-atъ

-àtъ (canonical)
-atъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ata (feminine nominative singular)
-ato (neuter nominative singular)
-ata (genitive masculine singular)
-aty (feminine genitive singular)
-ata (genitive neuter singular)
-atu (dative masculine singular)
-atě (dative feminine singular)
-atu (dative neuter singular)
-atъ (accusative masculine singular)
-atǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ato (accusative neuter singular)
-atomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-atojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-atomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-atě (locative masculine singular)
-atě (feminine locative singular)
-atě (locative neuter singular)
-ate (masculine singular vocative)
-ato (feminine singular vocative)
-ato (neuter singular vocative)
-ata (dual masculine nominative)
-atě (dual feminine nominative)
-atě (dual neuter nominative)
-atu (dual genitive masculine)
-atu (dual feminine genitive)
-atu (dual genitive neuter)
-atoma (dative dual masculine)
-atama (dative dual feminine)
-atoma (dative dual neuter)
-ata (accusative dual masculine)
-atě (accusative dual feminine)
-atě (accusative dual neuter)
-atoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-atama (dual feminine instrumental)
-atoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-atu (dual locative masculine)
-atu (dual feminine locative)
-atu (dual locative neuter)
-ata (dual masculine vocative)
-atě (dual feminine vocative)
-atě (dual neuter vocative)
-ati (masculine nominative plural)
-aty (feminine nominative plural)
-ata (neuter nominative plural)
-atъ (genitive masculine plural)
-atъ (feminine genitive plural)
-atъ (genitive neuter plural)
-atomъ (dative masculine plural)
-atamъ (dative feminine plural)
-atomъ (dative neuter plural)
-aty (accusative masculine plural)
-aty (accusative feminine plural)
-ata (accusative neuter plural)
-aty (instrumental masculine plural)
-atami (feminine instrumental plural)
-aty (instrumental neuter plural)
-atěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ataxъ (feminine locative plural)
-atěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ati (masculine plural vocative)
-aty (feminine plural vocative)
-ata (neuter plural vocative)
-atъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ataja (feminine nominative singular)
-atoje (neuter nominative singular)
-atajego (genitive masculine singular)
-atyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-atajego (genitive neuter singular)
-atujemu (dative masculine singular)
-atěji (dative feminine singular)
-atujemu (dative neuter singular)
-atъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-atoje (accusative neuter singular)
-atyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-atyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-atějemь (locative masculine singular)
-atěji (feminine locative singular)
-atějemь (locative neuter singular)
-atъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ataja (feminine singular vocative)
-atoje (neuter singular vocative)
-ataja (dual masculine nominative)
-atěji (dual feminine nominative)
-atěji (dual neuter nominative)
-atuju (dual genitive masculine)
-atuju (dual feminine genitive)
-atuju (dual genitive neuter)
-atyjima (dative dual masculine)
-atyjima (dative dual feminine)
-atyjima (dative dual neuter)
-ataja (accusative dual masculine)
-atěji (accusative dual feminine)
-atěji (accusative dual neuter)
-atyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-atyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-atyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-atuju (dual locative masculine)
-atuju (dual feminine locative)
-atuju (dual locative neuter)
-ataja (dual masculine vocative)
-atěji (dual feminine vocative)
-atěji (dual neuter vocative)
-atiji (masculine nominative plural)
-atyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ataja (neuter nominative plural)
-atъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-atъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-atъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-atyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ataja (accusative neuter plural)
-atyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-atyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-atyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-atyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-atyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-atyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-atiji (masculine plural vocative)
-atyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ataja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -атъ (-atŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -атый (-atyj)

Belarusian: -а́ты (-áty)

Ukrainian: -а́тий (-átyj)

Russian: -а́тый (-átyj)

Old Novgorodian: -ате (-ate)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -а́т (-át)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ат

Latin script: -at

Slovene: -àt

West Slavic:

Czech: -atý

Polish: -aty

Slovak: -atý

Slovincian: -aty

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -aty

Lower Sorbian: -aty

bȏgъ (“wealth, share; god”) → *bogàtъ (“wealthy”)

mǫžь (“man”) → *(vъz)mǫžàtъ (“masculine, manly”)

From agents, creates adjectives denoting a property or characteristic, usually with hyperbolic connotation

kostь (“bone”) → *kostàtъ (“having prominent bones, bony”)

dȇrvo (“wood; tree”) → *dervàtъ (“abounding in trees, woody”)

ȃje (“egg”) → *ajàtъ (“ovate, egg-shaped”)

krьstъ (“crucifix”) → *krьstàtъ (“cross, transverse”)

From objects, creates adjectives denoting a characteristic or shape

bordà (“beard”) → *bordàtъ (“bearded”)

čelò (“forehead”) → *čelàtъ (“having large/prominent forehead”)

usta (“mouth”) → *ustàtъ (“having big mouth; figr. chatty, garrulous”)

uxo (“ear”) → *ušàtъ (“having prominent ears”)

From body parts, creates adjectives referring to the respective part

glupъ (“dumb, stupid”) → *glupovàtъ (“simple-minded”)
ostrъ (“acute, sharp”) → *ostrovàtъ (“pointy, relatively sharp”)

grozьnъ (“ugly, terrible”) → *grozьnovàtъ (“unpleasant, bad-tempered”)
pьlnъ (“full”) → *pьlnovàtъ (“tending towards fullness, relatively full”)

lьgъkъ (“light, not heavy”) → *lьgъkovàtъ (“lightweight, relatively light”)
mękъkъ (“soft”) → *mękъkovàtъ (“softish, relatively soft”)

From adjectives extended with *-ovъ, creates approximative doublets of the original adjective (somewhat like -ish in English). Equivalent to *-ovàtъ


ordlo

òrdlo (canonical neuter)
òrdlo (nominative singular)
òrdlě (dual nominative)
òrdla (nominative plural)
òrdla (genitive singular)
òrdlu (dual genitive)
òrdlъ (genitive plural)
òrdlu (dative singular)
òrdloma (dative dual)
òrdlomъ (dative plural)
òrdlo (accusative singular)
òrdlě (accusative dual)
òrdla (accusative plural)
òrdlъmь (instrumental singular)
òrdlomь (instrumental singular)
òrdloma (dual instrumental)
òrdlȳ (instrumental plural)
òrdlě (locative singular)
òrdlu (dual locative)
òrdlě̄xъ (locative plural)
òrdlo (singular vocative)
òrdlě (dual vocative)
òrdla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рало (ralo)

Belarusian: ра́ла (rála)

Russian: ра́ло (rálo)

Ukrainian: ра́ло (rálo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: рало (ralo)

Glagolitic: ⱃⰰⰾⱁ (ralo)

Bulgarian: ра́ло (rálo)

Macedonian: рало (ralo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̏ло

Latin script: rȁlo

Slovene: rálo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rádlo

Czech: rádlo

Polabian: rådlü, radlü

Polish: radło

Slovak: radlo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: redło

Slovincian: redlô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: radło

Upper Sorbian: radło

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *árˀtla, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃dʰlom. Equivalent to *orti + *-dlo.


-ьca

-ьca (nominative singular)
-ьci (dual nominative)
-ьcę̇ (nominative plural)
-ьcę̇ (genitive singular)
-ьcu (dual genitive)
-ьcь (genitive plural)
-ьci (dative singular)
-ьcama (dative dual)
-ьcamъ (dative plural)
-ьcǫ (accusative singular)
-ьci (accusative dual)
-ьcę̇ (accusative plural)
-ьcejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcama (dual instrumental)
-ьcami (instrumental plural)
-ьci (locative singular)
-ьcu (dual locative)
-ьcasъ (locative plural)
-ьcaxъ (locative plural)
-ьce (singular vocative)
-ьci (dual vocative)
-ьcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Belarusian: -ца (-ca)

Russian: -ца (-ca)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ця (-cja)

Ukrainian: -ця́ (-cjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⱌⰰ (-ĭca)

Bulgarian: -ца́ (-cá)

Macedonian: -ца (-ca)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ца

Latin script: -ca

Slovene: -ca

West Slavic:

Czech: -ce

desctree

Old Polish: -ca
Polish: -ca
Silesian: -ca

Slovak: -ca

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ca

Upper Sorbian: -ca

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ca

Slovincian: -ca

From earlier *-ьka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ikāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-keh₂.

myšь (“mouse”) → *myšьca (“a small mouse; muscle”)

vьrvь (“rope”) → *vьrvьca (“cord, string”)

ubiti (“to kill”) → *ubьjьca (“killer”)

ědti > *ěsti (“to eat”) → *ědьca (“eater”)

Deverbal (from the stem), forms agent nouns.

ovьca (“sheep”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from.


-ъkъ

-ъkъ (nominative singular)
-ъka (dual nominative)
-ъci (nominative plural)
-ъka (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъku (dative singular)
-ъkoma (dative dual)
-ъkomъ (dative plural)
-ъkъ (accusative singular)
-ъka (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental singular)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental)
-ъky (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъcěxъ (locative plural)
-ъče (singular vocative)
-ъka (dual vocative)
-ъci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Belarusian: -ок (-ok), -ак (-ak)

Russian: -ок (-ok)

Ukrainian: -ок (-ok)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏⰽⱏ (-ŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: -ък (-ǎk)

Macedonian: -ок (-ok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

Slovene: -ek

West Slavic:

Czech: -ek

Old Polish: -ek

Slovak: -ok

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -k

Slovincian: -k

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -k

Lower Sorbian: -k

Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property. Compare Proto-Iranian *-akah and Sanskrit -अक (-aka) formed in the same way.

listъ (“leaf”) → *listъkъ (“leaflet, a small leaf”)

synъ (“son”) → *synъkъ (“boy, little son”)

bebrъ (“beaver”) → *bebrъkъ (“small beaver”)

medъ (“honey”) → *medъkъ (“honey product”)

pętъ (“fifth”) → *pętъkъ (“Friday”)

četvьrtъ (“fourth”) → *četvьrtъkъ (“Thursday”)

bělъ (“white”) → *bělъkъ (“albumen”)

žьltъ (“yellow”) → *žьltъkъ (“yolk”)

okrǫžьnъ (“circumferential”) → *krǫžьkъ (“circle, shape with circular form”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)

pěsъkъ (“sand”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from

dobyti (“to extract”) → *dobytъ → *dobytъkъ (“stock”)

dati (“to give”) → *datъ → *datъkъ (“yield”)

zaperti (“to expire”) → *zapьrtъ → *zapъrtъkъ (“addle egg”)

začęti (“to conceive”) → *začętъ → *začętъkъ (“embryo, germ”)

Deverbal from the past participle in *-tъ, forms resultant nouns of the specified action

pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)

do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)

Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action

kyvati (“to knock, to hew”) → *kyvъkъ (“nod”)

telťì (“to shove, to pound”) → *tьlčьkъ (“push, impulse”)

mazati (“to anoint, to spread oil/paint”) → *mazъkъ (“dab, smear”)

glъtati (“to swallow”) → *glъtъkъ (“gulp”)

Deverbal, forms an instance of the specified action

strěľati (“to knock, to hew”) → *strělъkъ (“shooter”)

skrebti (“to scrape”) → *skrebъkъ (“scraper”)

gǫděti (“to buzz, to honk”) → *gǫdъkъ (“horn, buzzer”)

pьlzti (“to craw”) → dial. *pьlžьkъ (“slug”)

Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er

perdъ (“in front”) → *perdъkъ (“ancestor”)

po + *tomь (“later on, over there”) → *potomъkъ (“descendant”)

