
kǫsyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
kǫsyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
kǫsyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
kǫsyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
kǫsyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
kǫsaja (accusative neuter plural)
kǫsyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
kǫsyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
kǫsyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
kǫsyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
kǫsyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
kǫsyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
kǫsiji (masculine plural vocative)
kǫsyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
kǫsaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кꙋсꙑи (kusyi)

Russian: кусо́й (kusój) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: ку́сий (kúsyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кѫсъ (kǫsŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱘⱄⱏ (kǫsŭ)

Bulgarian: къс (kǎs)

Macedonian: кус (kus)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̑с

Latin script: kȗs

West Slavic:

Czech: kusý

Polish: kęsy, kusy

Slovak: kusý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kušy (“tailless”)

Upper Sorbian: kuṡi (“short”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kanˀdas, akin to Lithuanian ką́sti (“to bite”), Latvian kuôst (“to bite”), further Ancient Greek κνώδων (knṓdōn, “type of sword”).

cog

→ short, brief

→ tailless (for animal)

kǫso-*kǫsoględъ*kǫsoumъ ()

short-sighted; forgetful, with short memory


kǫsъ

kǫ̑sъ (canonical masculine)
kǫ̑sъ (nominative singular)
kǫ̑sa (dual nominative)
kǫ̑si (nominative plural)
kǫ̑sa (genitive singular)
kǫsù (dual genitive)
kǫ̃sъ (genitive plural)
kǫ̑su (dative singular)
kǫsomà (dative dual)
kǫsòmъ (dative plural)
kǫ̑sъ (accusative singular)
kǫ̑sa (accusative dual)
kǫ̑sy (accusative plural)
kǫ̑sъmь (instrumental singular)
kǫ̑somь (instrumental singular)
kǫsomà (dual instrumental)
kǫsý (instrumental plural)
kǫ̑sě (locative singular)
kǫsù (dual locative)
kǫsě̃xъ (locative plural)
kǫse (singular vocative)
kǫ̑sa (dual vocative)
kǫ̑si (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кꙋсъ (kusŭ)

Belarusian: кус (kus)

Russian: кус (kus) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: кус (kus)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кѫсъ (kǫsŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱘⱄⱏ (kǫsŭ)

Bulgarian: къс (kǎs); (dialectal) кус (kus)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̑с

Latin script: kȗs

Slovene: kọ̑s (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kus

Czech: kus

→ German: Kux

→ Polish: kuks

Old Polish: kęs

Polish: kęs

Silesian: kyns

Polabian: kǫs

Slovak: kus

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kus

Upper Sorbian: kus


krakati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кракати (krakati)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кра́кати

Latin script: krákati

Slovene: krakati

West Slavic:

Czech: krákat

Polish: krakać

Slovak: krákať

From imitative Proto-Indo-European *ker-. Baltic cognates include Latvian krãkât, Lithuanian krokoti. Further cognates with Latin crocire.

onom

imitative


krěpъkъ

krě̑pъkъ (canonical)
krěpъkъ (masculine nominative singular)
krěpъka (feminine nominative singular)
krěpъko (neuter nominative singular)
krěpъka (genitive masculine singular)
krěpъky (feminine genitive singular)
krěpъka (genitive neuter singular)
krěpъku (dative masculine singular)
krěpъkě (dative feminine singular)
krěpъku (dative neuter singular)
krěpъkъ (accusative masculine singular)
krěpъkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
krěpъko (accusative neuter singular)
krěpъkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
krěpъkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
krěpъkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
krěpъkě (locative masculine singular)
krěpъkě (feminine locative singular)
krěpъkě (locative neuter singular)
krěpъke (masculine singular vocative)
krěpъko (feminine singular vocative)
krěpъko (neuter singular vocative)
krěpъka (dual masculine nominative)
krěpъkě (dual feminine nominative)
krěpъkě (dual neuter nominative)
krěpъku (dual genitive masculine)
krěpъku (dual feminine genitive)
krěpъku (dual genitive neuter)
krěpъkoma (dative dual masculine)
krěpъkama (dative dual feminine)
krěpъkoma (dative dual neuter)
krěpъka (accusative dual masculine)
krěpъkě (accusative dual feminine)
krěpъkě (accusative dual neuter)
krěpъkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
krěpъkama (dual feminine instrumental)
krěpъkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
krěpъku (dual locative masculine)
krěpъku (dual feminine locative)
krěpъku (dual locative neuter)
krěpъka (dual masculine vocative)
krěpъkě (dual feminine vocative)
krěpъkě (dual neuter vocative)
krěpъki (masculine nominative plural)
krěpъky (feminine nominative plural)
krěpъka (neuter nominative plural)
krěpъkъ (genitive masculine plural)
krěpъkъ (feminine genitive plural)
krěpъkъ (genitive neuter plural)
krěpъkomъ (dative masculine plural)
krěpъkamъ (dative feminine plural)
krěpъkomъ (dative neuter plural)
krěpъky (accusative masculine plural)
krěpъky (accusative feminine plural)
krěpъka (accusative neuter plural)
krěpъky (instrumental masculine plural)
krěpъkami (feminine instrumental plural)
krěpъky (instrumental neuter plural)
krěpъkěxъ (locative masculine plural)
krěpъkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
krěpъkěxъ (locative neuter plural)
krěpъki (masculine plural vocative)
krěpъky (feminine plural vocative)
krěpъka (neuter plural vocative)
krěpъkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
krěpъkaja (feminine nominative singular)
krěpъkoje (neuter nominative singular)
krěpъkajego (genitive masculine singular)
krěpъkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
krěpъkajego (genitive neuter singular)
krěpъkujemu (dative masculine singular)
krěpъkěji (dative feminine singular)
krěpъkujemu (dative neuter singular)
krěpъkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
krěpъkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
krěpъkoje (accusative neuter singular)
krěpъkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
krěpъkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
krěpъkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
krěpъkějemь (locative masculine singular)
krěpъkěji (feminine locative singular)
krěpъkějemь (locative neuter singular)
krěpъkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
krěpъkaja (feminine singular vocative)
krěpъkoje (neuter singular vocative)
krěpъkaja (dual masculine nominative)
krěpъkěji (dual feminine nominative)
krěpъkěji (dual neuter nominative)
krěpъkuju (dual genitive masculine)
krěpъkuju (dual feminine genitive)
krěpъkuju (dual genitive neuter)
krěpъkyjima (dative dual masculine)
krěpъkyjima (dative dual feminine)
krěpъkyjima (dative dual neuter)
krěpъkaja (accusative dual masculine)
krěpъkěji (accusative dual feminine)
krěpъkěji (accusative dual neuter)
krěpъkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
krěpъkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
krěpъkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
krěpъkuju (dual locative masculine)
krěpъkuju (dual feminine locative)
krěpъkuju (dual locative neuter)
krěpъkaja (dual masculine vocative)
krěpъkěji (dual feminine vocative)
krěpъkěji (dual neuter vocative)
krěpъkiji (masculine nominative plural)
krěpъkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
krěpъkaja (neuter nominative plural)
krěpъkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
krěpъkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
krěpъkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
krěpъkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
krěpъkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
krěpъkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
krěpъkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
krěpъkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
krěpъkaja (accusative neuter plural)
krěpъkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
krěpъkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
krěpъkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
krěpъkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
krěpъkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
krěpъkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
krěpъkiji (masculine plural vocative)
krěpъkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
krěpъkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: крэ́пкі (krépki)

Russian: кре́пкий (krépkij)

Ukrainian: кріпки́й (kripkýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱃⱑⱂⱏⰽⱏ (krěpŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: кре́пък (krépǎk)

Macedonian: кре́пок (krépok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кре̏пак

Latin script: krȅpak

Slovene: krẹ́pək (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: křěpký

Czech: křepký

Polish: krzepki

Slovak: krepký

Extended from *krěpъ + *-ъkъ. According to Derksen, possibly akin to Icelandic hræfa (“to endure, to tolerate”), from Proto-Indo-European *kreh₁p-. Kroonen considers a possible (but not certain) borrowing from Germanic.
See also Proto-Slavic *krěti, *krějati/*krьjati (“to recover, to gather strength”) (whence Bulgarian крея (kreja), Czech křáti).


krinica

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: крыні́ца (kryníca, “spring, source”)

Russian: крини́ца (kriníca, “spring, well”), крыни́ца (kryníca) (dialectal)

desctree

Ukrainian: крини́ця (krynýcja, “spring, well”)
→ Polish: krynica
→ Yiddish: קרעניצע (krenitse)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кр̀ница

Latin script: kr̀nica

desc

Slovene: krníca (“deep spot in river or lake, vortex, basin”)

West Slavic:

Polabian: krėnéica (“spring, well”)

Old Sorbian: krinica

Names:

Czech: Křinec, a town

Czech: Křinice, a village

Czech: Křeničná, a village

German: Krien, a village southwest of Anklam, 1253 Krina

German: Krienkowsee, a lake southwest of Boitzenburg

German: Obere Krienke, Untere Krienke, protrusions of the river Welse

German: Krönitz, Kreutz, a lake near Demmin formerly so called

German: Crinitz / Lower Sorbian: Krynica and formerly other forms, a village in Lower Lusatia

🖝 See Polish Wikipedia on “Krynica” for many places of this name in Poland.

