bьrati

bьràti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
bьranьje (noun-from-verb)
bьrati (infinitive)
bьratъ (supine)
bьralъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
bьranъ (participle passive past)
beromъ (participle passive present)
bьravъ (active participle past)
bery (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
bьraxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bьra (aorist second-person singular)
bьra (aorist singular third-person)
berǫ (first-person present singular)
bereši (present second-person singular)
beretь (present singular third-person)
bьraxově (aorist dual first-person)
bьrasta (aorist dual second-person)
bьraste (aorist dual third-person)
berevě (dual first-person present)
bereta (dual present second-person)
berete (dual present third-person)
bьraxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bьraste (aorist plural second-person)
bьrašę (aorist plural third-person)
beremъ (first-person plural present)
berete (plural present second-person)
berǫtь (plural present third-person)
bьraaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bьraaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bьraaše (imperfect singular third-person)
beri (imperative second-person singular)
beri (imperative singular third-person)
bьraaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bьraašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bьraašete (dual imperfect third-person)
berěvě (dual first-person imperative)
berěta (dual imperative second-person)
bьraaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bьraašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bьraaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
berěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
berěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: браць (bracʹ)

Russian: брать (bratʹ)

Ukrainian: бра́ти (bráty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бьрати (bĭrati)

Bulgarian: бера́ (berá)

Macedonian: бере (bere)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бра̏ти

Latin script: brȁti

Slovene: bráti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bráti
Czech: brát

desctree

Old Polish: brać
Polish: brać
Silesian: brać

Polabian: brot

Slovak: brať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: brac

Slovincian: brac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: brać

Lower Sorbian: braś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bírāˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (“to be carrying”). The past stem *bьr-a- emerged from zero-grade *br-a- through secondary ablaut.

inh

to pick, to accumulate; to steal; to understand; to stack, to hold; to select; to collect; to gather, to sum; intensive ablaut

birati*nabirati*obirati ()*orzbirati ()*pobirati ()*podъbirati ()*pribirati ()*sъbirati ()


byti

bỳti (canonical imperfective)
byti (infinitive)
bytъ (supine)
bytьje (noun-from-verb)
sy (active present)
byvъ (active past)
bǫdy (active future)
bylъ (past resultative)
esmь (first-person present singular)
bǫdǫ (first-person future singular)
esi (present second-person singular)
bǫdešь (future second-person singular)
bǫdi (imperative second-person singular)
estь (present singular third-person)
bǫdetь (future singular third-person)
bǫdi (imperative singular third-person)
esvě (dual first-person present)
bǫdevě (dual first-person future)
bǫděve (dual first-person imperative)
esta (dual present second-person)
bǫdeta (dual future second-person)
bǫděta (dual imperative second-person)
este (dual present third-person)
bǫdete (dual future third-person)
esmъ (first-person plural present)
bǫdemъ (first-person future plural)
bǫděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
este (plural present second-person)
bǫdete (future plural second-person)
bǫděte (imperative plural second-person)
sǫtь (plural present third-person)
bǫdǫtь (future plural third-person)
bǫdǫ (imperative plural third-person)
běxъ (aorist first-person imperfective singular)
byxъ (aorist first-person perfective singular)
bě (aorist imperfective second-person singular)
bystъ (aorist perfective second-person singular)
běaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bě (aorist imperfective singular third-person)
bystъ (aorist perfective singular third-person)
běxově (aorist dual first-person imperfective)
byxově (aorist dual first-person perfective)
běsta (aorist dual imperfective second-person)
bysta (aorist dual perfective second-person)
běašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běste (aorist dual imperfective third-person)
byste (aorist dual perfective third-person)
běxomъ (aorist first-person imperfective plural)
byxomъ (aorist first-person perfective plural)
běste (aorist imperfective plural second-person)
byste (aorist perfective plural second-person)
běaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běšę (aorist imperfective plural third-person)
byšę (aorist perfective plural third-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бꙑ́ти (býti)

Old Ruthenian: бы́ти (býti)

Belarusian: быць (bycʹ), бу́ты (búty) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: бы́ти (bŷ́ty)

Ukrainian: бу́ти (búty)

Russian: быть (bytʹ)

desc

Old Novgorodian: бꙑти (byti); боути (buti) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бꙑти (byti)

Bulgarian: съм (sǎm) (си (si), е (e) etc.) and бъда (bǎda) (бъдеш (bǎdeš), бъде (bǎde) etc.)

⇒ Bulgarian: може би (može bi)

Macedonian: е (e) (сум (sum)), си (si), е (e) etc.)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: би̏ти

Latin: bȉti

Old Slovene: buiti, biti

Slovene: bíti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: býti

Czech: být

Polabian: boi̯t

desctree

Old Polish: być
Polish: być
Silesian: być

Pannonian Rusyn: буц (buc)

Slovak: byť

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bëc

Slovincian: bëc

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: byś

Upper Sorbian: być

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (present) and *bʰúHt (other forms).


ěsti

ě̀sti (canonical)
ědenьje (noun-from-verb)
ěsti (infinitive)
ěstъ (supine)
ědlъ (l-participle)
ědenъ (participle passive past)
ědomъ (participle passive present)
ědъ (active participle past)
ědy (active participle present)
ěsъ (aorist first-person singular)
ě(stъ) (aorist second-person singular)
ě(stъ) (aorist singular third-person)
ěmь (first-person present singular)
ěsi (present second-person singular)
ěstь (present singular third-person)
ěsově (aorist dual first-person)
ěsta (aorist dual second-person)
ěste (aorist dual third-person)
ěvě (dual first-person present)
ěsta (dual present second-person)
ěste (dual present third-person)
ěsomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ěste (aorist plural second-person)
ěsę (aorist plural third-person)
ěmъ (first-person plural present)
ěste (plural present second-person)
ědętь (plural present third-person)
ěděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
ěděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
ěděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ěďь (imperative second-person singular)
ěďь (imperative singular third-person)
ěděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
ěděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
ěděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ědivě (dual first-person imperative)
ědita (dual imperative second-person)
ěděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
ěděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
ěděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ědimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ědite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ѣ́сти (jě́sti)

Old Ruthenian: ѣ́сти (jě́sti), ѣ́ти (jě́ti), ѣ́сьти (jě́sʹti)
Belarusian: е́сці (jésci), е́сьці (jésʹci)
Carpathian Rusyn: ї́сти (jísty)
Ukrainian: ї́сти (jísty)

Russian: есть (jestʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: ꙗсти (jasti)

Glagolitic: ⱑⱄⱅⰹ (ěsti)

Bulgarian: ям (jam)

Macedonian: ја́де (jáde)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: је̏сти, јисти

Latin script: jȅsti, jisti

Slovene: jẹ́sti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: jesc

Old Czech: jiesti

Czech: jíst

Old Polish: jeść

Polish: jeść

Polabian: jest

Old Slovak: jesť

Pannonian Rusyn: єсц (jesc)

Slovak: jesť

Slovincian: jêsc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jěsć

Lower Sorbian: jěsć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ḗˀstei (present *ḗˀdmi), usually explained as an instance of Winter's law, deriving from Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti (“to eat”).
The PIE root *h₁ed- is sometimes argued to have an acrostatic Narten present, with a lengthened-grade in the singular active, which would render the Proto-Indo-European source as *h₁ḗd-.


věděti

vě̀děti (canonical imperfective)
*věsti (alternative)
c (accent-paradigm)
věděnьje (noun-from-verb)
věděti (infinitive)
vědětъ (supine)
vědělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
věděnъ (participle passive past)
vědomъ (participle passive present)
věděvъ (active participle past)
vědy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
věděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vědě (aorist second-person singular)
vědě (aorist singular third-person)
věmь (first-person present singular)
vědě (first-person present singular)
věsi (present second-person singular)
věstь (present singular third-person)
věděxově (aorist dual first-person)
věděsta (aorist dual second-person)
věděste (aorist dual third-person)
věvě (dual first-person present)
věsta (dual present second-person)
věste (dual present third-person)
věděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
věděste (aorist plural second-person)
věděšę (aorist plural third-person)
věmъ (first-person plural present)
věste (plural present second-person)
vědętь (plural present third-person)
věděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
věděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
věděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
věďь (imperative second-person singular)
věďь (imperative singular third-person)
věděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
věděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
věděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vědivě (dual first-person imperative)
vědita (dual imperative second-person)
věděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
věděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
věděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vědimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vědite (imperative plural second-person)

Marko Snoj
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
ru:Аникин, Александр Евгеньевич

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вѣдѣти (věděti)

Belarusian: ве́даць (vjédacʹ)

desc

Russian: (dated or poetic) ве́дать (védatʹ), ве́сти (vésti)

Ukrainian: (dated or poetic) ві́дати (vídaty), віді (vidi, “probably, maybe”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вѣдѣти (věděti)

Bulgarian: вям (vjam) (obsolete)

⇒ Bulgarian: невя́м (nevjám, “uncertainly”, adverb)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: (Kajkavian) ведети

Latin script: (Kajkavian) vedeti

Slovene: vẹ́deti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: věděti
Czech: vědět
Bohemian (Chod dialect): vedět

Old Polish: wiedzieć
Polish: wiedzieć
Silesian: wiedzieć

Slovak: vedieť

Polabian: vedĕt

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wiedzec

Slovincian: wjêdzec

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wěźeś

Upper Sorbian: wědźeć, wjedźeć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *waid-, *waistei, from Proto-Indo-European *wóyde (“to have seen, to know”), perfect of *weyd- (“to see”). Cognate with Old Prussian waist (“to know”) (waidimai class 1p. pl.), Ancient Greek οἶδα (oîda), Proto-Germanic *witaną (whence English wit).


