tęžьkъ

tęžьjь (comparative)
tęžьkъ (masculine nominative singular)
tęžьka (feminine nominative singular)
tęžьko (neuter nominative singular)
tęžьka (genitive masculine singular)
tęžьky (feminine genitive singular)
tęžьka (genitive neuter singular)
tęžьku (dative masculine singular)
tęžьcě (dative feminine singular)
tęžьku (dative neuter singular)
tęžьkъ (accusative masculine singular)
tęžьkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
tęžьko (accusative neuter singular)
tęžьkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
tęžьkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
tęžьkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
tęžьcě (locative masculine singular)
tęžьcě (feminine locative singular)
tęžьcě (locative neuter singular)
tęžьče (masculine singular vocative)
tęžьko (feminine singular vocative)
tęžьko (neuter singular vocative)
tęžьka (dual masculine nominative)
tęžьcě (dual feminine nominative)
tęžьcě (dual neuter nominative)
tęžьku (dual genitive masculine)
tęžьku (dual feminine genitive)
tęžьku (dual genitive neuter)
tęžьkoma (dative dual masculine)
tęžьkama (dative dual feminine)
tęžьkoma (dative dual neuter)
tęžьka (accusative dual masculine)
tęžьcě (accusative dual feminine)
tęžьcě (accusative dual neuter)
tęžьkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
tęžьkama (dual feminine instrumental)
tęžьkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
tęžьku (dual locative masculine)
tęžьku (dual feminine locative)
tęžьku (dual locative neuter)
tęžьka (dual masculine vocative)
tęžьcě (dual feminine vocative)
tęžьcě (dual neuter vocative)
tęžьci (masculine nominative plural)
tęžьky (feminine nominative plural)
tęžьka (neuter nominative plural)
tęžьkъ (genitive masculine plural)
tęžьkъ (feminine genitive plural)
tęžьkъ (genitive neuter plural)
tęžьkomъ (dative masculine plural)
tęžьkamъ (dative feminine plural)
tęžьkomъ (dative neuter plural)
tęžьky (accusative masculine plural)
tęžьky (accusative feminine plural)
tęžьka (accusative neuter plural)
tęžьky (instrumental masculine plural)
tęžьkami (feminine instrumental plural)
tęžьky (instrumental neuter plural)
tęžьcěxъ (locative masculine plural)
tęžьkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
tęžьcěxъ (locative neuter plural)
tęžьci (masculine plural vocative)
tęžьky (feminine plural vocative)
tęžьka (neuter plural vocative)
tęžьkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
tęžьkaja (feminine nominative singular)
tęžьkoje (neuter nominative singular)
tęžьkajego (genitive masculine singular)
tęžьkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
tęžьkajego (genitive neuter singular)
tęžьkujemu (dative masculine singular)
tęžьcěji (dative feminine singular)
tęžьkujemu (dative neuter singular)
tęžьkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
tęžьkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
tęžьkoje (accusative neuter singular)
tęžьkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
tęžьkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
tęžьkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
tęžьcějemь (locative masculine singular)
tęžьcěji (feminine locative singular)
tęžьcějemь (locative neuter singular)
tęžьkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
tęžьkaja (feminine singular vocative)
tęžьkoje (neuter singular vocative)
tęžьkaja (dual masculine nominative)
tęžьcěji (dual feminine nominative)
tęžьcěji (dual neuter nominative)
tęžьkuju (dual genitive masculine)
tęžьkuju (dual feminine genitive)
tęžьkuju (dual genitive neuter)
tęžьkyjima (dative dual masculine)
tęžьkyjima (dative dual feminine)
tęžьkyjima (dative dual neuter)
tęžьkaja (accusative dual masculine)
tęžьcěji (accusative dual feminine)
tęžьcěji (accusative dual neuter)
tęžьkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
tęžьkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
tęžьkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
tęžьkuju (dual locative masculine)
tęžьkuju (dual feminine locative)
tęžьkuju (dual locative neuter)
tęžьkaja (dual masculine vocative)
tęžьcěji (dual feminine vocative)
tęžьcěji (dual neuter vocative)
tęžьciji (masculine nominative plural)
tęžьkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
tęžьkaja (neuter nominative plural)
tęžьkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
tęžьkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
tęžьkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
tęžьkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
tęžьkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
tęžьkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
tęžьkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
tęžьkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
tęžьkaja (accusative neuter plural)
tęžьkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
tęžьkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
tęžьkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
tęžьkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
tęžьkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
tęžьkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
tęžьciji (masculine plural vocative)
tęžьkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
tęžьkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: тѧжькъ (tęžĭkŭ)
Belarusian: цяжкі́ (cjažkí)
Russian: тя́жкий (tjážkij)
Carpathian Rusyn: тяжкы́й (tjažkŷ́j)
Ukrainian: тяжки́й (tjažkýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic тѧжькъ (tęžĭkŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱅⱔⰶⱐⰽⱏ (tęžĭkŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: те́жак

Latin script: téžak

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: težȃk, téžek (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: těžký
Czech: těžký

desctree

Old Polish: ciężki, ciężek
Polish: ciężki
Silesian: ciynżki

Old Slovak: ťažký, cežký, težký
Pannonian Rusyn: чежки (čežki)
Slovak: ťažký

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: cãżczi

Slovincian: cãżkjy

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: śěžki

Upper Sorbian: ćežki

From earlier *tę̑gъkъ, *tęgъka̍, *tę̑gъko (definite *tęgъkъ̀jь), with medial *-ž- taken from the comparative form *tęžьjь, from Early-Proto-Slavic *tingukas. The earlier u-stem based form is indirectly attested in the causative *otęgъčiti (“to burden”). Continues Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingús (mobile accent), from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-, morphologically equal to *tę̑gъ + *-ьkъ.
Directly cognate with Lithuanian tingùs (“lazy”) and Proto-Germanic *þunguz (whence Old Norse þungr (“heavy”)). Further akin to Proto-Iranian *θanǰáyati.


golgolъ

golgolъ (nominative singular)
golgola (dual nominative)
golgoli (nominative plural)
golgola (genitive singular)
golgolu (dual genitive)
golgolъ (genitive plural)
golgolu (dative singular)
golgoloma (dative dual)
golgolomъ (dative plural)
golgolъ (accusative singular)
golgola (accusative dual)
golgoly (accusative plural)
golgolъmь (instrumental singular)
golgolomь (instrumental singular)
golgoloma (dual instrumental)
golgoly (instrumental plural)
golgolě (locative singular)
golgolu (dual locative)
golgolěxъ (locative plural)
golgole (singular vocative)
golgola (dual vocative)
golgoli (plural vocative)

East Slavic: гологолъ (gologolŭ)

Russian: *гологол (> голого́лить (gologólitʹ))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: глаголъ (glagolŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱏ (glagolŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: глаго́л (glagól, “verb”), глагул (glagul) (dialectal)

Macedonian: глагол (glagol, “speech, talk”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian: (archaic)

Cyrillic script: гла́гољ

Latin script: glágolj

Slovene: glágol (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hlahol

Polish: Głogoły, Głogolice (place names)

Slovak: hlahol

By intensive reduplication from the onomatopoeic root *gol-, whence also *gȏlsъ (“voice”). Compare similar onomatopoetic formation in Sanskrit गर्गर (gargara, “a type of musical instrument”) and Proto-Slavic *kǫkoľь, *kolkolъ.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


mъrky

mъrkỳ (canonical feminine)
mъrkỳ (nominative singular)
mъrkъ̀vi (dual nominative)
mъrkъ̀vi (nominative plural)
mъrkъ̀ve (genitive singular)
mъrkъ̀vu (dual genitive)
mъrkъ̀vъ (genitive plural)
mъrkъ̀vi (dative singular)
mъrkъ̀vьma (dative dual)
mъrkъ̀vama (dative dual)
mъrkъ̀vьmъ (dative plural)
mъrkъ̀vamъ (dative plural)
mъrkъ̀vь (accusative singular)
mъrkъ̀vi (accusative dual)
mъrkъ̀vi (accusative plural)
mъrkъ̀vьjǫ (instrumental singular)
mъrkъ̀vľǭ (instrumental singular)
mъrkъ̀vьma (dual instrumental)
mъrkъ̀vama (dual instrumental)
mъrkъ̀vьmī (instrumental plural)
mъrkъ̀vamī (instrumental plural)
mъrkъ̀ve (locative singular)
mъrkъ̀vu (dual locative)
mъrkъ̀vьxъ (locative plural)
mъrkъ̀vaxъ (locative plural)
mъrkỳ (singular vocative)
mъrkъ̀vi (dual vocative)
mъrkъ̀vi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: мо́рква (mórkva)

desc

Russian: морко́вь (morkóvʹ), морко́вка (morkóvka) (colloquial), морква́ (morkvá) (dialectal), мо́рква (mórkva) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: мо́рква (mórkva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: мръкꙑ (mrŭky)

Bulgarian: мо́рков (mórkov)

Macedonian: мо́рков (mórkov)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мр̏ква

Latin script: mȑkva

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: mŕkəv, mŕkva (tonal orthography) (both dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mrkev, mrkva

Czech: mrkev

Kashubian: marchiew, marchew

Old Polish: marchew, marchwa

Polish: marchew, marchewka, morkwa (dialectal)

Old Slovak: mrkva, mrkev, mrkov

Pannonian Rusyn: мархва (marxva)

Slovak: mrkva

Slovincian: marchy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: morchej

Lower Sorbian: marchwej

→ Crimean Tatar: markof

→ Lithuanian: morka

→ Romanian: morcov

→ Hungarian: murok (regional)

→ Southern Altai: моркоп (morkop)

→ Yakut: моркуоп (morkuop)

Of uncertain cognateship to Proto-Germanic *murhǭ (“wild carrot”). Pokorny reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *mrk- (“carrot, edible root”) and also compares Ancient Greek βράκανα (brákana).


kokošь

kȍkošь (canonical feminine)
kȍkošь (nominative singular)
kȍkoši (dual nominative)
kȍkoši (nominative plural)
kokoší (genitive singular)
kokošьjù (dual genitive)
kokošь̀jь (genitive plural)
kȍkoši (dative singular)
kokošьmà (dative dual)
kȍkošьmъ (dative plural)
kȍkošь (accusative singular)
kȍkoši (accusative dual)
kȍkoši (accusative plural)
kokošьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
kokošьmà (dual instrumental)
kokošьmì (instrumental plural)
kokoší (locative singular)
kokošьjù (dual locative)
kȍkošьxъ (locative plural)
kokoši (singular vocative)
kȍkoši (dual vocative)
kȍkoši (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кокошь (kokošĭ)

Old Ruthenian: кокошъ (kokoš)

⇒ Belarusian: како́шка (kakóška)

Carpathian Rusyn: ко́кош (kókoš)

Ukrainian: ко́кош (kókoš)

Russian: ко́кошь (kókošʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кокошь (kokošĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⰽⱁⱎⱐ (kokošĭ)

⇒ Bulgarian: коко́шка (kokóška)

⇒ Macedonian: кокошка (kokoška)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̏ко̄ш

Latin script: kȍkōš

Slovene: kokọ̑š (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kokoš

Polish: kokosz

Slovak: kokoš

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kokoš

Upper Sorbian: kokoš

→ Albanian: kokosh

→ Hungarian: kakas

→ Romanian: cocoș

Of onomatopoeic origin; compare also *kurъ (“rooster”), *kura (“hen”). The masculine of this *kokotъ (“rooster”).


gospodь

gȍspodь (canonical masculine)
gȍspodь (nominative singular)
gȍspodi (dual nominative)
gȍspodьjē (nominative plural)
gospodí (genitive singular)
gospodьjù (dual genitive)
gospodь̀jь (genitive plural)
gȍspodi (dative singular)
gospodьmà (dative dual)
gȍspodьmъ (dative plural)
gȍspodь (accusative singular)
gȍspodi (accusative dual)
gȍspodi (accusative plural)
gȍspodьmь (instrumental singular)
gospodьmà (dual instrumental)
gospodьmì (instrumental plural)
gospodí (locative singular)
gospodьjù (dual locative)
gȍspodьxъ (locative plural)
gospodi (singular vocative)
gȍspodi (dual vocative)
gȍspodьjē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: господь (gospodĭ)

desc

Belarusian: гаспо́дзь (haspódzʹ), го́спад (hóspad)

Russian: госпо́дь (gospódʹ)

Ukrainian: го́сподь (hóspodʹ), госпо́дь (hospódʹ), го́спідь (hóspidʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: господь (gospodĭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⱐ (gospodĭ)

Bulgarian: Го́спод (Góspod)

Macedonian: Господ (Gospod)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Го̏спод

Latin script: Gȍspod

Slovene: gospọ̑d (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hospod, hospodin

Czech: Hospodin

Polish: gospód (dialectal)

⇒ Old Slovak: hospodin, Hospodin

Slovak: Hospodin

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis
Proto-Indo-European *pótis
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis
Proto-Balto-Slavic *gástipatis
Proto-Slavic *gospodь
From earlier *gostьpodь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gástipatis (“host”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis, a compound of *gʰóstis and *pótis. Cognate with Latin hospes.