From propositions, forms an instance of the specified action


-ъkъ

*-ьkъ (alternative)
-ъkъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ъka (feminine nominative singular)
-ъko (neuter nominative singular)
-ъka (genitive masculine singular)
-ъky (feminine genitive singular)
-ъka (genitive neuter singular)
-ъku (dative masculine singular)
-ъcě (dative feminine singular)
-ъku (dative neuter singular)
-ъkъ (accusative masculine singular)
-ъkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ъko (accusative neuter singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ъkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ъcě (locative masculine singular)
-ъcě (feminine locative singular)
-ъcě (locative neuter singular)
-ъče (masculine singular vocative)
-ъko (feminine singular vocative)
-ъko (neuter singular vocative)
-ъka (dual masculine nominative)
-ъcě (dual feminine nominative)
-ъcě (dual neuter nominative)
-ъku (dual genitive masculine)
-ъku (dual feminine genitive)
-ъku (dual genitive neuter)
-ъkoma (dative dual masculine)
-ъkama (dative dual feminine)
-ъkoma (dative dual neuter)
-ъka (accusative dual masculine)
-ъcě (accusative dual feminine)
-ъcě (accusative dual neuter)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-ъkama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ъku (dual locative masculine)
-ъku (dual feminine locative)
-ъku (dual locative neuter)
-ъka (dual masculine vocative)
-ъcě (dual feminine vocative)
-ъcě (dual neuter vocative)
-ъci (masculine nominative plural)
-ъky (feminine nominative plural)
-ъka (neuter nominative plural)
-ъkъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ъkъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ъkъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ъkomъ (dative masculine plural)
-ъkamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ъkomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ъky (accusative masculine plural)
-ъky (accusative feminine plural)
-ъka (accusative neuter plural)
-ъky (instrumental masculine plural)
-ъkami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ъky (instrumental neuter plural)
-ъcěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ъkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ъcěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ъci (masculine plural vocative)
-ъky (feminine plural vocative)
-ъka (neuter plural vocative)
-ъkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ъkaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ъkoje (neuter nominative singular)
-ъkajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ъkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ъkajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ъkujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ъcěji (dative feminine singular)
-ъkujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ъkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ъkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ъkoje (accusative neuter singular)
-ъkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ъkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ъkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ъcějemь (locative masculine singular)
-ъcěji (feminine locative singular)
-ъcějemь (locative neuter singular)
-ъkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ъkaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ъkoje (neuter singular vocative)
-ъkaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ъcěji (dual feminine nominative)
-ъcěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ъkuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ъkuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ъkuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ъkyjima (dative dual masculine)
-ъkyjima (dative dual feminine)
-ъkyjima (dative dual neuter)
-ъkaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ъcěji (accusative dual feminine)
-ъcěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ъkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ъkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ъkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ъkuju (dual locative masculine)
-ъkuju (dual feminine locative)
-ъkuju (dual locative neuter)
-ъkaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ъcěji (dual feminine vocative)
-ъcěji (dual neuter vocative)
-ъciji (masculine nominative plural)
-ъkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ъkaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ъkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ъkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ъkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ъkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ъkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ъkaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ъkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ъkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ъkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ъkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ъkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ъkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ъciji (masculine plural vocative)
-ъkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ъkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: -кі (-ki)

Russian: -кий (-kij)

Ukrainian: -кий (-kyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏⰽⱏ (-ŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: -ък (-ǎk)

Macedonian: -ок (-ok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

West Slavic:

Czech: -ký

Polish: -ki

Slovak: -ky

Adjectival suffix with analogical origin as the nominal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz (when appended to u-stems) and Proto-Germanic *-agaz (to o-stems).
In rare case, both the original u-stem form (reanalyzed as an o-stem) and the extended *-ъkъ are attested: e.g. Old Church Slavonic крѣпъ (krěpŭ) : крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ).

kortъ (“piece, bit”) → *kortъkъ (“short”)

nizъ (“down, below”) → *nizъkъ (“nether, low”)

slizъ (“slime”) → *slizъkъ (“slippery”)

goře(stь) (“sorrow, woe, tribulation”) → *gorьkъ (“bitter”)

tęžе(stь) (“weight”) → *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)

From nouns or adverbs, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y

plyti (“to float”) → *plytъ (“sunk”) → *plytъkъ (“shallow”)

pry(g)ti (“to spring, to jump”) → *prytъ (“sprung”) → *prytъkъ (“agile, nimble”)

viti (“to curve, to wind”) → *vitъ (“curved”) → *vitъkъ (“curvу, twisty”)

biti (“to beat, to fight”) → *bitъ (“beaten”) → *bitъkъ (“feisty, military”)

Deverbial from the past participle, forms adjectives which approximate the meaning of the participle: -ly (rare)

gladъ → *gladъkъ (“smooth, plain”)

dьrzъ → *dьrzъkъ (“daring, bald”)

krěpъ → *krěpъkъ (“solid, firm”)

krěxъ → *krěxъkъ (“soft, mild”)

lьgъ → *lьgъkъ (“light”)

mělъ → *mělъkъ (“small, finely ground”)

tьnъ → *tьnъkъ (“thin”)

(Extension) From former u-stem adjective (some of them surviving as re-analyzed o-stems), forms their doublets


-ъka

*-jьka (alternative)
-ъka (nominative singular)
-ъcě (dual nominative)
-ъky (nominative plural)
-ъky (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъcě (dative singular)
-ъkama (dative dual)
-ъkamъ (dative plural)
-ъkǫ (accusative singular)
-ъcě (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkama (dual instrumental)
-ъkami (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъkasъ (locative plural)
-ъkaxъ (locative plural)
-ъko (singular vocative)
-ъcě (dual vocative)
-ъky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Old Ruthenian: -ка (-ka)

Belarusian: -ка (-ka)

Ukrainian: -ка (-ka)

Russian: -ка (-ka)

Solombala English: -ка (-ka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Glagolitic: -ⱏⰽⰰ (-ŭka)

Bulgarian: -ка (-ka)

Macedonian: -ка (-ka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ка

Latin script: -ka

Slovene: -ka

West Slavic:

Czech: -ka

Polish: -ka

Polabian: -kă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ka

Slovincian: -ka

Slovak: -ka

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ka

Lower Sorbian: -ka

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ
Proto-Slavic *-ъka
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ, from extended version of Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂, appended to thematic roots. The suffix could be attached to any stem (o-, u-, i-, or consonant). Cognate with Sanskrit -क (-ka).

etymon

, *-ъlа (with additional derogatory flair)

mati (“mother”) + *-ъka → *matьka (“mommy”)

teta (“aunt”) + *-ъka → *tetъka (“auntie”)

gora (“mountain”) + *-ъka → *gorъka (“small mountain, hill”)

pǫpъ (“belly button”) + *-ъka → *pǫpъka (“pimple”)

kotъ (“cat”) + *-ъka → *kotъka (“young cat”)

bylьje (“herb plant, medicine”) + *-ъka → *bylьka (“herb”)

lъga (“oval tool”) + *-ъka → *lyžьka (“spoon”) (along with *lъžica)

vidla (“pitchfork”) + *-ъka → *vidlъka (“fork”) (along with *vidlica)

pala (“stake, pole”) + *-ъka → *palъka (“cane, stick”) (along with *palica)

bělъ (“white”) + *-ъka → *bělъka (“something or somebody white”)

čьrnъ (“black”) + *-ъka → *čьrnъka (“something or somebody black”)

bolь (“painful”) + *-ъka → *bolъka (“acute pain”)

polъ (“half”) + *-ъka → *polъka (“one half; type of dance”)

-měrъ (“considerable, great”) + *-ъka → *měrъka (“measure, estimate”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property.

prositi (“to ask, to beg”) + *-ъka → *prošьka (“remission, pardon”)

dojiti (“to nurse, to give milk”) + *-ъka → *dojьka (“breast, wet-nurse”)

krojiti (“to cut, to shape”) + *-ъka → *krojьka (“embroidery, needlework”)

brojiti (“to count”) + *-ъka → *brojьka (“account, number”)

bьrati (“to gather, to pick”) + *-ъka → *sъbirъka (“gathering, assemblage”)

pьrati (“to propel”) + *-ъka → *perъka (“fin, propeller, vane (of a machine)”)

svirati (“to play a music instrument”) + *-ъka → *svirъka (“flute”)

Deverbal, denoting a (feminine) agent or a tool performing the specified action or a result from the action.

dъva (“two”) + *-ъka → *dvojьka (“pair”)

trьje (“three”) + *-ъka → *trojьka (“triple”)

četyre (“four”) + *-ъka → *četvorъka (“set of four”)

pętь (“five”) + *-ъka → *pętorъka (“set of five”)

desętь (“ten”) + *-ъka → *desętъka (“decade”)

From numerals, denoting a set of the respective number. For numerals between 4 and 8, the supplementary *-orъ is affixed.


-ťь

-ťь (nominative singular)
-ťi (dual nominative)
-ťi (nominative plural)
-ťi (genitive singular)
-ťьju (dual genitive)
-ťьjь (genitive plural)
-ťi (dative singular)
-ťьma (dative dual)
-ťьmъ (dative plural)
-ťь (accusative singular)
-ťi (accusative dual)
-ťi (accusative plural)
-ťьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ťьma (dual instrumental)
-ťьmi (instrumental plural)
-ťi (locative singular)
-ťьju (dual locative)
-ťьxъ (locative plural)
-ťi (singular vocative)
-ťi (dual vocative)
-ťi (plural vocative)

(when the verbal root ends in velar consonant) Alternative form of *-tь


-tva

-tva (nominative singular)
-tvě (dual nominative)
-tvy (nominative plural)
-tvy (genitive singular)
-tvu (dual genitive)
-tvъ (genitive plural)
-tvě (dative singular)
-tvama (dative dual)
-tvamъ (dative plural)
-tvǫ (accusative singular)
-tvě (accusative dual)
-tvy (accusative plural)
-tvojǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvama (dual instrumental)
-tvami (instrumental plural)
-tvě (locative singular)
-tvu (dual locative)
-tvasъ (locative plural)
-tvaxъ (locative plural)
-tvo (singular vocative)
-tvě (dual vocative)
-tvy (plural vocative)
*-tьba (alternative)
*-ьba (alternative)
*-tvь (alternative)
*-tvo (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)

Belarusian: -тва (-tva)

Russian: -тва (-tva)

Ukrainian: -тва (-tva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -тва (-tva)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)

Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)

Macedonian: -тва (-tva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -тва

Latin script: -tva

Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -tva, -tba

Polish: -twa

Slovak: -tva

Slovincian: -tva

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -twa

Lower Sorbian: -twa

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tweh₂
Proto-Slavic *-tva
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂. By surface analysis, an a-extension of *-tъ (u-stem). Compare Proto-Germanic *-þwō.
Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà .

pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)

klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)

orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)

modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)

sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)

žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.

briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.


-ežь

-ežь (nominative singular)
-eža (dual nominative)
-eži (nominative plural)
-eža (genitive singular)
-ežu (dual genitive)
-ežь (genitive plural)
-ežu (dative singular)
-ežema (dative dual)
-ežemъ (dative plural)
-ežь (accusative singular)
-eža (accusative dual)
-ežę̇ (accusative plural)
-ežьmь (instrumental singular)
-ežemь (instrumental singular)
-ežema (dual instrumental)
-eži (instrumental plural)
-eži (locative singular)
-ežu (dual locative)
-ežixъ (locative plural)
-ežu (singular vocative)
-eža (dual vocative)
-eži (plural vocative)
*-ěžь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ежь (-ježĭ)

Belarusian: -еж (-jež), -ёж (-jož)

desc

Russian: -ёжь (-jóžʹ), -ёж (-jóž), -еж (-ež)

Ukrainian: -іж (-iž)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -єжь (-ežĭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰵⰶⱐ (-ežĭ)

Bulgarian: -еж (-ež)

Macedonian: -еж (-ež)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -еж

Latin script: -ež

Slovene: -ež

West Slavic:

Czech: -ež

Kashubian: -éż, -éżô, -ża

Polish: -eż

Slovak: -ež

Slovincian: -éż

According to Matasović, the origin of the suffix is unclear. He dismisses an old theory due to Vaillant for borrowing ultimately from Vulgar Latin -āgium, because there are not any loanwords in proto-Slavic which display this suffix.