(j)azъ

ãzъ (canonical)
jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵ(h₂).
* According to Kapović, *ja derives from Proto-Indo-European *éǵ(h₂), while *jazъ derives from *eǵHóm.
* Kortlandt, responding to Kapović, derives *jàzъ from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēˀźun, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵHóm, and rejects *ja as secondary.
* Olander similarly reconstructs only a single early Proto-Slavic form, *ˈēzu, to yield later *ja̋zъ, *já.

ꙗзъBelarusian: яCarpathian Rusyn: яUkrainian: яRussian: я

а

Old Church Slavonic; Old Cyrillic script

аз

→ Old East Slavic: азъ (azŭ); archaic or religious

азъ

→ Old East Slavic: азъ (azŭ); pre-1918 orthography

я́зека

South Slavic; all of the following dialectal


mojь

mojь (masculine nominative singular)
moja (feminine nominative singular)
moje (neuter nominative singular)
mojь (accusative masculine singular)
mojǫ (accusative feminine singular)
moje (accusative neuter singular)
mojego (genitive masculine singular)
mojeję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
mojego (genitive neuter singular)
mojemь (locative masculine singular)
mojeji (feminine locative singular)
mojemь (locative neuter singular)
mojemu (dative masculine singular)
mojeji (dative feminine singular)
mojemu (dative neuter singular)
mojimь (instrumental masculine singular)
mojejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
mojimь (instrumental neuter singular)
moja (dual masculine nominative)
moji (dual feminine nominative)
moji (dual neuter nominative)
moja (accusative dual masculine)
moji (accusative dual feminine)
moji (accusative dual neuter)
mojeju (dual genitive masculine)
mojeju (dual feminine genitive)
mojeju (dual genitive neuter)
mojeju (dual locative masculine)
mojeju (dual feminine locative)
mojeju (dual locative neuter)
mojima (dative dual masculine)
mojima (dative dual feminine)
mojima (dative dual neuter)
mojima (dual instrumental masculine)
mojima (dual feminine instrumental)
mojima (dual instrumental neuter)
moji (masculine nominative plural)
moję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
moja (neuter nominative plural)
moję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
moję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
moja (accusative neuter plural)
mojixъ (genitive masculine plural)
mojixъ (feminine genitive plural)
mojixъ (genitive neuter plural)
mojixъ (locative masculine plural)
mojixъ (feminine locative plural)
mojixъ (locative neuter plural)
mojimъ (dative masculine plural)
mojimъ (dative feminine plural)
mojimъ (dative neuter plural)
mojimi (instrumental masculine plural)
mojimi (feminine instrumental plural)
mojimi (instrumental neuter plural)
jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мои (moi)

Old Ruthenian: мой (moj), муй (muj)

Belarusian: мой (moj)

Carpathian Rusyn: муй (muj)

Ukrainian: мій (mij)

Russian: мой (moj)

Old Novgorodian: мои (moi)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱁⰻ (moi)

Old Cyrillic script: мои (moi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̑ј

Latin script: mȏj

Slovene: mọ́j (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mój
Czech: můj

desctree

Old Polish: mój
Polish: mój
Silesian: mōj

Old Slovak: môj, moj, múj

Pannonian Rusyn: мой (moj)

Slovak: môj

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mój

Slovincian: mój

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mój

Lower Sorbian: mój

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *majas, from Proto-Indo-European *móyos (“my; mine”). Cognate with Old Prussian mais (gen.sg. maian), Latin meus.


svojь

svojь (masculine nominative singular)
svoja (feminine nominative singular)
svoje (neuter nominative singular)
svojь (accusative masculine singular)
svojǫ (accusative feminine singular)
svoje (accusative neuter singular)
svojego (genitive masculine singular)
svojeję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
svojego (genitive neuter singular)
svojemь (locative masculine singular)
svojeji (feminine locative singular)
svojemь (locative neuter singular)
svojemu (dative masculine singular)
svojeji (dative feminine singular)
svojemu (dative neuter singular)
svojimь (instrumental masculine singular)
svojejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
svojimь (instrumental neuter singular)
svoja (dual masculine nominative)
svoji (dual feminine nominative)
svoji (dual neuter nominative)
svoja (accusative dual masculine)
svoji (accusative dual feminine)
svoji (accusative dual neuter)
svojeju (dual genitive masculine)
svojeju (dual feminine genitive)
svojeju (dual genitive neuter)
svojeju (dual locative masculine)
svojeju (dual feminine locative)
svojeju (dual locative neuter)
svojima (dative dual masculine)
svojima (dative dual feminine)
svojima (dative dual neuter)
svojima (dual instrumental masculine)
svojima (dual feminine instrumental)
svojima (dual instrumental neuter)
svoji (masculine nominative plural)
svoję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
svoja (neuter nominative plural)
svoję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
svoję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
svoja (accusative neuter plural)
svojixъ (genitive masculine plural)
svojixъ (feminine genitive plural)
svojixъ (genitive neuter plural)
svojixъ (locative masculine plural)
svojixъ (feminine locative plural)
svojixъ (locative neuter plural)
svojimъ (dative masculine plural)
svojimъ (dative feminine plural)
svojimъ (dative neuter plural)
svojimi (instrumental masculine plural)
svojimi (feminine instrumental plural)
svojimi (instrumental neuter plural)
jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: свои (svoi)

Belarusian: свой (svoj)

Russian: свой (svoj)

Ukrainian: свій (svij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: свои (svoi)

Bulgarian: свой (svoj)

Macedonian: свој (svoj)

Serbo-Croatian: svȏj /сво̑ј

Slovene: svọ́j (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: svój
Czech: svůj

Old Polish: swój
Polish: swój
Silesian: swōj

Slovak: svoj

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: swój

Slovincian: swój

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: swój

Lower Sorbian: swój

PIE word
 *swé
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *swajas, from Proto-Indo-European *swoyos from *swé. Cognate with Old Prussian swais, Lithuanian savas, Latvian savs, Latgalian sovs, Latin suus, German sein, Old Norse sik (“oneself”), Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 (swēs, “one's own”), Sanskrit स्व (sva, “one's own”).


našь

našь (masculine nominative singular)
naša (feminine nominative singular)
naše (neuter nominative singular)
našь (accusative masculine singular)
našǫ (accusative feminine singular)
naše (accusative neuter singular)
našego (genitive masculine singular)
našeję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
našego (genitive neuter singular)
našemь (locative masculine singular)
našeji (feminine locative singular)
našemь (locative neuter singular)
našemu (dative masculine singular)
našeji (dative feminine singular)
našemu (dative neuter singular)
našimь (instrumental masculine singular)
našejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
našimь (instrumental neuter singular)
naša (dual masculine nominative)
naši (dual feminine nominative)
naši (dual neuter nominative)
naša (accusative dual masculine)
naši (accusative dual feminine)
naši (accusative dual neuter)
našeju (dual genitive masculine)
našeju (dual feminine genitive)
našeju (dual genitive neuter)
našeju (dual locative masculine)
našeju (dual feminine locative)
našeju (dual locative neuter)
našima (dative dual masculine)
našima (dative dual feminine)
našima (dative dual neuter)
našima (dual instrumental masculine)
našima (dual feminine instrumental)
našima (dual instrumental neuter)
naši (masculine nominative plural)
našę̇ (feminine nominative plural)
naša (neuter nominative plural)
našę̇ (accusative masculine plural)
našę̇ (accusative feminine plural)
naša (accusative neuter plural)
našixъ (genitive masculine plural)
našixъ (feminine genitive plural)
našixъ (genitive neuter plural)
našixъ (locative masculine plural)
našixъ (feminine locative plural)
našixъ (locative neuter plural)
našimъ (dative masculine plural)
našimъ (dative feminine plural)
našimъ (dative neuter plural)
našimi (instrumental masculine plural)
našimi (feminine instrumental plural)
našimi (instrumental neuter plural)
jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: нашь (našĭ)
Old Ruthenian: нашь (našʹ)
Belarusian: наш (naš)
Ukrainian: наш (naš)
Russian: наш (naš)

