božiťь

božìťь (canonical masculine)
*božьcь (alternative)
*božikъ (alternative)
*božičь (alternative)
božiťь (nominative singular)
božiťa (dual nominative)
božiťi (nominative plural)
božiťa (genitive singular)
božiťu (dual genitive)
božiťь (genitive plural)
božiťu (dative singular)
božiťema (dative dual)
božiťemъ (dative plural)
božiťь (accusative singular)
božiťa (accusative dual)
božiťę̇ (accusative plural)
božiťьmь (instrumental singular)
božiťemь (instrumental singular)
božiťema (dual instrumental)
božiťi (instrumental plural)
božiťi (locative singular)
božiťu (dual locative)
božiťixъ (locative plural)
božiťu (singular vocative)
božiťa (dual vocative)
božiťi (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: Бо́жич (Bóžič, “Christmas”) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: бо́жичко (bóžičko) (diminutive)

Macedonian: Божиќ (Božiḱ, “Christmas”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Бо̀жић (“Christmas”)

Latin script: Bòžić (“Christmas”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: bóžič (“Christmas”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: božic

Old Polish: Bożyc

From *bogъ (“god”) + *-iťь (diminutive suffix). Later generalized as the name for Christmas among South Slavs.

affix

→ God's son


čuxъ

čuxъ (nominative singular)
čuxa (dual nominative)
čuśi (nominative plural)
čuxa (genitive singular)
čuxu (dual genitive)
čuxъ (genitive plural)
čuxu (dative singular)
čuxoma (dative dual)
čuxomъ (dative plural)
čuxъ (accusative singular)
čuxa (accusative dual)
čuxy (accusative plural)
čuxъmь (instrumental singular)
čuxomь (instrumental singular)
čuxoma (dual instrumental)
čuxy (instrumental plural)
čuśě (locative singular)
čuxu (dual locative)
čuśěxъ (locative plural)
čuše (singular vocative)
čuxa (dual vocative)
čuśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: чух (čux), цух (cux) (interjection)

Ukrainian: чух (čux), шуф (šuf)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: чух (čuh), >? кюх (kjuh), >? кюф (kjuf) (dialectal)

Slovene: čȗh (“puff, pant”)

Onomatopoeic, seemingly related to Proto-Slavic *čukъ (“knock, clatter”), *cukъ (“tick, tock”). Probably derived from a non-attested *čuti (“to growl, to bark”) + *-xъ attested as extended *čьvati. Compare further Proto-Indo-European *kew- (“to howl, to wail”), *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”).
For the suffix, compare Proto-Slavic *kyxъ (“cough”), *ťuxъ (“wail”), *buxъ (“woo, cough”), *puxъ (“pant”).

cog

growl, grouch, bark (low, rumbling sound)

puff, sniffle (action that produces rumbling noise)


čuxъ

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: чух (čux, “stench”)

South Slavic:

Slovene: čȗh (“stench”)

West Slavic:

Czech: čich

Polish: czuch, cuch

Slovak: čuch

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: čuch

Upper Sorbian: čuch

From *čuti (“to sense, to feel”) + *-xъ.


čuxati

čuxnǫti (perfective)
čuxanьje (noun-from-verb)
čuxati (infinitive)
čuxatъ (supine)
čuxalъ (l-participle)
čuxanъ (participle passive past)
čuxajemъ (participle passive present)
čuxavъ (active participle past)
čuxaję (active participle present)
čuxaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čuxa (aorist second-person singular)
čuxa (aorist singular third-person)
čuxajǫ (first-person present singular)
čuxaješi (present second-person singular)
čuxajetь (present singular third-person)
čuxaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čuxasta (aorist dual second-person)
čuxaste (aorist dual third-person)
čuxajevě (dual first-person present)
čuxajeta (dual present second-person)
čuxajete (dual present third-person)
čuxaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čuxaste (aorist plural second-person)
čuxašę (aorist plural third-person)
čuxajemъ (first-person plural present)
čuxajete (plural present second-person)
čuxajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čuxaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čuxaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čuxaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čuxaji (imperative second-person singular)
čuxaji (imperative singular third-person)
čuxaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čuxaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čuxaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čuxajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čuxajita (dual imperative second-person)
čuxaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čuxaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čuxaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čuxajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čuxajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: чу́хать (čúxatʹ, “to shoo, to drive away”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: чу́хам (čúham), probably кю́хам (kjúham, “to growl, to bark”) (dialectal)

Slovene: čúhati (“to blow, to woo”) (dialectal)

Onomatopoeic, from *čuxъ (“growl, puff”) + *-ati. Possibly reflecting a s-mobile root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, akin to Proto-West Germanic *skiuhijan (“to dread, to shun”).
According to Bezlaj, possibly overlapping with Proto-Slavic *ťuxati (“to pant, to wail”).

cog

to growl, to grouch, to bark (for animal, person)


čuxati

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: чу́хать (čúxatʹ, “to comprehend”), чу́хаться (čúxatʹsja)

South Slavic:

Slovene: čȗhati (“to feel”), čóhati (“to stink”)

East Slavic:

Czech: čichat, čuchat

Slovak: čuchať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: čuchać

From *čuxъ (“feeling, scent”) + *-ati, an s-extension of Proto-Slavic *čuti (“to sense, to hear”).
Traditionally compared by early scholars with Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną (“to hear”), Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “to hear”) (nowadays commonly derived from unrelated Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”)).


čьvati

čьvanьje (noun-from-verb)
čьvati (infinitive)
čьvatъ (supine)
čьvalъ (l-participle)
čьvanъ (participle passive past)
čьvajemъ (participle passive present)
čьvavъ (active participle past)
čьvaję (active participle present)
čьvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čьva (aorist second-person singular)
čьva (aorist singular third-person)
čьvajǫ (first-person present singular)
čьvaješi (present second-person singular)
čьvajetь (present singular third-person)
čьvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čьvasta (aorist dual second-person)
čьvaste (aorist dual third-person)
čьvajevě (dual first-person present)
čьvajeta (dual present second-person)
čьvajete (dual present third-person)
čьvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čьvaste (aorist plural second-person)
čьvašę (aorist plural third-person)
čьvajemъ (first-person plural present)
čьvajete (plural present second-person)
čьvajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čьvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čьvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čьvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čьvaji (imperative second-person singular)
čьvaji (imperative singular third-person)
čьvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čьvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čьvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čьvajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čьvajita (dual imperative second-person)
čьvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čьvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čьvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čьvajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čьvajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: чва́ти (čváty)

West Slavic:

Czech: čvat (dialectal)

From an earlier onomatopoeic *čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati. Probably reflects a s-mobile root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, which yielded as well synonymous Proto-Slavic *ščuti, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”) (attested in Slovene ščúti / ščúvati, Polish szczuć / szczwać, Czech štvát).

čьvaniti

*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)


xula

xulà (canonical feminine)
xūlà (nominative singular)
xũlě (dual nominative)
xūlỳ (nominative plural)
xūlỳ (genitive singular)
xūlù (dual genitive)
xũlъ (genitive plural)
xūlě̀ (dative singular)
xūlàma (dative dual)
xūlàmъ (dative plural)
xūlǫ̀ (accusative singular)
xũlě (accusative dual)
xūlỳ (accusative plural)
xūlòjǫ (instrumental singular)
xũlǫ (instrumental singular)
xūlàma (dual instrumental)
xūlàmī (instrumental plural)
xūlě̀ (locative singular)
xūlù (dual locative)
xūlàsъ (locative plural)
xūlàxъ (locative plural)
xulo (singular vocative)
xũlě (dual vocative)
xūlỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хула (xula)

Old Ruthenian: хула́ (xulá)

Belarusian: хула́ (xulá) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: хула́ (xulá)

Russian: хула́ (xulá) (dated, literary)

Belarusian: ху́ла (xúla, “scolding”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: хоула (xula)

Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰾⰰ (xula)

Bulgarian: ху́ла (húla)

Macedonian: хула (hula) (literary)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ху̏ла (dialectal)

Latin script: hȕla (dialectal)

Slovene: húla (poetic)

Main lines of reasoning:
* Of onomatopoeic or expressive origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”), originally meaning “taunt”. Related to Proto-Slavic *čьvati, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to harass”).
* Of physical nature, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to injure”), originally meaning “physical attack, offend”. Related to Proto-Slavic *xudъ (“injured, weak”), possibly Proto-Slavic *xytiti (“to assault”).

der

unjust vilification, verbal offence → blasphemy (in religion)


xъrtъ

xъ̀rtъ (canonical)
xъ̑rtъ (canonical masculine)
xъrtъ (nominative singular)
xъ̀rta (dual nominative)
xъ̀rti (nominative plural)
xъ̀rta (genitive singular)
xъ̀rtu (dual genitive)
xъ̀rtъ (genitive plural)
xъ̀rtu (dative singular)
xъ̀rtoma (dative dual)
xъ̀rtomъ (dative plural)
xъrtъ (accusative singular)
xъ̀rta (accusative dual)
xъ̀rty (accusative plural)
xъ̀rtъmь (instrumental singular)
xъ̀rtomь (instrumental singular)
xъ̀rtoma (dual instrumental)
xъ̀rtȳ (instrumental plural)
xъ̀rtě (locative singular)
xъ̀rtu (dual locative)
xъ̀rtě̄xъ (locative plural)
xъ̀rte (singular vocative)
xъ̀rta (dual vocative)
xъ̀rti (plural vocative)
xъ̑rtъ (nominative singular)
xъ̑rta (dual nominative)
xъ̑rti (nominative plural)
xъ̑rta (genitive singular)
xъrtù (dual genitive)
xъ̃rtъ (genitive plural)
xъ̑rtu (dative singular)
xъrtomà (dative dual)
xъrtòmъ (dative plural)
xъ̑rtъ (accusative singular)
xъ̑rta (accusative dual)
xъ̑rty (accusative plural)
xъ̑rtъmь (instrumental singular)
xъ̑rtomь (instrumental singular)
xъrtomà (dual instrumental)
xъrtý (instrumental plural)
xъ̑rtě (locative singular)
xъrtù (dual locative)
xъrtě̃xъ (locative plural)
xъrte (singular vocative)
xъ̑rta (dual vocative)
xъ̑rti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хъртъ (xŭrtŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: хортъ (xort)
Belarusian: хорт (xort)
Ukrainian: хорт (xort), хірт (xirt)

Russian: хорт (xort)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: хрътъ (xrŭtŭ) (Serbian rendition)

Bulgarian: хърт (hǎrt), хрът (hrǎt) (dialectal) (standard: хръ́тка f (hrǎ́tka))

Macedonian: 'рт ('rt)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хр̏т

Latin script: hȑt

Slovene: hȓt

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chrt

Czech: chrt

Kashubian: chart

Old Polish: chart
Polish: chart, hart (Middle Polish)

Old Slovak: chrt

Slovak: chrt

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chart

Upper Sorbian: chort

Non-Slavic:

→ Proto-Finnic: *hurtta (see there for further descendants)

Related to Lithuanian kùrtas (“hound”), Latvian kur̃ts (“greyhound”), but unclear if cognate or loaned into. Further origin disputed.
According to majority viewpoint (Berneker, Brückner, Mladenov, Kopečný), a substantivized participle from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to swing, to skip, to frisk”) + *-tъ, akin to Proto-Slavic *skorъ (“quick, sudden”), *čьrstvъ (“agile”) and genetic cognate with the Baltic terms. Attested in adjectival function in dialectal Russian хо́ртый пёс (xórtyj pjos). Possibly also related to Proto-Slavic *čьrtъ (“demon”), Lithuanian skėrỹs (“locust”), and further Ancient Greek σκάρος (skáros, “parrotfish”).
Alternative proposals:
* Machek: From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewr- (“to run”), akin to Proto-Slavic *ščurьcь (“rat, cricket”) and possibly Proto-Slavic *kurъ m (“rooster”), *kurica f (“hen”). Without s-mobile: cognate with the Baltic terms for hound and dialectal Lithuanian kùrti (“to run, to move quickly”).
* Trubačev, Vasmer: Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“faint”), akin to Russian мухо́ртый (muxórtyj, “speckled with gray spots”), тьмохо́ртый (tʹmoxórtyj, “dirty green”) and Lithuanian sar̃tas (“light bay”).
* Hirt: Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hruþjô (“snot; dog”) (whence German Rüde (“foxhound”)). Dismissed by most Slavists.

cog

хрълъ

*xъrlъ (“quick”) (possibly *xъrtlъ); Old Church Slavonic


batь

batь (nominative singular)
bati (dual nominative)
batьje (nominative plural)
bati (genitive singular)
batьju (dual genitive)
batьjь (genitive plural)
bati (dative singular)
batьma (dative dual)
batьmъ (dative plural)
batь (accusative singular)
bati (accusative dual)
bati (accusative plural)
batьmь (instrumental singular)
batьma (dual instrumental)
batьmi (instrumental plural)
bati (locative singular)
batьju (dual locative)
batьxъ (locative plural)
bati (singular vocative)
bati (dual vocative)
batьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: бат (bat) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бат (bat) (honorific)