čarъ

čarъ (nominative singular)
čara (dual nominative)
čari (nominative plural)
čara (genitive singular)
čaru (dual genitive)
čarъ (genitive plural)
čaru (dative singular)
čaroma (dative dual)
čaromъ (dative plural)
čarъ (accusative singular)
čara (accusative dual)
čary (accusative plural)
čarъmь (instrumental singular)
čaromь (instrumental singular)
čaroma (dual instrumental)
čary (instrumental plural)
čarě (locative singular)
čaru (dual locative)
čarěxъ (locative plural)
čare (singular vocative)
čara (dual vocative)
čari (plural vocative)
*čarь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чаръ (čarŭ)

Belarusian: ча́ры (čáry)

Russian: ча́ры (čáry)

Ukrainian: чар (čar)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чаръ (čarŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰰⱃⱏ (čarŭ)

Bulgarian: чар (čar)

Macedonian: чар (čar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ча̑р

Latin script: čȃr

Slovene: čár

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čar, čár (“magic”)

desc

Czech: čar, čár (“charm”) (poetic), čáry m inan pl (“magic”)

Old Polish: czar

Polish: czar

Silesian: czar

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czôr; ⇒ czarë

Slovincian: czary

Old Slovak: čar

Slovak: čar

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make, build”). Cognate with Sanskrit करोति (karóti), Lithuanian kùrti.
Slavic forms with *čar- presuppose a nominal lengthened-grade derivation, i.e. Proto-Balto-Slavic *kēr- (Lithuanian kẽras (“charm, magic”)). Serbo-Croatian feminine i-stem is probably an archaism—lengthened grade is expected in PIE root nouns which yield Balto-Slavic i-stems. The PIE root probably already had magical connotations, i.e. denoting remote action by magical means.

der

Rick Derksen
cs:Slovník spisovného jazyka českého


-ъ

-ъ (nominative singular)
-a (dual nominative)
-i (nominative plural)
-a (genitive singular)
-u (dual genitive)
-ъ (genitive plural)
-u (dative singular)
-oma (dative dual)
-omъ (dative plural)
-ъ (accusative singular)
-a (accusative dual)
-y (accusative plural)
-ъmь (instrumental singular)
-omь (instrumental singular)
-oma (dual instrumental)
-y (instrumental plural)
-ě (locative singular)
-u (dual locative)
-ěxъ (locative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
-a (dual vocative)
-i (plural vocative)
*-ь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))

Old Novgorodian: -е (-je)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Bulgarian: -ъ (-ǎ) (Pre-reform orthography (1945))

Since mid-19th century two scenarios for the development of Indo-European *-os in Slavic have been proposed, respectively deriving this desinence:
* immediately from Proto-Indo-European *-os with narrowing of the vowel in the final syllable.
* from the accusative, analogically after other stem classes (u- and i-stems), probably to avoid homonymy with the neuter ending *-o.
A variant of the former view first proposed by Zaliznyak, Dybo and Nikolayev holds that IE *-os became *-ə in Slavic, which developed into *-ъ in mainstream dialects but into -е (-je) in Old Novgorodian. In the latter view, the Old Novgorodian ending can be considered original, with generalisation of the front variant from the soft declension.
Some authors also speculated that *-os could have had both outcomes depending on some other factors, with subsequent generalisation of one or the other in different grammatical categories.

-o

ending for hypocoristic masculine names; real; argued to be the reflex of PIE *-os

(diachronic) Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems.

poteťi (“to elapse; start flowing”) → *potokъ (“brook, stream”)

teťi (“to flow (liquid); run (time) etc.”) → *tokъ (“flow, stream”)

gňiti (“to rot”) → *gnojь (“pus”)

vezti (“to drive, take, carry”) → *vozъ (“cart, wagon”)

(synchronic) Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ.


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Widely agreed to have been inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-om, itself composed from the thematic vowel *-o- and the accusative singular ending *-m. A small minority of researchers instead argue for an extension of the u-stem ending.

Accusative singular desinence for masculine o-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *-us, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the nominative singular ending *-s.

Nominative singular desinence for masculine u-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-je)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *-um, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the accusative singular ending *-m.

Accusative singular desinence for masculine u-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-je)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Two sources have been proposed, depending on the reconstruction of the Indo-European ending:
* Proto-Indo-European *-ōm or *-oHom with some kind of shortening.
* Proto-Indo-European *-om, the supposed athematic genitive plural alongside thematic *-ōm < *-o-om. A variant of this view holds that also thematic stems had *-om without the thematic vowel in Proto-Indo-European.
Proponents of the former view have sometimes connected the neocircumflex intonation in Slovene, the stem short vowel in Czech and the Serbo-Croatian desinence -ā with the alleged Proto-Slavic length.

Genitive plural desinence for hard stems of all classes.


běgati

bě̀gati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
běganьje (noun-from-verb)
běgati (infinitive)
běgatъ (supine)
běgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
běganъ (participle passive past)
běgajemъ (participle passive present)
běgavъ (active participle past)
běgaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
běgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běga (aorist second-person singular)
běga (aorist singular third-person)
běgajǫ (first-person present singular)
běgaješi (present second-person singular)
běgajetь (present singular third-person)
běgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běgasta (aorist dual second-person)
běgaste (aorist dual third-person)
běgajevě (dual first-person present)
běgajeta (dual present second-person)
běgajete (dual present third-person)
běgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běgaste (aorist plural second-person)
běgašę (aorist plural third-person)
běgajemъ (first-person plural present)
běgajete (plural present second-person)
běgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
běgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běgaji (imperative second-person singular)
běgaji (imperative singular third-person)
běgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
běgajita (dual imperative second-person)
běgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
běgajite (imperative plural second-person)
*běťi (alternative)

desctree

Old East Slavic: бѣгати (běgati)
Old Ruthenian: бѣ́гати (bě́hati)
Belarusian: бе́гаць (bjéhacʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: бі́гати (bíhaty)
Ukrainian: бі́гати (bíhaty)
Russian: бе́гать (bégatʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бѣгати (běgati)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱑⰳⰰⱅⰹ (běgati)

Bulgarian: бя́гам (bjágam)

Macedonian: бе́га (béga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̏гати, бје̏гати

Latin: bȅgati, bjȅgati

Slovene: bẹ̑gati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: běhati

Czech: běhat

Old Polish: biegać

Polish: biegać

Slovak: behať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: biegac

Slovincian: bjêgac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: běhać

Lower Sorbian: běgaś

From thematizing of earlier *běťi, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bḗˀgtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰegʷ-.


darъ

dȃrъ (canonical masculine)
dȃrъ (nominative singular)
dȃry (dual nominative)
dȃrove (nominative plural)
dȃru (genitive singular)
darovù (dual genitive)
daròvъ (genitive plural)
dȃrovi (dative singular)
darъmà (dative dual)
dȃrъmъ (dative plural)
dȃrъ (accusative singular)
dȃry (accusative dual)
dȃry (accusative plural)
dȃrъmь (instrumental singular)
darъmà (dual instrumental)
darъmì (instrumental plural)
darú (locative singular)
darovù (dual locative)
dȃrъxъ (locative plural)
daru (singular vocative)
dȃry (dual vocative)
dȃrove (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: даръ (darŭ)

Belarusian: дар (dar)

Russian: дар (dar)

Ukrainian: дар (dar)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: даръ (darŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰴⰰⱃⱏ (darŭ)

Bulgarian: дар (dar)

Macedonian: дар (dar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: да̑р

Latin script: dȃr

Slovene: dȃr (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dar

Czech: dar

Polish: dar

Slovak: dar

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dôr

Slovincian: dor

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: dar

Upper Sorbian: dar

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: dari, darit, daris

→ Romanian: dar

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dōˀra, from an earlier *dōˀran, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃rom (“gift”), from the root *deh₃- (“to give”), turning masculine by Illič-Svityč's rule. From *dati (“to give”) + *-rъ.
Direct cognates are Ancient Greek δῶρον (dôron, “gift”), Old Armenian տուր (tur). Indirect cognates (with the suffix *-no) are Latin dōnum (“gift”), Sanskrit दान (dāná, “gift”).

(in the plural) ceremonial gifts offered to the bride and groom during a wedding or exchanged during the wedding between the closest relatives and newlyweds


banъ

bãnъ (canonical masculine)
bãnъ (nominative singular)
bānà (dual nominative)
bānì (nominative plural)
bānà (genitive singular)
bānù (dual genitive)
bãnъ (genitive plural)
bānù (dative singular)
bānòma (dative dual)
bānòmъ (dative plural)
bãnъ (accusative singular)
bānà (accusative dual)
bānỳ (accusative plural)
bānъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
bānòmь (instrumental singular)
bānòma (dual instrumental)
bãny (instrumental plural)
bāně̀ (locative singular)
bānù (dual locative)
bãněxъ (locative plural)
bane (singular vocative)
bānà (dual vocative)
bānì (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бан (ban)

Macedonian: бан (ban)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̑н

Latin script: bȃn

Slovene: bán

→ Romanian: ban (“money”)

From earlier *bojan- (compare Byzantine Greek βοάνος (boános), attested in the 10th century, and Proto-Mongolic *bayan (“rich”) which is also borrowed from Turkic), a borrowing from a Turkic language, probably from Pannonian Avar bajan (“ruler of the horde”), the title of the Avars' khagan misinterpreted as a name (compare similar development in *voďь from *voditi (“to lead”)), from Proto-Turkic *bāy (“rich, noble”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás. See here for detailed discussion.