/mętti/ > *męsti (“to mix”) → *mętežь (“chaos, confusion”)
sluti (“to utter”) → *slovežь (“utterance”)
orsti (“to grow, to rise”) → *orstežь (“growth”)

From verbs ending in -C- */padti/ > *pasti (“to fall”) → *padežь (“fall”)

paliti (“to ignite, to set on fire”) → *paležь (“arson”)

From verbs ending in -i- *grabiti (“to grab, to seize”) → *grabežь (“grabbing”)

čьrtati (“to draw”) → *čьrtežь (“sketch”)

From verbs ending in -a- *drapati (“to scratch”) → *drapežь (“plunder”)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldežь (“youth”)

Deadjectival, forming abstract or agent nouns.


sěťi

c (accent-paradigm)
sěčenьje (noun-from-verb)
sěťi (infinitive)
sěťь (supine)
sěklъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěčenъ (participle passive past)
sěkomъ (participle passive present)
sěkъ (active participle past)
sěky (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěkъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěkoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěče (aorist second-person singular)
sěče (aorist singular third-person)
sěkǫ (first-person present singular)
sěčeši (present second-person singular)
sěčetь (present singular third-person)
sěkově (aorist dual first-person)
sěkoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sěketa (aorist dual second-person)
sěkosta (aorist dual second-person)
sěkete (aorist dual third-person)
sěkoste (aorist dual third-person)
sěčevě (dual first-person present)
sěčeta (dual present second-person)
sěčete (dual present third-person)
sěkomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěkoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěkete (aorist plural second-person)
sěkoste (aorist plural second-person)
sěkǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sěkošę (aorist plural third-person)
sěčemъ (first-person plural present)
sěčete (plural present second-person)
sěkǫtь (plural present third-person)
sěčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sěčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sěčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sěci (imperative second-person singular)
sěci (imperative singular third-person)
sěčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sěčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sěčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sěcěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sěcěta (dual imperative second-person)
sěčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sěčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sěčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sěcěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sěcěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣчи (sěči)

Belarusian: сячы́ (sjačý)

Russian: се́чь (séčʹ)

Ukrainian: сікти́ (siktý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сѣщи (sěšti)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱑⱋⰹ (sěšti)

Bulgarian: сека́ (seká)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏ћи, сје̏ћи

Latin: sȅći, sjȅći

Slovene: sẹ́či (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sieci

Czech: síci, síct

Polabian: sect

Polish: siec

Slovak: sekať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: syc

Lower Sorbian: sec

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sektei, from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), with unexplained -ě-. Cognate with Latin secō (“to cut, to mow”). Explanations for the -ě- vary:
* Rix (LIV) reconstructs an acrodynamic (Narten) present *sēk-. (In the Leiden school view of Derksen and Kortlandt, this would not yield the required acute vowel.)
* Kortlandt asserts that the vowel of *sěkti was lengthened to disambiguate the verb from the root preserved in Lithuanian sèkti (“to watch, to follow”), Proto-Slavic *sočiti (“to pursue, to indicate”) < Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-.
* Derksen notes that the short root vowel is preserved in секыра (sekyra, “axe”).


časъ

čàsъ (canonical masculine)
čàsъ (nominative singular)
čàsa (dual nominative)
čàsi (nominative plural)
čàsa (genitive singular)
čàsu (dual genitive)
čàsъ (genitive plural)
čàsu (dative singular)
čàsoma (dative dual)
čàsomъ (dative plural)
čàsъ (accusative singular)
čàsa (accusative dual)
čàsy (accusative plural)
čàsъmь (instrumental singular)
čàsomь (instrumental singular)
čàsoma (dual instrumental)
čàsȳ (instrumental plural)
čàsě (locative singular)
čàsu (dual locative)
čàsě̄xъ (locative plural)
čàse (singular vocative)
čàsa (dual vocative)
čàsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: часъ (časŭ)
Belarusian: час (čas)
Russian: час (čas), часъ (čas) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kildin Sami: ча̄сс (čāss, “hour, watch”)
→ Yakut: чаас (caas, “hour”)
Carpathian Rusyn: час (čas)
Ukrainian: час (čas)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰰⱄⱏ (časŭ)

Old Cyrillic script: часъ (časŭ)

Bulgarian: час (čas)

Macedonian: час (čas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: час

Latin script: čas

Slovene: čas

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čas

Czech: čas

Old Polish: czas
Polish: czas
Silesian: czas, czŏs

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czas

Slovincian: czas

Old Slovak: čas

Pannonian Rusyn: час (čas)

Slovak: čas

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: cas

Upper Sorbian: čas

→ Romanian: ceas

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *keˀs-, probably from a Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)eh₁s- (“time”), itself possibly related to *kʷeh₁y- (“to perceive”). Cognate with Old Prussian kīsman (“time”) and Albanian kohë (“time”). Akin to *čajati (“to wait, expect”) and *čakati, with a semantic development similar to the one found between *godъ and *žьdati (“to wait”).
The other possibility is from the lengthened grade of Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to go”), with a semantic development similar to the one found in Latin annus (“year”) (< earlier *atnos < PIE *h₂et- (“to go”); compare Sanskrit अटति (átati, “to go”)).


-išče

-išče (nominative singular)
-išči (dual nominative)
-išča (nominative plural)
-išča (genitive singular)
-išču (dual genitive)
-iščь (genitive plural)
-išču (dative singular)
-iščema (dative dual)
-iščemъ (dative plural)
-išče (accusative singular)
-išči (accusative dual)
-išča (accusative plural)
-iščьmь (instrumental singular)
-iščemь (instrumental singular)
-iščema (dual instrumental)
-išči (instrumental plural)
-išči (locative singular)
-išču (dual locative)
-iščixъ (locative plural)
-išče (singular vocative)
-išči (dual vocative)
-išča (plural vocative)
*-isko (alternative)
*-ovišče (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ище (-išče)

desc

Belarusian: -ішча (-išča), -ышча (-yšča)

Russian: -ище (-išče)

Carpathian Rusyn: -іще (-išče)

Ukrainian: -ище (-yšče)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ище (-ište)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⰵ (-ište)

Bulgarian: -ище (-ište)

Macedonian: -иште (-ište)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -иште

Latin script: -ište, -išče, -išće

Slovene: -išče

West Slavic:

Czech: -iště

Polabian: -istě

Polish: -yszcze, -iszcze

Slovak: -ište, -iščo (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -išćo

Upper Sorbian: -išćo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -iszcze, -ëszcze

Slovincian: -iszczô, -ëszczô

From earlier *isk-je. Originally it was probably used exclusively denominally for forming augmentatives, and later a semantic shift to place names occurred. E.g. *bolto (“mud”) → *boltišče (“large mud, a lot of mud”) > "there where is mud". Deverbal formations from verbs on *-iti are a late innovation.

gnojь (“manure, pus, dung”) → *gnojišče (“midden, cesspool, manure pile”)

ogňь (“fire”) → *ogňišče (“fireplace”)

sǫdъ (“judgement, trial”) → *sǫdišče (“court”)

lovъ (“hunting, hunt”) → *lovišče (“hunting area/ground”)

dvorъ (“court, courtyard”) → *dvorišče (“yard”)

tъrgъ (“commodity, wares; market”) → *tъržišče (“market, fairground”)

Denominal, forming augmentatives, denoting increase or growth of quality.

baba (“old woman”) → *babišče (“hag”)

čudo (“wonder”) → *čudovišče (“monster”)

Denominal, forming emotionally colored nouns, mostly augmentatives (usually with pejorative connotation), rarely diminutives.

kosa (“scythe”) → *kosišče (“scythe handle”)

toporъ (“axe, hatchet”) → *toporišče (“axe handle”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a handle of a tool.


-ьje

-ьje (nominative singular)
-ьji (dual nominative)
-ьja (nominative plural)
-ьja (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьju (dative singular)
-ьjema (dative dual)
-ьjemъ (dative plural)
-ьje (accusative singular)
-ьji (accusative dual)
-ьja (accusative plural)
-ьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental singular)
-ьjema (dual instrumental)
-ьji (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjixъ (locative plural)
-ьje (singular vocative)
-ьji (dual vocative)
-ьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ие (-ije)

Belarusian: -е (-je), -а (-a)

Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a), -я (-ja)

Russian: -ьё (-ʹjó), -ие (-ije), -ье (-ʹje)

Ukrainian: -я (-ja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьѥ (-ĭje), -иѥ (-ije)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⰵ (-ĭe), -ⰻⰵ (-ie)

Macedonian: -ие (-ie), -је (-je)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -је; allomorphic: -ће (<* -t-ьje), -шће (<* -st-ьje) -ње (< *-n-ьje), -ље (< *-l-ьje)

Latin: -je; allomorphic: -će (<* -t-ьje), -šće (<* -st-ьje) -nje (< *-n-ьje), -lje (< *-l-ьje)

Slovene: -je

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ie

Czech: -í

Kashubian: -ié

Old Polish: -e, -ie
Polish: -e

Slovak: -ie

Slovincian: -é

From the neuter form of *-ьjь (See Etymology 2), from *-ь + *-jь.
Akin to deverbal suffixes *-nьje and *-tьje. However, comparison with other Indo-European languages indicates archaicity of denominal formations, which are most likely substantivized adjectives. Compare
* Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “dream”) → ἐνύπνιον (enúpnion, “dreaming”) = Common Slavic *sъnъ → *sъnьje
* Latin ōs, ōris (“mouth”) → ōstium (“estuary, river mouth”) = Common Slavic *usta → *ustьje

-nьje

deverbal, with a *-n- suffix taken from past passive participle

-tьje

deverbal, with a *-t- suffix taken from past passive participle

ostrovъ (“island”) → *ostrovьje (“archipelago”)

jedla (“spruce, fir”) → *jedlьje (“fir forest”)

dǫbъ (“oak”) → *dǫbьje (“oaks”)

kamy, *kamene- (“stone”) → *kamenьje (“stones, rocks”)

dati → *datъ / *danъ → *datьje / *danьje

(*obrětti >) *obrěsti → *obrětenъ → *obrětenьje

kovati → *kovanъ → *kovanьje

kъrmiti → *kъrmljenъ → *kъrmljenьje

(*ostojěti >) *ostojati → *ostojanъ → *ostojanьje

Deverbal (from past participle), forming action nouns

usta (“mouth”) → *ustьje (“mouth”)

sъnъ (“sleep”) → *sъnьje (“dream”)

na- + *rěčь (“speech”) → *narěčьje (“adverb”)

na- + *sila (“force”) → *nasilьje (“violence”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting various concepts

zna-mę, *zna-men- (“sign, signal, mark”) → *znamenьje (“signs, signals, marks”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from

obilъ (“abundant”) → *obilьje (“abundance”)

sъdorvъ (“healthy”) → *sъdorvьje (“health”)

veselъ (“happy”) → *veselьje (“joy, happiness”)

Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a property, state or condition

po- + *rěka (“river”) → *porěčьje (“region near, along a river”)

za- + *gora (“forest, mountain”) → *zagorьje (“region nearby a mountain”)

krajь- + *bergъ (“coast”) → *krajьberžьje (“coastline”)

nadъ- + *věsъ (“screen, curtain”) → *nadъvěsьje (“arch, dome, sth hanging over”)

bez- + *vermę (“time”) → *bezvermьje (“timelessness”)

na- + *večerъ (“eve”) → *navečerьje (“evening, time before dawn”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting location or time


-nьje

-nьje (nominative singular)
-nьji (dual nominative)
-nьja (nominative plural)
-nьja (genitive singular)
-nьju (dual genitive)
-nьjь (genitive plural)
-nьju (dative singular)
-nьjema (dative dual)
-nьjemъ (dative plural)
-nьje (accusative singular)
-nьji (accusative dual)
-nьja (accusative plural)
-nьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-nьjemь (instrumental singular)
-nьjema (dual instrumental)
-nьji (instrumental plural)
-nьji (locative singular)
-nьju (dual locative)
-nьjixъ (locative plural)
-nьje (singular vocative)
-nьji (dual vocative)
-nьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ние (-nije)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: -нье (-nʹje), -нїє (-nije), -ньꙗ (-nʹja), -нїꙗ (-nija), -нє (-nje), -нꙗ (-nja), -ннє (-nnje), -ннꙗ (-nnja)
Belarusian: -нне (-nnje), -ннё (-nnjo)
Carpathian Rusyn: -ня (-nja)
Ukrainian: -ння (-nnja); -нє (-nje) (Western dialects)

Belarusian: -нне (-nnje), -ннё (-nnjo)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ня (-nja)

desc

Russian: -ние (-nije), -нье (-nʹje), -ньё (-nʹjó)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ньѥ (-nĭje)

Glagolitic: -ⱀⱐⰵ (-nĭe)

Bulgarian: -ние (-nie), -не (-ne)

Macedonian: -ње (-nje), -ние (-nie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ње

Latin script: -nje

Slovene: -nje

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -nie

Czech: -ní

Kashubian: -nié

Polabian: -nĕ

desctree

Old Polish: -enie, -anie
Polish: -enie
Polish: -anie

Slovak: -nie

Slovincian: -njé

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ńe, -nje

Compounded from the past participle suffix *-n- and *-ьje. Originally it is therefore a deadjectival variant of *-ьje, denoting a state, condition, or property.

dělati (“to do, act”) → *dělanьje (“work”)

pьsati (“to write”) → *pьsanьje (“writing; that which is written”)


-tьje

-tьje (nominative singular)
-tьji (dual nominative)
-tьja (nominative plural)
-tьja (genitive singular)
-tьju (dual genitive)
-tьjь (genitive plural)
-tьju (dative singular)
-tьjema (dative dual)
-tьjemъ (dative plural)
-tьje (accusative singular)
-tьji (accusative dual)
-tьja (accusative plural)
-tьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-tьjemь (instrumental singular)
-tьjema (dual instrumental)
-tьji (instrumental plural)
-tьji (locative singular)
-tьju (dual locative)
-tьjixъ (locative plural)
-tьje (singular vocative)
-tьji (dual vocative)
-tьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: -тие (-tije), -тиѥ (-tije)

Belarusian: -ццё (-ccjo), -цце (-ccje), -це (-cje)

Russian: -тие (-tije), -тье (-tʹje), -тьё (-tʹjó)

Ukrainian: -ття (-ttja), -тя (-tja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -тиѥ (-tije)

Glagolitic: -ⱅⰹⱑ (-tiě)

Bulgarian: -тие (-tie)

Macedonian: -тие (-tie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ће

Latin script: -će

Slovene: -tje

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -tie

Czech: -tí

Kashubian: -cié

Polish: -cie

Slovak: -tie

Slovincian: -cé

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -śe

Upper Sorbian: -će

Compounded from the past participle suffix *-t- and *-ьje. Originally it is therefore a deadjectival variant of *-ьje, denoting a state, condition, or property.