Usually viewed as a baby-word or a borrowing:
* Berneker, Machek: Baby-talk modification of *bratrъ (“brother”).
* Sobolevsky: Ultimately of Iranian origin, probably from Proto-Iranian *pHtā́ (“father”). According to Miklošič, possibly borrowed via an intermediate Turkic language (compare Proto-Turkic *bāča (“elder relative”) or the title of Bat Bayan, an Oghur-Bulghar prince).
* Orel: From a Paleo-Balkan substrate, possibly cognate with Albanian bacë (“elder relative”) (honorific), Romanian baci (“main shepherd”). May be further akin to Ancient Greek φώς (phṓs, “man, hero”) (gen. φωτός (phōtós)).
Morphologically resembles kin terms in *-tь, including *zętь (“son-in-law”), *tьstь (“father-in-law”), *netь(jь) (“nephew”).
Compare also Hungarian bátya (“big brother”), Moksha патя (patä, “elder sibling”), Komi-Permyak бать (bať). Further reminiscent of Turkish baba, dial. Tatar aba, Hungarian apa, Ket баат (“patriarch, old man”), Proto-Mongolic *aba, Korean 아빠 (appa).

onomatopoeic

baby-word

baťa*baťica*baťina ()*baťinъ ()*baťuxa

father; fatherland, heritage, origin; fatherly

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)

elder relative or respected acquaintance (as a honorific)


gъmyzъ

*gъmyza (alternative)
gъmyzъ (nominative singular)
gъmyza (dual nominative)
gъmyzi (nominative plural)
gъmyza (genitive singular)
gъmyzu (dual genitive)
gъmyzъ (genitive plural)
gъmyzu (dative singular)
gъmyzoma (dative dual)
gъmyzomъ (dative plural)
gъmyzъ (accusative singular)
gъmyza (accusative dual)
gъmyzy (accusative plural)
gъmyzъmь (instrumental singular)
gъmyzomь (instrumental singular)
gъmyzoma (dual instrumental)
gъmyzy (instrumental plural)
gъmyzě (locative singular)
gъmyzu (dual locative)
gъmyzěxъ (locative plural)
gъmyze (singular vocative)
gъmyza (dual vocative)
gъmyzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: гмыз (hmyz)

Russian: гмы́за f (gmýza, “swarm”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гми̑з m, гми́за f (“pearl”)

Latin script: gmȋz m, gmíza f (“pearl”)

Slovene: gmíza f (“pearl”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hmyz

Czech: hmyz

Old Slovak: hmyz

Slovak: hmyz

Likely from the same root as Proto-Slavic *gъmъza (“clump”), *gъmota (“matter”), *gomola (“clump, heap”), but unclear beyond that. Possibly akin to Proto-Slavic *žęti (“to squeeze”).


sъvъkupiti

sъvъkupìti (canonical perfective)
sъvъkupľavati (imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъvъkupľenьje (noun-from-verb)
sъvъkupiti (infinitive)
sъvъkupitъ (supine)
sъvъkupilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъvъkupľenъ (participle passive past)
sъvъkupľь (active participle past)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъvъkupixъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъvъkupi (aorist second-person singular)
sъvъkupi (aorist singular third-person)
sъvъkupľǫ (first-person present singular)
sъvъkupiši (present second-person singular)
sъvъkupitь (present singular third-person)
sъvъkupixově (aorist dual first-person)
sъvъkupista (aorist dual second-person)
sъvъkupiste (aorist dual third-person)
sъvъkupivě (dual first-person present)
sъvъkupita (dual present second-person)
sъvъkupite (dual present third-person)
sъvъkupixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъvъkupiste (aorist plural second-person)
sъvъkupišę (aorist plural third-person)
sъvъkupimъ (first-person plural present)
sъvъkupite (plural present second-person)
sъvъkupętь (plural present third-person)
sъvъkupi (imperative second-person singular)
sъvъkupi (imperative singular third-person)
sъvъkupivě (dual first-person imperative)
sъvъkupita (dual imperative second-person)
sъvъkupimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъvъkupite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

совокупи́ться

Russian: совокупи́ть (sovokupítʹ), совокупи́ться (sovokupítʹsja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: съвъкоупити (sŭvŭkupiti)

съвъку́пя се

съвоку́пя се

съвкупля́вам се

съвъкупля́вам се

съвокупля́вам се

Bulgarian: съвъку́пя се pf (sǎvǎkúpja se), съвоку́пя се pf (sǎvokúpja se), съвкупля́вам се impf (sǎvkupljávam se), съвъкупля́вам се impf (sǎvǎkupljávam se), съвокупля́вам се impf (sǎvokupljávam se)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: савку̏пити

Latin script: savkȕpiti

*sъ(n)- + *vъ(n)- + *kupiti (“to gather, to pile”)

prefix

(reflexive, figurative) (+ *sę) to intercourse


xopiti

xopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
xopiti (infinitive)
xopitъ (supine)
xopilъ (l-participle)
xopľenъ (participle passive past)
xopľь (active participle past)
xopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
xopi (aorist second-person singular)
xopi (aorist singular third-person)
xopľǫ (first-person present singular)
xopiši (present second-person singular)
xopitь (present singular third-person)
xopixově (aorist dual first-person)
xopista (aorist dual second-person)
xopiste (aorist dual third-person)
xopivě (dual first-person present)
xopita (dual present second-person)
xopite (dual present third-person)
xopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
xopiste (aorist plural second-person)
xopišę (aorist plural third-person)
xopimъ (first-person plural present)
xopite (plural present second-person)
xopętь (plural present third-person)
xopi (imperative second-person singular)
xopi (imperative singular third-person)
xopivě (dual first-person imperative)
xopita (dual imperative second-person)
xopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
xopite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хопити (xopiti)

desc

Belarusian: хапі́ць (xapícʹ), хапі́цца (xapícca)

Russian: хопи́ть (xopítʹ), хопи́ться (xopítʹsja)

Ukrainian: хопи́ти (xopýty), хопи́тися (xopýtysja)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chopiti sě

Czech: chopit (“to grasp, to comprehend”), chopit se

Old Polish: chopić

Slovak: chopiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chopiś (“to begin”)

Upper Sorbian: khopić (“to initiate, to begin”)

Probably of expressive origin, comparable with Proto-Slavic *xapati (“to bite”), Old Church Slavonic хѫпити (xǫpiti, “to snatch”). Compare further dial. Bulgarian хо́пам (hópam, “to skip, to frisk”), Polish chopnąć (“to clap, to push”) of onomatopoeic or interjectal origin.
Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ep- (“to grab, to have”), if presumably PIE *kH- could yield Proto-Slavic *x-. According to Uhlenbeck, may alternatively be a borrowing from Middle Low German happen (“to take a bite”); usually dismissed by other Slavists.

onomatopoeic

expressive

cog

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to undertake, to handle


vьrtъpъ

vьrtъpъ (nominative singular)
vьrtъpa (dual nominative)
vьrtъpi (nominative plural)
vьrtъpa (genitive singular)
vьrtъpu (dual genitive)
vьrtъpъ (genitive plural)
vьrtъpu (dative singular)
vьrtъpoma (dative dual)
vьrtъpomъ (dative plural)
vьrtъpъ (accusative singular)
vьrtъpa (accusative dual)
vьrtъpy (accusative plural)
vьrtъpъmь (instrumental singular)
vьrtъpomь (instrumental singular)
vьrtъpoma (dual instrumental)
vьrtъpy (instrumental plural)
vьrtъpě (locative singular)
vьrtъpu (dual locative)
vьrtъpěxъ (locative plural)
vьrtъpe (singular vocative)
vьrtъpa (dual vocative)
vьrtъpi (plural vocative)
*vьrtьpъ (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: вьртьпъ (vĭrtĭpŭ), вертебъ (vertebŭ)

Russian: верте́п (vertép)

Ukrainian: верте́п (vertép), ве́ртіп (vértip)/ве́ртіб (vértib)

→ Polish: wertep

Belarusian: вя́рцеп (vjárcjep) (reanalyzed)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: врьтопъ (vrĭtopŭ), врътопъ (vrŭtopŭ)

Bulgarian: върто́п (vǎrtóp), връто́п (vrǎtóp) (dialectal)

→ Romanian: vârtop (“hole carved out of water”)

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal, limited to Eastern Serbian)

Cyrillic script: вртоп

Slovene: vrtȅp (tonal orthography)

According to Georgiev (BER), probably an ancient compound word from *vьrtěti + the descendant of Proto-Balto-Slavic *upas, *upis (“flowing water”) (cf. Russian Упа (Upa, “r. Upa”) (hydronym), Вопь (Vopʹ, “r. Vop”) (hydronym), Lithuanian ùpė (“river”), Latvian upe (“spring, water”)). This etymology however fails to explain the additional meanings “garden” and “cave, depression”.
Per Vasmer, cognate with Lithuanian veriù, vérti (“close, lock up”)

cog

cave, depression (in East Slavic, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian)


vьrtъ

vьrtъ (nominative singular)
vьrta (dual nominative)
vьrti (nominative plural)
vьrta (genitive singular)
vьrtu (dual genitive)
vьrtъ (genitive plural)
vьrtu (dative singular)
vьrtoma (dative dual)
vьrtomъ (dative plural)
vьrtъ (accusative singular)
vьrta (accusative dual)
vьrty (accusative plural)
vьrtъmь (instrumental singular)
vьrtomь (instrumental singular)
vьrtoma (dual instrumental)
vьrty (instrumental plural)
vьrtě (locative singular)
vьrtu (dual locative)
vьrtěxъ (locative plural)
vьrte (singular vocative)
vьrta (dual vocative)
vьrti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Russian: кругове́рть f (krugovértʹ)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: врът (vrǎt), връц (vrǎc), връ́тка (vrǎ́tka)

⇒ Macedonian: вртка (vrtka)

⇒ Slovene: vŕtec (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polish: wart

Instance noun of Proto-Slavic *vьrtěti (“to rotate, to turn”), parallel to the o-grade form *vortъ. Cognate with Latin vertex, vortex.


vьrtъ

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: врьтъ (vrĭtŭ), врътъ (vrŭtŭ)

Bulgarian: врът (vrǎt), ворт (vort) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏т

Latin script: vȑt

Slovene: vȓt (tonal orthography)

desc/sl-tonal

⇒ Slovene: vȓtek, vrtȉč, vrtáča (tonal orthography)

Most likely from Etymology 1 via semantic shift revolution → enclosure → garden, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, to rotate”). Cognate with Tocharian B warto (“garden, enclosure, groove”).
Alternatively, per Brandt, possibly a back-formation from Proto-Germanic *wurtigardiz (whence Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards), Old English ortġeard), with first element from the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root, plant”). Usually dismissed since corresponding East Slavic descendants exhibit reflexes of Proto-Slavic *vьrtogordъ with root -ь- (rather than expected -ъ-).


žęděti

žęděnьje (noun-from-verb)
žęděti (infinitive)
žędětъ (supine)
žędělъ (l-participle)
žęděnъ (participle passive past)
žędimъ (participle passive present)
žęděvъ (active participle past)
žędę (active participle present)
žęděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žędě (aorist second-person singular)
žędě (aorist singular third-person)
žęďǫ (first-person present singular)
žędiši (present second-person singular)
žęditь (present singular third-person)
žęděxově (aorist dual first-person)
žęděsta (aorist dual second-person)
žęděste (aorist dual third-person)
žędivě (dual first-person present)
žędita (dual present second-person)
žędite (dual present third-person)
žęděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žęděste (aorist plural second-person)
žęděšę (aorist plural third-person)
žędimъ (first-person plural present)
žędite (plural present second-person)
žędętь (plural present third-person)
žęděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žęděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žęděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žędi (imperative second-person singular)
žędi (imperative singular third-person)
žęděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žęděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žęděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žędivě (dual first-person imperative)
žędita (dual imperative second-person)
žęděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žęděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žęděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žędimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žędite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жѧдѣти (žęděti)

desc

Bulgarian: же́дя (žédja), жаждя́ (žaždjá) (dialectal)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gedḗˀtei, an essive of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to yearn, to pray for”). Nasal infix apparently influenced by synonymous *žędati. Cognate with Lithuanian gedė́ti (“to mourn”).

der

craving; to cause thirst; avid, greedy; thirsty; thirst; to crave

žędь*žęditi ()*žędьnъ ()*žędostь ()*žędovati ()


torpъ

tȏrpъ (canonical masculine)
*tòrpa (alternative)
tȏrpъ (nominative singular)
tȏrpa (dual nominative)
tȏrpi (nominative plural)
tȏrpa (genitive singular)
torpù (dual genitive)
tõrpъ (genitive plural)
tȏrpu (dative singular)
torpomà (dative dual)
torpòmъ (dative plural)
tȏrpъ (accusative singular)
tȏrpa (accusative dual)
tȏrpy (accusative plural)
tȏrpъmь (instrumental singular)
tȏrpomь (instrumental singular)
torpomà (dual instrumental)
torpý (instrumental plural)
tȏrpě (locative singular)
torpù (dual locative)
torpě̃xъ (locative plural)
torpe (singular vocative)
tȏrpa (dual vocative)
tȏrpi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: то́рап (tórap, “terror”)

Russian: то́роп (tórop, “haste”)

desc

⇒ Russian: торо́па m (torópa), торопы́га m (toropýga, “hectic person”) (colloquial)

Ukrainian: торо́па m (torópa, “annoying person”) (colloquial)

South Slavic:

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: trȁp, trápa (“pillock, fool”) (tonal orthography)

⇒ Slovene: trȃpec (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: trap (“trot”)

Agent/action noun from *torpěti, *torpiti (“to push, to enforce, to bother”) + *-ъ. Cognate with Latvian tar̃pa (“force, capacity”), Lithuanian tarpà (“growth”).