Old Novgorodian: нашь (našĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: нашь (našĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱀⰰⱎⱐ (našĭ)

Bulgarian: наш (naš)

Macedonian: наш (naš)

Serbo-Croatian: на̏ш /nȁš

Slovene: nȁš (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: náš
Czech: náš

Polabian: nos

Old Polish: nasz
Polish: nasz
Silesian: nasz

Slovak: náš

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: nasz

Slovincian: nasz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: naš

Lower Sorbian: naš

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: nashke

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *nōsjas, from Proto-Indo-European *nōsyos, from *nōs-. Equivalent to *nasъ (“us”) + *-jь (“belonging to”).


vašь

vašь (masculine nominative singular)
vaša (feminine nominative singular)
vaše (neuter nominative singular)
vašь (accusative masculine singular)
vašǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vaše (accusative neuter singular)
vašego (genitive masculine singular)
vašeję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
vašego (genitive neuter singular)
vašemь (locative masculine singular)
vašeji (feminine locative singular)
vašemь (locative neuter singular)
vašemu (dative masculine singular)
vašeji (dative feminine singular)
vašemu (dative neuter singular)
vašimь (instrumental masculine singular)
vašejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vašimь (instrumental neuter singular)
vaša (dual masculine nominative)
vaši (dual feminine nominative)
vaši (dual neuter nominative)
vaša (accusative dual masculine)
vaši (accusative dual feminine)
vaši (accusative dual neuter)
vašeju (dual genitive masculine)
vašeju (dual feminine genitive)
vašeju (dual genitive neuter)
vašeju (dual locative masculine)
vašeju (dual feminine locative)
vašeju (dual locative neuter)
vašima (dative dual masculine)
vašima (dative dual feminine)
vašima (dative dual neuter)
vašima (dual instrumental masculine)
vašima (dual feminine instrumental)
vašima (dual instrumental neuter)
vaši (masculine nominative plural)
vašę̇ (feminine nominative plural)
vaša (neuter nominative plural)
vašę̇ (accusative masculine plural)
vašę̇ (accusative feminine plural)
vaša (accusative neuter plural)
vašixъ (genitive masculine plural)
vašixъ (feminine genitive plural)
vašixъ (genitive neuter plural)
vašixъ (locative masculine plural)
vašixъ (feminine locative plural)
vašixъ (locative neuter plural)
vašimъ (dative masculine plural)
vašimъ (dative feminine plural)
vašimъ (dative neuter plural)
vašimi (instrumental masculine plural)
vašimi (feminine instrumental plural)
vašimi (instrumental neuter plural)
jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вашь (vašĭ)

Belarusian: ваш (vaš)

Russian: ваш (vaš)

Ukrainian: ваш (vaš)

Old Pskovian: вась (vaśĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: вашь (vašĭ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ваш (vaš)

Macedonian: ваш (vaš)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ва̏ш

Latin script: vȁš

Slovene: vȁš (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: váš
Czech: váš

Old Polish: wasz
Polish: wasz
Silesian: wasz

Slovak: váš

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wasz

Slovincian: wasz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: waš

Lower Sorbian: waš

from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wōśjas, from Proto-Indo-European *wōsyos, ultimately from the accusative case *wōs of *wos (“you pl”). Equivalent to *vasъ (“you pl”) + *-jь (“belonging to”).

suffix

you <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>


vě

vě̑ (canonical)
jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вѣ (vě)

South Slavic:

Middle Bulgarian: вѣ (vě)

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: вѣ (vě)

Glagolitic: ⰲⱑ (vě)

Serbo-Croatian: -vo (Bednja Kajkavian, possibly)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vě (C14)

Old Czech: va (C15, by analogy to the new verbal 1st person ending -va instead of the older -vě, also to the number dva)

Old Polish: wa (same analogy as in Czech)

Kashubian: ma < *va < vě (same analogy as in Czech, m- due to influence of the plural form)

Slovincian: wa (same analogy as in Kashubian)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wi (dialectal, secondary -i by analogy to the o-stem plural desinence -i)

wej (by analogy to the new verbal 1st person ending -ej, or to other pronouns such as tej and wonej)

From Proto-Indo-European *wḗ/*wéh₁ (“we two”), the nominative dual of *éǵ(h₂), *eǵHóm, *eǵóh₂ (“I”).


sę

jãzъ (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ty̑ (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mę̑ (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tę̑ (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sę̑ (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mȅne (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tȅbe (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sȅbe (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (locative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mьně̀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tebě̀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sebě̀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
si (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mъnòjǫ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
mъnojǫ̀ (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
tobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mojь (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tvojь (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
svojь (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
vě̑ (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
vȃ (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
nȃ (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vȃ (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person genitive personal pronoun)
vàju (dual genitive personal pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (dual genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
nàju (dual first-person locative personal pronoun)
vàju (dual locative personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dual locative personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
vàma (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
va (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
si (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
nàma (dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
vàma (dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
našь (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
vašь (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
my̑ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ny̑ (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vy̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sę̑ (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sȅbe (genitive personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàsъ (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
vàsъ (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (locative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmъ (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
vàmъ (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sebě̀ (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
si (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
vàmi (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
sobòjǫ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
sobojǫ̀ (instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
našь (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vašь (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
svojь (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѧ (sę)

Old Ruthenian: -сѧ (-sja), сѧ (sja)

Belarusian: -ся (-sja) (merges with final "-ць" into "-цца")

Ukrainian: -ся (-sja) (before consonants) / -сь (-sʹ) (before vowels, unless after most consonants), ся (sja) (poetic)

Russian: -ся (-sja) (after consonants) / -сь (-sʹ) (after vowels)

Old Novgorodian: сѧ (sę)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сѧ (sę)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱔ (sę)

Bulgarian: се (se)

Macedonian: се (se)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се

Latin script: se

Slovene: se (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sě

Czech: se

desctree

Old Polish: się, siebie, siebie
Polish: się
Silesian: sie
Polish: siebie
Silesian: siebie

Old Slovak: sa, se

Pannonian Rusyn: ше (še)

Slovak: sa

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: sã

Slovincian: sã

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: se

Upper Sorbian: so, ?sej

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé; compare Latin sē. Cognate with Old Prussian sien (“oneself”).

oneself: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself (accusative)

ourselves, yourselves, themselves (accusative)


jь

jь (masculine nominative singular)
ja (feminine nominative singular)
je (neuter nominative singular)
jь (accusative masculine singular)
jǫ (accusative feminine singular)
je (accusative neuter singular)
jego (genitive masculine singular)
jeję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
jego (genitive neuter singular)
jemь (locative masculine singular)
jeji (feminine locative singular)
jemь (locative neuter singular)
jemu (dative masculine singular)
jeji (dative feminine singular)
jemu (dative neuter singular)
jimь (instrumental masculine singular)
jejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
jimь (instrumental neuter singular)
ja (dual masculine nominative)
ji (dual feminine nominative)
ji (dual neuter nominative)
ja (accusative dual masculine)
ji (accusative dual feminine)
ji (accusative dual neuter)
jeju (dual genitive masculine)
jeju (dual feminine genitive)
jeju (dual genitive neuter)
jeju (dual locative masculine)
jeju (dual feminine locative)
jeju (dual locative neuter)
jima (dative dual masculine)
jima (dative dual feminine)
jima (dative dual neuter)
jima (dual instrumental masculine)
jima (dual feminine instrumental)
jima (dual instrumental neuter)
ji (masculine nominative plural)
ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
ja (neuter nominative plural)
ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
ja (accusative neuter plural)
jixъ (genitive masculine plural)
jixъ (feminine genitive plural)
jixъ (genitive neuter plural)
jixъ (locative masculine plural)
jixъ (feminine locative plural)
jixъ (locative neuter plural)
jimъ (dative masculine plural)
jimъ (dative feminine plural)
jimъ (dative neuter plural)
jimi (instrumental masculine plural)
jimi (feminine instrumental plural)
jimi (instrumental neuter plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ís
Proto-Balto-Slavic *is
Proto-Slavic *jь
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *ís and Proto-Indo-European *yós. Cognate with Lithuanian jis (“he”), Latin is.


jь

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: и (i) (rare in the nominative)

Old Ruthenian:

Belarusian: я-, і-, ё- (ja-, i-, jo-)

desc

йо-, ї-, не-, ньо-, ни-

Ukrainian: йо-, ї-, не-, ньо-, ни- (jo-, ji-, ne-, nʹo-, ny-)

Russian: е-, и-, не-, ни-, нё- (je-, i-, ne-, ni-, njo-)

Old Novgorodian: и (i)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: и (i) (rare in the nominative)

Bulgarian: и-, не- (i-, ne-)

Macedonian: и-, не- (i-, ne-)

Serbo-Croatian:

је-, јо-, ју-, и-, ње-, њо-, њу-, њи-

Cyrillic script: је-, јо-, ју-, и-, ње-, њо-, њу-, њи-

Latin script: je-, jo-, ju-, i-, nje-, njo-, nju-, nji

Slovene: je-, jo-, ju-, ji-, nje-, njo-, nju-, nji-

West Slavic:

Czech: je-, ji-, jí-, ně-, ni-, ní-

Kashubian: je-, nie-, ni-

Polish: je-, i-, nie-, ni-

Slovak: je-, i-, ne-, ni-, ní-, ňo-


ľubiti

ľūbìti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
ľubľenьje (noun-from-verb)
ľubiti (infinitive)
ľubitъ (supine)
ľubilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
ľubľenъ (participle passive past)
ľubimъ (participle passive present)
ľubľь (active participle past)
ľubę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
ľubixъ (aorist first-person singular)
ľubi (aorist second-person singular)
ľubi (aorist singular third-person)
ľubľǫ (first-person present singular)
ľubiši (present second-person singular)
ľubitь (present singular third-person)
ľubixově (aorist dual first-person)
ľubista (aorist dual second-person)
ľubiste (aorist dual third-person)
ľubivě (dual first-person present)
ľubita (dual present second-person)
ľubite (dual present third-person)
ľubixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ľubiste (aorist plural second-person)
ľubišę (aorist plural third-person)
ľubimъ (first-person plural present)
ľubite (plural present second-person)
ľubętь (plural present third-person)
ľubľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
ľubľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
ľubľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ľubi (imperative second-person singular)
ľubi (imperative singular third-person)
ľubľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
ľubľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
ľubľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ľubivě (dual first-person imperative)
ľubita (dual imperative second-person)
ľubľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
ľubľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
ľubľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ľubimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ľubite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: любити (ljubiti)

Belarusian: любі́ць (ljubícʹ)

Russian: люби́ть (ljubítʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: любить (ljubytʹ), любити (ljubyty)

Ukrainian: люби́ти (ljubýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: любити (ljubiti)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⱓⰱⰻⱅⰻ (ljubiti)

Bulgarian: лю́бя (ljúbja)

Macedonian: љуби (ljubi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: љу́бити

Latin script: ljúbiti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: ljubīti, ljūbiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ľúbiti
Czech: líbit

desctree

Old Polish: lubić
Polish: lubić
Silesian: lubić

Polabian: ľaibĕt

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: lubic

Slovincian: lëbjic

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: любиц (ljubic)

Slovak: ľúbiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: lubiś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ljaubī́ˀtei (“to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *lowbʰéyeti, from *lewbʰ- (“to desire, love”).

inh

(West Slavic, reflexive) to please [with dative]


sedmь

sla-decl-noun-table

Declension of *sedmь (consonant stem)

sedmь (nominative singular)
sedmь (accusative singular)
sedme (genitive singular)
sedme (locative singular)
sedmi (dative singular)
sedmьjǫ (instrumental singular)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: семь (semĭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: семъ (sem)
Belarusian: сем (sjem)
Carpathian Rusyn: сім (sim)
Ukrainian: сім (sim)

Russian: семь (semʹ)

Old Novgorodian: семь (semĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰵⰴⰿⱐ (sedmĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: седмь (sedmĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏дам

Latin script: sȅdam

Slovene: sẹ́dəm (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sedm
Czech: sedm

Old Polish: siedm
Polish: siedem
Silesian: siedym

Old Slovak: sedem, seďom

Pannonian Rusyn: седем (sedem)

Slovak: sedem

Polabian: sidĕm, sėdm

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: sétme, sétmë

Slovincian: sétem, sétmë

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sedym, sedymjo

Upper Sorbian: sydom

From *sedmъ (“seventh”). Displaced *setь < *septь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *septín, from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥.


osmь

sla-decl-noun-table

Declension of *osmь (consonant stem)

osmь (nominative singular)
osmь (accusative singular)
osme (genitive singular)
osme (locative singular)
osmi (dative singular)
osmьjǫ (instrumental singular)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: осмь (osmĭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: о́смъ (ósm), о́сьмъ (ósʹm), о́семъ (ósem), во́семъ (vósem), во́симъ (vósim), ву́симъ (vúsim), вю́сюмъ (vǘsüm)

Belarusian: во́сем (vósjem); во́сім (vósim) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: ву́сям (vúsjam)

Ukrainian: ві́сім (vísim); ви́сїм (výsjim) (dialectal)

Middle Russian: осмь (osmʹ), восмь (vosmʹ), восьмь (vosʹmʹ), восемь (vosemʹ)

Russian: во́семь (vósemʹ)

Old Novgorodian: осмь (osmĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱁⱄⰿⱐ (osmĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: осмь (osmĭ)

Bulgarian: о́сем (ósem)

Macedonian: осум (osum)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏сам

Latin script: ȍsam

Slovene: ọ́səm (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: osm
Czech: osm

desctree

Old Polish: ośm, hośm
Polish: osiem, osim (Middle Polish), ośm (obsolete), ôsim (Przemyśl)
Silesian: ôziym

Old Slovak: osem

Pannonian Rusyn: осем (osem)

Slovak: osem

Polabian: visĕm

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: òsmë

Slovincian: wôsem

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wósym, wósymjo

Upper Sorbian: wosom, wósom

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśtṓ, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw, with -m- taken over from the ordinal *osmъ.


-ostь

-ȍstь (nominative singular)
-ȍsti (dual nominative)
-ȍsti (nominative plural)
-ostí (genitive singular)
-ostьjù (dual genitive)
-ostь̀jь (genitive plural)
-ȍsti (dative singular)
-ostьmà (dative dual)
-ȍstьmъ (dative plural)
-ȍstь (accusative singular)
-ȍsti (accusative dual)
-ȍsti (accusative plural)
-ostьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
-ostьmà (dual instrumental)
-ostьmì (instrumental plural)
-ostí (locative singular)
-ostьjù (dual locative)
-ȍstьxъ (locative plural)
-osti (singular vocative)
-ȍsti (dual vocative)
-ȍsti (plural vocative)
*-estь (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: (unstressed) -асць (-ascʹ), (stressed) -осць (-oscʹ), (Taraškievica spelling, unstressed) -асьць (-asʹcʹ), (Taraškievica spelling, stressed) -осьць (-osʹcʹ)

Russian: -ость (-ostʹ)

Ukrainian: -ість (-istʹ) (genitive: -ості (-osti))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ость (-ostĭ)

Glagolitic: -ⱁⱄⱅⱐ (-ostĭ)

Bulgarian: -ост (-ost)

Macedonian: -ост (-ost)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ост

Latin script: -ost

Slovene: -ost

West Slavic:

Czech: -ost

Old Polish: -ość
Polish: -ość

Old Slovak: -osť

Pannonian Rusyn: -осц (-osc)

Slovak: -osť

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -osc

Slovincian: -ôsc

Sorbian

Lower Sorbian: -osć

Upper Sorbian: -osć

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-astis
Proto-Slavic *-ostь
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-astis, from Proto-Indo-European *-Hostis. Cognate with Lithuanian -astis.
There are several theories of origin:
* Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (-ašti) (in [script needed] n (dalugašti-, “length”) < [script needed] pl (dalugaeš, “long”, adj.)).
* According to Halla-Aho, by double suffixation */-ot-tь/. e.g. *dobrъ → *dobrota → *dobrostь.
Has a reconstructed valence “−” (minus), that is, the accent paradigm c.

