byjati

byjanьje (noun-from-verb)
byjati (infinitive)
byjatъ (supine)
byjalъ (l-participle)
byjanъ (participle passive past)
byjemъ (participle passive present)
byjavъ (active participle past)
byję (active participle present)
byjaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byja (aorist second-person singular)
byja (aorist singular third-person)
byjǫ (first-person present singular)
byješi (present second-person singular)
byjetь (present singular third-person)
byjaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byjasta (aorist dual second-person)
byjaste (aorist dual third-person)
byjevě (dual first-person present)
byjeta (dual present second-person)
byjete (dual present third-person)
byjaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byjaste (aorist plural second-person)
byjašę (aorist plural third-person)
byjemъ (first-person plural present)
byjete (plural present second-person)
byjǫtь (plural present third-person)
byjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byji (imperative second-person singular)
byji (imperative singular third-person)
byjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byjivě (dual first-person imperative)
byjita (dual imperative second-person)
byjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byjite (imperative plural second-person)
byjanьje (noun-from-verb)
byjati (infinitive)
byjatъ (supine)
byjalъ (l-participle)
byjanъ (participle passive past)
byjajemъ (participle passive present)
byjavъ (active participle past)
byjaję (active participle present)
byjaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byja (aorist second-person singular)
byja (aorist singular third-person)
byjajǫ (first-person present singular)
byjaješi (present second-person singular)
byjajetь (present singular third-person)
byjaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byjasta (aorist dual second-person)
byjaste (aorist dual third-person)
byjajevě (dual first-person present)
byjajeta (dual present second-person)
byjajete (dual present third-person)
byjaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byjaste (aorist plural second-person)
byjašę (aorist plural third-person)
byjajemъ (first-person plural present)
byjajete (plural present second-person)
byjajǫtь (plural present third-person)
byjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byjaji (imperative second-person singular)
byjaji (imperative singular third-person)
byjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byjajivě (dual first-person imperative)
byjajita (dual imperative second-person)
byjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byjajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byjajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: (rare)

Cyrillic script: би́јати

Latin script: bíјati

A byform of *byti + *-ati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, to become”).


dǫbrava

dǫbravà (nominative singular)
dǫ̑bravě (dual nominative)
dǫ̑bravy (nominative plural)
dǫbravý (genitive singular)
dǫbravù (dual genitive)
dǫbrãvъ (genitive plural)
dǫbravě̀ (dative singular)
dǫbravàma (dative dual)
dǫbravàmъ (dative plural)
dǫ̑bravǫ (accusative singular)
dǫ̑bravě (accusative dual)
dǫ̑bravy (accusative plural)
dǫbravojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
dǫbravàma (dual instrumental)
dǫbravàmi (instrumental plural)
dǫ̑bravě (locative singular)
dǫbravù (dual locative)
dǫbravàsъ (locative plural)
dǫbravàxъ (locative plural)
dǫbravo (singular vocative)
dǫ̑bravě (dual vocative)
dǫ̑bravy (plural vocative)
*dǫbrova (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: дꙋброва (dubrova), дꙋбрава (dubrava)

Belarusian: дубро́ва (dubróva)

Russian: дубро́ва (dubróva)

Ukrainian: дібро́ва (dibróva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дѫбрава (dǫbrava)

Russian Church Slavonic: дꙋбрава (dubrava), дꙋброва (dubrova)

Bulgarian: дъбра́ва (dǎbráva)

Macedonian: дабрава (dabrava)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ду̀брава

Latin script: dùbrava

Slovene: dobrȃva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dúbrava

Czech: doubrava

Polish: dąbrowa

Slovak: dúbrava

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: dubrawa

Upper Sorbian: dubrawa

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: dumbravă

Most likely containing *dǫ̑bъ (“oak”) via a *-rъ adjective *dǫbrъ. For the semantic development from “oak” to “forest”, compare Ottoman Turkish میشه (meşe) which developed just in the reverse direction from “forest” to “oak” in about half a millennium, however the suffix is uncertain and the derivation of the word for the oak too.


bavьnъ

bàvьnъ (canonical)
bavьnъ (masculine nominative singular)
bavьna (feminine nominative singular)
bavьno (neuter nominative singular)
bavьna (genitive masculine singular)
bavьny (feminine genitive singular)
bavьna (genitive neuter singular)
bavьnu (dative masculine singular)
bavьně (dative feminine singular)
bavьnu (dative neuter singular)
bavьnъ (accusative masculine singular)
bavьnǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bavьno (accusative neuter singular)
bavьnomь (instrumental masculine singular)
bavьnojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bavьnomь (instrumental neuter singular)
bavьně (locative masculine singular)
bavьně (feminine locative singular)
bavьně (locative neuter singular)
bavьne (masculine singular vocative)
bavьno (feminine singular vocative)
bavьno (neuter singular vocative)
bavьna (dual masculine nominative)
bavьně (dual feminine nominative)
bavьně (dual neuter nominative)
bavьnu (dual genitive masculine)
bavьnu (dual feminine genitive)
bavьnu (dual genitive neuter)
bavьnoma (dative dual masculine)
bavьnama (dative dual feminine)
bavьnoma (dative dual neuter)
bavьna (accusative dual masculine)
bavьně (accusative dual feminine)
bavьně (accusative dual neuter)
bavьnoma (dual instrumental masculine)
bavьnama (dual feminine instrumental)
bavьnoma (dual instrumental neuter)
bavьnu (dual locative masculine)
bavьnu (dual feminine locative)
bavьnu (dual locative neuter)
bavьna (dual masculine vocative)
bavьně (dual feminine vocative)
bavьně (dual neuter vocative)
bavьni (masculine nominative plural)
bavьny (feminine nominative plural)
bavьna (neuter nominative plural)
bavьnъ (genitive masculine plural)
bavьnъ (feminine genitive plural)
bavьnъ (genitive neuter plural)
bavьnomъ (dative masculine plural)
bavьnamъ (dative feminine plural)
bavьnomъ (dative neuter plural)
bavьny (accusative masculine plural)
bavьny (accusative feminine plural)
bavьna (accusative neuter plural)
bavьny (instrumental masculine plural)
bavьnami (feminine instrumental plural)
bavьny (instrumental neuter plural)
bavьněxъ (locative masculine plural)
bavьnaxъ (feminine locative plural)
bavьněxъ (locative neuter plural)
bavьni (masculine plural vocative)
bavьny (feminine plural vocative)
bavьna (neuter plural vocative)
bavьnъjь (masculine nominative singular)
bavьnaja (feminine nominative singular)
bavьnoje (neuter nominative singular)
bavьnajego (genitive masculine singular)
bavьnyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
bavьnajego (genitive neuter singular)
bavьnujemu (dative masculine singular)
bavьněji (dative feminine singular)
bavьnujemu (dative neuter singular)
bavьnъjь (accusative masculine singular)
bavьnǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bavьnoje (accusative neuter singular)
bavьnyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
bavьnǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bavьnyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
bavьnějemь (locative masculine singular)
bavьněji (feminine locative singular)
bavьnějemь (locative neuter singular)
bavьnъjь (masculine singular vocative)
bavьnaja (feminine singular vocative)
bavьnoje (neuter singular vocative)
bavьnaja (dual masculine nominative)
bavьněji (dual feminine nominative)
bavьněji (dual neuter nominative)
bavьnuju (dual genitive masculine)
bavьnuju (dual feminine genitive)
bavьnuju (dual genitive neuter)
bavьnyjima (dative dual masculine)
bavьnyjima (dative dual feminine)
bavьnyjima (dative dual neuter)
bavьnaja (accusative dual masculine)
bavьněji (accusative dual feminine)
bavьněji (accusative dual neuter)
bavьnyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
bavьnyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
bavьnyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
bavьnuju (dual locative masculine)
bavьnuju (dual feminine locative)
bavьnuju (dual locative neuter)
bavьnaja (dual masculine vocative)
bavьněji (dual feminine vocative)
bavьněji (dual neuter vocative)
bavьniji (masculine nominative plural)
bavьnyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
bavьnaja (neuter nominative plural)
bavьnъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
bavьnъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
bavьnъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
bavьnyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
bavьnyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
bavьnyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
bavьnyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
bavьnyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
bavьnaja (accusative neuter plural)
bavьnyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
bavьnyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
bavьnyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
bavьnyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
bavьnyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
bavьnyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
bavьniji (masculine plural vocative)
bavьnyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
bavьnaja (neuter plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́вен (báven)

Macedonian: бавен (baven)

West Slavic:

Czech: bavný

From *baviti (“to linger, to engage in”) + *-ьnъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, to appear”).


bujiti

buniti (perfective)
bujenьje (noun-from-verb)
bujiti (infinitive)
bujitъ (supine)
bujilъ (l-participle)
bujenъ (participle passive past)
bujimъ (participle passive present)
bujь (active participle past)
buję (active participle present)
bujixъ (aorist first-person singular)
buji (aorist second-person singular)
buji (aorist singular third-person)
bujǫ (first-person present singular)
bujiši (present second-person singular)
bujitь (present singular third-person)
bujixově (aorist dual first-person)
bujista (aorist dual second-person)
bujiste (aorist dual third-person)
bujivě (dual first-person present)
bujita (dual present second-person)
bujite (dual present third-person)
bujixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bujiste (aorist plural second-person)
bujišę (aorist plural third-person)
bujimъ (first-person plural present)
bujite (plural present second-person)
bujętь (plural present third-person)
bujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
buji (imperative second-person singular)
buji (imperative singular third-person)
bujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bujivě (dual first-person imperative)
bujita (dual imperative second-person)
bujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bujite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: обꙋити (obuiti)

Bulgarian: бу́я (búja), dial. бу́им (búim)

Macedonian: буи (bui)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу́јити

Latin script: bújiti

West Slavic:

Czech: bujit (dialectal)

Formed as *bujь (“vivid, outraged”) + *-iti, reflecting Proto-Indo-European *bʰowH-éye-ti ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to inflate, to grow”). May have been influenced by the onomatopoeric Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, to storm”) (compare Proto-Slavic *buřa (“storm”), Proto-Slavic *buševati (“to bluster, to storm”)).

cog

(intransitive) to grow, to spread rapidly


brěskъ

brěskъ (nominative singular)
brěska (dual nominative)
brěsci (nominative plural)
brěska (genitive singular)
brěsku (dual genitive)
brěskъ (genitive plural)
brěsku (dative singular)
brěskoma (dative dual)
brěskomъ (dative plural)
brěskъ (accusative singular)
brěska (accusative dual)
brěsky (accusative plural)
brěskъmь (instrumental singular)
brěskomь (instrumental singular)
brěskoma (dual instrumental)
brěsky (instrumental plural)
brěscě (locative singular)
brěsku (dual locative)
brěscěxъ (locative plural)
brěšče (singular vocative)
brěska (dual vocative)
brěsci (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Slovene: brẹ̑sk

West Slavic:

