vьlgъkъ

vьlgъkъ (masculine nominative singular)
vьlgъka (feminine nominative singular)
vьlgъko (neuter nominative singular)
vьlgъka (genitive masculine singular)
vьlgъky (feminine genitive singular)
vьlgъka (genitive neuter singular)
vьlgъku (dative masculine singular)
vьlgъcě (dative feminine singular)
vьlgъku (dative neuter singular)
vьlgъkъ (accusative masculine singular)
vьlgъkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vьlgъko (accusative neuter singular)
vьlgъkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
vьlgъkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vьlgъkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
vьlgъcě (locative masculine singular)
vьlgъcě (feminine locative singular)
vьlgъcě (locative neuter singular)
vьlgъče (masculine singular vocative)
vьlgъko (feminine singular vocative)
vьlgъko (neuter singular vocative)
vьlgъka (dual masculine nominative)
vьlgъcě (dual feminine nominative)
vьlgъcě (dual neuter nominative)
vьlgъku (dual genitive masculine)
vьlgъku (dual feminine genitive)
vьlgъku (dual genitive neuter)
vьlgъkoma (dative dual masculine)
vьlgъkama (dative dual feminine)
vьlgъkoma (dative dual neuter)
vьlgъka (accusative dual masculine)
vьlgъcě (accusative dual feminine)
vьlgъcě (accusative dual neuter)
vьlgъkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
vьlgъkama (dual feminine instrumental)
vьlgъkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
vьlgъku (dual locative masculine)
vьlgъku (dual feminine locative)
vьlgъku (dual locative neuter)
vьlgъka (dual masculine vocative)
vьlgъcě (dual feminine vocative)
vьlgъcě (dual neuter vocative)
vьlgъci (masculine nominative plural)
vьlgъky (feminine nominative plural)
vьlgъka (neuter nominative plural)
vьlgъkъ (genitive masculine plural)
vьlgъkъ (feminine genitive plural)
vьlgъkъ (genitive neuter plural)
vьlgъkomъ (dative masculine plural)
vьlgъkamъ (dative feminine plural)
vьlgъkomъ (dative neuter plural)
vьlgъky (accusative masculine plural)
vьlgъky (accusative feminine plural)
vьlgъka (accusative neuter plural)
vьlgъky (instrumental masculine plural)
vьlgъkami (feminine instrumental plural)
vьlgъky (instrumental neuter plural)
vьlgъcěxъ (locative masculine plural)
vьlgъkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
vьlgъcěxъ (locative neuter plural)
vьlgъci (masculine plural vocative)
vьlgъky (feminine plural vocative)
vьlgъka (neuter plural vocative)
vьlgъkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
vьlgъkaja (feminine nominative singular)
vьlgъkoje (neuter nominative singular)
vьlgъkajego (genitive masculine singular)
vьlgъkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
vьlgъkajego (genitive neuter singular)
vьlgъkujemu (dative masculine singular)
vьlgъcěji (dative feminine singular)
vьlgъkujemu (dative neuter singular)
vьlgъkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
vьlgъkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vьlgъkoje (accusative neuter singular)
vьlgъkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
vьlgъkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vьlgъkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
vьlgъcějemь (locative masculine singular)
vьlgъcěji (feminine locative singular)
vьlgъcějemь (locative neuter singular)
vьlgъkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
vьlgъkaja (feminine singular vocative)
vьlgъkoje (neuter singular vocative)
vьlgъkaja (dual masculine nominative)
vьlgъcěji (dual feminine nominative)
vьlgъcěji (dual neuter nominative)
vьlgъkuju (dual genitive masculine)
vьlgъkuju (dual feminine genitive)
vьlgъkuju (dual genitive neuter)
vьlgъkyjima (dative dual masculine)
vьlgъkyjima (dative dual feminine)
vьlgъkyjima (dative dual neuter)
vьlgъkaja (accusative dual masculine)
vьlgъcěji (accusative dual feminine)
vьlgъcěji (accusative dual neuter)
vьlgъkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
vьlgъkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
vьlgъkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
vьlgъkuju (dual locative masculine)
vьlgъkuju (dual feminine locative)
vьlgъkuju (dual locative neuter)
vьlgъkaja (dual masculine vocative)
vьlgъcěji (dual feminine vocative)
vьlgъcěji (dual neuter vocative)
vьlgъciji (masculine nominative plural)
vьlgъkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
vьlgъkaja (neuter nominative plural)
vьlgъkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
vьlgъkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
vьlgъkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
vьlgъkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
vьlgъkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
vьlgъkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
vьlgъkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
vьlgъkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
vьlgъkaja (accusative neuter plural)
vьlgъkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
vьlgъkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
vьlgъkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
vьlgъkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
vьlgъkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
vьlgъkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
vьlgъciji (masculine plural vocative)
vьlgъkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
vьlgъkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вългъкъ (vŭlgŭkŭ)

Old Ruthenian: волгкїй (volhkij), волгїй (volhij)

Belarusian: во́гкі (vóhki), вóхкі (vóxki), во́лкі (vólki)

Ukrainian: во́гкий (vóhkyj), вовхкий (vovxkyj)

Middle Russian: волгкий (volgkij) (1670)

Russian: (dialectal) во́лгкий (vólgkij), во́кхий (vókxij), во́хкий (vóxkij), во́гкий (vógkij), вáгкий (vágkij)

⇒ Russian: Во́лга (Vólga)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: вългъкъ (vŭlgŭkŭ) (Russian recension)