Unknown, maybe identical to the container name *krina.

Boitzenburger Land
Crinitz
Demmin
Krien
Welse
pl:Krynica


bakati

bakanьje (noun-from-verb)
bakati (infinitive)
bakatъ (supine)
bakalъ (l-participle)
bakanъ (participle passive past)
bakajemъ (participle passive present)
bakavъ (active participle past)
bakaję (active participle present)
bakaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
baka (aorist second-person singular)
baka (aorist singular third-person)
bakajǫ (first-person present singular)
bakaješi (present second-person singular)
bakajetь (present singular third-person)
bakaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bakasta (aorist dual second-person)
bakaste (aorist dual third-person)
bakajevě (dual first-person present)
bakajeta (dual present second-person)
bakajete (dual present third-person)
bakaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bakaste (aorist plural second-person)
bakašę (aorist plural third-person)
bakajemъ (first-person plural present)
bakajete (plural present second-person)
bakajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bakaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bakaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bakaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bakaji (imperative second-person singular)
bakaji (imperative singular third-person)
bakaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bakaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bakaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bakajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bakajita (dual imperative second-person)
bakaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bakaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bakaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bakajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bakajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ба́каць (bákacʹ)

Russian: ба́кать (bákatʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: ба́кати (bákaty)

West Slavic:

Czech: bakati, bákat (dialectal)

Old Polish: bakać

Polish: bakać

Most likely from *ba- (“to speak, to enchant”) + *-kati. Akin to Lithuanian bóskoti (“to tell”).


bakati

baknǫti (perfective)
bakanьje (noun-from-verb)
bakati (infinitive)
bakatъ (supine)
bakalъ (l-participle)
bakanъ (participle passive past)
bakajemъ (participle passive present)
bakavъ (active participle past)
bakaję (active participle present)
bakaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
baka (aorist second-person singular)
baka (aorist singular third-person)
bakajǫ (first-person present singular)
bakaješi (present second-person singular)
bakajetь (present singular third-person)
bakaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bakasta (aorist dual second-person)
bakaste (aorist dual third-person)
bakajevě (dual first-person present)
bakajeta (dual present second-person)
bakajete (dual present third-person)
bakaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bakaste (aorist plural second-person)
bakašę (aorist plural third-person)
bakajemъ (first-person plural present)
bakajete (plural present second-person)
bakajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bakaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bakaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bakaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bakaji (imperative second-person singular)
bakaji (imperative singular third-person)
bakaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bakaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bakaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bakajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bakajita (dual imperative second-person)
bakaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bakaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bakaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bakajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bakajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

>? Ukrainian: ба́цати (bácaty), ба́цькати (bácʹkaty, “to push”) (if not from *batьcati)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́кам (bákam) (obsolete, formal)

⇒ Bulgarian: ба́цам (bácam), ба́чкам (báčkam)

Macedonian: *бака (*baka) (outdated)

⇒ Macedonian: баца (baca, “to soil, to pollute”), бацува (bacuva, “to kiss”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̀кати, ба̀цати

Latin script: bàkati, bàcati

Uncertain. Probably of expressive origin.
Outside of Slavic, formally resembles Ancient Greek βαστάζω (bastázō, “to carry, to handle”) and Latin *bastō (“to carry”), battuō (“to pound”), however, common origin is unlikely.

cog

to inflict, to exert (force, impact, damage)


novakъ

novãkъ (canonical masculine)
novãkъ (nominative singular)
novākà (dual nominative)
novācì (nominative plural)
novākà (genitive singular)
novākù (dual genitive)
novãkъ (genitive plural)
novākù (dative singular)
novākòma (dative dual)
novākòmъ (dative plural)
novãkъ (accusative singular)
novākà (accusative dual)
novākỳ (accusative plural)
novākъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
novākòmь (instrumental singular)
novākòma (dual instrumental)
novãky (instrumental plural)
novācě̀ (locative singular)
novākù (dual locative)
novãcěxъ (locative plural)
novače (singular vocative)
novākà (dual vocative)
novācì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: новак (novak)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: новакъ (novakŭ)

Bulgarian: нова́к (novák)

Macedonian: новак (novak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: но̀ва̄к

Latin script: nòvāk, Nȍvāk

Slovene: novák, Novak

West Slavic:

Old Czech: novák

Czech: Novák

Polish: nowak (archaic), Nowak

Slovak: novák (archaic), Novák

From *novъ (“new”) + *-akъ. Cognate with Lithuanian naujõkas (“novice”), Ancient Greek νέᾱκος (néākos, “young man”).


šьvьcь

*šivačь (alternative)
*šьvačь (alternative)
šьvьcь (nominative singular)
šьvьca (dual nominative)
šьvьci (nominative plural)
šьvьca (genitive singular)
šьvьcu (dual genitive)
šьvьcь (genitive plural)
šьvьcu (dative singular)
šьvьcema (dative dual)
šьvьcemъ (dative plural)
šьvьcь (accusative singular)
šьvьca (accusative dual)
šьvьcę̇ (accusative plural)
šьvьcьmь (instrumental singular)
šьvьcemь (instrumental singular)
šьvьcema (dual instrumental)
šьvьci (instrumental plural)
šьvьci (locative singular)
šьvьcu (dual locative)
šьvьcixъ (locative plural)
šьvьče (singular vocative)
šьvьca (dual vocative)
šьvьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: шьвьць (šĭvĭcĭ)

Belarusian: шаве́ц (šavjéc)

Russian: швец (švec)

Ukrainian: швець (švecʹ)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ша́вац

Latin script: šávac

West Slavic:

Old Czech: švec

Czech: švec

Bohemian (Chod dialect): ševc

desctree

Old Polish: szwiec
Polish: szewc
Silesian: szwiec

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: szewc

Slovak: švec

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: šejc

Upper Sorbian: šewc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sjuwikas, *sjuwikis. Equivalent to *šiti (“to sew”) + *-ьcь. Cognate with Lithuanian siuvi̇̀kas, siuvikis (“tailor”), Old Prussian schuwikis (“tailor”).

→ tailor, dressmaker (seamster who makes clothing)

→ cobbler, shoemaker (seamster who makes footwear)


šulo

šulo (nominative singular)
šulě (dual nominative)
šula (nominative plural)
šula (genitive singular)
šulu (dual genitive)
šulъ (genitive plural)
šulu (dative singular)
šuloma (dative dual)
šulomъ (dative plural)
šulo (accusative singular)
šulě (accusative dual)
šula (accusative plural)
šulъmь (instrumental singular)
šulomь (instrumental singular)
šuloma (dual instrumental)
šuly (instrumental plural)
šulě (locative singular)
šulu (dual locative)
šulěxъ (locative plural)
šulo (singular vocative)
šulě (dual vocative)
šula (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: шу́ла f (šúla)

Russian: шу́ло n (šúlo, “fence post”) (Western, dialectal), шу́ла f (šúla, “fence post”) (Smolensk)

Ukrainian: шу́ла f (šúla, “fence post”)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: шу̑љ m (“block”)

Latin script: shȗlj m

desc

Slovene: šulj m (“sawn-off trunk, block”)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: szuło n (“wooden pole”)

Cognate with Lithuanian šùlas (“post, pole, stave”), Old Prussian sulis (“stave”), and possibly Ancient Greek ξύλον (xúlon, “wood, beam”).