etymon

čìstъ + *-ostь → *čìstostь

jȗnъ + *-ostь → *junostь

krě̑pъ + *-ostь → *krě̑postь

mǫ̃drъ + *-ostь → *mǫdròstь

ràdъ + *-ostь → *ràdostь

stàrъ + *-ostь → *stàrostь

Used with adjectival stems to form abstract nouns; -ness


domъ

dȍmъ (canonical masculine)
dȍmъ (nominative singular)
dȍmy (dual nominative)
dȍmove (nominative plural)
dȍmu (genitive singular)
domovù (dual genitive)
domòvъ (genitive plural)
dȍmovi (dative singular)
domъmà (dative dual)
dȍmъmъ (dative plural)
dȍmъ (accusative singular)
dȍmy (accusative dual)
dȍmy (accusative plural)
dȍmъmь (instrumental singular)
domъmà (dual instrumental)
domъmì (instrumental plural)
domú (locative singular)
domovù (dual locative)
dȍmъxъ (locative plural)
domu (singular vocative)
dȍmy (dual vocative)
dȍmove (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: домъ (domŭ)
Old Ruthenian: домъ (dom), дѡмъ (dôm), думъ (dum)
Belarusian: дом (dom)
Carpathian Rusyn: дӱм (düm); дом (dom)
Ukrainian: дім (dim)
Middle Russian: домъ (dom)
Russian: дом (dom)

Old Novgorodian: домъ (domŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: домъ (domŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰴⱁⰿⱏ (domŭ)

Bulgarian: дом (dom)

Macedonian: дом (dom)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: до̑м

Latin script: dȏm

Slovene: dọ̑m (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dóm, dom
Czech: dům

Old Polish: dom
Polish: dom
Silesian: dōm

Old Slovak: dom

Pannonian Rusyn: дом (dom)

Slovak: dom

Polabian: düm

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dóm

Slovincian: dóm

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dom

Lower Sorbian: dom

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *damús (“house”), from Proto-Indo-European *dom-u-s, from Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“home; house”).

der

what is in the house, e.g. family, property


domъ

East Slavic:

Russian: дом (dom) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: дом (dom) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: до̏м (dialectal)

Latin script: dȍm (dialectal)

Slovene: dom (tonal orthography) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dom

Czech: dom, dóm (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dom

⇒ Lower Sorbian: domk

Accusative from *domъ (“house”) (see Etymology 1).


dervo

dȇrvo (canonical neuter)
*drъvo (alternative)
dȇrvo (nominative singular)
dȇrvě (dual nominative)
dervà (nominative plural)
dȇrva (genitive singular)
dervù (dual genitive)
dẽrvъ (genitive plural)
dȇrvu (dative singular)
dervomà (dative dual)
dervòmъ (dative plural)
dȇrvo (accusative singular)
dȇrvě (accusative dual)
dervà (accusative plural)
dȇrvъmь (instrumental singular)
dȇrvomь (instrumental singular)
dervomà (dual instrumental)
dervý (instrumental plural)
dȇrvě (locative singular)
dervù (dual locative)
dervě̃xъ (locative plural)
dȇrvo (singular vocative)
dȇrvě (dual vocative)
dervà (plural vocative)
dȇrvo (nominative singular)
dȇrvesi (dual nominative)
dervesà (nominative plural)
dȇrvese (genitive singular)
dervesù (dual genitive)
dervèsъ (genitive plural)
dȇrvesi (dative singular)
dervesьmà (dative dual)
dervèsьmъ (dative plural)
dȇrvo (accusative singular)
dȇrvesi (accusative dual)
dervesà (accusative plural)
dȇrvesьmь (instrumental singular)
dervesьmà (dual instrumental)
dervesý (instrumental plural)
dȇrvese (locative singular)
dervesù (dual locative)
dervèsьxъ (locative plural)
dȇrvo (singular vocative)
dȇrvesi (dual vocative)
dervesà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дерево (derevo)

Belarusian: дзе́рава (dzjérava)

Russian: де́рево (dérevo)

Carpathian Rusyn: де́рево (dérevo)

Ukrainian: де́рево (dérevo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дрѣво (drěvo)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱃⱑⰲⱁ (drěvo)

desc

Bulgarian: дря́во (drjávo), дре́во (drévo) (dialectal)

Macedonian: древо (drevo) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дре̑во, дрије̑во, дри̑во

Latin script: drȇvo, drijȇvo, drȋvo

Slovene: drevọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dřěvo
Czech: dřevo

desctree

Old Polish: drzewo
Polish: drzewo
Silesian: drzewo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: drzewò

Slovincian: drzêwô

Old Slovak: drevo

Pannonian Rusyn: древо (drevo)

Slovak: drevo

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: drjewo

Lower Sorbian: drjewo

PIE word
 *dóru
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *dérwa, from Proto-Indo-European *derw-o-m.

inh+

wooden; maddock, bug; thicket; trunk; South Slavic

dervěnъ*dervěnica ()*dervina ()*dervьnikъ ()


kamy

kàmy (canonical masculine)
kàmy (nominative singular)
kàmeni (dual nominative)
kàmene (nominative plural)
kàmene (genitive singular)
kàmenu (dual genitive)
kàmenъ (genitive plural)
kàmeni (dative singular)
kàmenьma (dative dual)
kàmenьmъ (dative plural)
kàmenь (accusative singular)
kàmeni (accusative dual)
kàmeni (accusative plural)
kàmenьmь (instrumental singular)
kàmenьma (dual instrumental)
kàmenьmī (instrumental plural)
kàmene (locative singular)
kàmenu (dual locative)
kàmenьxъ (locative plural)
kàmy (singular vocative)
kàmeni (dual vocative)
kàmene (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: камꙑ (kamy), камень (kamenĭ)
Old Ruthenian: ка́мень (kámenʹ)
Belarusian: ка́мень (kámjenʹ)
Middle Ukrainian: ка́мѣнь (káminʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: ка́мінь (káminʹ)
Ukrainian: ка́мінь (káminʹ)
Russian: ка́мень (kámenʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: камꙑ (kamy)

Glagolitic: ⰽⰰⰿⱏⰺ (kamy)

desc

Bulgarian: ка́мък (kámǎk), ка́мен (kámen) (Western dialects)

Macedonian: камен (kamen)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̑м, ка̏ме̄н

Latin: kȃm, kami, kȁmēn

Slovene: kámən (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kámen
Czech: kámen

desctree

Old Polish: kamień, kamienie
Polish: kamień
Silesian: kamiyń

Old Slovak: kameň

Pannonian Rusyn: камень (kamenʹ)

Slovak: kameň

Polabian: komoi

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kam, kamiéń, kamiń

Slovincian: kam, kamë, kamjeń

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kamjeń

Lower Sorbian: kamjeń

→ Hungarian: Kamon

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-mō
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō
Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō
Proto-Slavic *kamy
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō.


porxъ

pȏrxъ (canonical masculine)
pȏrxъ (nominative singular)
pȏrxa (dual nominative)
pȏrśi (nominative plural)
pȏrxa (genitive singular)
porxù (dual genitive)
põrxъ (genitive plural)
pȏrxu (dative singular)
porxomà (dative dual)
porxòmъ (dative plural)
pȏrxъ (accusative singular)
pȏrxa (accusative dual)
pȏrxy (accusative plural)
pȏrxъmь (instrumental singular)
pȏrxomь (instrumental singular)
porxomà (dual instrumental)
porxý (instrumental plural)
pȏrśě (locative singular)
porxù (dual locative)
porśě̃xъ (locative plural)
porše (singular vocative)
pȏrxa (dual vocative)
pȏrśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic: порохъ (poroxŭ)

Belarusian по́рах (pórax)

Russian: по́рох (pórox)

Ukrainian: по́рох (pórox)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: прахъ (praxŭ)

→ Russian: прах (prax)

→ Ukrainian: прах (prax)

Bulgarian: прах (prah)

Macedonian: прав (prav)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра̑х

Latin script: prȃh

Slovene: prȃh (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: prach

Czech: prach

Bohemian (Chod dialect): prach

Moravian (Mistřice): prach

Old Slovak: prach

Slovak: prach

Pannonian Rusyn: прах (prax)

Polish: proch

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: proch

Lower Sorbian: proch

→ Megleno-Romanian: prau

→ Romanian: praf

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *paršas, from Proto-Indo-European *pers- (“to sprinkle”). Cf. Lithuanian purkšti (“shower”), Latvian pārsla (“flake”), Sanskrit पृषत् (pṛ́ṣat), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (paršuiia), Old Norse fors, Tocharian A/Tocharian B pärs-.


