trajati

tràjati (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
trajanьje (noun-from-verb)
trajati (infinitive)
trajatъ (supine)
trajalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
trajanъ (participle passive past)
trajemъ (participle passive present)
trajavъ (active participle past)
traję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
trajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
traja (aorist second-person singular)
traja (aorist singular third-person)
trajǫ (first-person present singular)
traješi (present second-person singular)
trajetь (present singular third-person)
trajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
trajasta (aorist dual second-person)
trajaste (aorist dual third-person)
trajevě (dual first-person present)
trajeta (dual present second-person)
trajete (dual present third-person)
trajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
trajaste (aorist plural second-person)
trajašę (aorist plural third-person)
trajemъ (first-person plural present)
trajete (plural present second-person)
trajǫtь (plural present third-person)
trajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
trajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
trajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
traji (imperative second-person singular)
traji (imperative singular third-person)
trajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
trajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
trajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
trajivě (dual first-person imperative)
trajita (dual imperative second-person)
trajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
trajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
trajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
trajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
trajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: траꙗти (trajati)

Bulgarian: тра́я (trája)

Macedonian: трае (trae)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра̏јати

Latin script: trȁjati

Slovene: trȃjati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tráti (contracted)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: trać

Lower Sorbian: traś

Non-Slavic:

→ Megleno-Romanian: trăies

→ Romanian: trăi (“to live, to exist”)

desc

→ Ukrainian: трай (traj, “fate, success”)

→ Romani: träil, trail

Formally from Proto-Indo-European *tréh₂yeti + *-jati, ye-present from Proto-Indo-European *treh₂- (“to pass through”). Cognate with Sanskrit त्रायते (trāyáte, “to protect”), possibly Latin intrāre (“to enter”).


motriti

motrìti (canonical)
motřenьje (noun-from-verb)
motriti (infinitive)
motritъ (supine)
motrilъ (l-participle)
motřenъ (participle passive past)
motrimъ (participle passive present)
motřь (active participle past)
motrę (active participle present)
motrixъ (aorist first-person singular)
motri (aorist second-person singular)
motri (aorist singular third-person)
motřǫ (first-person present singular)
motriši (present second-person singular)
motritь (present singular third-person)
motrixově (aorist dual first-person)
motrista (aorist dual second-person)
motriste (aorist dual third-person)
motrivě (dual first-person present)
motrita (dual present second-person)
motrite (dual present third-person)
motrixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
motriste (aorist plural second-person)
motrišę (aorist plural third-person)
motrimъ (first-person plural present)
motrite (plural present second-person)
motrętь (plural present third-person)
motřaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
motřaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
motřaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
motri (imperative second-person singular)
motri (imperative singular third-person)
motřaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
motřaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
motřaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
motrivě (dual first-person imperative)
motrita (dual imperative second-person)
motřaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
motřaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
motřaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
motrimъ (first-person imperative plural)
motrite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *мотрити (*motriti)

desc

Russian: мотри́ть (motrítʹ), мотре́ть (motrétʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: мотрити (motriti)

Bulgarian: мо́тря (mótrja); мо́три́м (mótrím) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̀трити

Latin script: mòtriti

Slovene: mótriti (tonal orthography)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *mat(r)ī́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *met- (“to discern”), related to Lithuanian matýti (“to look at, watch”), matrùs (“vigilant”).


nicati

nicanьje (noun-from-verb)
nicati (infinitive)
nicatъ (supine)
nicalъ (l-participle)
nicanъ (participle passive past)
nicajemъ (participle passive present)
nicavъ (active participle past)
nicaję (active participle present)
nicaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
nica (aorist second-person singular)
nica (aorist singular third-person)
nicajǫ (first-person present singular)
nicaješi (present second-person singular)
nicajetь (present singular third-person)
nicaxově (aorist dual first-person)
nicasta (aorist dual second-person)
nicaste (aorist dual third-person)
nicajevě (dual first-person present)
nicajeta (dual present second-person)
nicajete (dual present third-person)
nicaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nicaste (aorist plural second-person)
nicašę (aorist plural third-person)
nicajemъ (first-person plural present)
nicajete (plural present second-person)
nicajǫtь (plural present third-person)
nicaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nicaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nicaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nicaji (imperative second-person singular)
nicaji (imperative singular third-person)
nicaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nicaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nicaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nicajivě (dual first-person imperative)
nicajita (dual imperative second-person)
nicaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nicaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nicaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nicajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
nicajite (imperative plural second-person)
*nikati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: никати (nikati)

Russian: ни́кать (níkatʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

unspecified script:

unspecified script:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ни̏цати

Latin script: nȉcati

Slovene: nikati

West Slavic:

Czech: níceti, niceti

Slovak: nicať


trošiti

trošenьje (noun-from-verb)
trošiti (infinitive)
trošitъ (supine)
trošilъ (l-participle)
trošenъ (participle passive past)
trošimъ (participle passive present)
trošь (active participle past)
trošę (active participle present)
trošixъ (aorist first-person singular)
troši (aorist second-person singular)
troši (aorist singular third-person)
trošǫ (first-person present singular)
trošiši (present second-person singular)
trošitь (present singular third-person)
trošixově (aorist dual first-person)
trošista (aorist dual second-person)
trošiste (aorist dual third-person)
trošivě (dual first-person present)
trošita (dual present second-person)
trošite (dual present third-person)
trošixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
trošiste (aorist plural second-person)
trošišę (aorist plural third-person)
trošimъ (first-person plural present)
trošite (plural present second-person)
trošętь (plural present third-person)
trošaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
trošaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
trošaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
troši (imperative second-person singular)
troši (imperative singular third-person)
trošaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
trošaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
trošaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
trošivě (dual first-person imperative)
trošita (dual imperative second-person)
trošaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
trošaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
trošaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
trošimъ (first-person imperative plural)
trošite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: троши́ть (trošítʹ)

South Slavic

Bulgarian: троша́ (trošá)

Macedonian: троши (troši)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тро̀шити

Latin script: tròšiti

Slovene: trošíti (tonal orthography)


blizna

blizna (nominative singular)
blizně (dual nominative)
blizny (nominative plural)
blizny (genitive singular)
bliznu (dual genitive)
bliznъ (genitive plural)
blizně (dative singular)
bliznama (dative dual)
bliznamъ (dative plural)
bliznǫ (accusative singular)
blizně (accusative dual)
blizny (accusative plural)
bliznojǫ (instrumental singular)
bliznǫ (instrumental singular)
bliznama (dual instrumental)
bliznami (instrumental plural)
blizně (locative singular)
bliznu (dual locative)
bliznasъ (locative plural)
bliznaxъ (locative plural)
blizno (singular vocative)
blizně (dual vocative)
blizny (plural vocative)
*blizno (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: близна (blizna)

Belarusian: блюзна́ (bljuzná)

Russian: близна́ (blizná)

Ukrainian: близна́ (blyzná)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: близна́ (blizná)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бли̏зна

Latin script: blȉzna

West Slavic:

Czech: blizna

desctree

Old Polish: blizna, bluzna
Polish: blizna, blizma (Podhale)
→ Yiddish: בליזנע (blizne)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bluzna

Upper Sorbian: błuzna

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰliǵ-, zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to dazzle, to strike”). Morphologically *bliz- + *-na. Cognate with Latin flīgere.


gubiti

gubìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
gubľenьje (noun-from-verb)
gubiti (infinitive)
gubitъ (supine)
gubilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
gubľenъ (participle passive past)
gubimъ (participle passive present)
gubľь (active participle past)
gubę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
gubixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gubi (aorist second-person singular)
gubi (aorist singular third-person)
gubľǫ (first-person present singular)
gubiši (present second-person singular)
gubitь (present singular third-person)
gubixově (aorist dual first-person)
gubista (aorist dual second-person)
gubiste (aorist dual third-person)
gubivě (dual first-person present)
gubita (dual present second-person)
gubite (dual present third-person)
gubixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gubiste (aorist plural second-person)
gubišę (aorist plural third-person)
gubimъ (first-person plural present)
gubite (plural present second-person)
gubętь (plural present third-person)
gubľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gubľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gubľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gubi (imperative second-person singular)
gubi (imperative singular third-person)
gubľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gubľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gubľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gubivě (dual first-person imperative)
gubita (dual imperative second-person)
gubľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gubľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gubľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gubimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gubite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гꙋбити (gubiti) (accent paradigm c)

Belarusian: губі́ць (hubícʹ)

Russian: губи́ть (gubítʹ)

Ukrainian: губи́ти (hubýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: гоубити (gubiti)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱆⰱⰻⱅⰻ (gubiti)

Bulgarian: гу́бя (gúbja)

Macedonian: губи (gubi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гу̀бити

Latin script: gùbiti

Slovene: gubīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hubit

Polabian: ďaibĕt

Polish: gubić

Slovak: hubiť

Slovincian: gúbjic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hubić

Lower Sorbian: gubiś

Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰowbʰ-eye-, causative/iterative of the root *gʰewbʰ-. Compare *gỳbnǫti (“to perish”). Also cognate with *gъbnǫti (“to bend”). Other scholars reconstruct the PIE root differently; see discussion under Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúbtei.


nizina

nizina f} (canonical)
nizina (nominative singular)
nizině (dual nominative)
niziny (nominative plural)
niziny (genitive singular)
nizinu (dual genitive)
nizinъ (genitive plural)
nizině (dative singular)
nizinama (dative dual)
nizinamъ (dative plural)
nizinǫ (accusative singular)
nizině (accusative dual)
niziny (accusative plural)
nizinojǫ (instrumental singular)
nizinǫ (instrumental singular)
nizinama (dual instrumental)
nizinami (instrumental plural)
nizině (locative singular)
nizinu (dual locative)
nizinasъ (locative plural)
nizinaxъ (locative plural)
nizino (singular vocative)
nizině (dual vocative)
niziny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: низина (nizina)

Belarusian: нізіна (nizina)

Russian: низи́на (nizína)