Slovene: vólgək, vółhək

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vlhký

Czech: vlhký

Slovak: vlhký

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wilg-, from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥g-, from *welg-. Compare Old High German welc, wëlk, German welk.


vьlgnǫti

vьlženьje (noun-from-verb)
vьlgnǫti (infinitive)
vьlgnǫtъ (supine)
vьlglъ (l-participle)
vьlženъ (participle passive past)
vьlgnomъ (participle passive present)
vьlgъ (active participle past)
vьlgny (active participle present)
vьlgъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьlgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьlže (aorist second-person singular)
vьlže (aorist singular third-person)
vьlgnǫ (first-person present singular)
vьlgneši (present second-person singular)
vьlgnetь (present singular third-person)
vьlgově (aorist dual first-person)
vьlgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vьlgeta (aorist dual second-person)
vьlgosta (aorist dual second-person)
vьlgete (aorist dual third-person)
vьlgoste (aorist dual third-person)
vьlgnevě (dual first-person present)
vьlgneta (dual present second-person)
vьlgnete (dual present third-person)
vьlgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьlgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьlgete (aorist plural second-person)
vьlgoste (aorist plural second-person)
vьlgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vьlgošę (aorist plural third-person)
vьlgnemъ (first-person plural present)
vьlgnete (plural present second-person)
vьlgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьlgněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьlgněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьlgněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьlgni (imperative second-person singular)
vьlgni (imperative singular third-person)
vьlgněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьlgněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьlgněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьlgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьlgněta (dual imperative second-person)
vьlgněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьlgněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьlgněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьlgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьlgněte (imperative plural second-person)
vьlgnovenьje (noun-from-verb)
vьlgnǫti (infinitive)
vьlgnǫtъ (supine)
vьlgnǫlъ (l-participle)
vьlgnovenъ (participle passive past)
vьlgnomъ (participle passive present)
vьlgnǫvъ (active participle past)
vьlgny (active participle present)
vьlgnǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьlgnǫ (aorist second-person singular)
vьlgnǫ (aorist singular third-person)
vьlgnǫ (first-person present singular)
vьlgneši (present second-person singular)
vьlgnetь (present singular third-person)
vьlgnǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
vьlgnǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
vьlgnǫste (aorist dual third-person)
vьlgnevě (dual first-person present)
vьlgneta (dual present second-person)
vьlgnete (dual present third-person)
vьlgnǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьlgnǫste (aorist plural second-person)
vьlgnǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
vьlgnemъ (first-person plural present)
vьlgnete (plural present second-person)
vьlgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьlgněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьlgněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьlgněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьlgni (imperative second-person singular)
vьlgni (imperative singular third-person)
vьlgněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьlgněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьlgněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьlgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьlgněta (dual imperative second-person)
vьlgněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьlgněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьlgněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьlgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьlgněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: во́лгнуть (vólgnutʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: влажни (vlažni)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вугнути

Latin script: vugnuti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vlhnúti

Czech: vlhnout

Polish: wilgnąć

Slovak: vlhnúť

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welg-. Compare Lithuanian vi̇̀lgti (“to become wet”), Latvian vil̂gt (“to become wet”).


morvъ

morvъ (nominative singular)
morva (dual nominative)
morvi (nominative plural)
morva (genitive singular)
morvu (dual genitive)
morvъ (genitive plural)
morvu (dative singular)
morvoma (dative dual)
morvomъ (dative plural)
morvъ (accusative singular)
morva (accusative dual)
morvy (accusative plural)
morvъmь (instrumental singular)
morvomь (instrumental singular)
morvoma (dual instrumental)
morvy (instrumental plural)
morvě (locative singular)
morvu (dual locative)
morvěxъ (locative plural)
morve (singular vocative)
morva (dual vocative)
morvi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: мурашка (muraška)

Russian: муравей (muravej)

Ukrainian: мураха (muraxa)

desc

→ Pannonian Rusyn: брамушка (bramuška), ґрамушка (gramuška) (< мурашка (muraška))

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: мравка (mravka)

Macedonian: мра́ва (mráva), ⇒ мра́вка (mrávka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мрав

Latin script: mrav

Slovene: mravlja

West Slavic:

⇒ Old Czech: mraven, mravenec

Czech: mravenec

Bohemian (Chod dialect): bravenec

Kashubian: mrówka (< marwa)

Polish: mrówka (< mrowa)

Slovak: mravec

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mroja

Upper Sorbian: mrowja


znakъ

znakъ (nominative singular)
znaka (dual nominative)
znaci (nominative plural)
znaka (genitive singular)
znaku (dual genitive)
znakъ (genitive plural)
znaku (dative singular)
znakoma (dative dual)
znakomъ (dative plural)
znakъ (accusative singular)
znaka (accusative dual)
znaky (accusative plural)
znakъmь (instrumental singular)
znakomь (instrumental singular)
znakoma (dual instrumental)
znaky (instrumental plural)
znacě (locative singular)
znaku (dual locative)
znacěxъ (locative plural)
znače (singular vocative)
znaka (dual vocative)
znaci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: знакъ (znakŭ)

Belarusian: знак (znak)

Russian: знак (znak)

Ukrainian: знак (znak)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: знакъ (znakŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰸⱀⰰⰽⱏ (znakŭ)

Bulgarian: знак (znak)

Macedonian: знак (znak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зна̑к

Latin script: znȃk

Slovene: znȃk

West Slavic:

Old Czech: znak

Czech: znak

desctree

Old Polish: znak
Polish: znak
Silesian: znak

Slovak: znak

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: znak

Slovincian: znak

From *znati (“to know”) + *-kъ, i.e. "something known" > "symbol, sign".


borkъ

bȏrkъ (canonical masculine)
bȏrkъ (nominative singular)
bȏrka (dual nominative)
bȏrci (nominative plural)
bȏrka (genitive singular)
borkù (dual genitive)
bõrkъ (genitive plural)
bȏrku (dative singular)
borkomà (dative dual)
borkòmъ (dative plural)
bȏrkъ (accusative singular)
bȏrka (accusative dual)
bȏrky (accusative plural)
bȏrkъmь (instrumental singular)
bȏrkomь (instrumental singular)
borkomà (dual instrumental)
borký (instrumental plural)
bȏrcě (locative singular)
borkù (dual locative)
borcě̃xъ (locative plural)
borče (singular vocative)
bȏrka (dual vocative)
bȏrci (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: бракъ (brakŭ)

→ Russian: брак (brak)

Bulgarian: брак (brak)

Macedonian: брак (brak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бра̑к

Latin script: brȃk

Slovene: brákovica

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)


porkъ

porkъ (nominative singular)
porka (dual nominative)
porci (nominative plural)
porka (genitive singular)
porku (dual genitive)
porkъ (genitive plural)
porku (dative singular)
porkoma (dative dual)
porkomъ (dative plural)
porkъ (accusative singular)
porka (accusative dual)
porky (accusative plural)
porkъmь (instrumental singular)
porkomь (instrumental singular)
porkoma (dual instrumental)
porky (instrumental plural)
porcě (locative singular)
porku (dual locative)
porcěxъ (locative plural)
porče (singular vocative)
porka (dual vocative)
porci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: порокъ (porokŭ)

Belarusian: паро́к (parók)

Russian: поро́к (porók), по́рок (pórok)

Ukrainian: поро́к (porók)

West Slavic:

Czech: prak

Old Polish: prok

Old Slovak: prak

Slovak: prak

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: prok

Lower Sorbian: prok


zolkъ

zolkъ (nominative singular)
zolka (dual nominative)
zolci (nominative plural)
zolka (genitive singular)
zolku (dual genitive)
zolkъ (genitive plural)
zolku (dative singular)
zolkoma (dative dual)
zolkomъ (dative plural)
zolkъ (accusative singular)
zolka (accusative dual)
zolky (accusative plural)
zolkъmь (instrumental singular)
zolkomь (instrumental singular)
zolkoma (dual instrumental)
zolky (instrumental plural)
zolcě (locative singular)
zolku (dual locative)
zolcěxъ (locative plural)
zolče (singular vocative)
zolka (dual vocative)
zolci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: зело́к (zelók) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰾⰰⰽⱏ (zlakŭ)

Old Cyrillic script: злакъ (zlakŭ)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źalˀkas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰolh₃-kos, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green”). By surface analysis, *zol- + *-kъ. Cognate with Phrygian ζέλκια (zélkia, “name of vegetables”).


-tъ

-tъ (nominative singular)
-ta (dual nominative)
-ti (nominative plural)
-ta (genitive singular)
-tu (dual genitive)
-tъ (genitive plural)
-tu (dative singular)
-toma (dative dual)
-tomъ (dative plural)
-tъ (accusative singular)
-ta (accusative dual)
-ty (accusative plural)
-tъmь (instrumental singular)
-tomь (instrumental singular)
-toma (dual instrumental)
-ty (instrumental plural)
-tě (locative singular)
-tu (dual locative)
-těxъ (locative plural)
-te (singular vocative)
-ta (dual vocative)
-ti (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-tas; the suffix continues both Proto-Indo-European *-tós and *-tus. A distinguishing feature between the two is that lemmas formed with the u-stem suffix, later were extended with *-kъ, e.g. Serbo-Croatian podátak (“datum”) < *datъ (“load, something given”).
For the participle use, compare Proto-Germanic *-þaz and Latin -tus. However the verb classes that take *-þaz in Proto-Germanic (so-called "weak verbs"), take *-nъ in Proto-Slavic, which is cognate with Proto-Germanic *-naz which in turn usually forms participles of verbs that take *-tъ in Proto-Slavic.

obutъ (“footwear put on”) ← *obuti (“to put on footwear”)
nadutъ (“swelled”) (+ *na-) ← *duti (“to blow up”)

šitъ (“sewn”) ← *šiti (“to sew”)
bitъ (“beaten”) ← *biti (“to beat”)

klętъ (“pitiable, damned”) ← *klęti (“to curse”)
vъzętъ (“taken”) ← *vъzęti (“to take, to acquire”)

Deverbal from perfective mono-syllabic simple stems, forms passive participles

potъ (“sweat”) ← *peťi (“to bake”)

letъ (“flight”) ← Pre-Slavic *lekti (“to spring, to hop”)

moltъ (“hammer”) ← *melti (“to mold”)

datъkъ (“levy”) ← **datъ ← *dati (“to give”)

vitъkъ (“coil”) ← **vitъ ← *viti (“to wind, to curve”)

ostatъkъ (“remainder”) ← **ostatъ ← *ostati (“to remain”)

Deverbal, forms nouns (usually with o-grade)


vedrъ

vedrъ (masculine nominative singular)
vedra (feminine nominative singular)
vedro (neuter nominative singular)
vedra (genitive masculine singular)
vedry (feminine genitive singular)
vedra (genitive neuter singular)
vedru (dative masculine singular)
vedrě (dative feminine singular)
vedru (dative neuter singular)
vedrъ (accusative masculine singular)
vedrǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vedro (accusative neuter singular)
vedromь (instrumental masculine singular)
vedrojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vedromь (instrumental neuter singular)
vedrě (locative masculine singular)
vedrě (feminine locative singular)
vedrě (locative neuter singular)
vedre (masculine singular vocative)
vedro (feminine singular vocative)
vedro (neuter singular vocative)
vedra (dual masculine nominative)
vedrě (dual feminine nominative)
vedrě (dual neuter nominative)
vedru (dual genitive masculine)
vedru (dual feminine genitive)
vedru (dual genitive neuter)
vedroma (dative dual masculine)
vedrama (dative dual feminine)
vedroma (dative dual neuter)
vedra (accusative dual masculine)
vedrě (accusative dual feminine)
vedrě (accusative dual neuter)
vedroma (dual instrumental masculine)
vedrama (dual feminine instrumental)
vedroma (dual instrumental neuter)
vedru (dual locative masculine)
vedru (dual feminine locative)
vedru (dual locative neuter)
vedra (dual masculine vocative)
vedrě (dual feminine vocative)
vedrě (dual neuter vocative)
vedri (masculine nominative plural)
vedry (feminine nominative plural)
vedra (neuter nominative plural)
vedrъ (genitive masculine plural)
vedrъ (feminine genitive plural)
vedrъ (genitive neuter plural)
vedromъ (dative masculine plural)
vedramъ (dative feminine plural)
vedromъ (dative neuter plural)
vedry (accusative masculine plural)
vedry (accusative feminine plural)
vedra (accusative neuter plural)
vedry (instrumental masculine plural)
vedrami (feminine instrumental plural)
vedry (instrumental neuter plural)
vedrěxъ (locative masculine plural)
vedraxъ (feminine locative plural)
vedrěxъ (locative neuter plural)
vedri (masculine plural vocative)
vedry (feminine plural vocative)
vedra (neuter plural vocative)
vedrъjь (masculine nominative singular)
vedraja (feminine nominative singular)
vedroje (neuter nominative singular)
vedrajego (genitive masculine singular)
vedryję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
vedrajego (genitive neuter singular)
vedrujemu (dative masculine singular)
vedrěji (dative feminine singular)
vedrujemu (dative neuter singular)
vedrъjь (accusative masculine singular)
vedrǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
vedroje (accusative neuter singular)
vedryjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
vedrǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
vedryjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
vedrějemь (locative masculine singular)
vedrěji (feminine locative singular)
vedrějemь (locative neuter singular)
vedrъjь (masculine singular vocative)
vedraja (feminine singular vocative)
vedroje (neuter singular vocative)
vedraja (dual masculine nominative)
vedrěji (dual feminine nominative)
vedrěji (dual neuter nominative)
vedruju (dual genitive masculine)
vedruju (dual feminine genitive)
vedruju (dual genitive neuter)
vedryjima (dative dual masculine)
vedryjima (dative dual feminine)
vedryjima (dative dual neuter)
vedraja (accusative dual masculine)
vedrěji (accusative dual feminine)
vedrěji (accusative dual neuter)
vedryjima (dual instrumental masculine)
vedryjima (dual feminine instrumental)
vedryjima (dual instrumental neuter)
vedruju (dual locative masculine)
vedruju (dual feminine locative)
vedruju (dual locative neuter)
vedraja (dual masculine vocative)
vedrěji (dual feminine vocative)
vedrěji (dual neuter vocative)
vedriji (masculine nominative plural)
vedryję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
vedraja (neuter nominative plural)
vedrъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
vedrъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
vedrъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
vedryjimъ (dative masculine plural)
vedryjimъ (dative feminine plural)
vedryjimъ (dative neuter plural)
vedryję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
vedryję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
vedraja (accusative neuter plural)
vedryjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
vedryjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
vedryjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
vedryjixъ (locative masculine plural)
vedryjixъ (feminine locative plural)
vedryjixъ (locative neuter plural)
vedriji (masculine plural vocative)
vedryję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
vedraja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: вёдрый (vjódryj) (obsolete or dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: ведръ (vedrŭ)

Bulgarian: ве́дър (védǎr)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве̏дар

Latin script: vȅdar

Slovene: védər, vedrnica

Uncertain:
* From Proto-Indo-European *wed-ro-, from *wed- (“water”). Morphologically *ved- + *-rъ. Cognate with Latin vitrum n (“glass”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *wedʰro- or *h₂wh₁edʰro- (< *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”)). Possibly cognate with Proto-Germanic *wedrą n (“weather”) (or from *h₂wh₁etro- or *wétrom). Compare *vě̀trъ (“wind, air”).


kľusę

kľusę (nominative singular)
kľùsęti (dual nominative)
kľùsętā (nominative plural)
kľùsęte (genitive singular)
kľùsętu (dual genitive)
kľùsętъ (genitive plural)
kľùsęti (dative singular)
kľùsętьma (dative dual)
kľùsętьmъ (dative plural)
kľusę (accusative singular)
kľùsęti (accusative dual)
kľùsętā (accusative plural)
kľùsętьmь (instrumental singular)
kľùsętьma (dual instrumental)
kľùsętȳ (instrumental plural)
kľùsęte (locative singular)
kľùsętu (dual locative)
kľùsętьxъ (locative plural)
kľusę (singular vocative)
kľùsęti (dual vocative)
kľùsętā (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: клюсѧ (kljusę)

Russian: клюся (kljusja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: клюсѧ (kljusę)

Bulgarian: клюсе́ (kljusé)

Macedonian: кљусе (kljuse)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кљусе

Latin script: kljuse

Slovene: kljúse

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kľúsě

Czech: klíse

Old Polish: klusię

From pre-Proto-Slavic *kľupsent, equivalent to *kľusъ (“trot, gait”) + *-ę, from Proto-Indo-European *klewp-. Probably akin to Lithuanian klaũptis (“to kneel down”), klùpti (“to trip, to stumble”) and possibly further related to Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną (“to leap”) (from Proto-Indo-European *klewb-).

beast of burden (usually in pejorative sense)

kľusati*kľusa ()*kľusъ ()

to hurdle one's movement, to walk with difficulty; device for obstructing, trap; trot, gait (type of obstructed movement)


bolgъ

bȏlgъ (canonical)
bȏlgъ (masculine nominative singular)
bȏlga (feminine nominative singular)
bȏlgo (neuter nominative singular)
bȏlga (genitive masculine singular)
bȏlgy (feminine genitive singular)
bȏlga (genitive neuter singular)
bȏlgu (dative masculine singular)
bȏldzě (dative feminine singular)
bȏlgu (dative neuter singular)
bȏlgъ (accusative masculine singular)
bȏlgǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bȏlgo (accusative neuter singular)
bȏlgomь (instrumental masculine singular)
bȏlgojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bȏlgomь (instrumental neuter singular)
bȏldzě (locative masculine singular)
bȏldzě (feminine locative singular)
bȏldzě (locative neuter singular)
bȏlže (masculine singular vocative)
bȏlgo (feminine singular vocative)
bȏlgo (neuter singular vocative)
bȏlga (dual masculine nominative)
bȏldzě (dual feminine nominative)
bȏldzě (dual neuter nominative)
bȏlgu (dual genitive masculine)
bȏlgu (dual feminine genitive)
bȏlgu (dual genitive neuter)
bȏlgoma (dative dual masculine)
bȏlgama (dative dual feminine)
bȏlgoma (dative dual neuter)
bȏlga (accusative dual masculine)
bȏldzě (accusative dual feminine)
bȏldzě (accusative dual neuter)
bȏlgoma (dual instrumental masculine)
bȏlgama (dual feminine instrumental)
bȏlgoma (dual instrumental neuter)
bȏlgu (dual locative masculine)
bȏlgu (dual feminine locative)
bȏlgu (dual locative neuter)
bȏlga (dual masculine vocative)
bȏldzě (dual feminine vocative)
bȏldzě (dual neuter vocative)
bȏldzi (masculine nominative plural)
bȏlgy (feminine nominative plural)
bȏlga (neuter nominative plural)
bȏlgъ (genitive masculine plural)
bȏlgъ (feminine genitive plural)
bȏlgъ (genitive neuter plural)
bȏlgomъ (dative masculine plural)
bȏlgamъ (dative feminine plural)
bȏlgomъ (dative neuter plural)
bȏlgy (accusative masculine plural)
bȏlgy (accusative feminine plural)
bȏlga (accusative neuter plural)
bȏlgy (instrumental masculine plural)
bȏlgami (feminine instrumental plural)
bȏlgy (instrumental neuter plural)
bȏldzěxъ (locative masculine plural)
bȏlgaxъ (feminine locative plural)
bȏldzěxъ (locative neuter plural)
bȏldzi (masculine plural vocative)
bȏlgy (feminine plural vocative)
bȏlga (neuter plural vocative)
bȏlgъjь (masculine nominative singular)
bȏlgaja (feminine nominative singular)
bȏlgoje (neuter nominative singular)
bȏlgajego (genitive masculine singular)
bȏlgyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
bȏlgajego (genitive neuter singular)
bȏlgujemu (dative masculine singular)
bȏldzěji (dative feminine singular)
bȏlgujemu (dative neuter singular)
bȏlgъjь (accusative masculine singular)
bȏlgǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
bȏlgoje (accusative neuter singular)
bȏlgyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
bȏlgǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
bȏlgyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
bȏldzějemь (locative masculine singular)
bȏldzěji (feminine locative singular)
bȏldzějemь (locative neuter singular)
bȏlgъjь (masculine singular vocative)
bȏlgaja (feminine singular vocative)
bȏlgoje (neuter singular vocative)
bȏlgaja (dual masculine nominative)
bȏldzěji (dual feminine nominative)
bȏldzěji (dual neuter nominative)
bȏlguju (dual genitive masculine)
bȏlguju (dual feminine genitive)
bȏlguju (dual genitive neuter)
bȏlgyjima (dative dual masculine)
bȏlgyjima (dative dual feminine)
bȏlgyjima (dative dual neuter)
bȏlgaja (accusative dual masculine)
bȏldzěji (accusative dual feminine)
bȏldzěji (accusative dual neuter)
bȏlgyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
bȏlgyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
bȏlgyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
bȏlguju (dual locative masculine)
bȏlguju (dual feminine locative)
bȏlguju (dual locative neuter)
bȏlgaja (dual masculine vocative)
bȏldzěji (dual feminine vocative)
bȏldzěji (dual neuter vocative)
bȏldziji (masculine nominative plural)
bȏlgyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
bȏlgaja (neuter nominative plural)
bȏlgъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
bȏlgъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
bȏlgъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
bȏlgyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
bȏlgyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
bȏlgyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
bȏlgyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
bȏlgyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
bȏlgaja (accusative neuter plural)
bȏlgyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
bȏlgyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
bȏlgyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
bȏlgyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
bȏlgyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
bȏlgyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
bȏldziji (masculine plural vocative)
bȏlgyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
bȏlgaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бологъ (bologŭ)

Old Ruthenian: бологїй (bolohij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: благъ (blagŭ)

→ Belarusian: благі́ (blahí)

→ Polish: błahy

→ Lithuanian: blogas

→ Russian: благой (blagoj)

→ Ukrainian: благий (blahyj)

Bulgarian: благ (blag)

Macedonian: благ (blag)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бла̑г

Latin script: blȃg

Slovene: blȃg (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: blahý

Czech: blahý

Polish: błogi

Slovak: blahý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: błogi

Related to the noun *bolgo (“good, well-being”); see there for more.


agolvo

agolvo (nominative singular)
agolvě (dual nominative)
agolva (nominative plural)
agolva (genitive singular)
agolvu (dual genitive)
agolvъ (genitive plural)
agolvu (dative singular)
agolvoma (dative dual)
agolvomъ (dative plural)
agolvo (accusative singular)
agolvě (accusative dual)
agolva (accusative plural)
agolvъmь (instrumental singular)
agolvomь (instrumental singular)
agolvoma (dual instrumental)
agolvȳ (instrumental plural)
agolvě (locative singular)
agolvu (dual locative)
agolvě̄xъ (locative plural)
agolvo (singular vocative)
agolvě (dual vocative)
agolva (plural vocative)


sokolъ

sȍkolъ (canonical masculine)
sȍkolъ (nominative singular)
sȍkola (dual nominative)
sȍkoli (nominative plural)
sȍkola (genitive singular)
sokolù (dual genitive)
sokòlъ (genitive plural)
sȍkolu (dative singular)
sokolomà (dative dual)
sokolòmъ (dative plural)
sȍkolъ (accusative singular)
sȍkola (accusative dual)
sȍkoly (accusative plural)
sȍkolъmь (instrumental singular)
sȍkolomь (instrumental singular)
sokolomà (dual instrumental)
sokolý (instrumental plural)
sȍkolě (locative singular)
sokolù (dual locative)
sokolě̃xъ (locative plural)
sokole (singular vocative)
sȍkola (dual vocative)
sȍkoli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: соко́лъ (sokólŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: со́колъ (sókol)
Belarusian: со́кал (sókal), сако́л (sakól)
Carpathian Rusyn: со́кул (sókul)
Ukrainian: со́кіл (sókil)

Russian: со́кол (sókol)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: соколъ (sokolŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱁⰽⱁⰾⱏ (sokolŭ)

Bulgarian: соко́л (sokól)

Macedonian: сокол (sokol)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̏кол, со̏ко

Latin script: sȍkol, sȍko

Slovene: sókol (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sokol

Czech: sokol

Kashubian: sokół

Old Polish: sokół

Polish: sokół

Slovak: sokol

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sokoł

Upper Sorbian: sokoł

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: sokol

Either from *sokotati (“about the sounds of birds”) or *sočiti (“to chase, track”) + *-olъ.


mytařь

mytařь (nominative singular)
mytařa (dual nominative)
mytaři (nominative plural)
mytařa (genitive singular)
mytařu (dual genitive)
mytařь (genitive plural)
mytařu (dative singular)
mytařema (dative dual)
mytařemъ (dative plural)
mytařь (accusative singular)
mytařa (accusative dual)
mytařę̇ (accusative plural)
mytařьmь (instrumental singular)
mytařemь (instrumental singular)
mytařema (dual instrumental)
mytaři (instrumental plural)
mytaři (locative singular)
mytařu (dual locative)
mytařixъ (locative plural)
mytařu (singular vocative)
mytařa (dual vocative)
mytaři (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: мꙑтарь (mytarĭ)


trьvoga

trьvoga (nominative singular)
trьvodzě (dual nominative)
trьvogy (nominative plural)
trьvogy (genitive singular)
trьvogu (dual genitive)
trьvogъ (genitive plural)
trьvodzě (dative singular)
trьvogama (dative dual)
trьvogamъ (dative plural)
trьvogǫ (accusative singular)
trьvodzě (accusative dual)
trьvogy (accusative plural)
trьvogojǫ (instrumental singular)
trьvogǭ (instrumental singular)
trьvogama (dual instrumental)
trьvogamī (instrumental plural)
trьvodzě (locative singular)
trьvogu (dual locative)
trьvogasъ (locative plural)
trьvogaxъ (locative plural)
trьvogo (singular vocative)
trьvodzě (dual vocative)
trьvogy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: трыво́га (tryvóha)

Russian: трево́га (trevóga)

→ Bulgarian: трево́га (trevóga)

→ Macedonian: тревога (trevoga)

Ukrainian: триво́га (tryvóha)

West Slavic:

Polish: trwoga

Of unclear origin; perhaps from *trьvati (“to endure, to evade”) + *-oga. The etymon has also been compared to Russian отва́га (otvága, “bravery”), which is of Germanic origin.


xytrъ

xytrъ (masculine nominative singular)
xytra (feminine nominative singular)
xytro (neuter nominative singular)
xytra (genitive masculine singular)
xytry (feminine genitive singular)
xytra (genitive neuter singular)
xytru (dative masculine singular)
xytrě (dative feminine singular)
xytru (dative neuter singular)
xytrъ (accusative masculine singular)
xytrǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xytro (accusative neuter singular)
xytromь (instrumental masculine singular)
xytrojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xytromь (instrumental neuter singular)
xytrě (locative masculine singular)
xytrě (feminine locative singular)
xytrě (locative neuter singular)
xytre (masculine singular vocative)
xytro (feminine singular vocative)
xytro (neuter singular vocative)
xytra (dual masculine nominative)
xytrě (dual feminine nominative)
xytrě (dual neuter nominative)
xytru (dual genitive masculine)
xytru (dual feminine genitive)
xytru (dual genitive neuter)
xytroma (dative dual masculine)
xytrama (dative dual feminine)
xytroma (dative dual neuter)
xytra (accusative dual masculine)
xytrě (accusative dual feminine)
xytrě (accusative dual neuter)
xytroma (dual instrumental masculine)
xytrama (dual feminine instrumental)
xytroma (dual instrumental neuter)
xytru (dual locative masculine)
xytru (dual feminine locative)
xytru (dual locative neuter)
xytra (dual masculine vocative)
xytrě (dual feminine vocative)
xytrě (dual neuter vocative)
xytri (masculine nominative plural)
xytry (feminine nominative plural)
xytra (neuter nominative plural)
xytrъ (genitive masculine plural)
xytrъ (feminine genitive plural)
xytrъ (genitive neuter plural)
xytromъ (dative masculine plural)
xytramъ (dative feminine plural)
xytromъ (dative neuter plural)
xytry (accusative masculine plural)
xytry (accusative feminine plural)
xytra (accusative neuter plural)
xytry (instrumental masculine plural)
xytrami (feminine instrumental plural)
xytry (instrumental neuter plural)
xytrěxъ (locative masculine plural)
xytraxъ (feminine locative plural)
xytrěxъ (locative neuter plural)
xytri (masculine plural vocative)
xytry (feminine plural vocative)
xytra (neuter plural vocative)
xytrъjь (masculine nominative singular)
xytraja (feminine nominative singular)
xytroje (neuter nominative singular)
xytrajego (genitive masculine singular)
xytryję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
xytrajego (genitive neuter singular)
xytrujemu (dative masculine singular)
xytrěji (dative feminine singular)
xytrujemu (dative neuter singular)
xytrъjь (accusative masculine singular)
xytrǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xytroje (accusative neuter singular)
xytryjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
xytrǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xytryjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
xytrějemь (locative masculine singular)
xytrěji (feminine locative singular)
xytrějemь (locative neuter singular)
xytrъjь (masculine singular vocative)
xytraja (feminine singular vocative)
xytroje (neuter singular vocative)
xytraja (dual masculine nominative)
xytrěji (dual feminine nominative)
xytrěji (dual neuter nominative)
xytruju (dual genitive masculine)
xytruju (dual feminine genitive)
xytruju (dual genitive neuter)
xytryjima (dative dual masculine)
xytryjima (dative dual feminine)
xytryjima (dative dual neuter)
xytraja (accusative dual masculine)
xytrěji (accusative dual feminine)
xytrěji (accusative dual neuter)
xytryjima (dual instrumental masculine)
xytryjima (dual feminine instrumental)
xytryjima (dual instrumental neuter)
xytruju (dual locative masculine)
xytruju (dual feminine locative)
xytruju (dual locative neuter)
xytraja (dual masculine vocative)
xytrěji (dual feminine vocative)
xytrěji (dual neuter vocative)
xytriji (masculine nominative plural)
xytryję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
xytraja (neuter nominative plural)
xytrъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
xytrъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
xytrъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
xytryjimъ (dative masculine plural)
xytryjimъ (dative feminine plural)
xytryjimъ (dative neuter plural)
xytryję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
xytryję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
xytraja (accusative neuter plural)
xytryjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
xytryjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
xytryjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
xytryjixъ (locative masculine plural)
xytryjixъ (feminine locative plural)
xytryjixъ (locative neuter plural)
xytriji (masculine plural vocative)
xytryję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
xytraja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хꙑтръ (xytrŭ)

Belarusian: хі́тры (xítry)

Russian: хи́трый (xítryj)

Ukrainian: хи́трий (xýtryj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: хꙑтръ (xytrŭ)

Bulgarian: хи́тър (hítǎr)

Macedonian: итар (itar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хи̏тар

Latin script: hȉtar

Slovene: híter (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chytrý

Czech: chytrý

desctree

Old Polish: chytry, chytrzy
Polish: chytry
Silesian: chytry

Slovak: chytrý

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: chětry

Lower Sorbian: chytšy

Non-Slavic:

→ Yiddish: כיטרע (khitre)

Morphologically *xyt- + *-rъ. The stem *xyt- is a zero-grade variant of *xvatiti (“to grasp, to catch”). Of the same origin is also Russian хищник (xiščnik, “predator”). Ultimately, the lemma likely shares the same origin as *xъtěti (“to want, to intend”).