ščenę

ščȅnę (canonical neuter)
ščȅnę (nominative singular)
ščȅnęti (dual nominative)
ščenętà (nominative plural)
ščȅnęte (genitive singular)
ščenętù (dual genitive)
ščenę̃tъ (genitive plural)
ščȅnęti (dative singular)
ščenętьmà (dative dual)
ščenę̃tьmъ (dative plural)
ščȅnę (accusative singular)
ščȅnęti (accusative dual)
ščenętà (accusative plural)
ščȅnętьmь (instrumental singular)
ščenętьmà (dual instrumental)
ščenętý (instrumental plural)
ščȅnęte (locative singular)
ščenętù (dual locative)
ščenę̃tьxъ (locative plural)
ščȅnę (singular vocative)
ščȅnęti (dual vocative)
ščenętà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: щенѧ (ščenę)
Old Ruthenian: щенѧ́ (ščenjá), сченѧ́ (sčenjá), щенє́ (ščenjé)
Belarusian: шчаня́ (ščanjá), шчанё (ščanjó)
Carpathian Rusyn: щеня́ (ščenjá)
Ukrainian: щеня́ (ščenjá)
⇒ Middle Russian: щенокъ (ščenok) (c. 1618)
Russian: щено́к (ščenók)

Old Novgorodian: щенѧ (śćenę)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

щенѧ (štenę)

Church Slavonic: щенѧ (štenę)

Bulgarian: щене́ (štené)

štène//штѐне

Serbo-Croatian: štène /штѐне

Slovene: ščenè (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ščeně

Czech: štěně

Kashubian: szczeniã

Polabian: stiną

Old Polish: szczenię

Polish: szczenię

Old Slovak: ščеňа, štеňа

Pannonian Rusyn: щенє (ščenje)

Slovak: štеňа

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: šćenjo

Lower Sorbian: šćenje

Derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sken-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ken-, with the suffix *-ę for forming names of young animals.


sytъ

sỳtъ (canonical)
sytъ (masculine nominative singular)
syta (feminine nominative singular)
syto (neuter nominative singular)
syta (genitive masculine singular)
syty (feminine genitive singular)
syta (genitive neuter singular)
sytu (dative masculine singular)
sytě (dative feminine singular)
sytu (dative neuter singular)
sytъ (accusative masculine singular)
sytǫ (accusative feminine singular)
syto (accusative neuter singular)
sytomь (instrumental masculine singular)
sytojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
sytomь (instrumental neuter singular)
sytě (locative masculine singular)
sytě (feminine locative singular)
sytě (locative neuter singular)
syte (masculine singular vocative)
syto (feminine singular vocative)
syto (neuter singular vocative)
syta (dual masculine nominative)
sytě (dual feminine nominative)
sytě (dual neuter nominative)
sytu (dual genitive masculine)
sytu (dual feminine genitive)
sytu (dual genitive neuter)
sytoma (dative dual masculine)
sytama (dative dual feminine)
sytoma (dative dual neuter)
syta (accusative dual masculine)
sytě (accusative dual feminine)
sytě (accusative dual neuter)
sytoma (dual instrumental masculine)
sytama (dual feminine instrumental)
sytoma (dual instrumental neuter)
sytu (dual locative masculine)
sytu (dual feminine locative)
sytu (dual locative neuter)
syta (dual masculine vocative)
sytě (dual feminine vocative)
sytě (dual neuter vocative)
syti (masculine nominative plural)
syty (feminine nominative plural)
syta (neuter nominative plural)
sytъ (genitive masculine plural)
sytъ (feminine genitive plural)
sytъ (genitive neuter plural)
sytomъ (dative masculine plural)
sytamъ (dative feminine plural)
sytomъ (dative neuter plural)
syty (accusative masculine plural)
syty (accusative feminine plural)
syta (accusative neuter plural)
syty (instrumental masculine plural)
sytami (feminine instrumental plural)
syty (instrumental neuter plural)
sytěxъ (locative masculine plural)
sytaxъ (feminine locative plural)
sytěxъ (locative neuter plural)
syti (masculine plural vocative)
syty (feminine plural vocative)
syta (neuter plural vocative)
sytъjь (masculine nominative singular)
sytaja (feminine nominative singular)
sytoje (neuter nominative singular)
sytajego (genitive masculine singular)
sytyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
sytajego (genitive neuter singular)
sytujemu (dative masculine singular)
sytěji (dative feminine singular)
sytujemu (dative neuter singular)
sytъjь (accusative masculine singular)
sytǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
sytoje (accusative neuter singular)
sytyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
sytǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
sytyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
sytějemь (locative masculine singular)
sytěji (feminine locative singular)
sytějemь (locative neuter singular)
sytъjь (masculine singular vocative)
sytaja (feminine singular vocative)
sytoje (neuter singular vocative)
sytaja (dual masculine nominative)
sytěji (dual feminine nominative)
sytěji (dual neuter nominative)
sytuju (dual genitive masculine)
sytuju (dual feminine genitive)
sytuju (dual genitive neuter)
sytyjima (dative dual masculine)
sytyjima (dative dual feminine)
sytyjima (dative dual neuter)
sytaja (accusative dual masculine)
sytěji (accusative dual feminine)
sytěji (accusative dual neuter)
sytyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
sytyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
sytyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
sytuju (dual locative masculine)
sytuju (dual feminine locative)
sytuju (dual locative neuter)
sytaja (dual masculine vocative)
sytěji (dual feminine vocative)
sytěji (dual neuter vocative)
sytiji (masculine nominative plural)
sytyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
sytaja (neuter nominative plural)
sytъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
sytъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
sytъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
sytyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
sytyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
sytyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
sytyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
sytyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
sytaja (accusative neuter plural)
sytyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
sytyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
sytyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
sytyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
sytyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
sytyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
sytiji (masculine plural vocative)
sytyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
sytaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: сы́ты (sýty)

Russian: сы́тый (sýtyj)

Ukrainian: си́тий (sýtyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сꙑтъ (sytŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱏⰹⱅⱏ (sytŭ)

Bulgarian: сит (sit)

Macedonian: сит (sit)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: си̏т

Latin script: sȉt

Slovene: sȉt (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: sëti (“fat”)

Old Czech: sytý

Czech: sytý

Polish: syty, syt

Slovak: sýty

Pannonian Rusyn: сити (siti)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: syty

Lower Sorbian: syty

Disputed:
* Traditionally has been associated with Lithuanian sótus (“satieted”), Latvian sāts (“satiety”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sā́ˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate”). The root vocalism -y- in this case is problematic. Per Hirt, possibly derived from an earlier participle *sōut- (modern *sh₂-wénts ~ *suh₂-n̥tés > pre-Slavic *sųtъ), cognate with Ancient Greek ᾱ̓́ων (ā́ōn), Sanskrit सिन्व (sinva). Note that a *-w- element is reflected also in Old Armenian յագ (yag, “to satiety”). Uhlenbeck had proposed borrowing from Gothic 𐍃𐍉𐌸(𐍃) (soþ(s)) which is usually dismissed on phonetic basis (expected would have been **sutъ).
* Snoj alternatively derives it from Proto-Indo-European *sewh₃- (“abundant, full”), akin to Hittite 𒋗𒌋𒍑 (šu-u-uš, “full”) (u-stem).
See also Polish suty (“copious”) < *sutъ.


sъlojь

East Slavic:

Russian: слой (sloj)

Ukrainian: слій (slij)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: слой (sloj)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сло̑ј

Latin script: slȏj

Slovene: slòj (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: sloj

Polish: słój

Slovak: sloj

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: słoj


svorbъ

svȏrbъ (canonical masculine)
svȏrbъ (nominative singular)
svȏrba (dual nominative)
svȏrbi (nominative plural)
svȏrba (genitive singular)
svorbù (dual genitive)
svõrbъ (genitive plural)
svȏrbu (dative singular)
svorbomà (dative dual)
svorbòmъ (dative plural)
svȏrbъ (accusative singular)
svȏrba (accusative dual)
svȏrby (accusative plural)
svȏrbъmь (instrumental singular)
svȏrbomь (instrumental singular)
svorbomà (dual instrumental)
svorbý (instrumental plural)
svȏrbě (locative singular)
svorbù (dual locative)
svorbě̃xъ (locative plural)
svorbe (singular vocative)
svȏrba (dual vocative)
svȏrbi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: своробъ (svorobŭ)