то́ропіт

*torpotъ (“hindrance, horror”); Ukrainian

(figurative) pillock, wazzock (fatuous, dull or hectic person)


torpъ

torpъ (nominative singular)
torpa (dual nominative)
torpi (nominative plural)
torpa (genitive singular)
torpu (dual genitive)
torpъ (genitive plural)
torpu (dative singular)
torpoma (dative dual)
torpomъ (dative plural)
torpъ (accusative singular)
torpa (accusative dual)
torpy (accusative plural)
torpъmь (instrumental singular)
torpomь (instrumental singular)
torpoma (dual instrumental)
torpy (instrumental plural)
torpě (locative singular)
torpu (dual locative)
torpěxъ (locative plural)
torpe (singular vocative)
torpa (dual vocative)
torpi (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: трапъ (trapŭ)

Bulgarian: трап (trap)

Macedonian: трап (trap)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра̏п

Latin script: trȁp

Probably from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tárˀpas along with Lithuanian tárpas (“space, interval”), possibly Latvian tārps (“invertebrate”). Likely further cognate with Tocharian A tarp (“pond”). Relation to Etymology 1 not excluded, in case the acute is due to metatony.


tlaka

tlàka (canonical feminine)
tlàka (nominative singular)
tlàcě (dual nominative)
tlàky (nominative plural)
tlàky (genitive singular)
tlàku (dual genitive)
tlàkъ (genitive plural)
tlàcě (dative singular)
tlàkama (dative dual)
tlàkamъ (dative plural)
tlàkǫ (accusative singular)
tlàcě (accusative dual)
tlàky (accusative plural)
tlàkojǫ (instrumental singular)
tlàkǭ (instrumental singular)
tlàkama (dual instrumental)
tlàkamī (instrumental plural)
tlàcě (locative singular)
tlàku (dual locative)
tlàkasъ (locative plural)
tlàkaxъ (locative plural)
tlàko (singular vocative)
tlàcě (dual vocative)
tlàky (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tlaka


vъnъ

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: вънъ (vŭnŭ), вонъ (vonŭ)

Russian: вон (von), вонки (vonki) (dialectal)

→ Polish: won

Ukrainian: вон (von, “get out!”) (interjection), вонка (vonka)

Belarusian: звонку (zvónku, “outside”) (from з- + *вонку)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вънъ (vŭnŭ), вьнъ (vĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: вън (vǎn), вънка (vǎnka), вонка (vonka)

Macedonian: вон (von), вонка (vonka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ва̏н

Latin script: vȁn

Slovene: və́n (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ven

Czech: ven

Kashubian: wen

Old Polish: wen

Old Slovak: von, vonka, vonku

Pannonian Rusyn: вонка (vonka), повонку (povonku)

Slovak: von, vonku

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wen

Upper Sorbian: won

Disputed:
* Meillet, Mladenov: From an amalgamation of Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out”) + *h₂nu (“on, at”), nearly exact cognate with Proto-Germanic *ūtanē (“outside of”). First element akin with Proto-Slavic *vy(d) (“out”), second with Proto-Slavic *na (“on”).
* Vasmer, Zubatý: From reanalysis of Proto-Indo-European *wónm̥ (“alien, external space”), cognate with Sanskrit वन (vána, “wood”).
* Trautmann, Snoj: Related to Proto-Slavic *voňь (“smell, odour”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breath”) or from a nasal infix of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow wind”), via semantic development odour → air, athmosphere → open/unbounded space, outside. Cognate with Old Prussian winna (“air”).


emela

emela (nominative singular)
emelě (dual nominative)
emely (nominative plural)
emely (genitive singular)
emelu (dual genitive)
emelъ (genitive plural)
emelě (dative singular)
emelama (dative dual)
emelamъ (dative plural)
emelǫ (accusative singular)
emelě (accusative dual)
emely (accusative plural)
emelojǫ (instrumental singular)
emelǫ (instrumental singular)
emelama (dual instrumental)
emelami (instrumental plural)
emelě (locative singular)
emelu (dual locative)
emelasъ (locative plural)
emelaxъ (locative plural)
emelo (singular vocative)
emelě (dual vocative)
emely (plural vocative)
*jemela (alternative)
*jьmela (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: омела (omela), имела (imela)

Belarusian: аме́ла́ (amjélá), амяла́ (amjalá), емяла́ (jemjalá), amieła — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

Russian: оме́ла (oméla)

Ukrainian: оме́ла́ (omélá), іме́ла (iméla), вимела (vymela), гемела (hemela), гемело (hemelo), вомена (vomena), обмила (obmyla), оміла (omila), помело (pomelo), єлим (jelym), єлом (jelom), ямела (jamela) — dialectal

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: имела (imela)

Bulgarian: и́мел (ímel), и́мело (ímelo), и́мела (ímela), и́мала (ímala)

Macedonian: имела (imela)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ѝмела, имѐла, мѐла

Latin script: ìmela, imèla, mèla

Chakavian Serbo-Croatian: òmela

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: oméla, imȇla, méla (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jmelé, jmela

desc

Czech: jmelí, jmélí, jimelí, omelí, melí, mélí, jmel, jmela, jemela, jemelo, jamel

Old Polish: jemioła f, jemioł m

Polish: jemioła f, jemiel m, jamioła f, imioła f

Slovak: imelo, omelo, jemalo, jemelo, emalo, jamelo

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jemjel

Lower Sorbian: jemjoł

From a Proto-Balto-Slavic term with uncertain vowels and ending, reflected as Old Prussian emelno f, Lithuanian ãmalas, ẽmalas, Latvian āmulis, āmuls, amuls, āmals, amùolis, amuols, ȩmuols, and by toponymy for other Baltic languages as well as Dacian *amalas (“mistletoe”); of obscure origin, speculated a borrowing from such a Trümmersprache.

unk

obscure


guščerъ

gùščerъ (canonical masculine)
guščerъ (nominative singular)
guščera (dual nominative)
guščeri (nominative plural)
guščera (genitive singular)
guščeru (dual genitive)
guščerъ (genitive plural)
guščeru (dative singular)
guščeroma (dative dual)
guščeromъ (dative plural)
guščerъ (accusative singular)
guščera (accusative dual)
guščery (accusative plural)
guščerъmь (instrumental singular)
guščeromь (instrumental singular)
guščeroma (dual instrumental)
guščery (instrumental plural)
guščerě (locative singular)
guščeru (dual locative)
guščerěxъ (locative plural)
guščere (singular vocative)
guščera (dual vocative)
guščeri (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гу́щер (gúšter)

Macedonian: гуштер (gušter)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гу̏штер

Latin script: gȕšter

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: gúščer, kuščar (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polabian: gä́ustar

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: gușter

→ Aromanian: guștir, guștur

→ Greek: γουσκέρα (gouskéra)

Most likely a compound of *gu- (“serpentile”) + *ščerъ with uncertain meaning of second element. See standard *aščerъ for further discussion.


aščerica

*aščelica (alternative)
aščerica (nominative singular)
aščerici (dual nominative)
aščericę̇ (nominative plural)
aščericę̇ (genitive singular)
aščericu (dual genitive)
aščericь (genitive plural)
aščerici (dative singular)
aščericama (dative dual)
aščericamъ (dative plural)
aščericǫ (accusative singular)
aščerici (accusative dual)
aščericę̇ (accusative plural)
aščericejǫ (instrumental singular)
aščericǫ (instrumental singular)
aščericama (dual instrumental)
aščericami (instrumental plural)
aščerici (locative singular)
aščericu (dual locative)
aščericasъ (locative plural)
aščericaxъ (locative plural)
aščerice (singular vocative)
aščerici (dual vocative)
aščericę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗщерица (jaščerica)

Russian: я́щерица (jáščerica)

Ukrainian: ящури́ця (jaščurýcja)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: аштерица (ašterica)

Serbo-Croatian: (rare)

Cyrillic script: jа̏штерица

Latin script: jȁšterica

Chakavian (Vrgada): jȁšćerica

Slovene: jȃščerica (tonal orthography) (rare)

West Slavic:

Czech: ještěřice

Kashubian: wieszczerzëca

Polabian: vistăraićă

Old Polish: jeszczerzyca

Slovak: jašterica

Slovincian: jeszczêrëca

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jašćeŕca

Upper Sorbian: ješćelca

feminine of *aščerъ (“lizard, salamander”)


kovaľь

kovàľь (canonical masculine)
kovaľь (nominative singular)
kovaľa (dual nominative)
kovaľi (nominative plural)
kovaľa (genitive singular)
kovaľu (dual genitive)
kovaľь (genitive plural)
kovaľu (dative singular)
kovaľema (dative dual)
kovaľemъ (dative plural)
kovaľь (accusative singular)
kovaľa (accusative dual)
kovaľę̇ (accusative plural)
kovaľьmь (instrumental singular)
kovaľemь (instrumental singular)
kovaľema (dual instrumental)
kovaľi (instrumental plural)
kovaľi (locative singular)
kovaľu (dual locative)
kovaľixъ (locative plural)
kovaľu (singular vocative)
kovaľa (dual vocative)
kovaľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: коваль (kovalĭ)

Old Ruthenian: коваль (kovalʹ), ковалъ (koval)

Belarusian: кава́ль (kaválʹ)

Ukrainian: кова́ль (koválʹ)

→ Bulgarian: кова́ль (koválʹ) (dialectal, archaic)

Russian: ко́ва́ль (kóválʹ) (dialectal, regional)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: *koval

Czech: koval (dialectal)

Old Polish: *kowal

Polish: kowal

Silesian: kowŏl

Old Slovak: kovaľ

Pannonian Rusyn: коваль (kovalʹ)

Slovak: kováľ (dialectal)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kòwôl

Slovincian: kôwól

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kowal

From *kovàti (“to hew, to forge”) + *-aľь (“deverbal”).


mězgyrь

mězgyrь (nominative singular)
mězgyri (dual nominative)
mězgyrьje (nominative plural)
mězgyri (genitive singular)
mězgyrьju (dual genitive)
mězgyrьjь (genitive plural)
mězgyri (dative singular)
mězgyrьma (dative dual)
mězgyrьmъ (dative plural)
mězgyrь (accusative singular)
mězgyri (accusative dual)
mězgyri (accusative plural)
mězgyrьmь (instrumental singular)
mězgyrьma (dual instrumental)
mězgyrьmi (instrumental plural)
mězgyri (locative singular)
mězgyrьju (dual locative)
mězgyrьxъ (locative plural)
mězgyri (singular vocative)
mězgyri (dual vocative)
mězgyrьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мѣзгирь (mězgirĭ), мизгирь (mizgirĭ)

Russian: мизги́рь (mizgírʹ), мызги́рь (myzgírʹ), музги́рь (muzgírʹ), музгы́рь (muzgýrʹ), мозгирь (mozgirʹ), ма́згарь (mázgarʹ) — dialectal

Ukrainian: мизги́рь (myzhýrʹ), мизги́р (myzhýr)

Apparently suffixed + *-yrь (“agentive suffix”) from Proto-Balto-Slavic *mezgti (“to twist, to weave, to sew, to entangle etc.”) (Latvian mežģīt, Lithuanian mègzti), a Proto-Indo-European stem from which notably also Proto-Germanic *maskwǭ (“loop, knot; mesh”) derives, possibly also Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰós (“marrow; brain”).


měxyrь

měxyrь (nominative singular)
měxyri (dual nominative)
měxyrьje (nominative plural)
měxyri (genitive singular)
měxyrьju (dual genitive)
měxyrьjь (genitive plural)
měxyri (dative singular)
měxyrьma (dative dual)
měxyrьmъ (dative plural)
měxyrь (accusative singular)
měxyri (accusative dual)
měxyri (accusative plural)
měxyrьmь (instrumental singular)
měxyrьma (dual instrumental)
měxyrьmi (instrumental plural)
měxyri (locative singular)
měxyrьju (dual locative)
měxyrьxъ (locative plural)
měxyri (singular vocative)
měxyri (dual vocative)
měxyrьje (plural vocative)
*měxorь (alternative)
*měxurь (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мѣхирь (měxirĭ), мѣхиръ (měxirŭ)

Russian: михи́рь (mixírʹ) (obsolete, regional)

Ukrainian: міху́р (mixúr), міхи́р (mixýr)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: мѣхꙑръ (měxyrŭ)

Bulgarian: меху́р (mehúr)

