lьvъ

lь̀vъ (canonical masculine)
lь̀vъ (nominative singular)
lьvà (dual nominative)
lьvì (nominative plural)
lьvà (genitive singular)
lьvù (dual genitive)
lь̀vъ (genitive plural)
lьvù (dative singular)
lьvòma (dative dual)
lьvòmъ (dative plural)
lь̀vъ (accusative singular)
lьvà (accusative dual)
lьvỳ (accusative plural)
lьvъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
lьvòmь (instrumental singular)
lьvòma (dual instrumental)
lь̀vy (instrumental plural)
lьvě̀ (locative singular)
lьvù (dual locative)
lь̀věxъ (locative plural)
lьve (singular vocative)
lьvà (dual vocative)
lьvì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: львъ (lĭvŭ), левъ (levŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: левъ (lev)
Belarusian: леў (ljeŭ)
Carpathian Rusyn: лев (lev)
Ukrainian: лев (lev)

Russian: лев (lev), левъ (lev) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Ingrian: leva
→ Kildin Sami: левв (ljevv)
→ Komi-Zyrian: лев (ľev)
→ Ossetian: лев (lev)
→ Veps: lev

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: львъ (lĭvŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⱐⰲⱏ (lĭvŭ)

Bulgarian: лъв (lǎv), лев (lev)

Macedonian: лав (lav)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̏в

Latin script: lȁv

Slovene: lȅv

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lev

Czech: lev

Kashubian: lew

Polabian: ľåv

Polish: lew

Old Slovak: lev

Pannonian Rusyn: лєв (ljev)

Slovak: lev

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: law

Upper Sorbian: law

From a Germanic language, possibly Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (laiwa), from Latin leō.


porsę

pȏrsę (canonical neuter)
pȏrsę (nominative singular)
pȏrsęti (dual nominative)
porsętà (nominative plural)
pȏrsęte (genitive singular)
porsętù (dual genitive)
porsę̃tъ (genitive plural)
pȏrsęti (dative singular)
porsętьmà (dative dual)
porsę̃tьmъ (dative plural)
pȏrsę (accusative singular)
pȏrsęti (accusative dual)
porsętà (accusative plural)
pȏrsętьmь (instrumental singular)
porsętьmà (dual instrumental)
porsętý (instrumental plural)
pȏrsęte (locative singular)
porsętù (dual locative)
porsę̃tьxъ (locative plural)
pȏrsę (singular vocative)
pȏrsęti (dual vocative)
porsętà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: поросѧ (porosę)

Old Ruthenian: поросѧ́ (porosjá)

desc

Belarusian: парася́ (parasjá), парасё (parasjó)

Ukrainian: порося́ (porosjá); переся́ (peresjá) (dialectal)

Russian: порося́ (porosjá)

⇒ Russian: поросёнок (porosjónok)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: прасѧ (prasę)

Bulgarian: прасе́ (prasé), прасе́нце (prasénce)

Macedonian: прасе (prase), прасенце (prasence)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра̑се

Latin script: prȃse

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: prasȅ, práse, prášič (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: prasě

Czech: prase

Moravian (Mistřice): prasa

Kashubian: parsã, prosã

Polabian: porsą

Polish: prosię

Silesian: prosiã

Slovak: prasa

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: proso, рrоsаtkо

Lower Sorbian: prose

Diminutive of Proto-Balto-Slavic *parśas, from Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos. Note the suffix *-ę for forming names of young animals.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian paršas, Old Prussian prastian.
Indo-European cognates include Latin porcus, Ancient Greek πόρκος (pórkos), Proto-Germanic *farhaz, Khotanese рāʾsä (from *раrsа-), Middle Irish orc.


sьrna

sьrnà (canonical)
sь̀rna (canonical feminine)
sьrnà (nominative singular)
sь̃rně (dual nominative)
sьrnỳ (nominative plural)
sьrnỳ (genitive singular)
sьrnù (dual genitive)
sь̃rnъ (genitive plural)
sьrně̀ (dative singular)
sьrnàma (dative dual)
sьrnàmъ (dative plural)
sьrnǫ̀ (accusative singular)
sь̃rně (accusative dual)
sьrnỳ (accusative plural)
sьrnòjǫ (instrumental singular)
sь̃rnǫ (instrumental singular)
sьrnàma (dual instrumental)
sьrnàmī (instrumental plural)
sьrně̀ (locative singular)
sьrnù (dual locative)
sьrnàsъ (locative plural)
sьrnàxъ (locative plural)
sьrno (singular vocative)
sь̃rně (dual vocative)
sьrnỳ (plural vocative)
sь̀rna (nominative singular)
sь̀rně (dual nominative)
sь̀rny (nominative plural)
sь̀rny (genitive singular)
sь̀rnu (dual genitive)
sь̀rnъ (genitive plural)
sь̀rně (dative singular)
sь̀rnama (dative dual)
sь̀rnamъ (dative plural)
sь̀rnǫ (accusative singular)
sь̀rně (accusative dual)
sь̀rny (accusative plural)
sь̀rnojǫ (instrumental singular)
sь̀rnǭ (instrumental singular)
sь̀rnama (dual instrumental)
sь̀rnamī (instrumental plural)
sь̀rně (locative singular)
sь̀rnu (dual locative)
sь̀rnasъ (locative plural)
sь̀rnaxъ (locative plural)
sь̀rno (singular vocative)
sь̀rně (dual vocative)
sь̀rny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сьрна (sĭrna)

Russian: се́рна (sérna, “chamois”)

Ukrainian: се́рна (sérna, “chamois”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: сърна́ (sǎrná)

Macedonian: срна (srna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ср́на

Latin script: sŕna

Slovene: sŕna (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: srna

Czech: srna

Kashubian: sarna

Polish: sarna

→ Belarusian: са́рна (sárna)

→ Russian: сарна́ (sarná)

→ Ukrainian: са́рна (sárna)

Slovak: srna

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sarna

Upper Sorbian: sorna

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śírˀnāˀ (“horn”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, top, horn”).


telę

telę̀ (canonical neuter)
telę̀ (nominative singular)
telę̀ti (dual nominative)
telę̀tā (nominative plural)
telę̀te (genitive singular)
telę̀tu (dual genitive)
telę̀tъ (genitive plural)
telę̀ti (dative singular)
telę̀tьma (dative dual)
telę̀tьmъ (dative plural)
telę̀ (accusative singular)
telę̀ti (accusative dual)
telę̀tā (accusative plural)
telę̀tьmь (instrumental singular)
telę̀tьma (dual instrumental)
telę̀tȳ (instrumental plural)
telę̀te (locative singular)
telę̀tu (dual locative)
telę̀tьxъ (locative plural)
telę̀ (singular vocative)
telę̀ti (dual vocative)
telę̀tā (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: телѧ (telę)

Old Ruthenian: телѧ (telja)

Middle Belarusian: цєлѧ (cjelja)

Belarusian: цяля́ (cjaljá)

Carpathian Rusyn: теля́ (teljá)

Ukrainian: теля́ (teljá)

Russian: теля́ (teljá) (regional)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: телѧ (telę)

Bulgarian: теле́ (telé)

Macedonian: теле (tele)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тѐле

Latin script: tèle

Slovene: téle (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tele
Czech: tele

desctree

Old Polish: cielę
Polish: cielę
Silesian: cielã

Old Slovak: teľa

Slovak: teľa

Polabian: tilą

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: celã

Slovincian: cêlã

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ćelo

Lower Sorbian: śele

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tel- + *-ę (diminutive suffix), cognate with Latvian teļš, telēns, Lithuanian tẽlias. Three types of hypotheses exist for the origin of the root:
* Native origin: Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“to bear”), akin to Latin tollo (“to carry”), possibly Proto-Slavic *telěga (“cart”) (supported by Snoj). Machek tentatively proposes as an alternative ad hoc simiplificaiton of (formally incompatible) Proto-Indo-European *wetélas (“yearling”) cognate with Latin vitulus (“calf”), Ancient Greek ἔταλον (étalon, “yearling”) and akin to Proto-Germanic *weþruz (“wether, year-old lamb”).
* Temematic origin: Per Holzer, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle”) via a hypothetical Indo-European dialect which devoiced aspirated stops. If right, then akin to directly inherited Proto-Slavic *dětę (“child”) and further Latin filius (“son”), Albanian dele (“ewe”). Disputed by Matasović.
* Turkic loanword: From Proto-Turkic *tẹ̄l (“calf”), attested in Kazakh тел (tel), Yakut тиил (tiil) (supported by Matasović).


volъ

vòlъ (canonical masculine)
vòlъ (nominative singular)
volỳ (dual nominative)
volòve (nominative plural)
volù (genitive singular)
volòvu (dual genitive)
volòvъ (genitive plural)
volòvi (dative singular)
vòlъma (dative dual)
volъ̀mъ (dative plural)
vòlъ (accusative singular)
volỳ (accusative dual)
volỳ (accusative plural)
volъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
vòlъma (dual instrumental)
vòlъmī (instrumental plural)
vòlu (locative singular)
volòvu (dual locative)
volъ̀xъ (locative plural)
volu (singular vocative)
volỳ (dual vocative)
volòve (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: волъ (volŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: волъ (vol), вѡлъ (vôl), вулъ (vul) — Middle Ukrainian
Belarusian: вол (vol); вюл (vjul) (dialectal)
Carpathian Rusyn: вул (vul)
Ukrainian: віл (vil)

Russian: вол (vol)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: волъ (volŭ)

Bulgarian: вол (vol)

Macedonian: вол (vol)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вол, во

Latin: vol, vo

Slovene: vȍł (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vól

Czech: vůl

Polabian: vål

Old Polish: wół

Polish: wół

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: wól

Slovak: vôl

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: woł

Upper Sorbian: woł

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wálas, with no clear cognates outside Slavic. Often connected with *vel- (“big”) (as in *velь) and explained as meaning "a big creature".


žerbę

žērbę̀ (canonical neuter)
žērbę̀ (nominative singular)
žērbę̀ti (dual nominative)
žērbę̀tā (nominative plural)
žērbę̀te (genitive singular)
žērbę̀tu (dual genitive)
žērbę̀tъ (genitive plural)
žērbę̀ti (dative singular)
žērbę̀tьma (dative dual)
žērbę̀tьmъ (dative plural)
žērbę̀ (accusative singular)
žērbę̀ti (accusative dual)
žērbę̀tā (accusative plural)
žērbę̀tьmь (instrumental singular)
žērbę̀tьma (dual instrumental)
žērbę̀tȳ (instrumental plural)
žērbę̀te (locative singular)
žērbę̀tu (dual locative)
žērbę̀tьxъ (locative plural)
žērbę̀ (singular vocative)
žērbę̀ti (dual vocative)
žērbę̀tā (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: жарабя́ (žarabjá)

Russian: жеребя́ (žerebjá) (dial.)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жрѣбѧ (žrěbę)

Bulgarian: жребе́ (žrebé), dial. ждря́бе (ždrjábe), ждребе́ (ždrebé), жеребе (žerebe)

Macedonian: ждре́бе (ždrébe)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ждре̑бе, ждрије̑бе

Latin: ždrȇbe, ždrijȇbe

Slovene: žrebȅ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hřiebě

Czech: hříbě

Bohemian (Chod dialect): říbě

Old Polish: źrzebię

Polish: źrebię

Silesian: zdrzybiã

Slovak: žriebä

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: žrěbjo

Lower Sorbian: žrěbje

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷrebʰ-, with the suffix *-ę for forming names of young animals. Cognate with Ancient Greek βρέφος (bréphos).


baranъ

baranъ (nominative singular)
barana (dual nominative)
barani (nominative plural)
barana (genitive singular)
baranu (dual genitive)
baranъ (genitive plural)
baranu (dative singular)
baranoma (dative dual)
baranomъ (dative plural)
baranъ (accusative singular)
barana (accusative dual)
barany (accusative plural)
baranъmь (instrumental singular)
baranomь (instrumental singular)
baranoma (dual instrumental)
barany (instrumental plural)
baraně (locative singular)
baranu (dual locative)
baraněxъ (locative plural)
barane (singular vocative)
barana (dual vocative)
barani (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: баранъ (baranŭ), боранъ (boranŭ)

Old Ruthenian: бара́нъ (barán), бора́нъ (borán)

Belarusian: бара́н (barán)

Carpathian Rusyn: бара́н (barán)

Ukrainian: бара́н (barán)

Russian: бара́н (barán); бора́н (borán) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̀ран

Latin script: bàran

West Slavic:

Old Czech: beran, baran

Czech: beran

desctree

Old Polish: baran
Polish: baran
Silesian: barōn

Old Slovak: baran

Pannonian Rusyn: баран (baran)

Slovak: baran

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: baran

Slovincian: barón, baran

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: boran

Lower Sorbian: baran

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: bárány

Of uncertain non-Indo-European origin. Phonetically the best match is Old Turkic *baran (“walking, going”), from Proto-Turkic *baran (“one that goes”), but semantics are questionable (as well as the reason for borrowing such a common noun). If correct, one of very few Proto-Slavic loans from a Turkic language. Compare Albanian berr (“sheep”).


bykъ

bỹkъ (canonical masculine)
bỹkъ (nominative singular)
bȳkà (dual nominative)
bȳcì (nominative plural)
bȳkà (genitive singular)
bȳkù (dual genitive)
bỹkъ (genitive plural)
bȳkù (dative singular)
bȳkòma (dative dual)
bȳkòmъ (dative plural)
bỹkъ (accusative singular)
bȳkà (accusative dual)
bȳkỳ (accusative plural)
bȳkъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
bȳkòmь (instrumental singular)
bȳkòma (dual instrumental)
bỹky (instrumental plural)
bȳcě̀ (locative singular)
bȳkù (dual locative)
bỹcěxъ (locative plural)
byče (singular vocative)
bȳkà (dual vocative)
bȳcì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бꙑкъ (bykŭ)
Old Ruthenian: быкъ (byk)
Belarusian: бык (byk)
Carpathian Rusyn: бык (bŷk)
Ukrainian: бик (byk)
Russian: бык (byk), быкъ (byk) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Komi-Zyrian: бык (byk)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: бꙑкъ (bykŭ)

Bulgarian: бик (bik)

Macedonian: бик (bik)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: би̏к

Latin script: bȉk

Slovene: bȉk (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: býk

Czech: býk

Old Polish: byk
Polish: byk
Silesian: byk

Slovak: býk

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: byk

Lower Sorbian: byk

→ Yiddish: ביק (bik)

Unclear, but likely of onomatopoeic origin. Akin to Lithuanian bucêt (“to sound, to buzz”), Latvian bukti (“to moo”), bukas (“bittern”) and further to Welsh bugad (“lowing, bellowing”).
Comparable also to Proto-Turkic *buka (“bull”), Mongolian буга (buga, “reindeer”), Hungarian bika (“bull”).

unk

Unclear


lososь

lososь (nominative singular)
lososa (dual nominative)
lososi (nominative plural)
lososa (genitive singular)
lososu (dual genitive)
lososь (genitive plural)
lososu (dative singular)
lososema (dative dual)
lososemъ (dative plural)
lososь (accusative singular)
lososa (accusative dual)
lososę̇ (accusative plural)
lososьmь (instrumental singular)
lososemь (instrumental singular)
lososema (dual instrumental)
lososi (instrumental plural)
lososi (locative singular)
lososu (dual locative)
lososixъ (locative plural)
lososu (singular vocative)
lososa (dual vocative)
lososi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: лосось (lososĭ), лосъ (losŭ)

Old Ruthenian: лосо́сь (losósʹ)

Belarusian: ласо́сь (lasósʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: ло́сос (lósos)

Ukrainian: лосо́сь (losósʹ)

Russian: лосо́сь (losósʹ), ло́сось (lósosʹ)

→ Yakut: лосось (losos)

Old Novgorodian: лосось (lososĭ)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: лосос (losos)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ло̏сос, ло̏с

Latin: lȍsos, lȍs

Slovene: lọ̑sos (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: losos

Czech: losos

Kashubian: łosos

Polish: łosoś

Slovak: losos

Slovincian: lôsôs

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łosos

Upper Sorbian: łosos

Non-Slavic languages:

→ Hungarian: lazac

Ossetian: лӕсӕг (læsæg) (early, from Sarmatian *lasaka-).

Romanian: lostriță (probably)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *laśas, from Proto-Indo-European *loḱs-os- (“salmon, trout”) or *laḱs-.
Baltic cognates include Latvian lasis, Lithuanian lašišà, Old Prussian *lalasso (misspelling of lasasso). Indo-European cognates include Proto-Germanic *lahsaz, and Tocharian B laks m (“fish”).


muxa

mùxa (canonical feminine)
mùxa (nominative singular)
mùśě (dual nominative)
mùxy (nominative plural)
mùxy (genitive singular)
mùxu (dual genitive)
mùxъ (genitive plural)
mùśě (dative singular)
mùxama (dative dual)
mùxamъ (dative plural)
mùxǫ (accusative singular)
mùśě (accusative dual)
mùxy (accusative plural)
mùxojǫ (instrumental singular)
mùxǭ (instrumental singular)
mùxama (dual instrumental)
mùxamī (instrumental plural)
mùśě (locative singular)
mùxu (dual locative)
mùxasъ (locative plural)
mùxaxъ (locative plural)
mùxo (singular vocative)
mùśě (dual vocative)
mùxy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: му́ха (múxa)

Russian: му́ха (múxa)

Ukrainian: му́ха (múxa)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: моуха (muxa)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱆⱈⰰ (muxa)

Bulgarian: муха́ (muhá)

Macedonian: мува (muva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: му̀ха, му̀ва

Latin: mùha, mùva

Slovene: múha (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: múcha

Czech: moucha

Old Slovak: mucha

Slovak: mucha

Pannonian Rusyn: муха (muxa)

Polabian: mauxo

Polish: mucha

Kashubian: mùcha

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mucha

Lower Sorbian: mucha

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *máušāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *mows-eh₂, from *mows-, *mus-, *mew-. Cognate with Lithuanian mùsė, dialectal musià, Latvian muša, Latin musca, Ancient Greek μυῖα (muîa), German Mücke, English midge.


astrębъ

àstrę̄bъ (canonical masculine)
àstrę̄bъ (nominative singular)
àstrę̄ba (dual nominative)
àstrę̄bi (nominative plural)
àstrę̄ba (genitive singular)
àstrę̄bu (dual genitive)
àstrę̄bъ (genitive plural)
àstrę̄bu (dative singular)
àstrę̄boma (dative dual)
àstrę̄bomъ (dative plural)
àstrę̄bъ (accusative singular)
àstrę̄ba (accusative dual)
àstrę̄by (accusative plural)
àstrę̄bъmь (instrumental singular)
àstrę̄bomь (instrumental singular)
àstrę̄boma (dual instrumental)
àstrę̄bȳ (instrumental plural)
àstrę̄bě (locative singular)
àstrę̄bu (dual locative)
àstrę̄bě̄xъ (locative plural)
àstrę̄be (singular vocative)
àstrę̄ba (dual vocative)
àstrę̄bi (plural vocative)
*àstrę̄bь (alternative)
*àstrě̄bъ (alternative)
*àsъtrę̄bъ (alternative)
*àsъtrě̄bъ (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: ꙗстрѧбъ (jastrębŭ), ꙗстребъ (jastrebŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́стребъ (jástreb), ꙗ́страбъ (jástrab) — Middle Belarusian
Belarusian: я́страб (jástrab)
Carpathian Rusyn: я́стряб (jástrjab), астря́б (astrjáb)
Ukrainian: я́стріб (jástrib), я́стреб (jástreb), астря́б (astrjáb) (dialectal)
⇒ Ukrainian: я́стер (jáster) (dialectal)

Russian: я́стреб (jástreb)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: я́стреб (jástreb)

Macedonian: јастреб (jastreb)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏стре̄б, ја̏стријеб

Latin script: jȁstrēb, jȁstrijeb

Slovene: jȃstreb (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jestřáb, jěstřáb

Czech: jestřáb

Old Polish: jastrząb, jestrząb

Polish: jastrząb

Silesian: jastrzōmb

Old Slovak: jastrab

Pannonian Rusyn: ястраб (jastrab)

Slovak: jastrab

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jastrzib

Slovincian: jastrzyb

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jastśeb

Upper Sorbian: jatřob

Suggested from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀśuptrembas, possibly from *h₁ōḱú-pth₂r̥, from *h₂eḱ-us (“swift, fast”) + the zero grade of *pter- (“wing”), whence Ancient Greek ὠκύπτερος (ōkúpteros, “swift-winged (hawk or falcon)”), Latin accipiter (“hawk”), and from the first word in the compound, Sanskrit आशु (āśú), Latin ōcior, Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús).


čajьka

čajьka (nominative singular)
čajьcě (dual nominative)
čajьky (nominative plural)
čajьky (genitive singular)
čajьku (dual genitive)
čajьkъ (genitive plural)
čajьcě (dative singular)
čajьkama (dative dual)
čajьkamъ (dative plural)
čajьkǫ (accusative singular)
čajьcě (accusative dual)
čajьky (accusative plural)
čajьkojǫ (instrumental singular)
čajьkǫ (instrumental singular)
čajьkama (dual instrumental)
čajьkami (instrumental plural)
čajьcě (locative singular)
čajьku (dual locative)
čajьkasъ (locative plural)
čajьkaxъ (locative plural)
čajьko (singular vocative)
čajьcě (dual vocative)
čajьky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: ча́йка (čájka)

Belarusian: ча́йка (čájka)

Ukrainian: ча́йка (čájka)

desctree

Russian: ча́йка (čájka)
→ Bezhta: чайка (čajka)
→ Southern Yukaghir: чайка (čajka)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ча́йка (čájka)

Macedonian: чајка (čajka)

Slovene: čájka

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čějka, čajka

Czech: čejka

Old Polish: czajka
Polish: czajka
Silesian: czajka

Slovak: čajka

From *čaja + *-ьka. The theory that it is from *čajьka (“biding, chasing”), from *čajati/*čajiti, is unlikely.


čapľa

čapľa (nominative singular)
čapľi (dual nominative)
čapľę̇ (nominative plural)
čapľę̇ (genitive singular)
čapľu (dual genitive)
čapľь (genitive plural)
čapľi (dative singular)
čapľama (dative dual)
čapľamъ (dative plural)
čapľǫ (accusative singular)
čapľi (accusative dual)
čapľę̇ (accusative plural)
čapľejǫ (instrumental singular)
čapľǫ (instrumental singular)
čapľama (dual instrumental)
čapľami (instrumental plural)
čapľi (locative singular)
čapľu (dual locative)
čapľasъ (locative plural)
čapľaxъ (locative plural)
čapľe (singular vocative)
čapľi (dual vocative)
čapľę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ча́пля (čáplja)

desc

Russian: ца́пля (cáplja), ча́пля (čáplja), чапу́ра (čapúra)

Ukrainian: ча́пля (čáplja)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ча́пла (čápla)

Macedonian: ча́пја (čápja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ча̏пља

Latin script: čȁplja

Slovene: čȃplja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čiepě, čěpě

Czech: čáp, čapla

desctree

Old Polish: czapla
Polish: czapla
Silesian: czapla

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czapla

Slovincian: czapla

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: čapla, čapula

Lower Sorbian: capla

From earlier *čapja, from *čapati, thus originally meaning "grabber".


kosъ

kȍsъ (canonical masculine)
kȍsъ (nominative singular)
kȍsa (dual nominative)
kȍsi (nominative plural)
kȍsa (genitive singular)
kosù (dual genitive)
kòsъ (genitive plural)
kȍsu (dative singular)
kosomà (dative dual)
kosòmъ (dative plural)
kȍsъ (accusative singular)
kȍsa (accusative dual)
kȍsy (accusative plural)
kȍsъmь (instrumental singular)
kȍsomь (instrumental singular)
kosomà (dual instrumental)
kosý (instrumental plural)
kȍsě (locative singular)
kosù (dual locative)
kosě̃xъ (locative plural)
kose (singular vocative)
kȍsa (dual vocative)
kȍsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: кос (kos) (archaic, dialectal)

Ukrainian: кіс (kis) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: кос (kos)

Macedonian: кос (kos)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̑с

Latin script: kȏs

Slovene: kọ̑s (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kos

Czech: kos

Polish: kos

Slovak: kos (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kós

Lower Sorbian: kós

Per Derksen, probably from an earlier *kopsъ, related to Ancient Greek κόψιχος (kópsikhos), κόσσυφος (kóssuphos), although the variation in the Greek forms suggests a pre-Greek substratum word.