Czech: břesk

Polish: brzask

Slovak: bresk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁ḱ- (“to brighten”) + *-skъ. Cognate with Lithuanian brė́kšta (“dawn”).
Parallel to Proto-Slavic *brězgъ (“dawn, daybreak”). Compare also Proto-Slavic *blěskъ (“shining, glimmer”)


běkati

běknǫti (perfective)
*bekotati (alternative)
*begotati (alternative)
běkatьje (noun-from-verb)
běkati (infinitive)
běkatъ (supine)
běkalъ (l-participle)
běkatъ (participle passive past)
běčomъ (participle passive present)
běkavъ (active participle past)
běčy (active participle present)
běkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běka (aorist second-person singular)
běka (aorist singular third-person)
běčǫ (first-person present singular)
běčeši (present second-person singular)
běčetь (present singular third-person)
běkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běkasta (aorist dual second-person)
běkaste (aorist dual third-person)
běčevě (dual first-person present)
běčeta (dual present second-person)
běčete (dual present third-person)
běkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běkaste (aorist plural second-person)
běkašę (aorist plural third-person)
běčemъ (first-person plural present)
běčete (plural present second-person)
běčǫtь (plural present third-person)
běčěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běčěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běčěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běči (imperative second-person singular)
běči (imperative singular third-person)
běčěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běčěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běčěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běčěvě (dual first-person imperative)
běčěta (dual imperative second-person)
běčěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běčěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běčěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běčěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
běčěte (imperative plural second-person)
běkanьje (noun-from-verb)
běkati (infinitive)
běkatъ (supine)
běkalъ (l-participle)
běkanъ (participle passive past)
běkajemъ (participle passive present)
běkavъ (active participle past)
běkaję (active participle present)
běkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běka (aorist second-person singular)
běka (aorist singular third-person)
běkajǫ (first-person present singular)
běkaješi (present second-person singular)
běkajetь (present singular third-person)
běkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běkasta (aorist dual second-person)
běkaste (aorist dual third-person)
běkajevě (dual first-person present)
běkajeta (dual present second-person)
běkajete (dual present third-person)
běkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běkaste (aorist plural second-person)
běkašę (aorist plural third-person)
běkajemъ (first-person plural present)
běkajete (plural present second-person)
běkajǫtь (plural present third-person)
běkaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běkaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běkaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běkaji (imperative second-person singular)
běkaji (imperative singular third-person)
běkaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běkaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běkaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běkajivě (dual first-person imperative)
běkajita (dual imperative second-person)
běkaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běkaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běkaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běkajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
běkajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бе́кать (békatʹ), dial. бекета́ть (beketátʹ)

Ukrainian: бегетати (behetaty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бе́ча (béča) (baby-word)

Macedonian: бека (beka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе́кати

Latin script: békati

Slovene: bekáti, begetáti

West Slavic:

Czech: bekati

Polish: bekać (“to burp”)

Of onomatopoeic origin, from the interjection *be-e-e (“baa”) + *-kati. Technically reflecting Proto-Indo-European *beh₁- (“to bleat”).


běka

běka (nominative singular)
běcě (dual nominative)
běky (nominative plural)
běky (genitive singular)
běku (dual genitive)
běkъ (genitive plural)
běcě (dative singular)
běkama (dative dual)
běkamъ (dative plural)
běkǫ (accusative singular)
běcě (accusative dual)
běky (accusative plural)
běkojǫ (instrumental singular)
běkǫ (instrumental singular)
běkama (dual instrumental)
běkami (instrumental plural)
běcě (locative singular)
běku (dual locative)
běkasъ (locative plural)
běkaxъ (locative plural)
běko (singular vocative)
běcě (dual vocative)
běky (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бе́ка (béka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе́ка

Latin script: béka

desc

Slovene: béka (“plant/tree with long branches”)

Agent noun of the onomatopoeic Proto-Slavic *běkati (“to bleat”).

→ sedge (Carex)

→ hedgenettle (Stachys)


odьlgъ

odьlgъ (masculine nominative singular)
odьlga (feminine nominative singular)
odьlgo (neuter nominative singular)
odьlga (genitive masculine singular)
odьlgy (feminine genitive singular)
odьlga (genitive neuter singular)
odьlgu (dative masculine singular)
odьldzě (dative feminine singular)
odьlgu (dative neuter singular)
odьlgъ (accusative masculine singular)
odьlgǫ (accusative feminine singular)
odьlgo (accusative neuter singular)
odьlgomь (instrumental masculine singular)
odьlgojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
odьlgomь (instrumental neuter singular)
odьldzě (locative masculine singular)
odьldzě (feminine locative singular)
odьldzě (locative neuter singular)
odьlže (masculine singular vocative)
odьlgo (feminine singular vocative)
odьlgo (neuter singular vocative)
odьlga (dual masculine nominative)
odьldzě (dual feminine nominative)
odьldzě (dual neuter nominative)
odьlgu (dual genitive masculine)
odьlgu (dual feminine genitive)
odьlgu (dual genitive neuter)
odьlgoma (dative dual masculine)
odьlgama (dative dual feminine)
odьlgoma (dative dual neuter)
odьlga (accusative dual masculine)
odьldzě (accusative dual feminine)
odьldzě (accusative dual neuter)
odьlgoma (dual instrumental masculine)
odьlgama (dual feminine instrumental)
odьlgoma (dual instrumental neuter)
odьlgu (dual locative masculine)
odьlgu (dual feminine locative)
odьlgu (dual locative neuter)
odьlga (dual masculine vocative)
odьldzě (dual feminine vocative)
odьldzě (dual neuter vocative)
odьldzi (masculine nominative plural)
odьlgy (feminine nominative plural)
odьlga (neuter nominative plural)
odьlgъ (genitive masculine plural)
odьlgъ (feminine genitive plural)
odьlgъ (genitive neuter plural)
odьlgomъ (dative masculine plural)
odьlgamъ (dative feminine plural)
odьlgomъ (dative neuter plural)
odьlgy (accusative masculine plural)
odьlgy (accusative feminine plural)
odьlga (accusative neuter plural)
odьlgy (instrumental masculine plural)
odьlgami (feminine instrumental plural)
odьlgy (instrumental neuter plural)
odьldzěxъ (locative masculine plural)
odьlgaxъ (feminine locative plural)
odьldzěxъ (locative neuter plural)
odьldzi (masculine plural vocative)
odьlgy (feminine plural vocative)
odьlga (neuter plural vocative)
odьlgъjь (masculine nominative singular)
odьlgaja (feminine nominative singular)
odьlgoje (neuter nominative singular)
odьlgajego (genitive masculine singular)
odьlgyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
odьlgajego (genitive neuter singular)
odьlgujemu (dative masculine singular)
odьldzěji (dative feminine singular)
odьlgujemu (dative neuter singular)
odьlgъjь (accusative masculine singular)
odьlgǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
odьlgoje (accusative neuter singular)
odьlgyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
odьlgǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
odьlgyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
odьldzějemь (locative masculine singular)
odьldzěji (feminine locative singular)
odьldzějemь (locative neuter singular)
odьlgъjь (masculine singular vocative)
odьlgaja (feminine singular vocative)
odьlgoje (neuter singular vocative)
odьlgaja (dual masculine nominative)
odьldzěji (dual feminine nominative)
odьldzěji (dual neuter nominative)
odьlguju (dual genitive masculine)
odьlguju (dual feminine genitive)
odьlguju (dual genitive neuter)
odьlgyjima (dative dual masculine)
odьlgyjima (dative dual feminine)
odьlgyjima (dative dual neuter)
odьlgaja (accusative dual masculine)
odьldzěji (accusative dual feminine)
odьldzěji (accusative dual neuter)
odьlgyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
odьlgyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
odьlgyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
odьlguju (dual locative masculine)
odьlguju (dual feminine locative)
odьlguju (dual locative neuter)
odьlgaja (dual masculine vocative)
odьldzěji (dual feminine vocative)
odьldzěji (dual neuter vocative)
odьldziji (masculine nominative plural)
odьlgyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
odьlgaja (neuter nominative plural)
odьlgъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
odьlgъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
odьlgъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
odьlgyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
odьlgyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
odьlgyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
odьlgyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
odьlgyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
odьlgaja (accusative neuter plural)
odьlgyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
odьlgyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
odьlgyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
odьlgyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
odьlgyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
odьlgyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
odьldziji (masculine plural vocative)
odьlgyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
odьlgaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic: —

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: ȍdug

West Slavic:

Czech: obdlouhý

Lower Sorbian: hobdłujki

From *ob- (“somewhat”) + *dьlgъ (“long”).
Compare Lithuanian apýilgis (< apy- + ilgas), Latin oblongus (< ob- + longus).


bukъvica

bukъvica (nominative singular)
bukъvici (dual nominative)
bukъvicę̇ (nominative plural)
bukъvicę̇ (genitive singular)
bukъvicu (dual genitive)
bukъvicь (genitive plural)
bukъvici (dative singular)
bukъvicama (dative dual)
bukъvicamъ (dative plural)
bukъvicǫ (accusative singular)
bukъvici (accusative dual)
bukъvicę̇ (accusative plural)
bukъvicejǫ (instrumental singular)
bukъvicǫ (instrumental singular)
bukъvicama (dual instrumental)
bukъvicami (instrumental plural)
bukъvici (locative singular)
bukъvicu (dual locative)
bukъvicasъ (locative plural)
bukъvicaxъ (locative plural)
bukъvice (singular vocative)
bukъvici (dual vocative)
bukъvicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: бу́квіца (búkvica)

Russian: бу́квица (búkvica)

Ukrainian: бу́квиця (búkvycja)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бу́квица (búkvica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̏квица

Latin script: bȕkvica

Slovene: bȗkvica

West Slavic:

Czech: bukvice

desctree

Old Polish: bukwica
Polish: bukwica, bokwica (Middle Polish)

Slovak: bukvica

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bukwica

Upper Sorbian: bukwica

small letter, tiny representation of a sign in writing


rǫbežь

rǫbežь (nominative singular)
rǫbeža (dual nominative)
rǫbeži (nominative plural)
rǫbeža (genitive singular)
rǫbežu (dual genitive)
rǫbežь (genitive plural)
rǫbežu (dative singular)
rǫbežema (dative dual)
rǫbežemъ (dative plural)
rǫbežь (accusative singular)
rǫbeža (accusative dual)
rǫbežę̇ (accusative plural)
rǫbežьmь (instrumental singular)
rǫbežemь (instrumental singular)
rǫbežema (dual instrumental)
rǫbeži (instrumental plural)
rǫbeži (locative singular)
rǫbežu (dual locative)
rǫbežixъ (locative plural)
rǫbežu (singular vocative)
rǫbeža (dual vocative)
rǫbeži (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: рубежь (rubežĭ)

→ Russian: рубе́ж (rubéž)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рѫбежь (rǫbežĭ)

Belarusian: рубе́ж (rubjéž)

→ Polish: rubież

Russian: рубёж (rubjóž)

→ Bulgarian: рубеж (rubež)

Ukrainian: рубі́ж (rubíž)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ръбе́ж (rǎbéž, “edge”)

Macedonian: рабуш (rabuš)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: [Term?]

Latin: [Term?]