svěťa

svě̄ťà (canonical feminine)
svě̄ťà (nominative singular)
svě̃ťi (dual nominative)
svě̄ťę̇̀ (nominative plural)
svě̄ťę̇̀ (genitive singular)
svě̄ťù (dual genitive)
svě̃ťь (genitive plural)
svě̄ťì (dative singular)
svě̄ťàma (dative dual)
svě̄ťàmъ (dative plural)
svě̄ťǫ̀ (accusative singular)
svě̃ťi (accusative dual)
svě̄ťę̇̀ (accusative plural)
svě̄ťèjǫ (instrumental singular)
svě̃ťǫ (instrumental singular)
svě̄ťàma (dual instrumental)
svě̄ťàmī (instrumental plural)
svě̄ťì (locative singular)
svě̄ťù (dual locative)
svě̄ťàsъ (locative plural)
svě̄ťàxъ (locative plural)
svěťe (singular vocative)
svě̃ťi (dual vocative)
svě̄ťę̇̀ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: свѣча (svěča), свѣща (svěšča)
Old Ruthenian: свѣча́ (svěčá)
Belarusian: свяча́ (svjačá), сьвяча́ (sʹvjačá) (Taraškievica), ⇒ све́чка (svjéčka), сьве́чка (sʹvjéčka) (Taraškievica)
Ukrainian: свіча́ (svičá), ⇒ сві́чка (svíčka)
Russian: свеча́ (svečá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: свѣща (svěšta)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰲⱑⱋⰰ (svěšta)

Bulgarian: свещ (svešt)

Macedonian: свеќа (sveḱa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: све́ћа, свије́ћа

Latin script: svéća, svijéća

Slovene: svẹ́ča (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sviecě
Czech: svíce

Kashubian: swiéca

Polabian: svećă

Old Polish: świeca, świca
Polish: świeca

Slovak: svieca

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: swěca

Lower Sorbian: swěca

From *světiti (“to illuminate, shine”) + *-ja or *světъ (“light”) + *-ja.


meďa

meďà (canonical feminine)
meďà (nominative singular)
mèďi (dual nominative)
meďę̇̀ (nominative plural)
meďę̇̀ (genitive singular)
meďù (dual genitive)
mèďь (genitive plural)
meďì (dative singular)
meďàma (dative dual)
meďàmъ (dative plural)
meďǫ̀ (accusative singular)
mèďi (accusative dual)
meďę̇̀ (accusative plural)
meďèjǫ (instrumental singular)
mèďǫ (instrumental singular)
meďàma (dual instrumental)
meďàmī (instrumental plural)
meďì (locative singular)
meďù (dual locative)
meďàsъ (locative plural)
meďàxъ (locative plural)
meďe (singular vocative)
mèďi (dual vocative)
meďę̇̀ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: межа (meža)

Belarusian: мяжа́ (mjažá)

Russian: межа́ (mežá)

Ukrainian: межа́ (mežá)

Old Novgorodian: межа (meža); меꙁа (meźa) (Old Pskovian)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: межда (mežda)

Bulgarian: межда́ (meždá)

Macedonian: меѓа (meǵa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мѐђа

Latin script: mèđa

Slovene: méja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: mez

Polabian: midźă

Polish: miedza

Slovak: medza

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mjaza

Upper Sorbian: mjeza

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *medjas, *medjāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *medʰyeh₂.
Both of these are, ultimately, the feminine form of Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian mẽdis (“tree”), mẽdžias (“forest”), mẽdė (“forest”), Latvian mežs (“forest”), Old Prussian median (“forest”).
Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit मध्य (mádhya, “middle, located in the middle”), Latin medius (“middle”), Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 (midjis, “middle”), Ancient Greek μέσσος (méssos), μέσος (mésos, “middle of, between, amidst”), Old Irish mide (“medium”), Old Armenian մէջ (mēǰ, “middle, midst; inside, interior”), Proto-Germanic *midjaz (“middle, mid”).


moťi

moťì (canonical)
moženьje (noun-from-verb)
moťi (infinitive)
moťь (supine)
moglъ (l-participle)
moženъ (participle passive past)
mogomъ (participle passive present)
mogъ (active participle past)
mogy (active participle present)
mogъ (aorist first-person singular)
mogoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
može (aorist second-person singular)
može (aorist singular third-person)
mogǫ (first-person present singular)
možeši (present second-person singular)
možetь (present singular third-person)
mogově (aorist dual first-person)
mogoxově (aorist dual first-person)
mogeta (aorist dual second-person)
mogosta (aorist dual second-person)
mogete (aorist dual third-person)
mogoste (aorist dual third-person)
moževě (dual first-person present)
možeta (dual present second-person)
možete (dual present third-person)
mogomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mogoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mogete (aorist plural second-person)
mogoste (aorist plural second-person)
mogǫ (aorist plural third-person)
mogošę (aorist plural third-person)
možemъ (first-person plural present)
možete (plural present second-person)
mogǫtь (plural present third-person)
možaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
možaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
možaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
modzi (imperative second-person singular)
modzi (imperative singular third-person)
možaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
možaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
možaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
modzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
modzěta (dual imperative second-person)
možaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
možaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
možaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
modzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
modzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мочи (moči)

Belarusian: магчы́ (mahčý)

Russian: мочь (močʹ)

Ukrainian: могти́ (mohtý), мочи́ (močý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мощи (mošti)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱁⱋⰻ (mošti)

Bulgarian: мо́га (móga)

Macedonian: може (može)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̏ћи

Latin script: mȍći

Slovene: móči (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: moci
Czech: moci

desctree

Old Polish: móc
Polish: móc
Silesian: mōc

Pannonian Rusyn: мочи (moči)

Slovak: môcť

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mòc

Slovincian: môc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: móc

Lower Sorbian: móc

From earlier *mogtì (through the law of open syllables), equal to *mog- + *-ti. Further, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *maganą (“to be able, may”).


reťi

govorìti (imperfective)
mъlviti (imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
rečenьje (noun-from-verb)
reťi (infinitive)
reťь (supine)
reklъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
rečenъ (participle passive past)
rekomъ (participle passive present)
rekъ (active participle past)
reky (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
rěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
reče (aorist second-person singular)
reče (aorist singular third-person)
rekǫ (first-person present singular)
rečeši (present second-person singular)
rečetь (present singular third-person)
rěxově (aorist dual first-person)
rěsta (aorist dual second-person)
rěste (aorist dual third-person)
rečevě (dual first-person present)
rečeta (dual present second-person)
rečete (dual present third-person)
rěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
rěste (aorist plural second-person)
rěšę (aorist plural third-person)
rečemъ (first-person plural present)
rečete (plural present second-person)
rekǫtь (plural present third-person)
rečaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
rečaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
rečaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rьci (imperative second-person singular)
rьci (imperative singular third-person)
rečaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
rečaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
rečaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rьcěvě (dual first-person imperative)
rьcěta (dual imperative second-person)
rečaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
rečaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
rečaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rьcěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
rьcěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: речи (reči)
Old Ruthenian: речи́ (rečí)
Belarusian: рачы́ (račý)
Ukrainian: речи́ (rečý), ректи́ (rektý)
Russian: речи́ (rečí) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: рещи (rešti)

Glagolitic: ⱃⰵⱋⰹ (rešti)

Bulgarian: река́ (reká)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ре̏ћи

Latin script: rȅći

Slovene: réči (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: řéci

Czech: říct, říci

Kashubian: rzec

Old Polish: rzec

Polish: rzec

Slovak: riecť (dated)

From a Proto-Indo-European *rek-, with the following proposed cognates:
* Per Vasmer, cognate with Lithuanian rẽkti (“to shout, to roar”), 1sg. rėkiù, Lithuanian rékauti (“to shout, to roar”), 1sg. rékauju, Latvian rèkt (“to shout, to roar, to howl”), rȩ̃kôt (“to talk, to chat”), Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to calculate”), Tocharian B reki, Tocharian A rake (“speech, word”), Latin raccō (“to roar (like a tiger)”), Old Irish réimm (“shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *rekmen.
* Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Welsh rhegi (“curse”).
Regardless, Sanskrit रचयति (racáyati, “to work, to construct”) (see the root रच् (rac) for more) is adduced as a cognate in both cases.