kosъ

kȍsъ (canonical)
kosъ (masculine nominative singular)
kosa (feminine nominative singular)
koso (neuter nominative singular)
kosa (genitive masculine singular)
kosy (feminine genitive singular)
kosa (genitive neuter singular)
kosu (dative masculine singular)
kosě (dative feminine singular)
kosu (dative neuter singular)
kosъ (accusative masculine singular)
kosǫ (accusative feminine singular)
koso (accusative neuter singular)
kosomь (instrumental masculine singular)
kosojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
kosomь (instrumental neuter singular)
kosě (locative masculine singular)
kosě (feminine locative singular)
kosě (locative neuter singular)
kose (masculine singular vocative)
koso (feminine singular vocative)
koso (neuter singular vocative)
kosa (dual masculine nominative)
kosě (dual feminine nominative)
kosě (dual neuter nominative)
kosu (dual genitive masculine)
kosu (dual feminine genitive)
kosu (dual genitive neuter)
kosoma (dative dual masculine)
kosama (dative dual feminine)
kosoma (dative dual neuter)
kosa (accusative dual masculine)
kosě (accusative dual feminine)
kosě (accusative dual neuter)
kosoma (dual instrumental masculine)
kosama (dual feminine instrumental)
kosoma (dual instrumental neuter)
kosu (dual locative masculine)
kosu (dual feminine locative)
kosu (dual locative neuter)
kosa (dual masculine vocative)
kosě (dual feminine vocative)
kosě (dual neuter vocative)
kosi (masculine nominative plural)
kosy (feminine nominative plural)
kosa (neuter nominative plural)
kosъ (genitive masculine plural)
kosъ (feminine genitive plural)
kosъ (genitive neuter plural)
kosomъ (dative masculine plural)
kosamъ (dative feminine plural)
kosomъ (dative neuter plural)
kosy (accusative masculine plural)
kosy (accusative feminine plural)
kosa (accusative neuter plural)
kosy (instrumental masculine plural)
kosami (feminine instrumental plural)
kosy (instrumental neuter plural)
kosěxъ (locative masculine plural)
kosaxъ (feminine locative plural)
kosěxъ (locative neuter plural)
kosi (masculine plural vocative)
kosy (feminine plural vocative)
kosa (neuter plural vocative)
kosъjь (masculine nominative singular)
kosaja (feminine nominative singular)
kosoje (neuter nominative singular)
kosajego (genitive masculine singular)
kosyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
kosajego (genitive neuter singular)
kosujemu (dative masculine singular)
kosěji (dative feminine singular)
kosujemu (dative neuter singular)
kosъjь (accusative masculine singular)
kosǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
kosoje (accusative neuter singular)
kosyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
kosǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
kosyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
kosějemь (locative masculine singular)
kosěji (feminine locative singular)
kosějemь (locative neuter singular)
kosъjь (masculine singular vocative)
kosaja (feminine singular vocative)
kosoje (neuter singular vocative)
kosaja (dual masculine nominative)
kosěji (dual feminine nominative)
kosěji (dual neuter nominative)
kosuju (dual genitive masculine)
kosuju (dual feminine genitive)
kosuju (dual genitive neuter)
kosyjima (dative dual masculine)
kosyjima (dative dual feminine)
kosyjima (dative dual neuter)
kosaja (accusative dual masculine)
kosěji (accusative dual feminine)
kosěji (accusative dual neuter)
kosyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
kosyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
kosyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
kosuju (dual locative masculine)
kosuju (dual feminine locative)
kosuju (dual locative neuter)
kosaja (dual masculine vocative)
kosěji (dual feminine vocative)
kosěji (dual neuter vocative)
kosiji (masculine nominative plural)
kosyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
kosaja (neuter nominative plural)
kosъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
kosъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
kosъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
kosyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
kosyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
kosyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
kosyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
kosyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
kosaja (accusative neuter plural)
kosyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
kosyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
kosyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
kosyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
kosyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
kosyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
kosiji (masculine plural vocative)
kosyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
kosaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: косъ (kosŭ)

Belarusian: ко́сы (kósy)

Russian: косо́й (kosój)

Ukrainian: ко́сий (kósyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: косъ (kosŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱄⱏ (kosŭ)

Bulgarian: ко́с (kós)

Macedonian: кос (kos)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̑с

Latin script: kȏs

Slovene: kọ̑s (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Czech: kosý

Polish: kosy

Slovak: kosý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kosy

Upper Sorbian: kosy

Continues Proto-Indo-European *kosós (possibly Proto-Indo-European *kosús, based on the doublet *kosvenъ), from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to scratch”) or depalatalized Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to castrate, to prune”).


vorna

vòrna (canonical feminine)
vòrna (nominative singular)
vòrně (dual nominative)
vòrny (nominative plural)
vòrny (genitive singular)
vòrnu (dual genitive)
vòrnъ (genitive plural)
vòrně (dative singular)
vòrnama (dative dual)
vòrnamъ (dative plural)
vòrnǫ (accusative singular)
vòrně (accusative dual)
vòrny (accusative plural)
vòrnojǫ (instrumental singular)
vòrnǭ (instrumental singular)
vòrnama (dual instrumental)
vòrnamī (instrumental plural)
vòrně (locative singular)
vòrnu (dual locative)
vòrnasъ (locative plural)
vòrnaxъ (locative plural)
vòrno (singular vocative)
vòrně (dual vocative)
vòrny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ворона (vorona)

Old Ruthenian: ворона (vorona)

Belarusian: варо́на (varóna)

Ukrainian: воро́на (voróna)

Russian: воро́на (voróna)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: вра́на (vrána)

Macedonian: врана (vrana)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вра̏на

Latin script: vrȁna

Slovene: vrána (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrána

Czech: vrána

Moravian (Mistřice): vrana

Kashubian: wrona, warna

Polabian: vorno

Old Polish: wrona

Polish: wrona

Slovak: vrana

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wróna


vornъ

vȏrnъ (canonical masculine)
vȏrnъ (nominative singular)
vȏrna (dual nominative)
vȏrni (nominative plural)
vȏrna (genitive singular)
vornù (dual genitive)
võrnъ (genitive plural)
vȏrnu (dative singular)
vornomà (dative dual)
vornòmъ (dative plural)
vȏrnъ (accusative singular)
vȏrna (accusative dual)
vȏrny (accusative plural)
vȏrnъmь (instrumental singular)
vȏrnomь (instrumental singular)
vornomà (dual instrumental)
vorný (instrumental plural)
vȏrně (locative singular)
vornù (dual locative)
vorně̃xъ (locative plural)
vorne (singular vocative)
vȏrna (dual vocative)
vȏrni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: во́ран (vóran)

Russian: во́рон (vóron)

Ukrainian: во́рон (vóron)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вранъ (vranŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вра̑н

Latin script: vrȃn

Slovene: vrȃn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Lower Sorbian: wron


žьlna

žьlnà (nominative singular)
žь̃lně (dual nominative)
žьlnỳ (nominative plural)
žьlnỳ (genitive singular)
žьlnù (dual genitive)
žь̃lnъ (genitive plural)
žьlně̀ (dative singular)
žьlnàma (dative dual)
žьlnàmъ (dative plural)
žьlnǫ̀ (accusative singular)
žь̃lně (accusative dual)
žьlnỳ (accusative plural)
žьlnòjǫ (instrumental singular)
žь̃lnǫ (instrumental singular)
žьlnàma (dual instrumental)
žьlnàmī (instrumental plural)
žьlně̀ (locative singular)
žьlnù (dual locative)
žьlnàsъ (locative plural)
žьlnàxъ (locative plural)
žьlno (singular vocative)
žь̃lně (dual vocative)
žьlnỳ (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: жлъна (žlŭna) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *жьлна (*žĭlna)

Belarusian: жаўна́ (žaŭná)

Russian: желна́ (želná)

Ukrainian: жо́вна (žóvna)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жълна́ (žǎlná)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жуна

Latin script: žuna

Slovene: žółna (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: žluna

Czech: žluna

Moravian (Mistřice): žuna

Kashubian: żôłna

Polish: żołna

Slovak: žlna

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: žołma

Lower Sorbian: žołma

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gilˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European root:
:* *gʷelH- (“torment, sting”). Related to *žalь (“pity, regret”), *želěti (“to regret”), *želja (“grief”).
:* *ǵʰelh₃-. Related to *žьltъ (“yellow”), *zelenъ (“green”).
Cognate with Lithuanian gilnà (“green woodpecker”), Latvian dzil̂na (“woodpecker”)


gadъ

gàdъ (canonical masculine)
*gada (alternative)
gàdъ (nominative singular)
gàda (dual nominative)
gàdi (nominative plural)
gàda (genitive singular)
gàdu (dual genitive)
gàdъ (genitive plural)
gàdu (dative singular)
gàdoma (dative dual)
gàdomъ (dative plural)
gàdъ (accusative singular)
gàda (accusative dual)
gàdy (accusative plural)
gàdъmь (instrumental singular)
gàdomь (instrumental singular)
gàdoma (dual instrumental)
gàdȳ (instrumental plural)
gàdě (locative singular)
gàdu (dual locative)
gàdě̄xъ (locative plural)
gàde (singular vocative)
gàda (dual vocative)
gàdi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гадъ (gadŭ)

Old Ruthenian: гадъ (had)

Belarusian: гад (had)

Carpathian Rusyn: гад (had)

Ukrainian: гад (had)

Russian: гад (gad)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: гадъ (gadŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⰰⰴⱏ (gadŭ)

Bulgarian: гад (gad) (standard); гат (gat) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гад (gad)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̏д

Latin script: gȁd

Slovene: gàd, gàda f

West Slavic:

Old Czech: had

Czech: had

Kashubian: gôd

Polabian: god

Polish: gad

Old Slovak: had

Pannonian Rusyn: гад (had)

Slovak: had

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: had

Lower Sorbian: gad

Commonly associated with Lithuanian gė́da (“shame”), Old Prussian gīdan (“shame, disgrace”), Proto-West Germanic *kwād (“dirt, mud; bad”), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₁dʰ- (“to defile”). Related native terms with root vowel *-y- (*gyda, *gydъkъ, etc.) evince for a possible obscure *-w- in the root, which gets assimilated by the labiovelar *gʷ- in non-zero grades: *gʷ(w)[e/o]H- ~ *gʷuH- + *-dʰ-. If right, then perhaps further akin to Proto-Slavic *govьno (“turd”), *gavědь (“unordered, disorganized group; wild stock”).
Less accepted hypotheses draw comparisons with Ancient Greek γάδος (gádos, “cod”), Latin gadus (“gadiform”) (whence English cod), often considered of substrate origin, or with Sanskrit नाग (nāgá, “serpent”) (per Machek).

der

→ reptile, serpent

→ bug, pest, vermin

creep (generic eerie or disgusting creature)

gvazdati

to stain, to waste; to slander, to babble nonsense


zmьjь

zmь̀jь (canonical masculine)
zmь̀jь (nominative singular)
zmьja (dual nominative)
zmьji (nominative plural)
zmьja (genitive singular)
zmьju (dual genitive)
zmьjь (genitive plural)
zmьju (dative singular)
zmьjema (dative dual)
zmьjemъ (dative plural)
zmь̀jь (accusative singular)
zmьja (accusative dual)
zmьję̇ (accusative plural)
zmьjьmь (instrumental singular)
zmьjemь (instrumental singular)
zmьjema (dual instrumental)
zmьji (instrumental plural)
zmьji (locative singular)
zmьju (dual locative)
zmьjixъ (locative plural)
zmьju (singular vocative)
zmьja (dual vocative)
zmьji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: змии (zmii), змьи (zmĭi), змѣи (změi)
Old Ruthenian: змей (zmej), змий (zmij)
Belarusian: змей (zmjej)
Carpathian Rusyn: змій (zmij)
Ukrainian: змій (zmij)
Russian: змей (zmej) (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: змии (zmii)

→ Russian: змий (zmij)

Bulgarian: змей (zmej)

Macedonian: змеј (zmej)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зма̏ј

Latin script: zmȁj

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: zmáj, zmȃj, zmȁj (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: zmije

Polish: żmij

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zmij

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: zmeu

Related to *zmьja and ultimately *zemľa, reflecting an original meaning of "animal which lives in the ground". "eats from the earth or eats the earth"
For the semantic development within Indo-European, compare Kamkata-viri babístë, bibímstë (“snake”) < earlier *pa-bǘm stë (“being in the ground”).


zmьja

zmьjà (canonical feminine)
zmьjà (nominative singular)
zmьji (dual nominative)
zmьję̇ (nominative plural)
zmьję̇ (genitive singular)
zmьju (dual genitive)
zmьjь (genitive plural)
zmьji (dative singular)
zmьjama (dative dual)
zmьjamъ (dative plural)
zmьjǫ (accusative singular)
zmьji (accusative dual)
zmьję̇ (accusative plural)
zmьjejǫ (instrumental singular)
zmьjǫ (instrumental singular)
zmьjama (dual instrumental)
zmьjami (instrumental plural)
zmьji (locative singular)
zmьju (dual locative)
zmьjasъ (locative plural)
zmьjaxъ (locative plural)
zmьje (singular vocative)
zmьji (dual vocative)
zmьję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: змяя́ (zmjajá)

