vidimъ

vidimъ (masculine nominative singular)
vidima (feminine nominative singular)
vidimo (neuter nominative singular)
vidima (genitive masculine singular)
vidimy (feminine genitive singular)
vidima (genitive neuter singular)
vidimu (dative masculine singular)
vidimě (dative feminine singular)
vidimu (dative neuter singular)
vidimъ (accusative masculine singular)
vidimǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vidimo (accusative neuter singular)
vidimomь (instrumental masculine singular)
vidimojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vidimomь (instrumental neuter singular)
vidimě (locative masculine singular)
vidimě (feminine locative singular)
vidimě (locative neuter singular)
vidime (masculine singular vocative)
vidimo (feminine singular vocative)
vidimo (neuter singular vocative)
vidima (dual masculine nominative)
vidimě (dual feminine nominative)
vidimě (dual neuter nominative)
vidimu (dual genitive masculine)
vidimu (dual feminine genitive)
vidimu (dual genitive neuter)
vidimoma (dative dual masculine)
vidimama (dative dual feminine)
vidimoma (dative dual neuter)
vidima (accusative dual masculine)
vidimě (accusative dual feminine)
vidimě (accusative dual neuter)
vidimoma (dual instrumental masculine)
vidimama (dual feminine instrumental)
vidimoma (dual instrumental neuter)
vidimu (dual locative masculine)
vidimu (dual feminine locative)
vidimu (dual locative neuter)
vidima (dual masculine vocative)
vidimě (dual feminine vocative)
vidimě (dual neuter vocative)
vidimi (masculine nominative plural)
vidimy (feminine nominative plural)
vidima (neuter nominative plural)
vidimъ (genitive masculine plural)
vidimъ (feminine genitive plural)
vidimъ (genitive neuter plural)
vidimomъ (dative masculine plural)
vidimamъ (dative feminine plural)
vidimomъ (dative neuter plural)
vidimy (accusative masculine plural)
vidimy (accusative feminine plural)
vidima (accusative neuter plural)
vidimy (instrumental masculine plural)
vidimami (feminine instrumental plural)
vidimy (instrumental neuter plural)
vidiměxъ (locative masculine plural)
vidimaxъ (feminine locative plural)
vidiměxъ (locative neuter plural)
vidimi (masculine plural vocative)
vidimy (feminine plural vocative)
vidima (neuter plural vocative)
vidimъjь (masculine nominative singular)
vidimaja (feminine nominative singular)
vidimoje (neuter nominative singular)
vidimajego (genitive masculine singular)
vidimyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
vidimajego (genitive neuter singular)
vidimujemu (dative masculine singular)
vidiměji (dative feminine singular)
vidimujemu (dative neuter singular)
vidimъjь (accusative masculine singular)
vidimǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vidimoje (accusative neuter singular)
vidimyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
vidimǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vidimyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
vidimějemь (locative masculine singular)
vidiměji (feminine locative singular)
vidimějemь (locative neuter singular)
vidimъjь (masculine singular vocative)
vidimaja (feminine singular vocative)
vidimoje (neuter singular vocative)
vidimaja (dual masculine nominative)
vidiměji (dual feminine nominative)
vidiměji (dual neuter nominative)
vidimuju (dual genitive masculine)
vidimuju (dual feminine genitive)
vidimuju (dual genitive neuter)
vidimyjima (dative dual masculine)
vidimyjima (dative dual feminine)
vidimyjima (dative dual neuter)
vidimaja (accusative dual masculine)
vidiměji (accusative dual feminine)
vidiměji (accusative dual neuter)
vidimyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
vidimyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
vidimyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
vidimuju (dual locative masculine)
vidimuju (dual feminine locative)
vidimuju (dual locative neuter)
vidimaja (dual masculine vocative)
vidiměji (dual feminine vocative)
vidiměji (dual neuter vocative)
vidimiji (masculine nominative plural)
vidimyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
vidimaja (neuter nominative plural)
vidimъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
vidimъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
vidimъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
vidimyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
vidimyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
vidimyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
vidimyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
vidimyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
vidimaja (accusative neuter plural)
vidimyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
vidimyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
vidimyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
vidimyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
vidimyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
vidimyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
vidimiji (masculine plural vocative)
vidimyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
vidimaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: видимъ (vidimŭ)

Belarusian: видимый (vidimyj)

Russian: ви́димый (vídimyj)

Ukrainian: ви́димий (výdymyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: видимъ (vidimŭ)

Bulgarian: ви́дим (vídim)

Present passive participle of *viděti (“to see, observe”) + *-imъ. Compare also Russian видóмый (vidómyj), Czech vidomý, Polish widomy apparently from Proto-Slavic *vidomъ.


bьrlogъ

bьrlogъ (nominative singular)
bьrloga (dual nominative)
bьrlodzi (nominative plural)
bьrloga (genitive singular)
bьrlogu (dual genitive)
bьrlogъ (genitive plural)
bьrlogu (dative singular)
bьrlogoma (dative dual)
bьrlogomъ (dative plural)
bьrlogъ (accusative singular)
bьrloga (accusative dual)
bьrlogy (accusative plural)
bьrlogъmь (instrumental singular)
bьrlogomь (instrumental singular)
bьrlogoma (dual instrumental)
bьrlogy (instrumental plural)
bьrlodzě (locative singular)
bьrlogu (dual locative)
bьrlodzěxъ (locative plural)
bьrlože (singular vocative)
bьrloga (dual vocative)
bьrlodzi (plural vocative)
*bьrloga (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: берлога (berloga)

desc

Belarusian: бярло́г (bjarlóh), мярло́га (mjarlóha)

Russian: берло́га (berlóga), мерло́га (merlóga) (dialectal), мерлу́га (merlúga) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: берлога (berloha), барліг (barlih)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бърлога (bǎrloga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: брлог

Latin script: brlog

Slovene: brlog

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brloh

Czech: brloh

desctree

Old Polish: barłóg, barłogo
Polish: barłóg
→ Low Prussian: Barlogg
Silesian: barłōg

Slovak: brloh

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: barłóg

Slovincian: barlóg

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: bërllog

→ Romanian: bârlog (“den”)

→ Hungarian: barlang (“cave, den”)

Uncertain. Possibly from *bьrlati (“to disturb, to burden”) + *-ogъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, to carry”). If correct, the original meaning of the term would have been an unnatural structure, perturbation (made by an animal). A similar semantic development is found in *bьrgъ (“landmark, heap”) → (“hut”) (also from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-).
A popular folk-etymology of the term derives it from German Bär (“bear”) + Slavic *logъ (“standpoint”); however, most scholars discard this hypothesis.


běsъ

bě̑sъ (canonical masculine)
bě̑sъ (nominative singular)
bě̑sa (dual nominative)
bě̑si (nominative plural)
bě̑sa (genitive singular)
běsù (dual genitive)
bě̃sъ (genitive plural)
bě̑su (dative singular)
běsomà (dative dual)
běsòmъ (dative plural)
bě̑sъ (accusative singular)
bě̑sa (accusative dual)
bě̑sy (accusative plural)
bě̑sъmь (instrumental singular)
bě̑somь (instrumental singular)
běsomà (dual instrumental)
běsý (instrumental plural)
bě̑sě (locative singular)
běsù (dual locative)
běsě̃xъ (locative plural)
běse (singular vocative)
bě̑sa (dual vocative)
bě̑si (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бѣсъ (běsŭ)

Old Ruthenian: бѣсъ (běs)

Belarusian: бес (bjes)

Ukrainian: біс (bis)

→ Old Polish: bies, bis

Polish: bies, bis

→ Lithuanian: bi̇́esas

Russian: бес (bes)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic: бѣсъ (běsŭ)

Bulgarian: бя́с (bjás)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̑с, бије̑с

Latin script: bȇs, bijȇs

Slovene: bẹ̑s (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: běs, bies, bís

Czech: běs

Kashubian: biés

⇒ Old Polish: Biasowice (toponym)

Polish: Biasowice

Slovak: bes

Sorbian:

Old Lower Sorbian: běs

Upper Sorbian: běs

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *baiˀsás (“someone frightening”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, be afraid”).


běsъ

běsъ (nominative singular)
běsa (dual nominative)
běsi (nominative plural)
běsa (genitive singular)
běsu (dual genitive)
běsъ (genitive plural)
běsu (dative singular)
běsoma (dative dual)
běsomъ (dative plural)
běsъ (accusative singular)
běsa (accusative dual)
běsy (accusative plural)
běsъmь (instrumental singular)
běsomь (instrumental singular)
běsoma (dual instrumental)
běsy (instrumental plural)
běsě (locative singular)
běsu (dual locative)
běsěxъ (locative plural)
běse (singular vocative)
běsa (dual vocative)
běsi (plural vocative)

South Slavic

Bulgarian: бяс (bjas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бије̑с

Latin script: bijȇs

Slovene: bès (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: běs

Slovak: bes


tęgnǫti

b (accent-paradigm)
tęgnovenьje (noun-from-verb)
tęgnǫti (infinitive)
tęgnǫtъ (supine)
tęgnǫlъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
tęgnovenъ (participle passive past)
tęgnomъ (participle passive present)
tęgnǫvъ (active participle past)
tęgny (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
tęgnǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęgnǫ (aorist second-person singular)
tęgnǫ (aorist singular third-person)
tęgnǫ (first-person present singular)
tęgneši (present second-person singular)
tęgnetь (present singular third-person)
tęgnǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgnǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgnǫste (aorist dual third-person)
tęgnevě (dual first-person present)
tęgneta (dual present second-person)
tęgnete (dual present third-person)
tęgnǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgnǫste (aorist plural second-person)
tęgnǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
tęgnemъ (first-person plural present)
tęgnete (plural present second-person)
tęgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
tęgněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tęgněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tęgněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tęgni (imperative second-person singular)
tęgni (imperative singular third-person)
tęgněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tęgněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tęgněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tęgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
tęgněta (dual imperative second-person)
tęgněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tęgněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tęgněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tęgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęgněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: тѧгнѫти (tęgnǫti), тѧнѫти (tęnǫti)

Belarusian: цягну́ць (cjahnúcʹ)

Russian: тяну́ть (tjanútʹ)

Ukrainian: тягну́ти (tjahnúty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: тѧгнѫти (tęgnǫti)

Bulgarian: те́гна (tégna)

Macedonian: тегне (tegne)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tė́gniti (“to provide, to stretch”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: cygnąc

Old Czech: táhnúti

Czech: táhnout

Polabian: tągnǫt

Polish: ciągnąć

Silesian: ciōngnōńć

Slovak: tiahnuť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ćahnyć

Lower Sorbian: śěgnuś

From the root of *tęťi (“to pull”) + *-nǫti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ting-, *teng-, from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian ti̇̀ngti (“to become slow”) (3sg. ti̇̀ngsta), tingė́ti (“to be lazy”) (3sg. ti̇̀ngi).
Indo-European cognates include
Old Norse þyngja (“burden”), þīsl (“drawbar, shaft”),
Old High German dīhsala (“drawbar, shaft”),
Latin tēmō (“drawbar, shaft”) < *tenk-smō.