Belarusian: сво́раб (svórab) (archaic)

Russian: сво́роб (svórob) (archaic)

Ukrainian: сво́роб (svórob, “itch”) (archaic), своріб (svorib, “scabies”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сврабъ (svrabŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰲⱃⰰⰱⱏ (svrabŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: свра̑б

Latin script: svrȃb

Slovene: srȃb (tonal orthography) (earlier svrȃb)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: svrab

Czech: svrab

Kashubian: swôrb, svôrb (alternate orthography)

Lower Sorbian: swjerbota, swjerbjenje

Polish: świerzb

Slovak: svrab

From Proto-Indo-European *sworbʰ-o-, cognate with Proto-Germanic *swarbaz (whence Old Norse svarf (“grit, metalic dust”), English swarf). Synchronically, an o-grade action noun of *svьrběti (“to itch”) + *-ъ.


surovъ

sùrovъ (canonical)
suròvъ (canonical)
surovъ (masculine nominative singular)
surova (feminine nominative singular)
surovo (neuter nominative singular)
surova (genitive masculine singular)
surovy (feminine genitive singular)
surova (genitive neuter singular)
surovu (dative masculine singular)
surově (dative feminine singular)
surovu (dative neuter singular)
surovъ (accusative masculine singular)
surovǫ (accusative feminine singular)
surovo (accusative neuter singular)
surovomь (instrumental masculine singular)
surovojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
surovomь (instrumental neuter singular)
surově (locative masculine singular)
surově (feminine locative singular)
surově (locative neuter singular)
surove (masculine singular vocative)
surovo (feminine singular vocative)
surovo (neuter singular vocative)
surova (dual masculine nominative)
surově (dual feminine nominative)
surově (dual neuter nominative)
surovu (dual genitive masculine)
surovu (dual feminine genitive)
surovu (dual genitive neuter)
surovoma (dative dual masculine)
surovama (dative dual feminine)
surovoma (dative dual neuter)
surova (accusative dual masculine)
surově (accusative dual feminine)
surově (accusative dual neuter)
surovoma (dual instrumental masculine)
surovama (dual feminine instrumental)
surovoma (dual instrumental neuter)
surovu (dual locative masculine)
surovu (dual feminine locative)
surovu (dual locative neuter)
surova (dual masculine vocative)
surově (dual feminine vocative)
surově (dual neuter vocative)
surovi (masculine nominative plural)
surovy (feminine nominative plural)
surova (neuter nominative plural)
surovъ (genitive masculine plural)
surovъ (feminine genitive plural)
surovъ (genitive neuter plural)
surovomъ (dative masculine plural)
surovamъ (dative feminine plural)
surovomъ (dative neuter plural)
surovy (accusative masculine plural)
surovy (accusative feminine plural)
surova (accusative neuter plural)
surovy (instrumental masculine plural)
surovami (feminine instrumental plural)
surovy (instrumental neuter plural)
surověxъ (locative masculine plural)
surovaxъ (feminine locative plural)
surověxъ (locative neuter plural)
surovi (masculine plural vocative)
surovy (feminine plural vocative)
surova (neuter plural vocative)
surovъjь (masculine nominative singular)
surovaja (feminine nominative singular)
surovoje (neuter nominative singular)
surovajego (genitive masculine singular)
surovyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
surovajego (genitive neuter singular)
surovujemu (dative masculine singular)
surověji (dative feminine singular)
surovujemu (dative neuter singular)
surovъjь (accusative masculine singular)
surovǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
surovoje (accusative neuter singular)
surovyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
surovǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
surovyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
surovějemь (locative masculine singular)
surověji (feminine locative singular)
surovějemь (locative neuter singular)
surovъjь (masculine singular vocative)
surovaja (feminine singular vocative)
surovoje (neuter singular vocative)
surovaja (dual masculine nominative)
surověji (dual feminine nominative)
surověji (dual neuter nominative)
surovuju (dual genitive masculine)
surovuju (dual feminine genitive)
surovuju (dual genitive neuter)
surovyjima (dative dual masculine)
surovyjima (dative dual feminine)
surovyjima (dative dual neuter)
surovaja (accusative dual masculine)
surověji (accusative dual feminine)
surověji (accusative dual neuter)
surovyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
surovyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
surovyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
surovuju (dual locative masculine)
surovuju (dual feminine locative)
surovuju (dual locative neuter)
surovaja (dual masculine vocative)
surověji (dual feminine vocative)
surověji (dual neuter vocative)
suroviji (masculine nominative plural)
surovyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
surovaja (neuter nominative plural)
surovъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
surovъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
surovъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
surovyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
surovyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
surovyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
surovyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
surovyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
surovaja (accusative neuter plural)
surovyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
surovyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
surovyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
surovyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
surovyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
surovyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
suroviji (masculine plural vocative)
surovyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
surovaja (neuter plural vocative)
*syrovъ (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: суровъ (surovŭ)

Old Ruthenian: суровый (surovyj)

Belarusian: суро́вы (suróvy)

Ukrainian: суро́вий (suróvyj)

Russian: суро́вый (suróvyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱆⱃⱁⰲⱏ (surovŭ)

Old Cyrillic script: соуровъ (surovŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: суро́в (suróv); су́ров (súrov), су́рав (súrav) (dialectal)

Macedonian: суров (surov)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сѝров

Latin script: sȉrov

Slovene: surȍv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: surový

Kashubian: sërowi

Old Polish: surowy

Polish: surowy

Silesian: surowy

Slovak: surový

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: surowy

Upper Sorbian: surowy


stydъ

stydъ (nominative singular)
styda (dual nominative)
stydi (nominative plural)
styda (genitive singular)
stydu (dual genitive)
stydъ (genitive plural)
stydu (dative singular)
stydoma (dative dual)
stydomъ (dative plural)
stydъ (accusative singular)
styda (accusative dual)
stydy (accusative plural)
stydъmь (instrumental singular)
stydomь (instrumental singular)
stydoma (dual instrumental)
stydy (instrumental plural)
stydě (locative singular)
stydu (dual locative)
styděxъ (locative plural)
styde (singular vocative)
styda (dual vocative)
stydi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *стꙑдъ (*stydŭ)

Old Ruthenian: стыдъ (styd)

Belarusian: стыд (styd) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: стыд (stŷd)

Ukrainian: стид (styd)

Middle Russian: стыдъ (styd) (16-18ᵗʰ c.)

Russian: стыд (styd)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: стꙑдъ (stydŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱅⱏⰺⰴⱏ (stydŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сти̑д

Latin script: stȋd

Slovene: stȋd (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: styd

Kashubian: wstid; stid (rare)

Polish: wstyd

→ Old Ruthenian: встыдъ (vstyd), усты́дъ (ustýd)

Ukrainian: встид (vstyd), усти́д (ustýd) (dialectal)

The meaning was originally "that which makes something freeze, stiffen, contract, cold," see *studъ (“cold, shame”).


stьblo

stьblò (canonical neuter)
stьblò (nominative singular)
stь̀blě (dual nominative)
stьblà (nominative plural)
stьblà (genitive singular)
stьblù (dual genitive)
stь̀blъ (genitive plural)
stьblù (dative singular)
stьblòma (dative dual)
stьblòmъ (dative plural)
stьblò (accusative singular)
stь̀blě (accusative dual)
stьblà (accusative plural)
stьblъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
stьblòmь (instrumental singular)
stьblòma (dual instrumental)
stь̀bly (instrumental plural)
stьblě̀ (locative singular)
stьblù (dual locative)
stь̀blěxъ (locative plural)
stьblò (singular vocative)
stь̀blě (dual vocative)
stьblà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стьбло (stĭblo), стебло (steblo, “stem, stalk”)

Middle Belarusian: стебло (steblo)

Belarusian: сцябло́ (scjabló), сцебло́ (scjebló), сцэбло́ (scebló)

Russian: стебло́ (stebló, “stem, stalk”) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: стебло́ (stebló), стябло́ (stjabló)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: стьбло (stĭblo)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱅⱐⰱⰾⱁ (stĭblo)

Bulgarian: стъбло́ (stǎbló), стебло́ (stebló, “stem, stalk”) (dialectal)

Macedonian: стебло (steblo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ста́бло