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech:

Polish: rąbież

Slovak:

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian:


bičati

*bičevati (alternative)
*bikati (alternative)
*bicati (alternative)
bičanьje (noun-from-verb)
bičati (infinitive)
bičatъ (supine)
bičalъ (l-participle)
bičanъ (participle passive past)
bičimъ (participle passive present)
bičavъ (active participle past)
bičę (active participle present)
bičaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
biča (aorist second-person singular)
biča (aorist singular third-person)
bičǫ (first-person present singular)
bičiši (present second-person singular)
bičitь (present singular third-person)
bičaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bičasta (aorist dual second-person)
bičaste (aorist dual third-person)
bičivě (dual first-person present)
bičita (dual present second-person)
bičite (dual present third-person)
bičaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bičaste (aorist plural second-person)
bičašę (aorist plural third-person)
bičimъ (first-person plural present)
bičite (plural present second-person)
bičętь (plural present third-person)
bičaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bičaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bičaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
biči (imperative second-person singular)
biči (imperative singular third-person)
bičaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bičaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bičaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bičivě (dual first-person imperative)
bičita (dual imperative second-person)
bičaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bičaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bičaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bičimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bičite (imperative plural second-person)
bičanьje (noun-from-verb)
bičati (infinitive)
bičatъ (supine)
bičalъ (l-participle)
bičanъ (participle passive past)
bičajemъ (participle passive present)
bičavъ (active participle past)
bičaję (active participle present)
bičaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
biča (aorist second-person singular)
biča (aorist singular third-person)
bičajǫ (first-person present singular)
bičaješi (present second-person singular)
bičajetь (present singular third-person)
bičaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bičasta (aorist dual second-person)
bičaste (aorist dual third-person)
bičajevě (dual first-person present)
bičajeta (dual present second-person)
bičajete (dual present third-person)
bičaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bičaste (aorist plural second-person)
bičašę (aorist plural third-person)
bičajemъ (first-person plural present)
bičajete (plural present second-person)
bičajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bičaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bičaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bičaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bičaji (imperative second-person singular)
bičaji (imperative singular third-person)
bičaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bičaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bičaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bičajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bičajita (dual imperative second-person)
bičaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bičaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bičaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bičajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bičajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: би́ча (bíča, “to jab”) (dialectal, possibly)

q

Serbo-Croatian: (obsolete, superceded by бичевати, bičevati)

Cyrillic script: би̏чати

Latin script: bȉčati

Slovene: bīčati (“to scourge”)

Denominal from *bičь (“lash”) + *-ěti. In modern descendants, inchoative variant in *-ovati is more widely attested.
Onomatopoeic semantics is attested as secondary meaning of Slovene bīčati (“to squeak, to tweet”), Bulgarian би́цам (bícam, “to make noise with one's cheeks”).


byčati

byčanьje (noun-from-verb)
byčati (infinitive)
byčatъ (supine)
byčalъ (l-participle)
byčanъ (participle passive past)
byčimъ (participle passive present)
byčavъ (active participle past)
byčę (active participle present)
byčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byča (aorist second-person singular)
byča (aorist singular third-person)
byčǫ (first-person present singular)
byčiši (present second-person singular)
byčitь (present singular third-person)
byčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byčasta (aorist dual second-person)
byčaste (aorist dual third-person)
byčivě (dual first-person present)
byčita (dual present second-person)
byčite (dual present third-person)
byčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byčaste (aorist plural second-person)
byčašę (aorist plural third-person)
byčimъ (first-person plural present)
byčite (plural present second-person)
byčętь (plural present third-person)
byčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byči (imperative second-person singular)
byči (imperative singular third-person)
byčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byčivě (dual first-person imperative)
byčita (dual imperative second-person)
byčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byčite (imperative plural second-person)
byčanьje (noun-from-verb)
byčati (infinitive)
byčatъ (supine)
byčalъ (l-participle)
byčanъ (participle passive past)
byčajemъ (participle passive present)
byčavъ (active participle past)
byčaję (active participle present)
byčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byča (aorist second-person singular)
byča (aorist singular third-person)
byčajǫ (first-person present singular)
byčaješi (present second-person singular)
byčajetь (present singular third-person)
byčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byčasta (aorist dual second-person)
byčaste (aorist dual third-person)
byčajevě (dual first-person present)
byčajeta (dual present second-person)
byčajete (dual present third-person)
byčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byčaste (aorist plural second-person)
byčašę (aorist plural third-person)
byčajemъ (first-person plural present)
byčajete (plural present second-person)
byčajǫtь (plural present third-person)
byčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byčaji (imperative second-person singular)
byčaji (imperative singular third-person)
byčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byčajivě (dual first-person imperative)
byčajita (dual imperative second-person)
byčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byčajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byčajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Ukrainian: биць-биць (bycʹ-bycʹ), бинь-бинь (bynʹ-bynʹ, “cattle's call”)

⇒ Ukrainian: бинча́ти (bynčáty), би́нькати (býnʹkaty, “to neigh, moan”) (of animal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: би́ча (bíča), би́чкам (bíčkam, “to knock over, to trip”) (partially)

West Slavic:

Czech: byčet

Polish: byczeć (dialectal)

Onomatopoeic, parallel to *buka (“bang”), *bučati (“to roar”) with -u- vocalism and *bykati (Czech býkat, Bulgarian би́кам (bíkam)), *bykovati (Russian быкова́ть (bykovátʹ), Polish bykować) with -y- vocalism. Further akin to Lithuanian bucêt (“to sound, to buzz”), Latvian bùkti (“to neigh”).
Some of the meanings reflect denominative *bykъ (“bull”) + *-ěti = “to act as a bull” > “to ram, to jostle”.


nъ

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: нъ (nŭ), но (no)
Old Ruthenian: но (no)
Carpathian Rusyn: но (no)
Ukrainian: но (no)
Russian: но (no) (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: нъ (nŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱀⱏ (nŭ)

Bulgarian: нъ (nǎ) (archaic), но (no)

Macedonian: но (no)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: но

Latin script: no

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *nu, from Proto-Indo-European *nu; akin to Proto-Slavic *nyně (“now”). Parallel to Proto-Slavic *nu (“well, fine then”).
Probably originally an adverb, reformed into a conjunction similarly to Sanskrit नु (nu, “now then”) (typically meaning now, at once).

(West Slavic, Western South Slavic)


ně-

East Slavic:

Belarusian: не- (nje-)

Russian: не́- (né-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: нѣ- (ně-)

Bulgarian: ня- (nja-)

Macedonian: не- (ne-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̏-

Latin script: nȅ-, njȅ- (dialectal)

Slovene: ne-

West Slavic:

Czech: ně-

Polish: nie-

Slovak: nie-

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ně-

Lower Sorbian: ně-

Pronoun prefix with indefinite function. Apparently related to forms of Proto-Indo-European *né, however, uncertainly how:
* One possibility is a direct descent from Proto-Indo-European *néh₁, cognate with Latin nē (“not”), Sanskrit ना (nā, “not”). The logic of this derivation is that *ně- originally reflected the meaning none particularly. In support of this hypothesis serves the rare autonomous form Proto-Slavic *ně (“none”) and analogous formations in Baltic: Lithuanian nėkas (“nobody particularly”), Lithuanian nekur̃s (“nowhere particularly”).
* Alternatively, according to F. Mikloshich, from the conflation of *ne (“not”) + *vě (“to know”). Effectively, then *ně- would stand for unknowing who/what/where/how/etc. Vasmer considers this derivation phonetically unsound.
* According to Trubachev, possibly from the conflation of *ne (“not”) + *je (“to be”). Similar to the dialectal *něměti (“not to have”) from Proto-Slavic *ne + *jьměti (“to have”).
Almost not used in Modern Polish. Old Polish did preserve niekako (“somehow”), etc. – in Modern Polish rarely used niejako, niejaki, etc.
Not used in Ukrainian.


čermъxa

čermъxa (nominative singular)
čermъśě (dual nominative)
čermъxy (nominative plural)
čermъxy (genitive singular)
čermъxu (dual genitive)
čermъxъ (genitive plural)
čermъśě (dative singular)
čermъxama (dative dual)
čermъxamъ (dative plural)
čermъxǫ (accusative singular)
čermъśě (accusative dual)
čermъxy (accusative plural)
čermъxojǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъxǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъxama (dual instrumental)
čermъxami (instrumental plural)
čermъśě (locative singular)
čermъxu (dual locative)
čermъxasъ (locative plural)
čermъxaxъ (locative plural)
čermъxo (singular vocative)
čermъśě (dual vocative)
čermъxy (plural vocative)
*čermuxa (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: черемъха (čeremŭxa)

Belarusian: чаро́мха (čarómxa), dialectally чаро́муха (čarómuxa)

Russian: черёмха (čerjómxa) now displaced by черёмуха (čerjómuxa)

Ukrainian: чере́мха (čerémxa), dialectally чере́муха (čerémuxa)

→ Polish: czeremcha (from 17ᵗʰ century)

South Slavic:

desc

Macedonian: цремша (cremša), черемуша (čeremuša, “Prunus mahaleb”) (regional)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сре̏мза, dialectally цре̏мза, цре̏мжа, цре̏мша, сре̏мжа, сре̏мса, сре̏мша and also meaning Prunus mahaleb

Latin script: srȅmza, dialectally crȅmza, crȅmža, crȅmša, srȅmža, srȅmsa, srȅmša and also meaning Prunus mahaleb

Slovene: črȇmsa, obsoletely dialectally also črȇmha, crẹ̑nsa

West Slavic:

Old Czech: třěmcha

Czech: střemcha, dialectally also třemcha, čermucha, černucha

Polish: trzemcha (“hagberry”), trzemucha (“ramson”) (both displaced)

Slovak: čremcha

Cognate with Lithuanian šermukšnis (“rowan, mountain ash”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kermušā, *śermušā. From Proto-Indo-European *ḱremuseh₂; compare Proto-West Germanic *hramusō (“ramson”), Old Irish crem (“dog's leek, buckrams”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon, “onion”).
The reason for limited attestation in Macedonia and Bulgaria, or with the meaning Prunus mahaleb in Serbia and Macedonia, is the range of the plant ending there.

cog

hagberry (fruit, tree, or wood) (Prunus padus)


čermъša

čermъša (nominative singular)
čermъši (dual nominative)
čermъšę̇ (nominative plural)
čermъšę̇ (genitive singular)
čermъšu (dual genitive)
čermъšь (genitive plural)
čermъši (dative singular)
čermъšama (dative dual)
čermъšamъ (dative plural)
čermъšǫ (accusative singular)
čermъši (accusative dual)
čermъšę̇ (accusative plural)
čermъšejǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъšǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъšama (dual instrumental)
čermъšami (instrumental plural)
čermъši (locative singular)
čermъšu (dual locative)
čermъšasъ (locative plural)
čermъšaxъ (locative plural)
čermъše (singular vocative)
čermъši (dual vocative)
čermъšę̇ (plural vocative)
*čermъšь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: чарамша́ (čaramšá)

Russian: черемша́ (čeremšá)

Ukrainian: черемша́ (čeremšá)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: чремош (čremoš) (obsolete) – pre-1945 чрѣмошъ (črěmoš)

Macedonian: сремуш (sremuš)

Serbo-Croatian:

desc

Cyrillic script: сре̑муш, сре̑муша, сре̑муж, сре̑мужа, сри̏јемуш, сри̏јемуша, сри̏јемуж, сри̏јемужа, цре̏муш, цре̏мош, цримуш, цримош, цри̏јемуш, цри̏јемош, цри̏јемуша, цри̏јемуж, цри̏јемужа

Latin script: srȇmuš, srȇmuša, srȇmuž, srȇmuža, srȉjemuš, srȉjemuša, srȉjemuž, srȉjemuža, crȇmuš, crȇmoš, crimuš, crimoš, crȉjemuš, crȉjemoš, crȉjemuša, crȉjemuž, crȉjemuža

Slovene: čẹ́maž

West Slavic:

Polish: trzemucha (archaic) – the form is *čermuxa but the meaning *čermъša

From *čermъxa (“hagberry”) because of the strong aroma. Also found in dialectal Lithuanian kermùšė (“ramson”), Proto-West Germanic *hramusō (“ramson”), Old Irish crem (“ramson”), Ancient Greek κρόμμῠον (krómmŭon), κρόμυον (krómuon, “onion”), and probably borrowed from Iranian into Proto-Turkic *sarmïsak (“garlic”).


bodъľь

bodъľь (nominative singular)
bodъľa (dual nominative)
bodъľi (nominative plural)
bodъľa (genitive singular)
bodъľu (dual genitive)
bodъľь (genitive plural)
bodъľu (dative singular)
bodъľema (dative dual)
bodъľemъ (dative plural)
bodъľь (accusative singular)
bodъľa (accusative dual)
bodъľę̇ (accusative plural)
bodъľьmь (instrumental singular)
bodъľemь (instrumental singular)
bodъľema (dual instrumental)
bodъľi (instrumental plural)
bodъľi (locative singular)
bodъľu (dual locative)
bodъľixъ (locative plural)
bodъľu (singular vocative)
bodъľa (dual vocative)
bodъľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бодль (bodlĭ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: боде́л (bodél), бо́дъл (bódǎl), бàдлье n (bàdlje) (dialectal, obsolete)

⇒ Bulgarian: бодил (bodil) (from *bodylъ), pl. бодли (bodli) (standard)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̑даљ (“type of thorny grass”)

Latin script: bȏdalj (“type of thorny grass”)

Slovene: bȏdəlj (tonal orthography) (dialectal)

Of the same origin as *bosti (“to pierce, to stab”) + *-ъlъ + *-jь.


vějь

vějь (nominative singular)
věja (dual nominative)
věji (nominative plural)
věja (genitive singular)
věju (dual genitive)
vějь (genitive plural)
věju (dative singular)
vějema (dative dual)
vějemъ (dative plural)
vějь (accusative singular)
věja (accusative dual)
věję̇ (accusative plural)
vějьmь (instrumental singular)
vějemь (instrumental singular)
vějema (dual instrumental)
věji (instrumental plural)
věji (locative singular)
věju (dual locative)
vějixъ (locative plural)
věju (singular vocative)
věja (dual vocative)
věji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Russian: сухове́й (suxovéj, “dry, hot wind”)

→ Serbo-Croatian: sȕhovej

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -вей (-vej)

⇒ Bulgarian: по́вей (póvej)

⇒ Bulgarian: на́вей (návej)

⇒ Bulgarian: при́вей (prívej)

⇒ Macedonian: повеј (povej)

West Slavic:

⇒ Czech: navěj

⇒ Slovak: navej

Action noun, from *vějati + *-ъ or from *věti (“to wind, to blow wind”) + *-jь, attested indirectly in derivatives. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Technically reflects Proto-Balto-Slavic *wḗˀjas (“wind”) with cognates Lithuanian vė́jas, Latvian vẽjš, however, it is hard to tell if the Slavic descendants directly continue the Balto-Slavic lemma or were formed afterwards. Further akin to Sanskrit वायु (vāyu, “wind, air”).

der

Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House


bъgati

bъganьje (noun-from-verb)
bъgati (infinitive)
bъgatъ (supine)
bъgalъ (l-participle)
bъganъ (participle passive past)
bъgajemъ (participle passive present)
bъgavъ (active participle past)
bъgaję (active participle present)
bъgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bъga (aorist second-person singular)
bъga (aorist singular third-person)
bъgajǫ (first-person present singular)
bъgaješi (present second-person singular)
bъgajetь (present singular third-person)
bъgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bъgasta (aorist dual second-person)
bъgaste (aorist dual third-person)
bъgajevě (dual first-person present)
bъgajeta (dual present second-person)
bъgajete (dual present third-person)
bъgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bъgaste (aorist plural second-person)
bъgašę (aorist plural third-person)
bъgajemъ (first-person plural present)
bъgajete (plural present second-person)
bъgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bъgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bъgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bъgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bъgaji (imperative second-person singular)
bъgaji (imperative singular third-person)
bъgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bъgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bъgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bъgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bъgajita (dual imperative second-person)
bъgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bъgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bъgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bъgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bъgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: бгаць (bhacʹ, “to poke”)

Russian: бгать (bgatʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: бга́ти (bháty)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend, to bow”), related to Proto-Germanic *beuganą (“to bow”). Likely akin to Proto-Slavic *gubiti (“to destroy, to wreck”), Proto-Slavic *gъbnǫ̀ti (“to bend”) via metathesis. Further related to Lithuanian baũgurs (“highland”).
Formally resembling Lithuanian baugùs (“fearful”).


stojiti

stojati (imperfective)
stojenьje (noun-from-verb)
stojiti (infinitive)
stojitъ (supine)
stojilъ (l-participle)
stojenъ (participle passive past)
stojь (active participle past)
stojixъ (aorist first-person singular)
stoji (aorist second-person singular)
stoji (aorist singular third-person)
stojǫ (first-person present singular)
stojiši (present second-person singular)
stojitь (present singular third-person)
stojixově (aorist dual first-person)
stojista (aorist dual second-person)
stojiste (aorist dual third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person present)
stojita (dual present second-person)
stojite (dual present third-person)
stojixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stojiste (aorist plural second-person)
stojišę (aorist plural third-person)
stojimъ (first-person plural present)
stojite (plural present second-person)
stojętь (plural present third-person)
stoji (imperative second-person singular)
stoji (imperative singular third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person imperative)
stojita (dual imperative second-person)
stojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
stojite (imperative plural second-person)
stojenьje (noun-from-verb)
stojiti (infinitive)
stojitъ (supine)
stojilъ (l-participle)
stojenъ (participle passive past)
stojimъ (participle passive present)
stojь (active participle past)
stoję (active participle present)
stojixъ (aorist first-person singular)
stoji (aorist second-person singular)
stoji (aorist singular third-person)
stojǫ (first-person present singular)
stojiši (present second-person singular)
stojitь (present singular third-person)
stojixově (aorist dual first-person)
stojista (aorist dual second-person)
stojiste (aorist dual third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person present)
stojita (dual present second-person)
stojite (dual present third-person)
stojixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stojiste (aorist plural second-person)
stojišę (aorist plural third-person)
stojimъ (first-person plural present)
stojite (plural present second-person)
stojętь (plural present third-person)
stojaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stojaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stojaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
stoji (imperative second-person singular)
stoji (imperative singular third-person)
stojaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stojaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stojaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person imperative)
stojita (dual imperative second-person)
stojaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stojaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stojaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
stojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
stojite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: сто́ить (stóitʹ, “to cost, to be worth”)

Ukrainian: сто́ïти (stóïty, “to cost, to be worth”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: стоя́ (stojá), сто́вам (stóvam, “to get involved, to become”) (rare, dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: съ́стоя (sǎ́stoja, “to take place”), застоя́ (zastojá, “to fixate, to immobilize”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стоити (rare)

Latin script: stojiti (rare)

Denominal from Proto-Slavic *stojь + *-iti.
The South Slavic descendants are used in parallel to the imperfective Proto-Slavic *stojati to denote punctual events. The East Slavic forms have been reinterpreted as imperfective around 18 cent., probably under the influence of Polish stać (“to cost, to be worth”), a calque of German kosten.

(intransitive) to transpire, to take place/effect

(transitive) to adjust, to bring in position

(reflexive) to bring oneself under some condition


gavati

gavnǫti (perfective)
gavanьje (noun-from-verb)
gavati (infinitive)
gavatъ (supine)
gavalъ (l-participle)
gavanъ (participle passive past)
gavajemъ (participle passive present)
gavavъ (active participle past)
gavaję (active participle present)
gavaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gava (aorist second-person singular)
gava (aorist singular third-person)
gavajǫ (first-person present singular)
gavaješi (present second-person singular)
gavajetь (present singular third-person)
gavaxově (aorist dual first-person)
gavasta (aorist dual second-person)
gavaste (aorist dual third-person)
gavajevě (dual first-person present)
gavajeta (dual present second-person)
gavajete (dual present third-person)
gavaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gavaste (aorist plural second-person)
gavašę (aorist plural third-person)
gavajemъ (first-person plural present)
gavajete (plural present second-person)
gavajǫtь (plural present third-person)
gavaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gavaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gavaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gavaji (imperative second-person singular)
gavaji (imperative singular third-person)
gavaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gavaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gavaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gavajivě (dual first-person imperative)
gavajita (dual imperative second-person)
gavaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gavaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gavaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gavajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gavajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: га́вам (gávam, “to bamboozle”) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гава (gava, “to make fool of, to bamboozle”) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: havati (“to grumble”)

Czech: havat (dialectal)

Onomatopoeic, from the call *ga! + *-vati. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *gajati (“to caw”), Proto-Slavic *gakati (“to croak, to shout”). The colloquial word for “crow” in some regions of Russia and Ukraine is from the same stem: Russian га́вка (gávka), Ukrainian га́ва (háva).
Compare English caw, Lithuanian kóvas (“rook”).

gaviti*gavědь ()

to vex, to cause retching; wild stock, beast

→ to bark, to snarl (for mammals, typically dogs)

→ to caw (for birds, typically corvids)

→ to clack (for inanimate objects)

→ (figurative) to groan, to grumble (for person)

(figurative) (+ *sę) to wrangle, to quarrel, to bicker (usually with *sъ(n) + gen.)


Živa

Živa (nominative singular)
Živě (dual nominative)
Živy (nominative plural)
Živy (genitive singular)
Živu (dual genitive)
Živъ (genitive plural)
Živě (dative singular)
Živama (dative dual)
Živamъ (dative plural)
Živǫ (accusative singular)
Živě (accusative dual)
Živy (accusative plural)
Živojǫ (instrumental singular)
Živǫ (instrumental singular)
Živama (dual instrumental)
Živami (instrumental plural)
Živě (locative singular)
Živu (dual locative)
Živasъ (locative plural)
Živaxъ (locative plural)
Živo (singular vocative)
Živě (dual vocative)
Živy (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: Жѝва (Žìva), ⇒ Жѝвка (Žìvka)

⇒ Macedonian: Живка (Živka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Жива, ⇒ Живка

Latin script: Živa, ⇒ Živka

Slovene: Žíva

West Slavic:

Czech: Živa, ⇒ Živka, Živana

>? Old Polish: Żywa

Polish: Żywa, ⇒ Żywka

Slovak: Živa

Old Polabian: *Žyva (theonym, given name)

Nominalization of *živa f (“alive, live, living”).

nominalization

(West and South Slavic) a female given name, Zhiva


kobьcь

kobь̀cь (canonical masculine)
*kobuzъ (alternative)
*kobъzъ (alternative)
kobьcь (nominative singular)
kobьca (dual nominative)
kobьci (nominative plural)
kobьca (genitive singular)
kobьcu (dual genitive)
kobьcь (genitive plural)
kobьcu (dative singular)
kobьcema (dative dual)
kobьcemъ (dative plural)
kobьcь (accusative singular)
kobьca (accusative dual)
kobьcę̇ (accusative plural)
kobьcьmь (instrumental singular)
kobьcemь (instrumental singular)
kobьcema (dual instrumental)
kobьci (instrumental plural)
kobьci (locative singular)
kobьcu (dual locative)
kobьcixъ (locative plural)
kobьče (singular vocative)
kobьca (dual vocative)
kobьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *кобьць (*kobĭcĭ)