žiti (“to live”) → *žitьje (“life”)

byti (“to be”) → *bytьje (“being”)

bez (“witout”) + *sъmerti (“to die naturally”) → *bezsъmьrtьje (“immortality”)

ěsti (“to eat”) → *ěstьje (“dish, food”)

dati (“to give”) → *datьje (“task, assignment”)

začęti (“to beget”) → *začętьje (“conception”)


-ьba

-ьba (nominative singular)
-ьbě (dual nominative)
-ьby (nominative plural)
-ьby (genitive singular)
-ьbu (dual genitive)
-ьbъ (genitive plural)
-ьbě (dative singular)
-ьbama (dative dual)
-ьbamъ (dative plural)
-ьbǫ (accusative singular)
-ьbě (accusative dual)
-ьby (accusative plural)
-ьbojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbama (dual instrumental)
-ьbami (instrumental plural)
-ьbě (locative singular)
-ьbu (dual locative)
-ьbasъ (locative plural)
-ьbaxъ (locative plural)
-ьbo (singular vocative)
-ьbě (dual vocative)
-ьby (plural vocative)
*-oba (alternative)
*-ьda (alternative)
*pravьda (alternative)
*prěmьda (alternative)
*krivьda (alternative)
*voržьda (alternative)
*bajьda (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьба (-ĭba)

Belarusian: -ба (-ba)

Russian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

Ukrainian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьба (-ĭba)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⰱⰰ (-ĭba)

Bulgarian: -ба (-ba)

Macedonian: -ба (-ba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ба

Latin script: -ba

Slovene: -ba

West Slavic:

Czech: -ba

Polish: -ba

Slovak: -ba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ba

Lower Sorbian: -ba

Originally the suffix proper is *-ba, with *-ь and *-o abstracted from i- and o-stem basewords, respectively. Sometimes the original abstract noun in *-ь is still preserved, e.g.
* *bornь (“defense; fight; dispute”) → *bornьba
* *rězь (“cut, cutting”) → *rězьba
Further, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ba, from Proto-Indo-European *-bʰo-, *-bʰeh₂ found in nouns and adjectives.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ýba, -ỹbė and Latvian -ība.

družьba (“company”) ⇐ *družiti sę (“to socialize, get together”) ⇐ *drugъ

služьba (“service, serving”) ⇐ *služiti (“to serve”) ⇐ *sluga

gǫdьba (“band”) ⇐ *gǫsti (“to play a string instrument”) < *gǫdti


-iťь

-iťь (nominative singular)
-iťa (dual nominative)
-iťi (nominative plural)
-iťa (genitive singular)
-iťu (dual genitive)
-iťь (genitive plural)
-iťu (dative singular)
-iťema (dative dual)
-iťemъ (dative plural)
-iťь (accusative singular)
-iťa (accusative dual)
-iťę̇ (accusative plural)
-iťьmь (instrumental singular)
-iťemь (instrumental singular)
-iťema (dual instrumental)
-iťi (instrumental plural)
-iťi (locative singular)
-iťu (dual locative)
-iťixъ (locative plural)
-iťu (singular vocative)
-iťa (dual vocative)
-iťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ичь (-ičĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič)

Russian: -ич (-ič)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč)

Old Novgorodian: -иць (-ićĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⱐ (-ištĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: -ищь (-ištĭ)

Bulgarian: -ич (-ič), -ичко (-ičko)

Macedonian: -иќ (-iḱ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ић

Latin script: -ić

Slovene: -ič

West Slavic:

Czech: -ic

Kashubian: -ëc

Old Polish: -ic, -yc

Polish: -ic, -yc

→ Yiddish: ־יץ (-its)

Slovak: -ic

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ic

Upper Sorbian: -ic

Balto-Slavic innovation. Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-īt-jas. Cognates include Lithuanian -ytis, Latvian -ītis.

inh+

kъrma, *kъrmľa (“fodder, breast milk”) → *kъrmiťь (“nursling”)

batę (“elder brother”), *baťa (“father”) → *baťiťь (“son who resembles his father”)

Denominal, forming masculine attributables from action or agent nouns.

kozьlъ (“billy goat”) → *kozьliťь (“kid goat”)

otrokъ (“boy”) → *otročiťь (“child”)

bogъ (“god”) → *božiťь (“juvenile god”)

pъta (“fowl”) → *pъtiťь (“birdie”)

Denominal, forming masculine diminutives from masculine nouns.

Slovene: Janež → Janežič

Denominal, forming patronyms and metronyms.

Russian: Москва (Moskva) → москвич (moskvič)

Slovene: Celovec → Celovčič, Podgora → Podgorčič

dręgy, *dręgъve (“swamp”) → Russian Дреговичи (Dregoviči) (East Slavic tribe)

obъ Odrě (“around Oder”) → *obodriťь (“Obotrites”)

golъ (“naked”) → *goliťь (“something naked”)

bělъ (“white”) → *běliťь (“something white”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of a property.

moldъ (“young”), *moldę (“youngling”) → *moldiťь (“youngling”)

(by extension) Denoting a carrier of a property but with a diminutive meaning through a parallel word formation from deadjectival nouns and adjectives.


-akъ

-akъ (nominative singular)
-aka (dual nominative)
-aci (nominative plural)
-aka (genitive singular)
-aku (dual genitive)
-akъ (genitive plural)
-aku (dative singular)
-akoma (dative dual)
-akomъ (dative plural)
-akъ (accusative singular)
-aka (accusative dual)
-aky (accusative plural)
-akъmь (instrumental singular)
-akomь (instrumental singular)
-akoma (dual instrumental)
-aky (instrumental plural)
-acě (locative singular)
-aku (dual locative)
-acěxъ (locative plural)
-ače (singular vocative)
-aka (dual vocative)
-aci (plural vocative)
*-jakъ (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -акъ (-akŭ)

Belarusian: -ак (-ak)

Russian: -ак (-ak)

Ukrainian: -ак (-ak)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -акъ (-akŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰰⰽⱏ (-akŭ)

Bulgarian: -ак (-ak)

Macedonian: -ак (-ak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

Slovene: -ak

West Slavic:

Czech: -ák, -ak

Kashubian: -ôk

desctree

Old Polish: -ak
Polish: -ak
Silesian: -ŏk

Slovak: -ák, -ak

Slovincian: -ók, -ok

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ak

Lower Sorbian: -ak

Yiddish:

Yiddish: ־אַק (-ak)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀkas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ks.
Deverbal derivations are easily secondary, motivated by parallel formations, e.g.
* North Slavic *ědakъ (“greedy man”) ← *est < *ed-ti (“to eat”) : *ěda (“food”).
Comparison with cognates in other Indo-European languages indicates antiquity of deadjectival formations:
* Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new, young”) → νέᾱξ (néāx), νέᾱκος (néākos, “young man”) : Slavic *novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)
* Lithuanian naũjas (“new”) → naujõkas (“novice”)
Cognate with Proto-Celtic *-ākos (see Etymology 2).

inh+

junъ (“young”) → *junakъ (“a young man”)

novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)

lěvъ (“left”) → *lěvakъ (“left-handed man”)

svojь (“one's own”) → *svojakъ (“relative, cousin”)

Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.

rodъ (“kin”) → *roďakъ (“relative, cousin”)

kory (“root”) → *koreňakъ (“native, one from the root”)

moře (“sea”) → *mořakъ (“sailor”)

ryba (“fish”) → *rybakъ (“fisher”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting something connected in meaning to the base-word.

gǫsь (“goose”) → *gǫsakъ (“gander”)

Denominal, forming masculine counterparts of feminine nouns.

prositi (“to ask; beg”) → *prosjakъ >*prošakъ (“beggar; asker”)

Deverbal, from the root, forming agent nouns.


-jakъ

-jakъ (nominative singular)
-jaka (dual nominative)
-jaci (nominative plural)
-jaka (genitive singular)
-jaku (dual genitive)
-jakъ (genitive plural)
-jaku (dative singular)
-jakoma (dative dual)
-jakomъ (dative plural)
-jakъ (accusative singular)
-jaka (accusative dual)
-jaky (accusative plural)
-jakъmь (instrumental singular)
-jakomь (instrumental singular)
-jakoma (dual instrumental)
-jaky (instrumental plural)
-jacě (locative singular)
-jaku (dual locative)
-jacěxъ (locative plural)
-jače (singular vocative)
-jaka (dual vocative)
-jaci (plural vocative)

(causing iotation of the preceding consonant) Alternative form of *-akъ


-čь

-čь (nominative singular)
-ča (dual nominative)
-či (nominative plural)
-ča (genitive singular)
-ču (dual genitive)
-čь (genitive plural)
-ču (dative singular)
-čema (dative dual)
-čemъ (dative plural)
-čь (accusative singular)
-ča (accusative dual)
-čę̇ (accusative plural)
-čьmь (instrumental singular)
-čemь (instrumental singular)
-čema (dual instrumental)
-či (instrumental plural)
-či (locative singular)
-ču (dual locative)
-čixъ (locative plural)
-ču (singular vocative)
-ča (dual vocative)
-či (plural vocative)
*-ačь (alternative)
*-ičь (alternative)

After the loss of word-final jer, daughter languages have reinterpreted the thematic ending of the verb -i- and -a- as a part of the suffix itself.

In most of the daughters *-ačь merged with the reflex of *-čь which was preceded by the thematic vowel -a.

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -чь (-čĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Russian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč), -ач (-ač)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: -чь (-čĭ), -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: -ⱍⱐ (-čĭ), -ⰰⱍⱐ (-ačĭ)

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač); -ич (-ič) (rare)

Macedonian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: -ич, -ач

Serbo-Croatian: -ič, -ač

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: -ič, -ȉč, -áč (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -č, -ač, -áč

Kashubian: -ëcz, -ôcz

Polish: -icz, -acz

Slovak: -ič, -áč

Slovincian: -icz, -acz, -ocz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ič, -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ic, -ac

Underlyingly reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias, *-kis, from Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos, formed by agglutination of *-yos (Proto Slavic *-jь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ias) onto the element *-kъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian -kis and Latvian -ķis.

kopati (“to dig”) → *kopačь (“digger”)

kovati (“to forge”) → *kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)

běgati (“to run”) → *běgačь (“runner”)

jьgrati (“to play”) → *jьgračь (“player”)

vьrati (“to lie”) → *vьračь (“sorcerer, soothsayer, charlatan”)

pogoniti (“to pursue, observe”) → *pogoničь (“drover”)

roditi (“to give birth”) → *rodičь (“father”)

voditi (“to lead”) → *vodičь (“leader”)

badati\*bodati or *bodti > *bosti (“to sting, stab, butt”) → *bodačь (“that which stings, stabs, butts”)

biti (“to beat”) → *bičь (“whip”)

briti (“to shave, cut hair/beard”) → *bričь (“cutting tool, razor”)

nomina instrumenti
nomina instrumenti#English


-ačь

-ačь (nominative singular)
-ača (dual nominative)
-ači (nominative plural)
-ača (genitive singular)
-aču (dual genitive)
-ačь (genitive plural)
-aču (dative singular)
-ačema (dative dual)
-ačemъ (dative plural)
-ačь (accusative singular)
-ača (accusative dual)
-ačę̇ (accusative plural)
-ačьmь (instrumental singular)
-ačemь (instrumental singular)
-ačema (dual instrumental)
-ači (instrumental plural)
-ači (locative singular)
-aču (dual locative)
-ačixъ (locative plural)
-aču (singular vocative)
-ača (dual vocative)
-ači (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ачъ (-ač)

Belarusian: -а́ч (-áč)

Ukrainian: -а́ч (-áč)

Russian: -а́ч (-áč)

Old Novgorodian: -аць (-aćĭ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Macedonian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Serbo-Croatian: (rare?)