reťi

reženьje (noun-from-verb)
reťi (infinitive)
reťь (supine)
reglъ (l-participle)
reženъ (participle passive past)
rьgomъ (participle passive present)
regъ (active participle past)
rьgy (active participle present)
regъ (aorist first-person singular)
regoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
reže (aorist second-person singular)
reže (aorist singular third-person)
rьgǫ (first-person present singular)
rьžeši (present second-person singular)
rьžetь (present singular third-person)
regově (aorist dual first-person)
regoxově (aorist dual first-person)
regeta (aorist dual second-person)
regosta (aorist dual second-person)
regete (aorist dual third-person)
regoste (aorist dual third-person)
rьževě (dual first-person present)
rьžeta (dual present second-person)
rьžete (dual present third-person)
regomъ (aorist first-person plural)
regoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
regete (aorist plural second-person)
regoste (aorist plural second-person)
regǫ (aorist plural third-person)
regošę (aorist plural third-person)
rьžemъ (first-person plural present)
rьžete (plural present second-person)
rьgǫtь (plural present third-person)
rьžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
rьžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
rьžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rьdzi (imperative second-person singular)
rьdzi (imperative singular third-person)
rьžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
rьžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
rьžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rьdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
rьdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
rьžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
rьžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
rьžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rьdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
rьdzěte (imperative plural second-person)
reženьje (noun-from-verb)
reťi (infinitive)
reťь (supine)
reglъ (l-participle)
reženъ (participle passive past)
regomъ (participle passive present)
regъ (active participle past)
regy (active participle present)
regъ (aorist first-person singular)
regoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
reže (aorist second-person singular)
reže (aorist singular third-person)
regǫ (first-person present singular)
režeši (present second-person singular)
režetь (present singular third-person)
regově (aorist dual first-person)
regoxově (aorist dual first-person)
regeta (aorist dual second-person)
regosta (aorist dual second-person)
regete (aorist dual third-person)
regoste (aorist dual third-person)
reževě (dual first-person present)
režeta (dual present second-person)
režete (dual present third-person)
regomъ (aorist first-person plural)
regoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
regete (aorist plural second-person)
regoste (aorist plural second-person)
regǫ (aorist plural third-person)
regošę (aorist plural third-person)
režemъ (first-person plural present)
režete (plural present second-person)
regǫtь (plural present third-person)
režaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
režaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
režaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rьdzi (imperative second-person singular)
rьdzi (imperative singular third-person)
režaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
režaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
režaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rьdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
rьdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
režaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
režaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
režaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rьdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
rьdzěte (imperative plural second-person)
reženьje (noun-from-verb)
reťi (infinitive)
reťь (supine)
reglъ (l-participle)
reženъ (participle passive past)
regomъ (participle passive present)
regъ (active participle past)
regy (active participle present)
rěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
reže (aorist second-person singular)
reže (aorist singular third-person)
regǫ (first-person present singular)
režeši (present second-person singular)
režetь (present singular third-person)
rěxově (aorist dual first-person)
rěsta (aorist dual second-person)
rěste (aorist dual third-person)
reževě (dual first-person present)
režeta (dual present second-person)
režete (dual present third-person)
rěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
rěste (aorist plural second-person)
rěšę (aorist plural third-person)
režemъ (first-person plural present)
režete (plural present second-person)
regǫtь (plural present third-person)
režaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
režaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
režaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rьdzi (imperative second-person singular)
rьdzi (imperative singular third-person)
režaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
režaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
režaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rьdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
rьdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
režaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
režaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
režaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rьdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
rьdzěte (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Croatian:

Kajkavian: regani (“notched, with cracks”) (passive participle from *regati)

⇒ Kajkavian: *rega

⇒ Kajkavian: regast (“corrugated”)

⇒ Shtokavian: regánac (“incised lace”)

desc

Slovene: régati (“to crack”), rẹ́gniti (“to burst, open up”)

⇒ Slovene: réga

⇒ Slovene: régast

West Slavic:

Polish: *rzegać

⇒ Polish: rzega (“streak, weal, welt”) (dialectal)

From earlier *regti, with further etymology uncertain. Boryś derives descendants from *ręgati/*rǫgati (“to offend, to scorn”), while Brückner derives Slovene régniti from *ręžati (“to have a wide open mouth”), all ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wreng- (“to twist, wring”). This makes the missing nasal in Polish problematic, however. Snoj alternatively suggests the above to be onomatopoeic, comparing Czech řehtat (“to neigh”), Latin ringor (“to snarl”).
Łuczyński proposed to derive it from Proto-Indo-European *h₁regʷ- (“to be dark”). For meaning shift from “dark, black” > “empty” compare Sanskrit रजस् (rajas, “darkness; space”), Tigrinya ፀሊም (ṣ́älim, “black, dark, empty”). The original Slavic meaning could therefore be “to make blanks”, which was narrowed down to “to cut”.


leťi

leťi (infinitive)
leťь (supine)
leglъ (l-participle)
legъ (active participle past)
legъ (aorist first-person singular)
legoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
leže (aorist second-person singular)
leže (aorist singular third-person)
lęgǫ (first-person present singular)
lęžeši (present second-person singular)
lęžetь (present singular third-person)
legově (aorist dual first-person)
legoxově (aorist dual first-person)
legeta (aorist dual second-person)
legosta (aorist dual second-person)
legete (aorist dual third-person)
legoste (aorist dual third-person)
lęževě (dual first-person present)
lęžeta (dual present second-person)
lęžete (dual present third-person)
legomъ (aorist first-person plural)
legoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
legete (aorist plural second-person)
legoste (aorist plural second-person)
legǫ (aorist plural third-person)
legošę (aorist plural third-person)
lęžemъ (first-person plural present)
lęžete (plural present second-person)
lęgǫtь (plural present third-person)
lędzi (imperative second-person singular)
lędzi (imperative singular third-person)
lędzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
lędzěta (dual imperative second-person)
lędzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
lędzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: лечи (leči), лечы (lečy)

Belarusian: легчы́ (ljehčý)

Ukrainian: лягти́ (ljahtý)

Russian: лечь (lečʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ле́гна (légna)

Macedonian: легнува (legnuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лȅћи

Latin script: lȅći

Slovene: lẹ́či (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: léci

Czech: lehnout

Polish: lec

Silesian: lygnōńć

Slovak: ľahnúť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *légtei, from Proto-Indo-European *légʰeti, from *legʰ- (“to lie down”).


jьti

šьstьje (noun-from-verb)
jьti (infinitive)
jьtъ (supine)
šьdlъ (l-participle)
šьdъ (active participle past)
jьdy (active participle present)
jьdъ (aorist first-person singular)
jьdoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jьde (aorist second-person singular)
jьde (aorist singular third-person)
jьdǫ (first-person present singular)
jьdeši (present second-person singular)
jьdetь (present singular third-person)
jьdově (aorist dual first-person)
jьdoxově (aorist dual first-person)
jьdeta (aorist dual second-person)
jьdosta (aorist dual second-person)
jьdete (aorist dual third-person)
jьdoste (aorist dual third-person)
jьdevě (dual first-person present)
jьdeta (dual present second-person)
jьdete (dual present third-person)
jьdomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jьdoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jьdete (aorist plural second-person)
jьdoste (aorist plural second-person)
jьdǫ (aorist plural third-person)
jьdošę (aorist plural third-person)
jьdemъ (first-person plural present)
jьdete (plural present second-person)
jьdǫtь (plural present third-person)
jьděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jьděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jьděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
jьdi (imperative second-person singular)
jьdi (imperative singular third-person)
jьděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jьděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jьděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
jьděvě (dual first-person imperative)
jьděta (dual imperative second-person)
jьděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jьděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jьděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
jьděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
jьděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ити (iti)
Old Ruthenian: ити́ (ití), исти́ (istí)
Belarusian: ісці́ (iscí), йсці (jsci)
Carpathian Rusyn: ити́ (ytý)
Ukrainian: іти́ (itý), йти (jty)
Russian: идти́ (idtí)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

Old Cyrillic script: ити (iti), шьды (šĭdy), -жды (-ždy)

Glagolitic script: ⰹⱅⰹ (iti)

Bulgarian: и́да (ída), и́двам (ídvam)

Macedonian: иде (ide)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ѝћи

Latin script: ìći

Slovene: īti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jíti
Czech: jít

desctree

Old Polish: ić
Polish: iść (through regularization)
Silesian: iś, iść (through regularization)

Slovak: ísť

Polabian: ai̯t

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jic

Slovincian: jyc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hić

Lower Sorbian: hyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *éitei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti (“to go”). Cognates include Lithuanian ei̇̃ti (“to go, walk”), Latin eō (“to go”).
The suppletive past participle stem *šьd- is likely from the same root as *xoditi, although the exact derivation of the form is problematic.