Russian: змея́ (zmejá)

Ukrainian: змія́ (zmijá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: змиꙗ (zmija)

Bulgarian: змия́ (zmijá)

Macedonian: змија (zmija)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: змѝја

Latin script: zmìja

Slovene: zmija

West Slavic:

Czech: zmije

Kashubian: żnija, znija

desctree

Old Polish: źmija
Polish: żmija
Silesian: żmija

Slovak: zmija

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zmija

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (see more in *zmьjь, *zemľa).


gňida

gňìda (canonical feminine)
gňìda (nominative singular)
gňìdě (dual nominative)
gňìdy (nominative plural)
gňìdy (genitive singular)
gňìdu (dual genitive)
gňìdъ (genitive plural)
gňìdě (dative singular)
gňìdama (dative dual)
gňìdamъ (dative plural)
gňìdǫ (accusative singular)
gňìdě (accusative dual)
gňìdy (accusative plural)
gňìdojǫ (instrumental singular)
gňìdǭ (instrumental singular)
gňìdama (dual instrumental)
gňìdamī (instrumental plural)
gňìdě (locative singular)
gňìdu (dual locative)
gňìdasъ (locative plural)
gňìdaxъ (locative plural)
gňìdo (singular vocative)
gňìdě (dual vocative)
gňìdy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: гні́да (hnída)

Russian: гни́да (gnída)

Ukrainian: гни́да (hnýda)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гни́да (gnída)

Macedonian: гнида (gnida)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гњи̏да

Latin script: gnjȉda

Slovene: gnída (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hnida

Czech: hnida

Bohemian (Chod dialect): hnída

Moravian (Mistřice): hňida

Polabian: gnaidă

Polish: gnida

Slovak: hnida

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hnida

Lower Sorbian: gnida

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gnī́ˀdāˀ; cognate with Lithuanian gni̇́da, Latvian gnĩda.

Moscow
Nauka (publisher)
Rick Derksen
Vladimir I. Georgiev


komarъ

komãrъ (canonical masculine)
*komarь ~ *komařь (alternative)
komãrъ (nominative singular)
komārà (dual nominative)
komārì (nominative plural)
komārà (genitive singular)
komārù (dual genitive)
komãrъ (genitive plural)
komārù (dative singular)
komāròma (dative dual)
komāròmъ (dative plural)
komãrъ (accusative singular)
komārà (accusative dual)
komārỳ (accusative plural)
komārъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
komāròmь (instrumental singular)
komāròma (dual instrumental)
komãry (instrumental plural)
komārě̀ (locative singular)
komārù (dual locative)
komãrěxъ (locative plural)
komare (singular vocative)
komārà (dual vocative)
komārì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: комаръ (komarŭ)

Belarusian: кама́р (kamár)

Russian: кома́р (komár), кома́ръ (komár) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Yakut: кумаар (kumaar)
Dolgan: кумаар (kumaar)
→ Yiddish: קאָמאַר (komar)

Ukrainian: кома́р (komár)

Old East Slavic: *комарь (*komarĭ)

Russian: кома́рь (komárʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: кома́рь (komárʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: комаръ (komarŭ), комарь (komarĭ)

Bulgarian: кома́р (komár)

Macedonian: комар (komar)

Serbo-Croatian: (dated)

Cyrillic script: ко̀ма̄р

Latin script: kòmār

Slovene: komár (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: komár

Old Polish: komar, komor
Polish: komar

Slovak: komár

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: komar

Upper Sorbian: komor

Most likely from the onomatopoeic root Proto-Indo-European *komH- (“to hum”) + *-arъ. Brückner and Skok tentatively consider an original or-stem (perhaps Proto-Indo-European *komHṓr ~ *komHorés?) in view of archaic descendants with o-grade ending (e.g. Old Polish komor, komór).
Cognate with Lithuanian kamanė (“bumblebee”), Latvian kamene (“bumblebee”), Old Prussian camus (“bumblebee”) and akin via another root grade to Proto-Slavic *čьmeľь (“bumblebee”), Proto-Germanic *humelaz (“bumblebee”).


rakъ

ràkъ (canonical masculine)
ràkъ (nominative singular)
ràka (dual nominative)
ràci (nominative plural)
ràka (genitive singular)
ràku (dual genitive)
ràkъ (genitive plural)
ràku (dative singular)
ràkoma (dative dual)
ràkomъ (dative plural)
ràkъ (accusative singular)
ràka (accusative dual)
ràky (accusative plural)
ràkъmь (instrumental singular)
ràkomь (instrumental singular)
ràkoma (dual instrumental)
ràkȳ (instrumental plural)
ràcě (locative singular)
ràku (dual locative)
ràcě̄xъ (locative plural)
ràče (singular vocative)
ràka (dual vocative)
ràci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ракъ (rakŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: ракъ (rak)
Belarusian: рак (rak)
Carpathian Rusyn: рак (rak)
Ukrainian: рак (rak)

Russian: рак (rak)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ракъ (rakŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⰰⰽⱏ (rakŭ)

Bulgarian: рак (rak)

Macedonian: рак (rak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̏к

Latin script: rȁk

Slovene: rak

(Črni vrh, Idrija): rḁ̏k

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rak

Czech: rak

Bohemian (Chod dialect): rák

Kashubian: rek

Old Polish: rak

Polish: rak

→ Swedish: räka, räkior pl (1685)

→ Old Danish: rækæ

Danish: reje, ræge

→ Greenlandic: raaja

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rækja f, ræka f

→ Icelandic: rækja f

→ Faroese: rækja f

desc

→ Norwegian: (dialectal) ræk, reik, reikje f, ræg n

→ Norwegian Bokmål: reke m or f

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: reke f

Slovak: rak

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: rak

Lower Sorbian: rak

Non-Slavic:

Baltic:

→? Old Prussian: rokis

→? Lithuanian: rõkis, rókis

→ Hungarian: rák

→ Romanian: rac

Disputed. According to one hypothesis, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rṓˀkas, from Proto-Indo-European *wre-h₃kʷo-s (“looking backwards”), composed of the elements *wre- (“back”) (compare Latin re-) and *-h₃kʷ- (“looking, appearing”). Cognate with Old Prussian rokis (“crayfish”) and dialectal Lithuanian rõkis, rókis, but according to Derksen these are borrowings from Slavic. Compare instead Lithuanian érkė and Latvian ērce, both meaning “tick”. Alternatively, of substrate origin.


gojiti

gojìti (canonical)
gojenьje (noun-from-verb)
gojiti (infinitive)
gojitъ (supine)
gojilъ (l-participle)
gojenъ (participle passive past)
gojimъ (participle passive present)
gojь (active participle past)
goję (active participle present)
gojixъ (aorist first-person singular)
goji (aorist second-person singular)
goji (aorist singular third-person)
gojǫ (first-person present singular)
gojiši (present second-person singular)
gojitь (present singular third-person)
gojixově (aorist dual first-person)
gojista (aorist dual second-person)
gojiste (aorist dual third-person)
gojivě (dual first-person present)
gojita (dual present second-person)
gojite (dual present third-person)
gojixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gojiste (aorist plural second-person)
gojišę (aorist plural third-person)
gojimъ (first-person plural present)
gojite (plural present second-person)
gojętь (plural present third-person)
gojaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gojaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gojaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
goji (imperative second-person singular)
goji (imperative singular third-person)
gojaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gojaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gojaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gojivě (dual first-person imperative)
gojita (dual imperative second-person)
gojaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gojaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gojaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gojite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гоити (goiti)

Russian: го́ить (góitʹ)

Ukrainian: го́їти (hójity)

Belarusian: гаіць (haicʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гоя́ (gojá)

Macedonian: гои (goi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: го̀јити

Latin script: gòjiti

Slovene: gojīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hojiti

Czech: hojit

Polish: goić

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: gòjic

Slovincian: gôjic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hojić

Lower Sorbian: gójś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gájīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷoyh₃-éye-ti, causative of *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).


gromada

gromada (nominative singular)
gromadě (dual nominative)
gromady (nominative plural)
gromady (genitive singular)
gromadu (dual genitive)
gromadъ (genitive plural)
gromadě (dative singular)
gromadama (dative dual)
gromadamъ (dative plural)
gromadǫ (accusative singular)
gromadě (accusative dual)
gromady (accusative plural)
gromadojǫ (instrumental singular)
gromadǫ (instrumental singular)
gromadama (dual instrumental)
gromadami (instrumental plural)
gromadě (locative singular)
gromadu (dual locative)
gromadasъ (locative plural)
gromadaxъ (locative plural)
gromado (singular vocative)
gromadě (dual vocative)
gromady (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: грамада́ (hramadá)

Russian: грома́да (gromáda)

Carpathian Rusyn: грома́да (hromáda)

Ukrainian: грома́да (hromáda)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: грамада (gramada)

Bulgarian: грама́да (gramáda)

Macedonian: грамада (gramada)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: грома́да

Latin script: gromáda

Slovene: grmáda

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hromada

Czech: hromada

Polish: gromada

Old Slovak: hromada

Pannonian Rusyn: громада (hromada)

Slovak: hromada

Sorbian

Lower Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hromada

→ Albanian: gërmadhë

→ Romanian: grămadă

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂gr-om-, from *h₂ger-. Cognate with Lithuanian grùmulas (“lump”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *grā́mas (“village, town, community”).


žuriti

žurìti (canonical)
žuřenьje (noun-from-verb)
žuriti (infinitive)
žuritъ (supine)
žurilъ (l-participle)
žuřenъ (participle passive past)
žurimъ (participle passive present)
žuřь (active participle past)
žurę (active participle present)
žurixъ (aorist first-person singular)
žuri (aorist second-person singular)
žuri (aorist singular third-person)
žuřǫ (first-person present singular)
žuriši (present second-person singular)
žuritь (present singular third-person)
žurixově (aorist dual first-person)
žurista (aorist dual second-person)
žuriste (aorist dual third-person)
žurivě (dual first-person present)
žurita (dual present second-person)
žurite (dual present third-person)
žurixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žuriste (aorist plural second-person)
žurišę (aorist plural third-person)
žurimъ (first-person plural present)
žurite (plural present second-person)
žurętь (plural present third-person)
žuřaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žuřaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žuřaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žuri (imperative second-person singular)
žuri (imperative singular third-person)
žuřaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žuřaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žuřaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žurivě (dual first-person imperative)
žurita (dual imperative second-person)
žuřaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žuřaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žuřaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žurimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žurite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: журы́цца (žurýcca)

Russian: жури́ть (žurítʹ)

Ukrainian: жури́ти (žurýty)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жу́рити

Latin script: žúriti

Slovene: žúriti se (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: zuřit

Old Polish: żurzyć

Polish: żurzyć się (obsolete)

Slovak: žúriť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zuriś

Often derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰewro- and thus cognate with Sanskrit घोर (ghorá, “terrible, terrifying”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 (gaurs, “sad”), 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaurjan), Old High German gōrag, Old Irish gúrе.
An alternative possibility is derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ǵewH- (“force, drive”) and thus cognate with Sanskrit जू (jū, “drive, impel, hurry”), Persian زود (zud, “quick, rapid”), and perhaps Old Norse keyra (“drive”).


dolъ

dȍlъ (canonical masculine)
dȍlъ (nominative singular)
dȍla (dual nominative)
dȍli (nominative plural)
dȍla (genitive singular)
dolù (dual genitive)
dòlъ (genitive plural)
dȍlu (dative singular)
dolomà (dative dual)
dolòmъ (dative plural)
dȍlъ (accusative singular)
dȍla (accusative dual)
dȍly (accusative plural)
dȍlъmь (instrumental singular)
dȍlomь (instrumental singular)
dolomà (dual instrumental)
dolý (instrumental plural)
dȍlě (locative singular)
dolù (dual locative)
dolě̃xъ (locative plural)
dole (singular vocative)
dȍla (dual vocative)
dȍli (plural vocative)
dȍlъ (nominative singular)
dȍly (dual nominative)
dȍlove (nominative plural)
dȍlu (genitive singular)
dolovù (dual genitive)
dolòvъ (genitive plural)
dȍlovi (dative singular)
dolъmà (dative dual)
dȍlъmъ (dative plural)
dȍlъ (accusative singular)
dȍly (accusative dual)
dȍly (accusative plural)
dȍlъmь (instrumental singular)
dolъmà (dual instrumental)
dolъmì (instrumental plural)
dolú (locative singular)
dolovù (dual locative)
dȍlъxъ (locative plural)
dolu (singular vocative)
dȍly (dual vocative)
dȍlove (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: долъ (dolŭ)