Cyrillic script: -а̄ч

Latin script: -ȃč

Slovene: -áč

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -áč

Czech: -áč, -ač

desctree

Old Polish: -acz
Polish: -acz
Silesian: -ŏcz

Polabian: -ăc

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ôcz

Slovincian: -ócz

Slovak: -áč

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ac

* Morphologically possibly from reinterpreting of some deverbal agent nouns (e.g. *kovačь ← *kovati + *-čь : *kovъ + *-ačь). Synchronically it is an independent suffix.
* Semantically it's close to denominal suffix *-atъ. But in this case form **-aťь is expected, though compare *porťa : *porkъ.

kolo (“wheel”) → *kolačь (“cake”)

bogъ (“wealth, fortune”) → *bogačь (“a wealthy man”) (compare *bogatъ (“wealthy”))

borda (“beard”) → *bordačь (“a bearded man”) (compare *bordatъ (“bearded”))

golva (“head”) → *golvačь (“one having a big head”) (compare *golvatъ)

rogъ (“horn”) → *rogačь (“horned animal”) (compare *rogatъ (“horned”))

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.


děvica

děvìca (canonical feminine)
děvìca (nominative singular)
děvìci (dual nominative)
děvìcę̇ (nominative plural)
děvìcę̇ (genitive singular)
děvìcu (dual genitive)
děvìcь (genitive plural)
děvìcī (dative singular)
děvìcama (dative dual)
děvìcāmъ (dative plural)
děvìcǫ (accusative singular)
děvìci (accusative dual)
děvìcę̇ (accusative plural)
děvìcējǫ (instrumental singular)
děvìcǭ (instrumental singular)
děvìcama (dual instrumental)
děvìcāmī (instrumental plural)
děvìcī (locative singular)
děvìcu (dual locative)
děvìcāsъ (locative plural)
děvìce (singular vocative)
děvìci (dual vocative)
děvìcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: дѣви́ца (děvíca), диви́ца (divíca)

Belarusian: дзяві́ца (dzjavíca)

Russian: деви́ца (devíca), де́вица (dévica) (folklore, poetic)

Ukrainian: діви́ця (divýcja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дѣвица (děvica)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱑⰲⰹⱌⰰ (děvica)

Bulgarian: деви́ца (devíca)

Macedonian: де́вица (dévica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дѐвица, дјѐвица

Latin: dèvica, djèvica, divica

Slovene: devíca (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: děvicě

Czech: děvice

Polish: dziewica

Slovak: devica

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dzéwica

Slovincian: dzêwjica


želězo

želě̀zo (canonical neuter)
*želьzo (alternative)
*zelězo (alternative)
želě̀zo (nominative singular)
želě̀zě (dual nominative)
želě̀za (nominative plural)
želě̀za (genitive singular)
želě̀zu (dual genitive)
želě̀zъ (genitive plural)
želě̀zu (dative singular)
želě̀zoma (dative dual)
želě̀zomъ (dative plural)
želě̀zo (accusative singular)
želě̀zě (accusative dual)
želě̀za (accusative plural)
želě̀zъmь (instrumental singular)
želě̀zomь (instrumental singular)
želě̀zoma (dual instrumental)
želě̀zȳ (instrumental plural)
želě̀zě (locative singular)
želě̀zu (dual locative)
želě̀zě̄xъ (locative plural)
želě̀zo (singular vocative)
želě̀zě (dual vocative)
želě̀za (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: желѣзо (želězo), железо (železo), жельзо (želĭzo)

Old Ruthenian: желѣзо (želězo)

Belarusian: жале́за (žaljéza)

Carpathian Rusyn: желї́зо (željízo)

Ukrainian: залі́зо (zalízo)

Russian: желе́зо (želézo); зеле́зо (zelézo), зяле́зо (zjalézo) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: желѣзо (želězo)

Glagolitic: ⰶⰵⰾⱑⰸⱁ (želězo)

Bulgarian: желя́зо (željázo); джелязо (dželjazo) (dialectal)

Macedonian: же́лезо (žélezo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жѐљезо, жѐлезо

Latin: žèljezo, žèlezo

Slovene: želẹ́zo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: železo
Czech: železo

Kashubian: żelazło

Polabian: ziľozü

desctree

Old Polish: żelazo, zielazo, żalazo, żalezo
Polish: żelazo
Silesian: żelazo

Old Slovak: železo, zelezo
Pannonian Rusyn: желєзо (željezo)
Slovak: železo

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zelezo

Upper Sorbian: železo

Likely of Proto-Balto-Slavic origin, related to Lithuanian geleži̇̀s, Latvian dzèlzs and Old Prussian gelso, with no clear cognates in other Indo-European branches. The discrepancy of root vocalism between Slavic and Baltic is problematic and requires two different Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstructions, with short *-e- and long *-ē-. Thus, no common form can be reconstructed. Latvian and Old Prussian have syncopated the suffixal -e-.
Has been compared with Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós, “ore, copper, bronze”), but the connection cannot be established in terms of regular phonetic correspondences. However, both could be independent loanwords from a common eastern source, whence also possibly Hittite [script needed] ((ḫ)apalki, “iron”). Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”), though the direction and exact details of the borrowing are obscure.
Semantically also close to Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”), Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”).


potьběga

potьběga (nominative singular)
potьbědzě (dual nominative)
potьběgy (nominative plural)
potьběgy (genitive singular)
potьběgu (dual genitive)
potьběgъ (genitive plural)
potьbědzě (dative singular)
potьběgama (dative dual)
potьběgamъ (dative plural)
potьběgǫ (accusative singular)
potьbědzě (accusative dual)
potьběgy (accusative plural)
potьběgojǫ (instrumental singular)
potьběgǫ (instrumental singular)
potьběgama (dual instrumental)
potьběgami (instrumental plural)
potьbědzě (locative singular)
potьběgu (dual locative)
potьběgasъ (locative plural)
potьběgaxъ (locative plural)
potьběgo (singular vocative)
potьbědzě (dual vocative)
potьběgy (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: потьбѣга (potĭběga) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Russian: подпега (podpega)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: подъпѣга (podŭpěga), подъбѣга (podŭběga)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱁⰴⱏⱂⱑⰳⰰ (podŭpěga), ⱂⱁⰴⱏⰱⱑⰳⰰ (podŭběga)

Middle Bulgarian: потьбѣга (potʹběga), подьпѣга (podʹpěga)

Old Serbo-Croatian: потьпѣга

West Slavic:

Czech: podběha (dialectal)

Old Polish: poćbiega

Kashubian: pòcbiega (archaic)

Possibly a compound of otherwise unattested *potь (“husband”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *patis, from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master, husband”)) and *běga from *běgati (“to run away, flee”).


orzkrǫtiti

orzkrǫťenьje (noun-from-verb)
orzkrǫtiti (infinitive)
orzkrǫtitъ (supine)
orzkrǫtilъ (l-participle)
orzkrǫťenъ (participle passive past)
orzkrǫtimъ (participle passive present)
orzkrǫťь (active participle past)
orzkrǫtę (active participle present)
orzkrǫtixъ (aorist first-person singular)
orzkrǫti (aorist second-person singular)
orzkrǫti (aorist singular third-person)
orzkrǫťǫ (first-person present singular)
orzkrǫtiši (present second-person singular)
orzkrǫtitь (present singular third-person)
orzkrǫtixově (aorist dual first-person)
orzkrǫtista (aorist dual second-person)
orzkrǫtiste (aorist dual third-person)
orzkrǫtivě (dual first-person present)
orzkrǫtita (dual present second-person)
orzkrǫtite (dual present third-person)
orzkrǫtixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
orzkrǫtiste (aorist plural second-person)
orzkrǫtišę (aorist plural third-person)
orzkrǫtimъ (first-person plural present)
orzkrǫtite (plural present second-person)
orzkrǫtętь (plural present third-person)
orzkrǫťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
orzkrǫťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
orzkrǫťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
orzkrǫti (imperative second-person singular)
orzkrǫti (imperative singular third-person)
orzkrǫťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
orzkrǫťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
orzkrǫťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
orzkrǫtivě (dual first-person imperative)
orzkrǫtita (dual imperative second-person)
orzkrǫťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
orzkrǫťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
orzkrǫťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
orzkrǫtimъ (first-person imperative plural)
orzkrǫtite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: разкроутити (razkrutiti)

Belarusian: раскруціць (raskrucicʹ)

Russian: раскрути́ть (raskrutítʹ)

роскрутитися

розкрутитися

Ukrainian: роскрутити (roskrutyty), роскрутитися (roskrutytysja), розкрутити (rozkrutyty), розкрутитися (rozkrutytysja)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Cyrillic: раскрутити

Latin: raskrutiti

West Slavic:

Czech: rozkroutit

Polish: rozkręcić

Slovak: rozkrútiť


-ikъ

-ikъ (nominative singular)
-ika (dual nominative)
-ici (nominative plural)
-ika (genitive singular)
-iku (dual genitive)
-ikъ (genitive plural)
-iku (dative singular)
-ikoma (dative dual)
-ikomъ (dative plural)
-ikъ (accusative singular)
-ika (accusative dual)
-iky (accusative plural)
-ikъmь (instrumental singular)
-ikomь (instrumental singular)
-ikoma (dual instrumental)
-iky (instrumental plural)
-icě (locative singular)
-iku (dual locative)
-icěxъ (locative plural)
-iče (singular vocative)
-ika (dual vocative)
-ici (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -икъ (-ikŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -икъ (-ik)

Belarusian: -ік (-ik)

Ukrainian: -ик (-yk)

Russian: -ик (-ik)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -икъ (-ikŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⰽⱏ (-ikŭ)

Bulgarian: -ик (-ik)

Macedonian: -ик (-ik)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ик

Latin script: -ik

Slovene: -ik

West Slavic:

Czech: -ík

Polish: -ik, -yk

Old Slovak: -ík, -ik

Pannonian Rusyn: -ик (-ik), -їк (-jik)

Slovak: -ík, -ik

Slovincian: -ik

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ik

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-eikas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eykos. Cognate with Latvian -ieks (< -eikas). The *-i in *-ikъ thus reflects the Proto-Indo-European diphthong *ey, which explains the lack of the third palatalization. Lithuanian -ykas reflects earlier -inīkas, and is not a cognate. Probably not related to Sanskrit -ईक (-īká) and Latin -icō.