Middle Russian: кобецъ (kobec)

Russian: ко́бец (kóbec)

⇒ Russian: ко́бчик (kóbčik)

Ukrainian: кі́бець (kíbecʹ)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: кобе́ц (kobéc); кобъ́ц (kobǎ́c) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀бац

Latin script: kòbac

Slovene: skóbec

West Slavic:

Old Polish: kobiec

archaic, in the compound <i class="Latn mention" lang="pl">sokół kobiec</i> (“Eurasian hobby”)

Polish: kobiec (archaic, in the compound sokół kobiec (“Eurasian hobby”))

Slovak: kobec

Sorbian:

⇒ Upper Sorbian: kobčik

Uncertain. Possibly from the sparsely attested Proto-Slavic *kobti (“to grasp, to forecast”), *kobati (“to compete”) + *-ьcь, of expressive nature from Proto-Indo-European *kabʰ- (“to seize, to hold”). Resembles Proto-Germanic *habukaz (“hawk”), Albanian gabonjë (“eagle”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


lěpidlo

lěpìdlo (canonical neuter)
lěpidlo (nominative singular)
lěpidlě (dual nominative)
lěpidla (nominative plural)
lěpidla (genitive singular)
lěpidlu (dual genitive)
lěpidlъ (genitive plural)
lěpidlu (dative singular)
lěpidloma (dative dual)
lěpidlomъ (dative plural)
lěpidlo (accusative singular)
lěpidlě (accusative dual)
lěpidla (accusative plural)
lěpidlъmь (instrumental singular)
lěpidlomь (instrumental singular)
lěpidloma (dual instrumental)
lěpidly (instrumental plural)
lěpidlě (locative singular)
lěpidlu (dual locative)
lěpidlěxъ (locative plural)
lěpidlo (singular vocative)
lěpidlě (dual vocative)
lěpidla (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лепи́ло (lepílo)

Macedonian: ле́пило (lépilo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лѐпило

Latin script: lèpilo

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lepidlo

Czech: lepidlo

Old Polish: lepidło

Slovak: lepidlo

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: lěpidło

From *lěpiti (“to stick, to smear”) + *-dlo.

glue (orig. mash of resin, flour, or starch used as a glue)


kopanica

kopanica (nominative singular)
kopanici (dual nominative)
kopanicę̇ (nominative plural)
kopanicę̇ (genitive singular)
kopanicu (dual genitive)
kopanicь (genitive plural)
kopanici (dative singular)
kopanicama (dative dual)
kopanicamъ (dative plural)
kopanicǫ (accusative singular)
kopanici (accusative dual)
kopanicę̇ (accusative plural)
kopanicejǫ (instrumental singular)
kopanicǫ (instrumental singular)
kopanicama (dual instrumental)
kopanicami (instrumental plural)
kopanici (locative singular)
kopanicu (dual locative)
kopanicasъ (locative plural)
kopanicaxъ (locative plural)
kopanice (singular vocative)
kopanici (dual vocative)
kopanicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: капані́ца (kapaníca)

Russian: копани́ца (kopaníca) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: копани́ця (kopanýcja)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: ко́паница (kópanica, “type of dance resembling digging”)

Macedonian: копаница (kopanica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀паница

Latin script: kòpanica

West Slavic:

Czech: kopanica (“heap”) (dialectal)

Slovak: Kopaňice (plural, in toponyms)

Non-Slavic:

→ German: Köpenick (suburb of Berlin)


rozga

rozga (nominative singular)
rozdzě (dual nominative)
rozgy (nominative plural)
rozgy (genitive singular)
rozgu (dual genitive)
rozgъ (genitive plural)
rozdzě (dative singular)
rozgama (dative dual)
rozgamъ (dative plural)
rozgǫ (accusative singular)
rozdzě (accusative dual)
rozgy (accusative plural)
rozgojǫ (instrumental singular)
rozgǫ (instrumental singular)
rozgama (dual instrumental)
rozgami (instrumental plural)
rozdzě (locative singular)
rozgu (dual locative)
rozgasъ (locative plural)
rozgaxъ (locative plural)
rozgo (singular vocative)
rozdzě (dual vocative)
rozgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ро́ска (róska)

Russian: ро́зга (rózga)

Ukrainian: рі́зка (rízka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: розга (rozga)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⱁⰸⰳⰰ (rozga)

Bulgarian: розга́ (rozgá) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ро̏зга

Latin script: rozga

Slovene: rọ̑zga (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rózha

Czech: růzhа

Polabian: rǘzga

Polish: rózga

Slovak: rázga

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: rozga

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *razgā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)resg- (“to weave, to plait”). Cognates include Latin restis.


skopiti

c (accent-paradigm)
skopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
skopiti (infinitive)
skopitъ (supine)
skopilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
skopľenъ (participle passive past)
skopimъ (participle passive present)
skopľь (active participle past)
skopę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
skopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
skopi (aorist second-person singular)
skopi (aorist singular third-person)
skopľǫ (first-person present singular)
skopiši (present second-person singular)
skopitь (present singular third-person)
skopixově (aorist dual first-person)
skopista (aorist dual second-person)
skopiste (aorist dual third-person)
skopivě (dual first-person present)
skopita (dual present second-person)
skopite (dual present third-person)
skopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
skopiste (aorist plural second-person)
skopišę (aorist plural third-person)
skopimъ (first-person plural present)
skopite (plural present second-person)
skopętь (plural present third-person)
skopľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
skopľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
skopľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
skopi (imperative second-person singular)
skopi (imperative singular third-person)
skopľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
skopľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
skopľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
skopivě (dual first-person imperative)
skopita (dual imperative second-person)
skopľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
skopľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
skopľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
skopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
skopite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: скопи́ть (skopítʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: шкопи́ц (škopýc)

Ukrainian: скопи́ти (skopýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: скопити (skopiti)

→ Romanian: scopi

Bulgarian: скопя́ (skopjá)

Macedonian: скопи (skopi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ско̀пити

Latin script: škòpiti

Slovene: skopīti

West Slavic:

Czech: skopiti

Polish: skopić

Slovak: skopiť

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: shkopis

From Proto-Indo-European *skop- (“to grave, to cut, to strike”) + *-iti. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *kopati (“to dig, to grave”). Possibly of expressive origin, comparable with Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to shave, to shear”) > Proto-Germanic *skabaną.
Seems to be related to Lithuanian skõpti (“to cut, to grave”), however, the root grades do not match.

onomatopoeic

expressive


kopiti

a (accent-paradigm)
kopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
kopiti (infinitive)
kopitъ (supine)
kopilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopľenъ (participle passive past)
kopimъ (participle passive present)
kopľь (active participle past)
kopę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopi (aorist second-person singular)
kopi (aorist singular third-person)
kopľǫ (first-person present singular)
kopiši (present second-person singular)
kopitь (present singular third-person)
kopixově (aorist dual first-person)
kopista (aorist dual second-person)
kopiste (aorist dual third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person present)
kopita (dual present second-person)
kopite (dual present third-person)
kopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopiste (aorist plural second-person)
kopišę (aorist plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person plural present)
kopite (plural present second-person)
kopętь (plural present third-person)
kopľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopi (imperative second-person singular)
kopi (imperative singular third-person)
kopľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopita (dual imperative second-person)
kopľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

desc

⇒ Bulgarian: копя́ (kopjá, “to castrate”) (possibly, archaic)

Pre-Slavic, reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *kа́p(je)tei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Cognate with Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to beat, to hit”). Superseded by Proto-Slavic *kopati by time of Late Common Slavic.


kopiti

kopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
kopiti (infinitive)
kopitъ (supine)
kopilъ (l-participle)
kopľenъ (participle passive past)
kopimъ (participle passive present)
kopľь (active participle past)
kopę (active participle present)
kopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopi (aorist second-person singular)
kopi (aorist singular third-person)
kopľǫ (first-person present singular)
kopiši (present second-person singular)
kopitь (present singular third-person)
kopixově (aorist dual first-person)
kopista (aorist dual second-person)
kopiste (aorist dual third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person present)
kopita (dual present second-person)
kopite (dual present third-person)
kopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopiste (aorist plural second-person)
kopišę (aorist plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person plural present)
kopite (plural present second-person)
kopętь (plural present third-person)
kopľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopi (imperative second-person singular)
kopi (imperative singular third-person)
kopľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopita (dual imperative second-person)
kopľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копити (kopiti)

Belarusian: капі́ць (kapícʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: копи́ть (kopítʹ)

Ukrainian: копи́ти (kopýty)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: копя́ (kopjá, “to amass”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀пити

Latin script: kòpiti

Slovene: kopiti (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Czech: kopiti

Polish: kopić (dialectal)

Slovincian: kôpic

Slovak: kopiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kopić

Lower Sorbian: kopiś

Denominal causative from *kopa (“pile, bulk”) + *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to grave, to strike”).


tęžati

c (accent-paradigm)
tęžanьje (noun-from-verb)
tęžati (infinitive)
tęžatъ (supine)
tęžalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
tęžanъ (participle passive past)
tęžimъ (participle passive present)
tęžavъ (active participle past)
tęžę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
tęžaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęža (aorist second-person singular)
tęža (aorist singular third-person)
tęžǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžiši (present second-person singular)
tęžitь (present singular third-person)
tęžaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tęžasta (aorist dual second-person)
tęžaste (aorist dual third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person present)
tęžita (dual present second-person)
tęžite (dual present third-person)
tęžaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęžaste (aorist plural second-person)
tęžašę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person plural present)
tęžite (plural present second-person)
tęžętь (plural present third-person)
tęžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tęži (imperative second-person singular)
tęži (imperative singular third-person)
tęžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tęžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tęžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person imperative)
tęžita (dual imperative second-person)
tęžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tęžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tęžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęžite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: сътѧжати (sŭtęžati)

Bulgarian: те́жа (téža) (partially)

Macedonian: тежи (teži) (partially)

From the remodelled stative (so-called "essive" in LIV) Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingēˀtei, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ- (“to pull, to burden”). Cognate with Lithuanian tingė́ti (“to be lazy”). In most daughter languages, this verb has been superseded by the similar denominal causative Proto-Slavic *tęžiti (“to weigh”).
Survives in derivatives like Proto-Slavic *sъtęžati (“to gain”), Proto-Slavic *otęžati (“to wrap, to fasten”), Proto-Slavic *protęžati (“to span”).


dobь

dobь (nominative singular)
dobi (dual nominative)
dobi (nominative plural)
dobi (genitive singular)
dobьju (dual genitive)
dobьjь (genitive plural)
dobi (dative singular)
dobьma (dative dual)
dobьmъ (dative plural)
dobь (accusative singular)
dobi (accusative dual)
dobi (accusative plural)
dobьjǫ (instrumental singular)
dobьma (dual instrumental)
dobьmi (instrumental plural)
dobi (locative singular)
dobьju (dual locative)
dobьxъ (locative plural)
dobi (singular vocative)
dobi (dual vocative)
dobi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: дiб (dib) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: до̑б

Latin script: dȏb

Slovene: dȏb (tonal orthography) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: dob