(South Slavic) master, ruler, lord, ban (title)


pьsati

pьsanьje (noun-from-verb)
pьsati (infinitive)
pьsatъ (supine)
pьsalъ (l-participle)
pьsanъ (participle passive past)
pišemъ (participle passive present)
pьsavъ (active participle past)
pišę (active participle present)
pьsaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pьsa (aorist second-person singular)
pьsa (aorist singular third-person)
pišǫ (first-person present singular)
pišeši (present second-person singular)
pišetь (present singular third-person)
pьsaxově (aorist dual first-person)
pьsasta (aorist dual second-person)
pьsaste (aorist dual third-person)
piševě (dual first-person present)
pišeta (dual present second-person)
pišete (dual present third-person)
pьsaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pьsaste (aorist plural second-person)
pьsašę (aorist plural third-person)
pišemъ (first-person plural present)
pišete (plural present second-person)
pišǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьsaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьsaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьsaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
piši (imperative second-person singular)
piši (imperative singular third-person)
pьsaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьsaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьsaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pišivě (dual first-person imperative)
pišita (dual imperative second-person)
pьsaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьsaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьsaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pišimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pišite (imperative plural second-person)
*pisati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьсати (pĭsati)

Belarusian: піса́ць (pisácʹ)

Russian: писа́ть (pisátʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: писа́ти (pysáty)

Ukrainian: писа́ти (pysáty)

desc

Old Novgorodian: пьсати (pĭsati), писати (pisati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: пьсати (pĭsati)

Old Church Slavonic: ⱂⱐⱄⰰⱅⰹ (pĭsati)

Bulgarian: пи́ша (píša)

Macedonian: пишува (pišuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: пи́сати

Serbo-Croatian: písati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: písati, pisáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: psáti, pisati
Czech: psát

desctree

Old Polish: pisać
Polish: pisać
Silesian: pisać

Slovak: písať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pisac

Slovincian: pjisac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pisać

Lower Sorbian: pisaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *peiśtei or *peiśātei, from Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to mark, color, paint, decorate, embroider”).
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian piẽšti (piešiù), paišýti (paišaũ),
Old Prussian peisāi, (peisāton).


pěti

c (accent-paradigm)
pětьje (noun-from-verb)
pěti (infinitive)
pětъ (supine)
pělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pětъ (participle passive past)
pojemъ (participle passive present)
pěvъ (active participle past)
poję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pě (aorist second-person singular)
pě (aorist singular third-person)
pojǫ (first-person present singular)
poješi (present second-person singular)
pojetь (present singular third-person)
pěxově (aorist dual first-person)
pěsta (aorist dual second-person)
pěste (aorist dual third-person)
pojevě (dual first-person present)
pojeta (dual present second-person)
pojete (dual present third-person)
pěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pěste (aorist plural second-person)
pěšę (aorist plural third-person)
pojemъ (first-person plural present)
pojete (plural present second-person)
pojǫtь (plural present third-person)
pojaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pojaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pojaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
poji (imperative second-person singular)
poji (imperative singular third-person)
pojaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pojaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pojaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pojivě (dual first-person imperative)
pojita (dual imperative second-person)
pojaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pojaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pojaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pojite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пѣти (pěti)

Belarusian: пець (pjecʹ)

Russian: петь (petʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: (dated) пі́ти (píty), пі́яти (píjaty)

⇒ Ukrainian: співати (spivaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пѣти (pěti)

Bulgarian: поя́ (pojá) (dialectal), пе́я (péja)

Macedonian: пее (pee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̀јати, пе̏ти (dialectal, poetic)

Latin: pòjati, pȅti (dialectal, poetic)

Slovene: pẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pět (dated)

Kashubian: piôc

Old Polish: piać
Polish: piać

Polabian: ṕot

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *paitei.
* Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *poyH-, from the root *peyH-. Cognate with Tocharian B pi- (“to sing, to make sing”).
* Per Vasmer, connections outside of Slavic are unreliable. Possibly connected with Ancient Greek παιάν (paián), παιών (paiṓn), Ionic παιήων (paiḗōn, “paean, hymn in honor of Apollo”); sometimes also compared with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (faian, “to blame, to condemn”), Ancient Greek ἔμπαιος (émpaios, “knowledgeable, intelligent”).
* Per Trubachev, possibly originating as a causative of *piti (“to drink”), with the semantic change drink > sing going back to the pagan rite of sacrificial libation.
* A derivation from Proto-Indo-European *pey- (“to adore”) is also possible despite lacking direct semantic basis. If so, cognates include Latin pius (“pious, devout”) and Old English fǣle (“faithful, trusty, good; dear, beloved”)
The alternating Proto-Slavic stems *pě- and *poj- are regular outcomes of the original Proto-Balto-Slavic *pai- before consonants and vowels respectively.


pьstrъ

pь̀strъ (canonical)
pьstrъ (masculine nominative singular)
pьstra (feminine nominative singular)
pьstro (neuter nominative singular)
pьstra (genitive masculine singular)
pьstry (feminine genitive singular)
pьstra (genitive neuter singular)
pьstru (dative masculine singular)
pьstrě (dative feminine singular)
pьstru (dative neuter singular)
pьstrъ (accusative masculine singular)
pьstrǫ (accusative feminine singular)
pьstro (accusative neuter singular)
pьstromь (instrumental masculine singular)
pьstrojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
pьstromь (instrumental neuter singular)
pьstrě (locative masculine singular)
pьstrě (feminine locative singular)
pьstrě (locative neuter singular)
pьstre (masculine singular vocative)
pьstro (feminine singular vocative)
pьstro (neuter singular vocative)
pьstra (dual masculine nominative)
pьstrě (dual feminine nominative)
pьstrě (dual neuter nominative)
pьstru (dual genitive masculine)
pьstru (dual feminine genitive)
pьstru (dual genitive neuter)
pьstroma (dative dual masculine)
pьstrama (dative dual feminine)
pьstroma (dative dual neuter)
pьstra (accusative dual masculine)
pьstrě (accusative dual feminine)
pьstrě (accusative dual neuter)
pьstroma (dual instrumental masculine)
pьstrama (dual feminine instrumental)
pьstroma (dual instrumental neuter)
pьstru (dual locative masculine)
pьstru (dual feminine locative)
pьstru (dual locative neuter)
pьstra (dual masculine vocative)
pьstrě (dual feminine vocative)
pьstrě (dual neuter vocative)
pьstri (masculine nominative plural)
pьstry (feminine nominative plural)
pьstra (neuter nominative plural)
pьstrъ (genitive masculine plural)
pьstrъ (feminine genitive plural)
pьstrъ (genitive neuter plural)
pьstromъ (dative masculine plural)
pьstramъ (dative feminine plural)
pьstromъ (dative neuter plural)
pьstry (accusative masculine plural)
pьstry (accusative feminine plural)
pьstra (accusative neuter plural)
pьstry (instrumental masculine plural)
pьstrami (feminine instrumental plural)
pьstry (instrumental neuter plural)
pьstrěxъ (locative masculine plural)
pьstraxъ (feminine locative plural)
pьstrěxъ (locative neuter plural)
pьstri (masculine plural vocative)
pьstry (feminine plural vocative)
pьstra (neuter plural vocative)
pьstrъjь (masculine nominative singular)
pьstraja (feminine nominative singular)
pьstroje (neuter nominative singular)
pьstrajego (genitive masculine singular)
pьstryję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
pьstrajego (genitive neuter singular)
pьstrujemu (dative masculine singular)
pьstrěji (dative feminine singular)
pьstrujemu (dative neuter singular)
pьstrъjь (accusative masculine singular)
pьstrǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
pьstroje (accusative neuter singular)
pьstryjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
pьstrǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
pьstryjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
pьstrějemь (locative masculine singular)
pьstrěji (feminine locative singular)
pьstrějemь (locative neuter singular)
pьstrъjь (masculine singular vocative)
pьstraja (feminine singular vocative)
pьstroje (neuter singular vocative)
pьstraja (dual masculine nominative)
pьstrěji (dual feminine nominative)
pьstrěji (dual neuter nominative)
pьstruju (dual genitive masculine)
pьstruju (dual feminine genitive)
pьstruju (dual genitive neuter)
pьstryjima (dative dual masculine)
pьstryjima (dative dual feminine)
pьstryjima (dative dual neuter)
pьstraja (accusative dual masculine)
pьstrěji (accusative dual feminine)
pьstrěji (accusative dual neuter)
pьstryjima (dual instrumental masculine)
pьstryjima (dual feminine instrumental)
pьstryjima (dual instrumental neuter)
pьstruju (dual locative masculine)
pьstruju (dual feminine locative)
pьstruju (dual locative neuter)
pьstraja (dual masculine vocative)
pьstrěji (dual feminine vocative)
pьstrěji (dual neuter vocative)
pьstriji (masculine nominative plural)
pьstryję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
pьstraja (neuter nominative plural)
pьstrъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
pьstrъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
pьstrъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
pьstryjimъ (dative masculine plural)
pьstryjimъ (dative feminine plural)
pьstryjimъ (dative neuter plural)
pьstryję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
pьstryję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
pьstraja (accusative neuter plural)
pьstryjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
pьstryjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
pьstryjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
pьstryjixъ (locative masculine plural)
pьstryjixъ (feminine locative plural)
pьstryjixъ (locative neuter plural)
pьstriji (masculine plural vocative)
pьstryję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
pьstraja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьстръ (pĭstrŭ)

Russian: пёстрый (pjóstryj)

Ukrainian: пе́стрий (péstryj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пьстрꙑ (pĭstry),

Bulgarian: пъ́стър (pǎ́stǎr)

Slovene: pẹ́stər (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pstrý

Czech: pestrý

Polish: pstry

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bestri

Slovak: pestrý

Non-Slavic:

Romanian: pestriț

From earlier *pьsrъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *piś-ras, from Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós, from the root *peyḱ- (“to mark, paint”). Morphologically *pьsati + *-rъ.
Direct cognate with Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”). Semantically close to Ancient Greek ποικίλος (poikílos), Proto-Germanic *faihaz.


volsъ

vȏlsъ (canonical masculine)
vȏlsъ (nominative singular)
vȏlsa (dual nominative)
vȏlsi (nominative plural)
vȏlsa (genitive singular)
volsù (dual genitive)
võlsъ (genitive plural)
vȏlsu (dative singular)
volsomà (dative dual)
volsòmъ (dative plural)
vȏlsъ (accusative singular)
vȏlsa (accusative dual)
vȏlsy (accusative plural)
vȏlsъmь (instrumental singular)
vȏlsomь (instrumental singular)
volsomà (dual instrumental)
volsý (instrumental plural)
vȏlsě (locative singular)
volsù (dual locative)
volsě̃xъ (locative plural)
volse (singular vocative)
vȏlsa (dual vocative)
vȏlsi (plural vocative)
*vȏlsь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: волосъ (volosŭ)

Old Ruthenian: волосъ (volos)

Belarusian: во́лас (vólas)

Ukrainian: во́лос (vólos)

Russian: во́лос (vólos)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: власъ (vlasŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰾⰰⱄⱏ (vlasŭ)

Bulgarian: влас (vlas) (archaic)

Macedonian: влас (vlas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вла̑с

Latin script: vlȃs

Slovene: lȃs (tonal orthography) (singular and dual only)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vlas

Czech: vlas

Bohemian (Chod dialect): vlas

Kashubian: włos

Old Polish: włos

Polish: włos

Old Slovak: vlas m

Pannonian Rusyn: власа f (vlasa)

Slovak: vlas m

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: włós

Lower Sorbian: włos

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wálśas, *wálśis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wolh₁ḱos, *h₂wolh₁ḱis, from the root *h₂welh₁- (“hair; wool”). Cognate with Sanskrit वल्श (válśa, “twig, sprout”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (var^əsa, “hair (on the head)”), Old Persian [script needed] (vars), Persian گرس (gors, “curled hair”), Northern Kurdish pirç (“hair”) and Lithuanian valai̇̃. Akin to Old Armenian վարս (vars), an Iranian borrowing.


volsь

vȏlsь (canonical masculine)
vȏlsь (nominative singular)
vȏlsi (dual nominative)
vȏlsьjē (nominative plural)
volsí (genitive singular)
volsьjù (dual genitive)
volsь̀jь (genitive plural)
vȏlsi (dative singular)
volsьmà (dative dual)
vȏlsьmъ (dative plural)
vȏlsь (accusative singular)
vȏlsi (accusative dual)
vȏlsi (accusative plural)
vȏlsьmь (instrumental singular)
volsьmà (dual instrumental)
volsьmì (instrumental plural)
volsí (locative singular)
volsьjù (dual locative)
vȏlsьxъ (locative plural)
volsi (singular vocative)
vȏlsi (dual vocative)
vȏlsьjē (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вла̑с f

Latin script: vlȃs f

Slovene: lasjé m pl


-kati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -кати (-kati)

Belarusian: -каць (-kacʹ)

Russian: -кать (-katʹ)

Ukrainian: -кати (-katy)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -кати (-kati)

Glagolitic: -ⰽⰰⱅⰹ (-kati)

Bulgarian: -кам (-kam)

Macedonian: -ка- (-ka-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -кати

Latin script: -kati

Slovene: -kati

West Slavic:

Czech: -kat

Polish: -kać

Slovak: -kať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -kać

Lower Sorbian: -kaś

In Proto-Slavic, and probably Proto-Indo-European, many onomatopoeic sounds ended in */k/; for example:
* *bьlkъ! → *bьlkati, *bьlčǫ/bьlkajǫ (“to sound like a blazing fire or boiling water; to babble, chatter”)
* post-PIE *plāk- (“to beat, whip”) → *plakati, *plačǫ (sę) (“to beat, whip (oneself), cry, lament”)
This caused the suffix *-k- to be reinterpreted as having expressive/onomatopoeic meaning.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ke-, -kėti, Latin -icō (as in e.g. fodicō) and Ancient Greek -κα- (-ka-). Similar to Proto-Germanic *-kōną (and from there with English -k, German -chen, etc) even though technically not cognates.