-nikъ

appended to the past participle of verbs in *-nъ

-ьnikъ

with *-ьn- element abstracted away from denominal derivations on *-ьnъ

nožь (“knife”) → *nožikъ (“a small knife”)

větrъ (“wind”) → *větrikъ (“breeze”)

listъ (“leaf”) → *listikъ (“a small leaf”)

bobъ (“broad bean”) → *bobikъ (“(a small) broad bean”)

zoltъ (“golden”) → *zoltikъ (“something golden”)

porzdьnъ (“empty”) → *porzdьnikъ (“feast, holiday, festival”)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldikъ (“something or somebody young”)

malъ (“small”) → *malikъ (“something or somebody small”)


-slo

-slo (nominative singular)
-slě (dual nominative)
-sla (nominative plural)
-sla (genitive singular)
-slu (dual genitive)
-slъ (genitive plural)
-slu (dative singular)
-sloma (dative dual)
-slomъ (dative plural)
-slo (accusative singular)
-slě (accusative dual)
-sla (accusative plural)
-slъmь (instrumental singular)
-slomь (instrumental singular)
-sloma (dual instrumental)
-sly (instrumental plural)
-slě (locative singular)
-slu (dual locative)
-slěxъ (locative plural)
-slo (singular vocative)
-slě (dual vocative)
-sla (plural vocative)
*-slь (alternative)
*-sla (alternative)
*-lo (alternative)
*-dlo (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -сло (-slo)

Belarusian: -сло (-slo)

Russian: -сло (-slo)

Ukrainian: -сло (-slo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -сло (-slo)

Glagolitic script: -ⱄⰾⱁ (-slo)

Bulgarian: -сло (-slo)

Macedonian: -сло (-slo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -сло

Latin script: -slo

Slovene: -slo

West Slavic:

Czech: -slo

Polish: -sło

Slovak: -slo

Kashubian: -sło

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -sło

Lower Sorbian: -sło

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-sla(s). Probably from *(s)-tlo, from *(d/t/s/z)-tlo, from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom.
Inherited, but becoming productive only in Proto-Slavic. There are many direct cognates, e.g.
* *veslo (“oar, paddle”) = Latin vēlum (“sail”)
* *čerslo = Lithuanian ker̃slas (“tool for drawing blood”)
* *krěslo = Lithuanian krė́slas
Exact match to *-lo and *-slo are Lithuanian -las and -slas, forming instrument nouns as well as action nouns (> nomina acti).

vezti (“to lead, cart, convey”) → *veztlo/*vezslo > *veslo (“oar, paddle”)

mazati (“to smear, anoint”) → *maztlo/*mazslo > *maslo (“oil, ointment”)

Deverbal, forming nouns denoting a tool or instrument.

čitti > *čisti (“to read; respect”) → *čittlo/*čitslo > *čislo (“number”)

(rare) Deverbal, creating action nouns, usually becoming nomina acti.


bolь

bȍlь (canonical feminine)
bȍlь (nominative singular)
bȍli (dual nominative)
bȍli (nominative plural)
bolí (genitive singular)
bolьjù (dual genitive)
bolь̀jь (genitive plural)
bȍli (dative singular)
bolьmà (dative dual)
bȍlьmъ (dative plural)
bȍlь (accusative singular)
bȍli (accusative dual)
bȍli (accusative plural)
bolьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
bolьmà (dual instrumental)
bolьmì (instrumental plural)
bolí (locative singular)
bolьjù (dual locative)
bȍlьxъ (locative plural)
boli (singular vocative)
bȍli (dual vocative)
bȍli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: боль (bolĭ)

Middle Belarusian: боль (bolʹ)

Belarusian: боль m (bolʹ)

Russian: боль f (bolʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: боль m (bolʹ)

Ukrainian: біль m (bilʹ)

→ Carpathian Rusyn: біль m (bilʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: боль f (bolĭ)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱁⰾⱐ f (bolĭ)

Bulgarian: бо́лка f (bólka), бол m (bol) (dialectal)

Macedonian: болка f (bolka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̑л f or m

Latin script: bȏl f or m

Slovene: ból f

West Slavic:

Czech: bol m

Polish: ból m

Old Slovak: bôľ m

Pannonian Rusyn: боль m (bolʹ)

Slovak: bôľ m

Polabian: *bül ?

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: ból m

Slovincian: ból m

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: ból f

Upper Sorbian: ból f

→ Romanian: boală

The only parallels exist in Germanic languages: compare Old English bealo (“evil”), Old Norse bǫl and Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (balweins, “torture”). Proto-Indo-European root is unclear. Derksen derives it from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol(H)-i- with Old Cornish bal (“illness”) as a further cognate.


břuxo

břȗxo (canonical neuter)
břȗxo (nominative singular)
břȗśě (dual nominative)
břuxà (nominative plural)
břȗxa (genitive singular)
břuxù (dual genitive)
břũxъ (genitive plural)
břȗxu (dative singular)
břuxomà (dative dual)
břuxòmъ (dative plural)
břȗxo (accusative singular)
břȗśě (accusative dual)
břuxà (accusative plural)
břȗxъmь (instrumental singular)
břȗxomь (instrumental singular)
břuxomà (dual instrumental)
břuxý (instrumental plural)
břȗśě (locative singular)
břuxù (dual locative)
břuśě̃xъ (locative plural)
břuxo (singular vocative)
břȗśě (dual vocative)
břuxà (plural vocative)
*břȗxъ (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: брюхо n (brjuxo), брюхъ m (brjuxŭ)

Old Ruthenian: брухо (bruxo), брюхо (brjuxo)

Belarusian: бру́ха (brúxa)

Carpathian Rusyn: бріх (brix)

Ukrainian: бру́хо (brúxo)

Russian: брю́хо (brjúxo)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: břuch m, břucho n

Czech: břich m, břicho n

desctree

Old Polish: brzuch, brzucho
Polish: brzuch

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: brzëch

Slovincian: brzëch

Slovak: brucho

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: brjuch

Upper Sorbian: brjuch

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *brauša n, *braušas m, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewsom n, *bʰrewsos m, from *bʰrews-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *brusū, Proto-Germanic *breustą.


čerpъ

čȇrpъ (canonical masculine)
čȇrpъ (nominative singular)
čȇrpa (dual nominative)
čȇrpi (nominative plural)
čȇrpa (genitive singular)
čerpù (dual genitive)
čẽrpъ (genitive plural)
čȇrpu (dative singular)
čerpomà (dative dual)
čerpòmъ (dative plural)
čȇrpъ (accusative singular)
čȇrpa (accusative dual)
čȇrpy (accusative plural)
čȇrpъmь (instrumental singular)
čȇrpomь (instrumental singular)
čerpomà (dual instrumental)
čerpý (instrumental plural)
čȇrpě (locative singular)
čerpù (dual locative)
čerpě̃xъ (locative plural)
čerpe (singular vocative)
čȇrpa (dual vocative)
čȇrpi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: черепъ (čerepŭ)

Belarusian: чэ́рап (čérap)

Russian: че́реп (čérep)

→ Bulgarian: че́реп (čérep, “skull”)

→ Macedonian: череп (čerep, “skull”)

Ukrainian: че́реп (čérep)

→ Polish: czerep

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чрѣпъ (črěpŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⱃⱑⱂⱏ (črěpŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: чреп (črep), цреп (crep) (obsolete, dialectal)

Macedonian: цреп (crep, “broken piece of pottery”), црепна (crepna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: цре̑п, црије̑п

Latin script: crȇp, crijȇp

Slovene: črép

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čřěp

Czech: střep

Kashubian: czërzep

Polish: trzop, strzop (Żywiec)

Slovak: črep

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: crjop

Upper Sorbian: črjop

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: cserép

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kerpas, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerpos (“shell, sharp object”), from *(s)kerp-. The original meaning was "clay pot or vessel". For a semantic shift to "skull" compare Latin tēsta (“brick, tile”) > French tête (“head”). Alternatively, could have originated from *kʷerp- (“to whirl, to twist”).


červo

čȇrvo (canonical neuter)
čȇrvo (nominative singular)
čȇrvě (dual nominative)
červà (nominative plural)
čȇrva (genitive singular)
červù (dual genitive)
čẽrvъ (genitive plural)
čȇrvu (dative singular)
červomà (dative dual)
červòmъ (dative plural)
čȇrvo (accusative singular)
čȇrvě (accusative dual)
červà (accusative plural)
čȇrvъmь (instrumental singular)
čȇrvomь (instrumental singular)
červomà (dual instrumental)
červý (instrumental plural)
čȇrvě (locative singular)
červù (dual locative)
červě̃xъ (locative plural)
čȇrvo (singular vocative)
čȇrvě (dual vocative)
červà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: черево (čerevo)

Belarusian: чэ́рава (čérava)

Russian: черёво (čerjóvo) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: че́рево (čérevo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: чрѣво (črěvo)

Glagolitic: ⱍⱃⱑⰲⱁ (črěvo)

Bulgarian: черво́ (červó)

Macedonian: црево (crevo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: црије́во, цре́во

Latin: crijévo, crévo, crívo

Slovene: črevọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čřěvo

Czech: střevo

Polabian: crevü

desctree

Old Polish: trzewa, czrzewa
Polish: trzewa, trzewia
Silesian: strzewa

Slovak: črevo

Slovincian: trzêwô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: crjowo

Upper Sorbian: črjewo

Semantically more specific than *břuxo, with original meaning being “abdominal skin”, however, some derivatives show the later meaning ”intensines, guts”.
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-m-, *ker-w-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Doublet of *skora (“skin”) and *kora (“bark”).
Cognate with Old Prussian kērmens (“body”) and Sanskrit चर्मन् (cárman, “skin, hide”).


životъ

živòtъ (canonical masculine)
živòtъ (nominative singular)
životà (dual nominative)
životì (nominative plural)
životà (genitive singular)
životù (dual genitive)
živòtъ (genitive plural)
životù (dative singular)
životòma (dative dual)
životòmъ (dative plural)
živòtъ (accusative singular)
životà (accusative dual)
životỳ (accusative plural)
životъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
životòmь (instrumental singular)
životòma (dual instrumental)
živòty (instrumental plural)
životě̀ (locative singular)
životù (dual locative)
živòtěxъ (locative plural)
živote (singular vocative)
životà (dual vocative)
životì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: животъ (životŭ)
Old Ruthenian: животъ (život)
Belarusian: жыво́т (žyvót)
Carpathian Rusyn: живо́т (žyvót)
Ukrainian: живі́т (žyvít)
Russian: живо́т (živót)
→ Ingrian: siivotta

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: животъ (životŭ, “life; animal”)

Glagolitic: ⰶⰹⰲⱁⱅⱏ (životŭ, “life; animal”)

Bulgarian: живо́т (živót, “life”)

Macedonian: жи́вот (žívot, “life”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жѝвот (“life”)

Latin script: žìvot (“life, waist”)

Slovene: živòt (“life; body”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: život

Czech: život

Moravian (Mistřice): život

Kashubian: żót (“belly”), żëwòt (“life”)

Polabian: zaivăt (“life”)

Polish: żywot (“life, abdomen”)

Old Slovak: život

desc

Pannonian Rusyn: живот (život, “life, entrails, intestines”)

Slovak: život (“life, abdomen”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: žywot (“belly, body”)

Upper Sorbian: žiwot (“belly, body”)

Non-Slavic:

→ Karelian: šiivatta

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀwatás, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wotós. Morphologically as if *živъ (“alive”) + *-otъ.
Baltic cognates are Lithuanian gyvatà (“life”) and Old Prussian giwato (“life”).
Indo-European cognates are Latin vīta (from *gʷih₃woteh₂), Sanskrit जीवित (jīvitá, “life”) and Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos).


lъgati

lъgàti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
lъganьje (noun-from-verb)
lъgati (infinitive)
lъgatъ (supine)
lъgalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
lъganъ (participle passive past)
lъžemъ (participle passive present)
lъgavъ (active participle past)
lъžę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
lъgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
lъga (aorist second-person singular)
lъga (aorist singular third-person)
lъžǫ (first-person present singular)
lъžeši (present second-person singular)
lъžetь (present singular third-person)
lъgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
lъgasta (aorist dual second-person)
lъgaste (aorist dual third-person)
lъževě (dual first-person present)
lъžeta (dual present second-person)
lъžete (dual present third-person)
lъgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lъgaste (aorist plural second-person)
lъgašę (aorist plural third-person)
lъžemъ (first-person plural present)
lъžete (plural present second-person)
lъžǫtь (plural present third-person)
lъgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lъgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lъgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lъži (imperative second-person singular)
lъži (imperative singular third-person)
lъgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lъgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lъgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lъživě (dual first-person imperative)
lъžita (dual imperative second-person)
lъgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lъgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lъgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lъžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lъžite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лъгати (lŭgati), лгати (lgati)

Belarusian: ілга́ць (ilhácʹ), лгаць (lhacʹ)

Russian: лгать (lgatʹ)

Ukrainian: лга́ти (lháty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лъгати (lŭgati)

Glagolitic: ⰾⱏⰳⰰⱅⰹ (lŭgati)

Bulgarian: лъ́жа (lǎ́ža)

Macedonian: ла́же (láže)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̀гати

Latin script: làgati

Slovene: lagáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lháti

Czech: lhát

Kashubian: łżec

Polabian: låzĕs (< *lъžešь)

Polish: łgać, łżeć

Slovak: luhať, lhať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łhaś

Upper Sorbian: łhać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *lugtei, from Proto-Indo-European *lugʰ-yé-ti, ye-present of *lewgʰ- (“to lie, to tell falsehood”).
Cognate with Lithuanian lūgóti (“to request, bet”), Latvian lùgt (“to request, invite”).