Middle Polish: dob (16-17ᵗʰ c.)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


tęžiti

tęžìti (canonical)
tęženьje (noun-from-verb)
tęžiti (infinitive)
tęžitъ (supine)
tęžilъ (l-participle)
tęženъ (participle passive past)
tęžь (active participle past)
tęžixъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęži (aorist second-person singular)
tęži (aorist singular third-person)
tęžǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžiši (present second-person singular)
tęžitь (present singular third-person)
tęžixově (aorist dual first-person)
tęžista (aorist dual second-person)
tęžiste (aorist dual third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person present)
tęžita (dual present second-person)
tęžite (dual present third-person)
tęžixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęžiste (aorist plural second-person)
tęžišę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person plural present)
tęžite (plural present second-person)
tęžętь (plural present third-person)
tęži (imperative second-person singular)
tęži (imperative singular third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person imperative)
tęžita (dual imperative second-person)
tęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęžite (imperative plural second-person)
tęženьje (noun-from-verb)
tęžiti (infinitive)
tęžitъ (supine)
tęžilъ (l-participle)
tęženъ (participle passive past)
tęžimъ (participle passive present)
tęžь (active participle past)
tęžę (active participle present)
tęžixъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęži (aorist second-person singular)
tęži (aorist singular third-person)
tęžǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžiši (present second-person singular)
tęžitь (present singular third-person)
tęžixově (aorist dual first-person)
tęžista (aorist dual second-person)
tęžiste (aorist dual third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person present)
tęžita (dual present second-person)
tęžite (dual present third-person)
tęžixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęžiste (aorist plural second-person)
tęžišę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person plural present)
tęžite (plural present second-person)
tęžętь (plural present third-person)
tęžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tęži (imperative second-person singular)
tęži (imperative singular third-person)
tęžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tęžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tęžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person imperative)
tęžita (dual imperative second-person)
tęžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tęžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tęžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęžite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: тяжи́ти (tjažýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: те́жа (téža) (partially, rare)

Macedonian: тежи (teži) (partially, rare)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: те́жити

Latin script: téžiti

Slovene: težīti

West Slavic:

Czech: těžit (“to mine”)

Polish: ciążyć

Slovak: ťažiť

Denominal causative from *tęgъ (“traction”) + *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ- (“to pull”). Doublet of *tǫžiti, an inherited form.
In Bulgarian and Macedonian, this verb specifically covers telic actions, the atelic being reflected by the mixed ě/i-conjugation Proto-Slavic *tęžati (their present stems are identical). In the remaining languages, the verb is impefective.


galъ

galъ (masculine nominative singular)
gala (feminine nominative singular)
galo (neuter nominative singular)
gala (genitive masculine singular)
galy (feminine genitive singular)
gala (genitive neuter singular)
galu (dative masculine singular)
galě (dative feminine singular)
galu (dative neuter singular)
galъ (accusative masculine singular)
galǫ (accusative feminine singular)
galo (accusative neuter singular)
galomь (instrumental masculine singular)
galojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
galomь (instrumental neuter singular)
galě (locative masculine singular)
galě (feminine locative singular)
galě (locative neuter singular)
gale (masculine singular vocative)
galo (feminine singular vocative)
galo (neuter singular vocative)
gala (dual masculine nominative)
galě (dual feminine nominative)
galě (dual neuter nominative)
galu (dual genitive masculine)
galu (dual feminine genitive)
galu (dual genitive neuter)
galoma (dative dual masculine)
galama (dative dual feminine)
galoma (dative dual neuter)
gala (accusative dual masculine)
galě (accusative dual feminine)
galě (accusative dual neuter)
galoma (dual instrumental masculine)
galama (dual feminine instrumental)
galoma (dual instrumental neuter)
galu (dual locative masculine)
galu (dual feminine locative)
galu (dual locative neuter)
gala (dual masculine vocative)
galě (dual feminine vocative)
galě (dual neuter vocative)
gali (masculine nominative plural)
galy (feminine nominative plural)
gala (neuter nominative plural)
galъ (genitive masculine plural)
galъ (feminine genitive plural)
galъ (genitive neuter plural)
galomъ (dative masculine plural)
galamъ (dative feminine plural)
galomъ (dative neuter plural)
galy (accusative masculine plural)
galy (accusative feminine plural)
gala (accusative neuter plural)
galy (instrumental masculine plural)
galami (feminine instrumental plural)
galy (instrumental neuter plural)
galěxъ (locative masculine plural)
galaxъ (feminine locative plural)
galěxъ (locative neuter plural)
gali (masculine plural vocative)
galy (feminine plural vocative)
gala (neuter plural vocative)
galъjь (masculine nominative singular)
galaja (feminine nominative singular)
galoje (neuter nominative singular)
galajego (genitive masculine singular)
galyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
galajego (genitive neuter singular)
galujemu (dative masculine singular)
galěji (dative feminine singular)
galujemu (dative neuter singular)
galъjь (accusative masculine singular)
galǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
galoje (accusative neuter singular)
galyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
galǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
galyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
galějemь (locative masculine singular)
galěji (feminine locative singular)
galějemь (locative neuter singular)
galъjь (masculine singular vocative)
galaja (feminine singular vocative)
galoje (neuter singular vocative)
galaja (dual masculine nominative)
galěji (dual feminine nominative)
galěji (dual neuter nominative)
galuju (dual genitive masculine)
galuju (dual feminine genitive)
galuju (dual genitive neuter)
galyjima (dative dual masculine)
galyjima (dative dual feminine)
galyjima (dative dual neuter)
galaja (accusative dual masculine)
galěji (accusative dual feminine)
galěji (accusative dual neuter)
galyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
galyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
galyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
galuju (dual locative masculine)
galuju (dual feminine locative)
galuju (dual locative neuter)
galaja (dual masculine vocative)
galěji (dual feminine vocative)
galěji (dual neuter vocative)
galiji (masculine nominative plural)
galyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
galaja (neuter nominative plural)
galъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
galъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
galъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
galyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
galyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
galyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
galyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
galyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
galaja (accusative neuter plural)
galyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
galyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
galyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
galyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
galyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
galyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
galiji (masculine plural vocative)
galyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
galaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Ukrainian: галь (halʹ, “herd of jays”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: галъ (galŭ)

Bulgarian: гал m (gal, “jackdaw”)

Галатски рид

Галова падина

⇒ Bulgarian: Галиче (Galiče), Галатски рид (Galatski rid), Галовo (Galovo), Галова падина (Galova padina) (toponyms)

Macedonian: гал (gal) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̏о, га̑л (dialectal, dated)

Latin script: gȁo, gȃl (dialectal, dated)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian: gala (“bird with black coloration”) (Croatian, archaic)

Slovene: gàl

West Slavic:

Czech: gał (“pitch”) (dialectal)

Uncertain. Sparsely attested, mainly in toponyms and derived terms.
If the color association is derived from the name of the jay, jackdow bird (and not vice versa), it is possible that the root is of onomatopoeic nature, related to *gavati (“to bark”), *gajati (“to croak”), *gakati (“to caw”). Compare regional *gaga (“jay”).


galъ

galъ (nominative singular)
gala (dual nominative)
gali (nominative plural)
gala (genitive singular)
galu (dual genitive)
galъ (genitive plural)
galu (dative singular)
galoma (dative dual)
galomъ (dative plural)
galъ (accusative singular)
gala (accusative dual)
galy (accusative plural)
galъmь (instrumental singular)
galomь (instrumental singular)
galoma (dual instrumental)
galy (instrumental plural)
galě (locative singular)
galu (dual locative)
galěxъ (locative plural)
gale (singular vocative)
gala (dual vocative)
gali (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Russian: галде́ть (galdétʹ), га́лда́ (gáldá), га́литься (gálitʹsja)

⇒ Ukrainian: галді́ти (haldíty), гала́й (haláj), гала́кати (halákaty)

desctree

⇒ Ukrainian: га́лас (hálas)
→ Polish: hałas
→ Czech: halas
→ Slovak: halas

⇒ Belarusian: га́лас (hálas)

West Slavic:

⇒ Polish: gałda, gałuszyć

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, cry”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *galaną.


galъka

*gala (alternative)
*galica (alternative)
galъka (nominative singular)
galъcě (dual nominative)
galъky (nominative plural)
galъky (genitive singular)
galъku (dual genitive)
galъkъ (genitive plural)
galъcě (dative singular)
galъkama (dative dual)
galъkamъ (dative plural)
galъkǫ (accusative singular)
galъcě (accusative dual)
galъky (accusative plural)
galъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
galъkǫ (instrumental singular)
galъkama (dual instrumental)
galъkami (instrumental plural)
galъcě (locative singular)
galъku (dual locative)
galъkasъ (locative plural)
galъkaxъ (locative plural)
galъko (singular vocative)
galъcě (dual vocative)
galъky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: галъка (galŭka)

Old Ruthenian: галка (halka)

desc

Belarusian: га́лка (hálka, “Eurasian jackdaw”), dial. га́ліца (hálica)

→ Old Polish: hałka

Ukrainian: галка (halka, “Eurasian jackdaw”), dial. га́лиця (hálycja)

Russian: га́лка (gálka), га́лька (gálʹka, “Eurasian jackdaw”), dial. га́лица (hályca)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: галка (galka, “daw”) (Eastern Bulgaria), галица (galica, “daw”) (North-Western Bulgaria), галун m (galun, “crow”)

Macedonian: галица (galica, “crow”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̑лка (“daw”), га̏лица (“any black bird”) (dialectal)

Latin script: gȃlka (“daw”), gȁlica (“any black bird”) (dialectal)

Related or derived from *galъ (“dark, murky”) + *-ъka, possible of onomatopoeic nature.


galiti

gaľenьje (noun-from-verb)
galiti (infinitive)
galitъ (supine)
galilъ (l-participle)
gaľenъ (participle passive past)
galimъ (participle passive present)
gaľь (active participle past)
galę (active participle present)
galixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gali (aorist second-person singular)
gali (aorist singular third-person)
gaľǫ (first-person present singular)
gališi (present second-person singular)
galitь (present singular third-person)
galixově (aorist dual first-person)
galista (aorist dual second-person)
galiste (aorist dual third-person)
galivě (dual first-person present)
galita (dual present second-person)
galite (dual present third-person)
galixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
galiste (aorist plural second-person)
gališę (aorist plural third-person)
galimъ (first-person plural present)
galite (plural present second-person)
galętь (plural present third-person)
gaľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gaľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gaľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gali (imperative second-person singular)
gali (imperative singular third-person)
gaľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gaľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gaľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
galivě (dual first-person imperative)
galita (dual imperative second-person)
gaľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gaľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gaľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
galimъ (first-person imperative plural)
galite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: галити (galiti)

Russian: гали́ть (galítʹ, “to act up, to be capricious (for child, animal)”), гали́ться (galítʹsja, “to laugh”)

Ukrainian: гали́ти (halýty)

⇒ Belarusian: га́лицьца (hálicʹca, “to greed for, to desire strongly”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: галити (galiti)

Bulgarian: га́ля (gálja)

Macedonian: гали (gali)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га́лити (“to refresh”)

Latin script: gáliti (“to refresh”)

q

alternatively an expressive form of Proto-Slavic <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*goliti</i> (“to strip, to uncover, to get naked”)