*-ьkati (alternative)
*-ьcati (alternative)
*-gati (alternative)

-čati

parallel formation with the same meaning

ble! → *blekati, *blečǫ/*blekajǫ (“to sound like a sheep”)

kra! → *krakati, *kračǫ (“to sound like a crow”)

kva! → *kvakati, *kvačǫ/*kvakajǫ (“to sound like a frog, crow or duck”)

Creates onomatopoeic verbs denoting an action of mimicking a sound in the root.

bakati, *bakajǫ (“to shout, scold, chatter”) : *bajati (“to speak, order, bewitch”)

blǫkati, *blǫkajǫ (“to loiter, wander”) : *blǫditi (“id.”)

brukati, *brukajǫ (“to soil, pollute”) : *bruditi (“id.”)

čakati, *čakajǫ (“to wait”) : *čajati/*čati, *čajǫ (“id.”)

Creates expressive and emotionally colored verbs.

běžati (“to run, quickly move”) → *běžьkati, *běžьkajǫ (“to walk, run”) (of children)

bosti, bodǫ (“prickle, prick”) → *bodьcati, *bodьcajǫ (“to often lightly poke”)

(by extension, from the previous meaning) Creates hypocoristic and diminutive verbs.


kolěno

kolě̀no (canonical neuter)
kolě̀no (nominative singular)
kolě̀ně (dual nominative)
kolě̀na (nominative plural)
kolě̀na (genitive singular)
kolě̀nu (dual genitive)
kolě̀nъ (genitive plural)
kolě̀nu (dative singular)
kolě̀noma (dative dual)
kolě̀nomъ (dative plural)
kolě̀no (accusative singular)
kolě̀ně (accusative dual)
kolě̀na (accusative plural)
kolě̀nъmь (instrumental singular)
kolě̀nomь (instrumental singular)
kolě̀noma (dual instrumental)
kolě̀nȳ (instrumental plural)
kolě̀ně (locative singular)
kolě̀nu (dual locative)
kolě̀ně̄xъ (locative plural)
kolě̀no (singular vocative)
kolě̀ně (dual vocative)
kolě̀na (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: колѣно (kolěno)

Belarusian: кале́на (kaljéna)

Russian: коле́но (koléno)

Ukrainian: колі́но (kolíno)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: колѣно (kolěno)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱁⰾⱑⱀⱁ (kolěno)

Bulgarian: коля́но (koljáno)

Macedonian: колено (koleno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀лено, ко̀љено, колино

Latin script: kòleno, kòljeno, kolino

Slovene: kolẹ́no (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: koleno

Czech: koleno

Old Polish: kolano

desc

Polish: kolano, koleno (Chełmno-Dobrzyń)

Silesian: kolano

Polabian: ťüľonĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kòlano

Slovincian: kôlanô

Slovak: koleno

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kóleno

Upper Sorbian: koleno

Formed as **kol- + *-ěno, of disputed origin. Proposed etymologies include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn, rotate”) or *kʷelh₁- (“to revolve”). Possibly, via s-extension, the origin of Latin collum (“neck”), Proto-Germanic *halsaz (“neck”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, raise, lift”), often claimed as the origin of Proto-Slavic *čelo (“forehead”) and (first part of) *čeľustь (“jaw”).
* Occassionally compared to Ancient Greek σκέλος (skélos, “leg”), of disputed descent. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to bend, crook”).
Akin to Lithuanian kẽlis (“knee”), kelė́nas (“knee joint”) and Latvian celis (“knee”). Arguably, further related to Ancient Greek κῶλον (kôlon, “member, body part”), Ancient Greek κυλλός (kullós, “crooked, deformed”).
Secondary meaning “lineage” is sometimes considered unrelated, commonly linked with *čeľadь (“offsprings”) (collective) of uncertain origin. According to some interpretations, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷel- (“to rally (a group), to crowd”) (whence Proto-Germanic *skulō (“crowd, multitude”)).


bělovolsъ

bělovolsъ (masculine nominative singular)
bělovolsa (feminine nominative singular)
bělovolso (neuter nominative singular)
bělovolsa (genitive masculine singular)
bělovolsy (feminine genitive singular)
bělovolsa (genitive neuter singular)
bělovolsu (dative masculine singular)
bělovolsě (dative feminine singular)
bělovolsu (dative neuter singular)
bělovolsъ (accusative masculine singular)
bělovolsǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bělovolso (accusative neuter singular)
bělovolsomь (instrumental masculine singular)
bělovolsojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bělovolsomь (instrumental neuter singular)
bělovolsě (locative masculine singular)
bělovolsě (feminine locative singular)
bělovolsě (locative neuter singular)
bělovolse (masculine singular vocative)
bělovolso (feminine singular vocative)
bělovolso (neuter singular vocative)
bělovolsa (dual masculine nominative)
bělovolsě (dual feminine nominative)
bělovolsě (dual neuter nominative)
bělovolsu (dual genitive masculine)
bělovolsu (dual feminine genitive)
bělovolsu (dual genitive neuter)
bělovolsoma (dative dual masculine)
bělovolsama (dative dual feminine)
bělovolsoma (dative dual neuter)
bělovolsa (accusative dual masculine)
bělovolsě (accusative dual feminine)
bělovolsě (accusative dual neuter)
bělovolsoma (dual instrumental masculine)
bělovolsama (dual feminine instrumental)
bělovolsoma (dual instrumental neuter)
bělovolsu (dual locative masculine)
bělovolsu (dual feminine locative)
bělovolsu (dual locative neuter)
bělovolsa (dual masculine vocative)
bělovolsě (dual feminine vocative)
bělovolsě (dual neuter vocative)
bělovolsi (masculine nominative plural)
bělovolsy (feminine nominative plural)
bělovolsa (neuter nominative plural)
bělovolsъ (genitive masculine plural)
bělovolsъ (feminine genitive plural)
bělovolsъ (genitive neuter plural)
bělovolsomъ (dative masculine plural)
bělovolsamъ (dative feminine plural)
bělovolsomъ (dative neuter plural)
bělovolsy (accusative masculine plural)
bělovolsy (accusative feminine plural)
bělovolsa (accusative neuter plural)
bělovolsy (instrumental masculine plural)
bělovolsami (feminine instrumental plural)
bělovolsy (instrumental neuter plural)
bělovolsěxъ (locative masculine plural)
bělovolsaxъ (feminine locative plural)
bělovolsěxъ (locative neuter plural)
bělovolsi (masculine plural vocative)
bělovolsy (feminine plural vocative)
bělovolsa (neuter plural vocative)
bělovolsъjь (masculine nominative singular)
bělovolsaja (feminine nominative singular)
bělovolsoje (neuter nominative singular)
bělovolsajego (genitive masculine singular)
bělovolsyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
bělovolsajego (genitive neuter singular)
bělovolsujemu (dative masculine singular)
bělovolsěji (dative feminine singular)
bělovolsujemu (dative neuter singular)
bělovolsъjь (accusative masculine singular)
bělovolsǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bělovolsoje (accusative neuter singular)
bělovolsyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
bělovolsǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bělovolsyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
bělovolsějemь (locative masculine singular)
bělovolsěji (feminine locative singular)
bělovolsějemь (locative neuter singular)
bělovolsъjь (masculine singular vocative)
bělovolsaja (feminine singular vocative)
bělovolsoje (neuter singular vocative)
bělovolsaja (dual masculine nominative)
bělovolsěji (dual feminine nominative)
bělovolsěji (dual neuter nominative)
bělovolsuju (dual genitive masculine)
bělovolsuju (dual feminine genitive)
bělovolsuju (dual genitive neuter)
bělovolsyjima (dative dual masculine)
bělovolsyjima (dative dual feminine)
bělovolsyjima (dative dual neuter)
bělovolsaja (accusative dual masculine)
bělovolsěji (accusative dual feminine)
bělovolsěji (accusative dual neuter)
bělovolsyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
bělovolsyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
bělovolsyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
bělovolsuju (dual locative masculine)
bělovolsuju (dual feminine locative)
bělovolsuju (dual locative neuter)
bělovolsaja (dual masculine vocative)
bělovolsěji (dual feminine vocative)
bělovolsěji (dual neuter vocative)
bělovolsiji (masculine nominative plural)
bělovolsyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
bělovolsaja (neuter nominative plural)
bělovolsъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
bělovolsъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
bělovolsъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
bělovolsyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
bělovolsyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
bělovolsyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
bělovolsyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
bělovolsyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
bělovolsaja (accusative neuter plural)
bělovolsyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
bělovolsyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
bělovolsyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
bělovolsyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
bělovolsyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
bělovolsyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
bělovolsiji (masculine plural vocative)
bělovolsyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
bělovolsaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: белавало́сы (bjelavalósy)

desc

беловоло́сый

Russian: беловоло́сый (belovolósyj)

біловоло́сий

Ukrainian: біловоло́сий (bilovolósyj)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: беловла́с (belovlás)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бјело̀влас, бело̀влас

Latin: bjelòvlas, belòvlas

Slovene: belolás

West Slavic:

Czech: bělovlasy

Polish: białowłosy

Slovak: bielovlasý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: běłowłosaty

Upper Sorbian: běłowłosaty, běłowłosny

*bělъ (“white”) + *-o- + *volsъ (“hair”)


bergъ

bȇrgъ (canonical masculine)
bȇrgъ (nominative singular)
bȇrga (dual nominative)
bȇrdzi (nominative plural)
bȇrga (genitive singular)
bergù (dual genitive)
bẽrgъ (genitive plural)
bȇrgu (dative singular)
bergomà (dative dual)
bergòmъ (dative plural)
bȇrgъ (accusative singular)
bȇrga (accusative dual)
bȇrgy (accusative plural)
bȇrgъmь (instrumental singular)
bȇrgomь (instrumental singular)
bergomà (dual instrumental)
bergý (instrumental plural)
bȇrdzě (locative singular)
bergù (dual locative)
berdzě̃xъ (locative plural)
berže (singular vocative)
bȇrga (dual vocative)
bȇrdzi (plural vocative)
bȇrgъ (nominative singular)
bȇrgy (dual nominative)
bȇrgove (nominative plural)
bȇrgu (genitive singular)
bergovù (dual genitive)
bergòvъ (genitive plural)
bȇrgovi (dative singular)
bergъmà (dative dual)
bȇrgъmъ (dative plural)
bȇrgъ (accusative singular)
bȇrgy (accusative dual)
bȇrgy (accusative plural)
bȇrgъmь (instrumental singular)
bergъmà (dual instrumental)
bergъmì (instrumental plural)
bergú (locative singular)
bergovù (dual locative)
bȇrgъxъ (locative plural)
bergu (singular vocative)
bȇrgy (dual vocative)
bȇrgove (plural vocative)

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: берегъ (beregŭ)
Old Ruthenian: бе́регъ (béreh)
Belarusian: бе́раг (bjérah)
Carpathian Rusyn: бе́рег (béreh)
Ukrainian: бе́ріг (bérih), бе́рег (béreh)
Russian: бе́рег (béreg)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: брѣгъ (brěgŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱃⱑⰳⱏ (brěgŭ)

Bulgarian: бряг (brjag)

Macedonian: брег (breg)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: брије̑г, бре̑г, бриг

Latin script: brijȇg, brȇg, brig

Slovene: brẹ̑g (tonal orthography)

→ Albanian: breg

West Slavic:

Old Czech: břěh

Czech: břeh

Old Polish: brzeg
Polish: brzeg
→ Yiddish: ברעג (breg)
Silesian: brzyg

Slovak: breh

Polabian: brig

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: brzég

Slovincian: brzég

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: brjóh

Lower Sorbian: brjog

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ-, likely through *bʰérǵʰos (“hill”), whence also Proto-Germanic *bergaz. Closely related with Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬵 (bar^əzah) and Old Armenian բերձ (berj).
Although Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰ is expected to yield Proto-Slavic *z, most linguists consider the word to be inherited. Vasmer suggests that there existed a variant of the root *bʰerǵʰ- with a depalatalised stem-final velar. A minority of scholars assume borrowing from either Germanic (e.g. Old High German berg) or a Venetic-Illyrian language. Per Derksen, this is possible but lacks a solid basis.


bolto

bòlto (canonical neuter)
bòlto (nominative singular)
bòltě (dual nominative)
bòlta (nominative plural)
bòlta (genitive singular)
bòltu (dual genitive)
bòltъ (genitive plural)
bòltu (dative singular)
bòltoma (dative dual)
bòltomъ (dative plural)
bòlto (accusative singular)
bòltě (accusative dual)
bòlta (accusative plural)
bòltъmь (instrumental singular)
bòltomь (instrumental singular)
bòltoma (dual instrumental)
bòltȳ (instrumental plural)
bòltě (locative singular)
bòltu (dual locative)
bòltě̄xъ (locative plural)
bòlto (singular vocative)
bòltě (dual vocative)
bòlta (plural vocative)

Eriophorum scheuchzeri
Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: болото (boloto)

Old Ruthenian: болото (boloto)

Belarusian: бало́та (balóta)

Carpathian Rusyn: болото (boloto)

Ukrainian: боло́то (bolóto)

Russian: боло́то (bolóto)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: блато (blato)

Glagolitic: ⰱⰾⰰⱅⱁ (blato)

Bulgarian: бла́то (bláto)

Macedonian: бла́то (bláto)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бла̏то

Latin script: blȁto

Slovene: bláto (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bláto

Czech: bláto

Polabian: blåtü

Old Polish: błoto
Polish: błoto
Silesian: błoto

Slovak: blato

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: błoto

Slovincian: blôtô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: błoto

Upper Sorbian: błóto

Non-Slavic:

q

from derivative <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*boltьno</i>

⇒ Hungarian: Balaton (from derivative *boltьno)

→ Yiddish: בלאָטע (blote)

Most likely substantivized from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bálˀtas (“faint, white”). Cognate with Lithuanian báltas (“white”), balà (“swamp”), Latvian balts (“white”), and the second part of Old Prussian placename Namuyn-balt.
The semantic connection between "white" and "swamp, mud" is not obvious, but has been attested in many languages. Beside the mentioned Lithuanian, also in e.g., Old Polish biel (“mud, swamp”) (< *bělь, from *bělъ (“white”)). This is probably due to the widespread presence of the marsh grass called cottongrass (genus Eriophorum), whose the white fluffy seed heads are white, or the color of the dried clay taking light hue, depending on soil.
Though formally and semantically derivable from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelH- (“white”), with cognates such as Albanian baltë (“mud”), Romanian baltă (“mud, swamp”) and Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp”), it is often considered an Illyrian substratum word (or from another, unidentified substrate language; cf. Proto-Slavic *bala (“marsh”)) due to the fact that most of the cognates are restricted to the Balkan peninsula, or its surroundings. However, these can also be borrowings from early Slavic; indirect evidence shows that the Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony happened well after the spread of Slavic to the Balkans and the word must have been pronounced as *balta or *bolto as recently as the late 8th century.


ględati

glę̀dati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględanьje (noun-from-verb)
ględati (infinitive)
ględatъ (supine)
ględalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględanъ (participle passive past)
ględajemъ (participle passive present)
ględavъ (active participle past)
ględaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ględa (aorist second-person singular)
ględa (aorist singular third-person)
ględajǫ (first-person present singular)
ględaješi (present second-person singular)
ględajetь (present singular third-person)
ględaxově (aorist dual first-person)
ględasta (aorist dual second-person)
ględaste (aorist dual third-person)
ględajevě (dual first-person present)
ględajeta (dual present second-person)
ględajete (dual present third-person)
ględaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ględaste (aorist plural second-person)
ględašę (aorist plural third-person)
ględajemъ (first-person plural present)
ględajete (plural present second-person)
ględajǫtь (plural present third-person)
ględaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
ględaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
ględaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ględaji (imperative second-person singular)
ględaji (imperative singular third-person)
ględaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
ględaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
ględaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ględajivě (dual first-person imperative)
ględajita (dual imperative second-person)
ględaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
ględaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
ględaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ględajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ględajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глѧдати (ględati) (11th century)

Carpathian Rusyn: гля́дати (hljádaty)

Russian: гля́дать (gljádatʹ) (dialectal), гляда́ть (gljadátʹ) (dialectal; Dal's dictionary)

Ukrainian: гляда́ти (hljadáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: глѧдати (ględati)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⰾⱔⰴⰰⱅⰹ (ględati)

desc

Bulgarian: гле́дам (glédam), гле́ндам (gléndam) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гледа (gleda)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гле̏дати, гле́дати

Latin: glȅdati, glédati

Slovene: glẹ́dati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hlídat, hledat

Polabian: gľǫdăl (“dreamed”, past)

desctree

Old Polish: ględać
Middle Polish: ględać, glądać (Kuyavia)

Old Slovak: hľadať, hledať

Pannonian Rusyn: глєдац (hljedac)

Slovak: hľadať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: glědaś

Upper Sorbian: hladać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *glenˀd-, with acute through Winter's law from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlend-.


glupъ

glũpъ (canonical)
glupъ (masculine nominative singular)
glupa (feminine nominative singular)
glupo (neuter nominative singular)
glupa (genitive masculine singular)
glupy (feminine genitive singular)
glupa (genitive neuter singular)
glupu (dative masculine singular)
glupě (dative feminine singular)
glupu (dative neuter singular)
glupъ (accusative masculine singular)
glupǫ (accusative feminine singular)
glupo (accusative neuter singular)
glupomь (instrumental masculine singular)
glupojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
glupomь (instrumental neuter singular)
glupě (locative masculine singular)
glupě (feminine locative singular)
glupě (locative neuter singular)
glupe (masculine singular vocative)
glupo (feminine singular vocative)
glupo (neuter singular vocative)
glupa (dual masculine nominative)
glupě (dual feminine nominative)
glupě (dual neuter nominative)
glupu (dual genitive masculine)
glupu (dual feminine genitive)
glupu (dual genitive neuter)
glupoma (dative dual masculine)
glupama (dative dual feminine)
glupoma (dative dual neuter)
glupa (accusative dual masculine)
glupě (accusative dual feminine)
glupě (accusative dual neuter)
glupoma (dual instrumental masculine)
glupama (dual feminine instrumental)
glupoma (dual instrumental neuter)
glupu (dual locative masculine)
glupu (dual feminine locative)
glupu (dual locative neuter)
glupa (dual masculine vocative)
glupě (dual feminine vocative)
glupě (dual neuter vocative)
glupi (masculine nominative plural)
glupy (feminine nominative plural)
glupa (neuter nominative plural)
glupъ (genitive masculine plural)
glupъ (feminine genitive plural)
glupъ (genitive neuter plural)
glupomъ (dative masculine plural)
glupamъ (dative feminine plural)
glupomъ (dative neuter plural)
glupy (accusative masculine plural)
glupy (accusative feminine plural)
glupa (accusative neuter plural)
glupy (instrumental masculine plural)
glupami (feminine instrumental plural)
glupy (instrumental neuter plural)
glupěxъ (locative masculine plural)
glupaxъ (feminine locative plural)
glupěxъ (locative neuter plural)
glupi (masculine plural vocative)
glupy (feminine plural vocative)
glupa (neuter plural vocative)
glupъjь (masculine nominative singular)
glupaja (feminine nominative singular)
glupoje (neuter nominative singular)
glupajego (genitive masculine singular)
glupyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
glupajego (genitive neuter singular)
glupujemu (dative masculine singular)
glupěji (dative feminine singular)
glupujemu (dative neuter singular)
glupъjь (accusative masculine singular)
glupǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
glupoje (accusative neuter singular)
glupyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
glupǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
glupyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
glupějemь (locative masculine singular)
glupěji (feminine locative singular)
glupějemь (locative neuter singular)
glupъjь (masculine singular vocative)
glupaja (feminine singular vocative)
glupoje (neuter singular vocative)
glupaja (dual masculine nominative)
glupěji (dual feminine nominative)
glupěji (dual neuter nominative)
glupuju (dual genitive masculine)
glupuju (dual feminine genitive)
glupuju (dual genitive neuter)
glupyjima (dative dual masculine)
glupyjima (dative dual feminine)
glupyjima (dative dual neuter)
glupaja (accusative dual masculine)
glupěji (accusative dual feminine)
glupěji (accusative dual neuter)
glupyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
glupyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
glupyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
glupuju (dual locative masculine)
glupuju (dual feminine locative)
glupuju (dual locative neuter)
glupaja (dual masculine vocative)
glupěji (dual feminine vocative)
glupěji (dual neuter vocative)
glupiji (masculine nominative plural)
glupyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
glupaja (neuter nominative plural)
glupъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
glupъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
glupъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
glupyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
glupyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
glupyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
glupyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
glupyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
glupaja (accusative neuter plural)
glupyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
glupyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
glupyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
glupyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
glupyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
glupyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
glupiji (masculine plural vocative)
glupyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
glupaja (neuter plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: глоупъ (glupŭ)

East Slavic:

Russian: глу́пый (glúpyj)

Ukrainian: глу́пий (hlúpyj) (rare)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: глуп (glup) (archaic, literary)

Macedonian: глуп (glup)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глу̑п

Latin script: glȗp

Slovene: glȗp (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hlúpý

Czech: hloupý

desctree

Old Polish: głupi
Polish: głupi
Silesian: gupi

Slovak: hlúpy

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: głupi

Slovincian: glúpy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hłupy

Lower Sorbian: głupy

Probably akin to *gluxъ (“deaf”), *gluma (“taunt”), in which case perhaps from a tentative *gʰlew- + expressive *-p- extension. Possibly related to Old Norse glópr (“fool”).