govьno

govьnò (canonical neuter)
govьnò (nominative singular)
govь̀ně (dual nominative)
govьnà (nominative plural)
govьnà (genitive singular)
govьnù (dual genitive)
govь̀nъ (genitive plural)
govьnù (dative singular)
govьnòma (dative dual)
govьnòmъ (dative plural)
govьnò (accusative singular)
govь̀ně (accusative dual)
govьnà (accusative plural)
govьnъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
govьnòmь (instrumental singular)
govьnòma (dual instrumental)
govь̀ny (instrumental plural)
govьně̀ (locative singular)
govьnù (dual locative)
govь̀něxъ (locative plural)
govьnò (singular vocative)
govь̀ně (dual vocative)
govьnà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: говьно (govĭno)

Belarusian: гаўно́ (haŭnó)

Russian: говно́ (govnó), гомно́ (gomnó)

Carpathian Rusyn: говно (hovno)

Ukrainian: гівно́ (hivnó), гімно́ (himnó)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: говно́ (govnó)

Macedonian: го́мно (gómno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: го́вно

Latin script: góvno

Slovene: góvno (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hovno

Old Polish: gówno

Polish: gówno

Silesian: gōwno

Polabian: ďünă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: gòwno

Slovincian: gównô

Slovak: hovno

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gowno

Upper Sorbian: howno

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawāˀ, of uncertain origin:
* Originally "cow dung", from *govьno (“cow's”) + * some noun, from adjective *govьnъ, from *gov-, from *gʷṓws (“cow”). Compare Old Prussian aswinan (dadan) (“mare's milk”). Related to *govędo (“cattlehead”), *gumьno (“threshing floor”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *gʷewH-. Related to Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha, “feces”) and *gaviti (“to disgust”).


gъrdlo

gъ̀rdlo (canonical neuter)
gъ̀rdlo (nominative singular)
gъ̀rdlě (dual nominative)
gъ̀rdla (nominative plural)
gъ̀rdla (genitive singular)
gъ̀rdlu (dual genitive)
gъ̀rdlъ (genitive plural)
gъ̀rdlu (dative singular)
gъ̀rdloma (dative dual)
gъ̀rdlomъ (dative plural)
gъ̀rdlo (accusative singular)
gъ̀rdlě (accusative dual)
gъ̀rdla (accusative plural)
gъ̀rdlъmь (instrumental singular)
gъ̀rdlomь (instrumental singular)
gъ̀rdloma (dual instrumental)
gъ̀rdlȳ (instrumental plural)
gъ̀rdlě (locative singular)
gъ̀rdlu (dual locative)
gъ̀rdlě̄xъ (locative plural)
gъ̀rdlo (singular vocative)
gъ̀rdlě (dual vocative)
gъ̀rdla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: гърло (gŭrlo), горло (gorlo)

Belarusian: го́рла (hórla)

Russian: го́рло (górlo)

Ukrainian: го́рло (hórlo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гръло (grŭlo)

Bulgarian: гъ́рло (gǎ́rlo)

→ Romanian: gârlă

→ Ukrainian: ги́рло (hýrlo)

Macedonian: грло (grlo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гр̏ло

Latin script: gȑlo

Slovene: gŕlo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrdlo

Czech: hrdlo

Kashubian: gardło

Polish: gardło

Slovak: hrdlo

Slovincian: garlô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gjardło, gjarło

Upper Sorbian: hordło, horło

>? Proto-Slavic: *gъrdlačь

→ Albanian: gërlac

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúrˀtla, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₃-dʰlom. Morphologically parsable as *gъr- + *-dlo. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian gurklỹs (“crop”), gùrklis (“crop”), Old Prussian gurcle. Further akin to Proto-Germanic *kwerkō (“throat”), Latin gurges (“gorge”).


mozgъ

mȍzgъ (canonical)
mòzgъ (canonical masculine)
mȍzgъ (nominative singular)
mȍzga (dual nominative)
mȍzdzi (nominative plural)
mȍzga (genitive singular)
mozgù (dual genitive)
mòzgъ (genitive plural)
mȍzgu (dative singular)
mozgomà (dative dual)
mozgòmъ (dative plural)
mȍzgъ (accusative singular)
mȍzga (accusative dual)
mȍzgy (accusative plural)
mȍzgъmь (instrumental singular)
mȍzgomь (instrumental singular)
mozgomà (dual instrumental)
mozgý (instrumental plural)
mȍzdzě (locative singular)
mozgù (dual locative)
mozdzě̃xъ (locative plural)
moždže (singular vocative)
mȍzga (dual vocative)
mȍzdzi (plural vocative)
mòzgъ (nominative singular)
mozgà (dual nominative)
mozdzì (nominative plural)
mozgà (genitive singular)
mozgù (dual genitive)
mòzgъ (genitive plural)
mozgù (dative singular)
mozgòma (dative dual)
mozgòmъ (dative plural)
mòzgъ (accusative singular)
mozgà (accusative dual)
mozgỳ (accusative plural)
mozgъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
mozgòmь (instrumental singular)
mozgòma (dual instrumental)
mòzgy (instrumental plural)
mozdzě̀ (locative singular)
mozgù (dual locative)
mòzdzěxъ (locative plural)
moždže (singular vocative)
mozgà (dual vocative)
mozdzì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мозгъ (mozgŭ), мозъкъ (mozŭkŭ)

Old Ruthenian: мозгъ (mozh), мозокъ (mozok)

Belarusian: мо́зг (mózh), мо́заг (mózah); dial. мазга́ (mazhá) (genitive)

Carpathian Rusyn: мо́зоґ (mózog)

Ukrainian: мо́зок (mózok), dial. мо́зок (mózok), мoзка́ (mozká) (genitive)

Russian: мо́зг (mózg), dial. мoзга́ (mozgá) (genitive)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мозгъ (mozgŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱁⰸⰳⱏ (mozgŭ)

Bulgarian: мо́зък (mózǎk)

Macedonian: мозок (mozok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̏зак

Latin script: mȍzak

Slovene: mọ̑zəg (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: mùsk, mùzg

Old Czech: mozk

Czech: mozek

Polabian: *müzg, müzďĕ (plural)

Polish: mózg

Old Slovak: mozog

Pannonian Rusyn: мозоґ (mozog)

Slovak: mozog

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mórzgi

Upper Sorbian: mozy

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *masgás (“marrow; brain”), from Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰós.


pьrstъ

pь̃rstъ (canonical masculine)
pь̃rstъ (nominative singular)
pьrstà (dual nominative)
pьrstì (nominative plural)
pьrstà (genitive singular)
pьrstù (dual genitive)
pь̃rstъ (genitive plural)
pьrstù (dative singular)
pьrstòma (dative dual)
pьrstòmъ (dative plural)
pь̃rstъ (accusative singular)
pьrstà (accusative dual)
pьrstỳ (accusative plural)
pьrstъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
pьrstòmь (instrumental singular)
pьrstòma (dual instrumental)
pь̃rsty (instrumental plural)
pьrstě̀ (locative singular)
pьrstù (dual locative)
pь̃rstěxъ (locative plural)
pьrste (singular vocative)
pьrstà (dual vocative)
pьrstì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьрстъ (pĭrstŭ)

Russian: перст (perst)

Ukrainian: перст (perst)

Old Novgorodian: пьрьсте (pĭrĭste)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: прьстъ (prĭstŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱃⱐⱄⱅⱏ (prĭstŭ)

Bulgarian: пръ́ст (prǎ́st)

Macedonian: прст (prst)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пр̏ст

Latin script: pȑst

Slovene: pȓst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: prst

Czech: prst

Polish: parst

Slovak: prst

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: porst

Lower Sorbian: purst


krivъ

krȋvъ (canonical)
krivъ (masculine nominative singular)
kriva (feminine nominative singular)
krivo (neuter nominative singular)
kriva (genitive masculine singular)
krivy (feminine genitive singular)
kriva (genitive neuter singular)
krivu (dative masculine singular)
krivě (dative feminine singular)
krivu (dative neuter singular)
krivъ (accusative masculine singular)
krivǫ (accusative feminine singular)
krivo (accusative neuter singular)
krivomь (instrumental masculine singular)
krivojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
krivomь (instrumental neuter singular)
krivě (locative masculine singular)
krivě (feminine locative singular)
krivě (locative neuter singular)
krive (masculine singular vocative)
krivo (feminine singular vocative)
krivo (neuter singular vocative)
kriva (dual masculine nominative)
krivě (dual feminine nominative)
krivě (dual neuter nominative)
krivu (dual genitive masculine)
krivu (dual feminine genitive)
krivu (dual genitive neuter)
krivoma (dative dual masculine)
krivama (dative dual feminine)
krivoma (dative dual neuter)
kriva (accusative dual masculine)
krivě (accusative dual feminine)
krivě (accusative dual neuter)
krivoma (dual instrumental masculine)
krivama (dual feminine instrumental)
krivoma (dual instrumental neuter)
krivu (dual locative masculine)
krivu (dual feminine locative)
krivu (dual locative neuter)
kriva (dual masculine vocative)
krivě (dual feminine vocative)
krivě (dual neuter vocative)
krivi (masculine nominative plural)
krivy (feminine nominative plural)
kriva (neuter nominative plural)
krivъ (genitive masculine plural)
krivъ (feminine genitive plural)
krivъ (genitive neuter plural)
krivomъ (dative masculine plural)
krivamъ (dative feminine plural)
krivomъ (dative neuter plural)
krivy (accusative masculine plural)
krivy (accusative feminine plural)
kriva (accusative neuter plural)
krivy (instrumental masculine plural)
krivami (feminine instrumental plural)
krivy (instrumental neuter plural)
krivěxъ (locative masculine plural)
krivaxъ (feminine locative plural)
krivěxъ (locative neuter plural)
krivi (masculine plural vocative)
krivy (feminine plural vocative)
kriva (neuter plural vocative)
krivъjь (masculine nominative singular)
krivaja (feminine nominative singular)
krivoje (neuter nominative singular)
krivajego (genitive masculine singular)
krivyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
krivajego (genitive neuter singular)
krivujemu (dative masculine singular)
krivěji (dative feminine singular)
krivujemu (dative neuter singular)
krivъjь (accusative masculine singular)
krivǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
krivoje (accusative neuter singular)
krivyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
krivǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
krivyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
krivějemь (locative masculine singular)
krivěji (feminine locative singular)
krivějemь (locative neuter singular)
krivъjь (masculine singular vocative)
krivaja (feminine singular vocative)
krivoje (neuter singular vocative)
krivaja (dual masculine nominative)
krivěji (dual feminine nominative)
krivěji (dual neuter nominative)
krivuju (dual genitive masculine)
krivuju (dual feminine genitive)
krivuju (dual genitive neuter)
krivyjima (dative dual masculine)
krivyjima (dative dual feminine)
krivyjima (dative dual neuter)
krivaja (accusative dual masculine)
krivěji (accusative dual feminine)
krivěji (accusative dual neuter)
krivyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
krivyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
krivyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
krivuju (dual locative masculine)
krivuju (dual feminine locative)
krivuju (dual locative neuter)
krivaja (dual masculine vocative)
krivěji (dual feminine vocative)
krivěji (dual neuter vocative)
kriviji (masculine nominative plural)
krivyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
krivaja (neuter nominative plural)
krivъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
krivъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
krivъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
krivyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
krivyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
krivyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
krivyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
krivyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
krivaja (accusative neuter plural)
krivyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
krivyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
krivyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
krivyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
krivyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
krivyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
kriviji (masculine plural vocative)
krivyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
krivaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: кривъ (krivŭ), кривꙑи (krivyi)

Belarusian: крывы́ (kryvý)

Russian: криво́й (krivój)

Ukrainian: криви́й (kryvýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: кривъ (krivŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱃⰹⰲⱏ (krivŭ)

Bulgarian: крив (kriv)

Macedonian: крив (kriv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кри̑в

Latin script: krȋv

Slovene: krȋv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: křivý

Czech: křivý

Polabian: kraivĕ

Polish: krzywy

Slovak: krivý

Pannonian Rusyn: криви (krivi)