Old Ruthenian: долъ (dol)

Belarusian: дол (dol)

Ukrainian: діл (dil)

Russian: дол (dol) (poetic)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: долъ (dolŭ)

Bulgarian: дол (dol)

Macedonian: дол (dol)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: до̑л, до̑

Latin script: dȏl, dȏ

Slovene: dọ̑ł, dȏł (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dól

Czech: důl

desctree

Old Polish: dół
Polish: dół
Silesian: dōł

Old Slovak: dol

Pannonian Rusyn: дол (dol) (obsolete)

Slovak: dol (archaic)

Polabian: döl

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dół

Slovincian: dól

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: doł

Upper Sorbian: doł

Non-Slavic:

⇒ Romanian: dolie

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *dalą ~ *dalaz n or m (“valley”), Welsh dôl f (“valley”), suggesting Proto-Indo-European *dʰól(h₂)os (“valley; vault, cavity”). Relation with Ancient Greek θόλος (thólos, “round building”) or borrowing from Germanic is usually rejected.
The adverb was derived from the accusative of the noun.

cog

(North Slavic) bottom (low part of something)


dolъ

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: дол (dol, “begone!, out!”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: дол (dol) (dialectal)

Slovene: dól (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: důl (dialectal)

Slovak: dol (rare, poetic)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: doł (dated)


boršьno

bȏršьno (canonical neuter)
bȏršьno (nominative singular)
bȏršьně (dual nominative)
boršьnà (nominative plural)
bȏršьna (genitive singular)
boršьnù (dual genitive)
boršь̀nъ (genitive plural)
bȏršьnu (dative singular)
boršьnomà (dative dual)
boršьnòmъ (dative plural)
bȏršьno (accusative singular)
bȏršьně (accusative dual)
boršьnà (accusative plural)
bȏršьnъmь (instrumental singular)
bȏršьnomь (instrumental singular)
boršьnomà (dual instrumental)
boršьný (instrumental plural)
bȏršьně (locative singular)
boršьnù (dual locative)
boršьně̃xъ (locative plural)
boršьno (singular vocative)
bȏršьně (dual vocative)
boršьnà (plural vocative)

Jaroslav Rudnyckyj
Marko Snoj
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
Vladimir I. Georgiev
ru:Аникин, Александр Евгеньевич
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: борошьно (borošĭno, “food (made with flour)”)

Old Ruthenian: бо́рошно (bórošno, “flour”)

Ukrainian: бо́рошно (bórošno, “flour”)

Russian: бо́рошно (bórošno, “rye flour”), борошня f (borošnja), брошно́ (brošnó) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: брашьно (brašĭno)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱃⰰⱎⱐⱀⱁ (brašĭno)

Bulgarian: брашно́ (brašnó), (dialectal) бра́шно (brášno), бра́шну (brášnu)

Macedonian: брашно (brašno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бра̏шно, бра̏шњо (dialectal)

Latin script: brȁšno, brȁšnjo (dialectal)

Slovene: brášnọ, bréšnọ, brȃšnja f

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *baršina, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorsinóm n, from *bʰors-i(H)n- (“spike, prickle”), from *bʰers- (“top, tip, point”).
Cognate with Latvian barĩba (“food”), which is from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bar(š)-ība < *baršina; Latin fārīna f (“flour”), which is from Proto-Italic *farsīnā). Other cognates include Latin far n (“flour”), English barley, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (barizeins, “barley”, adjective), Old Norse barr m (“grain”), Old Irish bairgen f (“bread, loaf”), Welsh bara (“bread”).


voskъ

vòskъ (canonical)
vȍskъ (canonical masculine)
vòskъ (nominative singular)
voskà (dual nominative)
voscì (nominative plural)
voskà (genitive singular)
voskù (dual genitive)
vòskъ (genitive plural)
voskù (dative singular)
voskòma (dative dual)
voskòmъ (dative plural)
vòskъ (accusative singular)
voskà (accusative dual)
voskỳ (accusative plural)
voskъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
voskòmь (instrumental singular)
voskòma (dual instrumental)
vòsky (instrumental plural)
voscě̀ (locative singular)
voskù (dual locative)
vòscěxъ (locative plural)
vošče (singular vocative)
voskà (dual vocative)
voscì (plural vocative)
vȍskъ (nominative singular)
vȍska (dual nominative)
vȍsci (nominative plural)
vȍska (genitive singular)
voskù (dual genitive)
vòskъ (genitive plural)
vȍsku (dative singular)
voskomà (dative dual)
voskòmъ (dative plural)
vȍskъ (accusative singular)
vȍska (accusative dual)
vȍsky (accusative plural)
vȍskъmь (instrumental singular)
vȍskomь (instrumental singular)
voskomà (dual instrumental)
voský (instrumental plural)
vȍscě (locative singular)
voskù (dual locative)
voscě̃xъ (locative plural)
vošče (singular vocative)
vȍska (dual vocative)
vȍsci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воскъ (voskŭ)

Old Ruthenian: воскъ (vosk)

Belarusian: во́ск (vósk)

Ukrainian: ві́ск (vísk)

Russian: во́ск (vósk)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: воскъ (voskŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰲⱁⱄⰽⱏ (voskŭ)

Bulgarian: восък (vosǎk)

Macedonian: восок (vosok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: во̏сак

Latin script: vȍsak

Slovene: vọ̑sək (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vosk

Czech: vosk

Old Polish: wosk

Polish: wosk

Polabian: våsk

Slovak: vosk

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wósk

Lower Sorbian: wósk


gatati

gatàti (canonical imperfective)
gatanьje (noun-from-verb)
gatati (infinitive)
gatatъ (supine)
gatalъ (l-participle)
gatanъ (participle passive past)
gatajemъ (participle passive present)
gatavъ (active participle past)
gataję (active participle present)
gataxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gata (aorist second-person singular)
gata (aorist singular third-person)
gatajǫ (first-person present singular)
gataješi (present second-person singular)
gatajetь (present singular third-person)
gataxově (aorist dual first-person)
gatasta (aorist dual second-person)
gataste (aorist dual third-person)
gatajevě (dual first-person present)
gatajeta (dual present second-person)
gatajete (dual present third-person)
gataxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gataste (aorist plural second-person)
gatašę (aorist plural third-person)
gatajemъ (first-person plural present)
gatajete (plural present second-person)
gatajǫtь (plural present third-person)
gataaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gataaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gataaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gataji (imperative second-person singular)
gataji (imperative singular third-person)
gataaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gataašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gataašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gatajivě (dual first-person imperative)
gatajita (dual imperative second-person)
gataaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gataašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gataaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gatajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gatajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Middle Russian: гатити (gatiti, “to invigorate, to speak excitedly”) (causative)

Russian: гатать (gatatʹ, “to speak crypticly”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гатати (gatati)

→ Old East Slavic: гатати (gatati, “to predict”)

Bulgarian: га́там (gátam, “to foretell”) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гата (gata)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га́тати

Latin script: gátati

Slovene: gátati (tonal orthography) (rare)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: gatać

Traditionally linked to Proto-Indo-Iranian *gaHtʰás (“hymn”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃- (“to call, to sing”) + *-th₂ós, verbalized with native *-ati. Alternative interpretations suggest descent from *gʷet- (“to talk”) (whence Proto-Germanic *kweþaną (“to say”)).

affix

to tell, to recite, to narrate (Northern Slavic)

(by extension) to tell fortunes (South Slavic)


sěděti

sědě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěděnьje (noun-from-verb)
sěděti (infinitive)
sědětъ (supine)
sědělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěděvъ (active participle past)
sědę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sědě (aorist second-person singular)
sědě (aorist singular third-person)
sěďǫ (first-person present singular)
sědiši (present second-person singular)
sěditь (present singular third-person)
sěděxově (aorist dual first-person)
sěděsta (aorist dual second-person)
sěděste (aorist dual third-person)
sědivě (dual first-person present)
sědita (dual present second-person)
sědite (dual present third-person)
sěděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěděste (aorist plural second-person)
sěděšę (aorist plural third-person)
sědimъ (first-person plural present)
sědite (plural present second-person)
sědętь (plural present third-person)
sěděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sěděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sěděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sědi (imperative second-person singular)
sědi (imperative singular third-person)
sěděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sěděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sěděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sědivě (dual first-person imperative)
sědita (dual imperative second-person)
sěděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sěděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sěděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sědimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sědite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣдѣти (sěděti)

Belarusian: сядзе́ць (sjadzjécʹ)

Russian: сиде́ть (sidétʹ)

Ukrainian: сиді́ти (sydíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сѣдѣти (sěděti)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱑⰴⱑⱅⰻ (sěděti)

Bulgarian: седя́ (sedjá)

Macedonian: се́ди (sédi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сѐдети, сјѐдјети/сјѐдити

Latin: sèdeti, sjèdjeti/sjèditi

Slovene: sedẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sěděti
Czech: sedět

desctree

Old Polish: siedzieć
Polish: siedzieć, siedzić (Near Masovian, Kielce)
Silesian: siedzieć

Old Slovak: sedieť

Pannonian Rusyn: шедзиц (šedzic)

Slovak: sedieť

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: sedzec

Slovincian: sêdzec

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sedźeć

Lower Sorbian: sejźeś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sēdḗˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *sed-éh₁-ye-ti, from *sed- by Winter's law, or directly from the lengthened Narten root *sḗd-.
Cognate with Latvian sēdēt, Lithuanian sėdėti.


žeťi

žeťì (canonical imperfective)
žegnǫti (perfective)
*žegti (alternative)
*žьgаti (alternative)
c (accent-paradigm)
žeženьje (noun-from-verb)
žeťi (infinitive)
žeťь (supine)
žeglъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
žeženъ (participle passive past)
žьgomъ (participle passive present)
žegъ (active participle past)
žьgy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
žegъ (aorist first-person singular)
žegoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žeže (aorist second-person singular)
žeže (aorist singular third-person)
žьgǫ (first-person present singular)
žьžeši (present second-person singular)
žьžetь (present singular third-person)
žegově (aorist dual first-person)
žegoxově (aorist dual first-person)
žegeta (aorist dual second-person)
žegosta (aorist dual second-person)
žegete (aorist dual third-person)
žegoste (aorist dual third-person)
žьževě (dual first-person present)
žьžeta (dual present second-person)
žьžete (dual present third-person)
žegomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žegoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žegete (aorist plural second-person)
žegoste (aorist plural second-person)
žegǫ (aorist plural third-person)
žegošę (aorist plural third-person)
žьžemъ (first-person plural present)
žьžete (plural present second-person)
žьgǫtь (plural present third-person)
žьžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žьžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žьžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žьdzi (imperative second-person singular)
žьdzi (imperative singular third-person)
žьžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žьžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žьžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žьdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
žьdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
žьžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žьžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žьžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žьdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
žьdzěte (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
žeženьje (noun-from-verb)
žeťi (infinitive)
žeťь (supine)
žeglъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
žeženъ (participle passive past)
žegomъ (participle passive present)
žegъ (active participle past)
žegy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
žegъ (aorist first-person singular)
žegoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žeže (aorist second-person singular)
žeže (aorist singular third-person)
žegǫ (first-person present singular)
žežeši (present second-person singular)
žežetь (present singular third-person)
žegově (aorist dual first-person)
žegoxově (aorist dual first-person)
žegeta (aorist dual second-person)
žegosta (aorist dual second-person)
žegete (aorist dual third-person)
žegoste (aorist dual third-person)
žeževě (dual first-person present)
žežeta (dual present second-person)
žežete (dual present third-person)
žegomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žegoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žegete (aorist plural second-person)
žegoste (aorist plural second-person)
žegǫ (aorist plural third-person)
žegošę (aorist plural third-person)
žežemъ (first-person plural present)
žežete (plural present second-person)
žegǫtь (plural present third-person)
žežaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žežaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žežaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žьdzi (imperative second-person singular)
žьdzi (imperative singular third-person)
žežaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žežaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žežaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žьdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
žьdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
žežaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žežaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žežaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žьdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
žьdzěte (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
žeženьje (noun-from-verb)
žeťi (infinitive)
žeťь (supine)
žeglъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
žeženъ (participle passive past)
žegomъ (participle passive present)
žegъ (active participle past)
žegy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
žaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žeže (aorist second-person singular)
žeže (aorist singular third-person)
žegǫ (first-person present singular)
žežeši (present second-person singular)
žežetь (present singular third-person)
žaxově (aorist dual first-person)
žasta (aorist dual second-person)
žaste (aorist dual third-person)
žeževě (dual first-person present)
žežeta (dual present second-person)
žežete (dual present third-person)
žaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žaste (aorist plural second-person)
žašę (aorist plural third-person)
žežemъ (first-person plural present)
žežete (plural present second-person)
žegǫtь (plural present third-person)
žežaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žežaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žežaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žьdzi (imperative second-person singular)
žьdzi (imperative singular third-person)
žežaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žežaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žežaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žьdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
žьdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
žežaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žežaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žežaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žьdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
žьdzěte (imperative plural second-person)

Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen
cs:Příruční slovník jazyka českého
cs:Český etymologický slovník

East Slavic:

Belarusian: джгаць (džhacʹ)

Russian: жечь (žečʹ)

Ukrainian: жегчи́ (žehčý) (dated), жегти́ (žehtý) (dated)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

q

Cyrillic: жещи (žešti) (both 1p. sg. pres. жегѫ (žegǫ) and жьгѫ (žĭgǫ) are attested)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: жежа́ (žežá), dial. же́гам (žégam)

Macedonian: жеже (žeže)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жѐћи

Latin script: žèći

Slovene: žgáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: žéci

desc

Czech: žéci (obsolete), žíci (obsolete), ⇒ žhnout

Old Polish: żec

Polish: żec (obsolete), dźgać, żgać

⇒ Silesian: żgać

From earlier *gegti, reflecting an irregular change *d > *g from *degti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *degtéi, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰégʷʰeti. Cognate with Lithuanian dègti, Latvian degt, Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰáǰʰati, Albanian djeg.
The assimilation *d-g- > *g-g- in Slavic probably have spread from the 0-grade forms, which created a similar environment to the so-called thorn clusters in Proto-Indo-European. Compare the descendants of Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to dwindle, to perish”).


bajati

bàjati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
bajanьje (noun-from-verb)
bajati (infinitive)
bajatъ (supine)
bajalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
bajanъ (participle passive past)
bajemъ (participle passive present)
bajavъ (active participle past)
baję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
bajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
baja (aorist second-person singular)
baja (aorist singular third-person)
bajǫ (first-person present singular)
baješi (present second-person singular)
bajetь (present singular third-person)
bajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bajasta (aorist dual second-person)
bajaste (aorist dual third-person)
bajevě (dual first-person present)
bajeta (dual present second-person)
bajete (dual present third-person)
bajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bajaste (aorist plural second-person)
bajašę (aorist plural third-person)
bajemъ (first-person plural present)
bajete (plural present second-person)
bajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
baji (imperative second-person singular)
baji (imperative singular third-person)
bajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bajita (dual imperative second-person)
bajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: баꙗти (bajati)

Belarusian: ба́яць (bájacʹ)

Russian: ба́ять (bájatʹ) (archaic)

Ukrainian: ба́яти (bájaty) (archaic)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́я (bája)

Macedonian: бае (bae)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̏јати

Latin script: bȁjati

Slovene: bájati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: bájit

Old Polish: bajać

Polish: bajać (literary)

Kashubian: bajac

Slovincian: bajac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bać

Lower Sorbian: bajaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂ti.


zemľa

zemľà (canonical feminine)
zemľà (nominative singular)
zèmľi (dual nominative)
zemľę̇̀ (nominative plural)
zemľę̇̀ (genitive singular)
zemľù (dual genitive)
zèmľь (genitive plural)
zemľì (dative singular)
zemľàma (dative dual)
zemľàmъ (dative plural)
zemľǫ̀ (accusative singular)
zèmľi (accusative dual)
zemľę̇̀ (accusative plural)
zemľèjǫ (instrumental singular)
zèmľǫ (instrumental singular)
zemľàma (dual instrumental)
zemľàmī (instrumental plural)
zemľì (locative singular)
zemľù (dual locative)
zemľàsъ (locative plural)
zemľàxъ (locative plural)
zemľe (singular vocative)
zèmľi (dual vocative)
zemľę̇̀ (plural vocative)
zemľà (nominative singular)
zȅmľi (dual nominative)
zȅmľę̇ (nominative plural)
zemľę̇́ (genitive singular)
zemľù (dual genitive)
zèmľь (genitive plural)
zemľì (dative singular)
zemľàma (dative dual)
zemľàmъ (dative plural)
zȅmľǫ (accusative singular)
zȅmľi (accusative dual)
zȅmľę̇ (accusative plural)
zemľejǫ́ (instrumental singular)
zemľàma (dual instrumental)
zemľàmi (instrumental plural)
zȅmľī (locative singular)
zemľù (dual locative)
zemľàsъ (locative plural)
zemľàxъ (locative plural)
zemľe (singular vocative)
zȅmľi (dual vocative)
zȅmľę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: землꙗ (zemlja)
Old Ruthenian: землꙗ́ (zemljá)
Belarusian: зямля́ (zjamljá)
Carpathian Rusyn: земля́ (zemljá)
Ukrainian: земля́ (zemljá)
Russian: земля́ (zemljá)

Old Novgorodian: ꙁемлꙗ (zemlja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: землꙗ (zemlja)

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰵⰿⰾⱑ (zemlě)

Bulgarian: земя́ (zemjá)

Macedonian: земја (zemja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зѐмља

Latin: zèmlja

Slovene: zémlja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: země
Czech: země

Old Polish: ziemia
Polish: ziemia
Silesian: ziymia

Polabian: zim’ă

Pannonian Rusyn: жем (žem)

Slovak: zem

→? Carpathian Rusyn: зем (zem)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: zemia

Slovincian: zêmja

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zemja

Upper Sorbian: zemja

With epenthetic */l/ from earlier *zemja, from *zemь + *-ja, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źémē, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰðʰem- (given as *dʰǵʰ-em- in Derksen), the thorn-variant accusative singular of *dʰéǵʰōm.
Cognate with Lithuanian žẽmė (“earth”), Latvian zeme (“earth”), Old Prussian semmē (“earth”) ( = zemē, with s due to German orthography), Lithuanian žẽmas (“low”), Latvian zems (“low”), Avestan 𐬰𐬃 (zā̊, “earth”), (acc. 𐬰𐬆𐬨 (zəm)), Sanskrit क्ष (kṣá, “earth”), Persian زمین (zamin, “earth”), Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn, “earth”), Hittite [script needed] (tēkan, “earth”) (gen. [script needed] (taknas)), Latin humus (“ground”), Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “on the ground”).


němъ

němъ (masculine nominative singular)
něma (feminine nominative singular)
němo (neuter nominative singular)
něma (genitive masculine singular)
němy (feminine genitive singular)
něma (genitive neuter singular)
němu (dative masculine singular)
němě (dative feminine singular)
němu (dative neuter singular)
němъ (accusative masculine singular)
němǫ (accusative feminine singular)
němo (accusative neuter singular)
němomь (instrumental masculine singular)
němojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
němomь (instrumental neuter singular)
němě (locative masculine singular)
němě (feminine locative singular)
němě (locative neuter singular)
něme (masculine singular vocative)
němo (feminine singular vocative)
němo (neuter singular vocative)
něma (dual masculine nominative)
němě (dual feminine nominative)
němě (dual neuter nominative)
němu (dual genitive masculine)
němu (dual feminine genitive)
němu (dual genitive neuter)
němoma (dative dual masculine)
němama (dative dual feminine)
němoma (dative dual neuter)
něma (accusative dual masculine)
němě (accusative dual feminine)
němě (accusative dual neuter)
němoma (dual instrumental masculine)
němama (dual feminine instrumental)
němoma (dual instrumental neuter)
němu (dual locative masculine)
němu (dual feminine locative)
němu (dual locative neuter)
něma (dual masculine vocative)
němě (dual feminine vocative)
němě (dual neuter vocative)
němi (masculine nominative plural)
němy (feminine nominative plural)
něma (neuter nominative plural)
němъ (genitive masculine plural)
němъ (feminine genitive plural)
němъ (genitive neuter plural)
němomъ (dative masculine plural)
němamъ (dative feminine plural)
němomъ (dative neuter plural)
němy (accusative masculine plural)
němy (accusative feminine plural)
něma (accusative neuter plural)
němy (instrumental masculine plural)
němami (feminine instrumental plural)
němy (instrumental neuter plural)
něměxъ (locative masculine plural)
němaxъ (feminine locative plural)
něměxъ (locative neuter plural)
němi (masculine plural vocative)
němy (feminine plural vocative)
něma (neuter plural vocative)
němъjь (masculine nominative singular)
němaja (feminine nominative singular)
němoje (neuter nominative singular)
němajego (genitive masculine singular)
němyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
němajego (genitive neuter singular)
němujemu (dative masculine singular)
něměji (dative feminine singular)
němujemu (dative neuter singular)
němъjь (accusative masculine singular)
němǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
němoje (accusative neuter singular)
němyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
němǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
němyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
němějemь (locative masculine singular)
něměji (feminine locative singular)
němějemь (locative neuter singular)
němъjь (masculine singular vocative)
němaja (feminine singular vocative)
němoje (neuter singular vocative)
němaja (dual masculine nominative)
něměji (dual feminine nominative)
něměji (dual neuter nominative)
němuju (dual genitive masculine)
němuju (dual feminine genitive)
němuju (dual genitive neuter)
němyjima (dative dual masculine)
němyjima (dative dual feminine)
němyjima (dative dual neuter)
němaja (accusative dual masculine)
něměji (accusative dual feminine)
něměji (accusative dual neuter)
němyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
němyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
němyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
němuju (dual locative masculine)
němuju (dual feminine locative)
němuju (dual locative neuter)
němaja (dual masculine vocative)
něměji (dual feminine vocative)
něměji (dual neuter vocative)
němiji (masculine nominative plural)
němyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
němaja (neuter nominative plural)
němъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
němъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
němъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
němyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
němyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
němyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
němyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
němyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
němaja (accusative neuter plural)
němyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
němyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
němyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
němyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
němyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
němyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
němiji (masculine plural vocative)
němyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
němaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: нѣмъ (němŭ)

Belarusian: нямы́ (njamý)

desc

Old Novgorodian: нѣме (něme), ниме (nime)

desctree

Russian: немо́й (nemój), нѣмо́й (němój) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Votic: nʹemoi

Ukrainian: німи́й (nimýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: нѣмъ (němŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱀⱑⰿⱏ (němŭ)

Bulgarian: ням (njam)

Macedonian: нем (nem)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̑м, није̑м

Latin: nȇm, nijȇm

Slovene: nẹ̑m (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: němý

Czech: němý

Old Polish: niemy

Polish: niemy

Silesian: niymy

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: niemi

Slovincian: njemy

Slovak: nemý

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: němy

Lower Sorbian: nimy

Other:

→ Hungarian: néma

* From dissimilation of earlier *měmъ and so cognate to Latvian mēms (“dumb, mute, silent”); the root *mem is probably onomatopoeic, imitating inarticulate human sounds, similar to Czech mumlat (“to mumble”).
: Such words as Old Polish omienieć (“to become dumb”), Latin mūtus (“mute, dumb, silent”), Ancient Greek μῖμος (mîmos, “mime, actor”) and Germanic onomatopoeic forms (German mummeln, English mumble, Swedish mumla) may look similar, but regular derivation of these words from a common root appears to be phonologically impossible.
* From *ne- + *-ьmъ > *ne-emъ / *ne-jьmъ.
: Compare *ku- + *jьm-, *jьmǫ, *ęti > *kujьmъ (> Russian ку́и́м (kúím, “deaf-mute; tongue-tied man; silent man;”)). Latvian mēms is possibly borrowing from Slavic with assimilation n-m > m-m.

cog

unclear or incomprehensible speaker, muttering, mammering


němьcь

němьcь (nominative singular)
němьca (dual nominative)
němьci (nominative plural)
němьca (genitive singular)
němьcu (dual genitive)
němьcь (genitive plural)
němьcu (dative singular)
němьcema (dative dual)
němьcemъ (dative plural)
němьcь (accusative singular)
němьca (accusative dual)
němьcę̇ (accusative plural)
němьcьmь (instrumental singular)
němьcemь (instrumental singular)
němьcema (dual instrumental)
němьci (instrumental plural)
němьci (locative singular)
němьcu (dual locative)
němьcixъ (locative plural)
němьče (singular vocative)
němьca (dual vocative)
němьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: нѣ́мьць (ně́mĭcĭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: нѣ́мецъ (ně́mecʹ), нѣ́мець (ně́mecʹ)

Belarusian: не́мец (njémjec)

Ukrainian: ні́мець (nímecʹ)

Russian: не́мец (némec)

Old Novgorodian: нѣмьць (němĭćĭ), нимьць (nimĭćĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: нѣмьць (němĭcĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱀⱑⰿⱐⱌⱐ (němĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: немец (nemec)

Macedonian: Немец (Nemec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Не́мац, Није́мац

Latin script: Némac, Nijémac

Slovene: Nẹ́məc (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: Němec

Kashubian: Miemc

Lower Sorbian: Nimc

Polish: Niemiec

Silesian: Niymiec, Miymiec

Slovak: Nemec

Upper Sorbian: Němc

Non-Slavic:

→ German: Nimptsch (surname with many variants)

→ Hungarian: német

→ Ottoman Turkish: نمچه (nemçe) (see there for further descendants)

→ Persian: نمسا (namsâ)

→ Romanian: neamț

From *němъ (“mute”) + *-ьcь. The word therefore meant "someone unable to speak [Slavic]"; however, some hypotheses hold this was an observation on the relative stoic personalities of some Germanic tribesmen.

specifically, a member of the Germanic peoples


-ьcь

-ьcь (nominative singular)
-ьca (dual nominative)
-ьci (nominative plural)
-ьca (genitive singular)
-ьcu (dual genitive)
-ьcь (genitive plural)
-ьcu (dative singular)
-ьcema (dative dual)
-ьcemъ (dative plural)
-ьcь (accusative singular)
-ьca (accusative dual)
-ьcę̇ (accusative plural)
-ьcьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьcemь (instrumental singular)
-ьcema (dual instrumental)
-ьci (instrumental plural)
-ьci (locative singular)
-ьcu (dual locative)
-ьcixъ (locative plural)
-ьče (singular vocative)
-ьca (dual vocative)
-ьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьць (-ĭcĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ець (-ecʹ), -ецъ (-ecʹ)

Belarusian: -ец (-jec)

Ukrainian: -ець (-ecʹ)

Russian: -ец (-ec)

Old Novgorodian: -ьць (-ĭćĭ), -иць (-ićĭ, < *-jьcь)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьць (-ĭcĭ)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⱌⱐ (-ĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: -ец (-ec)

Macedonian: -ец (-ec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ац, -ец (Kajkavian)

Latin script: -ac, -ec (Kajkavian)

Slovene: -ec

West Slavic:

Czech: -ec

Kashubian: -c

Polabian: -ăc

Polish: -iec, -ec

Slovak: -ec

From earlier *-ьkъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ikas, from Proto-Indo-European *-ikos.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ikas, -ikis in siuvikas, siuvikis (< siūti, siùvo), piovikas (“reaper”) (< piáuti, pióvė).
Cognate with Lithuanian -ingas, Latvian -īgs, Proto-Germanic *-igaz, Latin -icus, Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós). Typically, these suffixes fulfill adjectival function (similar to Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ), however, sometimes their derivatives could also act as nominals like in Slavic.
Comparison with other languages points to the antiquity of denominal formations, which are most likely substantivized adjectives.

rogъ (“horn”) + *-ьcь → *rožьcь (“a small horn”)

obolkъ (“cloud”) + *-ьcь → *obolčьcь (“a small cloud”)

gordъ (“city, town”) + *-ьcь → *gordьcь (“a small town”)

starъ (“old”) + *-ьcь → *starьcь (“an old man”)

mǫdrъ (“wise”) + *-ьcь → *mǫdrьcь (“a wise man”)

bordatъ (“bearded”) + *-ьcь → *bordatьcь (“a bearded man”)

(added to adjectives) nominalizer, person

šiti (“to sew”) + *-ьcь → *šьvьcь (“sewer, seamster”)

plęsati (“to dance”) + *-ьcь → *plęsьcь (“dancer”)

loviti (“to hunt”) + *-ьcь → *lovьcь (“hunter”)

gǫsti (“to play a string instrument”) + *-ьcь → *gǫdьcь (“musician”)


ponedělъkъ

*ponedělьnikъ (alternative)
ponedělъkъ (nominative singular)
ponedělъka (dual nominative)
ponedělъci (nominative plural)
ponedělъka (genitive singular)
ponedělъku (dual genitive)
ponedělъkъ (genitive plural)
ponedělъku (dative singular)
ponedělъkoma (dative dual)
ponedělъkomъ (dative plural)
ponedělъkъ (accusative singular)
ponedělъka (accusative dual)
ponedělъky (accusative plural)
ponedělъkъmь (instrumental singular)
ponedělъkomь (instrumental singular)
ponedělъkoma (dual instrumental)
ponedělъky (instrumental plural)
ponedělъcě (locative singular)
ponedělъku (dual locative)
ponedělъcěxъ (locative plural)
ponedělъče (singular vocative)
ponedělъka (dual vocative)
ponedělъci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: понедѣ́локъ (ponedě́lokŭ)

Belarusian: панядзе́лак (panjadzjélak)

Carpathian Rusyn: понедї́лёк (ponedjíljok)

Ukrainian: понеді́лок (ponedílok)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: понѐдељак, понѐдјељак

Latin: ponèdeljak, ponèdjeljak

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: ponedẹ̑ljək (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: pondělí, ponjelí (rare), pondělek (later)
Czech: pondělí, pondělek

Old Polish: poniedziałek
Polish: poniedziałek
Silesian: pōniedziałek

Old Slovak: pondelok

Slovak: pondelok

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pòniedzôłk

Slovincian: pônjedzôùlk

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pónjeźele

From *poneděľa (“Monday”) + *-ъkъ.
For the meaning, compare Navajo Damóo Biiskání (“monday”).


vъtorъkъ

vъtorъkъ (nominative singular)
vъtorъka (dual nominative)
vъtorъci (nominative plural)
vъtorъka (genitive singular)
vъtorъku (dual genitive)
vъtorъkъ (genitive plural)
vъtorъku (dative singular)
vъtorъkoma (dative dual)
vъtorъkomъ (dative plural)
vъtorъkъ (accusative singular)
vъtorъka (accusative dual)
vъtorъky (accusative plural)
vъtorъkъmь (instrumental singular)
vъtorъkomь (instrumental singular)
vъtorъkoma (dual instrumental)
vъtorъky (instrumental plural)
vъtorъcě (locative singular)
vъtorъku (dual locative)
vъtorъcěxъ (locative plural)
vъtorъče (singular vocative)
vъtorъka (dual vocative)
vъtorъci (plural vocative)
*vъtorьnikъ (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: въто́ръкъ (vŭtórŭkŭ), уто́ръкъ (utórŭkŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: вто́рокъ (vtórok)
Belarusian: ўто́рак (ŭtórak) (dialectal)
Carpathian Rusyn: вто́рок (vtórok), уто́рок (utórok)
Ukrainian: вто́рок (vtórok) (dialectal)

⇒ Old Ruthenian: овто́рокъ (ovtórok), вовто́рокъ (vovtórok), вѣвто́рокъ (věvtórok), олто́рокъ (oltórok), волто́рокъ (voltórok), олто́рокъ (oltórok), волто́рокъ (voltórok), ѡвто́рокъ (ovtórok), ѡлто́рокъ (oltórok), ѡлъто́рокъ (oltórok), вовъто́рокъ (vovtórok), во-вто́рокъ (vo-vtórok), волъто́рокъ (voltórok) — alternative spelling
Belarusian: аўто́рак (aŭtórak); ваўто́рак (vaŭtórak), гаўто́рак (haŭtórak) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: вівто́рок (vivtórok)
→ Pannonian Rusyn: вовторок (vovtorok)

Middle Russian: вто́рокъ (vtórok)

Russian: вто́рок (vtórok) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: овто́рок (ovtórok) (dialectal)

→ Erzya: [script needed] (ovtoŕńik)

desc

→ Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (oftōrnik)

→ Southern Mansi: [script needed] (optorńiχ) (Tavda)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: въторъкъ (vŭtorŭkŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⱏⱅⱁⱃⱏⰽⱏ (vŭtorŭkŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у́торак

Latin script: útorak

Slovene: tórək (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: úterek

Bohemian (Chod dialect): houterek

Kashubian: wtórk

Old Polish: wtorek

Polish: wtorek

Silesian: wtorek

Slovak: utorok

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wałtora

Upper Sorbian: wutora

From *vъtorъ (“second”) + *-ъkъ. Literally, the second day of the week.


Rimъ

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: Ⱃⰹⰿⱏ (Rimŭ)

desctree

Old Cyrillic script: Римъ (Rimŭ)
Bulgarian: Рим (Rim)
Macedonian: Рим (Rim)
→ Old East Slavic: Римъ (Rimŭ)
Old Ruthenian: Римъ (Rim)
Belarusian: Рым (Rym)
Carpathian Rusyn: Рим (Rym)
Ukrainian: Рим (Rym)
Russian: Рим (Rim)
→ Romanian: Râm (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Ри̑м

Latin script: Rȋm

Slovene: Rím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: Řím
Czech: Řím
→ Kashubian: Rzim
→ Old Polish: Rzym
Polish: Rzym
→ Silesian: Rzim
→ Slovak: Rím

From Latin Rōma. The substitution of ō with *i is enigmatic; many implausible propositions have been made. The source was probably Germanic (compare Proto-Germanic *Rūmō); it is possible to think of a back-formation from *rĩmьskъ, from a reflex of Proto-Germanic *Rūmiskaz with umlaut.


sněgъ

sně̑gъ (canonical masculine)
sně̑gъ (nominative singular)
sně̑ga (dual nominative)
sně̑dzi (nominative plural)
sně̑ga (genitive singular)
sněgù (dual genitive)
sně̃gъ (genitive plural)
sně̑gu (dative singular)
sněgomà (dative dual)
sněgòmъ (dative plural)
sně̑gъ (accusative singular)
sně̑ga (accusative dual)
sně̑gy (accusative plural)
sně̑gъmь (instrumental singular)
sně̑gomь (instrumental singular)
sněgomà (dual instrumental)
sněgý (instrumental plural)
sně̑dzě (locative singular)
sněgù (dual locative)
snědzě̃xъ (locative plural)
sněže (singular vocative)
sně̑ga (dual vocative)
sně̑dzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: снѣгъ (sněgŭ)

Belarusian: снег (snjeh)

Russian: снег (sneg)

Carpathian Rusyn: снїг (snjih)

Ukrainian: сніг (snih)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: снѣгъ (sněgŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱀⱑⰳⱏ (sněgŭ)

Bulgarian: сняг (snjag)

Macedonian: снег (sneg)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сне̑г, сније̑г

Latin script: snȇg, snijȇg

Slovene: snẹ̑g (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: snieh

Czech: sníh

Bohemian (Chod dialect): sněh

Polabian: sneg

Old Polish: śnieg

Polish: śnieg

Silesian: śniyg

Old Slovak: snah, sneh

Pannonian Rusyn: шнїг (šnjih)

Slovak: sneh

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: sniég

Slovincian: snjég

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sněh

Lower Sorbian: sněg

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *snáigas, from Proto-Indo-European *snóygʷʰos, with the mobile accent due to Illič-Svityč's law.


-ьskъ

-ьskъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ьska (feminine nominative singular)
-ьsko (neuter nominative singular)
-ьska (genitive masculine singular)
-ьsky (feminine genitive singular)
-ьska (genitive neuter singular)
-ьsku (dative masculine singular)
-ьscě (dative feminine singular)
-ьsku (dative neuter singular)
-ьskъ (accusative masculine singular)
-ьskǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьsko (accusative neuter singular)
-ьskomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьskojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьskomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьscě (locative masculine singular)
-ьscě (feminine locative singular)
-ьscě (locative neuter singular)
-ьšče (masculine singular vocative)
-ьsko (feminine singular vocative)
-ьsko (neuter singular vocative)
-ьska (dual masculine nominative)
-ьscě (dual feminine nominative)
-ьscě (dual neuter nominative)
-ьsku (dual genitive masculine)
-ьsku (dual feminine genitive)
-ьsku (dual genitive neuter)
-ьskoma (dative dual masculine)
-ьskama (dative dual feminine)
-ьskoma (dative dual neuter)
-ьska (accusative dual masculine)
-ьscě (accusative dual feminine)
-ьscě (accusative dual neuter)
-ьskoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьskama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьskoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьsku (dual locative masculine)
-ьsku (dual feminine locative)
-ьsku (dual locative neuter)
-ьska (dual masculine vocative)
-ьscě (dual feminine vocative)
-ьscě (dual neuter vocative)
-ьsci (masculine nominative plural)
-ьsky (feminine nominative plural)
-ьska (neuter nominative plural)
-ьskъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьskъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьskъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьskomъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьskamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьskomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьsky (accusative masculine plural)
-ьsky (accusative feminine plural)
-ьska (accusative neuter plural)
-ьsky (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьskami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьsky (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьscěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьskaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьscěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьsci (masculine plural vocative)
-ьsky (feminine plural vocative)
-ьska (neuter plural vocative)
-ьskъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ьskaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ьskoje (neuter nominative singular)
-ьskajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ьskyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ьskajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ьskujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ьscěji (dative feminine singular)
-ьskujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ьskъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ьskǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьskoje (accusative neuter singular)
-ьskyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьskǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьskyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьscějemь (locative masculine singular)
-ьscěji (feminine locative singular)
-ьscějemь (locative neuter singular)
-ьskъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ьskaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ьskoje (neuter singular vocative)
-ьskaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ьscěji (dual feminine nominative)
-ьscěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ьskuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ьskuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ьskuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ьskyjima (dative dual masculine)
-ьskyjima (dative dual feminine)
-ьskyjima (dative dual neuter)
-ьskaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ьscěji (accusative dual feminine)
-ьscěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ьskyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьskyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьskyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьskuju (dual locative masculine)
-ьskuju (dual feminine locative)
-ьskuju (dual locative neuter)
-ьskaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ьscěji (dual feminine vocative)
-ьscěji (dual neuter vocative)
-ьsciji (masculine nominative plural)
-ьskyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ьskaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ьskъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьskъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьskъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьskyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьskyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьskyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьskyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ьskyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ьskaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ьskyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьskyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьskyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьskyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьskyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьskyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьsciji (masculine plural vocative)
-ьskyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ьskaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: -скїй (-skij), -цкїй (-ckij)

Belarusian: -скі (-ski)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ськый (-sʹkŷj)

Ukrainian: -ський (-sʹkyj), -цький (-cʹkyj), -ськ (-sʹk)

Russian: -ский (-skij), -цкий (-ckij), -ско́й (-skój), -ск (-sk)

Old Novgorodian: -ьске (-ĭske); -ьще (-ĭśke) (Old Pskovian)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ)

Bulgarian: -ски (-ski)

Macedonian: -ски (-ski)

New Church Slavonic -ьскыи (-ĭskyi)

→ Russian: -еский (-eskij)

⇒ Russian: -ческий (-českij), -ический (-ičeskij)

Old Serbo-Croatian: -ски

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -скӣ

Latin script: -skī

Slovene: -ski

West Slavic:

Czech: -ský

Old Polish: -ski

Polish: -ski, -cki, -dzki

Old Slovak: -ský

Pannonian Rusyn: -ски (-ski)

Slovak: -ský, -sky

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -sczi

Slovincian: -skjy

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ski

Upper Sorbian: -ski

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-iskos
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas
Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos. Akin to Latvian -isks, Lithuanian -iškas, Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, Latin -iscus, Ancient Greek -ίσκος (-ískos).

etymon

-ic, -ish; characteristic of, typical of


volxъ

vòlxъ (canonical masculine)
vòlxъ (nominative singular)
vòlxa (dual nominative)
vòlśi (nominative plural)
vòlxa (genitive singular)
vòlxu (dual genitive)
vòlxъ (genitive plural)
vòlxu (dative singular)
vòlxoma (dative dual)
vòlxomъ (dative plural)
vòlxъ (accusative singular)
vòlxa (accusative dual)
vòlxy (accusative plural)
vòlxъmь (instrumental singular)
vòlxomь (instrumental singular)
vòlxoma (dual instrumental)
vòlxȳ (instrumental plural)
vòlśě (locative singular)
vòlxu (dual locative)
vòlśě̄xъ (locative plural)
vòlše (singular vocative)
vòlxa (dual vocative)
vòlśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воло́хъ (volóxŭ)

Old Ruthenian: воло́хъ (volóx)

Belarusian: вало́х (valóx)

Ukrainian: воло́х (volóx)

Russian: воло́х (volóx)

→ German: Wallach

→ Russian: вала́х (valáx)

→ Polish: wałach

→ Polish: Wołoch

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: влахъ (vlaxŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰾⰰⱈⱏ (vlaxŭ)

Macedonian: влав (vlav)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Вла̏х

Latin script: Vlȁh

Slovene: lȁh (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: Vlach

Czech: Vlach

Polish: Włoch

Slovak: Vlach

Pannonian Rusyn: Влах (Vlax)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: Łoch

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: vlláh

→ Aromanian: vlah

→ Hungarian: oláh

→ Megleno-Romanian: vlah

→ Romanian: valah, Valahia

→ Czech: valach

→ Slovak: valach

→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

From earlier *valxu, borrowed from either Proto-West Germanic *walh (“foreigner”) or Gothic *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (*walhs, “foreigner”), both from Proto-Germanic *walhaz. Per Skok it was borrowed from the Balkan Gothic on the lower Danube, where the Slavs first met the Romans between the 4th and 5th centuries (see Ulfilas).

a Roman, a speaker of a Romance language

Petar Skok
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


jarina

jarina (nominative singular)
jarině (dual nominative)
jariny (nominative plural)
jariny (genitive singular)
jarinu (dual genitive)
jarinъ (genitive plural)
jarině (dative singular)
jarinama (dative dual)
jarinamъ (dative plural)
jarinǫ (accusative singular)
jarině (accusative dual)
jariny (accusative plural)
jarinojǫ (instrumental singular)
jarinǫ (instrumental singular)
jarinama (dual instrumental)
jarinami (instrumental plural)
jarině (locative singular)
jarinu (dual locative)
jarinasъ (locative plural)
jarinaxъ (locative plural)
jarino (singular vocative)
jarině (dual vocative)
jariny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗрина (jarina)

Ukrainian: ярина́ (jaryná)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic ꙗрина (jarina)

Bulgarian: я́рина (járina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: jа̏рина

unspecified script:

Slovene: jarina

West Slavic:

Czech: jařina

Old Polish: jarzyna, jerzyna

Polish: jarzyna

Slovak: jarina


vьśь

vьśь (masculine nominative singular)
vьśa (feminine nominative singular)
vьśe (neuter nominative singular)
vьśь (accusative masculine singular)
vьśǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vьśe (accusative neuter singular)
vьśego (genitive masculine singular)
vьśeję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
vьśego (genitive neuter singular)
vьśemь (locative masculine singular)
vьśeji (feminine locative singular)
vьśemь (locative neuter singular)
vьśemu (dative masculine singular)
vьśeji (dative feminine singular)
vьśemu (dative neuter singular)
vьśěmь (instrumental masculine singular)
vьśejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vьśěmь (instrumental neuter singular)
vьśa (dual masculine nominative)
vьśi (dual feminine nominative)
vьśi (dual neuter nominative)
vьśa (accusative dual masculine)
vьśi (accusative dual feminine)
vьśi (accusative dual neuter)
vьśeju (dual genitive masculine)
vьśeju (dual feminine genitive)
vьśeju (dual genitive neuter)
vьśeju (dual locative masculine)
vьśeju (dual feminine locative)
vьśeju (dual locative neuter)
vьśěma (dative dual masculine)
vьśěma (dative dual feminine)
vьśěma (dative dual neuter)
vьśěma (dual instrumental masculine)
vьśěma (dual feminine instrumental)
vьśěma (dual instrumental neuter)
vьśi (masculine nominative plural)
vьśę̇ (feminine nominative plural)
vьśa (neuter nominative plural)
vьśę̇ (accusative masculine plural)
vьśę̇ (accusative feminine plural)
vьśa (accusative neuter plural)
vьśěxъ (genitive masculine plural)
vьśěxъ (feminine genitive plural)
vьśěxъ (genitive neuter plural)
vьśěxъ (locative masculine plural)
vьśěxъ (feminine locative plural)
vьśěxъ (locative neuter plural)
vьśěmъ (dative masculine plural)
vьśěmъ (dative feminine plural)
vьśěmъ (dative neuter plural)
vьśěmi (instrumental masculine plural)
vьśěmi (feminine instrumental plural)
vьśěmi (instrumental neuter plural)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: вьсь (vĭsĭ), весь (vesĭ)

Old Ruthenian: весь (vesʹ), ввесь (vvesʹ), увесь (uvesʹ)

Belarusian: весь (vjesʹ), ўвесь (ŭvjesʹ), увесь (uvjesʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: весь (vesʹ)

Ukrainian: весь (vesʹ), ввесь (vvesʹ), увесь (uvesʹ)

Russian: весь (vesʹ)

Old Novgorodian: вьхе (vĭxe)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic: вьсь (vĭsĭ)

Bulgarian: вси (vsi)

Macedonian: сиот (siot)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: са̏в, ва̑с

Latin script: sȁv, vȃs

Slovene: və̏s (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: veš

Polabian: vis

Old Polish: wiesz

Slovak: vše- (not as a standalone word but as a prefix in words meaning all: všetci – everybody, všetko – everything)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wšen

Upper Sorbian: wšón

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wišas, from Proto-Indo-European *wi-so-s, from *wí (“separated, divided; two parts of a whole”). Cognate with Lithuanian visas, Latvian viss, Old Prussian wissa f sg (“all”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *wíćwas.

inh+

Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


orzumъ

orzumъ (nominative singular)
orzuma (dual nominative)
orzumi (nominative plural)
orzuma (genitive singular)
orzumu (dual genitive)
orzumъ (genitive plural)
orzumu (dative singular)
orzumoma (dative dual)
orzumomъ (dative plural)
orzumъ (accusative singular)
orzuma (accusative dual)
orzumy (accusative plural)
orzumъmь (instrumental singular)
orzumomь (instrumental singular)
orzumoma (dual instrumental)
orzumy (instrumental plural)
orzumě (locative singular)
orzumu (dual locative)
orzuměxъ (locative plural)
orzume (singular vocative)
orzuma (dual vocative)
orzumi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *розумъ (*rozumŭ)

Old Ruthenian: ро́зумъ (rózum)

Belarusian: ро́зум (rózum)

Ukrainian: ро́зум (rózum)

South Slavic:

desctree

Old Church Slavonic: разоумъ (razumŭ)
→ Old East Slavic: разумъ (razumŭ)
→ Old Ruthenian: ра́зумъ (rázum)
→ Russian: ра́зум (rázum)

Bulgarian: ра́зум (rázum)

Macedonian: разум (razum)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̏зӯм

Latin script: rȁzūm

Slovene: rázum

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rozum

Czech: rozum

Old Slovak: rozum

Slovak: rozum

Pannonian Rusyn: розум (rozum)

Polish: rozum

Kashubian: rozëm

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: rozum

Old Lower Sorbian: rozum

Lower Sorbian: rozym


umъ

ũmъ (canonical masculine)
ũmъ (nominative singular)
ūmà (dual nominative)
ūmì (nominative plural)
ūmà (genitive singular)
ūmù (dual genitive)
ũmъ (genitive plural)
ūmù (dative singular)
ūmòma (dative dual)
ūmòmъ (dative plural)
ũmъ (accusative singular)
ūmà (accusative dual)
ūmỳ (accusative plural)
ūmъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
ūmòmь (instrumental singular)
ūmòma (dual instrumental)
ũmy (instrumental plural)
ūmě̀ (locative singular)
ūmù (dual locative)
ũměxъ (locative plural)
ume (singular vocative)
ūmà (dual vocative)
ūmì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: умъ (umŭ)

Old Ruthenian: умъ (um)

Belarusian: ум (um)

Ukrainian: ум (um)

Russian: ум (um)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: оумъ (umŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱆⰿⱏ (umŭ)

Bulgarian: ум (um)

Macedonian: ум (um)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̑м

Latin script: ȗm

Slovene: úm

West Slavic:

Czech: um (literary)

Polish: um

Slovak: um

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *aum-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-m-o-, a derivation of *h₂ew- (“to see, perceive”). Cognate with Lithuanian aumuõ (“mind”) and indirectly Ancient Greek αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai, “to perceive”), Sanskrit आविस् (āvís, “openly, manifestly, evidently”), Latin audiō, and Hittite 𒌋𒀪𒄭 (u-uḫ-ḫi, “I see”).