Ukrainian: низина́ (nyzyná)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: низина́ (niziná)

Macedonian: низина (nizina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: низѝна

Latin script: nizìna

Slovene: nizína (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: nížina

Polish: nizina

Slovak: nížina

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: nížina

Lower Sorbian: nížyna


buditi

budìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
buďenьje (noun-from-verb)
buditi (infinitive)
buditъ (supine)
budilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
buďenъ (participle passive past)
budimъ (participle passive present)
buďь (active participle past)
budę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
budixъ (aorist first-person singular)
budi (aorist second-person singular)
budi (aorist singular third-person)
buďǫ (first-person present singular)
budiši (present second-person singular)
buditь (present singular third-person)
budixově (aorist dual first-person)
budista (aorist dual second-person)
budiste (aorist dual third-person)
budivě (dual first-person present)
budita (dual present second-person)
budite (dual present third-person)
budixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
budiste (aorist plural second-person)
budišę (aorist plural third-person)
budimъ (first-person plural present)
budite (plural present second-person)
budętь (plural present third-person)
buďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
buďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
buďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
budi (imperative second-person singular)
budi (imperative singular third-person)
buďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
buďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
buďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
budivě (dual first-person imperative)
budita (dual imperative second-person)
buďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
buďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
buďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
budimъ (first-person imperative plural)
budite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: будити (buditi)

Old Ruthenian: будити (buditi)

Belarusian: будзі́ць (budzícʹ)

Ukrainian: буди́ти (budýty)

Russian: буди́ть (budítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: боудити (buditi)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱆⰴⰻⱅⰻ (buditi)

Bulgarian: бу́дя (búdja)

Macedonian: буди (budi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу́дити

Latin script: búditi

Slovene: budīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: buditi

Czech: budit

Kashubian: bùdzëc

Polish: budzić

Slovak: budiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: budźić

Lower Sorbian: buźiś

Non-Slavic:

→⇒ Lithuanian: pabūdinti

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *báudīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰowdʰéyeti, causative of *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”). Cognate with Sanskrit बोधयति (bodháyati).


vesna

vesnà (canonical feminine)
vesnà (nominative singular)
vȅsně (dual nominative)
vȅsny (nominative plural)
vesný (genitive singular)
vesnù (dual genitive)
vèsnъ (genitive plural)
vesně̀ (dative singular)
vesnàma (dative dual)
vesnàmъ (dative plural)
vȅsnǫ (accusative singular)
vȅsně (accusative dual)
vȅsny (accusative plural)
vesnojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
vesnàma (dual instrumental)
vesnàmi (instrumental plural)
vȅsně (locative singular)
vesnù (dual locative)
vesnàsъ (locative plural)
vesnàxъ (locative plural)
vesno (singular vocative)
vȅsně (dual vocative)
vȅsny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: весна (vesna)

Old Ruthenian: весна (vesna)

Belarusian: вясна́ (vjasná)

Ukrainian: весна́ (vesná)

Russian: весна́ (vesná)

Old Pskovian: вешна (veśna)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: весна (vesna)

Glagolitic: ⰲⰵⱄⱀⰰ (vesna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: ве̏сна, Ве̏сна

Latin: vȅsna, Vȅsna

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vesna

Czech: vesna (poetic)

Moravian (Mistřice): vesno

Old Polish: wiosna

Polish: wiosna

Slovak: vesna (poetic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *was(e)r, from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥.


aviti

avìti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
avľenьje (noun-from-verb)
aviti (infinitive)
avitъ (supine)
avilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
avľenъ (participle passive past)
avimъ (participle passive present)
avľь (active participle past)
avę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
avixъ (aorist first-person singular)
avi (aorist second-person singular)
avi (aorist singular third-person)
avľǫ (first-person present singular)
aviši (present second-person singular)
avitь (present singular third-person)
avixově (aorist dual first-person)
avista (aorist dual second-person)
aviste (aorist dual third-person)
avivě (dual first-person present)
avita (dual present second-person)
avite (dual present third-person)
avixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
aviste (aorist plural second-person)
avišę (aorist plural third-person)
avimъ (first-person plural present)
avite (plural present second-person)
avętь (plural present third-person)
avľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
avľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
avľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
avi (imperative second-person singular)
avi (imperative singular third-person)
avľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
avľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
avľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
avivě (dual first-person imperative)
avita (dual imperative second-person)
avľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
avľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
avľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
avimъ (first-person imperative plural)
avite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗвити (javiti)

Old Ruthenian: ꙗви́ти (javíti)

⇒ Belarusian: заяві́ць (zajavícʹ)

Ukrainian: яви́ти (javýty)

Russian: яви́ть (javítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: авити (aviti)

Bulgarian: явя́ (javjá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја́вити

Latin script: jáviti

Slovene: jáviti se

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jěviti

Czech: jevit

Polabian: vüöb-óvе

Polish: jawić się

Slovak: javiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zjewić

Lower Sorbian: zjawiś

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- (“to perceive, see, be aware of”).
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian ovytis (“to appear”). Wider cognates include Proto-Germanic *awiz (“obvious”) and Sanskrit आविस् (āvís, “manifestly, evidently”).


dražiti

a (accent-paradigm)
dráženьje (noun-from-verb)
dražiti (infinitive)
dražitъ (supine)
drážilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
dráženъ (participle passive past)
drážimъ (participle passive present)
drážь (active participle past)
drážę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
drážixъ (aorist first-person singular)
dráži (aorist second-person singular)
dráži (aorist singular third-person)
drážǫ (first-person present singular)
drážiši (present second-person singular)
drážitь (present singular third-person)
drážixově (aorist dual first-person)
drážista (aorist dual second-person)
drážiste (aorist dual third-person)
dráživě (dual first-person present)
drážita (dual present second-person)
drážite (dual present third-person)
drážixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
drážiste (aorist plural second-person)
drážišę (aorist plural third-person)
drážimъ (first-person plural present)
drážite (plural present second-person)
drážętь (plural present third-person)
drážaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
drážaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
drážaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dráži (imperative second-person singular)
dráži (imperative singular third-person)
drážaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
drážaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
drážaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dráživě (dual first-person imperative)
drážita (dual imperative second-person)
drážaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
drážaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
drážaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
drážimъ (first-person imperative plural)
drážite (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
draženьje (noun-from-verb)
dražiti (infinitive)
dražitъ (supine)
dražilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
draženъ (participle passive past)
dražimъ (participle passive present)
dražь (active participle past)
dražę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dražixъ (aorist first-person singular)
draži (aorist second-person singular)
draži (aorist singular third-person)
dražǫ (first-person present singular)
dražiši (present second-person singular)
dražitь (present singular third-person)
dražixově (aorist dual first-person)
dražista (aorist dual second-person)
dražiste (aorist dual third-person)
draživě (dual first-person present)
dražita (dual present second-person)
dražite (dual present third-person)
dražixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dražiste (aorist plural second-person)
dražišę (aorist plural third-person)
dražimъ (first-person plural present)
dražite (plural present second-person)
dražętь (plural present third-person)
dražaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dražaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dražaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
draži (imperative second-person singular)
draži (imperative singular third-person)
dražaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dražaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dražaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
draživě (dual first-person imperative)
dražita (dual imperative second-person)
dražaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dražaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dražaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dražimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dražite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: раздражи́ть (razdražítʹ)

Ukrainian: дратувати (dratuvaty) (possibly?)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: раздражити (razdražiti, “incite”)

Glagolitic: ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱃⰰⰶⰹⱅⰹ (razdražiti)

Bulgarian: дра́жем (drážem) (dialectic)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дра́жити

Latin script: drážiti

Slovene: drážiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: drážiti

Czech: dráždit

Slovak: drážiť (dialectal)

Uncertain. Commonly explained as descending from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreh₂gʰ- (“to stir up”), from which also descend Sanskrit द्राघते (drāghate, “to torment”) and English dreccan (“to torture”) (from Proto-Germanic *drakjaną). Derksen, however, doubts this derivation because of the conflicting intonation within Russian.
An alternative reconstruction is from Proto-Slavic *dra- (“to skin, to tear”) + *-ž- + *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”) (cf Proto-Slavic *draskati (“to scratch”) and Proto-Slavic *drāpàti (“to pluck”)).


točiti

točenьje (noun-from-verb)
točiti (infinitive)
točitъ (supine)
točilъ (l-participle)
točenъ (participle passive past)
točimъ (participle passive present)
točь (active participle past)
točę (active participle present)
točixъ (aorist first-person singular)
toči (aorist second-person singular)
toči (aorist singular third-person)
točǫ (first-person present singular)
točiši (present second-person singular)
točitь (present singular third-person)
točixově (aorist dual first-person)
točista (aorist dual second-person)
točiste (aorist dual third-person)
točivě (dual first-person present)
točita (dual present second-person)
točite (dual present third-person)
točixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
točiste (aorist plural second-person)
točišę (aorist plural third-person)
točimъ (first-person plural present)
točite (plural present second-person)
točętь (plural present third-person)
točaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
točaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
točaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
toči (imperative second-person singular)
toči (imperative singular third-person)
točaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
točaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
točaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
točivě (dual first-person imperative)
točita (dual imperative second-person)
točaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
točaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
točaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
točimъ (first-person imperative plural)
točite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: точити (točiti)

Belarusian: тачы́ць (tačýcʹ)

Russian: точи́ть (točítʹ)

Ukrainian: точи́ти (točýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: точити (točiti)

Glagolitic: ⱅⱁⱍⰻⱅⰻ (točiti)

Bulgarian: то́ча (tóča)

Macedonian: точи (toči)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: то̀чити

Latin script: tòčiti

Slovene: tóčiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: točiti

Czech: točit

Kashubian: toczëc

Old Polish: toczyć

Polish: toczyć

Slovak: točiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: točić

Lower Sorbian: tocyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *takeitei, from Proto-Indo-European *tokʷ-éye-ti, causative of *tekʷ- (“to run, flow”).