Latin script: stáblo

Slovene: stéblọ, steblọ̀ (“stem, stalk, trunk”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: stblo (“stalk, straw”)

Czech: stéblo; zblo (“stalk, straw”) (dialectal)

Kashubian: stebło, scbło

Polabian: ståblǘ

Old Polish: śćbło
Polish: źdźbło

Old Slovak: steblo

Slovak: steblo (“stalk, straw”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: spłо; zbło (dialectal)

⇒ Upper Sorbian: stwjelco; spjelco (dialectal)

From *stьbъ (“stem, stalk, trunk”) + *-lo.


studъ

stȗdъ (canonical masculine)
stȗdъ (nominative singular)
stȗda (dual nominative)
stȗdi (nominative plural)
stȗda (genitive singular)
studù (dual genitive)
stũdъ (genitive plural)
stȗdu (dative singular)
studomà (dative dual)
studòmъ (dative plural)
stȗdъ (accusative singular)
stȗda (accusative dual)
stȗdy (accusative plural)
stȗdъmь (instrumental singular)
stȗdomь (instrumental singular)
studomà (dual instrumental)
studý (instrumental plural)
stȗdě (locative singular)
studù (dual locative)
studě̃xъ (locative plural)
stude (singular vocative)
stȗda (dual vocative)
stȗdi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: студь (studʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: студъ (studŭ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: студ (stud)

Macedonian: студ (stud)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сту̑д

Latin script: stȗd

Slovene: stȗd (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: stud

Polish: ostuda

Slovak: stud

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *stewe- (“to get tight, dense”), comparable to Ancient Greek στύω (stúō, “to make stiff”), Sanskrit स्तुका (stukā, “tight tuft of wool”).


studenъ

studènъ (canonical)
studènъ (masculine nominative singular)
studèna (feminine nominative singular)
studèno (neuter nominative singular)
studèna (genitive masculine singular)
studèny (feminine genitive singular)
studèna (genitive neuter singular)
studènu (dative masculine singular)
studèně (dative feminine singular)
studènu (dative neuter singular)
studènъ (accusative masculine singular)
studènǫ (accusative feminine singular)
studèno (accusative neuter singular)
studènomь (instrumental masculine singular)
studènojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
studènomь (instrumental neuter singular)
studèně (locative masculine singular)
studèně (feminine locative singular)
studèně (locative neuter singular)
studène (masculine singular vocative)
studèno (feminine singular vocative)
studèno (neuter singular vocative)
studèna (dual masculine nominative)
studèně (dual feminine nominative)
studèně (dual neuter nominative)
studènu (dual genitive masculine)
studènu (dual feminine genitive)
studènu (dual genitive neuter)
studènoma (dative dual masculine)
studènama (dative dual feminine)
studènoma (dative dual neuter)
studèna (accusative dual masculine)
studèně (accusative dual feminine)
studèně (accusative dual neuter)
studènoma (dual instrumental masculine)
studènama (dual feminine instrumental)
studènoma (dual instrumental neuter)
studènu (dual locative masculine)
studènu (dual feminine locative)
studènu (dual locative neuter)
studèna (dual masculine vocative)
studèně (dual feminine vocative)
studèně (dual neuter vocative)
studèni (masculine nominative plural)
studèny (feminine nominative plural)
studèna (neuter nominative plural)
studènъ (genitive masculine plural)
studènъ (feminine genitive plural)
studènъ (genitive neuter plural)
studènomъ (dative masculine plural)
studènamъ (dative feminine plural)
studènomъ (dative neuter plural)
studèny (accusative masculine plural)
studèny (accusative feminine plural)
studèna (accusative neuter plural)
studèny (instrumental masculine plural)
studènami (feminine instrumental plural)
studèny (instrumental neuter plural)
studèněxъ (locative masculine plural)
studènaxъ (feminine locative plural)
studèněxъ (locative neuter plural)
studèni (masculine plural vocative)
studèny (feminine plural vocative)
studèna (neuter plural vocative)
studènъjь (masculine nominative singular)
studènaja (feminine nominative singular)
studènoje (neuter nominative singular)
studènajego (genitive masculine singular)
studènyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
studènajego (genitive neuter singular)
studènujemu (dative masculine singular)
studèněji (dative feminine singular)
studènujemu (dative neuter singular)
studènъjь (accusative masculine singular)
studènǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
studènoje (accusative neuter singular)
studènyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
studènǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
studènyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
studènějemь (locative masculine singular)
studèněji (feminine locative singular)
studènějemь (locative neuter singular)
studènъjь (masculine singular vocative)
studènaja (feminine singular vocative)
studènoje (neuter singular vocative)
studènaja (dual masculine nominative)
studèněji (dual feminine nominative)
studèněji (dual neuter nominative)
studènuju (dual genitive masculine)
studènuju (dual feminine genitive)
studènuju (dual genitive neuter)
studènyjima (dative dual masculine)
studènyjima (dative dual feminine)
studènyjima (dative dual neuter)
studènaja (accusative dual masculine)
studèněji (accusative dual feminine)
studèněji (accusative dual neuter)
studènyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
studènyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
studènyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
studènuju (dual locative masculine)
studènuju (dual feminine locative)
studènuju (dual locative neuter)
studènaja (dual masculine vocative)
studèněji (dual feminine vocative)
studèněji (dual neuter vocative)
studèniji (masculine nominative plural)
studènyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
studènaja (neuter nominative plural)
studènъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
studènъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
studènъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
studènyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
studènyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
studènyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
studènyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
studènyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
studènaja (accusative neuter plural)
studènyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
studènyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
studènyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
studènyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
studènyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
studènyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
studèniji (masculine plural vocative)
studènyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
studènaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: студёный (studjónyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: стоуденъ (studenŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱅⱆⰴⰵⱀⱏ (studenŭ)

Bulgarian: студе́н (studén)

Macedonian: студен (studen)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сту̀ден

Latin script: stùden

Slovene: studèn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: studený

Czech: studený

Slovak: studený


strьžьnь

strь̏žьnь (canonical masculine)
*strь̏ženь (alternative)
*strȉženь (alternative)
strь̏žьnь (nominative singular)
strь̏žьni (dual nominative)
strь̏žьnьjē (nominative plural)
strь̏žьňē (nominative plural)
strьžьní (genitive singular)
strьžьnьjù (dual genitive)
strьžьňu (dual genitive)
strьžьnь̀jь (genitive plural)
strь̏žьni (dative singular)
strьžьnьmà (dative dual)
strь̏žьnьmъ (dative plural)
strь̏žьnь (accusative singular)
strь̏žьni (accusative dual)
strь̏žьni (accusative plural)
strь̏žьnьmь (instrumental singular)
strьžьnьmà (dual instrumental)
strьžьnьmì (instrumental plural)
strьžьní (locative singular)
strьžьnьjù (dual locative)
strьžьňu (dual locative)
strь̏žьnьxъ (locative plural)
strьžьni (singular vocative)
strь̏žьni (dual vocative)
strь̏žьnьjē (plural vocative)
strь̏žьňē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: стрьжьнъ (strĭžĭnŭ), стръжьнь (strŭžĭnĭ)

Belarusian: стры́жень (strýžjenʹ)

Russian: сте́ржень (stérženʹ); (dialectal) стре́жень (stréženʹ)

Ukrainian: стри́жень (strýženʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: стръжьнь (strŭžĭnĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱅⱃⱏⰶⱐⱀⱐ (strŭžĭnĭ)

Slovene: stržẹ̑n (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: stržen, střen

Czech: dřeň

Kashubian: dërżeń, drëżeń, drzéń, drzón

desctree

Old Polish: drzeń, zdrzeń
Polish: rdzeń, drdzeń (Central Greater Poland, Kuyavia), drzeń (Central Greater Poland, Southern Greater Poland)
Silesian: drzyń

Slovak: stržeň

Generalized from the oblique stem of an earlier n-stem Proto-Balto-Slavic *strigē̃n ~ *strígenes. Cognate with Old Prussian strigeno (“brain, marrow”).
Further origin traditionally derived (per Trautmann, Iljinsky, Vasmer) from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to strike”) with Winter's law blocked in vicinaty of a nasal. Derksen suggests instead *streygʰ- (according to Rasmussen, maybe *streygʷʰ-), perhaps akin to Polish *strząc (“to shake”) (with n-infix), Lithuanian stri̇̀gti (“to stick”), Latvian strigt (“to tighten”).
An ad hoc hypothesis due to Sobolevsky proposes origin from formally incompatible *strъgati (“to scrape”), with root -ь- due to assimilation (vowel harmony) or under the influence of *strьmь (“steep, abrupt; absolutely”).


strъjь

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: стръи (strŷi), стрꙑи (stryi)

Old Ruthenian: стрый (stryj)

Belarusian: стрый (stryj) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: стрый (strŷj)

Ukrainian: стрий (stryj) (dialectal)

Russian: строй (stroj), стрый (stryj) (dialectal, archaic)

стръи//ⱄⱅⱃⱏⰻ

Old Novgorodian: стръи /ⱄⱅⱃⱏⰻ (strŷi)

South Slavic:

Serbian Church Slavonic: стръи (strŷi)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: stryj

Polish: stryj, stryja

Polabian: stråjă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: strij, strëja

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *struyós
Proto-Balto-Slavic *strujas
Proto-Slavic *strъjь
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *strujas, from Proto-Indo-European *stru-yós, from *stru- (“gray-haired, old”). Cognate with Lithuanian strùjus (“uncle, old man”), Irish sruith (“wise man, sage”).
Vasmer says that it can be from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (cf. Latin patruus). Morphologically ptr->ttr->str + Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jas.


strupъ

strȗpъ (canonical masculine)
strȗpъ (nominative singular)
strȗpa (dual nominative)
strȗpi (nominative plural)
strȗpa (genitive singular)
strupù (dual genitive)
strũpъ (genitive plural)
strȗpu (dative singular)
strupomà (dative dual)
strupòmъ (dative plural)
strȗpъ (accusative singular)
strȗpa (accusative dual)
strȗpy (accusative plural)
strȗpъmь (instrumental singular)
strȗpomь (instrumental singular)
strupomà (dual instrumental)
strupý (instrumental plural)
strȗpě (locative singular)
strupù (dual locative)
strupě̃xъ (locative plural)
strupe (singular vocative)
strȗpa (dual vocative)
strȗpi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: струпъ (strupŭ)

Belarusian: струп (strup)

Russian: струп (strup)

Ukrainian: струп (strup)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: стрoупъ (stroupŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱅⱃⱁⱆⱂⱏ (stroupŭ)

Bulgarian: струп (strup) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: стру̀пей (strùpej)

Macedonian: струп (strup)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стру̑п

Latin script: strȗp

Slovene: strȗp (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: strup

Czech: strup

Moravian (Mistřice): strup

Old Polish: strup

Polish: strup

Silesian: strup

Polabian: *straip; ⇒ straipovă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: strëp

Slovincian: strëp

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: trup

Lower Sorbian: tšup

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)raupas, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)rowpos.
Cognate with Latvian raupa, Lithuanian raupai̇̃.


strǫkъ

strǫkъ (nominative singular)
strǫka (dual nominative)
strǫci (nominative plural)
strǫka (genitive singular)
strǫku (dual genitive)
strǫkъ (genitive plural)
strǫku (dative singular)
strǫkoma (dative dual)
strǫkomъ (dative plural)
strǫkъ (accusative singular)
strǫka (accusative dual)
strǫky (accusative plural)
strǫkъmь (instrumental singular)
strǫkomь (instrumental singular)
strǫkoma (dual instrumental)
strǫky (instrumental plural)
strǫcě (locative singular)
strǫku (dual locative)
strǫcěxъ (locative plural)
strǫče (singular vocative)
strǫka (dual vocative)
strǫci (plural vocative)

East Slavic (with diminutive):

Belarusian: стручок (stručók)

Russian: стручок (stručok)

Ukrainian: стручок (stručok)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: стрък (strǎk)

Macedonian: струк (struk)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стру̑к

Latin script: strȗk

Slovene: strȍk (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: struk

Czech: struk

Bohemian (Chod dialect): struk

Kashubian: strãk

Polish: strąk

Slovak: struk

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: truk

Lower Sorbian: tšuk

From Proto-Indo-European *stronk-o-. Per Derksen, cognate with Latin truncus.


stonъ

stonъ (nominative singular)
stona (dual nominative)
stoni (nominative plural)
stona (genitive singular)
stonu (dual genitive)
stonъ (genitive plural)
stonu (dative singular)
stonoma (dative dual)
stonomъ (dative plural)
stonъ (accusative singular)
stona (accusative dual)
stony (accusative plural)
stonъmь (instrumental singular)
stonomь (instrumental singular)
stonoma (dual instrumental)
stony (instrumental plural)
stoně (locative singular)
stonu (dual locative)
stoněxъ (locative plural)
stone (singular vocative)
stona (dual vocative)
stoni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: стон (ston)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: стон (ston)

West Slavic:

Czech: ston

Slovak: ston

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *stanas, from Proto-Indo-European *stón-os, from *sten-. Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek στόνος (stónos, “sighing, moaning”).


somъ

sòmъ (canonical masculine)
sòmъ (nominative singular)
somà (dual nominative)
somì (nominative plural)
somà (genitive singular)
somù (dual genitive)
sòmъ (genitive plural)
somù (dative singular)
somòma (dative dual)
somòmъ (dative plural)
sòmъ (accusative singular)
somà (accusative dual)
somỳ (accusative plural)
somъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
somòmь (instrumental singular)
somòma (dual instrumental)
sòmy (instrumental plural)
somě̀ (locative singular)
somù (dual locative)
sòměxъ (locative plural)
some (singular vocative)
somà (dual vocative)
somì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old Ruthenian: сомъ (som)
Belarusian: сом (som)
Ukrainian: сом (som); сім (sim), сум (sum), сон (son) (dialectal)

Middle Russian: сомъ (som)

Russian: сом (som)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: сом (som)

Macedonian: сом (som)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̏м

Latin script: sȍm

Slovene: sòm (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: som

⇒ Czech: sumec

Old Polish: som

Polish: sum

Old Slovak: som

Slovak: sumec

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: som

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śámas, cognate to Latvian sams, Lithuanian šãmas, further etymology unknown, therefore probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate, possibly shared with Ancient Greek καμασήν (kamasḗn, “kind of fish”); alternatively perhaps a corrupted borrowing from Uralic, such as Proto-Finnic *sampi (“sturgeon”).