Macedonian: меур (meur)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мје̏хӯр, ме̏хӯр, мјѐхӣр, мѐхӣр, мјеир, ме̏јир

Latin script: mjȅhūr, mȅhūr, mjȅhīr, mȅhīr, mjeir, mȅjir

Slovene: mẹhúr, mẹhír, mẹhér

West Slavic:

Old Czech: měchýř

Czech: měchýř

Old Polish: męchyrz

Polish: mecherz, mechierz, męcherz, męchierz, męchyrz, miechierz, miecherz, miechór (obsolete)

→ Belarusian: міхіе́р (mixijér)

Slovak: mechúr

*měxъ (“a skin, a bag”) + *-yrь (agentive suffix)

affix

anything blown up in shape, bladder, blob


pastyrь

*pastuxъ (alternative)
pastyrь (nominative singular)
pastyri (dual nominative)
pastyrьje (nominative plural)
pastyri (genitive singular)
pastyrьju (dual genitive)
pastyrьjь (genitive plural)
pastyri (dative singular)
pastyrьma (dative dual)
pastyrьmъ (dative plural)
pastyrь (accusative singular)
pastyri (accusative dual)
pastyri (accusative plural)
pastyrьmь (instrumental singular)
pastyrьma (dual instrumental)
pastyrьmi (instrumental plural)
pastyri (locative singular)
pastyrьju (dual locative)
pastyrьxъ (locative plural)
pastyri (singular vocative)
pastyri (dual vocative)
pastyrьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: па́стыр (pástyr)

desc

Russian: па́стырь (pástyrʹ), па́стирь (pástirʹ)

Ukrainian: па́стир (pástyr, “pastor”)

Carpathian Rusyn: пастыр (pastŷr)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пастꙑрь (pastyrĭ)

Bulgarian: пасти́р (pastír), arch. па́стир (pástir, “pastor”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̀сти̑р, па̀стијер

Latin script: pàstȋr, pàstijer

Slovene: pastír (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pastýř

Czech: pastýř

Kashubian: pasturz

Pannonian Rusyn: пастир (pastir)

Polish: pastyrz, pasterz

Silesian: pastyrz

Slovak: pastier

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pastyŕ

Upper Sorbian: pastyŕ

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: pásztor

Etymologically from *pasti (“to graze”) + *-yrь. In later times, a secondary meaning cleric has been attached in some daughter languages, under the influence of Latin pāstor.


mъlinъ

mъlinъ (nominative singular)
mъlina (dual nominative)
mъlini (nominative plural)
mъlina (genitive singular)
mъlinu (dual genitive)
mъlinъ (genitive plural)
mъlinu (dative singular)
mъlinoma (dative dual)
mъlinomъ (dative plural)
mъlinъ (accusative singular)
mъlina (accusative dual)
mъliny (accusative plural)
mъlinъmь (instrumental singular)
mъlinomь (instrumental singular)
mъlinoma (dual instrumental)
mъliny (instrumental plural)
mъlině (locative singular)
mъlinu (dual locative)
mъliněxъ (locative plural)
mъline (singular vocative)
mъlina (dual vocative)
mъlini (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: мълинъ (mŭlinŭ) (Serbian recension)

Macedonian: млин (mlin) (dialectal)

Old Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: mlin, malin, melin

Cyrillic script: млин, малин, мелин

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: mlȋn, málin (tonal orthography)

→ Hungarian: malom

West Slavic:

Czech: mlýn

Kashubian: młin

Old Polish: młyn

Polish: młyn

→? Old East Slavic: млинъ (mlinŭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: млынъ (mlyn), млинъ (mlin)

Belarusian: млын (mlyn), млін (mlin)

Ukrainian: млин (mlyn)

Russian: (dialectal) млин (mlin)

→? Old Prussian: malunis

→? Old Lithuanian: malū̃nas

Slovak: mlyn

Slovincian: mlyn

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: młyn

Upper Sorbian: młyn

Borrowed from Old High German mulīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu, from Late Latin molīna, molīnum.
The word might be a post-Proto-Slavic borrowing.


uklěja

uklěja (nominative singular)
uklěji (dual nominative)
uklěję̇ (nominative plural)
uklěję̇ (genitive singular)
uklěju (dual genitive)
uklějь (genitive plural)
uklěji (dative singular)
uklějama (dative dual)
uklějamъ (dative plural)
uklějǫ (accusative singular)
uklěji (accusative dual)
uklěję̇ (accusative plural)
uklějejǫ (instrumental singular)
uklějǫ (instrumental singular)
uklějama (dual instrumental)
uklějami (instrumental plural)
uklěji (locative singular)
uklěju (dual locative)
uklějasъ (locative plural)
uklějaxъ (locative plural)
uklěje (singular vocative)
uklěji (dual vocative)
uklěję̇ (plural vocative)
*ukleja (alternative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: уклейка (ukljejka), укле́я́ (ukljéjá), вукляя́ (vukljajá), оклейка (ókljejka), оклея (ókljeja), клі́я (klíja), оклі́я (oklíja), уклия (uklija), уклія́ (uklijá) (dialectal only)

Russian: укле́йка (ukléjka), укле́я́ (ukléjá), sometimes still укле́й (ukléj) and see there for remoter forms. Generally, but sometimes, one did not write this fish-name with ѣ (jě) pre-1918.

Ukrainian: уклі́й (uklíj), оклі́й (oklíj), оклійка (oklijka), оклі́я́ (oklíjá), оклея (okleja), гуклея (hukleja), клия (klyja), вуклія (vuklija), вуклі́йка (vuklíjka), уклейка (uklejka), уклева (ukleva), уклея (ukleja) (dialectal only)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: о́кле́й (ókléj), укли́я (uklíja), укле́йка (ukléjka) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̀клија, у̀кљева, dialectally уклеја, уклица, укља, укљива, клејчица, клеја

Latin script: ùklija, ùkljeva, dialectally ukleja, uklica, uklja, ukljiva, klejčica, kleja

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: klẹ́ja, klejca (tonal orthography) (only dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: úklejě

Czech: ouklej, still in the 19th century úkleje, else úklej, in Moravian dialect then úkłajka, okłajka

desc

Polish: ukleja, uklej, uklejka, oklej, okleja, oklejka

Slovak: ukleja, uklia (dialectal only)

Sorbian: *ukleja

Lower Sorbian: huklej, hukleja, wuklica

Upper Sorbian: wuklija, wuklica

→ Middle High German: uklei

German: Ukelei, Uklei, Uckelei, Ucklei, Okelei, Oklei, Ockelei, Ocklei, Ikelei, Iklei, Ickelei, Icklei, Ükelei, Üklei, Ückelei, Ücklei

→ Middle Low German: uklei

German Low German: Üklei, Ückel etc.

Unknown. Synonym to today’s standard Lithuanian aukšlė̃ and Latvian aûsleja, also auslēja, auslejs. The formal discrepancy may be the effect of parallel borrowing from a substrate, after having shared the name with a similar fish, perhaps *klenь, *klěnь, but this looks like the same word.


pǫxyrь

pǫxyrь (nominative singular)
pǫxyri (dual nominative)
pǫxyrьje (nominative plural)
pǫxyri (genitive singular)
pǫxyrьju (dual genitive)
pǫxyrьjь (genitive plural)
pǫxyri (dative singular)
pǫxyrьma (dative dual)
pǫxyrьmъ (dative plural)
pǫxyrь (accusative singular)
pǫxyri (accusative dual)
pǫxyri (accusative plural)
pǫxyrьmь (instrumental singular)
pǫxyrьma (dual instrumental)
pǫxyrьmi (instrumental plural)
pǫxyri (locative singular)
pǫxyrьju (dual locative)
pǫxyrьxъ (locative plural)
pǫxyri (singular vocative)
pǫxyri (dual vocative)
pǫxyrьje (plural vocative)
*pǫxorь (alternative)
*puxyrь (alternative)
*puxorь (alternative)
*baxorь (alternative)
*baxurь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: пухи́р (puxýr)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: puchr, separating the meaning “stomach” as bachoř apparently influenced by *baxoriti (“to conconct”)

Czech: puchýř, puchor, pucher, puchr; bachor, bachora, bachorek, bouchor, bouchoř (regional)

→ Polish: bachor

Kashubian: pąchérz, pąchãrz

Polish: pęcherz, pęchierz, pęchirz, pęchyrz (obsolete)

Slovak: puchor; bachor

→? Bulgarian: ба́ху́р (báhúr) (dialectal)

→? Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Latin script: bȁhor, bȁor

Cyrillic script: ба̏хор, ба̏ор

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: puchoŕ

Upper Sorbian: pucheŕ, now written pucher

From *puxъ (“something inflated, blister”) + *-yrь.


svorga

svorga (nominative singular)
svordzě (dual nominative)
svorgy (nominative plural)
svorgy (genitive singular)
svorgu (dual genitive)
svorgъ (genitive plural)
svordzě (dative singular)
svorgama (dative dual)
svorgamъ (dative plural)
svorgǫ (accusative singular)
svordzě (accusative dual)
svorgy (accusative plural)
svorgojǫ (instrumental singular)
svorgǫ (instrumental singular)
svorgama (dual instrumental)
svorgami (instrumental plural)
svordzě (locative singular)
svorgu (dual locative)
svorgasъ (locative plural)
svorgaxъ (locative plural)
svorgo (singular vocative)
svordzě (dual vocative)
svorgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: соро́га (soróga)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: срага (sraga)

→ Old East Slavic: срагъ (sragŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: сра́га (srága, “terrible fate, misfortune”) (archaic, in folklore)

From Proto-Indo-European *swergʰ-, probably a g-extension of *swer- (“to ache, to prickle, to itch”). Akin to Lithuanian sérgti (“to be sick”), Proto-Germanic *surgō (“worry, sorrow”).

→ cause of misery (plague, famine, scarcity, etc.)

(figurative) wretch (unfortunate person)


zanovětь

zanovětь (nominative singular)
zanověti (dual nominative)
zanovětьje (nominative plural)
zanověti (genitive singular)
zanovětьju (dual genitive)
zanovětьjь (genitive plural)
zanověti (dative singular)
zanovětьma (dative dual)
zanovětьmъ (dative plural)
zanovětь (accusative singular)
zanověti (accusative dual)
zanověti (accusative plural)
zanovětьmь (instrumental singular)
zanovětьma (dual instrumental)
zanovětьmi (instrumental plural)
zanověti (locative singular)
zanovětьju (dual locative)
zanovětьxъ (locative plural)
zanověti (singular vocative)
zanověti (dual vocative)
zanovětьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: зановец (zanovec), зановица (zanovica), зановит (zanovit), зановат (zanovat), зеноват (zenovat) (obsolete, Ukraine)

Ukrainian: зі́но́вать (zínóvatʹ), жарновець (žarnovecʹ) are standard, other forms include за́новать (zánovatʹ), за́новіть (zánovitʹ), зановить (zanovytʹ), зиновать (zynovatʹ), зиновник (zynovnyk), зіновник (zinovnyk), зіновка (zinovka), зановат (zanovat), зановец (zanovec), зановит (zanovyt)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: за́новец (zánovec), за́новет (zánovet), за́новит (zánovit)

Macedonian: зановет (zanovet), занофит (zanofit)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: за̏нове̄т, за̏новје̄т, за̏новије̄т, за̏наве̄т

Latin script: zȁnovēt, zȁnovjēt, zȁnovijēt, zȁnavēt

Slovene: zánovet

West Slavic:

Old Czech: janovít, janofít, janobít, janosít, janosiet, jinosít

Czech: janovec, žanovec, dialectally zanovec

Old Polish: zanowiec, zanowięć, żarnowiec, sianowiec, janosiet, janobyt, sianożęć, żnisiano

Polish: janowiec, żarnowiec, zanowiec, zanowiacz

→ Belarusian: зяно́вец (zjanóvjec)

Slovak: žanovec, zanovec, zanovit, zánovec – notably for Galega officinalis and Melilotus officinalis

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: janowjeś, nowjeś, zanowjeś, zanowiś

Upper Sorbian: žanowc

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: zanót

Unclear. Although the formal derivation and primary semantic strain of the Genisteae tribe points to *za- + *noviti (“to renew”) + *-ětь, perhaps because cleaning the house with besoms made from Cytisus scoparia makes the house appear new – or due to some magical association with beginning a new month –, the term may actually derive from *za- + *navь (“dead man, corpse; evil spectre”) + *-ětь, since broomrape is traditionally named as a death-bringer (see translations of broomrape), its name possibly conjoined with that of brooms after it parasitizes them. Even though the sense “broomrape” is lost in the descendants of *zanovětь, this derivation fits with the noxious weed restharrow (Ononis). Moreover, in view of Finnish näive (“broomrape”), there may be a phono-semantic matching of Uralic element involved. In any case, if the original form were *zanavětь, it might later have been reinterpreted as deriving from *novъ (“new”), after the original referent gave way to a new one.

unk

Unclear

affix

broom (especially Cytisus); restharrow (Ononis)