Slovincian: krzëwy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: křiwy

Lower Sorbian: kśiwy

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kréiwas, from Proto-Indo-European *kreywos. Cognate with Latvian krievs, Lithuanian kreivas, krivis, Latin curvus (from zero-grade) and indirectly Latvian krails, Old Irish cruind, and Ancient Greek κορωνός (korōnós).


sorka

sòrka (canonical feminine)
sòrka (nominative singular)
sòrcě (dual nominative)
sòrky (nominative plural)
sòrky (genitive singular)
sòrku (dual genitive)
sòrkъ (genitive plural)
sòrcě (dative singular)
sòrkama (dative dual)
sòrkamъ (dative plural)
sòrkǫ (accusative singular)
sòrcě (accusative dual)
sòrky (accusative plural)
sòrkojǫ (instrumental singular)
sòrkǭ (instrumental singular)
sòrkama (dual instrumental)
sòrkamī (instrumental plural)
sòrcě (locative singular)
sòrku (dual locative)
sòrkasъ (locative plural)
sòrkaxъ (locative plural)
sòrko (singular vocative)
sòrcě (dual vocative)
sòrky (plural vocative)
*svòrka (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сорока (soroka)

Belarusian: саро́ка (saróka)

Russian: соро́ка (soróka)

→ Skolt Sami: sorok

Carpathian Rusyn: сорока (soroka)

Ukrainian: соро́ка (soróka)

→ Yiddish: סאָראָקע (soroke) (from Ukrainian or Russian)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сврака (svraka)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰲⱃⰰⰽⰰ (svraka)

Macedonian: сврака (svraka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: свра̏ка

Latin script: svrȁka

Slovene: sráka

West Slavic:

Czech: straka

Kashubian: sroka

Polabian: svorko

Old Polish: sroka

Polish: sroka

Slovak: straka

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sroka

Upper Sorbian: sroka

→ Hungarian: szarka

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śárˀkāˀ. Cognate with Lithuanian šárka (“magpie”), Old Prussian sarke (“magpie”), Finnish harakka (“magpie”). Eventually connected with Russian со́рок (sórok, “forty”).
The original form was *sorka, with non-etymological *-v- in some daughters introduced by analogy from *svьrčati (“to whistle”), possibly in order to avoid confusion with the (reflex of the) verb *sьrati (“to defecate”).


sorka

sorka (nominative singular)
sorcě (dual nominative)
sorky (nominative plural)
sorky (genitive singular)
sorku (dual genitive)
sorkъ (genitive plural)
sorcě (dative singular)
sorkama (dative dual)
sorkamъ (dative plural)
sorkǫ (accusative singular)
sorcě (accusative dual)
sorky (accusative plural)
sorkojǫ (instrumental singular)
sorkǫ (instrumental singular)
sorkama (dual instrumental)
sorkami (instrumental plural)
sorcě (locative singular)
sorku (dual locative)
sorkasъ (locative plural)
sorkaxъ (locative plural)
sorko (singular vocative)
sorcě (dual vocative)
sorky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сорочька (soročĭka), сорочица (soročica)

Belarusian: саро́чка (saróčka)

Russian: соро́чка (soróčka); сорочи́ца (soročíca) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: сорочка (soročka)

Ukrainian: соро́чка (soróčka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: срака (sraka), сракꙑ (sraky), срачица (sračica)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱃⰰⰽⰰ (sraka), ⱄⱃⰰⰽⱏⰹ (sraky), ⱄⱃⰰⱍⰺⱌⰰ (sračica)

Bulgarian: срака (sraka) (dialectal)

Slovene: srajca, sračica

→ Albanian: shark

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian šar̃kas, švar̃kas (“jacket, coat”), Latvian svā̀rks (“skirt”) (-v- possibly is influence of švarùs (“clean”))


vojevati

vojevanьje (noun-from-verb)
vojevati (infinitive)
vojevatъ (supine)
vojevalъ (l-participle)
vojevavъ (active participle past)
vojuję (active participle present)
vojevaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vojeva (aorist second-person singular)
vojeva (aorist singular third-person)
vojujǫ (first-person present singular)
vojuješi (present second-person singular)
vojujetь (present singular third-person)
vojevaxově (aorist dual first-person)
vojevasta (aorist dual second-person)
vojevaste (aorist dual third-person)
vojujevě (dual first-person present)
vojujeta (dual present second-person)
vojujete (dual present third-person)
vojevaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vojevaste (aorist plural second-person)
vojevašę (aorist plural third-person)
vojujemъ (first-person plural present)
vojujete (plural present second-person)
vojujǫtь (plural present third-person)
vojevaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vojevaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vojevaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vojuji (imperative second-person singular)
vojuji (imperative singular third-person)
vojevaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vojevaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vojevaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vojujivě (dual first-person imperative)
vojujita (dual imperative second-person)
vojevaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vojevaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vojevaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vojujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vojujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воевати (vojevati)

Old Ruthenian: воєва́ти (vojeváti), воюва́ти (vojuváti)

Belarusian: ваява́ць (vajavácʹ)

Ukrainian: воюва́ти (vojuváty)

Russian: воева́ть (vojevátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: воѥвати (vojevati)

Bulgarian: вою́вам (vojúvam)

Macedonian: војува (vojuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: војѐвати

Latin script: vojèvati

Slovene: vojeváti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vojevati

Polish: wojować

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wojować

Lower Sorbian: wójowaś

to fight, to war, to wage war, to be at war; to fight, to quarrel


zijati

zijanьje (noun-from-verb)
zijati (infinitive)
zijatъ (supine)
zijalъ (l-participle)
zijanъ (participle passive past)
zějemъ (participle passive present)
zijavъ (active participle past)
zěję (active participle present)
zijaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zija (aorist second-person singular)
zija (aorist singular third-person)
zějǫ (first-person present singular)
zěješi (present second-person singular)
zějetь (present singular third-person)
zijaxově (aorist dual first-person)
zijasta (aorist dual second-person)
zijaste (aorist dual third-person)
zějevě (dual first-person present)
zějeta (dual present second-person)
zějete (dual present third-person)
zijaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zijaste (aorist plural second-person)
zijašę (aorist plural third-person)
zějemъ (first-person plural present)
zějete (plural present second-person)
zějǫtь (plural present third-person)
zijaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zijaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zijaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zěji (imperative second-person singular)
zěji (imperative singular third-person)
zijaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zijaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zijaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zějivě (dual first-person imperative)
zějita (dual imperative second-person)
zijaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zijaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zijaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
zějite (imperative plural second-person)
*zьjati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зиꙗти (zijati)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: зїꙗти (zijati)
Carpathian Rusyn: зия́ти (zyjáty)
Ukrainian: зя́яти (zjájaty), зія́ти (zijáty); зя́ти (zjáty) (dialectal)

Russian: зия́ть (zijátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зиꙗти (zijati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зијати

Latin: zjȁti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: zijáti, zȋjati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zieti

Czech: zet (literary), zát (obsolete)

Polish: ziać (“exhale”)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źiā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂i-éh₂-yeti (“to gape, be wide open”), ultimately from *ǵʰeh₂-. Cognates include Lithuanian žióti, Latin hiō, Ancient Greek χάσκω (kháskō), Tocharian A śew, Tocharian B kāyā, Sanskrit विजिहीते (vijihīte), and Proto-Germanic *gīnaną, *ganōną (English yawn).


brusiti

brūsìti (canonical perfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
brušenьje (noun-from-verb)
brusiti (infinitive)
brusitъ (supine)
brusilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
brušenъ (participle passive past)
brusimъ (participle passive present)
brušь (active participle past)
brusę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
brusixъ (aorist first-person singular)
brusi (aorist second-person singular)
brusi (aorist singular third-person)
brušǫ (first-person present singular)
brusiši (present second-person singular)
brusitь (present singular third-person)
brusixově (aorist dual first-person)
brusista (aorist dual second-person)
brusiste (aorist dual third-person)
brusivě (dual first-person present)
brusita (dual present second-person)
brusite (dual present third-person)
brusixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brusiste (aorist plural second-person)
brusišę (aorist plural third-person)
brusimъ (first-person plural present)
brusite (plural present second-person)
brusętь (plural present third-person)
brušaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brušaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brušaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brusi (imperative second-person singular)
brusi (imperative singular third-person)
brušaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brušaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brušaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brusivě (dual first-person imperative)
brusita (dual imperative second-person)
brušaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brušaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brušaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brusimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brusite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бруси́ть (brusítʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: бруси́ти (brusýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бру́ся (brúsja)

Macedonian: бруси (brusi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бру́сити

Latin script: brúsiti

Slovene: brúsiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brúsiti

Czech: brousit

Polish: brusić

Silesian: brusić

Slovak: brúsiť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brauk-ei-, *brauś-ei-, iterative of the verb *brauk-, *brauś- (whence Latvian bràukt, Lithuanian braũkti), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrowḱ-. Cognate with Latvian braũcît, Lithuanian braukýti.


netopyřь

netopyřь (nominative singular)
netopyřa (dual nominative)
netopyři (nominative plural)
netopyřa (genitive singular)
netopyřu (dual genitive)
netopyřь (genitive plural)
netopyřu (dative singular)
netopyřema (dative dual)
netopyřemъ (dative plural)
netopyřь (accusative singular)
netopyřa (accusative dual)
netopyřę̇ (accusative plural)
netopyřьmь (instrumental singular)
netopyřemь (instrumental singular)
netopyřema (dual instrumental)
netopyři (instrumental plural)
netopyři (locative singular)
netopyřu (dual locative)
netopyřixъ (locative plural)
netopyřu (singular vocative)
netopyřa (dual vocative)
netopyři (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: нетопꙑрь (netopyrĭ), нопотꙑрь (nopotyrĭ)

Belarusian: нетапы́р (njetapýr)

Russian: нетопы́рь (netopýrʹ)

Ukrainian: нетопи́р (netopýr)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: нетопꙑрь (netopyrĭ), нопотꙑрь (nopotyrĭ), непьтꙑрь (nepĭtyrĭ), нептꙑрь (neptyrĭ)

Bulgarian: нетопи́р (netopír) (dated, dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̏топӣр

Latin script: nȅtopīr

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: netopír, netopȋr (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: netopýř

Czech: netopýr

Bohemian (Chod dialect): nedopyjr

Polabian: netüpar

Old Polish: nietopyrz

Polish: nietoperz

Slovak: netopier

Slovincian: njêtopérz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: njetopyr, njetopor

Lower Sorbian: njetopyŕ

Compounded term, with the first element *neto- possibly reflecting Proto-Indo-European *nekʷto-, oblique e-grade of *nókʷts (“night”). The second element is usually taken to be *pyřь (“flier”), from the lengthened zero grade of the same root also found in *pariti and *pьrati. Another theory states it is the result of folk etymology or taboo deformation, based on *lepetyřь, *lepotyřь from *lepetati, *lepotati (“to fly irregularly; to be noisy by being screamy”) + *-yřь.


čьstь

čь̏stь (canonical feminine)
čь̏stь (nominative singular)
čь̏sti (dual nominative)
čь̏sti (nominative plural)
čьstí (genitive singular)
čьstьjù (dual genitive)
čьsťu (dual genitive)
čьstь̀jь (genitive plural)
čь̏sti (dative singular)
čьstьmà (dative dual)
čь̏stьmъ (dative plural)
čь̏stь (accusative singular)
čь̏sti (accusative dual)
čь̏sti (accusative plural)
čьstьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
čьstьmà (dual instrumental)
čьstьmì (instrumental plural)
čьstí (locative singular)
čьstьjù (dual locative)
čьsťu (dual locative)
čь̏stьxъ (locative plural)
čьsti (singular vocative)
čь̏sti (dual vocative)
čь̏sti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чьсть (čĭstĭ)

Belarusian: чэсць (čescʹ)

Russian: честь (čestʹ)

Ukrainian: честь (čestʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: чьсть (čĭstĭ)

Glagolitic: ⱍⱐⱄⱅⱐ (čĭstĭ)

Bulgarian: чест (čest)

Macedonian: чест (čest)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ча̑ст

Latin script: čȃst

Slovene: čȃst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čest

Czech: čest

desctree

Old Polish: cześć
Polish: cześć
Silesian: cześć, czyść

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czesc

Old Slovak: česť

Slovak: česť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: cesć

Upper Sorbian: česć

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: tiszt

→ Romanian: cinste

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kistis, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷit-tis, from *(s)kʷeyt- (“to notice, perceive”). Cognate with Sanskrit चित्ति (cítti, “thinking, understanding”) and Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cisti, “consciousness”).