Slovene: gáliti (“to reveal, to expose”) (possibly, alternatively an expressive form of Proto-Slavic *goliti (“to strip, to uncover, to get naked”))

West Slavic:

Czech: haliti

Old Polish: galić

Slovak: haliť

Possibly cognate with Proto-Germanic *gōlijaną (“to greet, to soothe”), from an unusual (Narten-type?) ō-grade causative Proto-Indo-European *gʰōl-éye-ti (“to calm, to soothe”). Akin to Proto-Germanic *galaną (“to charm, to gale”), Proto-Germanic *gellaną (“to yell”).
May not reflect a single semantic core. According to ESSJa, some of the meanings may have been influenced by Proto-Slavic *guľati (“to celebrate, to feast”). Other authors draw connection with Proto-Slavic *žalь (“sorrow”), Proto-Slavic *želěti (“to desire”).
A third semantic nuance may come from Proto-Slavic *golъ (“bare, naked”). Compare Sanskrit गालयति (gālayati, “to cause to go off, to liquify”).
Semantically close to Ancient Greek γαλήνος (galḗnos, “calm, serene”), where the late Christian names Old Church Slavonic Галинъ (Galinŭ), Галина (Galina) originate from. Genetic relation, however, is unlikely. The later is probably cognate with Proto-Slavic *želězo (“iron”), Latin galēna (“lead sulphide”).

cog

to fondle, to caress (South, East Slavic)


žezlъ

žèzlъ (canonical neuter)
*žьzlъ (alternative)
*žьzlь (alternative)
*žezlò (alternative)
žèzlъ (nominative singular)
žezlà (dual nominative)
žezlì (nominative plural)
žezlà (genitive singular)
žezlù (dual genitive)
žèzlъ (genitive plural)
žezlù (dative singular)
žezlòma (dative dual)
žezlòmъ (dative plural)
žèzlъ (accusative singular)
žezlà (accusative dual)
žezlỳ (accusative plural)
žezlъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
žezlòmь (instrumental singular)
žezlòma (dual instrumental)
žèzly (instrumental plural)
žezlě̀ (locative singular)
žezlù (dual locative)
žèzlěxъ (locative plural)
žezle (singular vocative)
žezlà (dual vocative)
žezlì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: жезл (žezl), жезе́л (žezél) (folkloric, rare)

→ Latvian: zizls (“stick”)

Ukrainian: жезл (žezl)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жьзлъ (žĭzlŭ)

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: жьзлиѥ (žĭzlije)

Bulgarian: же́зъл (žézǎl)

Macedonian: жезол (žezol)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: же́жељ, жѐзло

Latin script: žéželj, žèzlo

West Slavic:

Czech: žezlo

→ Belarusian: жазло́ (žazló)

→ Slovene: žézlo

Slovak: žezlo

Uncertain. Potential etymologies include:
* Pedersen, Mladenov (tentatively considered by Derksen, Vasmer): Cognate with Old High German kegil (“stake”), perhaps from reduplication of hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel-. See also Lithuanian žalgà (“long stake”), Proto-Germanic *galgô (“gallow”), Old Armenian ձաղկ (jałk, “rod, twig”), possibly of substrate origin.
* Trubačev, Machek, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *gʷislóm, cognate with Old Armenian ճիւղ (čiwł, “branch, twig”), possibly Old Norse kvísl (“fork”) (which however exhibits long -ī-) and akin to Proto-Slavic *žila (“sinew”), Proto-Slavic *žica (“thread”). Within this hypothesis, -z- in Slavic is problematic.
* Georgiev: Possibly from an earlier Proto-Slavic *žeglъ (“branding needle, rod”), from *žeg- (“to heat”) + *-lъ (instrumental suffix), with progressive assimilation of *-g- > *-z- or -ž- (in Serbo-Croatian) after *ž-. Such a lemma is attested in dialectal Bulgarian же́гъл (žégǎl), же́гла (žégla).
See references for further discussion.


-jь

-jь (masculine nominative singular)
-ja (feminine nominative singular)
-je (neuter nominative singular)
-ja (genitive masculine singular)
-ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ja (genitive neuter singular)
-ju (dative masculine singular)
-ji (dative feminine singular)
-ju (dative neuter singular)
-jь (accusative masculine singular)
-jǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-je (accusative neuter singular)
-jemь (instrumental masculine singular)
-jejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-jemь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ji (locative masculine singular)
-ji (feminine locative singular)
-ji (locative neuter singular)
-ju (masculine singular vocative)
-je (feminine singular vocative)
-je (neuter singular vocative)
-ja (dual masculine nominative)
-ji (dual feminine nominative)
-ji (dual neuter nominative)
-ju (dual genitive masculine)
-ju (dual feminine genitive)
-ju (dual genitive neuter)
-jema (dative dual masculine)
-jama (dative dual feminine)
-jema (dative dual neuter)
-ja (accusative dual masculine)
-ji (accusative dual feminine)
-ji (accusative dual neuter)
-jema (dual instrumental masculine)
-jama (dual feminine instrumental)
-jema (dual instrumental neuter)
-ju (dual locative masculine)
-ju (dual feminine locative)
-ju (dual locative neuter)
-ja (dual masculine vocative)
-ji (dual feminine vocative)
-ji (dual neuter vocative)
-ji (masculine nominative plural)
-ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ja (neuter nominative plural)
-jь (genitive masculine plural)
-jь (feminine genitive plural)
-jь (genitive neuter plural)
-jemъ (dative masculine plural)
-jamъ (dative feminine plural)
-jemъ (dative neuter plural)
-ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ja (accusative neuter plural)
-ji (instrumental masculine plural)
-jami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ji (instrumental neuter plural)
-jixъ (locative masculine plural)
-jaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-jixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ji (masculine plural vocative)
-ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ja (neuter plural vocative)
-jьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-jaja (feminine nominative singular)
-jeje (neuter nominative singular)
-jajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ję̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-jajego (genitive neuter singular)
-jujemu (dative masculine singular)
-jiji (dative feminine singular)
-jujemu (dative neuter singular)
-jьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-jǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-jeje (accusative neuter singular)
-jijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-jǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-jijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-jijemь (locative masculine singular)
-jiji (feminine locative singular)
-jijemь (locative neuter singular)
-jьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-jaja (feminine singular vocative)
-jeje (neuter singular vocative)
-jaja (dual masculine nominative)
-jiji (dual feminine nominative)
-jiji (dual neuter nominative)
-juju (dual genitive masculine)
-juju (dual feminine genitive)
-juju (dual genitive neuter)
-jijima (dative dual masculine)
-jijima (dative dual feminine)
-jijima (dative dual neuter)
-jaja (accusative dual masculine)
-jiji (accusative dual feminine)
-jiji (accusative dual neuter)
-jijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-jijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-jijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-juju (dual locative masculine)
-juju (dual feminine locative)
-juju (dual locative neuter)
-jaja (dual masculine vocative)
-jiji (dual feminine vocative)
-jiji (dual neuter vocative)
-jiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ję̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-jaja (neuter nominative plural)
-jьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-jьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-jьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-jijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-jijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-jijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ję̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ję̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-jaja (accusative neuter plural)
-jijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-jijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-jijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-jijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-jijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-jijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-jiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ję̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-jaja (neuter plural vocative)
*-ьjь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -и (-i)

Old Ruthenian: -и (-i), -й (-j)

Belarusian: -й (-j)

Ukrainian: -й (-j)

Russian: -й (-j)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -и (-i)

q

Bulgarian: -ʲ(0/a/e) (with palatalization of the preceding phoneme)

Macedonian:

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: -i

Cyrillic script: -и

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech: -í

Polish: -i, -y

Slovak: -í

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -i, -y

Continues Proto-Indo-European *-yós and partially the marginal elative Caland suffix Proto-Indo-European *-yos ~ *-is. In some cases, e.g. Proto-Slavic *siňь, the jo-stem may have spread from the comparative *-jьš-.
Over time, some yo-stem adjectives were fossilized into nouns and some kinetic i-stems were leveled out into jo-stems, giving rise to Slavic jo-stem nouns. Another source of jo-stem nouns is from Illič-Svityč's law , which transformed neutral ap B nouns (including jo-stems) into masculine.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs (under stress), -is (genitive -io), Lithuanian -ias/-jas (elsewhere), Latvian -̧s, -̧š.

dobľь (“honest”)

ryďь (“ruddy, ginger”)

siňь (“glaucos blue/gray”)

Adjectival inherited from the Caland roots, usually with exceptional or magnifying meaning:

lošь (“bad”)

dužь (“strong”)

bujь (“aggressive, fierce”)

Adjectival of secondary origin, attached to o-grade roots:


-jь

-jь (nominative singular)
-ja (dual nominative)
-ji (nominative plural)
-ja (genitive singular)
-ju (dual genitive)
-jь (genitive plural)
-ju (dative singular)
-jema (dative dual)
-jemъ (dative plural)
-jь (accusative singular)
-ja (accusative dual)
-ję̇ (accusative plural)
-jьmь (instrumental singular)
-jemь (instrumental singular)
-jema (dual instrumental)
-ji (instrumental plural)
-ji (locative singular)
-ju (dual locative)
-jixъ (locative plural)
-ju (singular vocative)
-ja (dual vocative)
-ji (plural vocative)
*-ьjь (alternative)

mǫžь (“man”)

moľь (“moth”)

koňь (“horse”)

ǫ̃žь (“snake”) (from a leveled PIE proterokinetic i-stem)

Nominal inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic, e.g.:

-ьje

noun-forming, usually denoting manner or location as well as the standard ending for deverbial action nouns


-jь

From verbal stems inflecting (explicitly or implicitly) with Proto-Slavic *-jeti + *-ъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs.

kyjь (“hammer”) ← *kuti (“to hew”)

pьňь (“stump”) ←*pęti (“to stretch”)

Deverbal from root-emphatic verbs inflecting in original Proto-Slavic *-jeti, creates agent/instrument nouns:

voďь (“leader”) ← *voditi (“to lead”)

lučь (“ray”) ← *lučiti (“to pinpoint, to target”)

nožь (“knife”) ← *noziti (“to skewer”)

gojь (“fest, abundance”) ← *gojiti (“to feed”)

Deverbal from causative/iterative verbs inflecting in Proto-Slavic *-iti, creates agent/instrument nouns:

Deverbal from stative/essive verbs inflecting in *-ěti/*-jati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ějь.

Deverbal from factive verbs inflecting in *-ati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ajь.