gluxъ

glȗxъ (canonical)
gluxъ (masculine nominative singular)
gluxa (feminine nominative singular)
gluxo (neuter nominative singular)
gluxa (genitive masculine singular)
gluxy (feminine genitive singular)
gluxa (genitive neuter singular)
gluxu (dative masculine singular)
gluśě (dative feminine singular)
gluxu (dative neuter singular)
gluxъ (accusative masculine singular)
gluxǫ (accusative feminine singular)
gluxo (accusative neuter singular)
gluxomь (instrumental masculine singular)
gluxojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
gluxomь (instrumental neuter singular)
gluśě (locative masculine singular)
gluśě (feminine locative singular)
gluśě (locative neuter singular)
gluše (masculine singular vocative)
gluxo (feminine singular vocative)
gluxo (neuter singular vocative)
gluxa (dual masculine nominative)
gluśě (dual feminine nominative)
gluśě (dual neuter nominative)
gluxu (dual genitive masculine)
gluxu (dual feminine genitive)
gluxu (dual genitive neuter)
gluxoma (dative dual masculine)
gluxama (dative dual feminine)
gluxoma (dative dual neuter)
gluxa (accusative dual masculine)
gluśě (accusative dual feminine)
gluśě (accusative dual neuter)
gluxoma (dual instrumental masculine)
gluxama (dual feminine instrumental)
gluxoma (dual instrumental neuter)
gluxu (dual locative masculine)
gluxu (dual feminine locative)
gluxu (dual locative neuter)
gluxa (dual masculine vocative)
gluśě (dual feminine vocative)
gluśě (dual neuter vocative)
gluśi (masculine nominative plural)
gluxy (feminine nominative plural)
gluxa (neuter nominative plural)
gluxъ (genitive masculine plural)
gluxъ (feminine genitive plural)
gluxъ (genitive neuter plural)
gluxomъ (dative masculine plural)
gluxamъ (dative feminine plural)
gluxomъ (dative neuter plural)
gluxy (accusative masculine plural)
gluxy (accusative feminine plural)
gluxa (accusative neuter plural)
gluxy (instrumental masculine plural)
gluxami (feminine instrumental plural)
gluxy (instrumental neuter plural)
gluśěxъ (locative masculine plural)
gluxaxъ (feminine locative plural)
gluśěxъ (locative neuter plural)
gluśi (masculine plural vocative)
gluxy (feminine plural vocative)
gluxa (neuter plural vocative)
gluxъjь (masculine nominative singular)
gluxaja (feminine nominative singular)
gluxoje (neuter nominative singular)
gluxajego (genitive masculine singular)
gluxyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
gluxajego (genitive neuter singular)
gluxujemu (dative masculine singular)
gluśěji (dative feminine singular)
gluxujemu (dative neuter singular)
gluxъjь (accusative masculine singular)
gluxǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
gluxoje (accusative neuter singular)
gluxyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
gluxǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
gluxyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
gluśějemь (locative masculine singular)
gluśěji (feminine locative singular)
gluśějemь (locative neuter singular)
gluxъjь (masculine singular vocative)
gluxaja (feminine singular vocative)
gluxoje (neuter singular vocative)
gluxaja (dual masculine nominative)
gluśěji (dual feminine nominative)
gluśěji (dual neuter nominative)
gluxuju (dual genitive masculine)
gluxuju (dual feminine genitive)
gluxuju (dual genitive neuter)
gluxyjima (dative dual masculine)
gluxyjima (dative dual feminine)
gluxyjima (dative dual neuter)
gluxaja (accusative dual masculine)
gluśěji (accusative dual feminine)
gluśěji (accusative dual neuter)
gluxyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
gluxyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
gluxyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
gluxuju (dual locative masculine)
gluxuju (dual feminine locative)
gluxuju (dual locative neuter)
gluxaja (dual masculine vocative)
gluśěji (dual feminine vocative)
gluśěji (dual neuter vocative)
gluśiji (masculine nominative plural)
gluxyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
gluxaja (neuter nominative plural)
gluxъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
gluxъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
gluxъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
gluxyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
gluxyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
gluxyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
gluxyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
gluxyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
gluxaja (accusative neuter plural)
gluxyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
gluxyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
gluxyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
gluxyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
gluxyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
gluxyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
gluśiji (masculine plural vocative)
gluxyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
gluxaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глꙋхꙑи (gluxyi)

Belarusian: глухі́ (hluxí)

Russian: глухо́й (gluxój)

→ Skolt Sami: kluuǥǥai

Ukrainian: глухи́й (hluxýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: глоухъ (gluxŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⰾⱆⱈⱏ (gluxŭ)

Bulgarian: глух (gluh)

Macedonian: глув (gluv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глу̑х, глу̑в

Latin: glȗh, glȗv

Slovene: glȗh (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hluchý

Czech: hluchý

Polish: głuchy

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: glëchji

Slovak: hluchý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: głuchy

Upper Sorbian: hłuchi

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *glaušas; also found as *glušas, as in cognate Lithuanian glùšas (“dumb”). Per Vasmer, also cognate with Lithuanian glusnùs, klusnùs (“obedient, attentive”), Samogitian dialectal klùsas (“muffled”), Latvian kluss (“quiet”), where the forms in *k are perhaps more ancient and the forms in *g due to "expressive transformation". If so, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to sound, to hear”). Possibly related to *glupъ (“stupid, foolish”).


glupavъ

glupavъ (masculine nominative singular)
glupava (feminine nominative singular)
glupavo (neuter nominative singular)
glupava (genitive masculine singular)
glupavy (feminine genitive singular)
glupava (genitive neuter singular)
glupavu (dative masculine singular)
glupavě (dative feminine singular)
glupavu (dative neuter singular)
glupavъ (accusative masculine singular)
glupavǫ (accusative feminine singular)
glupavo (accusative neuter singular)
glupavomь (instrumental masculine singular)
glupavojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
glupavomь (instrumental neuter singular)
glupavě (locative masculine singular)
glupavě (feminine locative singular)
glupavě (locative neuter singular)
glupave (masculine singular vocative)
glupavo (feminine singular vocative)
glupavo (neuter singular vocative)
glupava (dual masculine nominative)
glupavě (dual feminine nominative)
glupavě (dual neuter nominative)
glupavu (dual genitive masculine)
glupavu (dual feminine genitive)
glupavu (dual genitive neuter)
glupavoma (dative dual masculine)
glupavama (dative dual feminine)
glupavoma (dative dual neuter)
glupava (accusative dual masculine)
glupavě (accusative dual feminine)
glupavě (accusative dual neuter)
glupavoma (dual instrumental masculine)
glupavama (dual feminine instrumental)
glupavoma (dual instrumental neuter)
glupavu (dual locative masculine)
glupavu (dual feminine locative)
glupavu (dual locative neuter)
glupava (dual masculine vocative)
glupavě (dual feminine vocative)
glupavě (dual neuter vocative)
glupavi (masculine nominative plural)
glupavy (feminine nominative plural)
glupava (neuter nominative plural)
glupavъ (genitive masculine plural)
glupavъ (feminine genitive plural)
glupavъ (genitive neuter plural)
glupavomъ (dative masculine plural)
glupavamъ (dative feminine plural)
glupavomъ (dative neuter plural)
glupavy (accusative masculine plural)
glupavy (accusative feminine plural)
glupava (accusative neuter plural)
glupavy (instrumental masculine plural)
glupavami (feminine instrumental plural)
glupavy (instrumental neuter plural)
glupavěxъ (locative masculine plural)
glupavaxъ (feminine locative plural)
glupavěxъ (locative neuter plural)
glupavi (masculine plural vocative)
glupavy (feminine plural vocative)
glupava (neuter plural vocative)
glupavъjь (masculine nominative singular)
glupavaja (feminine nominative singular)
glupavoje (neuter nominative singular)
glupavajego (genitive masculine singular)
glupavyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
glupavajego (genitive neuter singular)
glupavujemu (dative masculine singular)
glupavěji (dative feminine singular)
glupavujemu (dative neuter singular)
glupavъjь (accusative masculine singular)
glupavǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
glupavoje (accusative neuter singular)
glupavyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
glupavǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
glupavyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
glupavějemь (locative masculine singular)
glupavěji (feminine locative singular)
glupavějemь (locative neuter singular)
glupavъjь (masculine singular vocative)
glupavaja (feminine singular vocative)
glupavoje (neuter singular vocative)
glupavaja (dual masculine nominative)
glupavěji (dual feminine nominative)
glupavěji (dual neuter nominative)
glupavuju (dual genitive masculine)
glupavuju (dual feminine genitive)
glupavuju (dual genitive neuter)
glupavyjima (dative dual masculine)
glupavyjima (dative dual feminine)
glupavyjima (dative dual neuter)
glupavaja (accusative dual masculine)
glupavěji (accusative dual feminine)
glupavěji (accusative dual neuter)
glupavyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
glupavyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
glupavyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
glupavuju (dual locative masculine)
glupavuju (dual feminine locative)
glupavuju (dual locative neuter)
glupavaja (dual masculine vocative)
glupavěji (dual feminine vocative)
glupavěji (dual neuter vocative)
glupaviji (masculine nominative plural)
glupavyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
glupavaja (neuter nominative plural)
glupavъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
glupavъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
glupavъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
glupavyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
glupavyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
glupavyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
glupavyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
glupavyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
glupavaja (accusative neuter plural)
glupavyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
glupavyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
glupavyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
glupavyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
glupavyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
glupavyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
glupaviji (masculine plural vocative)
glupavyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
glupavaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: глупа́вый (glupávyj) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: глу́пав (glúpav)

Macedonian: глу́пав (glúpav)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глу̏пав

Latin script: glȕpav

West Slavic:

Polish: głupawy


blěskъ

blě̑skъ (canonical masculine)
blě̑skъ (nominative singular)
blě̑ska (dual nominative)
blě̑sci (nominative plural)
blě̑ska (genitive singular)
blěskù (dual genitive)
blě̃skъ (genitive plural)
blě̑sku (dative singular)
blěskomà (dative dual)
blěskòmъ (dative plural)
blě̑skъ (accusative singular)
blě̑ska (accusative dual)
blě̑sky (accusative plural)
blě̑skъmь (instrumental singular)
blě̑skomь (instrumental singular)
blěskomà (dual instrumental)
blěský (instrumental plural)
blě̑scě (locative singular)
blěskù (dual locative)
blěscě̃xъ (locative plural)
blěšče (singular vocative)
blě̑ska (dual vocative)
blě̑sci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: блѣскъ (blěskŭ)

Belarusian: бляск (bljask)

Russian: блеск (blesk)

Ukrainian: блиск (blysk)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бльскъ (blĭskŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰾⱐⱄⰽⱏ (blĭskŭ)

Bulgarian: бля́сък (bljásǎk)

Macedonian: бле́сок (blésok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бле̑сак, бље̑сак

Latin script: blȇsak, bljȇsak

Slovene: blèsk

West Slavic:

Czech: blesk

desctree

Old Polish: blask
Polish: blask, blesk (Middle Polish)
Silesian: blask

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: blask

Slovincian: blask

Slovak: blesk

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: blěsk

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: bleasc

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *blaiskas, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰloyǵ- + *-skъ. A direct cognate with Latvian blaiskums, blaizgums (“spot”) and related to Lithuanian blizgas (“glimmer”), akin to the 0-grade *blьskъ (< *bliskas). Outside of Balto-Slavic, related to Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“pale”) whence German Blitz (“lightning”).


vysь

vysь (nominative singular)
vỳsi (dual nominative)
vỳsi (nominative plural)
vỳsī (genitive singular)
vỳsьju (dual genitive)
vỳsьjь (genitive plural)
vỳsi (dative singular)
vỳsьma (dative dual)
vỳsьmъ (dative plural)
vysь (accusative singular)
vỳsi (accusative dual)
vỳsi (accusative plural)
vỳsьjǫ (instrumental singular)
vỳsьma (dual instrumental)
vỳsьmī (instrumental plural)
vỳsī (locative singular)
vỳsьju (dual locative)
vỳsьxъ (locative plural)
vysi (singular vocative)
vỳsi (dual vocative)
vỳsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: высь f (vysʹ)

Ukrainian: вись f (vysʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: вис f (vis)

Serbo-Croatian: вис

West Slavic:

Czech: výše f (noun)

desctree

Old Polish: wysza f, wyszsza (alternative reading)
Polish: wyż

Formally comparable with Old Irish úas (“above”), Ancient Greek ὕψι (húpsi, “aloft”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-, but with problematic long grade in Slavic. Possibly further related to the adverb *upó (“above, over”).
Compare also Proto-Slavic *vъz- (“up-, super-”), *vy- (“out-, ex-”).


vysь

vysь (nominative singular)
vỳsi (dual nominative)
vỳsьjē (nominative plural)
vỳsī (genitive singular)
vỳsьju (dual genitive)
vỳsьjь (genitive plural)
vỳsi (dative singular)
vỳsьma (dative dual)
vỳsьmъ (dative plural)
vysь (accusative singular)
vỳsi (accusative dual)
vỳsi (accusative plural)
vỳsьmь (instrumental singular)
vỳsьma (dual instrumental)
vỳsьmī (instrumental plural)
vỳsī (locative singular)
vỳsьju (dual locative)
vỳsьxъ (locative plural)
vysi (singular vocative)
vỳsi (dual vocative)
vỳsьjē (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: вис m (vis, “summit”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ви̑с m

Latin script: vȋs m


brodъ

bròdъ (canonical)
brȍdъ (canonical masculine)
bròdъ (nominative singular)
brodà (dual nominative)
brodì (nominative plural)
brodà (genitive singular)
brodù (dual genitive)
bròdъ (genitive plural)
brodù (dative singular)
brodòma (dative dual)
brodòmъ (dative plural)
bròdъ (accusative singular)
brodà (accusative dual)
brodỳ (accusative plural)
brodъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
brodòmь (instrumental singular)
brodòma (dual instrumental)
bròdy (instrumental plural)
brodě̀ (locative singular)
brodù (dual locative)
bròděxъ (locative plural)
brode (singular vocative)
brodà (dual vocative)
brodì (plural vocative)
brȍdъ (nominative singular)
brȍda (dual nominative)
brȍdi (nominative plural)
brȍda (genitive singular)
brodù (dual genitive)
bròdъ (genitive plural)
brȍdu (dative singular)
brodomà (dative dual)
brodòmъ (dative plural)
brȍdъ (accusative singular)
brȍda (accusative dual)
brȍdy (accusative plural)
brȍdъmь (instrumental singular)
brȍdomь (instrumental singular)
brodomà (dual instrumental)
brodý (instrumental plural)
brȍdě (locative singular)
brodù (dual locative)
brodě̃xъ (locative plural)
brode (singular vocative)
brȍda (dual vocative)
brȍdi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бродъ (brodŭ)