truti

trùti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
trutьje (noun-from-verb)
truti (infinitive)
trutъ (supine)
trulъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
trutъ (participle passive past)
trovomъ (participle passive present)
truvъ (active participle past)
trovy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
truxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tru (aorist second-person singular)
tru (aorist singular third-person)
trovǫ (first-person present singular)
troveši (present second-person singular)
trovetь (present singular third-person)
truxově (aorist dual first-person)
trusta (aorist dual second-person)
truste (aorist dual third-person)
trovevě (dual first-person present)
troveta (dual present second-person)
trovete (dual present third-person)
truxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
truste (aorist plural second-person)
trušę (aorist plural third-person)
trovemъ (first-person plural present)
trovete (plural present second-person)
trovǫtь (plural present third-person)
trověaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
trověaše (imperfect second-person singular)
trověaše (imperfect singular third-person)
trovi (imperative second-person singular)
trovi (imperative singular third-person)
trověaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
trověašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
trověašete (dual imperfect third-person)
trověvě (dual first-person imperative)
trověta (dual imperative second-person)
trověaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
trověašete (imperfect plural second-person)
trověaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
trověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
trověte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: трꙋти (truti)

Ukrainian: труї́ти (trujíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: натроути (natruti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

West Slavic:

Polish: truć

From Proto-Indo-European *trewH- (“to rub”); see *trāvà (“grass”) for more discussion.


kazniti

kazňenьje (noun-from-verb)
kazniti (infinitive)
kaznitъ (supine)
kaznilъ (l-participle)
kazňenъ (participle passive past)
kaznimъ (participle passive present)
kazňь (active participle past)
kaznę (active participle present)
kaznixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kazni (aorist second-person singular)
kazni (aorist singular third-person)
kazňǫ (first-person present singular)
kazniši (present second-person singular)
kaznitь (present singular third-person)
kaznixově (aorist dual first-person)
kaznista (aorist dual second-person)
kazniste (aorist dual third-person)
kaznivě (dual first-person present)
kaznita (dual present second-person)
kaznite (dual present third-person)
kaznixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kazniste (aorist plural second-person)
kaznišę (aorist plural third-person)
kaznimъ (first-person plural present)
kaznite (plural present second-person)
kaznętь (plural present third-person)
kazňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kazňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kazňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kazni (imperative second-person singular)
kazni (imperative singular third-person)
kazňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kazňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kazňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kaznivě (dual first-person imperative)
kaznita (dual imperative second-person)
kazňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kazňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kazňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kaznimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kaznite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: казни́ть (kaznítʹ)

Ukrainian: казни́ти (kaznýty)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: казнити (kazniti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̏знити

Latin script: kȁzniti

Slovene: kazníti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Czech: káznit

Old Polish: kaźnić


strašiti

strašenьje (noun-from-verb)
strašiti (infinitive)
strašitъ (supine)
strašilъ (l-participle)
strašenъ (participle passive past)
strašimъ (participle passive present)
strašь (active participle past)
strašę (active participle present)
strašixъ (aorist first-person singular)
straši (aorist second-person singular)
straši (aorist singular third-person)
strašǫ (first-person present singular)
strašiši (present second-person singular)
strašitь (present singular third-person)
strašixově (aorist dual first-person)
strašista (aorist dual second-person)
strašiste (aorist dual third-person)
strašivě (dual first-person present)
strašita (dual present second-person)
strašite (dual present third-person)
strašixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
strašiste (aorist plural second-person)
strašišę (aorist plural third-person)
strašimъ (first-person plural present)
strašite (plural present second-person)
strašętь (plural present third-person)
strašaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
strašaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
strašaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
straši (imperative second-person singular)
straši (imperative singular third-person)
strašaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
strašaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
strašaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
strašivě (dual first-person imperative)
strašita (dual imperative second-person)
strašaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
strašaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
strašaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
strašimъ (first-person imperative plural)
strašite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: страшыць (strašycʹ)

Russian: страши́ть (strašítʹ)

Ukrainian: страши́ти (strašýty)

South Slavic

desc

Old Church Slavonic: страшити (strašiti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стра̏шити

Latin script: strȁšiti

Slovene: strášiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Old Czech: strašiti

Czech: strašit

Kashubian: straszëc

Polish: straszyć

⇒ Silesian: strŏszać

Slovak: strašiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: trašić


dojiti

dojìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
dojenьje (noun-from-verb)
dojiti (infinitive)
dojitъ (supine)
dojilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dojenъ (participle passive past)
dojimъ (participle passive present)
dojь (active participle past)
doję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dojixъ (aorist first-person singular)
doji (aorist second-person singular)
doji (aorist singular third-person)
dojǫ (first-person present singular)
dojiši (present second-person singular)
dojitь (present singular third-person)
dojixově (aorist dual first-person)
dojista (aorist dual second-person)
dojiste (aorist dual third-person)
dojivě (dual first-person present)
dojita (dual present second-person)
dojite (dual present third-person)
dojixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dojiste (aorist plural second-person)
dojišę (aorist plural third-person)
dojimъ (first-person plural present)
dojite (plural present second-person)
dojętь (plural present third-person)
dojaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dojaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dojaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
doji (imperative second-person singular)
doji (imperative singular third-person)
dojaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dojaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dojaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dojivě (dual first-person imperative)
dojita (dual imperative second-person)
dojaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dojaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dojaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dojite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: доити (doiti)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: дои́ти (doíti)
Belarusian: даі́ць (daícʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: дои́ти (doýty)
Ukrainian: дої́ти (dojíty)

Russian: дои́ть (doítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: доити (doiti)

Glagolitic script: ⰴⱁⰹⱅⰹ (doiti)

Bulgarian: доя́ (dojá)

Macedonian: до́и (dói)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: до̀јити

Latin script: dòjiti

Slovene: dojīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: dojit

Polabian: düjĕ (3sg.)

Polish: doić

Slovak: dojiť

Slovincian: dôjic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dejić, dojić

Lower Sorbian: dojś

By surface analysis, *dojь + *-iti, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)-. Cognate with Latvian dêt (“to suck”), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “to suck”), Latin fellō (“to suck”), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daddjan, “to breastfeed”).


bučati

bučàti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
bučanьje (noun-from-verb)
bučati (infinitive)
bučatъ (supine)
bučalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
bučanъ (participle passive past)
bučimъ (participle passive present)
bučavъ (active participle past)
bučę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
bučaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
buča (aorist second-person singular)
buča (aorist singular third-person)
bučǫ (first-person present singular)
bučiši (present second-person singular)
bučitь (present singular third-person)
bučaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bučasta (aorist dual second-person)
bučaste (aorist dual third-person)
bučivě (dual first-person present)
bučita (dual present second-person)
bučite (dual present third-person)
bučaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bučaste (aorist plural second-person)
bučašę (aorist plural third-person)
bučimъ (first-person plural present)
bučite (plural present second-person)
bučętь (plural present third-person)
bučaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bučaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bučaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
buči (imperative second-person singular)
buči (imperative singular third-person)
bučaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bučaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bučaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bučivě (dual first-person imperative)
bučita (dual imperative second-person)
bučaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bučaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bučaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bučimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bučite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Russian: буча́ть (bučátʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: буча́ (bučá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу́чати

Latin script: búčati

Slovene: bučáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: bučeti

Polabian: b'aucĕ

Polish: buczeć

Slovak: bučať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bycaś

Upper Sorbian: bučeć

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: buças

Of onomatopoeic origin from Proto-Indo-European *bew- or possibly *bʰewH- (“to grow”) + *-čati. Cognate with Lithuanian baũkti (“to roar”), Sanskrit बुक्कति (bukkati, “to bark”).


kloniti

East Slavic:

Belarusian: клоні́ць (klonícʹ)

Russian: клони́ть (klonítʹ)

Ukrainian: клони́ти (klonýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: клонити (kloniti)

Bulgarian: клоня́ (klonjá)

Macedonian: клони (kloni)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кло̀нити

Latin script: klòniti

Slovene: klonīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kloniti

Czech: klonit

Polish: kłonić

Slovak: klоniť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kłoniś

Upper Sorbian: kłonić

From *klonъ + *-iti, probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to crook, to bend”). Has been compared (by Berneker, Mladenov) with Proto-Slavic *sloniti (“to shelter, to screen”).

cog

(by extension) to tend, to verge, to arch


paziti

pàziti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
paženьje (noun-from-verb)
paziti (infinitive)
pazitъ (supine)
pazilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
paženъ (participle passive past)
pazimъ (participle passive present)
pažь (active participle past)
pazę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
pazixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pazi (aorist second-person singular)
pazi (aorist singular third-person)
pažǫ (first-person present singular)
paziši (present second-person singular)
pazitь (present singular third-person)
pazixově (aorist dual first-person)
pazista (aorist dual second-person)
paziste (aorist dual third-person)
pazivě (dual first-person present)
pazita (dual present second-person)
pazite (dual present third-person)
pazixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
paziste (aorist plural second-person)
pazišę (aorist plural third-person)
pazimъ (first-person plural present)
pazite (plural present second-person)
pazętь (plural present third-person)
pažaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pažaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pažaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pazi (imperative second-person singular)
pazi (imperative singular third-person)
pažaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pažaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pažaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pazivě (dual first-person imperative)
pazita (dual imperative second-person)
pažaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pažaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pažaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pazimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pazite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: па́зити (pázyty) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пазити (paziti)

⇒ Romanian: păzi

desc

Bulgarian: па́зя (pázja, “to safeguard”)

Macedonian: пази (pazi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̏зити

Latin script: pȁziti

Slovene: páziti

From *(s)poǵ-eye-ti, a glottalic variant of Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to spectate”). Akin to Icelandic spekja (“to calm”), Old Norse spakr (“wise, visionary”).


močiti

močìti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
močenьje (noun-from-verb)
močiti (infinitive)
močitъ (supine)
močilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
močenъ (participle passive past)
močimъ (participle passive present)
močь (active participle past)
močę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
močixъ (aorist first-person singular)
moči (aorist second-person singular)
moči (aorist singular third-person)
močǫ (first-person present singular)
močiši (present second-person singular)
močitь (present singular third-person)
močixově (aorist dual first-person)
močista (aorist dual second-person)
močiste (aorist dual third-person)
močivě (dual first-person present)
močita (dual present second-person)
močite (dual present third-person)
močixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
močiste (aorist plural second-person)
močišę (aorist plural third-person)
močimъ (first-person plural present)
močite (plural present second-person)
močętь (plural present third-person)
močaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
močaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
močaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
moči (imperative second-person singular)
moči (imperative singular third-person)
močaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
močaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
močaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
močivě (dual first-person imperative)
močita (dual imperative second-person)
močaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
močaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
močaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
močimъ (first-person imperative plural)
močite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мочити (močiti)

Belarusian: мачы́ць (mačýcʹ)

Russian: мочи́ть (močítʹ)

Ukrainian: мочи́ти (močýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мочити (močiti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: мо́ча (móča) (dialectal)

Macedonian: моча (moča)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̀чити

Latin script: mòčiti

Slovene: močīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: močiti

Czech: močit

Polabian: mücĕ (3sg.)