velь

boľьjь (comparative)
vęťьjь (comparative)
velь (masculine nominative singular)
vela (feminine nominative singular)
vele (neuter nominative singular)
vela (genitive masculine singular)
velę̇ (feminine genitive singular)
vela (genitive neuter singular)
velu (dative masculine singular)
veli (dative feminine singular)
velu (dative neuter singular)
velь (accusative masculine singular)
velǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vele (accusative neuter singular)
velemь (instrumental masculine singular)
velejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
velemь (instrumental neuter singular)
veli (locative masculine singular)
veli (feminine locative singular)
veli (locative neuter singular)
velu (masculine singular vocative)
vele (feminine singular vocative)
vele (neuter singular vocative)
vela (dual masculine nominative)
veli (dual feminine nominative)
veli (dual neuter nominative)
velu (dual genitive masculine)
velu (dual feminine genitive)
velu (dual genitive neuter)
velema (dative dual masculine)
velama (dative dual feminine)
velema (dative dual neuter)
vela (accusative dual masculine)
veli (accusative dual feminine)
veli (accusative dual neuter)
velema (dual instrumental masculine)
velama (dual feminine instrumental)
velema (dual instrumental neuter)
velu (dual locative masculine)
velu (dual feminine locative)
velu (dual locative neuter)
vela (dual masculine vocative)
veli (dual feminine vocative)
veli (dual neuter vocative)
veli (masculine nominative plural)
velę̇ (feminine nominative plural)
vela (neuter nominative plural)
velь (genitive masculine plural)
velь (feminine genitive plural)
velь (genitive neuter plural)
velemъ (dative masculine plural)
velamъ (dative feminine plural)
velemъ (dative neuter plural)
velę̇ (accusative masculine plural)
velę̇ (accusative feminine plural)
vela (accusative neuter plural)
veli (instrumental masculine plural)
velami (feminine instrumental plural)
veli (instrumental neuter plural)
velixъ (locative masculine plural)
velaxъ (feminine locative plural)
velixъ (locative neuter plural)
veli (masculine plural vocative)
velę̇ (feminine plural vocative)
vela (neuter plural vocative)
velьjь (masculine nominative singular)
velaja (feminine nominative singular)
veleje (neuter nominative singular)
velajego (genitive masculine singular)
velę̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
velajego (genitive neuter singular)
velujemu (dative masculine singular)
veliji (dative feminine singular)
velujemu (dative neuter singular)
velьjь (accusative masculine singular)
velǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
veleje (accusative neuter singular)
velijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
velǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
velijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
velijemь (locative masculine singular)
veliji (feminine locative singular)
velijemь (locative neuter singular)
velьjь (masculine singular vocative)
velaja (feminine singular vocative)
veleje (neuter singular vocative)
velaja (dual masculine nominative)
veliji (dual feminine nominative)
veliji (dual neuter nominative)
veluju (dual genitive masculine)
veluju (dual feminine genitive)
veluju (dual genitive neuter)
velijima (dative dual masculine)
velijima (dative dual feminine)
velijima (dative dual neuter)
velaja (accusative dual masculine)
veliji (accusative dual feminine)
veliji (accusative dual neuter)
velijima (dual instrumental masculine)
velijima (dual feminine instrumental)
velijima (dual instrumental neuter)
veluju (dual locative masculine)
veluju (dual feminine locative)
veluju (dual locative neuter)
velaja (dual masculine vocative)
veliji (dual feminine vocative)
veliji (dual neuter vocative)
veliji (masculine nominative plural)
velę̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
velaja (neuter nominative plural)
velьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
velьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
velьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
velijimъ (dative masculine plural)
velijimъ (dative feminine plural)
velijimъ (dative neuter plural)
velę̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
velę̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
velaja (accusative neuter plural)
velijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
velijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
velijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
velijixъ (locative masculine plural)
velijixъ (feminine locative plural)
velijixъ (locative neuter plural)
veliji (masculine plural vocative)
velę̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
velaja (neuter plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вель (velĭ)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: velí

Old Polish: wiele
Polish: wiele, wiela (Southern Greater Poland, Podegrodzie, Żywiec)
Silesian: wiele, wiela, wjela (Steuer's Silesian Alphabet)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wiele

Slovincian: wjêle

Pannonian Rusyn: велї (velji)

From *vele + *jь with tense e becoming ь. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁-, see also Proto-Germanic *wela.


zъlъ

gořьjь (comparative)
zъlъ (masculine nominative singular)
zъla (feminine nominative singular)
zъlo (neuter nominative singular)
zъla (genitive masculine singular)
zъly (feminine genitive singular)
zъla (genitive neuter singular)
zъlu (dative masculine singular)
zъlě (dative feminine singular)
zъlu (dative neuter singular)
zъlъ (accusative masculine singular)
zъlǫ (accusative feminine singular)
zъlo (accusative neuter singular)
zъlomь (instrumental masculine singular)
zъlojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
zъlomь (instrumental neuter singular)
zъlě (locative masculine singular)
zъlě (feminine locative singular)
zъlě (locative neuter singular)
zъle (masculine singular vocative)
zъlo (feminine singular vocative)
zъlo (neuter singular vocative)
zъla (dual masculine nominative)
zъlě (dual feminine nominative)
zъlě (dual neuter nominative)
zъlu (dual genitive masculine)
zъlu (dual feminine genitive)
zъlu (dual genitive neuter)
zъloma (dative dual masculine)
zъlama (dative dual feminine)
zъloma (dative dual neuter)
zъla (accusative dual masculine)
zъlě (accusative dual feminine)
zъlě (accusative dual neuter)
zъloma (dual instrumental masculine)
zъlama (dual feminine instrumental)
zъloma (dual instrumental neuter)
zъlu (dual locative masculine)
zъlu (dual feminine locative)
zъlu (dual locative neuter)
zъla (dual masculine vocative)
zъlě (dual feminine vocative)
zъlě (dual neuter vocative)
zъli (masculine nominative plural)
zъly (feminine nominative plural)
zъla (neuter nominative plural)
zъlъ (genitive masculine plural)
zъlъ (feminine genitive plural)
zъlъ (genitive neuter plural)
zъlomъ (dative masculine plural)
zъlamъ (dative feminine plural)
zъlomъ (dative neuter plural)
zъly (accusative masculine plural)
zъly (accusative feminine plural)
zъla (accusative neuter plural)
zъly (instrumental masculine plural)
zъlami (feminine instrumental plural)
zъly (instrumental neuter plural)
zъlěxъ (locative masculine plural)
zъlaxъ (feminine locative plural)
zъlěxъ (locative neuter plural)
zъli (masculine plural vocative)
zъly (feminine plural vocative)
zъla (neuter plural vocative)
zъlъjь (masculine nominative singular)
zъlaja (feminine nominative singular)
zъloje (neuter nominative singular)
zъlajego (genitive masculine singular)
zъlyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
zъlajego (genitive neuter singular)
zъlujemu (dative masculine singular)
zъlěji (dative feminine singular)
zъlujemu (dative neuter singular)
zъlъjь (accusative masculine singular)
zъlǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
zъloje (accusative neuter singular)
zъlyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
zъlǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
zъlyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
zъlějemь (locative masculine singular)
zъlěji (feminine locative singular)
zъlějemь (locative neuter singular)
zъlъjь (masculine singular vocative)
zъlaja (feminine singular vocative)
zъloje (neuter singular vocative)
zъlaja (dual masculine nominative)
zъlěji (dual feminine nominative)
zъlěji (dual neuter nominative)
zъluju (dual genitive masculine)
zъluju (dual feminine genitive)
zъluju (dual genitive neuter)
zъlyjima (dative dual masculine)
zъlyjima (dative dual feminine)
zъlyjima (dative dual neuter)
zъlaja (accusative dual masculine)
zъlěji (accusative dual feminine)
zъlěji (accusative dual neuter)
zъlyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
zъlyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
zъlyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
zъluju (dual locative masculine)
zъluju (dual feminine locative)
zъluju (dual locative neuter)
zъlaja (dual masculine vocative)
zъlěji (dual feminine vocative)
zъlěji (dual neuter vocative)
zъliji (masculine nominative plural)
zъlyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
zъlaja (neuter nominative plural)
zъlъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
zъlъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
zъlъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
zъlyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
zъlyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
zъlyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
zъlyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
zъlyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
zъlaja (accusative neuter plural)
zъlyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
zъlyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
zъlyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
zъlyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
zъlyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
zъlyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
zъliji (masculine plural vocative)
zъlyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
zъlaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зълъ (zŭlŭ)

Old Ruthenian: злый (zlyj)

Belarusian: злы (zly)

Ukrainian: злий (zlyj)

Russian: злой (zloj)

Old Novgorodian: ꙁълъ (zŭlŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: зълъ (zŭlŭ)

Bulgarian: зъл (zǎl)

Macedonian: зол (zol)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: за̏о

Latin script: zȁo

Slovene: zə̏ł (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zlý, złý (alternative writing)
Czech: zlý

Old Polish: zły
Polish: zły
Silesian: zły

Old Slovak: zlý

Pannonian Rusyn: зли (zli)

Slovak: zlý

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: złi

Slovincian: zly

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zły

Upper Sorbian: zły

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *źulas, perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwel- (“to lie, deceive, bend”). Cognate with Lithuanian žulas (“rough”), (dialectal) atžūlùs (“rude”), Latvian zveļu (“to turn aside”); outside of Balto-Slavic, compare Sanskrit ह्वृ (hvṛ, “to deviate, be crooked, be devious”), Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬭𐬀𐬵 (zurah, “injustice”), as well as perhaps Ancient Greek φῆλος (phêlos, “deceitful”).