-jь

From Proto-Indo-European *-yós (“belonging to”).

inh

mojь (“mine”) ← *mi (“me”) (dative)

tvojь (“thy”) ← *ti (“thee”) (dative)

svojь (“own”) ← *si (“self”) (dative)

našь (“our”) ← *nàsъ (“ours”) (genitive)

vašь (“your”) ← *vàsъ (“yours”) (genitive)

Pronominal ending, attached to o-grade root, forming possessive pronouns:


žuboriti

žubořenьje (noun-from-verb)
žuboriti (infinitive)
žuboritъ (supine)
žuborilъ (l-participle)
žubořenъ (participle passive past)
žuborimъ (participle passive present)
žubořь (active participle past)
žuborę (active participle present)
žuborixъ (aorist first-person singular)
žubori (aorist second-person singular)
žubori (aorist singular third-person)
žubořǫ (first-person present singular)
žuboriši (present second-person singular)
žuboritь (present singular third-person)
žuborixově (aorist dual first-person)
žuborista (aorist dual second-person)
žuboriste (aorist dual third-person)
žuborivě (dual first-person present)
žuborita (dual present second-person)
žuborite (dual present third-person)
žuborixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žuboriste (aorist plural second-person)
žuborišę (aorist plural third-person)
žuborimъ (first-person plural present)
žuborite (plural present second-person)
žuborętь (plural present third-person)
žubořaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žubořaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žubořaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žubori (imperative second-person singular)
žubori (imperative singular third-person)
žubořaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žubořaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žubořaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žuborivě (dual first-person imperative)
žuborita (dual imperative second-person)
žubořaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žubořaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žubořaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žuborimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žuborite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: жу́борить (žúboritʹ), dial. жубрить (žubritʹ), жу́бреть (žúbretʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жубо́ря (žubórja) (colloquial)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жубо̀рити

Latin script: žubòriti

From an unattested *žuba + *-oriti, likely an expressive extension of Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-. Cognate (expect for the inflection type) with Lithuanian žiaũberoti (“to chew”).


žuka

žuka (nominative singular)
žucě (dual nominative)
žuky (nominative plural)
žuky (genitive singular)
žuku (dual genitive)
žukъ (genitive plural)
žucě (dative singular)
žukama (dative dual)
žukamъ (dative plural)
žukǫ (accusative singular)
žucě (accusative dual)
žuky (accusative plural)
žukojǫ (instrumental singular)
žukǫ (instrumental singular)
žukama (dual instrumental)
žukami (instrumental plural)
žucě (locative singular)
žuku (dual locative)
žukasъ (locative plural)
žukaxъ (locative plural)
žuko (singular vocative)
žucě (dual vocative)
žuky (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жука (žuka), dial джука (džuka) (dialectal)

⇒ Macedonian: џока (džoka, “to gulp”) (colloquial)

desc

⇒ Macedonian: џокало (džokalo, “mouth, buccal cavity”) (colloquial)

Formed as *žuti (“to chew”) + *-ka, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”).


konopь

konòpь (canonical masculine)
konòpь (nominative singular)
konopì (dual nominative)
konòpьjē (nominative plural)
konòpi (genitive singular)
konòpьju (dual genitive)
konopь̀jь (genitive plural)
konopì (dative singular)
konòpьma (dative dual)
konopь̀mъ (dative plural)
konòpь (accusative singular)
konopì (accusative dual)
konopì (accusative plural)
konopь̀mь (instrumental singular)
konòpьma (dual instrumental)
konòpьmī (instrumental plural)
konòpi (locative singular)
konòpьju (dual locative)
konopь̀xъ (locative plural)
konopi (singular vocative)
konopì (dual vocative)
konòpьjē (plural vocative)
*konopľь (alternative)
*konopľa (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: коноплꙗ (konoplja), конопли pl (konopli)

Belarusian: кано́плі m pl (kanópli)

Russian: конопля́ f (konopljá), dialectal also коно́пь (konópʹ), коно́пля (konóplja) and as a pluraletantum

Ukrainian: коно́плі f pl (konópli)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: конопь (konopĭ)

Bulgarian: коно́п m (konóp)

Macedonian: коноп m (konop)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀ноп m, ко̀нопља f

Latin script: kònop m, kònoplja f

Slovene: konôplja m

→ Albanian: konopi

West Slavic:

Old Czech: konopě f

Czech: konopí n, dialectally konopě f

Polish: konop f (archaic), konopia f, konopie pl

Kashubian: kònop f kònopl f kònopla f kònopia f

Slovak: konope f

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kónopje, kónop, kónoṕ, kónopej (dialectal), kónoṕe, konopje (superseded)

Upper Sorbian: konop f, konoṕ, konopej

A Kulturwort of unknown ultimate origin. See Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis) for more concrete relations.

unk

unknown


kopněti

*kopniti (alternative)
kopněnьje (noun-from-verb)
kopněti (infinitive)
kopnětъ (supine)
kopnělъ (l-participle)
kopněnъ (participle passive past)
kopnějemъ (participle passive present)
kopněvъ (active participle past)
kopněję (active participle present)
kopněxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopně (aorist second-person singular)
kopně (aorist singular third-person)
kopnějǫ (first-person present singular)
kopněješi (present second-person singular)
kopnějetь (present singular third-person)
kopněxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopněsta (aorist dual second-person)
kopněste (aorist dual third-person)
kopnějevě (dual first-person present)
kopnějeta (dual present second-person)
kopnějete (dual present third-person)
kopněxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopněste (aorist plural second-person)
kopněšę (aorist plural third-person)
kopnějemъ (first-person plural present)
kopnějete (plural present second-person)
kopnějǫtь (plural present third-person)
kopněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopněji (imperative second-person singular)
kopněji (imperative singular third-person)
kopněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopnějivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopnějita (dual imperative second-person)
kopněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopnějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopnějite (imperative plural second-person)
kopněnьje (noun-from-verb)
kopněti (infinitive)
kopnětъ (supine)
kopnělъ (l-participle)
kopněnъ (participle passive past)
kopnimъ (participle passive present)
kopněvъ (active participle past)
kopnę (active participle present)
kopněxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopně (aorist second-person singular)
kopně (aorist singular third-person)
kopňǫ (first-person present singular)
kopniši (present second-person singular)
kopnitь (present singular third-person)
kopněxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopněsta (aorist dual second-person)
kopněste (aorist dual third-person)
kopnivě (dual first-person present)
kopnita (dual present second-person)
kopnite (dual present third-person)
kopněxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopněste (aorist plural second-person)
kopněšę (aorist plural third-person)
kopnimъ (first-person plural present)
kopnite (plural present second-person)
kopnętь (plural present third-person)
kopněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopni (imperative second-person singular)
kopni (imperative singular third-person)
kopněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopnivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopnita (dual imperative second-person)
kopněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopnimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopnite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: кіпніти (kipnity)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: копне́я (kopnéja)

Macedonian: копнее (kopnee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀пнети, 1p. ко́пнӣм

Latin script: kòpneti, 1p. kópnīm

Slovene: kopnẹ́ti (possibly)

West Slavic:

Czech: kopňat, kopňet (dialectal)

Slovak: kopnieť (dialectal)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- ~ *kʷap- (“to boil, to steam, to stink”), related to Latin cupiō (“to desire”) and Lithuanian kvapas (“aroma”). Possibly akin to Ancient Greek καπνός (kapnós, “smoke”), Latin vapor. Schrijver reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₂wep- in order to explain the broken tone in Lithuanian kûpt (“to smoke, to steam”), which according to Derksen could alternatively be a result of the sta-present conjugation.
Trubachev reconstructs *kopьněti as if from *kopьna (“heap, pile”) + *-ěti, which is semantically dubious. The later is akin to Proto-Slavic *kopati (“to dig”).


kopъtь

*kopъtъ (alternative)
kopъtь (nominative singular)
kopъti (dual nominative)
kopъti (nominative plural)
kopъti (genitive singular)
kopъtьju (dual genitive)
kopъťu (dual genitive)
kopъtьjь (genitive plural)
kopъti (genitive plural)
kopъti (dative singular)
kopъtьma (dative dual)
kopъtьmъ (dative plural)
kopъtь (accusative singular)
kopъti (accusative dual)
kopъti (accusative plural)
kopъtьjǫ (instrumental singular)
kopъťǫ (instrumental singular)
kopъtьma (dual instrumental)
kopъtьmi (instrumental plural)
kopъti (locative singular)
kopъtьju (dual locative)
kopъťu (dual locative)
kopъtьxъ (locative plural)
kopъti (singular vocative)
kopъti (dual vocative)
kopъti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копоть f (kopotĭ)

Belarusian: ко́паць f (kópacʹ)

Russian: ко́поть f (kópotʹ)

Ukrainian: кі́поть m (kípotʹ)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kopet m

Czech: kopt

Polish: kopeć m

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kорć m

Lower Sorbian: kopś m

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- ~ *kʷap- (“to steam, to boil, to stink”) + *-ъtь, akin to Lithuanian kvãpas (“aroma”) and possibly Ancient Greek κάπυς (kápus, “fume”), Latin vapor, Sanskrit कपि (kapi, “murky, aromatic”).

steam, fume, smoke (usually thick and dark)


kopъtъ

kopъtъ (nominative singular)
kopъta (dual nominative)
kopъti (nominative plural)
kopъta (genitive singular)
kopъtu (dual genitive)
kopъtъ (genitive plural)
kopъtu (dative singular)
kopъtoma (dative dual)
kopъtomъ (dative plural)
kopъtъ (accusative singular)
kopъta (accusative dual)
kopъty (accusative plural)
kopъtъmь (instrumental singular)
kopъtomь (instrumental singular)
kopъtoma (dual instrumental)
kopъty (instrumental plural)
kopъtě (locative singular)
kopъtu (dual locative)
kopъtěxъ (locative plural)
kopъte (singular vocative)
kopъta (dual vocative)
kopъti (plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- ~ *kʷap- (“to steam, to boil, to stink”) + *-ъtъ.


-ajь

-ajь (nominative singular)
-aja (dual nominative)
-aji (nominative plural)
-aja (genitive singular)
-aju (dual genitive)
-ajь (genitive plural)
-aju (dative singular)
-ajema (dative dual)
-ajemъ (dative plural)
-ajь (accusative singular)
-aja (accusative dual)
-aję̇ (accusative plural)
-ajьmь (instrumental singular)
-ajemь (instrumental singular)
-ajema (dual instrumental)
-aji (instrumental plural)
-aji (locative singular)
-aju (dual locative)
-ajixъ (locative plural)
-aju (singular vocative)
-aja (dual vocative)
-aji (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀjas, derived from factive verb stems Proto-Slavic *-ati + *-ъ.
Cognate with Latvian -ājs, Lithuanian -ojas in giedótajas (“singer”) (< giedóti), darýtojas (< darýti).

ortajь (“peon, servant”) ← *ortati (“to struggle”)

xodatajь (“solicitor”) ← *xodatati (“to mediate”)

golšatajь (“herald, announcer”) ← *golšatati (“to utter”)

Deverbal from factive verbs inflecting in *-ati. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:


-ějь

-ějь (nominative singular)
-ěja (dual nominative)
-ěji (nominative plural)
-ěja (genitive singular)
-ěju (dual genitive)
-ějь (genitive plural)
-ěju (dative singular)
-ějema (dative dual)
-ějemъ (dative plural)
-ějь (accusative singular)
-ěja (accusative dual)
-ěję̇ (accusative plural)
-ějьmь (instrumental singular)
-ějemь (instrumental singular)
-ějema (dual instrumental)
-ěji (instrumental plural)
-ěji (locative singular)
-ěju (dual locative)
-ějixъ (locative plural)
-ěju (singular vocative)
-ěja (dual vocative)
-ěji (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ēˀjas, derived from stative/essive verb stems Proto-Slavic *-ěti + *-ъ.
Cognate with Latvian -ējs, Lithuanian -ėjas.

zъlodějь (“evil-doer”) ← *zъlъ (“bad, evil”) + *děti (“to do”)

Deverbal from stative verbs inflecting in *-ěti. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:

sъlučajь (“occasion”) ← *sъlučati (“to happen”)

Deverbal from essive verbs inflecting in *-jati. Similar in sense to -er, -ant: