abolnь

àbolnь (canonical feminine)
àbolnь (nominative singular)
àbolni (dual nominative)
àbolni (nominative plural)
àbolnī (genitive singular)
àbolnьju (dual genitive)
àbolnьjь (genitive plural)
àbolni (dative singular)
àbolnьma (dative dual)
àbolnьmъ (dative plural)
àbolnь (accusative singular)
àbolni (accusative dual)
àbolni (accusative plural)
àbolnьjǫ (instrumental singular)
àbolnьma (dual instrumental)
àbolnьmī (instrumental plural)
àbolnī (locative singular)
àbolnьju (dual locative)
àbolnьxъ (locative plural)
abolni (singular vocative)
àbolni (dual vocative)
àbolni (plural vocative)
*àblonь (alternative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ꙗблань (jablanĭ), аблань (ablanĭ)

Bulgarian: я́блан (jáblan), ябла́н (jablán), абла́н (ablán); абле́н (ablén), ябле́н (jablén) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏бла̄н

Latin script: jȁblān

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: jáblan, jáblana (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jablan

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jabołń (dialectal)

From Early Proto-Slavic *ā́˙balni, inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *āˀbōlnis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ebōl-n-is, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl (“apple”). Cognates include Lithuanian obeli̇̀s, Old Prussian wobalne, Proto-Celtic *abalnā.

inh+

(botany) apple tree (any plant of the genus Malus)


drevьnъ

*drevьňь (alternative)
drevьnъ (masculine nominative singular)
drevьna (feminine nominative singular)
drevьno (neuter nominative singular)
drevьna (genitive masculine singular)
drevьny (feminine genitive singular)
drevьna (genitive neuter singular)
drevьnu (dative masculine singular)
drevьně (dative feminine singular)
drevьnu (dative neuter singular)
drevьnъ (accusative masculine singular)
drevьnǫ (accusative feminine singular)
drevьno (accusative neuter singular)
drevьnomь (instrumental masculine singular)
drevьnojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
drevьnomь (instrumental neuter singular)
drevьně (locative masculine singular)
drevьně (feminine locative singular)
drevьně (locative neuter singular)
drevьne (masculine singular vocative)
drevьno (feminine singular vocative)
drevьno (neuter singular vocative)
drevьna (dual masculine nominative)
drevьně (dual feminine nominative)
drevьně (dual neuter nominative)
drevьnu (dual genitive masculine)
drevьnu (dual feminine genitive)
drevьnu (dual genitive neuter)
drevьnoma (dative dual masculine)
drevьnama (dative dual feminine)
drevьnoma (dative dual neuter)
drevьna (accusative dual masculine)
drevьně (accusative dual feminine)
drevьně (accusative dual neuter)
drevьnoma (dual instrumental masculine)
drevьnama (dual feminine instrumental)
drevьnoma (dual instrumental neuter)
drevьnu (dual locative masculine)
drevьnu (dual feminine locative)
drevьnu (dual locative neuter)
drevьna (dual masculine vocative)
drevьně (dual feminine vocative)
drevьně (dual neuter vocative)
drevьni (masculine nominative plural)
drevьny (feminine nominative plural)
drevьna (neuter nominative plural)
drevьnъ (genitive masculine plural)
drevьnъ (feminine genitive plural)
drevьnъ (genitive neuter plural)
drevьnomъ (dative masculine plural)
drevьnamъ (dative feminine plural)
drevьnomъ (dative neuter plural)
drevьny (accusative masculine plural)
drevьny (accusative feminine plural)
drevьna (accusative neuter plural)
drevьny (instrumental masculine plural)
drevьnami (feminine instrumental plural)
drevьny (instrumental neuter plural)
drevьněxъ (locative masculine plural)
drevьnaxъ (feminine locative plural)
drevьněxъ (locative neuter plural)
drevьni (masculine plural vocative)
drevьny (feminine plural vocative)
drevьna (neuter plural vocative)
drevьnъjь (masculine nominative singular)
drevьnaja (feminine nominative singular)
drevьnoje (neuter nominative singular)
drevьnajego (genitive masculine singular)
drevьnyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
drevьnajego (genitive neuter singular)
drevьnujemu (dative masculine singular)
drevьněji (dative feminine singular)
drevьnujemu (dative neuter singular)
drevьnъjь (accusative masculine singular)
drevьnǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
drevьnoje (accusative neuter singular)
drevьnyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
drevьnǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
drevьnyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
drevьnějemь (locative masculine singular)
drevьněji (feminine locative singular)
drevьnějemь (locative neuter singular)
drevьnъjь (masculine singular vocative)
drevьnaja (feminine singular vocative)
drevьnoje (neuter singular vocative)
drevьnaja (dual masculine nominative)
drevьněji (dual feminine nominative)
drevьněji (dual neuter nominative)
drevьnuju (dual genitive masculine)
drevьnuju (dual feminine genitive)
drevьnuju (dual genitive neuter)
drevьnyjima (dative dual masculine)
drevьnyjima (dative dual feminine)
drevьnyjima (dative dual neuter)
drevьnaja (accusative dual masculine)
drevьněji (accusative dual feminine)
drevьněji (accusative dual neuter)
drevьnyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
drevьnyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
drevьnyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
drevьnuju (dual locative masculine)
drevьnuju (dual feminine locative)
drevьnuju (dual locative neuter)
drevьnaja (dual masculine vocative)
drevьněji (dual feminine vocative)
drevьněji (dual neuter vocative)
drevьniji (masculine nominative plural)
drevьnyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
drevьnaja (neuter nominative plural)
drevьnъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
drevьnъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
drevьnъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
drevьnyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
drevьnyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
drevьnyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
drevьnyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
drevьnyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
drevьnaja (accusative neuter plural)
drevьnyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
drevьnyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
drevьnyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
drevьnyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
drevьnyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
drevьnyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
drevьniji (masculine plural vocative)
drevьnyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
drevьnaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: древл̑ьн̑ь (drevl̑ĭn̑ĭ), древьнии (drevĭnii)

Belarusian: дрэ́ўні (dréŭni) (rare)

Russian: дре́вний (drévnij), дре́вный (drévnyj) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: дре́вній (drévnij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: древьнъ (drevĭnŭ), древьн̑ь (drevĭn̑ĭ)

Bulgarian: дре́вен (dréven)

Macedonian: древен (dreven)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дре̑ван

Latin script: drȇvan

Slovene: dréven?

West Slavic:

Czech: dřevný

Polish: drzewiej (archaic)

Slovak: drevný

Formed from the adverb *drevľe (“ago”) + *-ьnъ, but beyond that - of disputed origin:
* Per Vasmer, Trubachev: from Proto-Indo-European *drewHís (“strong, robust”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *triwwiz (“true”) and akin to Lithuanian dravė́ti (“to gouge, to hollow”). Georgiev also relates it to Sanskrit द्रवति (dravati, “to run, to flee”), Ancient Greek δρᾰ́ω (drắō, “to take action”) from Proto-Indo-European *drewh₂-, however, Vasmer finds that comparison doubtful.
* Per Trubachev: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrew-, an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold”). Akin to Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰruwás (“fixated, firm, stable”), Latin firmus (“firm”). Likely related to the sparsely attested Proto-Slavic *druti (“to withstand, to endure”).


dorъ

dorъ (nominative singular)
dora (dual nominative)
dori (nominative plural)
dora (genitive singular)
doru (dual genitive)
dorъ (genitive plural)
doru (dative singular)
doroma (dative dual)
doromъ (dative plural)
dorъ (accusative singular)
dora (accusative dual)
dory (accusative plural)
dorъmь (instrumental singular)
doromь (instrumental singular)
doroma (dual instrumental)
dory (instrumental plural)
dorě (locative singular)
doru (dual locative)
dorěxъ (locative plural)
dore (singular vocative)
dora (dual vocative)
dori (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: доръ (dorŭ)

Belarusian: дор (dor, “plank”)

Russian: дор (dor) (dated)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: (toponym)

Cyrillic script: Дор

Latin script: Dor

Action/result noun of Proto-Slavic *dьrati (“to tear, to flay”), reflecting Proto-Indo-European *dorH-ós from *der- (“to tear”). Cognate with Latvian nuõdaras pl (“plant bark”) (specifically: leftovers from plant flaying) and further Sanskrit दर (daráḥ, “cave, trench”), Ancient Greek δορός (dorós, “leather bag, sack”).


dьrpati

dьrpàti (canonical imperfective)
dьrpnǫti (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrpanьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrpati (infinitive)
dьrpatъ (supine)
dьrpalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrpanъ (participle passive past)
dьrpajemъ (participle passive present)
dьrpavъ (active participle past)
dьrpaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrpaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrpa (aorist second-person singular)
dьrpa (aorist singular third-person)
dьrpajǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrpaješi (present second-person singular)
dьrpajetь (present singular third-person)
dьrpaxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrpasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrpaste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrpajevě (dual first-person present)
dьrpajeta (dual present second-person)
dьrpajete (dual present third-person)
dьrpaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrpaste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrpašę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrpajemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrpajete (plural present second-person)
dьrpajǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrpaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьrpaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьrpaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьrpaji (imperative second-person singular)
dьrpaji (imperative singular third-person)
dьrpaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьrpaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьrpaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrpajivě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrpajita (dual imperative second-person)
dьrpaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьrpaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьrpaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьrpajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrpajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дъ́рпам (dǎ́rpam)

Macedonian: др́па (dŕpa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др́пати

Latin script: dŕpati

Slovene: dŕpati

From *dьràti (“to tear, to flay”) + *-pati.

(by extension) → to tear apart


dьrpъ

dьrpъ (nominative singular)
dьrpa (dual nominative)
dьrpi (nominative plural)
dьrpa (genitive singular)
dьrpu (dual genitive)
dьrpъ (genitive plural)
dьrpu (dative singular)
dьrpoma (dative dual)
dьrpomъ (dative plural)
dьrpъ (accusative singular)
dьrpa (accusative dual)
dьrpy (accusative plural)
dьrpъmь (instrumental singular)
dьrpomь (instrumental singular)
dьrpoma (dual instrumental)
dьrpy (instrumental plural)
dьrpě (locative singular)
dьrpu (dual locative)
dьrpěxъ (locative plural)
dьrpe (singular vocative)
dьrpa (dual vocative)
dьrpi (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

q

Bulgarian: дръп (drǎp) (often used as an interjection for Pull!)

Formed from the present stem of *derti (“to tear”) + *-pъ, from Proto-Indo-European *derH- (“to tear”).


dьrtъ

dьrtъ (masculine nominative singular)
dьrta (feminine nominative singular)
dьrto (neuter nominative singular)
dьrta (genitive masculine singular)
dьrty (feminine genitive singular)
dьrta (genitive neuter singular)
dьrtu (dative masculine singular)
dьrtě (dative feminine singular)
dьrtu (dative neuter singular)
dьrtъ (accusative masculine singular)
dьrtǫ (accusative feminine singular)
dьrto (accusative neuter singular)
dьrtomь (instrumental masculine singular)
dьrtojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
dьrtomь (instrumental neuter singular)
dьrtě (locative masculine singular)
dьrtě (feminine locative singular)
dьrtě (locative neuter singular)
dьrte (masculine singular vocative)
dьrto (feminine singular vocative)
dьrto (neuter singular vocative)
dьrta (dual masculine nominative)
dьrtě (dual feminine nominative)
dьrtě (dual neuter nominative)
dьrtu (dual genitive masculine)
dьrtu (dual feminine genitive)
dьrtu (dual genitive neuter)
dьrtoma (dative dual masculine)
dьrtama (dative dual feminine)
dьrtoma (dative dual neuter)
dьrta (accusative dual masculine)
dьrtě (accusative dual feminine)
dьrtě (accusative dual neuter)
dьrtoma (dual instrumental masculine)
dьrtama (dual feminine instrumental)
dьrtoma (dual instrumental neuter)
dьrtu (dual locative masculine)
dьrtu (dual feminine locative)
dьrtu (dual locative neuter)
dьrta (dual masculine vocative)
dьrtě (dual feminine vocative)
dьrtě (dual neuter vocative)
dьrti (masculine nominative plural)
dьrty (feminine nominative plural)
dьrta (neuter nominative plural)
dьrtъ (genitive masculine plural)
dьrtъ (feminine genitive plural)
dьrtъ (genitive neuter plural)
dьrtomъ (dative masculine plural)
dьrtamъ (dative feminine plural)
dьrtomъ (dative neuter plural)
dьrty (accusative masculine plural)
dьrty (accusative feminine plural)
dьrta (accusative neuter plural)
dьrty (instrumental masculine plural)
dьrtami (feminine instrumental plural)
dьrty (instrumental neuter plural)
dьrtěxъ (locative masculine plural)
dьrtaxъ (feminine locative plural)
dьrtěxъ (locative neuter plural)
dьrti (masculine plural vocative)
dьrty (feminine plural vocative)
dьrta (neuter plural vocative)
dьrtъjь (masculine nominative singular)
dьrtaja (feminine nominative singular)
dьrtoje (neuter nominative singular)
dьrtajego (genitive masculine singular)
dьrtyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
dьrtajego (genitive neuter singular)
dьrtujemu (dative masculine singular)
dьrtěji (dative feminine singular)
dьrtujemu (dative neuter singular)
dьrtъjь (accusative masculine singular)
dьrtǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
dьrtoje (accusative neuter singular)
dьrtyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
dьrtǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
dьrtyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
dьrtějemь (locative masculine singular)
dьrtěji (feminine locative singular)
dьrtějemь (locative neuter singular)
dьrtъjь (masculine singular vocative)
dьrtaja (feminine singular vocative)
dьrtoje (neuter singular vocative)
dьrtaja (dual masculine nominative)
dьrtěji (dual feminine nominative)
dьrtěji (dual neuter nominative)
dьrtuju (dual genitive masculine)
dьrtuju (dual feminine genitive)
dьrtuju (dual genitive neuter)
dьrtyjima (dative dual masculine)
dьrtyjima (dative dual feminine)
dьrtyjima (dative dual neuter)
dьrtaja (accusative dual masculine)
dьrtěji (accusative dual feminine)
dьrtěji (accusative dual neuter)
dьrtyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
dьrtyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
dьrtyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
dьrtuju (dual locative masculine)
dьrtuju (dual feminine locative)
dьrtuju (dual locative neuter)
dьrtaja (dual masculine vocative)
dьrtěji (dual feminine vocative)
dьrtěji (dual neuter vocative)
dьrtiji (masculine nominative plural)
dьrtyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
dьrtaja (neuter nominative plural)
dьrtъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
dьrtъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
dьrtъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
dьrtyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
dьrtyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
dьrtyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
dьrtyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
dьrtyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
dьrtaja (accusative neuter plural)
dьrtyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
dьrtyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
dьrtyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
dьrtyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
dьrtyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
dьrtyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
dьrtiji (masculine plural vocative)
dьrtyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
dьrtaja (neuter plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дърт (dǎrt)

Macedonian: дрт (drt)

Fossilized t-participle of *dьrati (“to tear”) + *-tъ.


bigrъ

bigrъ (nominative singular)
bigra (dual nominative)
bigri (nominative plural)
bigra (genitive singular)
bigru (dual genitive)
bigrъ (genitive plural)
bigru (dative singular)
bigroma (dative dual)
bigromъ (dative plural)
bigrъ (accusative singular)
bigra (accusative dual)
bigry (accusative plural)
bigrъmь (instrumental singular)
bigromь (instrumental singular)
bigroma (dual instrumental)
bigry (instrumental plural)
bigrě (locative singular)
bigru (dual locative)
bigrěxъ (locative plural)
bigre (singular vocative)
bigra (dual vocative)
bigri (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: би́гор (bígor)

Macedonian: бигор (bigor)

Serbo-Croatian: би̏гар

desc

⇒ Serbo-Croatian: Бигренац, Бигреница

⇒ Serbo-Croatian: Бигренац, Бигреница (toponyms in Eastern Serbia)

→ Romanian: Bigăr (in toponyms)

→ Slovak: bigar (via Romanian)

Mostly limited to South Slavic. Mladenov, Skok compare it with Albanian bigorr (“type of carstic formation”) and consider Pre-Slavic origin, possibly from a paleo-Balkan substrate. Compare futher Lithuanian bi̇̀gas (“tiny, crumbled”), baikštas (“timid”).
Likely unrelated to dialectal Russian би́гать (bígatʹ, “to dry out”).


čǫbьrъ

čǫbьrъ (nominative singular)
čǫbьra (dual nominative)
čǫbьri (nominative plural)
čǫbьra (genitive singular)
čǫbьru (dual genitive)
čǫbьrъ (genitive plural)
čǫbьru (dative singular)
čǫbьroma (dative dual)
čǫbьromъ (dative plural)
čǫbьrъ (accusative singular)
čǫbьra (accusative dual)
čǫbьry (accusative plural)
čǫbьrъmь (instrumental singular)
čǫbьromь (instrumental singular)
čǫbьroma (dual instrumental)
čǫbьry (instrumental plural)
čǫbьrě (locative singular)
čǫbьru (dual locative)
čǫbьrěxъ (locative plural)
čǫbьre (singular vocative)
čǫbьra (dual vocative)
čǫbьri (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чабьръ (čabĭrŭ)

Belarusian: чабо́р (čabór), gen. чабару́ (čabarú)

desctree

Russian: ча́бер (čáber), чабёр (čabjór)
→ Latvian: cēberiņš
→ Lithuanian: čiõbras, čiobrẽlis

desc

Ukrainian: чабе́р (čabér), ча́брик (čábryk), че́бер (čéber), че́брик (čébryk) — dialectal

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: чу́брица (čúbrica), чу́брика (čúbrika) (dialectal), чомбри́ца (čombríca) (dialectal, with decomposed nasalism)

→ Czech: čubrica

Macedonian: чубрика (čubrika)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чу̏бар

Latin script: čȕbar

Slovene: čǫ́bər

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čubr, čibr

Czech: čabr, čubr, čibr

Polish: cząber, cąber, cąbr, cząbr, szcząber (archaic or dialectal)

Old Slovak: štúber

Presumably to be connected to Ancient Greek θύμβρον (thúmbron), θύμβρα (thúmbra, “savory”), as also Romanian cimbru, Hungarian csombord.

Migration Period
Vowel reduction in Russian


dьrnъ

dь̀rnъ (canonical masculine)
*dьrno (alternative)
*dьrnь (alternative)
dьrnъ (nominative singular)
dьrna (dual nominative)
dьrni (nominative plural)
dьrna (genitive singular)
dьrnu (dual genitive)
dьrnъ (genitive plural)
dьrnu (dative singular)
dьrnoma (dative dual)
dьrnomъ (dative plural)
dьrnъ (accusative singular)
dьrna (accusative dual)
dьrny (accusative plural)
dьrnъmь (instrumental singular)
dьrnomь (instrumental singular)
dьrnoma (dual instrumental)
dьrny (instrumental plural)
dьrně (locative singular)
dьrnu (dual locative)
dьrněxъ (locative plural)
dьrne (singular vocative)
dьrna (dual vocative)
dьrni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дернъ (dernŭ)

Russian: дёрн (djorn), дерн (dern)

Ukrainian: де́рен (déren)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дрьнъ (drĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: дръ́н (drǎ́n), дъ́рн (dǎ́rn)

Macedonian: дрн (drn)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дрн (“sea rock”) (archaic)

Latin script: drn (“sea rock”) (archaic)

Slovene: dr̄n, arch. dȑn

West Slavic:

Czech: drn

Polish: darń (from i-stem)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dorn

Lower Sorbian: dern m, derno n

Fossilized n-participle of *dьrati (“to tear”) + *-nъ, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *turnaz (“bitter; anger, wrath”) and akin to Sanskrit दीर्ण (dīrṇa, “scattered”), Sanskrit दृणाति (dṛṇāti, “to tear, to burst”).


dьrkati

dьrkàti (canonical imperfective)
dьrknǫti (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrkanьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrkati (infinitive)
dьrkatъ (supine)
dьrkalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrkanъ (participle passive past)
dьrkajemъ (participle passive present)
dьrkavъ (active participle past)
dьrkaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrka (aorist second-person singular)
dьrka (aorist singular third-person)
dьrkajǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrkaješi (present second-person singular)
dьrkajetь (present singular third-person)
dьrkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrkasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrkaste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrkajevě (dual first-person present)
dьrkajeta (dual present second-person)
dьrkajete (dual present third-person)
dьrkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrkaste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrkašę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrkajemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrkajete (plural present second-person)
dьrkajǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrkaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьrkaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьrkaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьrkaji (imperative second-person singular)
dьrkaji (imperative singular third-person)
dьrkaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьrkaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьrkaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrkajivě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrkajita (dual imperative second-person)
dьrkaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьrkaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьrkaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьrkajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrkajite (imperative plural second-person)
*dьrcàti (alternative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: де́ркати (dérkaty)

South Slavic:

Slovene: dȓkati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: drkati

Slovak: drkať (dialectal)

Expressive derivative of *dьràti (“to tear, to flay”) + *-kati.


dьrcati

dьrcàti (canonical imperfective)
dьrcnǫti (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrcanьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrcati (infinitive)
dьrcatъ (supine)
dьrcalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrcanъ (participle passive past)
dьrcajemъ (participle passive present)
dьrcavъ (active participle past)
dьrcaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьrcaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrca (aorist second-person singular)
dьrca (aorist singular third-person)
dьrcajǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrcaješi (present second-person singular)
dьrcajetь (present singular third-person)
dьrcaxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrcasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrcaste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrcajevě (dual first-person present)
dьrcajeta (dual present second-person)
dьrcajete (dual present third-person)
dьrcaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrcaste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrcašę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrcajemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrcajete (plural present second-person)
dьrcajǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrcaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьrcaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьrcaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьrcaji (imperative second-person singular)
dьrcaji (imperative singular third-person)
dьrcaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьrcaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьrcaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrcajivě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrcajita (dual imperative second-person)
dьrcaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьrcaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьrcaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьrcajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrcajite (imperative plural second-person)
*dьrkàti (alternative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дъ́рцам (dǎ́rcam)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др̏цати, др́цати

Latin script: dȑcati, dŕcati

West Slavic:

Czech: drcati

Slovak: drcať

Expressive derivative of *dьràti (“to tear, to flay”) + *-cati.


dьrča

dь̃rča (canonical feminine)
*dьrca (alternative)
dь̃rča (nominative singular)
dь̃rči (dual nominative)
dь̃rčę̇ (nominative plural)
dь̃rčę̇ (genitive singular)
dь̃rču (dual genitive)
dь̃rčь (genitive plural)
dь̃rči (dative singular)
dь̃rčama (dative dual)
dь̃rčamъ (dative plural)
dь̃rčǫ (accusative singular)
dь̃rči (accusative dual)
dь̃rčę̇ (accusative plural)
dь̃rčejǫ (instrumental singular)
dь̃rčǫ (instrumental singular)
dь̃rčama (dual instrumental)
dь̃rčamī (instrumental plural)
dь̃rči (locative singular)
dь̃rču (dual locative)
dь̃rčasъ (locative plural)
dь̃rčaxъ (locative plural)
dьrče (singular vocative)
dь̃rči (dual vocative)
dь̃rčę̇ (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: дръ́ча (drǎ́ča), дъ́рца (dǎ́rca) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian: др́ц m (colloquial, in Torlak dialects)

Action noun of *dьrkati (“to pluck, to tug”) + *-ja, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear, to split”).


dьrča

dь̀rča (canonical feminine)
dь̀rča (nominative singular)
dь̀rči (dual nominative)
dь̀rčę̇ (nominative plural)
dь̀rčę̇ (genitive singular)
dь̀rču (dual genitive)
dь̀rčь (genitive plural)
dь̀rčī (dative singular)
dь̀rčama (dative dual)
dь̀rčāmъ (dative plural)
dь̀rčǫ (accusative singular)
dь̀rči (accusative dual)
dь̀rčę̇ (accusative plural)
dь̀rčējǫ (instrumental singular)
dь̀rčǭ (instrumental singular)
dь̀rčama (dual instrumental)
dь̀rčāmī (instrumental plural)
dь̀rčī (locative singular)
dь̀rču (dual locative)
dь̀rčāsъ (locative plural)
dь̀rče (singular vocative)
dь̀rči (dual vocative)
dь̀rčę̇ (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дъ́рча (dǎ́rča) (dialectal)

Macedonian: дрча (drča)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др̏ча, др̑ча (dialectal)

Latin script: dȑča, dȓča (dialectal)

Slovene: dŕča

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dírkjāˀ.
According to BER, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerk- (“to dim, to darken”). Likely related to Lithuanian darkùs (“dirty, nasty, bad (for weather)”), Latvian dārks (“spotted, variegarted”). Further akin to Proto-West Germanic *derk (“dark”), Proto-Celtic *dergos (“crimson”), Tocharian A tärkär/Tocharian B tarkär (“cloud”) from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“to darken”), apparently a variation of *dʰerk- (compare Lithuanian der̃kti (“to make dirty”) and Lithuanian dérgti (“to soil, to defile”)).
Snoj nonetheless connects *dьrča with *dьrkati, identical to Etymology 1.

cog

drězga

murky, densely packed space; bush, hurst


broščь

bròščь (canonical masculine)
*brožďь (alternative)
bròščь (nominative singular)
broščì (dual nominative)
bròščьjē (nominative plural)
bròšči (genitive singular)
bròščьju (dual genitive)
broščь̀jь (genitive plural)
broščì (dative singular)
bròščьma (dative dual)
broščь̀mъ (dative plural)
bròščь (accusative singular)
broščì (accusative dual)
broščì (accusative plural)
broščь̀mь (instrumental singular)
bròščьma (dual instrumental)
bròščьmī (instrumental plural)
bròšči (locative singular)
bròščьju (dual locative)
broščь̀xъ (locative plural)
brošči (singular vocative)
broščì (dual vocative)
bròščьjē (plural vocative)
bròščь (nominative singular)
broščà (dual nominative)
broščì (nominative plural)
broščà (genitive singular)
broščù (dual genitive)
bròščь (genitive plural)
broščù (dative singular)
broščèma (dative dual)
bròščemъ (dative plural)
bròščь (accusative singular)
broščà (accusative dual)
broščę̇̀ (accusative plural)
broščь̀mь (instrumental singular)
broščèmь (instrumental singular)
broščèma (dual instrumental)
bròšči (instrumental plural)
broščì (locative singular)
broščù (dual locative)
bròščixъ (locative plural)
brošču (singular vocative)
broščà (dual vocative)
broščì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: брощь (broščĭ)

q

Russian: брощи (brošči) (dialectal, only attested in plural form, obsolete)

Ukrainian: бріч (brič) (gen. броча́ (bročá)) (obsolete)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: брощь (broštĭ) (attested since 12 cent.)

Bulgarian: брош (broš)

desc

Macedonian: брошт (brošt), броќ (broḱ), брос (bros)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бро̏ћ

Latin script: brȍć

Slovene: bròč, bròšč

West Slavic:

Old Czech: broc

Czech: broť (obsolete)

Old Polish: broszcz

Polish: brocz (obsolete)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: broć (obsolete)

Uncertain. Per Trubachev, from an unattested *broskati + *-tь. Both i-stem and yo-stem declension are attested among descendants.
Based on semantic similarities, may reflect pre-Slavic *bro(z)gtь from the sparsely attested Proto-Slavic *brьzgati (“to burst”)/*bražiti (“to decompose, to disintegrate (for organic materials)”) + *-ťь, akin to East Slavic *braga (“pre-distilled alcohol mixture, must”). Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- (“to stink”).

broťiti

to redden, to dye red; to sparkle with blood

(by extension) → rouge, ingredient for red dye

brightly colored cladding/welt (in embroidery)


marěna

marěna (nominative singular)
marěně (dual nominative)
marěny (nominative plural)
marěny (genitive singular)
marěnu (dual genitive)
marěnъ (genitive plural)
marěně (dative singular)
marěnama (dative dual)
marěnamъ (dative plural)
marěnǫ (accusative singular)
marěně (accusative dual)
marěny (accusative plural)
marěnojǫ (instrumental singular)
marěnǭ (instrumental singular)
marěnama (dual instrumental)
marěnamī (instrumental plural)
marěně (locative singular)
marěnu (dual locative)
marěnasъ (locative plural)
marěnaxъ (locative plural)
marěno (singular vocative)
marěně (dual vocative)
marěny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: марэ́на (maréna), мару́на (marúna)

Russian: маре́на (maréna), also however марена́ (marená) (and written without ѣ pre-1918)

Ukrainian: маре́на (maréna), мару́на (marúna)

→ Romanian: mărună

South Slavic: —

→? Albanian: marenë

West Slavic:

Czech: mařena, mořena

Old Polish: marzanna, marzawa

Polish: marzana, marzanna

Slovak: marena

Unknown. Perchance related to *marati (“to stain, to sully”). It might be a substrate word spread from Poland and only late, while comparisons with other Indo-European words are difficult and prone to chance correspondence. However it has terminally ousted the other Slavic word for madder, *broščь, by the end of the Early Modern Age.


brъzgati

*bryzgati (alternative)
brъzganьje (noun-from-verb)
brъzgati (infinitive)
brъzgatъ (supine)
brъzgalъ (l-participle)
brъzganъ (participle passive past)
brъzgajemъ (participle passive present)
brъzgavъ (active participle past)
brъzgaję (active participle present)
brъzgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
brъzga (aorist second-person singular)
brъzga (aorist singular third-person)
brъzgajǫ (first-person present singular)
brъzgaješi (present second-person singular)
brъzgajetь (present singular third-person)
brъzgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
brъzgasta (aorist dual second-person)
brъzgaste (aorist dual third-person)
brъzgajevě (dual first-person present)
brъzgajeta (dual present second-person)
brъzgajete (dual present third-person)
brъzgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brъzgaste (aorist plural second-person)
brъzgašę (aorist plural third-person)
brъzgajemъ (first-person plural present)
brъzgajete (plural present second-person)
brъzgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
brъzgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brъzgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brъzgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brъzgaji (imperative second-person singular)
brъzgaji (imperative singular third-person)
brъzgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brъzgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brъzgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brъzgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
brъzgajita (dual imperative second-person)
brъzgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brъzgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brъzgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brъzgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brъzgajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бръ́згам (brǎ́zgam, “to strew; to burst”) (dialectal)

Macedonian: брзга (brzga, “to gush, to splatter”)

West Slavic:

Slovak: brzgať

Probably onomatopoeic, related to *bryzgati. Analogous grade variation is also observed in Southern *prъskati : Northern *pryskati (both “to splash, to spray”). Formally equivalent to Lithuanian brũzgât (“to snort”), perhaps of shared origin (compare further Proto-Indo-European *bʰrew- (“to brew”)).
BER joins the meanings to strew (ръся) with to burst, to spew (пръскам), however, the later sense may also reflect *brьzgati.

(intransitive) to popple → to strew, to drizzle (for liquid)

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to burst, to spew (for liquid, mucus)


bryzgati

brỳzgati (canonical imperfective)
bryzgnǫti (perfective)
*brъzgati (alternative)
a (accent-paradigm)
bryzganьje (noun-from-verb)
bryzgati (infinitive)
bryzgatъ (supine)
bryzgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
bryzganъ (participle passive past)
bryzgajemъ (participle passive present)
bryzgavъ (active participle past)
bryzgaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
bryzgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bryzga (aorist second-person singular)
bryzga (aorist singular third-person)
bryzgajǫ (first-person present singular)
bryzgaješi (present second-person singular)
bryzgajetь (present singular third-person)
bryzgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bryzgasta (aorist dual second-person)
bryzgaste (aorist dual third-person)
bryzgajevě (dual first-person present)
bryzgajeta (dual present second-person)
bryzgajete (dual present third-person)
bryzgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bryzgaste (aorist plural second-person)
bryzgašę (aorist plural third-person)
bryzgajemъ (first-person plural present)
bryzgajete (plural present second-person)
bryzgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bryzgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bryzgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bryzgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bryzgaji (imperative second-person singular)
bryzgaji (imperative singular third-person)
bryzgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bryzgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bryzgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bryzgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bryzgajita (dual imperative second-person)
bryzgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bryzgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bryzgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bryzgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bryzgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: бры́згаць (brýzhacʹ)

Russian: бры́згать (brýzgatʹ)

Ukrainian: бри́згати (brýzhaty), бри́зкати (brýzkaty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бри́ждя (bríždja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бри̏згати

Latin script: brȉzgati

Slovene: brȋzgati

West Slavic:

Czech: brýzhati

Polish: bryzgać

Slovak: brýzgať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bryzgaś

Per ESSJa, likely of onomatopoeic origin, probably a dialectal variation of *brъzgati. A similar grade variation is observed in South-Central Slavic *prъskati : Northern Slavic *pryskati (“to spray”).
Morphologically equivalent of Proto-Slavic *brudъ (“mud, dirt”) / *brugъ (unattested) + *-skati, ultimately an extension of Proto-Indo-European *bʰrew- (“to brew”).


brьzgati

brьzgnǫti (perfective)
*brězgati (alternative)
brьzganьje (noun-from-verb)
brьzgati (infinitive)
brьzgatъ (supine)
brьzgalъ (l-participle)
brьzganъ (participle passive past)
brьzgajemъ (participle passive present)
brьzgavъ (active participle past)
brьzgaję (active participle present)
brьzgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
brьzga (aorist second-person singular)
brьzga (aorist singular third-person)
brьzgajǫ (first-person present singular)
brьzgaješi (present second-person singular)
brьzgajetь (present singular third-person)
brьzgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
brьzgasta (aorist dual second-person)
brьzgaste (aorist dual third-person)
brьzgajevě (dual first-person present)
brьzgajeta (dual present second-person)
brьzgajete (dual present third-person)
brьzgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brьzgaste (aorist plural second-person)
brьzgašę (aorist plural third-person)
brьzgajemъ (first-person plural present)
brьzgajete (plural present second-person)
brьzgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
brьzgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brьzgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brьzgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brьzgaji (imperative second-person singular)
brьzgaji (imperative singular third-person)
brьzgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brьzgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brьzgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brьzgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
brьzgajita (dual imperative second-person)
brьzgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brьzgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brьzgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brьzgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brьzgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: бре́згати (brézhaty, “to stale”), збре́зкнути (zbrézknuty, “to disdain”)

South Slavic:

⇒ Bulgarian: бръждя́ (brǎždjá, “to taste tarry”) (< *brьždžati)

Per Trubačev (ESSJa), likely a 0-grade variant of *brězgati. Melnychuk (in context to the Ukranian descendants) considers denominal origin from Proto-Slavic *brězgъ, *brьzgъ.
Compare also dial. Bulgarian бръ́згам (brǎ́zgam, “to spew, to leak (for mucus, pus)”) (primarily “to strew, to sprinkle” apparently from *brъzgati).

cog

to brisk, to poign, to disdain (for taste)


brězgati

brězgnǫti (perfective)
*brьzgati (alternative)
brězganьje (noun-from-verb)
brězgati (infinitive)
brězgatъ (supine)
brězgalъ (l-participle)
brězganъ (participle passive past)
brězgajemъ (participle passive present)
brězgavъ (active participle past)
brězgaję (active participle present)
brězgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
brězga (aorist second-person singular)
brězga (aorist singular third-person)
brězgajǫ (first-person present singular)
brězgaješi (present second-person singular)
brězgajetь (present singular third-person)
brězgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
brězgasta (aorist dual second-person)
brězgaste (aorist dual third-person)
brězgajevě (dual first-person present)
brězgajeta (dual present second-person)
brězgajete (dual present third-person)
brězgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brězgaste (aorist plural second-person)
brězgašę (aorist plural third-person)
brězgajemъ (first-person plural present)
brězgajete (plural present second-person)
brězgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
brězgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brězgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brězgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brězgaji (imperative second-person singular)
brězgaji (imperative singular third-person)
brězgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brězgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brězgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brězgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
brězgajita (dual imperative second-person)
brězgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brězgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brězgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brězgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brězgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: брѣзгати (brězgati)

Russian: брезга́ть (brezgátʹ)

Ukrainian: бре́згати (brézhaty)

Possibly a dialectal variation of *brьzgati, attested only in East Slavic. Perhaps, reflects the inchoative of Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- (“to rot, to stink”) + *-skati. Could be akin to Proto-Germanic *brēkijaną (“to stink”), Proto-Celtic *bragyeti (“flatulate”).

der

→ (by extension) to be disgusted


brězgati

brězgnǫti (perfective)
brězganьje (noun-from-verb)
brězgati (infinitive)
brězgatъ (supine)
brězgalъ (l-participle)
brězganъ (participle passive past)
brězgajemъ (participle passive present)
brězgavъ (active participle past)
brězgaję (active participle present)
brězgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
brězga (aorist second-person singular)
brězga (aorist singular third-person)
brězgajǫ (first-person present singular)
brězgaješi (present second-person singular)
brězgajetь (present singular third-person)
brězgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
brězgasta (aorist dual second-person)
brězgaste (aorist dual third-person)
brězgajevě (dual first-person present)
brězgajeta (dual present second-person)
brězgajete (dual present third-person)
brězgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brězgaste (aorist plural second-person)
brězgašę (aorist plural third-person)
brězgajemъ (first-person plural present)
brězgajete (plural present second-person)
brězgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
brězgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brězgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brězgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brězgaji (imperative second-person singular)
brězgaji (imperative singular third-person)
brězgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brězgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brězgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brězgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
brězgajita (dual imperative second-person)
brězgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brězgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brězgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brězgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brězgajite (imperative plural second-person)

West Slavic:

Slovak: brizgac (dialectal)

Derived from *brězgъ (“dawn, daybreak”) + *-ati. Probably related to Proto-Germanic *berhtaz (“bright”), Proto-Celtic *berxtos (“bright”), Sanskrit भ्राजते (bhrājate), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to gleam”) (in the case of Slavic - metathesized).


prǫdъkъ

prǫdъkъ (masculine nominative singular)
prǫdъka (feminine nominative singular)
prǫdъko (neuter nominative singular)
prǫdъka (genitive masculine singular)
prǫdъky (feminine genitive singular)
prǫdъka (genitive neuter singular)
prǫdъku (dative masculine singular)
prǫdъkě (dative feminine singular)
prǫdъku (dative neuter singular)
prǫdъkъ (accusative masculine singular)
prǫdъkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
prǫdъko (accusative neuter singular)
prǫdъkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
prǫdъkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
prǫdъkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
prǫdъkě (locative masculine singular)
prǫdъkě (feminine locative singular)
prǫdъkě (locative neuter singular)
prǫdъke (masculine singular vocative)
prǫdъko (feminine singular vocative)
prǫdъko (neuter singular vocative)
prǫdъka (dual masculine nominative)
prǫdъkě (dual feminine nominative)
prǫdъkě (dual neuter nominative)
prǫdъku (dual genitive masculine)
prǫdъku (dual feminine genitive)
prǫdъku (dual genitive neuter)
prǫdъkoma (dative dual masculine)
prǫdъkama (dative dual feminine)
prǫdъkoma (dative dual neuter)
prǫdъka (accusative dual masculine)
prǫdъkě (accusative dual feminine)
prǫdъkě (accusative dual neuter)
prǫdъkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
prǫdъkama (dual feminine instrumental)
prǫdъkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
prǫdъku (dual locative masculine)
prǫdъku (dual feminine locative)
prǫdъku (dual locative neuter)
prǫdъka (dual masculine vocative)
prǫdъkě (dual feminine vocative)
prǫdъkě (dual neuter vocative)
prǫdъki (masculine nominative plural)
prǫdъky (feminine nominative plural)
prǫdъka (neuter nominative plural)
prǫdъkъ (genitive masculine plural)
prǫdъkъ (feminine genitive plural)
prǫdъkъ (genitive neuter plural)
prǫdъkomъ (dative masculine plural)
prǫdъkamъ (dative feminine plural)
prǫdъkomъ (dative neuter plural)
prǫdъky (accusative masculine plural)
prǫdъky (accusative feminine plural)
prǫdъka (accusative neuter plural)
prǫdъky (instrumental masculine plural)
prǫdъkami (feminine instrumental plural)
prǫdъky (instrumental neuter plural)
prǫdъkěxъ (locative masculine plural)
prǫdъkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
prǫdъkěxъ (locative neuter plural)
prǫdъki (masculine plural vocative)
prǫdъky (feminine plural vocative)
prǫdъka (neuter plural vocative)
prǫdъkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
prǫdъkaja (feminine nominative singular)
prǫdъkoje (neuter nominative singular)
prǫdъkajego (genitive masculine singular)
prǫdъkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
prǫdъkajego (genitive neuter singular)
prǫdъkujemu (dative masculine singular)
prǫdъkěji (dative feminine singular)
prǫdъkujemu (dative neuter singular)
prǫdъkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
prǫdъkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
prǫdъkoje (accusative neuter singular)
prǫdъkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
prǫdъkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
prǫdъkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
prǫdъkějemь (locative masculine singular)
prǫdъkěji (feminine locative singular)
prǫdъkějemь (locative neuter singular)
prǫdъkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
prǫdъkaja (feminine singular vocative)
prǫdъkoje (neuter singular vocative)
prǫdъkaja (dual masculine nominative)
prǫdъkěji (dual feminine nominative)
prǫdъkěji (dual neuter nominative)
prǫdъkuju (dual genitive masculine)
prǫdъkuju (dual feminine genitive)
prǫdъkuju (dual genitive neuter)
prǫdъkyjima (dative dual masculine)
prǫdъkyjima (dative dual feminine)
prǫdъkyjima (dative dual neuter)
prǫdъkaja (accusative dual masculine)
prǫdъkěji (accusative dual feminine)
prǫdъkěji (accusative dual neuter)
prǫdъkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
prǫdъkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
prǫdъkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
prǫdъkuju (dual locative masculine)
prǫdъkuju (dual feminine locative)
prǫdъkuju (dual locative neuter)
prǫdъkaja (dual masculine vocative)
prǫdъkěji (dual feminine vocative)
prǫdъkěji (dual neuter vocative)
prǫdъkiji (masculine nominative plural)
prǫdъkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
prǫdъkaja (neuter nominative plural)
prǫdъkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
prǫdъkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
prǫdъkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
prǫdъkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
prǫdъkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
prǫdъkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
prǫdъkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
prǫdъkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
prǫdъkaja (accusative neuter plural)
prǫdъkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
prǫdъkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
prǫdъkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
prǫdъkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
prǫdъkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
prǫdъkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
prǫdъkiji (masculine plural vocative)
prǫdъkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
prǫdъkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: пру́дкі (prúdki)

Russian: пру́дкий (prúdkij) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: прудки́й (prudkýj)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пръд (prǎd), пруд (prud) (o-stem)

Slovene: pródek

West Slavic:

Kashubian: prãdczi

Old Czech: prudký

Czech: prudký

Old Polish: prędki

Polish: prędki

Silesian: pryndki

Slovak: prudký


nъťьvy

nъťьvy (nominative plural)
nъťьvъ (genitive plural)
nъťьvamъ (dative plural)
nъťьvy (accusative plural)
nъťьvami (instrumental plural)
nъťьvasъ (locative plural)
nъťьvaxъ (locative plural)
nъťьvy (plural vocative)
*nъťьky (alternative)
*nьťьvy (alternative)
*nьťьky (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: нъчьвꙑ (nŭčĭvy), ночьвꙑ (nočĭvy)

Old Ruthenian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvki)

Belarusian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), начо́ўкі (načóŭki)

Ukrainian: но́чви f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvky)

Russian: но́чвы́ f pl (nóčvý), ночо́вки (nočóvki), ночёвки (nočóvki)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: нъштвꙑ f pl (nŭštvy), нъштви f pl (nŭštvi)

Bulgarian: но̀щвѝ f pl (nòštvì); dialectally нъ́щви f pl (nǎ́štvi), нъшки́ f pl (nǎškí), нъ́чви f pl (nǎ́čvi), но́кви f pl (nókvi), ношкови́ f pl (noškoví), нъщови́ f pl (nǎštoví), но̀щовѝ f pl (nòštovì), не́шкеви f pl (néškevi) and others

Macedonian: ноќви f pl (noḱvi), ношви f pl (nošvi) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: на̏ћве f pl, навће, млаћве (dialectal)

Latin script: nȁćve f pl, navće, mlaćve (dialectal)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: nəčkẹ̑, nəškẹ̑, nəčvẹ̑ f pl (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: necky f pl

Czech: necky f pl

Lechitic:

Old Polish: niecki f pl

Polish: niecki f pl; also niecka f sg

→ Ukrainian: не́цьки f pl (nécʹky)

Polabian: nacṭai f pl

Slovincian: njêchy f pl

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: ńacki, ńecki f pl

Upper Sorbian: mjecki f pl

Perchance from Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”).

tray, trough, wooden tub wherein one performs household jobs


dьrčati

dьrčàti (canonical imperfective)
dьrčanьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrčati (infinitive)
dьrčatъ (supine)
dьrčalъ (l-participle)
dьrčanъ (participle passive past)
dьrčajemъ (participle passive present)
dьrčavъ (active participle past)
dьrčaję (active participle present)
dьrčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrča (aorist second-person singular)
dьrča (aorist singular third-person)
dьrčajǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrčaješi (present second-person singular)
dьrčajetь (present singular third-person)
dьrčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrčasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrčaste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrčajevě (dual first-person present)
dьrčajeta (dual present second-person)
dьrčajete (dual present third-person)
dьrčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrčaste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrčašę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrčajemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrčajete (plural present second-person)
dьrčajǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьrčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьrčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьrčaji (imperative second-person singular)
dьrčaji (imperative singular third-person)
dьrčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьrčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьrčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrčajivě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrčajita (dual imperative second-person)
dьrčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьrčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьrčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьrčajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrčajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: дерча́ти (derčáty)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др̀чати, др́чати

Latin script: dr̀čati, dŕčati

Slovene: drčáti (“to slip”)

West Slavic:

Czech: drčeti

Onomatopoeic verb, formed as *dьrkati (“to growl, to tug, to pluck”) + *-ěti. Equivalent to *dьrati (“to tear”) + *-čati, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear, to split”).
The different accent (short rising tone on the root in some dialects and long rising on the ending in others) as well as the difference in meaning may indicate that there are two distinct lemmas behind *dьrčati.


drězga

drězgà (canonical feminine)
drězga (nominative singular)
drězdzě (dual nominative)
drězgy (nominative plural)
drězgy (genitive singular)
drězgu (dual genitive)
drězgъ (genitive plural)
drězdzě (dative singular)
drězgama (dative dual)
drězgamъ (dative plural)
drězgǫ (accusative singular)
drězdzě (accusative dual)
drězgy (accusative plural)
drězgojǫ (instrumental singular)
drězgǫ (instrumental singular)
drězgama (dual instrumental)
drězgami (instrumental plural)
drězdzě (locative singular)
drězgu (dual locative)
drězgasъ (locative plural)
drězgaxъ (locative plural)
drězgo (singular vocative)
drězdzě (dual vocative)
drězgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: дрезга́ (drezgá) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: дрезга́ (drezgá, “small murky/dense forest”)

Macedonian: дрезга (drezga, “water-parsnip”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дре̑зга, дре̏зга (“watermilfoil”)

Latin script: drijezga

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dřiezha

Polish: drzazga (“splinter”), dial. drzezga

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *drēˀgskāˀ. Equivalent to *drěgavъ (“murky, turbid”) + *-zgъ + *-a.
Seems to be related with the nasalized *dręzga (“scuffle; dense forest”). Similar alternation between plain and nasalized roots is encountered also in Baltic: compare Lithuanian drėgnas (“damp, wet, moist”) and Latvian drę̂gns (“damp, moist”), Lithuanian drangus (“rainy, bad (for weather)”). Based on Derksen, it could be speculated that all these terms continue Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg-/*dʰreg- (“dark, dim”). Akin to Proto-West Germanic *derk (“dark”), Proto-Celtic *dergos (“crimson”), Tocharian A tärkär/Tocharian B tarkär (“cloud”).

cog

→ dense shrubs or grove

sort of hydrophilic plant (watermilfoil or water-parsnip)


dręzga

*dręzgъ (alternative)
dręzga (nominative singular)
dręzdzě (dual nominative)
dręzgy (nominative plural)
dręzgy (genitive singular)
dręzgu (dual genitive)
dręzgъ (genitive plural)
dręzdzě (dative singular)
dręzgama (dative dual)
dręzgamъ (dative plural)
dręzgǫ (accusative singular)
dręzdzě (accusative dual)
dręzgy (accusative plural)
dręzgojǫ (instrumental singular)
dręzgǫ (instrumental singular)
dręzgama (dual instrumental)
dręzgami (instrumental plural)
dręzdzě (locative singular)
dręzgu (dual locative)
dręzgasъ (locative plural)
dręzgaxъ (locative plural)
dręzgo (singular vocative)
dręzdzě (dual vocative)
dręzgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: дрязги (drjazgi)

South Slavic:

q

either from Russian or a back-formation from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*dręzgavъ</i>

Bulgarian: дрязга (drjazga) (either from Russian or a back-formation from *dręzgavъ)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *drenskāˀ, of onomatopoeic origin, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰren- (“to buzz”) + *-zgъ.
Probably related to Sanskrit ध्रणति (dhráṇati, “to sound”), Old Irish drésacht (“crackling, noise”), German trensen (“to make a prolonged moo”), Dutch drenzen (“to moan”), Ancient Greek θρῆνος (thrênos, “lamentation for the deceased”), Proto-Germanic *drēnuz (“drone”), Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌿𐍃 (drunjus, “sound”), Old Prussian droanse (“corncrake”).


dręzga

drę̀zga (canonical feminine)
dręzga (nominative singular)
dręzdzě (dual nominative)
dręzgy (nominative plural)
dręzgy (genitive singular)
dręzgu (dual genitive)
dręzgъ (genitive plural)
dręzdzě (dative singular)
dręzgama (dative dual)
dręzgamъ (dative plural)
dręzgǫ (accusative singular)
dręzdzě (accusative dual)
dręzgy (accusative plural)
dręzgojǫ (instrumental singular)
dręzgǫ (instrumental singular)
dręzgama (dual instrumental)
dręzgami (instrumental plural)
dręzdzě (locative singular)
dręzgu (dual locative)
dręzgasъ (locative plural)
dręzgaxъ (locative plural)
dręzgo (singular vocative)
dręzdzě (dual vocative)
dręzgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: дря́згa (drjázga)

Ukrainian: дрáзгa (drázha) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дрѧзга (dręzga)

desc

Bulgarian: дре́зга (drézga), дрезга́ (drezgá)

q

⇒ Bulgarian: дрезда́к (drezdák), dial. дръзда́к (drǎzdák) (via dissimilation of *-zg- > *-zd- next to *-k-)

West Slavic:

Polish: drzęzg m (dialectal)

Slovak: drezka (“snot, branch”)

Sorbian:

desc

⇒ Upper Sorbian: Drežďany (“forest dwellers”)

→ German: Dresden

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *drengskāˀ, probably equivalent to the e-grade of *drǫgъ (“pole, branch”) + *-zgъ + *-a, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreng- (“to shove, to drink”)/*dʰrengʰ- (“stake”). Possibly akin to Lithuanian dréngti (“to tear, to rub”) and Proto-Germanic *drankiz (“sth gulped/shoved in one's mouth, drink”), Proto-Germanic *drangijaz (“stake”). In some dialects overlapping with Proto-Slavic *drězga (“murky, muddy place”).
Semantically similar to *dьraka (“bush, scrubs”) but the two are likely unrelated.


diřa

dìřa (canonical feminine)
diřa (nominative singular)
diři (dual nominative)
diřę̇ (nominative plural)
diřę̇ (genitive singular)
diřu (dual genitive)
diřь (genitive plural)
diři (dative singular)
diřama (dative dual)
diřamъ (dative plural)
diřǫ (accusative singular)
diři (accusative dual)
diřę̇ (accusative plural)
diřejǫ (instrumental singular)
diřǫ (instrumental singular)
diřama (dual instrumental)
diřami (instrumental plural)
diři (locative singular)
diřu (dual locative)
diřasъ (locative plural)
diřaxъ (locative plural)
diře (singular vocative)
diři (dual vocative)
diřę̇ (plural vocative)

From the intensive stem *dir- + *-ja of Proto-Slavic *dьrati (“to tear”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”).


děra

dě̄rà (canonical feminine)
*dira (alternative)
*diřa (alternative)
*dyra (alternative)
dě̄rà (nominative singular)
dě̃rě (dual nominative)
dě̄rỳ (nominative plural)
dě̄rỳ (genitive singular)
dě̄rù (dual genitive)
dě̃rъ (genitive plural)
dě̄rě̀ (dative singular)
dě̄ràma (dative dual)
dě̄ràmъ (dative plural)
dě̄rǫ̀ (accusative singular)
dě̃rě (accusative dual)
dě̄rỳ (accusative plural)
dě̄ròjǫ (instrumental singular)
dě̃rǫ (instrumental singular)
dě̄ràma (dual instrumental)
dě̄ràmī (instrumental plural)
dě̄rě̀ (locative singular)
dě̄rù (dual locative)
dě̄ràsъ (locative plural)
dě̄ràxъ (locative plural)
děro (singular vocative)
dě̃rě (dual vocative)
dě̄rỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дѣра (děra)

Old Ruthenian: дѣра́ (děrá)

Ukrainian: діра́ (dirá)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: diera

Czech: díra

Slovincian: dzéra

Old Slovak: déra, diera, díra

Pannonian Rusyn: дзира (dzira)

Slovak: diera

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dźěra

Lower Sorbian: źěra

Enlonged grade of *derti (“to tear”) + *-a, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”).


-zgъ

Most likely a voiced doublet of Proto-Slavic *-skъ, occurring in roots ending in a voiced consonant or in expressive roots - for emphasis.
Also appears as a root coda in words such as Proto-Slavic *mozgъ (“brain”), Proto-Slavic *drozgъ (“thrush”) from Proto-Indo-European *-sgʰos.


drebězgъ

*drebězga (alternative)
drebězgъ (nominative singular)
drebězga (dual nominative)
drebězdzi (nominative plural)
drebězga (genitive singular)
drebězgu (dual genitive)
drebězgъ (genitive plural)
drebězgu (dative singular)
drebězgoma (dative dual)
drebězgomъ (dative plural)
drebězgъ (accusative singular)
drebězga (accusative dual)
drebězgy (accusative plural)
drebězgъmь (instrumental singular)
drebězgomь (instrumental singular)
drebězgoma (dual instrumental)
drebězgy (instrumental plural)
drebězdzě (locative singular)
drebězgu (dual locative)
drebězdzěxъ (locative plural)
dreběždže (singular vocative)
drebězga (dual vocative)
drebězdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: дре́безг (drébezg)

West Slavic:

Sorbian:

→ Upper Sorbian: drjebjeńca

Equivalent to *drеbь (“debris”) + *-zgъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *dreb, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrebʰ- (“to fracture”). Cognate with Lithuanian drebė̃znos (“remnant, piece”) and possibly Latvian drubazas.
Parallel to Proto-Slavic *drobězgъ (“crumbs, small fry”).

drobь*drobina ()*drobiti ()

fraction, part; intestine, entrails; to fraction, to crush

(onomatopoeic) tinkling, sound of breaking


drobězgъ

drоbězgъ (canonical masculine)
*droběskъ (alternative)
*drobězga (alternative)
drobězgъ (nominative singular)
drobězga (dual nominative)
drobězdzi (nominative plural)
drobězga (genitive singular)
drobězgu (dual genitive)
drobězgъ (genitive plural)
drobězgu (dative singular)
drobězgoma (dative dual)
drobězgomъ (dative plural)
drobězgъ (accusative singular)
drobězga (accusative dual)
drobězgy (accusative plural)
drobězgъmь (instrumental singular)
drobězgomь (instrumental singular)
drobězgoma (dual instrumental)
drobězgy (instrumental plural)
drobězdzě (locative singular)
drobězgu (dual locative)
drobězdzěxъ (locative plural)
droběždže (singular vocative)
drobězga (dual vocative)
drobězdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: дро́бязь (dróbjazʹ)

Russian: дробезга́ (drobezgá)

Ukrainian: дрі́б'язок (dríbʺjazok), gen. дріб'язку (dribʺjazku)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: droběz

Kashubian: drobiôzg

Polish: drobiazg

Old Slovak: drobizg

desc

Pannonian Rusyn: дробизґ (drobizg, “poultry”)

Slovak: drobizg

Equivalent to *drobь (“fraction”) + *-zgъ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrebʰ- (“to fracture”). Cognate with Latvian drabažas (“bark that has fallen”).
Parallel to Proto-Slavic *drebězgъ (“fragment, shard”).

cog

drebь*drebiti ()*drebьnъ ()

debris; to quiver, to crush; tiny, small


drebъxa

drebъxa (nominative singular)
drebъśě (dual nominative)
drebъxy (nominative plural)
drebъxy (genitive singular)
drebъxu (dual genitive)
drebъxъ (genitive plural)
drebъśě (dative singular)
drebъxama (dative dual)
drebъxamъ (dative plural)
drebъxǫ (accusative singular)
drebъśě (accusative dual)
drebъxy (accusative plural)
drebъxojǫ (instrumental singular)
drebъxǫ (instrumental singular)
drebъxama (dual instrumental)
drebъxami (instrumental plural)
drebъśě (locative singular)
drebъxu (dual locative)
drebъxasъ (locative plural)
drebъxaxъ (locative plural)
drebъxo (singular vocative)
drebъśě (dual vocative)
drebъxy (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дре́ха (dréha)

⇒ Bulgarian: дре́шка (dréška)

Macedonian: дреа (drea) (*-x- silent between vowels)

⇒ Macedonian: дрешка (dreška)

Isolated Balkan Slavic isogloss. According to BER, formed as *drebъ (“residue of linen, wool”) + *-ха, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrebʰ- (“to fracture”). A similar formation is observed in Proto-Slavic *rǫbaxa (“shirt”) from Proto-Slavic *rǫbъ (“edge”). Cognate with Lithuanian drabùžis (“clothes, clothing”). Possibly related to West Slavic *drabъ (“clothing”).
Alternatively, from Proto-Slavic *derti (“to tear”), cognate with Ancient Greek δέρρις (dérrhis, “skin”). The later etymology is challenged by Georgiev, since it should have given **дряха (**drjaha) in East Bulgarian.
No relation to English dress.

cog

→ (by extension) dress

drobь*drobina ()*drobiti ()

fraction; intestine, entrails; to fraction, to crush


drabъ

*drabь (alternative)
drabъ (nominative singular)
draba (dual nominative)
drabi (nominative plural)
draba (genitive singular)
drabu (dual genitive)
drabъ (genitive plural)
drabu (dative singular)
draboma (dative dual)
drabomъ (dative plural)
drabъ (accusative singular)
draba (accusative dual)
draby (accusative plural)
drabъmь (instrumental singular)
drabomь (instrumental singular)
draboma (dual instrumental)
draby (instrumental plural)
drabě (locative singular)
drabu (dual locative)
draběxъ (locative plural)
drabe (singular vocative)
draba (dual vocative)
drabi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: дра́бы pl (dráby, “ribs”)

Russian: дря́бы pl (drjáby, “carriage”)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: drôbka, drôb

desctree

Old Polish: drab
Masovian Polish: drabia
⇒ Polish: drabka (regional)
⇒ Silesian: drabka

Based on similarities with Proto-West Germanic *trappā (“staircase”) (whence German Treppe (“stairs”), Dutch trap (“staircase”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dreb-, from an extension of *derH- (“to tear, to tug”). The long grade in Slavic is likely due to Winter's law.
Per Vasmer, Russian "soft" vocalism is of expressive origin.


drabъ

drabъ (nominative singular)
draba (dual nominative)
drabi (nominative plural)
draba (genitive singular)
drabu (dual genitive)
drabъ (genitive plural)
drabu (dative singular)
draboma (dative dual)
drabomъ (dative plural)
drabъ (accusative singular)
draba (accusative dual)
draby (accusative plural)
drabъmь (instrumental singular)
drabomь (instrumental singular)
draboma (dual instrumental)
draby (instrumental plural)
drabě (locative singular)
drabu (dual locative)
draběxъ (locative plural)
drabe (singular vocative)
draba (dual vocative)
drabi (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Moravian Czech: zdraby pl

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: draby pl

* Trubačev tentatively identifies/relates it with Etymology 1.
* Derksen connects it instead to Lithuanian dróbė (“linen cloth”), drabùžis (“garment, clothing”), drãbanas (“(dialectal) rags”), Latvian drẽbe (“piece of clothing”). Further akin to Lithuanian drėbti (“to strike”), Latvian drêbt (“to beat”), Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to hit”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb- (“to shear, to beat”). Perhaps also related to Proto-Slavic *drebъxa (“cloth, dress”) from *dʰrebʰ- (“to fracture”), as well as to Ancient Greek δρέπω (drépō, “to pluck”), Proto-Slavic *drāpàti (“to scratch”).
Principally homophonous with Old Czech dráb (“beadle”), of German origin. From there may also descend colloquial Ukrainian драб (drab, “begger”).


drebъ

drebъ (nominative singular)
dreba (dual nominative)
drebi (nominative plural)
dreba (genitive singular)
drebu (dual genitive)
drebъ (genitive plural)
drebu (dative singular)
dreboma (dative dual)
drebomъ (dative plural)
drebъ (accusative singular)
dreba (accusative dual)
dreby (accusative plural)
drebъmь (instrumental singular)
drebomь (instrumental singular)
dreboma (dual instrumental)
dreby (instrumental plural)
drebě (locative singular)
drebu (dual locative)
dreběxъ (locative plural)
drebe (singular vocative)
dreba (dual vocative)
drebi (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дре́б (dréb)

⇒ Bulgarian: дреболи́я (drebolíja)

⇒ Macedonian: дреболија (drebolija)

E-vocalism of Proto-Slavic *drobъ (“chunck; intestine”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrebʰ- (“to fracture”). Akin to Lithuanian drebėti (“to quiver, to tremble”), Latvian drebêt (“to quiver”).

dreboliti*drebolьja ()

to break apart; tiny, insignificant thing

debris; to quiver, to crush; petty, fussy; tiny, small

drebь*drebiti ()*drebьnavъ ()*drebьnъ ()

fuzz, lint, strand (of linen, wool, hemp)


draskati

draskàti (canonical imperfective)
drasknǫti (perfective)
draskanьje (noun-from-verb)
draskati (infinitive)
draskatъ (supine)
draskalъ (l-participle)
draskanъ (participle passive past)
draskajemъ (participle passive present)
draskavъ (active participle past)
draskaję (active participle present)
draskaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
draska (aorist second-person singular)
draska (aorist singular third-person)
draskajǫ (first-person present singular)
draskaješi (present second-person singular)
draskajetь (present singular third-person)
draskaxově (aorist dual first-person)
draskasta (aorist dual second-person)
draskaste (aorist dual third-person)
draskajevě (dual first-person present)
draskajeta (dual present second-person)
draskajete (dual present third-person)
draskaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
draskaste (aorist plural second-person)
draskašę (aorist plural third-person)
draskajemъ (first-person plural present)
draskajete (plural present second-person)
draskajǫtь (plural present third-person)
draskaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
draskaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
draskaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
draskaji (imperative second-person singular)
draskaji (imperative singular third-person)
draskaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
draskaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
draskaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
draskajivě (dual first-person imperative)
draskajita (dual imperative second-person)
draskaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
draskaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
draskaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
draskajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
draskajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дра́скам (dráskam)

Macedonian: драска (draska)

Most likely from Proto-Slavic *drapъ (“scratch, trail”)/Proto-Slavic *drabъ (“spike; grazed cloth, rag”) + *-skati, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *derH- (“to tear”). Possibly, also influenced by Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb- (“to beat, to grind”), in view of the derivative Russian дразга (drazga, “freckle”). Closely related to Lithuanian draskýti (“to tear apart”).
Trubachev also considers a direct derivation from Proto-Slavic *derti (“to tear”), as in the inchoative Ancient Greek ἀποδιδράσκω (apodidráskō, “to flee, to retreat”).

cog

→ (by extension) to draw, to engrave (on paper or another surface)


draska

dràska (canonical feminine)
*drazga (alternative)
draska (nominative singular)
drascě (dual nominative)
drasky (nominative plural)
drasky (genitive singular)
drasku (dual genitive)
draskъ (genitive plural)
drascě (dative singular)
draskama (dative dual)
draskamъ (dative plural)
draskǫ (accusative singular)
drascě (accusative dual)
drasky (accusative plural)
draskojǫ (instrumental singular)
draskǫ (instrumental singular)
draskama (dual instrumental)
draskami (instrumental plural)
drascě (locative singular)
drasku (dual locative)
draskasъ (locative plural)
draskaxъ (locative plural)
drasko (singular vocative)
drascě (dual vocative)
drasky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: дразга (drazga, “freckle”) (possibly)

Ukrainian: дра́ска (dráska, “pinch”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дра́ска (dráska), dial. дра́зга (drázga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дра̏ска

Latin script: drȁska

Slovene: drȃska

West Slavic:

desc

Polish: draska (“friction igniting side part of a matchbox”)

Related or possibly back-formed from Proto-Slavic *draskati (“to scratch, to scrabble”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *derH- (“to tear”). Possibly, also influenced by Proto-Indo-European *dʰreb- (“to beat, to grind”). Akin to Lithuanian draskýti (“to tear apart”).


nьťьky

nьťьky (nominative plural)
nьťьkъ (genitive plural)
nьťьkamъ (dative plural)
nьťьky (accusative plural)
nьťьkami (instrumental plural)
nьťьkasъ (locative plural)
nьťьkaxъ (locative plural)
nьťьky (plural vocative)


nьťьvy

nьťьvy (nominative plural)
nьťьvъ (genitive plural)
nьťьvamъ (dative plural)
nьťьvy (accusative plural)
nьťьvami (instrumental plural)
nьťьvasъ (locative plural)
nьťьvaxъ (locative plural)
nьťьvy (plural vocative)


nъťьky

nъťьky (nominative plural)
nъťьkъ (genitive plural)
nъťьkamъ (dative plural)
nъťьky (accusative plural)
nъťьkami (instrumental plural)
nъťьkasъ (locative plural)
nъťьkaxъ (locative plural)
nъťьky (plural vocative)


klenь

klenь (nominative singular)
kleni (dual nominative)
klenьje (nominative plural)
kleni (genitive singular)
klenьju (dual genitive)
klenьjь (genitive plural)
kleni (dative singular)
klenьma (dative dual)
klenьmъ (dative plural)
klenь (accusative singular)
kleni (accusative dual)
kleni (accusative plural)
klenьmь (instrumental singular)
klenьma (dual instrumental)
klenьmi (instrumental plural)
kleni (locative singular)
klenьju (dual locative)
klenьxъ (locative plural)
kleni (singular vocative)
kleni (dual vocative)
klenьje (plural vocative)
*klěnь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: клень (kljenʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: клень (klenʹ) (pre-1918: клѣнь (klěnʹ)), variant: клинь (klinʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: клень (klenʹ), клінь (klinʹ), клен (klen) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: клен (klen), variant: клян (kljan) – pre-1945: клѣнъ (klěn)

→ Romanian: clean

Macedonian: клен (klen)

→ Albanian: klen

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: klȅn, variant: клије̑н

Cyrillic script: кле̏н, variant: klijȇn

Slovene: klèn, variant: klìn

West Slavic:

Czech: kleň, kleně

Polish: kleń

Slovak: kleň (dialectal)

Slovincian: kléń

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: klen

Uncertain. It has been suggested to be in an ablaut relation to *klinъ (“wedge”). What speaks for it is that *trěska means “sliver, splinter” as well as “cod”.


śědъ

*xědъ (alternative)
śědъ (masculine nominative singular)
śěda (feminine nominative singular)
śědo (neuter nominative singular)
śěda (genitive masculine singular)
śědy (feminine genitive singular)
śěda (genitive neuter singular)
śědu (dative masculine singular)
śědě (dative feminine singular)
śědu (dative neuter singular)
śědъ (accusative masculine singular)
śědǫ (accusative feminine singular)
śědo (accusative neuter singular)
śědomь (instrumental masculine singular)
śědojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
śědomь (instrumental neuter singular)
śědě (locative masculine singular)
śědě (feminine locative singular)
śědě (locative neuter singular)
śěde (masculine singular vocative)
śědo (feminine singular vocative)
śědo (neuter singular vocative)
śěda (dual masculine nominative)
śědě (dual feminine nominative)
śědě (dual neuter nominative)
śědu (dual genitive masculine)
śědu (dual feminine genitive)
śědu (dual genitive neuter)
śědoma (dative dual masculine)
śědama (dative dual feminine)
śědoma (dative dual neuter)
śěda (accusative dual masculine)
śědě (accusative dual feminine)
śědě (accusative dual neuter)
śědoma (dual instrumental masculine)
śědama (dual feminine instrumental)
śědoma (dual instrumental neuter)
śědu (dual locative masculine)
śědu (dual feminine locative)
śědu (dual locative neuter)
śěda (dual masculine vocative)
śědě (dual feminine vocative)
śědě (dual neuter vocative)
śědi (masculine nominative plural)
śědy (feminine nominative plural)
śěda (neuter nominative plural)
śědъ (genitive masculine plural)
śědъ (feminine genitive plural)
śědъ (genitive neuter plural)
śědomъ (dative masculine plural)
śědamъ (dative feminine plural)
śědomъ (dative neuter plural)
śědy (accusative masculine plural)
śědy (accusative feminine plural)
śěda (accusative neuter plural)
śědy (instrumental masculine plural)
śědami (feminine instrumental plural)
śědy (instrumental neuter plural)
śěděxъ (locative masculine plural)
śědaxъ (feminine locative plural)
śěděxъ (locative neuter plural)
śědi (masculine plural vocative)
śědy (feminine plural vocative)
śěda (neuter plural vocative)
śědъjь (masculine nominative singular)
śědaja (feminine nominative singular)
śědoje (neuter nominative singular)
śědajego (genitive masculine singular)
śědyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
śědajego (genitive neuter singular)
śědujemu (dative masculine singular)
śěději (dative feminine singular)
śědujemu (dative neuter singular)
śědъjь (accusative masculine singular)
śědǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
śědoje (accusative neuter singular)
śědyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
śědǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
śědyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
śědějemь (locative masculine singular)
śěději (feminine locative singular)
śědějemь (locative neuter singular)
śědъjь (masculine singular vocative)
śědaja (feminine singular vocative)
śědoje (neuter singular vocative)
śědaja (dual masculine nominative)
śěději (dual feminine nominative)
śěději (dual neuter nominative)
śěduju (dual genitive masculine)
śěduju (dual feminine genitive)
śěduju (dual genitive neuter)
śědyjima (dative dual masculine)
śědyjima (dative dual feminine)
śědyjima (dative dual neuter)
śědaja (accusative dual masculine)
śěději (accusative dual feminine)
śěději (accusative dual neuter)
śědyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
śědyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
śědyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
śěduju (dual locative masculine)
śěduju (dual feminine locative)
śěduju (dual locative neuter)
śědaja (dual masculine vocative)
śěději (dual feminine vocative)
śěději (dual neuter vocative)
śědiji (masculine nominative plural)
śědyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
śědaja (neuter nominative plural)
śědъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
śědъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
śědъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
śědyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
śědyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
śědyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
śědyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
śědyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
śědaja (accusative neuter plural)
śědyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
śědyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
śědyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
śědyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
śědyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
śědyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
śědiji (masculine plural vocative)
śědyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
śědaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣдъ (sědŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: сѣдый (sědyj)
Carpathian Rusyn: сї́дый (sjídŷj)
Ukrainian: сіди́й (sidýj)

Russian: седо́й (sedój)

Old Novgorodian: хѣде (xěde)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сѣдъ (sědŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱑⰴⱏ (sědŭ)

Macedonian: сед (sed)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̑д, сије̑д

Latin script: sȇd, sijȇd

West Slavic:

Old Czech: šědý

Czech: šedý

Old Polish: szady, szad
Polish: szady, sady (Near Masovian), sady (“dark”) (Kielce)
Silesian: szady

Slovak: šedivý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: šeźiwy

Upper Sorbian: šedźiwy

From pre-Slavic *xoidъ, probably an amalgamation of Proto-Slavic *śěrъ (“gray”) and Proto-Slavic *blědъ (“pale”). Alternatively, continuing Proto-Indo-European *sḱeyd- (“to shade”), an extension of *(s)ḱeh₃y- (“to shade”) or less likely *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shimmer”).


o(b)sadъ

osadъ (canonical masculine)
osadъ (nominative singular)
obsadъ (nominative singular)
osada (dual nominative)
obsada (dual nominative)
osadi (nominative plural)
obsadi (nominative plural)
osada (genitive singular)
obsada (genitive singular)
osadu (dual genitive)
obsadu (dual genitive)
osadъ (genitive plural)
obsadъ (genitive plural)
osadu (dative singular)
obsadu (dative singular)
osadoma (dative dual)
obsadoma (dative dual)
osadomъ (dative plural)
obsadomъ (dative plural)
osadъ (accusative singular)
obsadъ (accusative singular)
osada (accusative dual)
obsada (accusative dual)
osady (accusative plural)
obsady (accusative plural)
osadъmь (instrumental singular)
obsadъmь (instrumental singular)
osadomь (instrumental singular)
obsadomь (instrumental singular)
osadoma (dual instrumental)
obsadoma (dual instrumental)
osady (instrumental plural)
obsady (instrumental plural)
osadě (locative singular)
obsadě (locative singular)
osadu (dual locative)
obsadu (dual locative)
osaděxъ (locative plural)
obsaděxъ (locative plural)
osade (singular vocative)
obsade (singular vocative)
osada (dual vocative)
obsada (dual vocative)
osadi (plural vocative)
obsadi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: аса́дка (asádka)

Russian: оса́док (osádok)

Ukrainian: оса́д (osád)

West Slavic:

→ Czech: usazenina

Polish: osad

→ Slovak: usadenina

From *o(b)- + *sadъ (“seat, setting”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).


o(b)sada

osada (canonical feminine)
osada (nominative singular)
obsada (nominative singular)
osadě (dual nominative)
obsadě (dual nominative)
osady (nominative plural)
obsady (nominative plural)
osady (genitive singular)
obsady (genitive singular)
osadu (dual genitive)
obsadu (dual genitive)
osadъ (genitive plural)
obsadъ (genitive plural)
osadě (dative singular)
obsadě (dative singular)
osadama (dative dual)
obsadama (dative dual)
osadamъ (dative plural)
obsadamъ (dative plural)
osadǫ (accusative singular)
obsadǫ (accusative singular)
osadě (accusative dual)
obsadě (accusative dual)
osady (accusative plural)
obsady (accusative plural)
osadojǫ (instrumental singular)
obsadojǫ (instrumental singular)
osadǫ (instrumental singular)
obsadǫ (instrumental singular)
osadama (dual instrumental)
obsadama (dual instrumental)
osadami (instrumental plural)
obsadami (instrumental plural)
osadě (locative singular)
obsadě (locative singular)
osadu (dual locative)
obsadu (dual locative)
osadasъ (locative plural)
obsadasъ (locative plural)
osadaxъ (locative plural)
obsadaxъ (locative plural)
osado (singular vocative)
obsado (singular vocative)
osadě (dual vocative)
obsadě (dual vocative)
osady (plural vocative)
obsady (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: обсада (obsada)

Belarusian: aса́да (asáda, “nozzle”)

Russian: оса́да (osáda)

Ukrainian: оса́да (osáda, “settlement”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: обсада (obsada)

Bulgarian: обсада (obsada)

Macedonian: опсада (opsada)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏псада

Latin script: ȍpsada

Slovene: osàd m

West Slavic:

Czech: osada (“settlement”)

Kashubian: òsada (“settlement”)

desc

Polish: obsada (“cast”), osada (“settlement”)

Slovak: osada (“settlement”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wosada

From *o(b)- + *sadъ (“seat, setting”) + *-а, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Akin to Latin obsideō (“to besiege; to inhabit”).

cog

settlement, administrative unit (West Slavic)


dripa

*dripъ (alternative)
dripa (nominative singular)
dripě (dual nominative)
dripy (nominative plural)
dripy (genitive singular)
dripu (dual genitive)
dripъ (genitive plural)
dripě (dative singular)
dripama (dative dual)
dripamъ (dative plural)
dripǫ (accusative singular)
dripě (accusative dual)
dripy (accusative plural)
dripojǫ (instrumental singular)
dripǫ (instrumental singular)
dripama (dual instrumental)
dripami (instrumental plural)
dripě (locative singular)
dripu (dual locative)
dripasъ (locative plural)
dripaxъ (locative plural)
dripo (singular vocative)
dripě (dual vocative)
dripy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: дри́пи (drýpy) (pl.)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: дрипъ (dripŭ, “rupture (on cloths)”)

Bulgarian: дри́па (drípa)

Macedonian: дрипа (dripa, “cloth”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дри̏па

Latin script: drȉpa

Slovene: drípa (“diarrhea”)

West Slavic:

Czech: dříp, dřípa

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dripa

Feminine of the sparsely attested *dripъ + *-a, most likely derived from Pre-Slavic *driti (“to tow, to pluck”) + *-pъ, either continuing Proto-Indo-European *drey- (“to tear off, to pluck”) or Proto-Indo-European *dʰrey- (“to tow, to drive”) (or both). ESSJa suggests a native Slavic origin and excludes direct relation to possible cognates such as Ancient Greek θρίψ (thríps, “thrips”), Proto-Germanic *drībaną (“to drive, to propel”).

cog

(by generalization) → cloth


drika

drika (nominative singular)
dricě (dual nominative)
driky (nominative plural)
driky (genitive singular)
driku (dual genitive)
drikъ (genitive plural)
dricě (dative singular)
drikama (dative dual)
drikamъ (dative plural)
drikǫ (accusative singular)
dricě (accusative dual)
driky (accusative plural)
drikojǫ (instrumental singular)
drikǫ (instrumental singular)
drikama (dual instrumental)
drikami (instrumental plural)
dricě (locative singular)
driku (dual locative)
drikasъ (locative plural)
drikaxъ (locative plural)
driko (singular vocative)
dricě (dual vocative)
driky (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: дрика (drika, “hearse”)

Bulgarian: дри́ка (dríka, “funeral carriage”) (archaic, obsolete)

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: dric (“body of a carriage”) (possibly via Hungarian)

Dialectal variant of Proto-Slavic *drěkъ (“stem, trunk”) with semantic shift stem, beam → shaft, rail → cart. Probably akin to Lithuanian driẽktis (“pulling, stretching”).


nasoka

nasoka (nominative singular)
nasocě (dual nominative)
nasoky (nominative plural)
nasoky (genitive singular)
nasoku (dual genitive)
nasokъ (genitive plural)
nasocě (dative singular)
nasokama (dative dual)
nasokamъ (dative plural)
nasokǫ (accusative singular)
nasocě (accusative dual)
nasoky (accusative plural)
nasokojǫ (instrumental singular)
nasokǫ (instrumental singular)
nasokama (dual instrumental)
nasokami (instrumental plural)
nasocě (locative singular)
nasoku (dual locative)
nasokasъ (locative plural)
nasokaxъ (locative plural)
nasoko (singular vocative)
nasocě (dual vocative)
nasoky (plural vocative)

East Slavic: —

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: насо́ка (nasóka, “direction”)

Macedonian: на́сока (násoka, “direction”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: násoka (“calumniation, slander”)

Czech: násoka (“accusation, slander”) (obsolete)

Instead of regular **nasoča, back-formed from *nasočiti (“to slander, accuse; to incite, instigate”), from *na- + *sočiti + *-a.


podъbělъ

podъbělъ (nominative singular)
podъběla (dual nominative)
podъběli (nominative plural)
podъběla (genitive singular)
podъbělu (dual genitive)
podъbělъ (genitive plural)
podъbělu (dative singular)
podъběloma (dative dual)
podъbělomъ (dative plural)
podъbělъ (accusative singular)
podъběla (accusative dual)
podъběly (accusative plural)
podъbělъmь (instrumental singular)
podъbělomь (instrumental singular)
podъběloma (dual instrumental)
podъběly (instrumental plural)
podъbělě (locative singular)
podъbělu (dual locative)
podъbělěxъ (locative plural)
podъběle (singular vocative)
podъběla (dual vocative)
podъběli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: падбе́л (padbjél)

Russian: подбе́л (podbél), pre-1918 подбѣ́лъ (podbě́l)

Ukrainian: підбі́л (pidbíl)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: по́дбел (pódbel)

Macedonian: подбел (podbel)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̀дбел, по̀дбјел, по̀дбијел, по̀дбил, по̀дбео, по̀дбио, по̀дбе̄љ, по̀дбијељ

Latin script: pòdbel, pòdbjel, pòdbijel, pòdbil, pòdbeo, pòdbio, pòdbēlj, pòdbijelj

Slovene: podbẹ̀ł

West Slavic:

Czech: podběl

Polish: podbiał

Slovak: podbeľ

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: podbál, podbállapi, podbállapu (rare)

→ Romanian: podbeál, podbeálă

*podъ- (“under-”) + *bělъ (“white”), so called because the flipside of the leaves of Tussilago farfara contrasts starkly into white. For the same reason the butterbur or coltsfoot (Petasites spp.) bears the name in Russian, as well as бѣлокопы́тникъ (bělokopýtnik).


o(b)soka

osoka (canonical feminine)
*o(b)sokъ (alternative)
osoka (nominative singular)
obsoka (nominative singular)
osocě (dual nominative)
obsocě (dual nominative)
osoky (nominative plural)
obsoky (nominative plural)
osoky (genitive singular)
obsoky (genitive singular)
osoku (dual genitive)
obsoku (dual genitive)
osokъ (genitive plural)
obsokъ (genitive plural)
osocě (dative singular)
obsocě (dative singular)
osokama (dative dual)
obsokama (dative dual)
osokamъ (dative plural)
obsokamъ (dative plural)
osokǫ (accusative singular)
obsokǫ (accusative singular)
osocě (accusative dual)
obsocě (accusative dual)
osoky (accusative plural)
obsoky (accusative plural)
osokojǫ (instrumental singular)
obsokojǫ (instrumental singular)
osokǫ (instrumental singular)
obsokǫ (instrumental singular)
osokama (dual instrumental)
obsokama (dual instrumental)
osokami (instrumental plural)
obsokami (instrumental plural)
osocě (locative singular)
obsocě (locative singular)
osoku (dual locative)
obsoku (dual locative)
osokasъ (locative plural)
obsokasъ (locative plural)
osokaxъ (locative plural)
obsokaxъ (locative plural)
osoko (singular vocative)
obsoko (singular vocative)
osocě (dual vocative)
obsocě (dual vocative)
osoky (plural vocative)
obsoky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: осока (osoka)

Belarusian: асо́ка (asóka)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: опсок

Latin script: opsok

Slovene: óbsok

West Slavic:

Polish: osoka (“summary”) (rare)

Action noun of *o(b)sočiti (“to charge, to focus around”), from *ob- + *sočiti + *-a.

(by abstraction) → legal query

(by extension) → summary


stǫpa

stǫ̀pa (canonical feminine)
stǫ̀pa (nominative singular)
stǫ̀pě (dual nominative)
stǫ̀py (nominative plural)
stǫ̀py (genitive singular)
stǫ̀pu (dual genitive)
stǫ̀pъ (genitive plural)
stǫ̀pě (dative singular)
stǫ̀pama (dative dual)
stǫ̀pamъ (dative plural)
stǫ̀pǫ (accusative singular)
stǫ̀pě (accusative dual)
stǫ̀py (accusative plural)
stǫ̀pojǫ (instrumental singular)
stǫ̀pǭ (instrumental singular)
stǫ̀pama (dual instrumental)
stǫ̀pamī (instrumental plural)
stǫ̀pě (locative singular)
stǫ̀pu (dual locative)
stǫ̀pasъ (locative plural)
stǫ̀paxъ (locative plural)
stǫ̀po (singular vocative)
stǫ̀pě (dual vocative)
stǫ̀py (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ступа (stupa)

Belarusian: сту́па (stúpa)

Russian: сту́па (stúpa)

Ukrainian: сту́па (stúpa)

South Slavic:

стѫпа (stǫpa)

Church Slavonic: стѫпа (stǫpa)

Bulgarian: стъ́па (stǎ́pa) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сту̏па

Latin script: stȕpa

Slovene: stọ́pa (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: stúpa

Czech: stoupa

Old Polish: stępa

Polish: stępa

Polabian: stǫpo

Old Slovak: stupa

Slovak: stupa

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: stupa

Upper Sorbian: stupa

Borrowed from Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *stampōną (“to squeeze, compress”), see German Stampfe, stampfen, English stamp etc.

der

mortar, a vessel where ingredients are ground

pounding-mill, stamp mill for grain, the contrivance where corn had to be pounded in hollow blocks before the meal mill has been invented, called by the Romans pīstrīnum and in German Stampfmühle


osojь

osòjь (canonical masculine)
*osoja (alternative)
*osoje (alternative)
osojь (nominative singular)
osoja (dual nominative)
osoji (nominative plural)
osoja (genitive singular)
osoju (dual genitive)
osojь (genitive plural)
osoju (dative singular)
osojema (dative dual)
osojemъ (dative plural)
osojь (accusative singular)
osoja (accusative dual)
osoję̇ (accusative plural)
osojьmь (instrumental singular)
osojemь (instrumental singular)
osojema (dual instrumental)
osoji (instrumental plural)
osoji (locative singular)
osoju (dual locative)
osojixъ (locative plural)
osoju (singular vocative)
osoja (dual vocative)
osoji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: осовня (osovnja) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: осо́й (osój), осо́я (osója), осо́е (osóe); усо́й (usój), усо́йна (usójna)

Church Slavonic: осои (osoi), осоѥ (osoje)

Macedonian: осој (osoj)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: осојe

Latin script: osoje

Slovene: osọ̄ja, osóje

⇒ Slovene: osóvje, osónje

Unclear: denominal/deverbal, *ot-/*ob-, *(s)ḱeh₁y-/*(s)ḱeh₃-.
*ob-/*ot-:
* Per Miklosich, Дуриданов, Лома: from *otsojь with *ot-. Compare 13th century Old Serbian на Ѡтсоиноу стѣноу and antonymous Church Slavonic присоѥ (prisoje, “sunny place”).
* Per ESSJa: from *obsojь with "shadow" ⇐ "shine" / "reflection" (отблеск). Compare Sanskrit छाया (chāyā, “shadow; shade; reflection”) ("shadow" ⇒ "reflection" if from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”)).
** Proto-Slavic *ob (“around”) would mean one around which light passes, devoid of light. Similar to Proto-Slavic *ostrovъ (“island”) from Proto-Slavic *strujiti (“to stream”).
* Per Bezlaj: from *obsojь with abessive *ob-. Compare *h₂epó (“off, away”) / *h₂pó > *opakъ, *po.
* Per Skok: from assimilated *usojь, from negative *u-. Compare *ubogъ.
*(s)ḱeh₁y-/*(s)ḱeh₃-:
* Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”)
** *sijati (“to shine”) (per ESSJa, BER)
** Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (skeinan, “to shine”) (per ?ESSJa, ?Vasmer)
* *(s)ḱeh₃y- (“to shade”), *(s)ḱeh₃-
** Proto-Slavic *sěnь (“shadow”) (per Vasmer). See also *siňь, *sivъ, *śěrъ.
** Ancient Greek σκιά (skiá, “shadow; shade”), σκοιός (skoiós, “shady”) (per ?ESSJa, ?Vasmer)
** Sanskrit छाया (chāyā, “shadow; shade; reflection”) (per ?ESSJa, ?Vasmer)
* See also Proto-Germanic *blakaz and *blaikaz, *blankaz.

cog

osojьnikъ

*osojьnъ, *usojьnъ (“shady, non-lit by the sun”)

usojьnica

viper; lit. one that rests at shady places


drybati

draskanьje (noun-from-verb)
drybati (infinitive)
drybatъ (supine)
draskalъ (l-participle)
draskanъ (participle passive past)
draskajemъ (participle passive present)
draskavъ (active participle past)
draskaję (active participle present)
draskaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
draska (aorist second-person singular)
draska (aorist singular third-person)
draskajǫ (first-person present singular)
draskaješi (present second-person singular)
draskajetь (present singular third-person)
draskaxově (aorist dual first-person)
draskasta (aorist dual second-person)
draskaste (aorist dual third-person)
draskajevě (dual first-person present)
draskajeta (dual present second-person)
draskajete (dual present third-person)
draskaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
draskaste (aorist plural second-person)
draskašę (aorist plural third-person)
draskajemъ (first-person plural present)
draskajete (plural present second-person)
draskajǫtь (plural present third-person)
draskaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
draskaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
draskaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
draskaji (imperative second-person singular)
draskaji (imperative singular third-person)
draskaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
draskaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
draskaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
draskajivě (dual first-person imperative)
draskajita (dual imperative second-person)
draskaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
draskaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
draskaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
draskajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
draskajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: дрыбать (drybatʹ, “to scribble”) (archaic)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дри́бам (dríbam) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: дриба́к (dribák, “dense forest”) (dialectal)

Uncertain. Possibly an extension of Proto-Slavic *dьrati (“to tear off”) (cf. *drapati, *draskati) or akin to Proto-Germanic *drupjaną (“to drip”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, to grind”).


drygati

dryganьje (noun-from-verb)
drygati (infinitive)
drygatъ (supine)
drygalъ (l-participle)
dryganъ (participle passive past)
drygajemъ (participle passive present)
drygavъ (active participle past)
drygaję (active participle present)
drygaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dryga (aorist second-person singular)
dryga (aorist singular third-person)
drygajǫ (first-person present singular)
drygaješi (present second-person singular)
drygajetь (present singular third-person)
drygaxově (aorist dual first-person)
drygasta (aorist dual second-person)
drygaste (aorist dual third-person)
drygajevě (dual first-person present)
drygajeta (dual present second-person)
drygajete (dual present third-person)
drygaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
drygaste (aorist plural second-person)
drygašę (aorist plural third-person)
drygajemъ (first-person plural present)
drygajete (plural present second-person)
drygajǫtь (plural present third-person)
drygaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
drygaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
drygaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
drygaji (imperative second-person singular)
drygaji (imperative singular third-person)
drygaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
drygaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
drygaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
drygajivě (dual first-person imperative)
drygajita (dual imperative second-person)
drygaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
drygaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
drygaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
drygajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
drygajite (imperative plural second-person)

In view of the long root vowel, most likely from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewg-, akin to Proto-Germanic *druknijaną (“to dry off”).


bъrъ

bъrъ (nominative singular)
bъra (dual nominative)
bъri (nominative plural)
bъra (genitive singular)
bъru (dual genitive)
bъrъ (genitive plural)
bъru (dative singular)
bъroma (dative dual)
bъromъ (dative plural)
bъrъ (accusative singular)
bъra (accusative dual)
bъry (accusative plural)
bъrъmь (instrumental singular)
bъromь (instrumental singular)
bъroma (dual instrumental)
bъry (instrumental plural)
bъrě (locative singular)
bъru (dual locative)
bъrěxъ (locative plural)
bъre (singular vocative)
bъra (dual vocative)
bъri (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: боръ (borŭ)

Russian: бор (bor)

Ukrainian: бор (bor)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бъръ (bŭrŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱏⱃⱏ (bŭrŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̑р

Latin script: bȃr

Slovene: bȃr, dialectally ber and bȋr

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ber

Czech: bér

Old Polish: ber
Polish: ber

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: ber

Upper Sorbian: ber, bor

Non-Slavic:

⇒ Hungarian: + köles = borköles, + mohar = bormohar

Of uncertain origin. See also Proto-Germanic *baraz (“barley”).


žigъ

žigъ (nominative singular)
žiga (dual nominative)
židzi (nominative plural)
žiga (genitive singular)
žigu (dual genitive)
žigъ (genitive plural)
žigu (dative singular)
žigoma (dative dual)
žigomъ (dative plural)
žigъ (accusative singular)
žiga (accusative dual)
žigy (accusative plural)
žigъmь (instrumental singular)
žigomь (instrumental singular)
žigoma (dual instrumental)
žigy (instrumental plural)
židzě (locative singular)
žigu (dual locative)
židzěxъ (locative plural)
žiže (singular vocative)
žiga (dual vocative)
židzi (plural vocative)
žigъ (nominative singular)
žigy (dual nominative)
žigove (nominative plural)
žigu (genitive singular)
žigovu (dual genitive)
žigovъ (genitive plural)
žigovi (dative singular)
žigъma (dative dual)
žigъmъ (dative plural)
žigъ (accusative singular)
žigy (accusative dual)
žigy (accusative plural)
žigъmь (instrumental singular)
žigъma (dual instrumental)
žigъmi (instrumental plural)
žigu (locative singular)
žigovu (dual locative)
žigъxъ (locative plural)
žigu (singular vocative)
žigy (dual vocative)
žigove (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Russian: вы́жиг (výžig)

⇒ Russian: вы́жига (výžiga, “wastrel”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жи́г (žíg)

Macedonian: жиг (žig)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жи̑г

Latin script: žȋg

Slovene: žȋg

Non-Slavic:

Romanian: jeg

Albanian: zhig

Action/result noun from Proto-Slavic *žьgati (“to burn, to brand”) via enlongation of the root vowel, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”). Akin to Proto-Celtic *degʷis (“flame, blaze”), Lithuanian dė̃gis (“burn scar”).


stavati

stati (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
stavanьje (noun-from-verb)
stavati (infinitive)
stavatъ (supine)
stavalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
stavanъ (participle passive past)
stavajemъ (participle passive present)
stavavъ (active participle past)
stavaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
stavaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
stava (aorist second-person singular)
stava (aorist singular third-person)
stavajǫ (first-person present singular)
stavaješi (present second-person singular)
stavajetь (present singular third-person)
stavaxově (aorist dual first-person)
stavasta (aorist dual second-person)
stavaste (aorist dual third-person)
stavajevě (dual first-person present)
stavajeta (dual present second-person)
stavajete (dual present third-person)
stavaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stavaste (aorist plural second-person)
stavašę (aorist plural third-person)
stavajemъ (first-person plural present)
stavajete (plural present second-person)
stavajǫtь (plural present third-person)
stavaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stavaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stavaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
stavaji (imperative second-person singular)
stavaji (imperative singular third-person)
stavaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stavaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stavaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
stavajivě (dual first-person imperative)
stavajita (dual imperative second-person)
stavaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stavaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stavaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
stavajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
stavajite (imperative plural second-person)

A byform of *stati + *-vati, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian stovė́ti (“to stand”), Latvian stāvēt (“to stand”), Proto-Germanic *stōwōną (“to stow”).

Old Polish: stawaćPolish: stawaćSilesian: stŏwać


byvati

byvàti (canonical imperfective)
*buvati (alternative)
c (accent-paradigm)
byvanьje (noun-from-verb)
byvati (infinitive)
byvatъ (supine)
byvalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
byvanъ (participle passive past)
byvajemъ (participle passive present)
byvavъ (active participle past)
byvaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
byvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byva (aorist second-person singular)
byva (aorist singular third-person)
byvajǫ (first-person present singular)
byvaješi (present second-person singular)
byvajetь (present singular third-person)
byvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byvasta (aorist dual second-person)
byvaste (aorist dual third-person)
byvajevě (dual first-person present)
byvajeta (dual present second-person)
byvajete (dual present third-person)
byvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byvaste (aorist plural second-person)
byvašę (aorist plural third-person)
byvajemъ (first-person plural present)
byvajete (plural present second-person)
byvajǫtь (plural present third-person)
byvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byvaji (imperative second-person singular)
byvaji (imperative singular third-person)
byvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byvajivě (dual first-person imperative)
byvajita (dual imperative second-person)
byvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byvajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byvajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: быва́ць (byvácʹ)

Russian: быва́ть (byvátʹ)

Ukrainian: бува́ти (buváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бꙑвати (byvati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: би́вати

Latin script: bívati

Slovene: bívati

West Slavic:

Czech: bývat

desctree

Old Polish: bywać
Polish: bywać
Silesian: bywać

Old Slovak: bývať

Pannonian Rusyn: бивац (bivac)

Slovak: bývať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bëwac

Slovincian: bëwac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bywać

Lower Sorbian: bywaś

A byform of *byti + *-vati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, to become”). Cognate with dial. Lithuanian buvóti (“to be”).

der

to be (in iterative or habitual sense), to occur