solvъ

solvъ (masculine nominative singular)
solva (feminine nominative singular)
solvo (neuter nominative singular)
solva (genitive masculine singular)
solvy (feminine genitive singular)
solva (genitive neuter singular)
solvu (dative masculine singular)
solvě (dative feminine singular)
solvu (dative neuter singular)
solvъ (accusative masculine singular)
solvǫ (accusative feminine singular)
solvo (accusative neuter singular)
solvomь (instrumental masculine singular)
solvojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
solvomь (instrumental neuter singular)
solvě (locative masculine singular)
solvě (feminine locative singular)
solvě (locative neuter singular)
solve (masculine singular vocative)
solvo (feminine singular vocative)
solvo (neuter singular vocative)
solva (dual masculine nominative)
solvě (dual feminine nominative)
solvě (dual neuter nominative)
solvu (dual genitive masculine)
solvu (dual feminine genitive)
solvu (dual genitive neuter)
solvoma (dative dual masculine)
solvama (dative dual feminine)
solvoma (dative dual neuter)
solva (accusative dual masculine)
solvě (accusative dual feminine)
solvě (accusative dual neuter)
solvoma (dual instrumental masculine)
solvama (dual feminine instrumental)
solvoma (dual instrumental neuter)
solvu (dual locative masculine)
solvu (dual feminine locative)
solvu (dual locative neuter)
solva (dual masculine vocative)
solvě (dual feminine vocative)
solvě (dual neuter vocative)
solvi (masculine nominative plural)
solvy (feminine nominative plural)
solva (neuter nominative plural)
solvъ (genitive masculine plural)
solvъ (feminine genitive plural)
solvъ (genitive neuter plural)
solvomъ (dative masculine plural)
solvamъ (dative feminine plural)
solvomъ (dative neuter plural)
solvy (accusative masculine plural)
solvy (accusative feminine plural)
solva (accusative neuter plural)
solvy (instrumental masculine plural)
solvami (feminine instrumental plural)
solvy (instrumental neuter plural)
solvěxъ (locative masculine plural)
solvaxъ (feminine locative plural)
solvěxъ (locative neuter plural)
solvi (masculine plural vocative)
solvy (feminine plural vocative)
solva (neuter plural vocative)
solvъjь (masculine nominative singular)
solvaja (feminine nominative singular)
solvoje (neuter nominative singular)
solvajego (genitive masculine singular)
solvyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
solvajego (genitive neuter singular)
solvujemu (dative masculine singular)
solvěji (dative feminine singular)
solvujemu (dative neuter singular)
solvъjь (accusative masculine singular)
solvǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
solvoje (accusative neuter singular)
solvyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
solvǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
solvyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
solvějemь (locative masculine singular)
solvěji (feminine locative singular)
solvějemь (locative neuter singular)
solvъjь (masculine singular vocative)
solvaja (feminine singular vocative)
solvoje (neuter singular vocative)
solvaja (dual masculine nominative)
solvěji (dual feminine nominative)
solvěji (dual neuter nominative)
solvuju (dual genitive masculine)
solvuju (dual feminine genitive)
solvuju (dual genitive neuter)
solvyjima (dative dual masculine)
solvyjima (dative dual feminine)
solvyjima (dative dual neuter)
solvaja (accusative dual masculine)
solvěji (accusative dual feminine)
solvěji (accusative dual neuter)
solvyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
solvyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
solvyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
solvuju (dual locative masculine)
solvuju (dual feminine locative)
solvuju (dual locative neuter)
solvaja (dual masculine vocative)
solvěji (dual feminine vocative)
solvěji (dual neuter vocative)
solviji (masculine nominative plural)
solvyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
solvaja (neuter nominative plural)
solvъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
solvъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
solvъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
solvyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
solvyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
solvyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
solvyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
solvyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
solvaja (accusative neuter plural)
solvyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
solvyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
solvyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
solvyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
solvyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
solvyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
solviji (masculine plural vocative)
solvyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
solvaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: соловъ (solovŭ, “light red color with white tail and mane (about horses)”)

Old Ruthenian: соло́вый (solóvyj, “bay (hair coat color of horses)”)

Ukrainian: соло́вий (solóvyj, “yellowish-grey”)

Russian: соло́вый (solóvyj, “light bay”), солово́й (solovój, “yellowish-grey”)

Old Novgorodian: солове (solove)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

⇒ Russian Church Slavonic: славоочиѥ (slavoočije, “blue-gray (of eyes)”)

From Proto-Indo-European *solHwos. Indo-European cognates include Old High German salwo (“dirty yellow”), Old Irish salach (“dirty”).

solviti

grow dim (of the eyes); become lethargic, sleepy


solpъ

sȏlpъ (canonical masculine)
sȏlpъ (nominative singular)
sȏlpa (dual nominative)
sȏlpi (nominative plural)
sȏlpa (genitive singular)
solpù (dual genitive)
sõlpъ (genitive plural)
sȏlpu (dative singular)
solpomà (dative dual)
solpòmъ (dative plural)
sȏlpъ (accusative singular)
sȏlpa (accusative dual)
sȏlpy (accusative plural)
sȏlpъmь (instrumental singular)
sȏlpomь (instrumental singular)
solpomà (dual instrumental)
solpý (instrumental plural)
sȏlpě (locative singular)
solpù (dual locative)
solpě̃xъ (locative plural)
solpe (singular vocative)
sȏlpa (dual vocative)
sȏlpi (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: слапъ (slapŭ, “torrent”)

Bulgarian: слап (slap, “wave”), слап (slap, “slant, tilt”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сла̑п

Latin script: slȃp

Slovene: slȃp (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: slap

Slovak: slap

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *salpás, probably from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to flow, to slide, to thrust”). Cognate with Lithuanian sal̃pas (“river cove, creek, backwater”), salpà (“flood-land, river cove, creek, backwater”). Possibly more distantly akin to Old Prussian salus (“downpour”).

cog

(rare) tilt, slant (in dialectal Bulgarian)

→ waterfall


solna

solnà (canonical feminine)
sōlnà (nominative singular)
sõlně (dual nominative)
sōlnỳ (nominative plural)
sōlnỳ (genitive singular)
sōlnù (dual genitive)
sõlnъ (genitive plural)
sōlně̀ (dative singular)
sōlnàma (dative dual)
sōlnàmъ (dative plural)
sōlnǫ̀ (accusative singular)
sõlně (accusative dual)
sōlnỳ (accusative plural)
sōlnòjǫ (instrumental singular)
sõlnǫ (instrumental singular)
sōlnàma (dual instrumental)
sōlnàmī (instrumental plural)
sōlně̀ (locative singular)
sōlnù (dual locative)
sōlnàsъ (locative plural)
sōlnàxъ (locative plural)
solno (singular vocative)
sõlně (dual vocative)
sōlnỳ (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: слана (slana)

unspecified script:

Bulgarian: слана́ (slaná)

Macedonian: слана (slana)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сла́на

Latin script: slána

Slovene: slána (tonal orthography)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śalˀnā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolH-n-eh₂. Cognate with Latvian sal̂na (“light frost”), Latgalian solna (“light frost”), Lithuanian šalnà (“light frost”), Proto-Germanic *hehlǭ.


soxa

soxà (canonical feminine)
soxà (nominative singular)
sȍśě (dual nominative)
sȍxy (nominative plural)
soxý (genitive singular)
soxù (dual genitive)
sòxъ (genitive plural)
sośě̀ (dative singular)
soxàma (dative dual)
soxàmъ (dative plural)
sȍxǫ (accusative singular)
sȍśě (accusative dual)
sȍxy (accusative plural)
soxojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
soxàma (dual instrumental)
soxàmi (instrumental plural)
sȍśě (locative singular)
soxù (dual locative)
soxàsъ (locative plural)
soxàxъ (locative plural)
soxo (singular vocative)
sȍśě (dual vocative)
sȍxy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: соха (soxa)

Belarusian: саха́ (saxá)

Russian: соха́ (soxá)

Ukrainian: соха́ (soxá)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: соха́ (sohá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̀ха

Latin script: sòha

Slovene: sóhа (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: socha

Czech: socha

Moravian (Mistřice): socha

Old Polish: socha

Polish: socha

Old Slovak: socha

Slovak: socha

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: socha

Upper Sorbian: socha

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śokˀāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱokh₂-. Cognates within Baltic include Latvian sakas pl (“collar”), čaka (“stick”), Lithuanian šakà, šãkė (“branch”). Further related to Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Sanskrit शाखा (śākhā, “branch”). The Slavic *-x- is typically explained as result of spirantization of PIE *-kh₂-. Compare however Russian осо́ка (osóka, “sedge”), possibly from the same root.
Additionally reminiscent of Proto-Germanic *sahsą (“stone, knife”), Latin saxum (“stone”) from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) (whence Proto-Slavic *sěčivo (“edge tool”)).


krivьda

krìvьda (nominative singular)
krìvьdě (dual nominative)
krìvьdy (nominative plural)
krìvьdy (genitive singular)
krìvьdu (dual genitive)
krìvьdъ (genitive plural)
krìvьdě (dative singular)
krìvьdama (dative dual)
krìvьdamъ (dative plural)
krìvьdǫ (accusative singular)
krìvьdě (accusative dual)
krìvьdy (accusative plural)
krìvьdojǫ (instrumental singular)
krìvьdǭ (instrumental singular)
krìvьdama (dual instrumental)
krìvьdamī (instrumental plural)
krìvьdě (locative singular)
krìvьdu (dual locative)
krìvьdasъ (locative plural)
krìvьdaxъ (locative plural)
krìvьdo (singular vocative)
krìvьdě (dual vocative)
krìvьdy (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: кривьда (krivĭda)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кривьда (krivĭda)

desc

Belarusian: крыўда (kryŭda, “falsehood”)

Russian: кри́вда (krívda, “falsehood”)

Middle Ukrainian: кривда (kryvda)

Ukrainian: кри́вда (krývda, “falsehood”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кривьда (krivĭda)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⰹⰲⱐⰴⰰ (krivĭda)

Bulgarian: кри́вда (krívda)

Macedonian: кривда (krivda)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кри̑вда