Old Polish: moczyć

Polish: moczyć

Slovak: močiť

Slovincian: môczic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: močić

Lower Sorbian: mócyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *mak-, from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ek- (“wet, moist”).
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian makõnė (“mud”), dialectal Lithuanian mokė (“big quagmire”), mokas (“thick mud”). Outside of Balto-Slavic, perhaps cognate with Old Armenian մօր (mōr, “mud, marsh”), as well as Persian مزه (maze, “taste; snack”). Vasmer suggests a further cognate with Old Irish móin (“swamp, marsh”) and Trubachev additionally gives Albanian makë (“glue, liquid film”).


kotiti

kotìti (canonical imperfective)
kaťati (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
koťenьje (noun-from-verb)
kotiti (infinitive)
kotitъ (supine)
kotilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
koťenъ (participle passive past)
kotimъ (participle passive present)
koťь (active participle past)
kotę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kotixъ (aorist first-person singular)
koti (aorist second-person singular)
koti (aorist singular third-person)
koťǫ (first-person present singular)
kotiši (present second-person singular)
kotitь (present singular third-person)
kotixově (aorist dual first-person)
kotista (aorist dual second-person)
kotiste (aorist dual third-person)
kotivě (dual first-person present)
kotita (dual present second-person)
kotite (dual present third-person)
kotixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kotiste (aorist plural second-person)
kotišę (aorist plural third-person)
kotimъ (first-person plural present)
kotite (plural present second-person)
kotętь (plural present third-person)
koťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
koťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
koťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
koti (imperative second-person singular)
koti (imperative singular third-person)
koťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
koťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
koťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kotivě (dual first-person imperative)
kotita (dual imperative second-person)
koťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
koťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
koťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kotimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kotite (imperative plural second-person)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Marko Snoj

East Slavic:

Belarusian: каціць (kacicʹ)

Russian: катить (katitʹ)

Ukrainian: коти́ти (kotýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: кътая (kǎtaja) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: кате́ря (katérja)

Slovene: kotīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kotiti

Czech: kotit (dated)

Polish: kocić

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kócić

Of unknown origin. Similar in meaning to Lithuanian skàsti (“to jump, to move around”), Latvian skatīt (“to check, to look at”), and Latin scateō (“to gush, to spring”) which suggests an origin from a possible Proto-Indo-European *(s)ket- (“to spring, to leap”) (traditionally reconstructed as *skeHt-). Matasović relates it with Irish caith (“to throw”), Old Irish caithid (“to consume”) derived from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂t- (“to throw, turn in a circle”); this theory is supported by Snoj.


kotiti

kotìti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
koťenьje (noun-from-verb)
kotiti (infinitive)
kotitъ (supine)
kotilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
koťenъ (participle passive past)
kotimъ (participle passive present)
koťь (active participle past)
kotę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kotixъ (aorist first-person singular)
koti (aorist second-person singular)
koti (aorist singular third-person)
koťǫ (first-person present singular)
kotiši (present second-person singular)
kotitь (present singular third-person)
kotixově (aorist dual first-person)
kotista (aorist dual second-person)
kotiste (aorist dual third-person)
kotivě (dual first-person present)
kotita (dual present second-person)
kotite (dual present third-person)
kotixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kotiste (aorist plural second-person)
kotišę (aorist plural third-person)
kotimъ (first-person plural present)
kotite (plural present second-person)
kotętь (plural present third-person)
koťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
koťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
koťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
koti (imperative second-person singular)
koti (imperative singular third-person)
koťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
koťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
koťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kotivě (dual first-person imperative)
kotita (dual imperative second-person)
koťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
koťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
koťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kotimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kotite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: коти́ться (kotítʹsja)

Ukrainian: коти́тися (kotýtysja)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ко́тя (kótja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀тити

Latin script: kòtiti

Slovene: kotīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kotit

Polish: kocić

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kócić

Of disputed origin:
* Folk etymology (acknowledged by Derksen) relates it to *kotъ (“cat”) + *-iti (a wanderwort of non-native origin), formed in the same way as Proto-Slavic *teliti (“to beget a calf”) < Proto-Slavic *telę (“calf”). However, no particular relationship to begetting of kittens is attested in all languages;
* Vasmer, Trubačev presume generic sense of begetting and consider etymological kinship with Latin catulus (“puppy”). Possibly related to Etymology 1, originally implying “to toss, to throw” → “to spawn”.

noncog

(reflexive) to have young, to bear an offspring (for animals)


-ga

-ga (nominative singular)
-dzě (dual nominative)
-gy (nominative plural)
-gy (genitive singular)
-gu (dual genitive)
-gъ (genitive plural)
-dzě (dative singular)
-gama (dative dual)
-gamъ (dative plural)
-gǫ (accusative singular)
-dzě (accusative dual)
-gy (accusative plural)
-gojǫ (instrumental singular)
-gǫ (instrumental singular)
-gama (dual instrumental)
-gami (instrumental plural)
-dzě (locative singular)
-gu (dual locative)
-gasъ (locative plural)
-gaxъ (locative plural)
-go (singular vocative)
-dzě (dual vocative)
-gy (plural vocative)
*-gъ (alternative)
*-go (alternative)

The suffix is one of several similar suffixes, namely *-ba, *-da, which formed derivative nouns from verbal or nominal roots. When attached to nouns or adjectives, it got compounded to the primal suffix of the stem, extending it into *-ьdza for i-stem roots or -oga for o-stem roots.
Ultimately, the suffix descends from Proto-Indo-European *-gʰo-, *-gʰeh₂. Encountered in Lithuanian stógas (“build”) = Lithuanian stóti (“to stand”) + -gas and analogous with Proto-Germanic *-gô (e.g. *frauþaz (“jumper”) → *fruþgô (“frog”)).

strujiti (“to stream”) → *struga (“wave font”)

sluti (“to be called, to utter”) → *sluga (“servant”)

derti (“to tear”) → *dorga (“road”)

gobь (“share, wealth”) → *gobьdzъ (“fortune”), *gobьdza (“abundance”)


-ga

-gъ (canonical)
-gъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ga (feminine nominative singular)
-go (neuter nominative singular)
-ga (genitive masculine singular)
-gy (feminine genitive singular)
-ga (genitive neuter singular)
-gu (dative masculine singular)
-dzě (dative feminine singular)
-gu (dative neuter singular)
-gъ (accusative masculine singular)
-gǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-go (accusative neuter singular)
-gomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-gojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-gomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-dzě (locative masculine singular)
-dzě (feminine locative singular)
-dzě (locative neuter singular)
-že (masculine singular vocative)
-go (feminine singular vocative)
-go (neuter singular vocative)
-ga (dual masculine nominative)
-dzě (dual feminine nominative)
-dzě (dual neuter nominative)
-gu (dual genitive masculine)
-gu (dual feminine genitive)
-gu (dual genitive neuter)
-goma (dative dual masculine)
-gama (dative dual feminine)
-goma (dative dual neuter)
-ga (accusative dual masculine)
-dzě (accusative dual feminine)
-dzě (accusative dual neuter)
-goma (dual instrumental masculine)
-gama (dual feminine instrumental)
-goma (dual instrumental neuter)
-gu (dual locative masculine)
-gu (dual feminine locative)
-gu (dual locative neuter)
-ga (dual masculine vocative)
-dzě (dual feminine vocative)
-dzě (dual neuter vocative)
-dzi (masculine nominative plural)
-gy (feminine nominative plural)
-ga (neuter nominative plural)
-gъ (genitive masculine plural)
-gъ (feminine genitive plural)
-gъ (genitive neuter plural)
-gomъ (dative masculine plural)
-gamъ (dative feminine plural)
-gomъ (dative neuter plural)
-gy (accusative masculine plural)
-gy (accusative feminine plural)
-ga (accusative neuter plural)
-gy (instrumental masculine plural)
-gami (feminine instrumental plural)
-gy (instrumental neuter plural)
-dzěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-gaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-dzěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-dzi (masculine plural vocative)
-gy (feminine plural vocative)
-ga (neuter plural vocative)
-gъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-gaja (feminine nominative singular)
-goje (neuter nominative singular)
-gajego (genitive masculine singular)
-gyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-gajego (genitive neuter singular)
-gujemu (dative masculine singular)
-dzěji (dative feminine singular)
-gujemu (dative neuter singular)
-gъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-gǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-goje (accusative neuter singular)
-gyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-gǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-gyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-dzějemь (locative masculine singular)
-dzěji (feminine locative singular)
-dzějemь (locative neuter singular)
-gъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-gaja (feminine singular vocative)
-goje (neuter singular vocative)
-gaja (dual masculine nominative)
-dzěji (dual feminine nominative)
-dzěji (dual neuter nominative)
-guju (dual genitive masculine)
-guju (dual feminine genitive)
-guju (dual genitive neuter)
-gyjima (dative dual masculine)
-gyjima (dative dual feminine)
-gyjima (dative dual neuter)
-gaja (accusative dual masculine)
-dzěji (accusative dual feminine)
-dzěji (accusative dual neuter)
-gyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-gyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-gyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-guju (dual locative masculine)
-guju (dual feminine locative)
-guju (dual locative neuter)
-gaja (dual masculine vocative)
-dzěji (dual feminine vocative)
-dzěji (dual neuter vocative)
-dziji (masculine nominative plural)
-gyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-gaja (neuter nominative plural)
-gъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-gъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-gъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-gyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-gyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-gyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-gyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-gyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-gaja (accusative neuter plural)
-gyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-gyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-gyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-gyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-gyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-gyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-dziji (masculine plural vocative)
-gyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-gaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)