čaja

čàja (canonical feminine)
čaja (nominative singular)
čàji (dual nominative)
čàję̇ (nominative plural)
čàję̇ (genitive singular)
čàju (dual genitive)
čàjь (genitive plural)
čàjī (dative singular)
čàjama (dative dual)
čàjāmъ (dative plural)
čàjǫ (accusative singular)
čàji (accusative dual)
čàję̇ (accusative plural)
čàjējǫ (instrumental singular)
čàjǭ (instrumental singular)
čàjama (dual instrumental)
čàjāmī (instrumental plural)
čàjī (locative singular)
čàju (dual locative)
čàjāsъ (locative plural)
čàje (singular vocative)
čàji (dual vocative)
čàję̇ (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Czech: čaja ⁽ᵈⁱᵃˡᵉᶜᵗᵃˡ⁾

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kḗˀjāˀ (“gull, lapwing”), from onomatopoeia of cry *kḗˀ-kḗˀ.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeia


čajica

čàjica (canonical feminine)
čajica (nominative singular)
čajici (dual nominative)
čajicę̇ (nominative plural)
čajicę̇ (genitive singular)
čajicu (dual genitive)
čajicь (genitive plural)
čajicī (dative singular)
čajicama (dative dual)
čajicāmъ (dative plural)
čajicǫ (accusative singular)
čajici (accusative dual)
čajicę̇ (accusative plural)
čajicējǫ (instrumental singular)
čajicǭ (instrumental singular)
čajicama (dual instrumental)
čajicāmī (instrumental plural)
čajicī (locative singular)
čajicu (dual locative)
čajicāsъ (locative plural)
čajice (singular vocative)
čajici (dual vocative)
čajicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ча́ица (čáica)

Russian: ча́йца (čájca) ⁽ᴬʳᵏʰᵃⁿᵍᵉˡˢᵏ⁾, це́ица (céica) ⁽ᴼˡᵒⁿᵉᵗˢ⁾, ча́ица (čáica, “lapwing”) ^((Smolensk))

The Tale of Igor’s Campaign: ча́ицами (čáicami)

South Slavic:

Slovene: čájca (tonal orthography) ⁽ᵈⁱᵃˡᵉᶜᵗᵃˡ⁾


bagra

bagra (nominative singular)
bagrě (dual nominative)
bagry (nominative plural)
bagry (genitive singular)
bagru (dual genitive)
bagrъ (genitive plural)
bagrě (dative singular)
bagrama (dative dual)
bagramъ (dative plural)
bagrǫ (accusative singular)
bagrě (accusative dual)
bagry (accusative plural)
bagrojǫ (instrumental singular)
bagrǫ (instrumental singular)
bagrama (dual instrumental)
bagrami (instrumental plural)
bagrě (locative singular)
bagru (dual locative)
bagrasъ (locative plural)
bagraxъ (locative plural)
bagro (singular vocative)
bagrě (dual vocative)
bagry (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: ба́гра (báhra, “purple paint”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́гра (bágra, “color”)

Macedonian: багра (bagra, “purple”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: bàgra (“red paint, obtained from pine bark; purple”)

Cyrillic script: ба̀гра


bagy

bagy (nominative singular)
bagъvi (dual nominative)
bagъvi (nominative plural)
bagъve (genitive singular)
bagъvu (dual genitive)
bagъvъ (genitive plural)
bagъvi (dative singular)
bagъvьma (dative dual)
bagъvama (dative dual)
bagъvьmъ (dative plural)
bagъvamъ (dative plural)
bagъvь (accusative singular)
bagъvi (accusative dual)
bagъvi (accusative plural)
bagъvьjǫ (instrumental singular)
bagъvľǫ (instrumental singular)
bagъvьma (dual instrumental)
bagъvama (dual instrumental)
bagъvьmi (instrumental plural)
bagъvami (instrumental plural)
bagъve (locative singular)
bagъvu (dual locative)
bagъvьxъ (locative plural)
bagъvaxъ (locative plural)
bagy (singular vocative)
bagъvi (dual vocative)
bagъvi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: багва́ (bahvá)

→ Russian: Багва́ (Bagvá) (toponym)

West Slavic:

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bagi pl (“heatlands”)

v-stem counterpart of Proto-Slavic *bagno (“marsh, swamp; peat”).


lędo

lę̑do (canonical neuter)
*lędъ (alternative)
*lędь (alternative)
lę̑do (nominative singular)
lę̑dě (dual nominative)
lędà (nominative plural)
lę̑da (genitive singular)
lędù (dual genitive)
lę̃dъ (genitive plural)
lę̑du (dative singular)
lędomà (dative dual)
lędòmъ (dative plural)
lę̑do (accusative singular)
lę̑dě (accusative dual)
lędà (accusative plural)
lę̑dъmь (instrumental singular)
lę̑domь (instrumental singular)
lędomà (dual instrumental)
lędý (instrumental plural)
lę̑dě (locative singular)
lędù (dual locative)
lędě̃xъ (locative plural)
lędo (singular vocative)
lę̑dě (dual vocative)
lędà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лѧдо (lędo)

Belarusian: ля́до (ljádo)

Russian: ля́до (ljádo) (dialectal)

desc

Ukrainian: ля́до (ljádo, “meadow within forest”)

Russian: ляд m (ljad, “aridity, dearth”) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: лѧдь f (lędĭ, “heathland”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ле́да (léda), ля́да (ljáda) (archaic, dialectal)

Old Croatian: leđ (“arid, unfruitful land”) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: lado, łado (alternative writing)
Czech: lado

Polabian: ľǫdü

>? Polish: ląd m (“land”) (more likely a German loanword)

Slovak: ladom (instrumental, only in: ležať ladom)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: lědo

Upper Sorbian: lado

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *lindá, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“heath, land”). Cognate with Old Prussian lindan (“valley”).


cělina

cělina (nominative singular)
cělině (dual nominative)
cěliny (nominative plural)
cěliny (genitive singular)
cělinu (dual genitive)
cělinъ (genitive plural)
cělině (dative singular)
cělinama (dative dual)
cělinamъ (dative plural)
cělinǫ (accusative singular)
cělině (accusative dual)
cěliny (accusative plural)
cělinojǫ (instrumental singular)
cělinǫ (instrumental singular)
cělinama (dual instrumental)
cělinami (instrumental plural)
cělině (locative singular)
cělinu (dual locative)
cělinasъ (locative plural)
cělinaxъ (locative plural)
cělino (singular vocative)
cělině (dual vocative)
cěliny (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: целина́ (celiná) (formal, rare)

Macedonian: целина (celina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: целѝна, цјелѝна

Latin script: celìna, cjelìna

Slovene: celína (tonal orthography) (formal, rare)

West Slavic:

Czech: celina

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: cylina

Abstract noun of *cělъ (“whole”) + *-ina.


cělina

East Slavic:

Belarusian: цаліна́ (caliná)

Russian: целина́ (celiná)

Belarusian: цілина́ (ciliná)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: целина́ (celiná) (dialectal)

→ Romanian: țelină

Slovene: celína (tonal orthography) (standard)

West Slavic:

Slovak: celina

Collective noun from *cělěti (“to mend, to preserve”) + *-ina, homomorphous with Etymology 1.

affix

цѣлизна

*cělizna (“untilled land”); Old Church Slavonic


mědęnikъ

mě̀dęnīkъ (canonical masculine)
mě̀dęnīkъ (nominative singular)
mě̀dęnīka (dual nominative)
mě̀dęnīci (nominative plural)
mě̀dęnīka (genitive singular)
mě̀dęnīku (dual genitive)
mě̀dęnīkъ (genitive plural)
mě̀dęnīku (dative singular)
mě̀dęnīkoma (dative dual)
mě̀dęnīkomъ (dative plural)
mě̀dęnīkъ (accusative singular)
mě̀dęnīka (accusative dual)
mě̀dęnīky (accusative plural)
mě̀dęnīkъmь (instrumental singular)
mě̀dęnīkomь (instrumental singular)
mě̀dęnīkoma (dual instrumental)
mě̀dęnīkȳ (instrumental plural)
mě̀dęnīcě (locative singular)
mě̀dęnīku (dual locative)
mě̀dęnīcě̄xъ (locative plural)
mě̀dęnīče (singular vocative)
mě̀dęnīka (dual vocative)
mě̀dęnīci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: мѣ́дя́ни́къ (mě́djáník)

Russian: мѣ́дя́ни́къ (mě́djáník)

South Slavic:

Old Serbo-Croatian: Ми́дєник


lędina

lędìna (canonical feminine)
lędina (nominative singular)
lędině (dual nominative)
lędiny (nominative plural)
lędiny (genitive singular)
lędinu (dual genitive)
lędinъ (genitive plural)
lędině (dative singular)
lędinama (dative dual)
lędinamъ (dative plural)
lędinǫ (accusative singular)
lędině (accusative dual)
lędiny (accusative plural)
lędinojǫ (instrumental singular)
lędinǫ (instrumental singular)
lędinama (dual instrumental)
lędinami (instrumental plural)
lędině (locative singular)
lędinu (dual locative)
lędinasъ (locative plural)
lędinaxъ (locative plural)
lędino (singular vocative)
lędině (dual vocative)
lędiny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лѧдина (lędina)

Russian: ля́ди́на (ljádína) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: ля́дина (ljádyna, “grove, meadow”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: лѧдина (lędina)

Bulgarian: ле́ди́на (lédína), ля́дина (ljádina) (dialectal), ле́нди́на (léndína) (dialectal)

Macedonian: ледина (ledina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лѐдина

Latin script: lèdina

Slovene: ledína (tonal orthography)

→ Albanian: lëndinë, ledinë (borrowed from South Slavic)

*lę̑do (“heath, uncultivated field”) + *-ina


šivačь

šivačь (nominative singular)
šivača (dual nominative)
šivači (nominative plural)
šivača (genitive singular)
šivaču (dual genitive)
šivačь (genitive plural)
šivaču (dative singular)
šivačema (dative dual)
šivačemъ (dative plural)
šivačь (accusative singular)
šivača (accusative dual)
šivačę̇ (accusative plural)
šivačьmь (instrumental singular)
šivačemь (instrumental singular)
šivačema (dual instrumental)
šivači (instrumental plural)
šivači (locative singular)
šivaču (dual locative)
šivačixъ (locative plural)
šivaču (singular vocative)
šivača (dual vocative)
šivači (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Ukrainian: шва́ч (šváč), пошива́ч (pošyváč) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: шива́ч (šiváč)

Macedonian: шивач (šivač)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: шѝва̄ч

Latin script: šìvāč

West Slavic:

Polish: szwacz

Alternative form of *šьvьcь (“seamster”)


najьti

najь̀ti (canonical perfective)
našьstьje (noun-from-verb)
najьti (infinitive)
najьtъ (supine)
našьdlъ (l-participle)
našьstъ (participle passive past)
našьdъ (active participle past)
najьdъ (aorist first-person singular)
najьdoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
najьde (aorist second-person singular)
najьde (aorist singular third-person)
najьdǫ (first-person present singular)
najьdeši (present second-person singular)
najьdetь (present singular third-person)
najьdově (aorist dual first-person)
najьdoxově (aorist dual first-person)
najьdeta (aorist dual second-person)
najьdosta (aorist dual second-person)
najьdete (aorist dual third-person)
najьdoste (aorist dual third-person)
najьdevě (dual first-person present)
najьdeta (dual present second-person)
najьdete (dual present third-person)
najьdomъ (aorist first-person plural)
najьdoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
najьdete (aorist plural second-person)
najьdoste (aorist plural second-person)
najьdǫ (aorist plural third-person)
najьdošę (aorist plural third-person)
najьdemъ (first-person plural present)
najьdete (plural present second-person)
najьdǫtь (plural present third-person)
najьdi (imperative second-person singular)
najьdi (imperative singular third-person)
najьděvě (dual first-person imperative)
najьděta (dual imperative second-person)
najьděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
najьděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: наити (naiti)

⇒ Belarusian: знайсці́ (znajscí), знайсьці́ (znajsʹcí) (Taraškevica)

Russian: найти́ (najtí)

Ukrainian: найти́ (najtý)

⇒ Ukrainian: знайти́ (znajtý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: наити (naiti)

Bulgarian: на́йда pf (nájda), на́йдувам impf (nájduvam)

Macedonian: најде (najde)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: на́ћи

Latin script: náći

Slovene: nájti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: najíti

Czech: najít

Old Polish: najć

Polish: najść

Old Slovak: nájsť

Pannonian Rusyn: найсц (najsc)

Slovak: nájsť

From *na- (“on, upon”) + *jьti (“to go”).