vojьna

vojьna (nominative singular)
vojьně (dual nominative)
vojьny (nominative plural)
vojьny (genitive singular)
vojьnu (dual genitive)
vojьnъ (genitive plural)
vojьně (dative singular)
vojьnama (dative dual)
vojьnamъ (dative plural)
vojьnǫ (accusative singular)
vojьně (accusative dual)
vojьny (accusative plural)
vojьnojǫ (instrumental singular)
vojьnǫ (instrumental singular)
vojьnama (dual instrumental)
vojьnami (instrumental plural)
vojьně (locative singular)
vojьnu (dual locative)
vojьnasъ (locative plural)
vojьnaxъ (locative plural)
vojьno (singular vocative)
vojьně (dual vocative)
vojьny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воина (voina)

Old Ruthenian: война (vojna)

Belarusian: вайна́ (vajná)

Carpathian Rusyn: вṓйна (vṓjna)

Ukrainian: війна́ (vijná)

Russian: война́ (vojná)

→ Skolt Sami: väinn

Old Novgorodian: воина (voina)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: воина (voina)

Bulgarian: война (vojna)

Macedonian: војна (vojna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: во̑јна

Latin script: vȏjna

Slovene: vojna

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vojna
Czech: vojna

desctree

Old Polish: wojna
Polish: wojna
Silesian: wojna

Old Slovak: vojna

Pannonian Rusyn: война (vojna)

Slovak: vojna

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wòjna

Slovincian: wôjna

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wójna

Upper Sorbian: wójna

From *vojьnъ (“related to war”) + *-a, from *vojь (“soldier”).


-aľь

-aľь (nominative singular)
-aľa (dual nominative)
-aľi (nominative plural)
-aľa (genitive singular)
-aľu (dual genitive)
-aľь (genitive plural)
-aľu (dative singular)
-aľema (dative dual)
-aľemъ (dative plural)
-aľь (accusative singular)
-aľa (accusative dual)
-aľę̇ (accusative plural)
-aľьmь (instrumental singular)
-aľemь (instrumental singular)
-aľema (dual instrumental)
-aľi (instrumental plural)
-aľi (locative singular)
-aľu (dual locative)
-aľixъ (locative plural)
-aľu (singular vocative)
-aľa (dual vocative)
-aľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -аль (-alĭ)

Belarusian: -а́ль (-álʹ)

Russian: -аль (-alʹ), -а́ль (-álʹ)

Ukrainian: -а́ль (-álʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: —

Bulgarian: —

Macedonian: —

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -аљ

Latin script: -alj

Slovene: -ar

West Slavic:

Czech: -al, -ál, -áľ

Old Polish: -al

Polish: -al

Slovak: -al, -ál, -áľ

Slovincian: -ol

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -al

Cognate with Lithuanian -lỹs in pirklỹs (< pir̃kti), piršlỹs (< pir̃šti).

kovati (“to forge”) → *kovaľь (“blacksmith”)

kopati (“to dig”) → *kopaľь (“digger”)

xaxati → *xaxaľь

obьrtati → *obьrtaľь (compare *obьrtalъ, *obьrtelъ)

gora (“mountain”) → *goraľь (“mountain dweller”) (compare *gorakъ, *gorěnъ / *gorěninъ)

nosъ (“nose”) → *nosaľь (“human with big nose”) (compare *nosačь, *nosakъ, *nosanъ, *nosařь)

lysъ (“bald”) → *lysaľь (compare *lysačь, *lysakъ, *lysanъ)

(added to verbs)
(added to nouns)
(added to adjectives)


blizьnьcь

blizьnьcь (nominative singular)
blizьnьca (dual nominative)
blizьnьci (nominative plural)
blizьnьca (genitive singular)
blizьnьcu (dual genitive)
blizьnьcь (genitive plural)
blizьnьcu (dative singular)
blizьnьcema (dative dual)
blizьnьcemъ (dative plural)
blizьnьcь (accusative singular)
blizьnьca (accusative dual)
blizьnьcę̇ (accusative plural)
blizьnьcьmь (instrumental singular)
blizьnьcemь (instrumental singular)
blizьnьcema (dual instrumental)
blizьnьci (instrumental plural)
blizьnьci (locative singular)
blizьnьcu (dual locative)
blizьnьcixъ (locative plural)
blizьnьče (singular vocative)
blizьnьca (dual vocative)
blizьnьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: блізню́к (bliznjúk), блізня (bliznja), блізнё (bliznjó)

Russian: близне́ц (bliznéc)

Carpathian Rusyn: близнець (blyznecʹ)

Ukrainian: близню́к (blyznjúk), близня́ (blyznjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: близньць (bliznĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: близна́к (bliznák)

Macedonian: бли́знак (blíznak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: близа́нац

Latin script: blizánac

→? Albanian: binjak

→? Aromanian: biznat, biznatu, binat, binatu, bisnat, bisnatu, bliznac, bliznacu

West Slavic:

Old Polish: bliźniec

Polish: bliźniec (obsolete)

From *blizьnъ (“near, fellow”) + *-ьcь. The Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Polish forms are formed with the affix *-(j)akъ. Belarusian and Ukrainian forms represent a contamination between the two versions.


lyžьka

lyžьka (nominative singular)
lyžьcě (dual nominative)
lyžьky (nominative plural)
lyžьky (genitive singular)
lyžьku (dual genitive)
lyžьkъ (genitive plural)
lyžьcě (dative singular)
lyžьkama (dative dual)
lyžьkamъ (dative plural)
lyžьkǫ (accusative singular)
lyžьcě (accusative dual)
lyžьky (accusative plural)
lyžьkojǫ (instrumental singular)
lyžьkǫ (instrumental singular)
lyžьkama (dual instrumental)
lyžьkami (instrumental plural)
lyžьcě (locative singular)
lyžьku (dual locative)
lyžьkasъ (locative plural)
lyžьkaxъ (locative plural)
lyžьko (singular vocative)
lyžьcě (dual vocative)
lyžьky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лъ́жька (lŭ́žĭka), ло́жька (lóžĭka)

Old Ruthenian: ло́жка (lóžka)

Belarusian: лы́жка (lýžka)

Ukrainian: ло́жка (lóžka)

Russian: ло́жка (lóžka)

Russian: ло́жечка (lóžečka, “teaspoon”)

→ Finnish: lusikka

→ Estonian: lusikas

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лижка

Latin script: ližka

West Slavic:

Kashubian: łëżka

desctree

Old Polish: łyżka
Polish: łyżka
Silesian: łyżka, łeżka (Western Silesian)

Old Slovak: ložka, lyžka

Pannonian Rusyn: ложка (ložka)

Slovak: lyžička (“teaspoon”)

From an earlier *lъga (“bending”) + *-ъka, reanalyzed to have a soft -ž- under the influence of *lъžica. For comparison, consider *vidlъka (“fork”) and *vidlica (“id”). The root *lъga is thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₁- (“to cut off, free”) + *-ga (“nominal suffix”); see Ancient Greek λῡ́ω (lū́ō, “to loose”) for more.


gvozdь

gvȍzdь (canonical masculine)
*gvozdьjь (alternative)
*gvožďь (alternative)
*gvozdъ (alternative)
gvȍzdь (nominative singular)
gvȍzdi (dual nominative)
gvȍzdьjē (nominative plural)
gvozdí (genitive singular)
gvozdьjù (dual genitive)
gvozdь̀jь (genitive plural)
gvȍzdi (dative singular)
gvozdьmà (dative dual)
gvȍzdьmъ (dative plural)
gvȍzdь (accusative singular)
gvȍzdi (accusative dual)
gvȍzdi (accusative plural)
gvȍzdьmь (instrumental singular)
gvozdьmà (dual instrumental)
gvozdьmì (instrumental plural)
gvozdí (locative singular)
gvozdьjù (dual locative)
gvȍzdьxъ (locative plural)
gvozdi (singular vocative)
gvȍzdi (dual vocative)
gvȍzdьjē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ)
Old Ruthenian: гвоздь (hvozdʹ), гвоздъ (hvozd)
Belarusian: гвозд (hvozd)
Carpathian Rusyn: гвузд (hvuzd)
Ukrainian: гвоздь (hvozdʹ) (rare), гвіздь (hvizdʹ) (dialectal)
Russian: гвоздь (gvozdʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ)

Bulgarian: гво́зд (gvózd) (dialectal, o-stem)

⇒ Bulgarian: гво́здей (gvózdej) (standard)

Macedonian: гос (gos) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Cyrillic script: гво̑зд (“iron spike”)

Latin script: gvȏzd (“iron spike”)

West Slavic:

Polish: gwóźdź

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gózdź

Upper Sorbian: hózdź

Old Slovak: hvozd, hvozdz

Pannonian Rusyn: гвозд (hvozd)

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: gozhdë

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gwesd- (“dense, compact, clumped”). Possibly akin to o-stem Proto-Celtic *bozdos (whence Middle Irish bot (“tail, penis”), Welsh both (“hub, nave”)), Proto-Germanic *kwastuz (“tuft, tassel”).


vьrba

vьrba (nominative singular)
vьrbě (dual nominative)
vьrby (nominative plural)
vьrby (genitive singular)
vьrbu (dual genitive)
vьrbъ (genitive plural)
vьrbě (dative singular)
vьrbama (dative dual)
vьrbamъ (dative plural)
vьrbǫ (accusative singular)
vьrbě (accusative dual)
vьrby (accusative plural)
vьrbojǫ (instrumental singular)
vьrbǫ (instrumental singular)
vьrbama (dual instrumental)
vьrbami (instrumental plural)
vьrbě (locative singular)
vьrbu (dual locative)
vьrbasъ (locative plural)
vьrbaxъ (locative plural)
vьrbo (singular vocative)
vьrbě (dual vocative)
vьrby (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вьрба (vĭrba)

Old Ruthenian: верба́ (verbá)

Belarusian: вярба́ (vjarbá); вэрба́ (verbá) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: верба́ (verbá)

Russian: ве́рба (vérba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вьрба (vĭrba)

Bulgarian: върба́ (vǎrbá)

Macedonian: врба (vrba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр́ба

Latin script: vŕba

Slovene: vŕba

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrba

Czech: vrba

Moravian (Mistřice): vŕba

Polabian: varbă

Old Polish: wierzba

Polish: wierzba

Silesian: wiyrba

Slovak: vŕba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wjerba

Lower Sorbian: wjerba

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wirb-. Cognate with Lithuanian vir̃bas, Latvian vir̂bs, virba, Ancient Greek ῥᾰ́βδος (rhắbdos), Latin verbēna, verber, Proto-Germanic *warpą.


blědъ

blě̑dъ (canonical)
blědъ (masculine nominative singular)
blěda (feminine nominative singular)
blědo (neuter nominative singular)
blěda (genitive masculine singular)
blědy (feminine genitive singular)
blěda (genitive neuter singular)
blědu (dative masculine singular)
blědě (dative feminine singular)
blědu (dative neuter singular)
blědъ (accusative masculine singular)
blědǫ (accusative feminine singular)
blědo (accusative neuter singular)
blědomь (instrumental masculine singular)
blědojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
blědomь (instrumental neuter singular)
blědě (locative masculine singular)
blědě (feminine locative singular)
blědě (locative neuter singular)
blěde (masculine singular vocative)
blědo (feminine singular vocative)
blědo (neuter singular vocative)
blěda (dual masculine nominative)
blědě (dual feminine nominative)
blědě (dual neuter nominative)
blědu (dual genitive masculine)
blědu (dual feminine genitive)
blědu (dual genitive neuter)
blědoma (dative dual masculine)
blědama (dative dual feminine)
blědoma (dative dual neuter)
blěda (accusative dual masculine)
blědě (accusative dual feminine)
blědě (accusative dual neuter)
blědoma (dual instrumental masculine)
blědama (dual feminine instrumental)
blědoma (dual instrumental neuter)
blědu (dual locative masculine)
blědu (dual feminine locative)
blědu (dual locative neuter)
blěda (dual masculine vocative)
blědě (dual feminine vocative)
blědě (dual neuter vocative)
blědi (masculine nominative plural)
blědy (feminine nominative plural)
blěda (neuter nominative plural)
blědъ (genitive masculine plural)
blědъ (feminine genitive plural)
blědъ (genitive neuter plural)
blědomъ (dative masculine plural)
blědamъ (dative feminine plural)
blědomъ (dative neuter plural)
blědy (accusative masculine plural)
blědy (accusative feminine plural)
blěda (accusative neuter plural)
blědy (instrumental masculine plural)
blědami (feminine instrumental plural)
blědy (instrumental neuter plural)
blěděxъ (locative masculine plural)
blědaxъ (feminine locative plural)
blěděxъ (locative neuter plural)
blědi (masculine plural vocative)
blědy (feminine plural vocative)
blěda (neuter plural vocative)
blědъjь (masculine nominative singular)
blědaja (feminine nominative singular)
blědoje (neuter nominative singular)
blědajego (genitive masculine singular)
blědyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
blědajego (genitive neuter singular)
blědujemu (dative masculine singular)
blěději (dative feminine singular)
blědujemu (dative neuter singular)
blědъjь (accusative masculine singular)
blědǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
blědoje (accusative neuter singular)
blědyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
blědǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
blědyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
blědějemь (locative masculine singular)
blěději (feminine locative singular)
blědějemь (locative neuter singular)
blědъjь (masculine singular vocative)
blědaja (feminine singular vocative)
blědoje (neuter singular vocative)
blědaja (dual masculine nominative)
blěději (dual feminine nominative)
blěději (dual neuter nominative)
blěduju (dual genitive masculine)
blěduju (dual feminine genitive)
blěduju (dual genitive neuter)
blědyjima (dative dual masculine)
blědyjima (dative dual feminine)
blědyjima (dative dual neuter)
blědaja (accusative dual masculine)
blěději (accusative dual feminine)
blěději (accusative dual neuter)
blědyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
blědyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
blědyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
blěduju (dual locative masculine)
blěduju (dual feminine locative)
blěduju (dual locative neuter)
blědaja (dual masculine vocative)
blěději (dual feminine vocative)
blěději (dual neuter vocative)
blědiji (masculine nominative plural)
blědyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
blědaja (neuter nominative plural)
blědъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
blědъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
blědъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
blědyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
blědyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
blědyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
blědyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
blědyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
blědaja (accusative neuter plural)
blědyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
blědyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
blědyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
blědyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
blědyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
blědyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
blědiji (masculine plural vocative)
blědyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
blědaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: бле́ды (bljédy)

⇒ Belarusian: бле́дны (bljédny)

desc

Russian: бледо́й (bledój), блёдый (bljódyj) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: бле́дный (blédnyj)

Ukrainian: блідий (blidyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: блѣдъ (blědŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰾⱑⰴⱏ (blědŭ)

Bulgarian: блед (bled), бляд (bljad), бле́ден (bléden)

Macedonian: блед (bled)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бле̑д

Latin script: blȇd

Slovene: blẹ̑d (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Old Czech: bledý
Czech: bledý

desctree

Old Polish: blady
Polish: blady
Silesian: blady

Old Slovak: bledý, bľadý
Pannonian Rusyn: бляди (bljadi)
Slovak: bledý

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bladi

Slovincian: blady

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: blědy

Upper Sorbian: blědy

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *blaiˀd(w)ás, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰloyd-(w)ó-s, from *bʰleyd-. Cognate with Lithuanian blai̇̃vas (“whitish, blue, sober”), Proto-Germanic *blaitaz, Albanian blehurë.


tьlěti

tьlěnьje (noun-from-verb)
tьlěti (infinitive)
tьlětъ (supine)
tьlělъ (l-participle)
tьlěvъ (active participle past)
tьlěję (active participle present)
tьlěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьlě (aorist second-person singular)
tьlě (aorist singular third-person)
tьlějǫ (first-person present singular)
tьlěješi (present second-person singular)
tьlějetь (present singular third-person)
tьlěxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьlěsta (aorist dual second-person)
tьlěste (aorist dual third-person)
tьlějevě (dual first-person present)
tьlějeta (dual present second-person)
tьlějete (dual present third-person)
tьlěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьlěste (aorist plural second-person)
tьlěšę (aorist plural third-person)
tьlějemъ (first-person plural present)
tьlějete (plural present second-person)
tьlějǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьlěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьlěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьlěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьlěji (imperative second-person singular)
tьlěji (imperative singular third-person)
tьlěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьlěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьlěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьlějivě (dual first-person imperative)
tьlějita (dual imperative second-person)
tьlěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьlěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьlěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьlějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьlějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: тьлѣти (tĭlěti, “to rot”), 1sg. тьлѣю (tĭlěju)

Belarusian: тлець (tljecʹ)

Russian: тлеть (tletʹ, “to rot, to decay, to smolder”), 1sg. тле́ю (tléju)

Ukrainian: тлі́ти (tlíty, “to decay, to rot”), 1sg. тлі́ю (tlíju)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: тьлѣти (tĭlěti, “to decay”), 1sg. тьлѣѭ (tĭlějǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тѝњати (“to smolder”)

Latin script: tinjati (“to smolder”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tlẹ́ti (“to smolder”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tlím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tléti

desc

Czech: tlít (“to rot, to decay, to mold”)

Polish: tleć (“smolder”), tlać; ⇒ tlić

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: tlec

Silesian: tleć

Slovak: tlieť (“to smolder”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: tłać (“to decay, to rot”)

Lower Sorbian: tłaś (“to decay, to rot”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *til- or *tilˀ-. Cognate with Latvian til̂t (“to become soft or retted”) (West Latvian dialect, where the broken and falling tones merge). Possibly cognate with *utoliti (“to quench, to relieve”) and/or Lithuanian tylė́ti (“to soothe, to be silent”), ti̇̀lti (“to be silent”). Vasmer suggests a possible additional connection with Ancient Greek τέλμα (télma, “marsh, puddle”), τελμίς (telmís, “rot, slime”) (gen. τελμῖνος (telmînos)), Old Armenian տիղմ (tiłm, “mud”). Chernykh adds Old Irish tulid, tuilid (“to sleep”).


volděti

volděnьje (noun-from-verb)
volděti (infinitive)
voldětъ (supine)
voldělъ (l-participle)
volděnъ (participle passive past)
voldějemъ (participle passive present)
volděvъ (active participle past)
volděję (active participle present)
volděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
voldě (aorist second-person singular)
voldě (aorist singular third-person)
voldějǫ (first-person present singular)
volděješi (present second-person singular)
voldějetь (present singular third-person)
volděxově (aorist dual first-person)
volděsta (aorist dual second-person)
volděste (aorist dual third-person)
voldějevě (dual first-person present)
voldějeta (dual present second-person)
voldějete (dual present third-person)
volděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
volděste (aorist plural second-person)
volděšę (aorist plural third-person)
voldějemъ (first-person plural present)
voldějete (plural present second-person)
voldějǫtь (plural present third-person)
volděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
volděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
volděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
volději (imperative second-person singular)
volději (imperative singular third-person)
volděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
volděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
volděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
voldějivě (dual first-person imperative)
voldějita (dual imperative second-person)
volděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
volděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
volděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
voldějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
voldějite (imperative plural second-person)
voldanьje (noun-from-verb)
voldati (infinitive)
voldatъ (supine)
voldalъ (l-participle)
voldanъ (participle passive past)
voldomъ (participle passive present)
voldavъ (active participle past)
voldy (active participle present)
voldaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
volda (aorist second-person singular)
volda (aorist singular third-person)
voldǫ (first-person present singular)
voldeši (present second-person singular)
voldetь (present singular third-person)
voldaxově (aorist dual first-person)
voldasta (aorist dual second-person)
voldaste (aorist dual third-person)
voldevě (dual first-person present)
voldeta (dual present second-person)
voldete (dual present third-person)
voldaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
voldaste (aorist plural second-person)
voldašę (aorist plural third-person)
voldemъ (first-person plural present)
voldete (plural present second-person)
voldǫtь (plural present third-person)
voldaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
voldaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
voldaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
voldi (imperative second-person singular)
voldi (imperative singular third-person)
voldaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
voldaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
voldaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
volděvě (dual first-person imperative)
volděta (dual imperative second-person)
voldaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
voldaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
voldaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
volděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
volděte (imperative plural second-person)
voldanьje (noun-from-verb)
voldati (infinitive)
voldatъ (supine)
voldalъ (l-participle)
voldanъ (participle passive past)
voldajemъ (participle passive present)
voldavъ (active participle past)
voldaję (active participle present)
voldaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
volda (aorist second-person singular)
volda (aorist singular third-person)
voldajǫ (first-person present singular)
voldaješi (present second-person singular)
voldajetь (present singular third-person)
voldaxově (aorist dual first-person)
voldasta (aorist dual second-person)
voldaste (aorist dual third-person)
voldajevě (dual first-person present)
voldajeta (dual present second-person)
voldajete (dual present third-person)
voldaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
voldaste (aorist plural second-person)
voldašę (aorist plural third-person)
voldajemъ (first-person plural present)
voldajete (plural present second-person)
voldajǫtь (plural present third-person)
voldaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
voldaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
voldaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
voldaji (imperative second-person singular)
voldaji (imperative singular third-person)
voldaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
voldaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
voldaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
voldajivě (dual first-person imperative)
voldajita (dual imperative second-person)
voldaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
voldaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
voldaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
voldajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
voldajite (imperative plural second-person)
*voldati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: володѣти (voloděti)

Old Ruthenian: володѣти (voloděti)

Ukrainian: володі́ти (volodíty)

Russian: володе́ть (volodétʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: владѣти (vladěti), владати (vladati)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: владе́я (vladéja)

Macedonian: владее (vladee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вла́дати

Latin script: vládati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: vládati, ládati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: vládnout

Old Polish: włodać

Polish: władać

→ Belarusian: улада́ць (uladácʹ)

Slovak: vládať

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *walˀdā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁dʰh₁-, from *h₂welh₁- (“to rule”). Cognates include Lithuanian valdýti (“to rule, to govern, to wield”) (3sg. val̃do, 3sg. past val̃dė), Latvian vàldît (“to rule, to govern, to wield”), Lithuanian veldė́ti (“to inherit”), Old Prussian walduns, weldūns (“heir”), weldīsnan (“legacy”), Old Lithuanian pavilsti (“to inherit”), pavildė́ti (“to own”), English wield.


žędati

žę̄dàti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanьje (noun-from-verb)
žędati (infinitive)
žędatъ (supine)
žędalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanъ (participle passive past)
žęďemъ (participle passive present)
žędavъ (active participle past)
žęďę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žęda (aorist second-person singular)
žęda (aorist singular third-person)
žęďǫ (first-person present singular)
žęďeši (present second-person singular)
žęďetь (present singular third-person)
žędaxově (aorist dual first-person)
žędasta (aorist dual second-person)
žędaste (aorist dual third-person)
žęďevě (dual first-person present)
žęďeta (dual present second-person)
žęďete (dual present third-person)
žędaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žędaste (aorist plural second-person)
žędašę (aorist plural third-person)
žęďemъ (first-person plural present)
žęďete (plural present second-person)
žęďǫtь (plural present third-person)
žędaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žędaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žędaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žęďi (imperative second-person singular)
žęďi (imperative singular third-person)
žędaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žędaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žędaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žęďivě (dual first-person imperative)
žęďita (dual imperative second-person)
žędaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žędaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žędaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žęďimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žęďite (imperative plural second-person)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanьje (noun-from-verb)
žędati (infinitive)
žędatъ (supine)
žędalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanъ (participle passive past)
žędajemъ (participle passive present)
žędavъ (active participle past)
žędaję (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žęda (aorist second-person singular)
žęda (aorist singular third-person)
žędajǫ (first-person present singular)
žędaješi (present second-person singular)
žędajetь (present singular third-person)
žędaxově (aorist dual first-person)
žędasta (aorist dual second-person)
žędaste (aorist dual third-person)
žędajevě (dual first-person present)
žędajeta (dual present second-person)
žędajete (dual present third-person)
žędaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žędaste (aorist plural second-person)
žędašę (aorist plural third-person)
žędajemъ (first-person plural present)
žędajete (plural present second-person)
žędajǫtь (plural present third-person)
žędaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žędaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žędaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žędaji (imperative second-person singular)
žędaji (imperative singular third-person)
žędaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žędaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žędaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žędajivě (dual first-person imperative)
žędajita (dual imperative second-person)
žędaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žędaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žędaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žędajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žędajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: жѧдати (žędati), жадати (žadati)

Old Ruthenian: жада́ти (žadáti); жеда́ти (žedáti), жода́ти (žodáti) (dialectal)

Belarusian: жада́ць (žadácʹ)

Ukrainian: жада́ти (žadáty); жєда́ти (žjedáty) (dialectal)

Russian: жада́ть (žadátʹ, “to thirst for”) (archaic or dialectal); cf. modern жа́ждать (žáždatʹ, “to crave”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жѧдати (žędati)

Bulgarian: же́дам (žédam) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: žádat

Old Polish: żędać
Polish: żądać

Slovak: žiadať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: žadać

Lower Sorbian: žedaś

Non-Slavic

→ Romanian: jindui

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gendātei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥dʰéti, from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to yearn, to pray for”) with a nasal infix. Cognate with Lithuanian pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù), further akin to Lithuanian gedáuti (“to desire, to yearn”), gedė́ti (“to mourn”).

cog

craving; to cause thirst; avid, greedy; thirsty; thirst; to crave

žędь*žęditi ()*žędьnъ ()*žędostь ()*žędovati ()

to wish (in cardinal sense), to long for, to crave (in South, East Slavic)


zinǫti

zìnǫti (canonical perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinovenьje (noun-from-verb)
zinǫti (infinitive)
zinǫtъ (supine)
zinǫlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinovenъ (participle passive past)
zinǫvъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zinǫ (aorist second-person singular)
zinǫ (aorist singular third-person)
zinǫ (first-person present singular)
zineši (present second-person singular)
zinetь (present singular third-person)
zinǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
zinǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
zinǫste (aorist dual third-person)
zinevě (dual first-person present)
zineta (dual present second-person)
zinete (dual present third-person)
zinǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zinǫste (aorist plural second-person)
zinǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
zinemъ (first-person plural present)
zinete (plural present second-person)
zinǫtь (plural present third-person)
zini (imperative second-person singular)
zini (imperative singular third-person)
ziněvě (dual first-person imperative)
ziněta (dual imperative second-person)
ziněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
ziněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: зинѫти (zinǫti), зинути (zinuti)

Old Ruthenian: зинути (zinuti)

Russian: зи́нуть (zínutʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰻⱀⱘⱅⰻ (zinǫti)

Old Cyrillic script: зинѫти (zinǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зи̏нути

Latin script: zȉnuti

Slovene: zíniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

⇒ Old Czech: pozinúti (“to swallow up”)

Polish: zionąć

Per Rix (LIV), from a nasal-infix form Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi-né-h₁- with metathesis from the root *ǵʰeh₁y-, with analogical lengthening of the vowel to *-ī- from the metathesized zero-grade *ǵʰih₁-. Derksen is unconvinced of the nasal-infix explanation, but agrees on the root involved. Cognate with Old Norse gína (“to yap, to yawn”), gina (“to yawn”), gine (“to be wide open”), Old High German ginēn (“to be wide open”). More distantly cognate with Lithuanian žióvauti (“to yawn”), Latvian žàvât (“to yawn”) (East Latvian dialectal, where the sustained and falling tones have merged), Lithuanian žióti (“to open one's mouth”), Latin hiō (“to yawn”).


zęti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zęti (infinitive)
zętъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębenъ (participle passive past)
zębomъ (participle passive present)
zębъ (active participle past)
zęby (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębǫ (first-person present singular)
zębeši (present second-person singular)
zębetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębevě (dual first-person present)
zębeta (dual present second-person)
zębete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębemъ (first-person plural present)
zębete (plural present second-person)
zębǫtь (plural present third-person)
zęběaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zęběaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zęběaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębi (imperative second-person singular)
zębi (imperative singular third-person)
zęběaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zęběašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zęběašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zęběvě (dual first-person imperative)
zęběta (dual imperative second-person)
zęběaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zęběašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zęběaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zęběmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zęběte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: зябци́ (zjabcí)

Russian: зябти́ (zjabtí) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зѧбоми (zębomi, nom. masc. pl. pres. pasv. part.)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зе̑псти

Latin script: zȇpsti

Slovene: zẹ́bsti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ziebsti

Czech: zábst

Slovak: ziabsť

Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemb-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ-, and cognate with Lithuanian žem̃bti (“to sharpen, to cut slantwise”), Sanskrit जम्भते (jámbhate, “to snatch”), जम्भयति (jámbhayati, “to crush”). Suggested semantic development is cut > bite > frostbite > freeze. Vasmer generally agrees, and adds Albanian dhëmp (“painful”) as a cognate. Derksen further suggests a possible connection with *zǫbъ (“tooth”), in which case many other words are cognate, e.g. Sanskrit जम्भ (jámbha, “tooth”), Ancient Greek γόμφος (gómphos, “pin, nail”), English comb.


zębnǫti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zębnǫti (infinitive)
zębnǫtъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębъ (active participle past)
zębny (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębnǫ (first-person present singular)
zębneši (present second-person singular)
zębnetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębnevě (dual first-person present)
zębneta (dual present second-person)
zębnete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębnemъ (first-person plural present)
zębnete (plural present second-person)
zębnǫtь (plural present third-person)
zębněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zębněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zębněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębni (imperative second-person singular)
zębni (imperative singular third-person)
zębněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zębněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zębněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zębněvě (dual first-person imperative)
zębněta (dual imperative second-person)
zębněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zębněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zębněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zębněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zębněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: зѧбнѫти (zębnǫti), зꙗбнути (zjabnuti)

Belarusian: зя́бнуць (zjábnucʹ)

Russian: зя́бнуть (zjábnutʹ), 1sg. зя́бну (zjábnu)

Ukrainian: зя́бнути (zjábnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: зѧбнѫти (zębnǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⰸⱔⰱⱀⱘⱅⰻ (zębnǫti)

Bulgarian: зе́бна (zébna) (obsolete)

Macedonian: ѕемне (dzemne)

West Slavic:

Czech: zábnout

Polish: ziębnąć

Slovak: ziabnuť


zębnǫti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zębnǫti (infinitive)
zębnǫtъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębenъ (participle passive past)
zębnomъ (participle passive present)
zębъ (active participle past)
zębny (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębnǫ (first-person present singular)
zębneši (present second-person singular)
zębnetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębnevě (dual first-person present)
zębneta (dual present second-person)
zębnete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębnemъ (first-person plural present)
zębnete (plural present second-person)
zębnǫtь (plural present third-person)
zębněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zębněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zębněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębni (imperative second-person singular)
zębni (imperative singular third-person)
zębněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zębněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zębněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zębněvě (dual first-person imperative)
zębněta (dual imperative second-person)
zębněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zębněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zębněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zębněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zębněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зꙗбнꙋти (zjabnuti)

⇒ Russian: прозя́бнуть (prozjábnutʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: прозѧбнѫти (prozębnǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⱁⰸⱔⰱⱀⱘⱅⰻ (prozębnǫti)

West Slavic: —

Cognate with Lithuanian žémbėti (“to germinate, to sprout”). Per Derksen, also cognate with Latin gemma (“bud, gem”) (whence English gem), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵemb-; however, Derksen notes that this root structure is impossible for a Proto-Indo-European root.


verťi

vèrťi (canonical imperfective)
vьrgnǫti (perfective)
*vьrťi (alternative)
a (accent-paradigm)
verženьje (noun-from-verb)
verťi (infinitive)
verťь (supine)
verglъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
verženъ (participle passive past)
vьrgomъ (participle passive present)
vergъ (active participle past)
vьrgy (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
vergъ (aorist first-person singular)
vergoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
verže (aorist second-person singular)
verže (aorist singular third-person)
vьrgǫ (first-person present singular)
vьržeši (present second-person singular)
vьržetь (present singular third-person)
vergově (aorist dual first-person)
vergoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vergeta (aorist dual second-person)
vergosta (aorist dual second-person)
vergete (aorist dual third-person)
vergoste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrževě (dual first-person present)
vьržeta (dual present second-person)
vьržete (dual present third-person)
vergomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vergoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vergete (aorist plural second-person)
vergoste (aorist plural second-person)
vergǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vergošę (aorist plural third-person)
vьržemъ (first-person plural present)
vьržete (plural present second-person)
vьrgǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьržaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьržaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьržaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьrdzi (imperative second-person singular)
vьrdzi (imperative singular third-person)
vьržaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьržaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьržaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьrdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьrdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
vьržaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьržaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьržaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьrdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьrdzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

q

formal variants of <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="uk">ве́рга́ти</i> (vérháty)

Ukrainian: вере́чи (veréčy), ве́ргти (vérhty) (formal variants of ве́рга́ти (vérháty))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: врѣщи (vrěšti)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⱃⱑⱎⱅⰹ (vrěšti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏ћи

Latin script: vȑći

Slovene: vrẹ́či (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrci

* Derksen, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *wergʷ- (Derksen) or *wer(H)gʷ- (Snoj). Possibly cognate (per LIV) with Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw”), presummably from an earlier *werkwaną with assimilation *w-kw > *w-p.
* Vasmer (favoured by BER in regard to Bulgarian въргам (vǎrgam)): Related to Sanskrit वर्जति (várjati, “to turn”), Latin vergō (“to bow, to turn”), perhaps from a g-extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer(H)- (“to twist, to turn, to thread”) or *h₂wer- (“to inflict, to subjugate”).
False friend with Lithuanian vérgti (“to enslave”), pavi̇̀rgti (“to give up, to submit”).

voržiti

*vorgъ (“gorge, gully; casting of lots”)

(transitive) to throw, to cast, to fling

(reflexive) to leap, to jump, to propel oneself energetically


vьrgnǫti

vьrženьje (noun-from-verb)
vьrgnǫti (infinitive)
vьrgnǫtъ (supine)
vьrglъ (l-participle)
vьrženъ (participle passive past)
vьrgъ (active participle past)
vьrgъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrže (aorist second-person singular)
vьrže (aorist singular third-person)
vьrgnǫ (first-person present singular)
vьrgneši (present second-person singular)
vьrgnetь (present singular third-person)
vьrgově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrgeta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrgosta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrgete (aorist dual third-person)
vьrgoste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrgnevě (dual first-person present)
vьrgneta (dual present second-person)
vьrgnete (dual present third-person)
vьrgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrgete (aorist plural second-person)
vьrgoste (aorist plural second-person)
vьrgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vьrgošę (aorist plural third-person)
vьrgnemъ (first-person plural present)
vьrgnete (plural present second-person)
vьrgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьrgni (imperative second-person singular)
vьrgni (imperative singular third-person)
vьrgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьrgněta (dual imperative second-person)
vьrgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьrgněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: вьргнѫти (vĭrgnǫti), вьргнути (vĭrgnuti)

Russian: -ве́ргнуть (-vérgnutʹ), e.g. отве́ргнуть (otvérgnutʹ)

Ukrainian: ве́ргнути (vérhnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: врьгнѫти (vrĭgnǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏гнути

Latin script: vȑgnuti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrhnúti

Czech: vrhnout

Moravian (Mistřice): vrhnút

Old Polish: wierzgnąć

Polish: wierzgnąć, wiergnąć

Slovak: vrhnúť


věťati

věťanьje (noun-from-verb)
věťati (infinitive)
věťatъ (supine)
věťalъ (l-participle)
věťanъ (participle passive past)
věťajemъ (participle passive present)
věťavъ (active participle past)
věťaję (active participle present)
věťaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
věťa (aorist second-person singular)
věťa (aorist singular third-person)
věťajǫ (first-person present singular)
věťaješi (present second-person singular)
věťajetь (present singular third-person)
věťaxově (aorist dual first-person)
věťasta (aorist dual second-person)
věťaste (aorist dual third-person)
věťajevě (dual first-person present)
věťajeta (dual present second-person)
věťajete (dual present third-person)
věťaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
věťaste (aorist plural second-person)
věťašę (aorist plural third-person)
věťajemъ (first-person plural present)
věťajete (plural present second-person)
věťajǫtь (plural present third-person)
věťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
věťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
věťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
věťaji (imperative second-person singular)
věťaji (imperative singular third-person)
věťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
věťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
věťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
věťajivě (dual first-person imperative)
věťajita (dual imperative second-person)
věťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
věťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
věťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
věťajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
věťajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: Pskov dialectal веча́ть (večátʹ, “to shout”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: вѣщати (věštati, “to say”), 1sg. вѣщаѭ (věštajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: веща́я (veštája, “to proclaim”) (archaic)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве́ћати

Latin script: véćati

Slovene: vẹ̄čati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: *věcěti

Old Polish: wiecać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *waitjāˀtei. Equivalent to *větiti + *-jati, from *větъ + *-iti. Cognate with Old Prussian waitiāt (“to say”). Connections outside of Balto-Slavic unclear. Possibly related to Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬀- (aēθa-, “to verdict”).
In most descendants, this verb merged with Proto-Slavic *věščati (“to prophesy”), from *věščь (“proficient”).


tьrzati

tьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
tьrzati (infinitive)
tьrzatъ (supine)
tьrzalъ (l-participle)
tьrzanъ (participle passive past)
tьržemъ (participle passive present)
tьrzavъ (active participle past)
tьržę (active participle present)
tьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьrza (aorist second-person singular)
tьrza (aorist singular third-person)
tьržǫ (first-person present singular)
tьržeši (present second-person singular)
tьržetь (present singular third-person)
tьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
tьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
tьrževě (dual first-person present)
tьržeta (dual present second-person)
tьržete (dual present third-person)
tьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
tьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
tьržemъ (first-person plural present)
tьržete (plural present second-person)
tьržǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьrži (imperative second-person singular)
tьrži (imperative singular third-person)
tьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьrživě (dual first-person imperative)
tьržita (dual imperative second-person)
tьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьržite (imperative plural second-person)
tьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
tьrzati (infinitive)
tьrzatъ (supine)
tьrzalъ (l-participle)
tьrzanъ (participle passive past)
tьrzajemъ (participle passive present)
tьrzavъ (active participle past)
tьrzaję (active participle present)
tьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьrza (aorist second-person singular)
tьrza (aorist singular third-person)
tьrzajǫ (first-person present singular)
tьrzaješi (present second-person singular)
tьrzajetь (present singular third-person)
tьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
tьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
tьrzajevě (dual first-person present)
tьrzajeta (dual present second-person)
tьrzajete (dual present third-person)
tьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
tьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
tьrzajemъ (first-person plural present)
tьrzajete (plural present second-person)
tьrzajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьrzaji (imperative second-person singular)
tьrzaji (imperative singular third-person)
tьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьrzajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tьrzajita (dual imperative second-person)
tьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьrzajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьrzajite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: истръзати (istrŭzati) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тьрзати (tĭrzati, “to tear”) (literary, 12th century)

Russian: терза́ть (terzátʹ, “to tear apart, to torment”), 1sg. терза́ю (terzáju)

→ Bulgarian: терза́я (terzája)

Ukrainian: терза́ти (terzáty, “to torment”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: трьзати (trĭzati, “to tear, to pull”), 1sg. трѣжѫ (trěžǫ), трьзаѭ (trĭzajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тъ́рзам (tǎ́rzam) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тр̏зати (“to pull”), 1sg. тр̏же̄м

Latin: tȑzati (“to pull”), 1sg. tȑžēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tŕzati (“to tear, to pluck”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tȓzam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic: —

* Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Latin tergō (“to wipe”), with semantic distortion by influence of *dьrgati (“to tear”).
* Per Vasmer, connected with Sanskrit स्तृहति (stṛháti, “to crush”), तृणेढि (tṛṇéḍhi, “shattered, broken”), perfect ततर्ह (tatarha), perf. pass. part. तृढ (tṛḍhá). Doubtfully connected with Latin trahō (“to drag”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 (þairkō, “hole”).
* Per Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *terǵʰ-, extended version of *ter- (“to rub”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *terti, Latin terō.


tъrgati

a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganьje (noun-from-verb)
tъrgati (infinitive)
tъrgatъ (supine)
tъrgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganъ (participle passive past)
tъržemъ (participle passive present)
tъrgavъ (active participle past)
tъržę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tъrga (aorist second-person singular)
tъrga (aorist singular third-person)
tъržǫ (first-person present singular)
tъržeši (present second-person singular)
tъržetь (present singular third-person)
tъrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tъrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
tъrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
tъrževě (dual first-person present)
tъržeta (dual present second-person)
tъržete (dual present third-person)
tъrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tъrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
tъrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
tъržemъ (first-person plural present)
tъržete (plural present second-person)
tъržǫtь (plural present third-person)
tъrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tъrži (imperative second-person singular)
tъrži (imperative singular third-person)
tъrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tъrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tъrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tъrživě (dual first-person imperative)
tъržita (dual imperative second-person)
tъrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tъrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tъrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tъržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tъržite (imperative plural second-person)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganьje (noun-from-verb)
tъrgati (infinitive)
tъrgatъ (supine)
tъrgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganъ (participle passive past)
tъrgajemъ (participle passive present)
tъrgavъ (active participle past)
tъrgaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tъrga (aorist second-person singular)
tъrga (aorist singular third-person)
tъrgajǫ (first-person present singular)
tъrgaješi (present second-person singular)
tъrgajetь (present singular third-person)
tъrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tъrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
tъrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
tъrgajevě (dual first-person present)
tъrgajeta (dual present second-person)
tъrgajete (dual present third-person)
tъrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tъrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
tъrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
tъrgajemъ (first-person plural present)
tъrgajete (plural present second-person)
tъrgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tъrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tъrgaji (imperative second-person singular)
tъrgaji (imperative singular third-person)
tъrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tъrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tъrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tъrgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tъrgajita (dual imperative second-person)
tъrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tъrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tъrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tъrgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tъrgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: търгати (tŭrgati)

desc

⇒ Russian: отторга́ть (ottorgátʹ), расторга́ть (rastorgátʹ)

Ukrainian: то́ргати (tórhaty, “to tear, to pull”)

South Slavic:

⇒ Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тръгнѫти (trŭgnǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱃⱏⰳⱀⱘⱅⰻ (trŭgnǫti)

Bulgarian: тъ́ргам (tǎ́rgam, “to tear, to pull”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тр̏гати

Latin script: tȑgati

Slovene: tŕgati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: trhati

Czech: trhat

Polish: targać

Slovak: trhať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: torhać

Lower Sorbian: tergać

The exact etymology is unclear. The dominant standpoints are:
* Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Latin tergō (“to wipe”), with semantic distortion by influence of *dьrgati (“to tear”).
* Per Vasmer, connected with Sanskrit स्तृहति (stṛháti, “to crush”), तृणेढि (tṛṇéḍhi, “shattered, broken”), perfect ततर्ह (tatarha), perf. pass. part. तृढ (tṛḍhá). Doubtfully connected with Latin trahō (“to drag”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 (þairkō, “hole”).
* Per Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *tergʰ-, extended version of *ter- (“to rub”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *terti, Latin terō.
Over time, the term has undergone a semantic drift in certain thematic environments, giving rise to figurative terms such as Russian трогать (trogatʹ, “to affect, to arouse emotionally”) and Bulgarian тръгвам (trǎgvam), Macedonian тргне (trgne, “to depart”). The later semantic development is analogous with Italian partire (“to go away”), French partir (“to depart”) which descend from Latin partīre (“to separate”).


traviti

trāvìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
travľenьje (noun-from-verb)
traviti (infinitive)
travitъ (supine)
travilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
travľenъ (participle passive past)
travimъ (participle passive present)
travľь (active participle past)
travę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
travixъ (aorist first-person singular)
travi (aorist second-person singular)
travi (aorist singular third-person)
travľǫ (first-person present singular)
traviši (present second-person singular)
travitь (present singular third-person)
travixově (aorist dual first-person)
travista (aorist dual second-person)
traviste (aorist dual third-person)
travivě (dual first-person present)
travita (dual present second-person)
travite (dual present third-person)
travixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
traviste (aorist plural second-person)
travišę (aorist plural third-person)
travimъ (first-person plural present)
travite (plural present second-person)
travętь (plural present third-person)
travľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
travľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
travľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
travi (imperative second-person singular)
travi (imperative singular third-person)
travľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
travľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
travľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
travivě (dual first-person imperative)
travita (dual imperative second-person)
travľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
travľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
travľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
travimъ (first-person imperative plural)
travite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: траві́ць (travícʹ)

Russian: трави́ть (travítʹ)

Ukrainian: трави́ти (travýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

i

erroneous form, should be <i class="Cyrs mention" lang="cu">травѧщиимъ</i> (travęštiimŭ)

Cyrillic: травѧщиима (travęštiima, masc. dat. pl. pres. act. part.) (erroneous form, should be травѧщиимъ (travęštiimŭ))

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тро́вя (tróvja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра́вити

Latin script: tráviti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tráviti

Czech: trávit

Old Polish: trawić

Polish: trawić

Silesian: trŏwić

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: trawic

Slovincian: trawjic

Slovak: tráviť

* Per Derksen, a denominative verb derived from *trāvà (“grass”).
* According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub”). This is supported by Vasmer, citing it as cognate with Ancient Greek τρώω (trṓō, “to hurt”), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō, “to hurt”), τρῡ́ω (trū́ō, “to destroy, to exhaust”), Old High German drawa (“threat”), drōа (“threat”), Old English þrēа (“threat, punishment”). More distantly related to Proto-Slavic *terti (“to rub”), as well as *trāvà (“grass”).
* Per Trubachev, *trāvìti is the causative of *truti (“to feed? to consume? to poison?”), and *trāvà is derived from the verb, not the other way around.


toliti

toľenьje (noun-from-verb)
toliti (infinitive)
tolitъ (supine)
tolilъ (l-participle)
toľenъ (participle passive past)
tolimъ (participle passive present)
toľь (active participle past)
tolę (active participle present)
tolixъ (aorist first-person singular)
toli (aorist second-person singular)
toli (aorist singular third-person)
toľǫ (first-person present singular)
toliši (present second-person singular)
tolitь (present singular third-person)
tolixově (aorist dual first-person)
tolista (aorist dual second-person)
toliste (aorist dual third-person)
tolivě (dual first-person present)
tolita (dual present second-person)
tolite (dual present third-person)
tolixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
toliste (aorist plural second-person)
tolišę (aorist plural third-person)
tolimъ (first-person plural present)
tolite (plural present second-person)
tolętь (plural present third-person)
toľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
toľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
toľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
toli (imperative second-person singular)
toli (imperative singular third-person)
toľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
toľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
toľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tolivě (dual first-person imperative)
tolita (dual imperative second-person)
toľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
toľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
toľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tolimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tolite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: утолити (utoliti, “to convince, to pacify”)

Belarusian: наталі́ць (natalícʹ)

Russian: утоли́ть (utolítʹ, “to satisfy, to quench, to soothe”), 1sg. утолю́ (utoljú), 3sg. утоли́т (utolít)

Ukrainian: утоли́тися (utolýtysja, “to be satisfied”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: оутолити (utoliti, “to convince, to pacify”), 1sg. оутолѭ (utoljǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: утоля́ (utoljá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: уто̀лити (“to calm down”), 1sg. у̀толӣм

Latin: utòliti (“to calm down”), 1sg. ùtolīm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tóliti (“to calm, to soothe, to quench”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tọ́lim (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: tulit

Old Polish: tolić

Polish: tulić (partially)

Slovak: túliť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *talīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *tolH-éye-ti, from *(s)telH- (“to still”). Baltic cognates include Lithuanian táldyti (“to silence, to soothe”) (dialectal), ti̇̀lti (“to become silent”) (1sg. tylù), tylė́ti (“to be silent”) (1sg. tyliù), Latvian tilinât (“to spoil (a child)”). Other Indo-European cognates include Old Irish con·tuili (“to sleep”), Old Armenian թողում (tʻołum, “to leave”), possibly Old High German stilli (“quiet”).


tęťi

tęgati (imperfective)
tęženьje (noun-from-verb)
tęťi (infinitive)
tęťь (supine)
tęglъ (l-participle)
tęženъ (participle passive past)
tęgъ (active participle past)
tęgъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęže (aorist second-person singular)
tęže (aorist singular third-person)
tęgǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžeši (present second-person singular)
tęžetь (present singular third-person)
tęgově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgeta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgosta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgete (aorist dual third-person)
tęgoste (aorist dual third-person)
tęževě (dual first-person present)
tęžeta (dual present second-person)
tęžete (dual present third-person)
tęgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgete (aorist plural second-person)
tęgoste (aorist plural second-person)
tęgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
tęgošę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžemъ (first-person plural present)
tęžete (plural present second-person)
tęgǫtь (plural present third-person)
tędzi (imperative second-person singular)
tędzi (imperative singular third-person)
tędzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
tędzěta (dual imperative second-person)
tędzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
tędzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: тягти́ (tjahtý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: растѧщи (rastęšti) (1p. растѧгѫ (rastęgǫ))

Bulgarian: тега́ (tegá) (obsolete, archaic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingtei , from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-. Akin to Lithuanian ti̇̀ngti (“to become slow”) (3sg. ti̇̀ngsta), tingė́ti (“to be lazy”) (3sg. ti̇̀ngi), Old Norse þyngja (“burden”), Old High German dīhsala (“drawbar, shaft”), Old Norse þīsl (“drawbar, shaft”), and possibly Latin tēmō (“drawbar, shaft”) < *tenk-smō.
Attested mainly in telic sense, reflecting an ancient root aorist in the past tense and thematic root "imperfective" in present. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *tęgati, Proto-Slavic *tęgnǫti which convey atelic nuances.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


tajati

tàjati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
tajanьje (noun-from-verb)
tajati (infinitive)
tajatъ (supine)
tajalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tajanъ (participle passive past)
tajemъ (participle passive present)
tajavъ (active participle past)
taję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
taja (aorist second-person singular)
taja (aorist singular third-person)
tajǫ (first-person present singular)
taješi (present second-person singular)
tajetь (present singular third-person)
tajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tajasta (aorist dual second-person)
tajaste (aorist dual third-person)
tajevě (dual first-person present)
tajeta (dual present second-person)
tajete (dual present third-person)
tajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tajaste (aorist plural second-person)
tajašę (aorist plural third-person)
tajemъ (first-person plural present)
tajete (plural present second-person)
tajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
taji (imperative second-person singular)
taji (imperative singular third-person)
tajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tajita (dual imperative second-person)
tajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: таꙗти (tajati), 1sg. таю (taju)

desc

Russian: та́ять (tájatʹ, “to melt, to thaw, to dwindle”), 1sg. та́ю (táju)

Ukrainian: та́яти (tájaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: таꙗти (tajati), 1sg. таѭ (tajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: та́я (tája, “to melt slowly”), 2sg. та́еш (táeš) (dialectal)

Macedonian: таи (tai, “to melt”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: та̏јати (“to thaw”)

Latin script: tȁjati (“to thaw”)

Slovene: tájati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: táti

Czech: tát

Old Polish: tajać

Polish: tajać

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: tać

Lower Sorbian: tajaś

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂-. Cognate with Ancient Greek τήκω (tḗkō, “to melt”) (Dorian dialect τᾱ́κω (tā́kō)), Latin tābeō (“to melt, to dwindle”), Welsh tawdd (“dripping”), Old English þāwian (“to thaw”), English thaw, Albanian thaj (“to dry up, to thaw”), Ossetian тайын (tajyn, “to melt”), Old Armenian թանամ (tʻanam, “to moisten, to wet”). Compare also Czech tavit (“to melt”), Slovak taviť (“to melt”).


sьcati

sьcanьje (noun-from-verb)
sьcati (infinitive)
sьcatъ (supine)
sьcalъ (l-participle)
sьcanъ (participle passive past)
sьčimъ (participle passive present)
sьcavъ (active participle past)
sьčę (active participle present)
sьcaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sьca (aorist second-person singular)
sьca (aorist singular third-person)
sьčǫ (first-person present singular)
sьčiši (present second-person singular)
sьčitь (present singular third-person)
sьcaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sьcasta (aorist dual second-person)
sьcaste (aorist dual third-person)
sьčivě (dual first-person present)
sьčita (dual present second-person)
sьčite (dual present third-person)
sьcaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sьcaste (aorist plural second-person)
sьcašę (aorist plural third-person)
sьčimъ (first-person plural present)
sьčite (plural present second-person)
sьčętь (plural present third-person)
sьcaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sьcaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sьcaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sьči (imperative second-person singular)
sьči (imperative singular third-person)
sьcaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sьcaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sьcaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sьčivě (dual first-person imperative)
sьčita (dual imperative second-person)
sьcaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sьcaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sьcaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sьčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sьčite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *сьцати (*sĭcati)

Old Ruthenian: *сцати (*scati)

desc

Belarusian: сцаць (scacʹ), сцяць (scjacʹ), шчаць (ščacʹ), сца́цца (scácca)

Carpathian Rusyn: стя́ти (stjáty)

Ukrainian: сця́ти (scjáty); ща́ти (ščáty) (dialectal)

Russian: сцать (scatʹ), ссать (ssatʹ) — more common

Old Novgorodian: *ськати (*sĭkati)

⇒ Russian: сёкать (sjókatʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сьцати (sĭcati)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱐⱌⰰⱅⰻ (sĭcati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сцати (dialectal)

Latin script: scati (dialectal)

Slovene: scáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: scáti
Czech: chcát, scát

Polish: szczać

Slovak: šťať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: šcaś, scaś

Upper Sorbian: šćeć, sćeć

From early *sьkati by the Slavic progressive palatalization. By surface analysis, *sьk- + *-ati. Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sikā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *sikʷ-éh₂-ti, from *seykʷ-.
Roots *sьk- : *sěk- : *sik-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sik- : *saik- : *seik-, from Proto-Indo-European *sikʷ- : *soykʷ- : *seykʷ- (“to moisten”).
Cognate with Sanskrit सिञ्चति (siñcáti, “to pour out”), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hiṇcaⁱti), 𐬵𐬌𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hicaⁱti, “to pour”), Old High German sīhan (“to strain, to drip”), German seichen (“to piss”), Ancient Greek ἷξαι (hîxai, “to strain, to filter”), Latin siat, sissiat (“(he) urinates”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Slavic progressive palatalization


sъměti

sъmě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
sъměti (infinitive)
sъmětъ (supine)
sъmělъ (l-participle)
sъměvъ (active participle past)
sъměję (active participle present)
sъměxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъmě (aorist second-person singular)
sъmě (aorist singular third-person)
sъmějǫ (first-person present singular)
sъměješi (present second-person singular)
sъmějetь (present singular third-person)
sъměxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъměsta (aorist dual second-person)
sъměste (aorist dual third-person)
sъmějevě (dual first-person present)
sъmějeta (dual present second-person)
sъmějete (dual present third-person)
sъměxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъměste (aorist plural second-person)
sъměšę (aorist plural third-person)
sъmějemъ (first-person plural present)
sъmějete (plural present second-person)
sъmějǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъměaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъměaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъměaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъměji (imperative second-person singular)
sъměji (imperative singular third-person)
sъměaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъměašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъměašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъmějivě (dual first-person imperative)
sъmějita (dual imperative second-person)
sъměaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъměašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъměaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъmějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъmějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: съмѣти (sŭměti)

Belarusian: смець (smjecʹ)

Russian: сметь (smetʹ)

Ukrainian: смі́ти (smíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: съмѣти (sŭměti)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: сме́я (sméja)

Macedonian: сме́е (smée)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: смје̏ти

Latin script: smjȅti

Slovene: smẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: smieti

Czech: smět, smíti (obsolete)

Old Polish: śmieć

Polish: śmieć

Silesian: śmieć

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: smiec

Slovak: smieť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: směć

Lower Sorbian: směś

From *sъ- (“good”) + *mě̀ti, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs, “courage, wrath”) (gen. 𐌼𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃 (mōdis)), Old High German muot (“mind, courage, wrath”), German Mut (“courage, mood”), English mood.
* Vasmer adds as cognates Ancient Greek μῶμαι (mômai, “to seek, to aspire”), μαίομαι (maíomai, “to seek, to aspire”), μῆνις (mênis, “anger”), Latin mōs (“custom”).
* Trubachev further suggests Lithuanian sumdyti (“to move”) (1sg. sùmdau), Welsh chwyfio (“to move”), Old Irish do·seinn (“to hunt”), with semantic development "to seek" > "to desire to achieve" > "to dare".


sъxnǫti

sъšenьje (noun-from-verb)
sъxnǫti (infinitive)
sъxnǫtъ (supine)
sъxlъ (l-participle)
sъšenъ (participle passive past)
sъxnomъ (participle passive present)
sъxъ (active participle past)
sъxny (active participle present)
sъxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъxoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъše (aorist second-person singular)
sъše (aorist singular third-person)
sъxnǫ (first-person present singular)
sъxneši (present second-person singular)
sъxnetь (present singular third-person)
sъxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъxoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъxeta (aorist dual second-person)
sъxosta (aorist dual second-person)
sъxete (aorist dual third-person)
sъxoste (aorist dual third-person)
sъxnevě (dual first-person present)
sъxneta (dual present second-person)
sъxnete (dual present third-person)
sъxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъxoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъxete (aorist plural second-person)
sъxoste (aorist plural second-person)
sъxǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sъxošę (aorist plural third-person)
sъxnemъ (first-person plural present)
sъxnete (plural present second-person)
sъxnǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъxněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъxněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъxněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъxni (imperative second-person singular)
sъxni (imperative singular third-person)
sъxněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъxněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъxněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъxněvě (dual first-person imperative)
sъxněta (dual imperative second-person)
sъxněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъxněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъxněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъxněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъxněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: съхнѫти (sŭxnǫti), съхнути (sŭxnuti)

Belarusian: со́хнуць (sóxnucʹ)

Russian: со́хнуть (sóxnutʹ, “to dry, to wither”)

Ukrainian: со́хнути (sóxnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: 3sg. impf. съхнѣаше (sŭxněaše, “(it) dried”)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: съ́хна (sǎ́hna, “to dry, to wither”)

Macedonian: суши (suši), се суши (se suši)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: са̀хнути (“to dry”), 1sg. са̏хне̄м

Latin: sàhnuti (“to dry”), 1sg. sȁxnēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: səhníti (“to wither”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. sáhnem (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: schnúti

Czech: schnout

Polish: schnąć

Slovak: schnúť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: schnuś

Upper Sorbian: schnyć

From the zero grade of the root of *sȗxъ (“dry”) + *-nǫti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (also reconstructed as *sh₂ews-). Cognate with Lithuanian saũsinti (“to dry (transitive)”), saũsti (“to wither”), sùsti (“to scab over”) (1sg. susù), saũsas (“dry”), Latvian sust (“to dry (intransitive)”) (1sg. susu), susêt (“to wither”) (1sg. susu, susẽju), sàuss (“dry”), Old Prussian sausā (“dry”, fem. acc. sg.), Sanskrit शोषयति (śoṣáyati, “to let dry”), शुष्क (śúṣka, “dry, barren”), Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬱𐬐𐬀 (huška, “dry”), Homeric Ancient Greek αὖος (aûos, “dry”), Old English sēar (“dry”), English sere, sear.


sunǫti

sovati (imperfective)
sunovenьje (noun-from-verb)
sunǫti (infinitive)
sunǫtъ (supine)
sunǫlъ (l-participle)
sunovenъ (participle passive past)
sunǫvъ (active participle past)
sunǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sunǫ (aorist second-person singular)
sunǫ (aorist singular third-person)
sunǫ (first-person present singular)
suneši (present second-person singular)
sunetь (present singular third-person)
sunǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
sunǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
sunǫste (aorist dual third-person)
sunevě (dual first-person present)
suneta (dual present second-person)
sunete (dual present third-person)
sunǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sunǫste (aorist plural second-person)
sunǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
sunemъ (first-person plural present)
sunete (plural present second-person)
sunǫtь (plural present third-person)
suni (imperative second-person singular)
suni (imperative singular third-person)
suněvě (dual first-person imperative)
suněta (dual imperative second-person)
suněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
suněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: сунѫти (sunǫti, “to throw”)

Belarusian: су́нуць (súnucʹ)

Russian: су́нуть (súnutʹ, “to shove, to thrust”)

Ukrainian: су́нути (súnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сунѫти (sunǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱆⱀⱘⱅⰻ (sunǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су́нути (“to pour, to strew”)

Latin: súnuti (“to pour, to strew”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: súniti (“to thrust, to knock”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sunúti

Czech: sunout

Old Polish: sunąć

Polish: sunąć

Slovak: sunúť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sunyć

Lower Sorbian: sunuś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śūˀ- + *-nǫti. A different grade *śauˀ- yields Proto-Slavic *sovati (“to shove”); see that verb for further cognates.


sovati

sovanьje (noun-from-verb)
sovati (infinitive)
sovatъ (supine)
sovalъ (l-participle)
sovanъ (participle passive past)
sujemъ (participle passive present)
sovavъ (active participle past)
suję (active participle present)
sovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sova (aorist second-person singular)
sova (aorist singular third-person)
sujǫ (first-person present singular)
suješi (present second-person singular)
sujetь (present singular third-person)
sovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sovasta (aorist dual second-person)
sovaste (aorist dual third-person)
sujevě (dual first-person present)
sujeta (dual present second-person)
sujete (dual present third-person)
sovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sovaste (aorist plural second-person)
sovašę (aorist plural third-person)
sujemъ (first-person plural present)
sujete (plural present second-person)
sujǫtь (plural present third-person)
sovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
suji (imperative second-person singular)
suji (imperative singular third-person)
sovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sujivě (dual first-person imperative)
sujita (dual imperative second-person)
sovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: совати (sovati, “to throw (a javelin)”)

Belarusian: со́ваць (sóvacʹ)

Russian: сова́ть (sovátʹ, “to shove, to thrust”)

Ukrainian: со́вати (sóvaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱁⰲⰰⱅⰻ (sovati)

Old Cyrillic script: совати (sovati)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: suváti (“to thrust, to knock”) (tonal orthography); súvati (“to thrust, to knock”); sováti (“to thrust, to knock”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sovati (“to shove”)

Czech: souvati (“to shove”) (obsolete except in prefixed verbs)

Polish: suwać (“to shove, to slide”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: suwać

Lower Sorbian: suwaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śauˀ-. Cognate with Lithuanian šáuti (“to shoot, to shove”) (1sg. šáuju, šóviau), Latvian šaũt (“to shoot, to shove”) (1sg. šaũju, šaũnu, šãvu), East Latvian dialectal saũt (“to shoot, to shove”).
* Per Derksen, no clear cognates outside of Balto-Slavic.
* Per Vasmer, potentially cognate with Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skēwjan, “to wander, to walk”), as well as Old High German sciozzan (“to shoot”), Old Norse skjóta (“to shoot, to move, to push”), Old English sċēotan (“to shoot”), English shoot, Albanian heth (“to throw, to winnow (grain)”) (aorist hodha).
* Per Trubachev, cognate with Hittite [script needed] (šuu̯āi-, “to push, to move”), Sanskrit सुवति (suvati, “to set in motion”) (although this precludes any connection with the above Balto-Slavic and other cognates, and assumes underlying Proto-Indo-European *s- rather than *ḱ-).


svьrběti

svьrběnьje (noun-from-verb)
svьrběti (infinitive)
svьrbětъ (supine)
svьrbělъ (l-participle)
svьrběvъ (active participle past)
svьrbę (active participle present)
svьrběxъ (aorist first-person singular)
svьrbě (aorist second-person singular)
svьrbě (aorist singular third-person)
svьrbľǫ (first-person present singular)
svьrbiši (present second-person singular)
svьrbitь (present singular third-person)
svьrběxově (aorist dual first-person)
svьrběsta (aorist dual second-person)
svьrběste (aorist dual third-person)
svьrbivě (dual first-person present)
svьrbita (dual present second-person)
svьrbite (dual present third-person)
svьrběxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
svьrběste (aorist plural second-person)
svьrběšę (aorist plural third-person)
svьrbimъ (first-person plural present)
svьrbite (plural present second-person)
svьrbętь (plural present third-person)
svьrběaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
svьrběaše (imperfect second-person singular)
svьrběaše (imperfect singular third-person)
svьrbi (imperative second-person singular)
svьrbi (imperative singular third-person)
svьrběaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
svьrběašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
svьrběašete (dual imperfect third-person)
svьrbivě (dual first-person imperative)
svьrbita (dual imperative second-person)
svьrběaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
svьrběašete (imperfect plural second-person)
svьrběaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
svьrbimъ (first-person imperative plural)
svьrbite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: свярбе́ць (svjarbjécʹ)

desc

Russian: свербе́ть (sverbétʹ, “to itch, to irritate (colloquial)”)

Ukrainian: свербі́ти (sverbíty, “to itch”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: сърбя́ (sǎrbjá, “to itch”)

Macedonian: сврби (svrbi, “to itch”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: свр̀бети

Latin script: svŕbeti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: srbẹ́ti (“to itch”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. srbím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: svrběti

Czech: svrbět

desctree

Old Polish: świrbieć
Polish: świerzbić, sierbić (Chełmno-Dobrzyń)

Slovak: svrbieť (“to itch”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: swjerbjeś

* Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *swr̥bʰ-, from *swerbʰ-. Cognate with Lithuanian skver̃bti (“to pierce”).
* Per Vasmer, cognate with Latvian svãrpsts (“drill”), Old Norse svarf (“sawdust”).


stydnǫti

stỳdnǫti (canonical)
stydenьje (noun-from-verb)
stydnǫti (infinitive)
stydnǫtъ (supine)
stydlъ (l-participle)
stydenъ (participle passive past)
stydnomъ (participle passive present)
stydъ (active participle past)
stydny (active participle present)
stydъ (aorist first-person singular)
stydoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
styde (aorist second-person singular)
styde (aorist singular third-person)
stydnǫ (first-person present singular)
stydneši (present second-person singular)
stydnetь (present singular third-person)
stydově (aorist dual first-person)
stydoxově (aorist dual first-person)
stydeta (aorist dual second-person)
stydosta (aorist dual second-person)
stydete (aorist dual third-person)
stydoste (aorist dual third-person)
stydnevě (dual first-person present)
stydneta (dual present second-person)
stydnete (dual present third-person)
stydomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stydoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stydete (aorist plural second-person)
stydoste (aorist plural second-person)
stydǫ (aorist plural third-person)
stydošę (aorist plural third-person)
stydnemъ (first-person plural present)
stydnete (plural present second-person)
stydnǫtь (plural present third-person)
stydněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stydněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stydněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
stydni (imperative second-person singular)
stydni (imperative singular third-person)
stydněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stydněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stydněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
stydněvě (dual first-person imperative)
stydněta (dual imperative second-person)
stydněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stydněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stydněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
stydněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
stydněte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: устынути (ustynuti), 3sg. устыде (ustyde) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: сты́гнуць (stýhnucʹ)

Russian: сты́нуть (stýnutʹ), dialectal сты́гнуть (stýgnutʹ)

Ukrainian: сти́гнути (stýhnuty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: сти́на (stína)

Macedonian: стине (stine)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сти́нути, 1sg. сти̑не̄м

Latin: stínuti, 1sg. stȋnēm

West Slavic:

Czech: stydnout

Old Polish: stydnąć
Polish: stygnąć

Slovak: stydnúť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *stūˀd- + Proto-Slavic *-nǫti. See *studìti for further discussion.


studiti

studìti (canonical)
stuďenьje (noun-from-verb)
studiti (infinitive)
studitъ (supine)
studilъ (l-participle)
stuďenъ (participle passive past)
studimъ (participle passive present)
stuďь (active participle past)
studę (active participle present)
studixъ (aorist first-person singular)
studi (aorist second-person singular)
studi (aorist singular third-person)
stuďǫ (first-person present singular)
studiši (present second-person singular)
studitь (present singular third-person)
studixově (aorist dual first-person)
studista (aorist dual second-person)
studiste (aorist dual third-person)
studivě (dual first-person present)
studita (dual present second-person)
studite (dual present third-person)
studixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
studiste (aorist plural second-person)
studišę (aorist plural third-person)
studimъ (first-person plural present)
studite (plural present second-person)
studętь (plural present third-person)
stuďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stuďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stuďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
studi (imperative second-person singular)
studi (imperative singular third-person)
stuďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stuďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stuďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
studivě (dual first-person imperative)
studita (dual imperative second-person)
stuďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stuďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stuďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
studimъ (first-person imperative plural)
studite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: студзі́ць (studzícʹ)

i

Middle Russian: студити (studiti) (from the 15th century; accent paradigm c)

Russian: студи́ть (studítʹ)

Ukrainian: студи́ти (studýty)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: студя́ (studjá) (obsolescent)

Macedonian: студи (studi, “to freeze”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сту́дити (“to be cold”) (Western dialectal)

Latin: stúditi (“to be cold”) (Western dialectal)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: stúditi (“to treat with aversion”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: studiti (“to cool”)

Czech: studit (“to cool”)

Old Polish: studzić

Polish: studzić

Slovak: studiť (“to cool”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: studźić

Lower Sorbian: stuźiś

Has the form of a causative/iterative, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *stauˀd-ei-tei.
* Per Derksen, outside connections unclear.
* Per Vasmer, possibly connected to Sanskrit तुदति (tudati), तुन्दते (tundate, “to push, to bite, to prick”), Latin tundō (“to beat, to bang”) (infinitive tundere, perfect tutudī), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan, “to push”), Albanian shtynj (“to push”) < *studni̯ō. Compare typologically idiomatic variants of Russian моро́з (moróz) + поби́ть (pobítʹ) (побитый морозом, мороз побил, морозом побило), also + уда́рить (udáritʹ) (ударили морозы); also compare Latin pudēns, pudeō, akin to paviō, and Proto-Slavic *stydъ-*studiti relation. An alternative hypothesis connects to Ancient Greek στῡ́ω (stū́ō, “to toughen”), with a *-d- root extension.
* Per Chernykh, possibly connected with Ancient Greek στύξ (stúx, “monster, piercing cold, fever”) (gen. στυγός (stugós)).


godъ

gȍdъ (canonical masculine)
*goda (alternative)
gȍdъ (nominative singular)
gȍda (dual nominative)
gȍdi (nominative plural)
gȍda (genitive singular)
godù (dual genitive)
gòdъ (genitive plural)
gȍdu (dative singular)
godomà (dative dual)
godòmъ (dative plural)
gȍdъ (accusative singular)
gȍda (accusative dual)
gȍdy (accusative plural)
gȍdъmь (instrumental singular)
gȍdomь (instrumental singular)
godomà (dual instrumental)
godý (instrumental plural)
gȍdě (locative singular)
godù (dual locative)
godě̃xъ (locative plural)
gode (singular vocative)
gȍda (dual vocative)
gȍdi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: годъ (godŭ)

Belarusian: год (hod)

Russian: год (god)

Middle Ukrainian: год (hod)

Carpathian Rusyn: гуд (hud), гӱд (hüd)

Ukrainian: год (hod), гід (hid)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: годъ (godŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱁⰴⱏ (godŭ)

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Bulgarian: год (god), го́да (góda, “matchmaking”)

Macedonian: год (god)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: го̑д

Latin script: gȏd

Slovene: gọ̑d

West Slavic:

Czech: hod, hody

Kashubian: gòdë

Polish: god, gody

Slovak: hod

Hodi (oravské)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hody

Lower Sorbian: gódy

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gadás, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to gather, to join”).
Cognate with Latvian gads (“year”), Latgalian gods (“year”), Proto-West Germanic *gad (“union”) and further related to Proto-West Germanic *gadur (“together”).

der

holiday, festive season (in West Slavic)


stenati

stenàti (canonical)
stenanьje (noun-from-verb)
stenati (infinitive)
stenatъ (supine)
stenalъ (l-participle)
stenanъ (participle passive past)
steňemъ (participle passive present)
stenavъ (active participle past)
steňę (active participle present)
stenaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
stena (aorist second-person singular)
stena (aorist singular third-person)
steňǫ (first-person present singular)
steňeši (present second-person singular)
steňetь (present singular third-person)
stenaxově (aorist dual first-person)
stenasta (aorist dual second-person)
stenaste (aorist dual third-person)
steňevě (dual first-person present)
steňeta (dual present second-person)
steňete (dual present third-person)
stenaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stenaste (aorist plural second-person)
stenašę (aorist plural third-person)
steňemъ (first-person plural present)
steňete (plural present second-person)
steňǫtь (plural present third-person)
stenaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stenaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stenaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
steňi (imperative second-person singular)
steňi (imperative singular third-person)
stenaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stenaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stenaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
steňivě (dual first-person imperative)
steňita (dual imperative second-person)
stenaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stenaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stenaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
steňimъ (first-person imperative plural)
steňite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стенати (stenati), 1sg. стеню (stenju)

Russian: стена́ть (stenátʹ) (obsolete), 1sg. стена́ю (stenáju)

Ukrainian: стена́ти (stenáty), 1sg. стена́ю (stenáju), 3sg. стена́є (stenáje)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: стенати (stenati)

Bulgarian: сте́на (sténa)

Macedonian: стенка (stenka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стѐњати, 1sg. сте̏ње̄м

Latin: stènjati, 1sg. stȅnjēm

Slovene: stenjáti (tonal orthography), 1sg. stenjȃm (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: sténat

Slovak: stenať

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sten-, from Proto-Indo-European *sten-.
Cognate with Lithuanian stenė́ti (“to groan, to moan”) (1sg. stenù), Latvian stenêt (1sg. stenu, stenẽju, Old Prussian stīnons (“hard-won, transferred”, perf. part.), Ancient Greek στένω (sténō, “to moan, to sigh, to bewail”), Old English stenan (“to groan”), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to rattle, to rumble”).