Latin script: krȋvda

Slovene: krȋvda (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: křivda

Czech: křivda

Old Polish: krzywda

Polish: krzywda

Silesian: krziwda

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: krziwda

Slovak: krivda

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kśiwda

Upper Sorbian: křiwda

From *kriviti + *-ьda, from *krivъ + *-iti.


badli

badli (nominative singular)
badlьji (dual nominative)
badlьję̇ (nominative plural)
badlьję̇ (genitive singular)
badlьju (dual genitive)
badlьjь (genitive plural)
badlьji (dative singular)
badlьjama (dative dual)
badlьjamъ (dative plural)
badlьjǫ (accusative singular)
badlьji (accusative dual)
badlьję̇ (accusative plural)
badlьjejǫ (instrumental singular)
badlьjǫ (instrumental singular)
badlьjama (dual instrumental)
badlьjami (instrumental plural)
badlьji (locative singular)
badlьju (dual locative)
badlьjasъ (locative plural)
badlьjaxъ (locative plural)
badlьje (singular vocative)
badlьji (dual vocative)
badlьję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: балии (balii), балиꙗ (balija, “physician, enchanter”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: балии (balii), бали (bali, “physician”)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰰⰾⰻⰻ (balii), ⰱⰰⰾⰻ (bali)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bāˀdlis, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂dʰlis, from *bʰéh₂ti.


badlovati

badlovanьje (noun-from-verb)
badlovati (infinitive)
badlovatъ (supine)
badlovalъ (l-participle)
badlovanъ (participle passive past)
badlujemъ (participle passive present)
badlovavъ (active participle past)
badluję (active participle present)
badlovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
badlova (aorist second-person singular)
badlova (aorist singular third-person)
badlujǫ (first-person present singular)
badluješi (present second-person singular)
badlujetь (present singular third-person)
badlovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
badlovasta (aorist dual second-person)
badlovaste (aorist dual third-person)
badlujevě (dual first-person present)
badlujeta (dual present second-person)
badlujete (dual present third-person)
badlovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
badlovaste (aorist plural second-person)
badlovašę (aorist plural third-person)
badlujemъ (first-person plural present)
badlujete (plural present second-person)
badlujǫtь (plural present third-person)
badlovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
badlovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
badlovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
badluji (imperative second-person singular)
badluji (imperative singular third-person)
badlovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
badlovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
badlovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
badlujivě (dual first-person imperative)
badlujita (dual imperative second-person)
badlovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
badlovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
badlovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
badlujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
badlujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: балава́ць (balavácʹ)

Russian: балова́ть (balovátʹ)

Ukrainian: балува́ти (baluváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: убаловати (ubalovati)

Bulgarian: бало́вам (balóvam) (dialectal)

Slovene: balováti

West Slavic:

Slovak: balovac (dialectal)


basnь

bàsnь (canonical feminine)
*bàsňa (alternative)
*basma (alternative)
bàsnь (nominative singular)
bàsni (dual nominative)
bàsni (nominative plural)
bàsnī (genitive singular)
bàsnьju (dual genitive)
bàsnьjь (genitive plural)
bàsni (dative singular)
bàsnьma (dative dual)
bàsnьmъ (dative plural)
bàsnь (accusative singular)
bàsni (accusative dual)
bàsni (accusative plural)
bàsnьjǫ (instrumental singular)
bàsnьma (dual instrumental)
bàsnьmī (instrumental plural)
bàsnī (locative singular)
bàsnьju (dual locative)
bàsnьxъ (locative plural)
basni (singular vocative)
bàsni (dual vocative)
bàsni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: баснь (basnʹ) (archaic), ба́сня (básnja)

Ukrainian: ба́сні (básni)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: баснь (basnĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰰⱄⱀⱐ (basnĭ)

Bulgarian: ба́сня (básnja), ба́сница (básnica)

Macedonian: басна (basna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̏сна

Latin script: bȁsna

Slovene: bȃsen (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: básn

Czech: báseň

Old Polish: baśń
Polish: baśń

Slovak: báseň

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: basń

Upper Sorbian: basń, basnica

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: basm

Action noun of *bati, *bajati (“to tell, to narate”) + *-snь, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak, to tell”). Akin to Latin fābula (“narative”), Proto-Germanic *bōniz (“prayer”) and formally related to Ancient Greek φάσμα (phásma, “apparition, phantom”) (from another meaning of the same PIE root).

cog

tale, poem, fable (succinct instructive story)


bel(e)niti

belniti (canonical)
belňenьje (noun-from-verb)
beleňenьje (noun-from-verb)
belniti (infinitive)
beleniti (infinitive)
belnitъ (supine)
belenitъ (supine)
belnilъ (l-participle)
belenilъ (l-participle)
belňenъ (participle passive past)
beleňenъ (participle passive past)
belnimъ (participle passive present)
belenimъ (participle passive present)
belňь (active participle past)
beleňь (active participle past)
belnę (active participle present)
belenę (active participle present)
belnixъ (aorist first-person singular)
belenixъ (aorist first-person singular)
belni (aorist second-person singular)
beleni (aorist second-person singular)
belni (aorist singular third-person)
beleni (aorist singular third-person)
belňǫ (first-person present singular)
beleňǫ (first-person present singular)
belniši (present second-person singular)
beleniši (present second-person singular)
belnitь (present singular third-person)
belenitь (present singular third-person)
belnixově (aorist dual first-person)
belenixově (aorist dual first-person)
belnista (aorist dual second-person)
belenista (aorist dual second-person)
belniste (aorist dual third-person)
beleniste (aorist dual third-person)
belnivě (dual first-person present)
belenivě (dual first-person present)
belnita (dual present second-person)
belenita (dual present second-person)
belnite (dual present third-person)
belenite (dual present third-person)
belnixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
belenixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
belniste (aorist plural second-person)
beleniste (aorist plural second-person)
belnišę (aorist plural third-person)
belenišę (aorist plural third-person)
belnimъ (first-person plural present)
belenimъ (first-person plural present)
belnite (plural present second-person)
belenite (plural present second-person)
belnętь (plural present third-person)
belenętь (plural present third-person)
belňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
beleňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
belňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
beleňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
belňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
beleňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
belni (imperative second-person singular)
beleni (imperative second-person singular)
belni (imperative singular third-person)
beleni (imperative singular third-person)
belňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
beleňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
belňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
beleňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
belňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
beleňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
belnivě (dual first-person imperative)
belenivě (dual first-person imperative)
belnita (dual imperative second-person)
belenita (dual imperative second-person)
belňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
beleňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
belňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
beleňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
belňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
beleňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
belnimъ (first-person imperative plural)
belenimъ (first-person imperative plural)
belnite (imperative plural second-person)
belenite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

узбелени́ться

Russian: узбелени́ться (uzbelenítʹsja, “to become infuriated”) (dialectal), болони́ть (bolonítʹ, “to pester bore”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: блену́вам (blenúvam, “to be poisoned by henbane, day-dream”)

Macedonian: бленува (blenuva, “to dream”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бла́нити (“to go crazy, rage”)

Latin script: blániti

Slovene: blencáti (“to talk in ones sleep, rave, chatter”), belendáti (“rave, phantasize”) (from Hungarian)

West Slavic:

Czech: blenovati (“to chatter”)


pręslo

pręslo (nominative singular)
pręslě (dual nominative)
pręsla (nominative plural)
pręsla (genitive singular)
pręslu (dual genitive)
pręslъ (genitive plural)
pręslu (dative singular)
pręsloma (dative dual)
pręslomъ (dative plural)
pręslo (accusative singular)
pręslě (accusative dual)
pręsla (accusative plural)
pręslъmь (instrumental singular)
pręslomь (instrumental singular)
pręsloma (dual instrumental)
pręsly (instrumental plural)
pręslě (locative singular)
pręslu (dual locative)
pręslěxъ (locative plural)
pręslo (singular vocative)
pręslě (dual vocative)
pręsla (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: прѧсло (pręslo) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: прѧсло (pręslo)

Russian: пря́сло (prjáslo)

Ukrainian: пря́сло (prjáslo)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пре̏слица

Latin script: prȅslica

Slovene: prẹ́slo, prẹ́slica, preslica

West Slavic:

Czech: přáslo, přeslice

Polish: przęsło

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: přaslen

From *pręsti (“to spin”) + *-slo. Cognate with Latvian sprieslis, Old English sprindel.