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to stumble across, to find oneself at


sъtrava

sъtrava (nominative singular)
sъtravě (dual nominative)
sъtravy (nominative plural)
sъtravy (genitive singular)
sъtravu (dual genitive)
sъtravъ (genitive plural)
sъtravě (dative singular)
sъtravama (dative dual)
sъtravamъ (dative plural)
sъtravǫ (accusative singular)
sъtravě (accusative dual)
sъtravy (accusative plural)
sъtravojǫ (instrumental singular)
sъtravǫ (instrumental singular)
sъtravama (dual instrumental)
sъtravami (instrumental plural)
sъtravě (locative singular)
sъtravu (dual locative)
sъtravasъ (locative plural)
sъtravaxъ (locative plural)
sъtravo (singular vocative)
sъtravě (dual vocative)
sъtravy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сътрава (sŭtrava)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: стра́ва (stráva)
Belarusian: стра́ва (stráva)
Ukrainian: стра́ва (stráva)

desc

Russian: стра́ва (stráva), стро́ва (stróva) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

сътрава (sŭtrava)

Church Slavonic: сътрава (sŭtrava)

→ Romanian: strava

Slovene: stráva

West Slavic:

Old Czech: strava, ztrava

Czech: strava

Old Polish: strawa

Polish: strawa

Old Slovak: strava

Slovak: strava

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: strawa

Slovincian: strawa

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: strawa (archaic)

Non-Slavic:

→ Latin: strava (possibly)

Deverbal from *sъtraviti. If the Latin strava is derived from Slavic, the word is the earliest attested Slavic word. See also *mȅdъ.

Oleg Trubachyov
be:Генадзь Апанасавіч Цыхун


nětu

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: нѣту (nětu), нѣтъ (nětŭ)

Old Ruthenian: нѣтъ (nět), нѣту (nětu)

Belarusian: нет (njet) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: нїт (njit)

Ukrainian: ніт (nit), ніту (nitu)

Russian: нет (net); не́ту (nétu) (colloquial); не́тути (nétuti) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: нѣту (nětu), нѣту ть (nětu tĭ), нѣтъ (nětŭ), нѣть (nětĭ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: не́то (néto), не́ту (nétu) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: nietu

Polish: niet

Old Slovak: niet

Pannonian Rusyn: нєт (njet)

Slovak: niet

Clipping of *ne (“not”) + *(j)e (“short form of *estь (“is”)”) + *tu (dat. of *tъ (“that”)) (as per Sobolevskij). Some descendants reflect the acc. formation *nětъ (literally: not so).

compound

short form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*estь</i> (“is”)

dat. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*tъ</i> (“that”)

not, nohow (literally: it is not/there is not)


xoxolъ

xoxolъ (nominative singular)
xoxola (dual nominative)
xoxoli (nominative plural)
xoxola (genitive singular)
xoxolu (dual genitive)
xoxolъ (genitive plural)
xoxolu (dative singular)
xoxoloma (dative dual)
xoxolomъ (dative plural)
xoxolъ (accusative singular)
xoxola (accusative dual)
xoxoly (accusative plural)
xoxolъmь (instrumental singular)
xoxolomь (instrumental singular)
xoxoloma (dual instrumental)
xoxoly (instrumental plural)
xoxolě (locative singular)
xoxolu (dual locative)
xoxolěxъ (locative plural)
xoxole (singular vocative)
xoxola (dual vocative)
xoxoli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: хахо́л (xaxól)

Middle Russian: хохолъ (xoxol) (17ᵗʰ cent.)

desc

Russian: хохо́л (xoxól, “crest, topknot; khokhol”)

→ Polish: chachoł (“khokhol”)

Ukrainian: хохо́л (xoxól); хахо́л (xaxól) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: хо̂́ха̣л (hốhạl, “ragamuffin”) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: chochol

Old Polish: chochoł

Polish: chochoł, chochół; χaχůu̯ (“forelock, crest, collar”) (dialectal)

Slovak: chochol; chochel (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chochoł

Upper Sorbian: khochoł

Unclear. Possibly from earlier *koxolъ (cf. Slovak kochol), itself possibly from earlier *kosolъ, from *kosa (“hair”) + *-olъ. The irregular development of the word may have been influenced by the semantically close *vьrxolъ (“tip, peak”).

crest, topknot, tuft of hair or feathers


poneděľa

ponedě̀ľa (canonical feminine)
ponedě̀ľa (nominative singular)
ponedě̀ľi (dual nominative)
ponedě̀ľę̇ (nominative plural)
ponedě̀ľę̇ (genitive singular)
ponedě̀ľu (dual genitive)
ponedě̀ľь (genitive plural)
ponedě̀ľī (dative singular)
ponedě̀ľama (dative dual)
ponedě̀ľāmъ (dative plural)
ponedě̀ľǫ (accusative singular)
ponedě̀ľi (accusative dual)
ponedě̀ľę̇ (accusative plural)
ponedě̀ľējǫ (instrumental singular)
ponedě̀ľǭ (instrumental singular)
ponedě̀ľama (dual instrumental)
ponedě̀ľāmī (instrumental plural)
ponedě̀ľī (locative singular)
ponedě̀ľu (dual locative)
ponedě̀ľāsъ (locative plural)
ponedě̀ľe (singular vocative)
ponedě̀ľi (dual vocative)
ponedě̀ľę̇ (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Polabian: pĕnideľă

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: póndźela

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: panedėlis

From *po- (“after”) + *neděľa (“Sunday”).


glazьnъ

glazьnъ (masculine nominative singular)
glazьna (feminine nominative singular)
glazьno (neuter nominative singular)
glazьna (genitive masculine singular)
glazьny (feminine genitive singular)
glazьna (genitive neuter singular)
glazьnu (dative masculine singular)
glazьně (dative feminine singular)
glazьnu (dative neuter singular)
glazьnъ (accusative masculine singular)
glazьnǫ (accusative feminine singular)
glazьno (accusative neuter singular)
glazьnomь (instrumental masculine singular)
glazьnojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
glazьnomь (instrumental neuter singular)
glazьně (locative masculine singular)
glazьně (feminine locative singular)
glazьně (locative neuter singular)
glazьne (masculine singular vocative)
glazьno (feminine singular vocative)
glazьno (neuter singular vocative)
glazьna (dual masculine nominative)
glazьně (dual feminine nominative)
glazьně (dual neuter nominative)
glazьnu (dual genitive masculine)
glazьnu (dual feminine genitive)
glazьnu (dual genitive neuter)
glazьnoma (dative dual masculine)
glazьnama (dative dual feminine)
glazьnoma (dative dual neuter)
glazьna (accusative dual masculine)
glazьně (accusative dual feminine)
glazьně (accusative dual neuter)
glazьnoma (dual instrumental masculine)
glazьnama (dual feminine instrumental)
glazьnoma (dual instrumental neuter)
glazьnu (dual locative masculine)
glazьnu (dual feminine locative)
glazьnu (dual locative neuter)
glazьna (dual masculine vocative)
glazьně (dual feminine vocative)
glazьně (dual neuter vocative)
glazьni (masculine nominative plural)
glazьny (feminine nominative plural)
glazьna (neuter nominative plural)
glazьnъ (genitive masculine plural)
glazьnъ (feminine genitive plural)
glazьnъ (genitive neuter plural)
glazьnomъ (dative masculine plural)
glazьnamъ (dative feminine plural)
glazьnomъ (dative neuter plural)
glazьny (accusative masculine plural)
glazьny (accusative feminine plural)
glazьna (accusative neuter plural)
glazьny (instrumental masculine plural)
glazьnami (feminine instrumental plural)
glazьny (instrumental neuter plural)
glazьněxъ (locative masculine plural)
glazьnaxъ (feminine locative plural)
glazьněxъ (locative neuter plural)
glazьni (masculine plural vocative)
glazьny (feminine plural vocative)
glazьna (neuter plural vocative)
glazьnъjь (masculine nominative singular)
glazьnaja (feminine nominative singular)
glazьnoje (neuter nominative singular)
glazьnajego (genitive masculine singular)
glazьnyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
glazьnajego (genitive neuter singular)
glazьnujemu (dative masculine singular)
glazьněji (dative feminine singular)
glazьnujemu (dative neuter singular)
glazьnъjь (accusative masculine singular)
glazьnǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
glazьnoje (accusative neuter singular)
glazьnyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
glazьnǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
glazьnyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
glazьnějemь (locative masculine singular)
glazьněji (feminine locative singular)
glazьnějemь (locative neuter singular)
glazьnъjь (masculine singular vocative)
glazьnaja (feminine singular vocative)
glazьnoje (neuter singular vocative)
glazьnaja (dual masculine nominative)
glazьněji (dual feminine nominative)
glazьněji (dual neuter nominative)
glazьnuju (dual genitive masculine)
glazьnuju (dual feminine genitive)
glazьnuju (dual genitive neuter)
glazьnyjima (dative dual masculine)
glazьnyjima (dative dual feminine)
glazьnyjima (dative dual neuter)
glazьnaja (accusative dual masculine)
glazьněji (accusative dual feminine)
glazьněji (accusative dual neuter)
glazьnyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
glazьnyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
glazьnyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
glazьnuju (dual locative masculine)
glazьnuju (dual feminine locative)
glazьnuju (dual locative neuter)
glazьnaja (dual masculine vocative)
glazьněji (dual feminine vocative)
glazьněji (dual neuter vocative)
glazьniji (masculine nominative plural)
glazьnyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
glazьnaja (neuter nominative plural)
glazьnъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
glazьnъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
glazьnъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
glazьnyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
glazьnyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
glazьnyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
glazьnyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
glazьnyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
glazьnaja (accusative neuter plural)
glazьnyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
glazьnyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
glazьnyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
glazьnyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
glazьnyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
glazьnyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
glazьniji (masculine plural vocative)
glazьnyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
glazьnaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: глазно́й (glaznój), глазный (glaznyj, “ocular”)

South Slavic:

⇒ Bulgarian: Гла́зне (Glázne) (river name)

⇒ Macedonian: Глазна река (Glazna reka, “literally: Stone River”) (river name)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Глазан (toponym)

Latin script: Glazan (toponym)

West Slavic:

Polish: głaźny (“stony; smooth”), głaźna f (rare)

spherical, oval, roundy (for landforms, rocks)


xlěbьcь

xlě̀bьcь (canonical masculine)
xlě̀bьcь (nominative singular)
xlě̀bьca (dual nominative)
xlě̀bьci (nominative plural)
xlě̀bьca (genitive singular)
xlě̀bьcu (dual genitive)
xlě̀bьcь (genitive plural)
xlě̀bьcu (dative singular)
xlě̀bьcema (dative dual)
xlě̀bьcēmъ (dative plural)
xlě̀bьcь (accusative singular)
xlě̀bьca (accusative dual)
xlě̀bьcę̇ (accusative plural)
xlě̀bьcьmь (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьcemь (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьcema (dual instrumental)
xlě̀bьcī (instrumental plural)
xlě̀bьci (locative singular)
xlě̀bьcu (dual locative)
xlě̀bьcīxъ (locative plural)
xlě̀bьče (singular vocative)
xlě̀bьca (dual vocative)
xlě̀bьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хлѣбьць (xlěbĭcĭ)

Russian: хле́бец (xlébec)

Ukrainian: хлі́бець (xlíbecʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Bulgarian: хлѣбець (hlěbecʹ)

Macedonian: лебец (lebec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хле̏бац, хље̏бац

Latin script: hlȅbac, hljȅbac

Slovene: hlẹ̑bec (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chlebec


xlěbьnica

xlě̀bьnica (canonical feminine)
xlě̀bьnica (nominative singular)
xlě̀bьnici (dual nominative)
xlě̀bьnicę̇ (nominative plural)
xlě̀bьnicę̇ (genitive singular)
xlě̀bьnicu (dual genitive)
xlě̀bьnicь (genitive plural)
xlě̀bьnicī (dative singular)
xlě̀bьnicama (dative dual)
xlě̀bьnicāmъ (dative plural)
xlě̀bьnicǫ (accusative singular)
xlě̀bьnici (accusative dual)
xlě̀bьnicę̇ (accusative plural)
xlě̀bьnicējǫ (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьnicǭ (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьnicama (dual instrumental)
xlě̀bьnicāmī (instrumental plural)
xlě̀bьnicī (locative singular)
xlě̀bьnicu (dual locative)
xlě̀bьnicāsъ (locative plural)
xlě̀bьnice (singular vocative)
xlě̀bьnici (dual vocative)
xlě̀bьnicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хлѣбьница (xlěbĭnica)

Belarusian: хле́бніца (xljébnica)

Russian: хле́бница (xlébnica)

Ukrainian: хлі́бниця (xlíbnycja)

South Slavic:

Old Bulgarian: хлѣ́бница (hlě́bnica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хле̏бница, хље̏бница

Latin script: hlȅbnica, hljȅbnica

Slovene: hlẹ̑bnica (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: chlebnice

Polish: chlebnica

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: chlěbnica


xlěbьnikъ

xlě̀bьnikъ (canonical masculine)
xlě̀bьnikъ (nominative singular)
xlě̀bьnika (dual nominative)
xlě̀bьnici (nominative plural)
xlě̀bьnika (genitive singular)
xlě̀bьniku (dual genitive)
xlě̀bьnikъ (genitive plural)
xlě̀bьniku (dative singular)
xlě̀bьnikoma (dative dual)
xlě̀bьnikomъ (dative plural)
xlě̀bьnikъ (accusative singular)
xlě̀bьnika (accusative dual)
xlě̀bьniky (accusative plural)
xlě̀bьnikъmь (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьnikomь (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьnikoma (dual instrumental)
xlě̀bьnikȳ (instrumental plural)
xlě̀bьnicě (locative singular)
xlě̀bьniku (dual locative)
xlě̀bьnicě̄xъ (locative plural)
xlě̀bьniče (singular vocative)
xlě̀bьnika (dual vocative)
xlě̀bьnici (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: Хлѣбникъ (Xlěbnikŭ)