Belarusian: -га (-ha)

Russian: -га (-ga)

Ukrainian: -га (-ha)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -га (-ga)

Glagolitic script: -ⰳⰰ (-ga)

Bulgarian: -га (-ga)

Macedonian: -га (-ga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -га

Latin script: -ga

Slovene: -ga

West Slavic:

Czech: -ha

Polish: -ga

Slovak: -ha

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ha

Lower Sorbian: -ha

dьliti (“to prolong”) → *dьlgъ (“long”)

duti (“to blow, to swell”) → *dužь (“strong”) (with yo-declension)

dorti (“to peel, to pluck”) → *dorgъ (“dear”)

From basic root stems, forming attributional adjectives


šibati

šibanьje (noun-from-verb)
šibati (infinitive)
šibatъ (supine)
šibalъ (l-participle)
šibanъ (participle passive past)
šibajemъ (participle passive present)
šibavъ (active participle past)
šibaję (active participle present)
šibaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
šiba (aorist second-person singular)
šiba (aorist singular third-person)
šibajǫ (first-person present singular)
šibaješi (present second-person singular)
šibajetь (present singular third-person)
šibaxově (aorist dual first-person)
šibasta (aorist dual second-person)
šibaste (aorist dual third-person)
šibajevě (dual first-person present)
šibajeta (dual present second-person)
šibajete (dual present third-person)
šibaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
šibaste (aorist plural second-person)
šibašę (aorist plural third-person)
šibajemъ (first-person plural present)
šibajete (plural present second-person)
šibajǫtь (plural present third-person)
šibaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
šibaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
šibaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
šibaji (imperative second-person singular)
šibaji (imperative singular third-person)
šibaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
šibaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
šibaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
šibajivě (dual first-person imperative)
šibajita (dual imperative second-person)
šibaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
šibaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
šibaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
šibajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
šibajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: шибати (šibati, “to beat, to hit”)

Belarusian: шыба́ць (šybácʹ)

Russian: шиба́ть (šibátʹ, “to throw, to hit”), 1sg. шиба́ю (šibáju); -шиби́ть (-šibítʹ, “to hit, to hurt”)

Ukrainian: шиба́ти (šybáty, “to throw”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: 3pl. impf. шибаахѫ (šibaaxǫ, “whipped”)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ши́бам (šíbam, “to whip, to flog”)

Macedonian: шиба (šiba, “to whip, to flog”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ши̏бати (“to whip, to flog”), 1sg. ши̏ба̄м

Latin: šȉbati (“to whip, to flog”), 1sg. šȉbām

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: šíbati (“to whip, to flog”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. šȋbam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: šibat

Polish: szybać

Slovak: šibať (“to beat”)

Sorbian:

desc

⇒ Upper Sorbian: šibały (“playful, roguish”)

Lower Sorbian: šyba (“broom, whipping cane”)

Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ- (“to swing, move quickly”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षिपति (kṣipáti, “to swing, to throw”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬡𐬭𐬀 (xšuuiβra), 𐬑𐬱𐬋𐬌𐬡𐬭𐬀 (xšōiβra, “fast, quick”), Old Norse sveipa (“to sweep, to swing”), Old English swāpan (“to sweep, to swing”), English sweep, swoop, Old High German sweifan (“to wind”).


motati

motàti (canonical imperfective)
motanьje (noun-from-verb)
motati (infinitive)
motatъ (supine)
motalъ (l-participle)
motanъ (participle passive past)
motajemъ (participle passive present)
motavъ (active participle past)
motaję (active participle present)
motaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mota (aorist second-person singular)
mota (aorist singular third-person)
motajǫ (first-person present singular)
motaješi (present second-person singular)
motajetь (present singular third-person)
motaxově (aorist dual first-person)
motasta (aorist dual second-person)
motaste (aorist dual third-person)
motajevě (dual first-person present)
motajeta (dual present second-person)
motajete (dual present third-person)
motaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
motaste (aorist plural second-person)
motašę (aorist plural third-person)
motajemъ (first-person plural present)
motajete (plural present second-person)
motajǫtь (plural present third-person)
motaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
motaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
motaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
motaji (imperative second-person singular)
motaji (imperative singular third-person)
motaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
motaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
motaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
motajivě (dual first-person imperative)
motajita (dual imperative second-person)
motaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
motaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
motaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
motajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
motajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мотати (motati) (17th-18th centuries)

Belarusian: мата́ць (matácʹ)

Russian: мота́ть (motátʹ)

Ukrainian: мота́ти (motáty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: мота́я (motája)

Macedonian: мота (mota)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̀тати

Latin script: mòtati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: mọ̄tati, motáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: motati

Czech: motat

Polabian: mötojě (3rd singular)

Old Polish: motać

Polish: motać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mòtac

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: мотац (motac)

Slovak: motať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: motać

Lower Sorbian: motaś

Related to *mestì (“to throw, to sweep”), see there for etymology.


vědro

vědrò (canonical neuter)
vě̄drò (nominative singular)
vě̃drě (dual nominative)
vě̄drà (nominative plural)
vě̄drà (genitive singular)
vě̄drù (dual genitive)
vě̃drъ (genitive plural)
vě̄drù (dative singular)
vě̄dròma (dative dual)
vě̄dròmъ (dative plural)
vě̄drò (accusative singular)
vě̃drě (accusative dual)
vě̄drà (accusative plural)
vě̄drъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
vě̄dròmь (instrumental singular)
vě̄dròma (dual instrumental)
vě̃dry (instrumental plural)
vě̄drě̀ (locative singular)
vě̄drù (dual locative)
vě̃drěxъ (locative plural)
vě̄drò (singular vocative)
vě̃drě (dual vocative)
vě̄drà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вѣдро́ (vědró)

desc

Old Ruthenian: вѣдро́ (vědró), видро́ (vidró)

Belarusian: вядро́ (vjadró)

Carpathian Rusyn: відрó (vidró)

Ukrainian: відро́ (vidró)

Russian: ведро́ (vedró)

⇒ Russian: ведёрко (vedjórko)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вѣдро (vědro)

→ Albanian: vedër

→ Hungarian: veder

→ Greek: βέδρον (védron) (dialectal)

Bulgarian: ведро́ (vedró)

Macedonian: ведро (vedro)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве̏дро, вје̏дро

Latin: vȅdro, vjȅdro

Slovene: védro (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vědro

Czech: vědro

Moravian (Mistřice): vjedrp

Old Polish: wiedro

Polish: wiadro

Slovak: vedro

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: vadră, veardă

* Meillet, Vasmer, Georgiev, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *wēdróm. Parallel to Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría, “water vessel”) (0-grade) and akin to Latin unda, Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr), Proto-Germanic *watōr, Sanskrit उदन् (udan), Hittite 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar).
* Derksen: From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wēˀdera (“belly, stomach”), from Proto-Indo-European *úderos (“abdomen, stomach”), from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-eros (contrastive suffix). Baltic cognates include Latvian vȩ̂dȩrs, vȩ̂dars, Lithuanian vė́deras and Old Prussian weders. Indo-European cognates include Latin uterus, Ancient Greek ὕδερος (húderos) and Sanskrit उदर (udara).

af

Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen
uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович


kadidlo

kadìdlo (canonical neuter)
kadìdlo (nominative singular)
kadìdlě (dual nominative)
kadìdla (nominative plural)
kadìdla (genitive singular)
kadìdlu (dual genitive)
kadìdlъ (genitive plural)
kadìdlu (dative singular)
kadìdloma (dative dual)
kadìdlomъ (dative plural)
kadìdlo (accusative singular)
kadìdlě (accusative dual)
kadìdla (accusative plural)
kadìdlъmь (instrumental singular)
kadìdlomь (instrumental singular)
kadìdloma (dual instrumental)
kadìdlȳ (instrumental plural)
kadìdlě (locative singular)
kadìdlu (dual locative)
kadìdlě̄xъ (locative plural)
kadìdlo (singular vocative)
kadìdlě (dual vocative)
kadìdla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кадило (kadilo)

Middle Belarusian: кадило (kadilo)

desc

Belarusian: кадзі́ла (kadzíla, “censer”)

Russian: кади́ло (kadílo, “censer”)

→ Finnish: kadilo (“church censer”)

Ukrainian: кади́ло (kadýlo, “censer”)

Old Novgorodian: кадигло (kadiglo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кадило (kadilo)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⰰⰴⰹⰾⱁ (kadilo)

Bulgarian: кади́ло (kadílo, “censer”)

Macedonian: ка́дило (kádilo, “censer”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̀дило (“incense, censer”)

Latin script: kàdilo (“incense, censer”)

Slovene: kadílo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kadidlo

Czech: kadidlo (“frankincense”)

Kashubian: kadzëdło

Polish: kadzidło (“incense, (archaic) smoke from a sacrifice”), (dialectal) kaʒ̆́idu̯o (“church censer”)

Slovak: kadidlo (“frankincense, censer”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kaźidło