Middle Belarusian: бродъ (brod)

Belarusian: брод (brod)

Russian: брод (brod)

Ukrainian: брід (brid)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: брод (brod)

Macedonian: брод (brod)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: бро̑д (“ship”)

Serbo-Croatian: brȏd

Slovene: brọ̑d (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brod

Czech: brod

Old Polish: bród
Polish: bród

Slovak: brod

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bród

Lower Sorbian: brod

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brádas, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrodʰ-o-s, from *bʰredʰ- (“to wade”). Equivalent to *brestì + *-ъ.


svekry

svekrỳ (canonical feminine)
svekrỳ (nominative singular)
svekrъ̀vi (dual nominative)
svekrъ̀vi (nominative plural)
svekrъ̀ve (genitive singular)
svekrъ̀vu (dual genitive)
svekrъ̀vъ (genitive plural)
svekrъ̀vi (dative singular)
svekrъ̀vьma (dative dual)
svekrъ̀vama (dative dual)
svekrъ̀vьmъ (dative plural)
svekrъ̀vamъ (dative plural)
svekrъ̀vь (accusative singular)
svekrъ̀vi (accusative dual)
svekrъ̀vi (accusative plural)
svekrъ̀vьjǫ (instrumental singular)
svekrъ̀vľǭ (instrumental singular)
svekrъ̀vьma (dual instrumental)
svekrъ̀vama (dual instrumental)
svekrъ̀vьmī (instrumental plural)
svekrъ̀vamī (instrumental plural)
svekrъ̀ve (locative singular)
svekrъ̀vu (dual locative)
svekrъ̀vьxъ (locative plural)
svekrъ̀vaxъ (locative plural)
svekrỳ (singular vocative)
svekrъ̀vi (dual vocative)
svekrъ̀vi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: свекрꙑ (svekry)

desc

Belarusian: свякро́ў (svjakróŭ), свякру́ха (svjakrúxa)

Russian: свекро́вь (svekróvʹ), свекру́ха (svekrúxa)

Ukrainian: свекру́ха (svekrúxa)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: свекрꙑ (svekry)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰲⰵⰽⱃⱏⰹ (svekry)

Bulgarian: свекъ́рва (svekǎ́rva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: све̏крва

Latin script: svȅkrva

Slovene: svẹ̑krva (tonal orthography), svẹ̑krv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: svekra, svekrev

Czech: svekra (obsolete), svekrev (obsolete)

desctree

Old Polish: świekra, świekrew, świekry, świokra
Polish: (archaic) świekra

Old Slovak: svekra, švekra, svokra

Pannonian Rusyn: швекра (švekra)

Slovak: svokra

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Indo-Iranian cognates include Sanskrit श्वश्रू (śvaśrū́) and Pashto خواښې (xwāśe, “mother-in-law”). Akin to Latin socrus (“mother-in-law”).

woman's mother-in-law (husband's mother)

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)


čędo

čę̀do (canonical neuter)
čę̀do (nominative singular)
čę̀dě (dual nominative)
čę̀da (nominative plural)
čę̀da (genitive singular)
čę̀du (dual genitive)
čę̀dъ (genitive plural)
čę̀du (dative singular)
čę̀doma (dative dual)
čę̀domъ (dative plural)
čę̀do (accusative singular)
čę̀dě (accusative dual)
čę̀da (accusative plural)
čę̀dъmь (instrumental singular)
čę̀domь (instrumental singular)
čę̀doma (dual instrumental)
čę̀dȳ (instrumental plural)
čę̀dě (locative singular)
čę̀du (dual locative)
čę̀dě̄xъ (locative plural)
čę̀do (singular vocative)
čę̀dě (dual vocative)
čę̀da (plural vocative)
*čędъ (alternative)
*čęda (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: чадо (čado), чадь (čadĭ)

Belarusian: ча́да (čáda)

Russian: ча́до (čádo), dial. ча́да (čáda)

Carpathian Rusyn: ча́до (čádo)

Ukrainian: ча́до (čádo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чѧдо (čędo)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⱔⰴⱁ (čędo)

Bulgarian: че́до (čédo); че́ндо (čéndo), ча́до (čádo) (dialectal)

Macedonian: чедо (čedo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: че̏до

Latin script: čȅdo, rare čed

Slovene: dial. čèh (possibly)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čad, čád

Czech: čáda, čado, čiado (obsolete)

Old Slovak: čado

Pannonian Rusyn: чадо (čado)

Slovak: čado (dialectal)

Most likely of native origin:
* Equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *ken-do-, from *(s)ken- + *-do. Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek καινός (kainós, “new”), Latin recēns (“new, fresh”), Sanskrit कन्या (kanyā), Old Irish cenél (“race; people; kind”), Middle Welsh bachgen (“boy”). For the suffix, compare *stado (“herd, flock”) < *stati (“to stand, become”) + *-do.
* ESSJa: *čędъ, *čęda, *čędo originally were deverbal adjectives from *čęti + *-dъ, parallel to *čętъ, *čęta, *čęto. Trubačev compares the voicing to that in Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ : Lithuanian tvirtas.
* Martynov associates *čęd- with *čęstь (“part”), proposing original meaning “branch, descent” → “offspring”.
Another theory considers Proto-Slavic *čę̀do a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *kinþą / *kindą. This etymology, however, fails to explain related terms with s-mobile like Old East Slavic щадок (ščadok, “offspring”).


Daďьbogъ

Daďьbogъ (nominative singular)
Daďьboga (genitive singular)
Daďьbogu (dative singular)
Daďьbogъ (accusative singular)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: Дажьбогъ (Dažĭbogŭ)

Russian: Дажьбог (Dažʹbog)

Ukrainian: Дажбог (Dažboh)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: Дажбог

West Slavic:

Old Polish: dadzibog

Polish: Dadźbog, Dadźbóg

A compound of *daďь, imperative form of *dati (“to give”), and *bogъ (“god”).


večerъ

vȅčerъ (canonical masculine)
vȅčerъ (nominative singular)
vȅčera (dual nominative)
vȅčeri (nominative plural)
vȅčera (genitive singular)
večerù (dual genitive)
večèrъ (genitive plural)
vȅčeru (dative singular)
večeromà (dative dual)
večeròmъ (dative plural)
vȅčerъ (accusative singular)
vȅčera (accusative dual)
vȅčery (accusative plural)
vȅčerъmь (instrumental singular)
vȅčeromь (instrumental singular)
večeromà (dual instrumental)
večerý (instrumental plural)
vȅčerě (locative singular)
večerù (dual locative)
večerě̃xъ (locative plural)
večere (singular vocative)
vȅčera (dual vocative)
vȅčeri (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вечеръ (večerŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: вечоръ (večor), ве́черъ (véčer) — archaic
Belarusian: ве́чар (vjéčar)
Middle Ukrainian: ве́чѡръ (véčôr), ве́чуръ (véčur), ве́чюръ (véčjur), ве́чѣръ (véčir)
Carpathian Rusyn: ве́чур (véčur)
Ukrainian: ве́чір (véčir)

Russian: ве́чер (véčer)

Old Novgorodian: *вецере (*većere)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: вечеръ (večerŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰵⱍⰵⱃⱏ (večerŭ)

Bulgarian: ве́чер (véčer)

Macedonian: вечер (večer)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве̏че̄р, ве̏че̄

Latin: vȅčēr, vȅčē

Slovene: večẹ̑r (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: večer, večér, večier
Czech: večer

Old Polish: wieczór
Polish: wieczór, wieczerz (Żywiec)
Silesian: wieczōr

Old Slovak: večar, večer, večir

Pannonian Rusyn: вечар (večar)

Slovak: večer

Polabian: vicer

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wieczór

Slovincian: wjêczór

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wjacor, jacor

Upper Sorbian: wječor

PIE word
 *wek(ʷ)speros
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wékeras (“evening”).


toviti

tovľenьje (noun-from-verb)
toviti (infinitive)
tovitъ (supine)
tovilъ (l-participle)
tovľenъ (participle passive past)
tovimъ (participle passive present)
tovľь (active participle past)
tovę (active participle present)
tovixъ (aorist first-person singular)
tovi (aorist second-person singular)
tovi (aorist singular third-person)
tovľǫ (first-person present singular)
toviši (present second-person singular)
tovitь (present singular third-person)
tovixově (aorist dual first-person)
tovista (aorist dual second-person)
toviste (aorist dual third-person)
tovivě (dual first-person present)
tovita (dual present second-person)
tovite (dual present third-person)
tovixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
toviste (aorist plural second-person)
tovišę (aorist plural third-person)
tovimъ (first-person plural present)
tovite (plural present second-person)
tovętь (plural present third-person)
tovľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tovľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tovľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tovi (imperative second-person singular)
tovi (imperative singular third-person)
tovľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tovľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tovľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tovivě (dual first-person imperative)
tovita (dual imperative second-person)
tovľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tovľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tovľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tovimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tovite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: то̀вити

Latin script: tòviti

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *táweitei, from Proto-Indo-European *towh₂-éye-ti, causative of *tewh₂- (“to crowd, swell”).

inh+

(transitive) to fatten (to cause (a person or animal) to be fat or fatter)


tratiti

tra̋titi (canonical imperfective)
traťenьje (noun-from-verb)
tratiti (infinitive)
tratitъ (supine)
tratilъ (l-participle)
traťenъ (participle passive past)
tratimъ (participle passive present)
traťь (active participle past)
tratę (active participle present)
tratixъ (aorist first-person singular)
trati (aorist second-person singular)
trati (aorist singular third-person)
traťǫ (first-person present singular)
tratiši (present second-person singular)
tratitь (present singular third-person)
tratixově (aorist dual first-person)
tratista (aorist dual second-person)
tratiste (aorist dual third-person)
trativě (dual first-person present)
tratita (dual present second-person)
tratite (dual present third-person)
tratixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tratiste (aorist plural second-person)
tratišę (aorist plural third-person)
tratimъ (first-person plural present)
tratite (plural present second-person)
tratętь (plural present third-person)
traťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
traťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
traťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
trati (imperative second-person singular)
trati (imperative singular third-person)
traťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
traťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
traťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
trativě (dual first-person imperative)
tratita (dual imperative second-person)
traťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
traťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
traťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tratimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tratite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: тра́ціць (trácicʹ)

Russian: тра́тить (trátitʹ)

Ukrainian: тра́тити (trátyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тратити (tratiti)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱃⰰⱅⰻⱅⰻ (tratiti)

Bulgarian: тра́тя (trátja) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра̏тити

Latin script: trȁtiti

Slovene: trátiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tratiti

Czech: tratit

Bohemian (Chod dialect): tratit

Moravian (Mistřice): traťit

Old Polish: tracić

Polish: tracić

Slovak: tratiť

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: trõtyti (“to waste”)

Causative from *trata + *-iti, likely akin to Lithuanian trótinti (“to tease, to agitate”), Samogitian trúotas (“grindstone”), Latvian trũots (“grindstone”). Outside of Balto-Slavic, perhaps cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þrōþjan, “to exercise”) (Proto-Germanic *þrōþijaną).
Commonly compared with *terti (“to rub”) from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, to twist”). Phonetically more compatible with Proto-Indo-European *treh₃- (“to harm, to gnaw”) (whence Ancient Greek τῐτρώσκω (tĭtrṓskō, “to hurt”)).

cog

(perhaps originally) to shatter, to wreck, to crumble


drugъ

drȗgъ (canonical)
drugъ (masculine nominative singular)
druga (feminine nominative singular)
drugo (neuter nominative singular)
druga (genitive masculine singular)
drugy (feminine genitive singular)
druga (genitive neuter singular)
drugu (dative masculine singular)
drudzě (dative feminine singular)
drugu (dative neuter singular)
drugъ (accusative masculine singular)
drugǫ (accusative feminine singular)
drugo (accusative neuter singular)
drugomь (instrumental masculine singular)
drugojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
drugomь (instrumental neuter singular)
drudzě (locative masculine singular)
drudzě (feminine locative singular)
drudzě (locative neuter singular)
druže (masculine singular vocative)
drugo (feminine singular vocative)
drugo (neuter singular vocative)
druga (dual masculine nominative)
drudzě (dual feminine nominative)
drudzě (dual neuter nominative)
drugu (dual genitive masculine)
drugu (dual feminine genitive)
drugu (dual genitive neuter)
drugoma (dative dual masculine)
drugama (dative dual feminine)
drugoma (dative dual neuter)
druga (accusative dual masculine)
drudzě (accusative dual feminine)
drudzě (accusative dual neuter)
drugoma (dual instrumental masculine)
drugama (dual feminine instrumental)
drugoma (dual instrumental neuter)
drugu (dual locative masculine)
drugu (dual feminine locative)
drugu (dual locative neuter)
druga (dual masculine vocative)
drudzě (dual feminine vocative)
drudzě (dual neuter vocative)
drudzi (masculine nominative plural)
drugy (feminine nominative plural)
druga (neuter nominative plural)
drugъ (genitive masculine plural)
drugъ (feminine genitive plural)
drugъ (genitive neuter plural)
drugomъ (dative masculine plural)
drugamъ (dative feminine plural)
drugomъ (dative neuter plural)
drugy (accusative masculine plural)
drugy (accusative feminine plural)
druga (accusative neuter plural)
drugy (instrumental masculine plural)
drugami (feminine instrumental plural)
drugy (instrumental neuter plural)
drudzěxъ (locative masculine plural)
drugaxъ (feminine locative plural)
drudzěxъ (locative neuter plural)
drudzi (masculine plural vocative)
drugy (feminine plural vocative)
druga (neuter plural vocative)
drugъjь (masculine nominative singular)
drugaja (feminine nominative singular)
drugoje (neuter nominative singular)
drugajego (genitive masculine singular)
drugyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
drugajego (genitive neuter singular)
drugujemu (dative masculine singular)
drudzěji (dative feminine singular)
drugujemu (dative neuter singular)
drugъjь (accusative masculine singular)
drugǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
drugoje (accusative neuter singular)
drugyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
drugǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
drugyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
drudzějemь (locative masculine singular)
drudzěji (feminine locative singular)
drudzějemь (locative neuter singular)
drugъjь (masculine singular vocative)
drugaja (feminine singular vocative)
drugoje (neuter singular vocative)
drugaja (dual masculine nominative)
drudzěji (dual feminine nominative)
drudzěji (dual neuter nominative)
druguju (dual genitive masculine)
druguju (dual feminine genitive)
druguju (dual genitive neuter)
drugyjima (dative dual masculine)
drugyjima (dative dual feminine)
drugyjima (dative dual neuter)
drugaja (accusative dual masculine)
drudzěji (accusative dual feminine)
drudzěji (accusative dual neuter)
drugyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
drugyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
drugyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
druguju (dual locative masculine)
druguju (dual feminine locative)
druguju (dual locative neuter)
drugaja (dual masculine vocative)
drudzěji (dual feminine vocative)
drudzěji (dual neuter vocative)
drudziji (masculine nominative plural)
drugyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
drugaja (neuter nominative plural)
drugъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
drugъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
drugъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
drugyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
drugyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
drugyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
drugyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
drugyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
drugaja (accusative neuter plural)
drugyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
drugyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
drugyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
drugyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
drugyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
drugyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
drudziji (masculine plural vocative)
drugyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
drugaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: другъ (drugŭ), дру́гыи (drúgyi)

Old Ruthenian: дру́гїй (drúhij), дру́гый (drúhyj)

Belarusian: другі́ (druhí)

Carpathian Rusyn: дру́гый (drúhŷj)

Ukrainian: дру́гий (drúhyj)

Middle Russian: дру́гы́й (drúgýj)

Russian: друго́й (drugój), дру́гий (drúgij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дроугъ (drugŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱏ (drugŭ)

Bulgarian: друг (drug)

Macedonian: друг (drug)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дру̏гӣ

Latin script: drȕgī

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: drȗg (“other”) (tonal orthography); drūgi (“second”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: druhý
Czech: druhý

desctree

Old Polish: drugi
Polish: drugi
Silesian: drugi

Old Slovak: druhý
Pannonian Rusyn: други (druhi)
Slovak: druhý

Polabian: draug, drauďĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: drëdżi

Slovincian: drëgjy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: druhi

Lower Sorbian: drugi

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one's tribe”). Derksen considers the connection with Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) dubious.


drugъ

drȗgъ (canonical masculine)
drȗgъ (nominative singular)
drȗga (dual nominative)
drȗdzi (nominative plural)
drȗga (genitive singular)
drugù (dual genitive)
drũgъ (genitive plural)
drȗgu (dative singular)
drugomà (dative dual)
drugòmъ (dative plural)
drȗgъ (accusative singular)
drȗga (accusative dual)
drȗgy (accusative plural)
drȗgъmь (instrumental singular)
drȗgomь (instrumental singular)
drugomà (dual instrumental)
drugý (instrumental plural)
drȗdzě (locative singular)
drugù (dual locative)
drudzě̃xъ (locative plural)
druže (singular vocative)
drȗga (dual vocative)
drȗdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: другъ (drugŭ)

Old Ruthenian: другъ (druh)

Belarusian: друг (druh)

Ukrainian: друг (druh)

→ Polish: druh

Russian: друг (drug)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дроугъ (drugŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱏ (drugŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: друг (drug) (dialectal, obsolete)

⇒ Bulgarian: друга́р (drugár)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дру̑г

Latin script: drȗg

Slovene: drȗg (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: druh

Czech: druh

Kashubian: drëch

Old Polish: drug
Polish: drug

Slovak: druh

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: drug

družьstvo

society, community, association, partnership, company


gromъ

gròmъ (canonical)
grȍmъ (canonical masculine)
gròmъ (nominative singular)
gromà (dual nominative)
gromì (nominative plural)
gromà (genitive singular)
gromù (dual genitive)
gròmъ (genitive plural)
gromù (dative singular)
gromòma (dative dual)
gromòmъ (dative plural)
gròmъ (accusative singular)
gromà (accusative dual)
gromỳ (accusative plural)
gromъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
gromòmь (instrumental singular)
gromòma (dual instrumental)
gròmy (instrumental plural)
gromě̀ (locative singular)
gromù (dual locative)
gròměxъ (locative plural)
grome (singular vocative)
gromà (dual vocative)
gromì (plural vocative)
grȍmъ (nominative singular)
grȍma (dual nominative)
grȍmi (nominative plural)
grȍma (genitive singular)
gromù (dual genitive)
gròmъ (genitive plural)
grȍmu (dative singular)
gromomà (dative dual)
gromòmъ (dative plural)
grȍmъ (accusative singular)
grȍma (accusative dual)
grȍmy (accusative plural)
grȍmъmь (instrumental singular)
grȍmomь (instrumental singular)
gromomà (dual instrumental)
gromý (instrumental plural)
grȍmě (locative singular)
gromù (dual locative)
gromě̃xъ (locative plural)
grome (singular vocative)
grȍma (dual vocative)
grȍmi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: громъ (gromŭ)

Belarusian: гром (hrom)

Carpathian Rusyn: грум (hrum)

Russian: гром (grom)

Ukrainian: грім (hrim)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: громъ (gromŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⱁⰿⱏ (gromŭ)

Bulgarian: гром (grom) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гром (grom)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гро̑м, (dialectal) гро̏м

Latin: grȏm, (dialectal) grȍm

Slovene: grọ̑m (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrom

Czech: hrom

Old Polish: grom

Polish: grom

Old Slovak: hrom

Slovak: hrom

Slovincian: gróm

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrom

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrómos (“a roar, rumble; thunder”). Cognate with Ancient Greek χρόμος (khrómos, “crashing sound”), Proto-Germanic *grimmaz.


blǫdъ

blǫ̑dъ (canonical masculine)
*blǫda (alternative)
blǫ̑dъ (nominative singular)
blǫ̑da (dual nominative)
blǫ̑di (nominative plural)
blǫ̑da (genitive singular)
blǫdù (dual genitive)
blǫ̃dъ (genitive plural)
blǫ̑du (dative singular)
blǫdomà (dative dual)
blǫdòmъ (dative plural)
blǫ̑dъ (accusative singular)
blǫ̑da (accusative dual)
blǫ̑dy (accusative plural)
blǫ̑dъmь (instrumental singular)
blǫ̑domь (instrumental singular)
blǫdomà (dual instrumental)
blǫdý (instrumental plural)
blǫ̑dě (locative singular)
blǫdù (dual locative)
blǫdě̃xъ (locative plural)
blǫde (singular vocative)
blǫ̑da (dual vocative)
blǫ̑di (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: блѫдъ (blǫdŭ), блудъ (bludŭ)
Old Ruthenian: блудъ (blud)
Belarusian: (dialectal) блуд (blud)
Carpathian Rusyn: блуд (blud)
Ukrainian: блуд (blud)
Russian: блуд (blud)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: блѫдъ (blǫdŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰾⱘⰴⱏ (blǫdŭ)

Bulgarian: блуд (blud) (archaic), блъ́ндва (blǎ́ndva, “noise, fuss”) (dialectal)

Macedonian: блуд (blud)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: блу̑д

Latin script: blȗd

Slovene: blód

West Slavic:

Old Czech: blud, błud (alternative writing)
Czech: blud

Old Polish: błąd
Polish: błąd
Silesian: błōnd

Slovak: blud

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: błąd

Slovincian: blõd

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: błud

Lower Sorbian: błud

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: bolond

→ Romanian: bolând

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰlendʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Balto-Slavic *blandás
Proto-Slavic *blǫdъ
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *blandas, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlendʰ- (“to wander; to see poorly; pale”).


-atъ

-а̀tъ (canonical masculine)
*-ata (alternative)
*-ato (alternative)
*-yto (alternative)
-atъ (nominative singular)
-ata (dual nominative)
-ati (nominative plural)
-ata (genitive singular)
-atu (dual genitive)
-atъ (genitive plural)
-atu (dative singular)
-atoma (dative dual)
-atomъ (dative plural)
-atъ (accusative singular)
-ata (accusative dual)
-aty (accusative plural)
-atъmь (instrumental singular)
-atomь (instrumental singular)
-atoma (dual instrumental)
-aty (instrumental plural)
-atě (locative singular)
-atu (dual locative)
-atěxъ (locative plural)
-ate (singular vocative)
-ata (dual vocative)
-ati (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. Technically, could also reflect Proto-Indo-European *-eh₃tós, though, this suffix is encountered only sporadically in lemmas of uncertain origin, e.g. Ancient Greek κῑβωτός (kībōtós, “coffer, wooden box, container”). See also athematic Ancient Greek -ής (-ḗs) (gen. -ῆτος (-êtos)), attested for instance in ἀργής (argḗs, “shiny”), πένης (pénēs, “poor”), βλής (blḗs, “thrown”).
In loanwords, reflects Latin -ātus, Ancient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos) or Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ātas as in demotic Church Slavonic креватъ (krevatŭ, “bed, coach”), borrowed from Ancient Greek κράββατος (krábbatos, “bed”), or Proto-Slavic *xorvatъ from a Scythian ethnonym, rendered as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos) in Ancient Greek.

cog

sǫpostatъ (“adversary, opponent”) ← *sъpostati (“to juxtapose, to оppose”)

kosatъ (“pigtail, dorsal fin (of fish, sharks or cetacea)”) ← *kosa (“hair”)

lopata f (“shovel, spade”) ← *lopъ (“sheet, leaf”)

Forms agent or instrument nouns from reanalyzed adjectives