Belarusian: хле́бнік (xljébnik)

Russian: хле́бник (xlébnik)

Ukrainian: хлі́бник (xlíbnyk)

South Slavic:

Old Bulgarian: хлѣ́бьникъ (hlě́bʹnik)

Slovene: hlẹ̑bnik (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chlebník

Polish: chlebnik

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: chlěbnik


xlěbьnъ

xlě̀bьnъ (canonical)
xlě̀bьnъ (masculine nominative singular)
xlě̀bьna (feminine nominative singular)
xlě̀bьno (neuter nominative singular)
xlě̀bьna (genitive masculine singular)
xlě̀bьny (feminine genitive singular)
xlě̀bьna (genitive neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnu (dative masculine singular)
xlě̀bьně (dative feminine singular)
xlě̀bьnu (dative neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnъ (accusative masculine singular)
xlě̀bьnǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xlě̀bьno (accusative neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnomь (instrumental masculine singular)
xlě̀bьnojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьnomь (instrumental neuter singular)
xlě̀bьně (locative masculine singular)
xlě̀bьně (feminine locative singular)
xlě̀bьně (locative neuter singular)
xlě̀bьne (masculine singular vocative)
xlě̀bьno (feminine singular vocative)
xlě̀bьno (neuter singular vocative)
xlě̀bьna (dual masculine nominative)
xlě̀bьně (dual feminine nominative)
xlě̀bьně (dual neuter nominative)
xlě̀bьnu (dual genitive masculine)
xlě̀bьnu (dual feminine genitive)
xlě̀bьnu (dual genitive neuter)
xlě̀bьnoma (dative dual masculine)
xlě̀bьnama (dative dual feminine)
xlě̀bьnoma (dative dual neuter)
xlě̀bьna (accusative dual masculine)
xlě̀bьně (accusative dual feminine)
xlě̀bьně (accusative dual neuter)
xlě̀bьnoma (dual instrumental masculine)
xlě̀bьnama (dual feminine instrumental)
xlě̀bьnoma (dual instrumental neuter)
xlě̀bьnu (dual locative masculine)
xlě̀bьnu (dual feminine locative)
xlě̀bьnu (dual locative neuter)
xlě̀bьna (dual masculine vocative)
xlě̀bьně (dual feminine vocative)
xlě̀bьně (dual neuter vocative)
xlě̀bьni (masculine nominative plural)
xlě̀bьny (feminine nominative plural)
xlě̀bьna (neuter nominative plural)
xlě̀bьnъ (genitive masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnъ (feminine genitive plural)
xlě̀bьnъ (genitive neuter plural)
xlě̀bьnomъ (dative masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnamъ (dative feminine plural)
xlě̀bьnomъ (dative neuter plural)
xlě̀bьny (accusative masculine plural)
xlě̀bьny (accusative feminine plural)
xlě̀bьna (accusative neuter plural)
xlě̀bьny (instrumental masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnami (feminine instrumental plural)
xlě̀bьny (instrumental neuter plural)
xlě̀bьněxъ (locative masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnaxъ (feminine locative plural)
xlě̀bьněxъ (locative neuter plural)
xlě̀bьni (masculine plural vocative)
xlě̀bьny (feminine plural vocative)
xlě̀bьna (neuter plural vocative)
xlě̀bьnъjь (masculine nominative singular)
xlě̀bьnaja (feminine nominative singular)
xlě̀bьnoje (neuter nominative singular)
xlě̀bьnajego (genitive masculine singular)
xlě̀bьnyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
xlě̀bьnajego (genitive neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnujemu (dative masculine singular)
xlě̀bьněji (dative feminine singular)
xlě̀bьnujemu (dative neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnъjь (accusative masculine singular)
xlě̀bьnǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xlě̀bьnoje (accusative neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
xlě̀bьnǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xlě̀bьnyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnějemь (locative masculine singular)
xlě̀bьněji (feminine locative singular)
xlě̀bьnějemь (locative neuter singular)
xlě̀bьnъjь (masculine singular vocative)
xlě̀bьnaja (feminine singular vocative)
xlě̀bьnoje (neuter singular vocative)
xlě̀bьnaja (dual masculine nominative)
xlě̀bьněji (dual feminine nominative)
xlě̀bьněji (dual neuter nominative)
xlě̀bьnuju (dual genitive masculine)
xlě̀bьnuju (dual feminine genitive)
xlě̀bьnuju (dual genitive neuter)
xlě̀bьnyjima (dative dual masculine)
xlě̀bьnyjima (dative dual feminine)
xlě̀bьnyjima (dative dual neuter)
xlě̀bьnaja (accusative dual masculine)
xlě̀bьněji (accusative dual feminine)
xlě̀bьněji (accusative dual neuter)
xlě̀bьnyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
xlě̀bьnyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
xlě̀bьnyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
xlě̀bьnuju (dual locative masculine)
xlě̀bьnuju (dual feminine locative)
xlě̀bьnuju (dual locative neuter)
xlě̀bьnaja (dual masculine vocative)
xlě̀bьněji (dual feminine vocative)
xlě̀bьněji (dual neuter vocative)
xlě̀bьniji (masculine nominative plural)
xlě̀bьnyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
xlě̀bьnaja (neuter nominative plural)
xlě̀bьnъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
xlě̀bьnъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
xlě̀bьnyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
xlě̀bьnyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
xlě̀bьnyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
xlě̀bьnaja (accusative neuter plural)
xlě̀bьnyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
xlě̀bьnyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
xlě̀bьnyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
xlě̀bьnyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
xlě̀bьnyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
xlě̀bьniji (masculine plural vocative)
xlě̀bьnyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
xlě̀bьnaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хлѣбьнъ (xlěbĭnŭ)

Belarusian: хле́бны (xljébny)

Russian: хле́бный (xlébnyj)

Ukrainian: хлі́бний (xlíbnyj)

Old Novgorodian: *хлѣбьне (*xlěbĭne)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: хлѣбьнъ (xlěbĭnŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱈⰾⱑⰱⱐⱀⱏ (xlěbĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: хле́бен (hlében)

Macedonian: лебен (leben)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хле̏бан, хље̏бан

Latin script: hlȅban, hljȅban

Slovene: hlẹ́bən (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chlební

Czech: chlebný, chlební

Old Polish: chlebny
Polish: chlebny

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: klěbny

Upper Sorbian: chlěbny


xlěbovъ

xlě̀bovъ (canonical)
xlě̀bovъ (masculine nominative singular)
xlě̀bova (feminine nominative singular)
xlě̀bovo (neuter nominative singular)
xlě̀bova (genitive masculine singular)
xlě̀bovy (feminine genitive singular)
xlě̀bova (genitive neuter singular)
xlě̀bovu (dative masculine singular)
xlě̀bově (dative feminine singular)
xlě̀bovu (dative neuter singular)
xlě̀bovъ (accusative masculine singular)
xlě̀bovǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xlě̀bovo (accusative neuter singular)
xlě̀bovomь (instrumental masculine singular)
xlě̀bovojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xlě̀bovomь (instrumental neuter singular)
xlě̀bově (locative masculine singular)
xlě̀bově (feminine locative singular)
xlě̀bově (locative neuter singular)
xlě̀bove (masculine singular vocative)
xlě̀bovo (feminine singular vocative)
xlě̀bovo (neuter singular vocative)
xlě̀bova (dual masculine nominative)
xlě̀bově (dual feminine nominative)
xlě̀bově (dual neuter nominative)
xlě̀bovu (dual genitive masculine)
xlě̀bovu (dual feminine genitive)
xlě̀bovu (dual genitive neuter)
xlě̀bovoma (dative dual masculine)
xlě̀bovama (dative dual feminine)
xlě̀bovoma (dative dual neuter)
xlě̀bova (accusative dual masculine)
xlě̀bově (accusative dual feminine)
xlě̀bově (accusative dual neuter)
xlě̀bovoma (dual instrumental masculine)
xlě̀bovama (dual feminine instrumental)
xlě̀bovoma (dual instrumental neuter)
xlě̀bovu (dual locative masculine)
xlě̀bovu (dual feminine locative)
xlě̀bovu (dual locative neuter)
xlě̀bova (dual masculine vocative)
xlě̀bově (dual feminine vocative)
xlě̀bově (dual neuter vocative)
xlě̀bovi (masculine nominative plural)
xlě̀bovy (feminine nominative plural)
xlě̀bova (neuter nominative plural)
xlě̀bovъ (genitive masculine plural)
xlě̀bovъ (feminine genitive plural)
xlě̀bovъ (genitive neuter plural)
xlě̀bovomъ (dative masculine plural)
xlě̀bovamъ (dative feminine plural)
xlě̀bovomъ (dative neuter plural)
xlě̀bovy (accusative masculine plural)
xlě̀bovy (accusative feminine plural)
xlě̀bova (accusative neuter plural)
xlě̀bovy (instrumental masculine plural)
xlě̀bovami (feminine instrumental plural)
xlě̀bovy (instrumental neuter plural)
xlě̀bověxъ (locative masculine plural)
xlě̀bovaxъ (feminine locative plural)
xlě̀bověxъ (locative neuter plural)
xlě̀bovi (masculine plural vocative)
xlě̀bovy (feminine plural vocative)
xlě̀bova (neuter plural vocative)
xlě̀bovъjь (masculine nominative singular)
xlě̀bovaja (feminine nominative singular)
xlě̀bovoje (neuter nominative singular)
xlě̀bovajego (genitive masculine singular)
xlě̀bovyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
xlě̀bovajego (genitive neuter singular)
xlě̀bovujemu (dative masculine singular)
xlě̀bověji (dative feminine singular)
xlě̀bovujemu (dative neuter singular)
xlě̀bovъjь (accusative masculine singular)
xlě̀bovǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xlě̀bovoje (accusative neuter singular)
xlě̀bovyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
xlě̀bovǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xlě̀bovyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
xlě̀bovějemь (locative masculine singular)
xlě̀bověji (feminine locative singular)
xlě̀bovějemь (locative neuter singular)
xlě̀bovъjь (masculine singular vocative)
xlě̀bovaja (feminine singular vocative)
xlě̀bovoje (neuter singular vocative)
xlě̀bovaja (dual masculine nominative)
xlě̀bověji (dual feminine nominative)
xlě̀bověji (dual neuter nominative)
xlě̀bovuju (dual genitive masculine)
xlě̀bovuju (dual feminine genitive)
xlě̀bovuju (dual genitive neuter)
xlě̀bovyjima (dative dual masculine)
xlě̀bovyjima (dative dual feminine)
xlě̀bovyjima (dative dual neuter)
xlě̀bovaja (accusative dual masculine)
xlě̀bověji (accusative dual feminine)
xlě̀bověji (accusative dual neuter)
xlě̀bovyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
xlě̀bovyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
xlě̀bovyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
xlě̀bovuju (dual locative masculine)
xlě̀bovuju (dual feminine locative)
xlě̀bovuju (dual locative neuter)
xlě̀bovaja (dual masculine vocative)
xlě̀bověji (dual feminine vocative)
xlě̀bověji (dual neuter vocative)
xlě̀boviji (masculine nominative plural)
xlě̀bovyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
xlě̀bovaja (neuter nominative plural)
xlě̀bovъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
xlě̀bovъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
xlě̀bovъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
xlě̀bovyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
xlě̀bovyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
xlě̀bovyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
xlě̀bovyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
xlě̀bovyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
xlě̀bovaja (accusative neuter plural)
xlě̀bovyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
xlě̀bovyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
xlě̀bovyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
xlě̀bovyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
xlě̀bovyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
xlě̀bovyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
xlě̀boviji (masculine plural vocative)
xlě̀bovyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
xlě̀bovaja (neuter plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Czech: chlebový

desctree

Old Polish: chlebowy
Polish: chlebowy
Silesian: chlebowy

Slovak: chlebový

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: chlěbowy


xlěbovina

xlě̀bovina (canonical feminine)
xlě̀bovina (nominative singular)
xlě̀bovině (dual nominative)
xlě̀boviny (nominative plural)
xlě̀boviny (genitive singular)
xlě̀bovinu (dual genitive)
xlě̀bovinъ (genitive plural)
xlě̀bovině (dative singular)
xlě̀bovinama (dative dual)
xlě̀bovinamъ (dative plural)
xlě̀bovinǫ (accusative singular)
xlě̀bovině (accusative dual)
xlě̀boviny (accusative plural)
xlě̀bovinojǫ (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bovinǭ (instrumental singular)
xlě̀bovinama (dual instrumental)
xlě̀bovinamī (instrumental plural)
xlě̀bovině (locative singular)
xlě̀bovinu (dual locative)
xlě̀bovinasъ (locative plural)
xlě̀bovinaxъ (locative plural)
xlě̀bovino (singular vocative)
xlě̀bovině (dual vocative)
xlě̀boviny (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Slovene: hlẹ́bovina (tonal orthography)


gospodařь

gospodãřь (canonical masculine)
gospodãřь (nominative singular)
gospodāřà (dual nominative)
gospodāřì (nominative plural)
gospodāřà (genitive singular)
gospodāřù (dual genitive)
gospodãřь (genitive plural)
gospodāřù (dative singular)
gospodāřèma (dative dual)
gospodãřemъ (dative plural)
gospodãřь (accusative singular)
gospodāřà (accusative dual)
gospodāřę̇̀ (accusative plural)
gospodāřь̀mь (instrumental singular)
gospodāřèmь (instrumental singular)
gospodāřèma (dual instrumental)
gospodãři (instrumental plural)
gospodāřì (locative singular)
gospodāřù (dual locative)
gospodãřixъ (locative plural)
gospodařu (singular vocative)
gospodāřà (dual vocative)
gospodāřì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: господарь (gospodarĭ), осподарь (ospodarĭ)