Upper Sorbian: kadźidło


nuta

nùta (canonical feminine)
nùta (nominative singular)
nùtě (dual nominative)
nùty (nominative plural)
nùty (genitive singular)
nùtu (dual genitive)
nùtъ (genitive plural)
nùtě (dative singular)
nùtama (dative dual)
nùtamъ (dative plural)
nùtǫ (accusative singular)
nùtě (accusative dual)
nùty (accusative plural)
nùtojǫ (instrumental singular)
nùtǭ (instrumental singular)
nùtama (dual instrumental)
nùtamī (instrumental plural)
nùtě (locative singular)
nùtu (dual locative)
nùtasъ (locative plural)
nùtaxъ (locative plural)
nùto (singular vocative)
nùtě (dual vocative)
nùty (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: нꙋта (nuta, “cattle”)

Russian: ну́та (núta, “livestock”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ноута (nuta, “cow, ox”)

Slovene: núta (“herd”)

West Slavic:

Polabian: nǫtǫ (sg. acc.)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: nuta (“herd of cattle”) (archaic)

Considered a borrowing from Proto-West Germanic *naut (“cattle”), likely fossilized as a collective of an earlier *nuto n + *-a. Probably cognate with Latvian nauda (“money”), Lithuanian naudà (“use, benefit”), whence dialectal Belarusian но́ўда (nóŭda), навда́ (navdá, “use, benefit”), Polish nawda (“advantage”).


troska

troska (nominative singular)
troscě (dual nominative)
trosky (nominative plural)
trosky (genitive singular)
trosku (dual genitive)
troskъ (genitive plural)
troscě (dative singular)
troskama (dative dual)
troskamъ (dative plural)
troskǫ (accusative singular)
troscě (accusative dual)
trosky (accusative plural)
troskojǫ (instrumental singular)
troskǫ (instrumental singular)
troskama (dual instrumental)
troskami (instrumental plural)
troscě (locative singular)
trosku (dual locative)
troskasъ (locative plural)
troskaxъ (locative plural)
trosko (singular vocative)
troscě (dual vocative)
trosky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: троска (troska)

West Slavic:

Czech: troska

Polish: troska

Slovak: troska


milovati

milovanьje (noun-from-verb)
milovati (infinitive)
milovatъ (supine)
milovalъ (l-participle)
milovanъ (participle passive past)
milujemъ (participle passive present)
milovavъ (active participle past)
miluję (active participle present)
milovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
milova (aorist second-person singular)
milova (aorist singular third-person)
milujǫ (first-person present singular)
miluješi (present second-person singular)
milujetь (present singular third-person)
milovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
milovasta (aorist dual second-person)
milovaste (aorist dual third-person)
milujevě (dual first-person present)
milujeta (dual present second-person)
milujete (dual present third-person)
milovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
milovaste (aorist plural second-person)
milovašę (aorist plural third-person)
milujemъ (first-person plural present)
milujete (plural present second-person)
milujǫtь (plural present third-person)
milovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
milovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
milovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
miluji (imperative second-person singular)
miluji (imperative singular third-person)
milovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
milovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
milovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
milujivě (dual first-person imperative)
milujita (dual imperative second-person)
milovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
milovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
milovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
milujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
milujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: миловати (milovati)

Old Ruthenian: миловати (milovati)

Belarusian: мі́лаваць (mílavacʹ)

Ukrainian: милува́ти (myluváty)

Russian: ми́ловать (mílovatʹ), милова́ть (milovátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: миловати (milovati)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⰻⰾⱁⰲⰰⱅⰻ (milovati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ми̏ловати

Latin script: mȉlovati

Slovene: milováti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: milovati

Czech: milovat

Kashubian: miłowac

Old Polish: miłować

Polish: miłować

Silesian: miyłować

Slovak: milovať


nizati

nizanьje (noun-from-verb)
nizati (infinitive)
nizatъ (supine)
nizalъ (l-participle)
nizanъ (participle passive past)
nižemъ (participle passive present)
nizavъ (active participle past)
nižę (active participle present)
nizaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
niza (aorist second-person singular)
niza (aorist singular third-person)
nižǫ (first-person present singular)
nižeši (present second-person singular)
nižetь (present singular third-person)
nizaxově (aorist dual first-person)
nizasta (aorist dual second-person)
nizaste (aorist dual third-person)
niževě (dual first-person present)
nižeta (dual present second-person)
nižete (dual present third-person)
nizaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nizaste (aorist plural second-person)
nizašę (aorist plural third-person)
nižemъ (first-person plural present)
nižete (plural present second-person)
nižǫtь (plural present third-person)
nizaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nizaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nizaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
niži (imperative second-person singular)
niži (imperative singular third-person)
nizaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nizaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nizaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
niživě (dual first-person imperative)
nižita (dual imperative second-person)
nizaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nizaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nizaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nižimъ (first-person imperative plural)
nižite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: ніза́ць (nizácʹ)

Russian: низа́ть (nizátʹ)

Ukrainian: низа́ти (nyzáty)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: низати (nizati)

Bulgarian: ни́жа (níža)

Macedonian: ниже (niže)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ни́зати

Latin script: nizati

Slovene: nízati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Polish: nizać

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: nizaś

Iterative of *nьzti + *-ati, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁neǵʰ- (“to pierce”).

der

(transitive) to string (to put (items) on a string)


negodovati

negodovanьje (noun-from-verb)
negodovati (infinitive)
negodovatъ (supine)
negodovalъ (l-participle)
negodovanъ (participle passive past)
negodujemъ (participle passive present)
negodovavъ (active participle past)
negoduję (active participle present)
negodovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
negodova (aorist second-person singular)
negodova (aorist singular third-person)
negodujǫ (first-person present singular)
negoduješi (present second-person singular)
negodujetь (present singular third-person)
negodovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
negodovasta (aorist dual second-person)
negodovaste (aorist dual third-person)
negodujevě (dual first-person present)
negodujeta (dual present second-person)
negodujete (dual present third-person)
negodovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
negodovaste (aorist plural second-person)
negodovašę (aorist plural third-person)
negodujemъ (first-person plural present)
negodujete (plural present second-person)
negodujǫtь (plural present third-person)
negodovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
negodovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
negodovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
negoduji (imperative second-person singular)
negoduji (imperative singular third-person)
negodovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
negodovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
negodovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
negodujivě (dual first-person imperative)
negodujita (dual imperative second-person)
negodovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
negodovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
negodovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
negodujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
negodujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: негодовати (negodovati)

Russian: негодова́ть (negodovátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: негодовати (negodovati)

Bulgarian: негоду̀вам (negodùvam)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: нѐгодовати

Latin script: nègodovati

Slovene: negodováti (tonal orthography)

From *negodъ + *-ovati, the former from *ne (“not”) + a form related to *godìti (“to please”).


žaliti

žalovati (perfective)
žaľenьje (noun-from-verb)
žaliti (infinitive)
žalitъ (supine)
žalilъ (l-participle)
žaľenъ (participle passive past)
žalimъ (participle passive present)
žaľь (active participle past)
žalę (active participle present)
žalixъ (aorist first-person singular)
žali (aorist second-person singular)
žali (aorist singular third-person)
žaľǫ (first-person present singular)
žališi (present second-person singular)
žalitь (present singular third-person)
žalixově (aorist dual first-person)
žalista (aorist dual second-person)
žaliste (aorist dual third-person)
žalivě (dual first-person present)
žalita (dual present second-person)
žalite (dual present third-person)
žalixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žaliste (aorist plural second-person)
žališę (aorist plural third-person)
žalimъ (first-person plural present)
žalite (plural present second-person)
žalętь (plural present third-person)
žaľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žaľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žaľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žali (imperative second-person singular)
žali (imperative singular third-person)
žaľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žaľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žaľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žalivě (dual first-person imperative)
žalita (dual imperative second-person)
žaľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žaľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žaľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žalimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žalite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жалити (žaliti)

Bulgarian: жа̀ля (žàlja)

Macedonian: жали (žali)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жа̏лити

Latin script: žȁliti

Slovene: žalīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polish: żalić

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: jeli

From an earlier *žěliti, an intensive variant of Proto-Slavic *želěti. Formed as *žalь (“grief, sorrow”) + *-iti, continuing pre-Slavic *gʷēlH- + *-yéti.

peržaliti

to get over (s.t.), to recover (from loss)


gruda

grùda (canonical feminine)
grùda (nominative singular)
grùdě (dual nominative)
grùdy (nominative plural)
grùdy (genitive singular)
grùdu (dual genitive)
grùdъ (genitive plural)
grùdě (dative singular)
grùdama (dative dual)
grùdamъ (dative plural)
grùdǫ (accusative singular)
grùdě (accusative dual)
grùdy (accusative plural)
grùdojǫ (instrumental singular)
grùdǭ (instrumental singular)
grùdama (dual instrumental)
grùdamī (instrumental plural)
grùdě (locative singular)
grùdu (dual locative)
grùdasъ (locative plural)
grùdaxъ (locative plural)
grùdo (singular vocative)
grùdě (dual vocative)
grùdy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)

Russian: гру́да (grúda)

Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)

South Slavic:

⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)

⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гру̏да

Latin script: grȕda

Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrúda

Czech: hrouda

Bohemian (Chod dialect): rouda

Moravian (Mistřice): hruda

Kashubian: grëda

Old Polish: grąd

Polish: gruda

Slovak: hruda

Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).


gaditi

gàditi (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
gaďenьje (noun-from-verb)
gaditi (infinitive)
gaditъ (supine)
gadilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
gaďenъ (participle passive past)
gadimъ (participle passive present)
gaďь (active participle past)
gadę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
gadixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gadi (aorist second-person singular)
gadi (aorist singular third-person)
gaďǫ (first-person present singular)
gadiši (present second-person singular)
gaditь (present singular third-person)
gadixově (aorist dual first-person)
gadista (aorist dual second-person)
gadiste (aorist dual third-person)
gadivě (dual first-person present)
gadita (dual present second-person)
gadite (dual present third-person)
gadixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gadiste (aorist plural second-person)
gadišę (aorist plural third-person)
gadimъ (first-person plural present)
gadite (plural present second-person)
gadętь (plural present third-person)
gaďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gaďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gaďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gadi (imperative second-person singular)
gadi (imperative singular third-person)
gaďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gaďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gaďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gadivě (dual first-person imperative)
gadita (dual imperative second-person)
gaďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gaďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gaďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gadimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gadite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: гадити (gaditi)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гадити (gaditi) (12th century)

Belarusian: га́дзіць (hádzicʹ)

Russian: га́дить (gáditʹ)

Ukrainian: га́дити (hádyty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: га́дя (gádja)

Macedonian: гади (gadi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̏дити

Latin script: gȁditi

Slovene: gáditi (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: haditi

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gaźiś (archaic)

From *gadъ, *gadь + *-iti, likely from *gʷeh₁dʰ- (“to defile”).


diviti

divìti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
divľenьje (noun-from-verb)
diviti (infinitive)
divitъ (supine)
divilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
divľenъ (participle passive past)
divimъ (participle passive present)
divľь (active participle past)
divę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
divixъ (aorist first-person singular)
divi (aorist second-person singular)
divi (aorist singular third-person)
divľǫ (first-person present singular)
diviši (present second-person singular)
divitь (present singular third-person)
divixově (aorist dual first-person)
divista (aorist dual second-person)
diviste (aorist dual third-person)
divivě (dual first-person present)
divita (dual present second-person)
divite (dual present third-person)
divixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
diviste (aorist plural second-person)
divišę (aorist plural third-person)
divimъ (first-person plural present)
divite (plural present second-person)
divętь (plural present third-person)
divľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
divľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
divľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
divi (imperative second-person singular)
divi (imperative singular third-person)
divľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
divľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
divľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
divivě (dual first-person imperative)
divita (dual imperative second-person)
divľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
divľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
divľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
divimъ (first-person imperative plural)
divite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: диви́ться (divítʹsja)

Ukrainian: диви́тися (dyvýtysja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: дивити (diviti)

Glagolitic script: ⰴⰻⰲⰻⱅⰻ (diviti)

Bulgarian: дивя́ се (divjá se)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дѝвити

Latin script: díviti

West Slavic:

Czech: divit

Polish: dziwić

Slovak: diviť sa

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (“to be bright”). Cognates include Sanskrit दीव्यति (dīvyati). For meaning shift cf. *ględati (“to watch”) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlend- (“to shine”).


svorka

svòrka (canonical feminine)
svòrka (nominative singular)
svòrcě (dual nominative)
svòrky (nominative plural)
svòrky (genitive singular)
svòrku (dual genitive)
svòrkъ (genitive plural)
svòrcě (dative singular)
svòrkama (dative dual)
svòrkamъ (dative plural)
svòrkǫ (accusative singular)
svòrcě (accusative dual)
svòrky (accusative plural)
svòrkojǫ (instrumental singular)
svòrkǭ (instrumental singular)
svòrkama (dual instrumental)
svòrkamī (instrumental plural)
svòrcě (locative singular)
svòrku (dual locative)
svòrkasъ (locative plural)
svòrkaxъ (locative plural)
svòrko (singular vocative)
svòrcě (dual vocative)
svòrky (plural vocative)


sušiti

sušìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
sušenьje (noun-from-verb)
sušiti (infinitive)
sušitъ (supine)
sušilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
sušenъ (participle passive past)
sušimъ (participle passive present)
sušь (active participle past)
sušę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
sušixъ (aorist first-person singular)
suši (aorist second-person singular)
suši (aorist singular third-person)
sušǫ (first-person present singular)
sušiši (present second-person singular)
sušitь (present singular third-person)
sušixově (aorist dual first-person)
sušista (aorist dual second-person)
sušiste (aorist dual third-person)
sušivě (dual first-person present)
sušita (dual present second-person)
sušite (dual present third-person)
sušixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sušiste (aorist plural second-person)
sušišę (aorist plural third-person)
sušimъ (first-person plural present)
sušite (plural present second-person)
sušętь (plural present third-person)
sušaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sušaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sušaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
suši (imperative second-person singular)
suši (imperative singular third-person)
sušaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sušaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sušaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sušivě (dual first-person imperative)
sušita (dual imperative second-person)
sušaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sušaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sušaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sušimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sušite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сꙋшити (sušiti)

Belarusian: сушы́ць (sušýcʹ)

Russian: суши́ть (sušítʹ, “to dry”), 1sg. сушу́ (sušú), 3sg. су́шит (súšit)

Ukrainian: суши́ти (sušýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: соушити (sušiti)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱆⱎⰻⱅⰻ (sušiti)

Bulgarian: суша́ (sušá)

Macedonian: суши (suši)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су́шити

Latin script: súšiti

Slovene: sušíti (tonal orthography), 1sg. suším (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: sëszëc

Old Czech: sušiti

Czech: sušit

Old Polish: suszyć

Polish: suszyć

Silesian: suszyć

Slovak: sušiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sušić

Lower Sorbian: sušyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *saušīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sows-éye-ti, a causative/iterative formation built on Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“to be dry”) (also reconstructed as *sh₂ews-).
Equivalent to *suxъ (“dry”) + *-iti.
Cognate with Lithuanian saũsinti (“to dry (transitive)”), saũsti (“to wither”), sùsti (“to scab over”) (1sg. susù), saũsas (“dry”), Latvian sust (“to dry (intransitive)”) (1sg. susu), susêt (“to wither”) (1sg. susu, susẽju), sàuss (“dry”), Old Prussian sausā (“dry”, fem. acc. sg.), Sanskrit शोषयति (śoṣáyati, “to let dry”), शुष्क (śúṣka, “dry, barren”), Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬱𐬐𐬀 (huška, “dry”), Homeric Ancient Greek αὖος (aûos, “dry”), Old English sēar (“dry”), English sere, sear.


soldъkъ

sòldъkъ (canonical)
solďьjь (comparative)
*soldъ (alternative)
soldъkъ (masculine nominative singular)
soldъka (feminine nominative singular)
soldъko (neuter nominative singular)
soldъka (genitive masculine singular)
soldъky (feminine genitive singular)
soldъka (genitive neuter singular)
soldъku (dative masculine singular)
soldъcě (dative feminine singular)
soldъku (dative neuter singular)
soldъkъ (accusative masculine singular)
soldъkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
soldъko (accusative neuter singular)
soldъkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
soldъkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
soldъkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
soldъcě (locative masculine singular)
soldъcě (feminine locative singular)
soldъcě (locative neuter singular)
soldъče (masculine singular vocative)
soldъko (feminine singular vocative)
soldъko (neuter singular vocative)
soldъka (dual masculine nominative)
soldъcě (dual feminine nominative)
soldъcě (dual neuter nominative)
soldъku (dual genitive masculine)
soldъku (dual feminine genitive)
soldъku (dual genitive neuter)
soldъkoma (dative dual masculine)
soldъkama (dative dual feminine)
soldъkoma (dative dual neuter)
soldъka (accusative dual masculine)
soldъcě (accusative dual feminine)
soldъcě (accusative dual neuter)
soldъkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
soldъkama (dual feminine instrumental)
soldъkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
soldъku (dual locative masculine)
soldъku (dual feminine locative)
soldъku (dual locative neuter)
soldъka (dual masculine vocative)
soldъcě (dual feminine vocative)
soldъcě (dual neuter vocative)
soldъci (masculine nominative plural)
soldъky (feminine nominative plural)
soldъka (neuter nominative plural)
soldъkъ (genitive masculine plural)
soldъkъ (feminine genitive plural)
soldъkъ (genitive neuter plural)
soldъkomъ (dative masculine plural)
soldъkamъ (dative feminine plural)
soldъkomъ (dative neuter plural)
soldъky (accusative masculine plural)
soldъky (accusative feminine plural)
soldъka (accusative neuter plural)
soldъky (instrumental masculine plural)
soldъkami (feminine instrumental plural)
soldъky (instrumental neuter plural)
soldъcěxъ (locative masculine plural)
soldъkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
soldъcěxъ (locative neuter plural)
soldъci (masculine plural vocative)
soldъky (feminine plural vocative)
soldъka (neuter plural vocative)
soldъkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
soldъkaja (feminine nominative singular)
soldъkoje (neuter nominative singular)
soldъkajego (genitive masculine singular)
soldъkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
soldъkajego (genitive neuter singular)
soldъkujemu (dative masculine singular)
soldъcěji (dative feminine singular)
soldъkujemu (dative neuter singular)
soldъkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
soldъkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
soldъkoje (accusative neuter singular)
soldъkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
soldъkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
soldъkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
soldъcějemь (locative masculine singular)
soldъcěji (feminine locative singular)
soldъcějemь (locative neuter singular)
soldъkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
soldъkaja (feminine singular vocative)
soldъkoje (neuter singular vocative)
soldъkaja (dual masculine nominative)
soldъcěji (dual feminine nominative)
soldъcěji (dual neuter nominative)
soldъkuju (dual genitive masculine)
soldъkuju (dual feminine genitive)
soldъkuju (dual genitive neuter)
soldъkyjima (dative dual masculine)
soldъkyjima (dative dual feminine)
soldъkyjima (dative dual neuter)
soldъkaja (accusative dual masculine)
soldъcěji (accusative dual feminine)
soldъcěji (accusative dual neuter)
soldъkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
soldъkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
soldъkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
soldъkuju (dual locative masculine)
soldъkuju (dual feminine locative)
soldъkuju (dual locative neuter)
soldъkaja (dual masculine vocative)
soldъcěji (dual feminine vocative)
soldъcěji (dual neuter vocative)
soldъciji (masculine nominative plural)
soldъkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
soldъkaja (neuter nominative plural)
soldъkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
soldъkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
soldъkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
soldъkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
soldъkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
soldъkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
soldъkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
soldъkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
soldъkaja (accusative neuter plural)
soldъkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
soldъkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
soldъkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
soldъkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
soldъkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
soldъkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
soldъciji (masculine plural vocative)
soldъkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
soldъkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: сало́дкі (salódki)

Russian: соло́дкий (solódkij) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: солодкый (solodkŷj)

Ukrainian: соло́дкий (solódkyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сладъкъ (sladŭkŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰾⰰⰴⱏⰽⱏ (sladŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: сла́дък (sládǎk)

Macedonian: сладок (sladok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сла̏дак

Latin script: slȁdak

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: sládək, sladȃk (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sladký

Czech: sladký

Kashubian: słodczi

Polabian: slåtťĕ

Polish: słodki

Slovak: sladký

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: słodki

Upper Sorbian: słódki

From Pre-Slavic *salˀdukas, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *salˀdus, where *soldъ. Cognate with Lithuanian saldùs and Latvian salds.
It is in turn derived from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂el-d-u-s, extended form of *sh₂el-, *séh₂ls (“salt”) (whence also *solь (“salt”)). The original meaning of the Balto-Slavic word was thus "salty; tasty, delicious; spicy".


jěbati

jěbàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
jěbanьje (noun-from-verb)
jěbati (infinitive)
jěbatъ (supine)
jěbalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
jěbanъ (participle passive past)
jěbomъ (participle passive present)
jěbavъ (active participle past)
jěby (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
jěbaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jěba (aorist second-person singular)
jěba (aorist singular third-person)
jěbǫ (first-person present singular)
jěbeši (present second-person singular)
jěbetь (present singular third-person)
jěbaxově (aorist dual first-person)
jěbasta (aorist dual second-person)
jěbaste (aorist dual third-person)
jěbevě (dual first-person present)
jěbeta (dual present second-person)
jěbete (dual present third-person)
jěbaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jěbaste (aorist plural second-person)
jěbašę (aorist plural third-person)
jěbemъ (first-person plural present)
jěbete (plural present second-person)
jěbǫtь (plural present third-person)
jěbaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jěbaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jěbaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
jěbi (imperative second-person singular)
jěbi (imperative singular third-person)
jěbaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jěbaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jěbaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
jěběvě (dual first-person imperative)
jěběta (dual imperative second-person)
jěbaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jěbaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jěbaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
jěběmъ (first-person imperative plural)
jěběte (imperative plural second-person)

Alternative reconstruction of *jebàti (“to copulate; to fuck”)


raniti

raňenьje (noun-from-verb)
raniti (infinitive)
ranitъ (supine)
ranilъ (l-participle)
raňenъ (participle passive past)
ranimъ (participle passive present)
raňь (active participle past)
ranę (active participle present)
ranixъ (aorist first-person singular)
rani (aorist second-person singular)
rani (aorist singular third-person)
raňǫ (first-person present singular)
raniši (present second-person singular)
ranitь (present singular third-person)
ranixově (aorist dual first-person)
ranista (aorist dual second-person)
raniste (aorist dual third-person)
ranivě (dual first-person present)
ranita (dual present second-person)
ranite (dual present third-person)
ranixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
raniste (aorist plural second-person)
ranišę (aorist plural third-person)
ranimъ (first-person plural present)
ranite (plural present second-person)
ranętь (plural present third-person)
raňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
raňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
raňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rani (imperative second-person singular)
rani (imperative singular third-person)
raňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
raňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
raňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ranivě (dual first-person imperative)
ranita (dual imperative second-person)
raňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
raňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
raňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ranimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ranite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ранити (raniti)

Old Ruthenian: ра́нити (rániti)

Belarusian: ра́ніць (ránicʹ)

Ukrainian: ра́нити (rányty)

Russian: ра́нить (ránitʹ)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ранити (raniti)

Bulgarian: раня́ (ranjá)

Macedonian: рани (rani)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̏нити

Latin script: rȁniti

Slovene: raníti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Czech: ranit

Kashubian: renic

Old Polish: ranić

Polish: ranić

Slovak: raniť

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: răni


tvojь

tvojь (masculine nominative singular)
tvoja (feminine nominative singular)
tvoje (neuter nominative singular)
tvojь (accusative masculine singular)
tvojǫ (accusative feminine singular)
tvoje (accusative neuter singular)
tvojego (genitive masculine singular)
tvojeję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
tvojego (genitive neuter singular)
tvojemь (locative masculine singular)
tvojeji (feminine locative singular)
tvojemь (locative neuter singular)
tvojemu (dative masculine singular)
tvojeji (dative feminine singular)
tvojemu (dative neuter singular)
tvojimь (instrumental masculine singular)
tvojejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
tvojimь (instrumental neuter singular)
tvoja (dual masculine nominative)
tvoji (dual feminine nominative)
tvoji (dual neuter nominative)
tvoja (accusative dual masculine)
tvoji (accusative dual feminine)
tvoji (accusative dual neuter)
tvojeju (dual genitive masculine)
tvojeju (dual feminine genitive)
tvojeju (dual genitive neuter)
tvojeju (dual locative masculine)
tvojeju (dual feminine locative)
tvojeju (dual locative neuter)
tvojima (dative dual masculine)
tvojima (dative dual feminine)
tvojima (dative dual neuter)
tvojima (dual instrumental masculine)
tvojima (dual feminine instrumental)
tvojima (dual instrumental neuter)
tvoji (masculine nominative plural)
tvoję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
tvoja (neuter nominative plural)
tvoję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
tvoję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
tvoja (accusative neuter plural)
tvojixъ (genitive masculine plural)
tvojixъ (feminine genitive plural)
tvojixъ (genitive neuter plural)
tvojixъ (locative masculine plural)
tvojixъ (feminine locative plural)
tvojixъ (locative neuter plural)
tvojimъ (dative masculine plural)
tvojimъ (dative feminine plural)
tvojimъ (dative neuter plural)
tvojimi (instrumental masculine plural)
tvojimi (feminine instrumental plural)
tvojimi (instrumental neuter plural)
jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: твои (tvoi)
Old Ruthenian: твой (tvoj)
Belarusian: твой (tvoj)
Carpathian Rusyn: твуй (tvuj)
Ukrainian: твій (tvij)
Russian: твой (tvoj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: твои (tvoi)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⱁⰹ (tvoi)

Bulgarian: твой (tvoj)

Macedonian: твој (tvoj)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тво̑ј

Latin script: tvȏj

Slovene: tvọ́j (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tvój
Czech: tvůj

Old Polish: twój
Polish: twój
Silesian: twōj

Slovak: tvoj

Polabian: tüj

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: twój

Slovincian: twój

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: twój

Lower Sorbian: twój

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twajas, from pre-Balto-Slavic *twoyos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Old Prussian twais and Latin tuus. Possessive pronoun for the second-person has been modeled after the possessive pronoun for the first-person *mojь (from Proto-Indo-European *moyos), and were all inflected like demonstratives.


gvězda

gvě̄zdà (canonical feminine)
gvě̄zdà (nominative singular)
gvě̃zdě (dual nominative)
gvě̄zdỳ (nominative plural)
gvě̄zdỳ (genitive singular)
gvě̄zdù (dual genitive)
gvě̃zdъ (genitive plural)
gvě̄zdě̀ (dative singular)
gvě̄zdàma (dative dual)
gvě̄zdàmъ (dative plural)
gvě̄zdǫ̀ (accusative singular)
gvě̃zdě (accusative dual)
gvě̄zdỳ (accusative plural)
gvě̄zdòjǫ (instrumental singular)
gvě̃zdǫ (instrumental singular)
gvě̄zdàma (dual instrumental)
gvě̄zdàmī (instrumental plural)
gvě̄zdě̀ (locative singular)
gvě̄zdù (dual locative)
gvě̄zdàsъ (locative plural)
gvě̄zdàxъ (locative plural)
gvězdo (singular vocative)
gvě̃zdě (dual vocative)
gvě̄zdỳ (plural vocative)
*zvězda (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: звѣзда (zvězda)

Old Ruthenian: звѣзда (zvězda)

Belarusian: звязда́ (zvjazdá) (archaic)

Carpathian Rusyn: звізда́ (zvizdá)

Ukrainian: звізда́ (zvizdá) (archaic)

Russian: звезда́ (zvezdá)

desc

Old Novgorodian: *гвѣꙁда (*gvězda); ⇒ гвѣꙁдъка (gvězdŭka)

→ Russian: гвезда́ (gvezdá), гвязда (gvjazda) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ѕвѣзда (dzvězda), звѣзда (zvězda)

Glagolitic script: ⰷⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (dzvězda), ⰸⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (zvězda)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зве́зда, звије́зда, зви́зда

Latin script: zvézda, zvijézda, zvízda

Slovene: zvẹ́zda (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hvězda

Czech: hvězda

Bohemian: vězda

Old Polish: gwiazda

Polish: gwiazda, gwiázda (dialectal, obsolete)

Silesian: gwiŏzda

desctree

Old Slovak: hviezda, hvezda, hvízda
Pannonian Rusyn: гвизда (hvizda)
Slovak: hviezda, (dialectal) hvizda

Polabian: gjozdă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: gwiôzda

Slovincian: gwjozda

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gwězda

Upper Sorbian: hwězda

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gwaizdā́ˀ / *źwaizdā́ˀ (*gwaiźdā́ˀ / *źwaiźdā́ˀ), from Proto-Indo-European:
* Derksen: *ǵʰwoyǵʰ-dʰeh₁- / *ǵʰwoydʰ-dʰeh₁-.
* ЭССЯ: *ǵʰwoy-steh₂ (“standing luminary”), from *ǵʰwoy- (var. *gʷʰay-) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) (cf. *stē̆r-).
* Vasmer: probably last syllable contains *dʰē- (“to put, place”)
* Pokorny: *ǵʰwoygʷ-(e)s-d-eh₂ (*-(e)s- stem, *-d(eh₂)), from *ǵʰwoygʷ- (“to shine; star”).
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian žvaigždė̃, Samogitian žvaiždie, Latvian zvàigzne, Old Prussian Asg. swāigstan.
A possible Indo-European cognate is Ossetian ӕвзи́ст (ævzíst) / ӕвзестӕ (ævzestæ, “silver”) (< Old Ossetic *zvestæ).