Old Ruthenian: господаръ (hospodar), осподаръ (ospodar)

Belarusian: гаспада́р (haspadár)

Ukrainian: госпо́дар (hospódar)

→ Polish: hospodar

Russian: господа́рь (gospodárʹ)

Old Novgorodian: господарь (gospodarĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: господарь (gospodarĭ)

Bulgarian: господа́р (gospodár)

Macedonian: господар (gospodar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: госпо̀да̄р

Latin script: gospòdār

Slovene: gospodár

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hospodář

Czech: hospodář

Bohemian (Chod dialect): hospodář

Kashubian: gòspòdôrz

Polish: gospodarz

Slovak: hospodár

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hospodar

Lower Sorbian: góspodaŕ

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: gospodar

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis
Proto-Indo-European *pótis
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis
Proto-Balto-Slavic *gástipatis
Proto-Slavic *gospodь
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ
Proto-Slavic *-a
Proto-Slavic *gospoda
Latin -ariusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Gothic -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-areis)bor.
Proto-Slavic *-ařь
Proto-Slavic *gospodařь
From *gȍspoda (“dominion, property”) + *-ãřь. In some dialects, the word is reshaped (by folk etymology) as **gosǫdařь (whence Russian госуда́рь (gosudárʹ)) as if a derivative of Proto-Slavic *sǫdъ (“judgement, verdict”).


paorbъkъ

paorbъkъ (nominative singular)
paorbъka (dual nominative)
paorbъci (nominative plural)
paorbъka (genitive singular)
paorbъku (dual genitive)
paorbъkъ (genitive plural)
paorbъku (dative singular)
paorbъkoma (dative dual)
paorbъkomъ (dative plural)
paorbъkъ (accusative singular)
paorbъka (accusative dual)
paorbъky (accusative plural)
paorbъkъmь (instrumental singular)
paorbъkomь (instrumental singular)
paorbъkoma (dual instrumental)
paorbъky (instrumental plural)
paorbъcě (locative singular)
paorbъku (dual locative)
paorbъcěxъ (locative plural)
paorbъče (singular vocative)
paorbъka (dual vocative)
paorbъci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: па́робъкъ (párobŭkŭ), па́робокъ (párobokŭ)

Old Ruthenian: па́робокъ (párobok), па́рубокъ (párubok), па́рабокъ (párabok)

Belarusian: па́рабок (párabok), па́робок (párobok), паробо́к (parobók); па́рабак (párabak), па́рубок (párubok), парабо́к (parabók), паро́бак (paróbak) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: па́робок (párobok)

Ukrainian: па́рубок (párubok); па́рабак (párabak), па́робок (párobok), па́рібок (páribok), парбок (parbok) (dialectal)

→ Russian: па́рубок (párubok) (dialectal)

Middle Russian: па́робокъ (párobok)

Russian: па́робок (párobok)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: parobek

Czech: parobek; parůbek, paróbek (dialectal)

Old Polish: parobek

Polish: parobek

Old Slovak: parobok

Slovak: parobok, parobek; parobëk (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: parobk (obsolete)

From *paõrbъ + *-ъkъ, ultimately from *pa- + *õrbъ (“servant, slave”).
 PIE word
 *h₃órbʰos


xvojica

South Slavic:

Old Serbo-Croatian: hvòjica f (< hvója)

Slovene: hójica f (“spruce”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chvojicě f (< chvojě)

Polish: choica f (“pine”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chójca f (“pine”)

Upper Sorbian: khójca f (“pine tree”)


xvojina

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *хвоина (*xvoina)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: хвойна (xvojna)
Belarusian: хваі́на (xvaína, “conifer”) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: хвої́на (xvojína, “conifer”) (dialectal)
⇒ Ukrainian: хвої́нка (xvojínka, “small pine forest”) (dialectal)

Russian: хвои́на (xvoína)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: хво́йна (hvójna), хвои́на (hvoína), хо́йна (hójna), хуи́на (huína), уи́на (uína), хо́йна (hójna), ху́йна (hújna)

West Slavic:

Czech: chvojina

desctree

Old Polish: choina, chojna
Polish: choina, chojna (Middle Polish, Kuyavia), chwoina (Northern Borderlands)
Silesian: chojna
→ Old Ruthenian: хойна (xojna)

Old Slovak: chvojina

Slovak: chvojina

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: chòjna

Slovincian: chôjna

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chójna

Upper Sorbian: chójna


xvojьka

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: хво́йка f (xvójka, “small pine”)

Russian: хво́йка f (xvójka, “branches of conifer; pine; spruce”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Serbo-Croatian: hvȏjka f (< hvoja) (rare)

Serbo-Croatian: hojka (dialectal)

Old Slovene: hvojka f (“spurge”)

Slovene: hȏjka f, hójka f (“spruce”)

West Slavic:

Czech: chůjka (“thuja”), chvojka (“savin juniper; cypress”) (dialectal)

Kashubian: chójka (“pine”)

Old Polish: chojka, chwojka (“savin juniper”)

Polish: chojka (“conifer, pine”), chójka (dialectal)

Slovak: xojka (“juniper”) (dialectal)

Slovincian: chójka f (“pine”)


xvojьnъ

East Slavic:

desctree

Old Ruthenian: хво́йный (xvójnyj)
Belarusian: хво́йны (xvójny)
Ukrainian: хво́йний (xvójnyj)

desc

Russian: хво́йный (xvójnyj, “coniferous”)

Old Novgorodian: *хвоине (*xvoine)

South Slavic:

Old Serbo-Croatian: hvojan, hvojana (“made of twigs”) (rare)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian: Фо̑јница f (“Fojnica”) (Bosnian toponym)

Slovene: hȏjen (“coniferous, firry”)

West Slavic:

Czech: chvojný (“coniferous”) (rare)

⇒ Polabian: ch’üöjnéć(a) (< ch’ǘöja)

⇒ Old Polish: chojnik (“pine forest”)

Sorbian:

⇒ Lower Sorbian: chójnica f (“small pine forest”)


šibъkъ

šȋbъkъ (canonical)
šibъkъ (masculine nominative singular)
šibъka (feminine nominative singular)
šibъko (neuter nominative singular)
šibъka (genitive masculine singular)
šibъky (feminine genitive singular)
šibъka (genitive neuter singular)
šibъku (dative masculine singular)
šibъkě (dative feminine singular)
šibъku (dative neuter singular)
šibъkъ (accusative masculine singular)
šibъkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
šibъko (accusative neuter singular)
šibъkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
šibъkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
šibъkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
šibъkě (locative masculine singular)
šibъkě (feminine locative singular)
šibъkě (locative neuter singular)
šibъke (masculine singular vocative)
šibъko (feminine singular vocative)
šibъko (neuter singular vocative)
šibъka (dual masculine nominative)
šibъkě (dual feminine nominative)
šibъkě (dual neuter nominative)
šibъku (dual genitive masculine)
šibъku (dual feminine genitive)
šibъku (dual genitive neuter)
šibъkoma (dative dual masculine)
šibъkama (dative dual feminine)
šibъkoma (dative dual neuter)
šibъka (accusative dual masculine)
šibъkě (accusative dual feminine)
šibъkě (accusative dual neuter)
šibъkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
šibъkama (dual feminine instrumental)
šibъkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
šibъku (dual locative masculine)
šibъku (dual feminine locative)
šibъku (dual locative neuter)
šibъka (dual masculine vocative)
šibъkě (dual feminine vocative)
šibъkě (dual neuter vocative)
šibъki (masculine nominative plural)
šibъky (feminine nominative plural)
šibъka (neuter nominative plural)
šibъkъ (genitive masculine plural)
šibъkъ (feminine genitive plural)
šibъkъ (genitive neuter plural)
šibъkomъ (dative masculine plural)
šibъkamъ (dative feminine plural)
šibъkomъ (dative neuter plural)
šibъky (accusative masculine plural)
šibъky (accusative feminine plural)
šibъka (accusative neuter plural)
šibъky (instrumental masculine plural)
šibъkami (feminine instrumental plural)
šibъky (instrumental neuter plural)
šibъkěxъ (locative masculine plural)
šibъkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
šibъkěxъ (locative neuter plural)
šibъki (masculine plural vocative)
šibъky (feminine plural vocative)
šibъka (neuter plural vocative)
šibъkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
šibъkaja (feminine nominative singular)
šibъkoje (neuter nominative singular)
šibъkajego (genitive masculine singular)
šibъkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
šibъkajego (genitive neuter singular)
šibъkujemu (dative masculine singular)
šibъkěji (dative feminine singular)
šibъkujemu (dative neuter singular)
šibъkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
šibъkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
šibъkoje (accusative neuter singular)
šibъkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
šibъkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
šibъkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
šibъkějemь (locative masculine singular)
šibъkěji (feminine locative singular)
šibъkějemь (locative neuter singular)
šibъkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
šibъkaja (feminine singular vocative)
šibъkoje (neuter singular vocative)
šibъkaja (dual masculine nominative)
šibъkěji (dual feminine nominative)
šibъkěji (dual neuter nominative)
šibъkuju (dual genitive masculine)
šibъkuju (dual feminine genitive)
šibъkuju (dual genitive neuter)
šibъkyjima (dative dual masculine)
šibъkyjima (dative dual feminine)
šibъkyjima (dative dual neuter)
šibъkaja (accusative dual masculine)
šibъkěji (accusative dual feminine)
šibъkěji (accusative dual neuter)
šibъkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
šibъkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
šibъkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
šibъkuju (dual locative masculine)
šibъkuju (dual feminine locative)
šibъkuju (dual locative neuter)
šibъkaja (dual masculine vocative)
šibъkěji (dual feminine vocative)
šibъkěji (dual neuter vocative)
šibъkiji (masculine nominative plural)
šibъkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
šibъkaja (neuter nominative plural)
šibъkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
šibъkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
šibъkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
šibъkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
šibъkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
šibъkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
šibъkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
šibъkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
šibъkaja (accusative neuter plural)
šibъkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
šibъkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
šibъkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
šibъkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
šibъkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
šibъkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
šibъkiji (masculine plural vocative)
šibъkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
šibъkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: шы́бкі (šýbki)

Russian: ши́бкий (šíbkij)

Ukrainian: ши́бкий (šýbkyj)

South Slavic:

Old Croatian: ши́бок

Slovene: šibȃk (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: šibký

Polish: szybki

Slovak: šibký


paorbъ

paorbъ (nominative singular)
paorba (dual nominative)
paorbi (nominative plural)
paorba (genitive singular)
paorbu (dual genitive)
paorbъ (genitive plural)
paorbu (dative singular)
paorboma (dative dual)
paorbomъ (dative plural)
paorbъ (accusative singular)
paorba (accusative dual)
paorby (accusative plural)
paorbъmь (instrumental singular)
paorbomь (instrumental singular)
paorboma (dual instrumental)
paorby (instrumental plural)
paorbě (locative singular)
paorbu (dual locative)
paorběxъ (locative plural)
paorbe (singular vocative)
paorba (dual vocative)
paorbi (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Czech: parob m (bookish)

Polish: parób (dialectal)

Slovak: parob


paorbьňь

paorbьňь (nominative singular)
paorbьňa (dual nominative)
paorbьňi (nominative plural)
paorbьňa (genitive singular)
paorbьňu (dual genitive)
paorbьňь (genitive plural)
paorbьňu (dative singular)
paorbьňema (dative dual)
paorbьňemъ (dative plural)
paorbьňь (accusative singular)
paorbьňa (accusative dual)
paorbьňę̇ (accusative plural)
paorbьňьmь (instrumental singular)
paorbьňemь (instrumental singular)
paorbьňema (dual instrumental)
paorbьňi (instrumental plural)
paorbьňi (locative singular)
paorbьňu (dual locative)
paorbьňixъ (locative plural)
paorbьňu (singular vocative)
paorbьňa (dual vocative)
paorbьňi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: па́рубень (párubenʹ) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: па́рень (párenʹ, “boyfriend”) (via contraction)

→ Ukrainian: па́рень (párenʹ, “fellow, youth”)

Old Novgorodian: паробьнь (parobĭnĭ)

From *paorbъ + *-ьňь.
 PIE word
 *h₃órbʰos