fast, agile; to abduct, to snatch; predator; predacious

xutъ*xutъkъ*xytiti ()*xyťьnikъ ()*xyťьnъ ()

xvatъ*xvatiti ()*xvatъka ()*xvaťati ()

grasp, catch; to suffice; grip; to catch


orěxъ

ȍrěxъ (nominative singular)
ȍrěxa (dual nominative)
ȍrěśi (nominative plural)
ȍrěxa (genitive singular)
orěxù (dual genitive)
orě̃xъ (genitive plural)
ȍrěxu (dative singular)
orěxomà (dative dual)
orěxòmъ (dative plural)
ȍrěxъ (accusative singular)
ȍrěxa (accusative dual)
ȍrěxy (accusative plural)
ȍrěxъmь (instrumental singular)
ȍrěxomь (instrumental singular)
orěxomà (dual instrumental)
orěxý (instrumental plural)
ȍrěśě (locative singular)
orěxù (dual locative)
orěśě̃xъ (locative plural)
orěše (singular vocative)
ȍrěxa (dual vocative)
ȍrěśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: орѣхъ (orěxŭ)

Old Ruthenian: орѣ́хъ (orě́x), горѣ́хъ (horě́x), орі́хъ (oríx)
Belarusian: арэ́х (aréx), гарэ́х (haréx)
Carpathian Rusyn: орі́х (oríx)
Ukrainian: горі́х (horíx); орі́х (oríx), ворі́х (voríx), йорі́х (joríx), оре́х (oréx) (dialectal)

Russian: оре́х (oréx)
→ Kildin Sami: орех (orjex)
→ Skolt Sami: ååʹreh

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: орѣхъ (orěxŭ)

Bulgarian: о́рех (óreh)

Macedonian: орев (orev, “walnut”)

Serbo-Croatian: о̀рах, òrah

Slovene: óreh

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ořěch

Czech: ořech

Kashubian: òrzech

Polabian: vrex

Polish: orzech

Silesian: ôrzech

Old Slovak: orech

Pannonian Rusyn: орех (orex)

Slovak: orech

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wórjech

Upper Sorbian: worjech


olějь

olějь (nominative singular)
olěja (dual nominative)
olěji (nominative plural)
olěja (genitive singular)
olěju (dual genitive)
olějь (genitive plural)
olěju (dative singular)
olějema (dative dual)
olějemъ (dative plural)
olějь (accusative singular)
olěja (accusative dual)
olěję̇ (accusative plural)
olějьmь (instrumental singular)
olějemь (instrumental singular)
olějema (dual instrumental)
olěji (instrumental plural)
olěji (locative singular)
olěju (dual locative)
olějixъ (locative plural)
olěju (singular vocative)
olěja (dual vocative)
olěji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: олѣи (olěi, “olive oil”)

Old Ruthenian: олѣй (olěj), алѣй (alěj)

Belarusian: алей (aljej)

Ukrainian: олія (olija)

South Slavic:

Slovene: olje

Old Church Slavonic: олѣи (olěi)

→ Romanian: ulei

West Slavic:

Czech: olej

Polish: olej

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wolej

Upper Sorbian: wolij

Old Slovak: olej

Pannonian Rusyn: олєй (oljej)

Slovak: olej

Borrowed from Latin oleum, or directly from Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion).


ob rokъ

West Slavic:

>? Kashubian: ŭórok

Polish: orok (dialectal)

Slovincian: wôrôk


trěska

trěska (nominative singular)
trěscě (dual nominative)
trěsky (nominative plural)
trěsky (genitive singular)
trěsku (dual genitive)
trěskъ (genitive plural)
trěscě (dative singular)
trěskama (dative dual)
trěskamъ (dative plural)
trěskǫ (accusative singular)
trěscě (accusative dual)
trěsky (accusative plural)
trěskojǫ (instrumental singular)
trěskǫ (instrumental singular)
trěskama (dual instrumental)
trěskami (instrumental plural)
trěscě (locative singular)
trěsku (dual locative)
trěskasъ (locative plural)
trěskaxъ (locative plural)
trěsko (singular vocative)
trěscě (dual vocative)
trěsky (plural vocative)
*trьska (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: трѣска (trěska), треска (treska)

Belarusian: трэска (treska), треска (trjeska)

Russian: тре́ска (tréska), треска́ (treská)

Russenorsk: treska

→ Bulgarian: тре́ска (tréska)

→ Czech: treska

→ Lithuanian: treska

→ Slovak: treska

Ukrainian: тріска (triska)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: трѣска (trěska)

Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱑⱄⰽⰰ (trěska)

Bulgarian: треска́ (treská)

Macedonian: треска (treska)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тре̏ска

Latin script: trȅska

Slovene: treskà, tŕska

West Slavic:

Old Czech: třieska

Czech: tříska

Polish: trzaska

Slovak: trieska

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: třěska

Lower Sorbian: tśěska

For the meaning "cod" compare Polish wątłusz (“cod”) (< wątły (“frail”)), Slovene polénovka (< poléno (“log”)), German Stockfisch (“stockfish”) (< Stock (“stick”)). Less likely, cognate with Proto-Germanic *þurskaz (< *ters- (“to dry; wither; thirst”)).

cod (the fish) (East Slavic and Slovene only)


trьstь

trьstь (canonical)
trъstь (canonical feminine)
trьstь (nominative singular)
trьsti (dual nominative)
trьsti (nominative plural)
trьsti (genitive singular)
trьstьju (dual genitive)
trьsťu (dual genitive)
trьstьjь (genitive plural)
trьsti (genitive plural)
trьsti (dative singular)
trьstьma (dative dual)
trьstьmъ (dative plural)
trьstь (accusative singular)
trьsti (accusative dual)
trьsti (accusative plural)
trьstьjǫ (instrumental singular)
trьsťǫ (instrumental singular)
trьstьma (dual instrumental)
trьstьmi (instrumental plural)
trьsti (locative singular)
trьstьju (dual locative)
trьsťu (dual locative)
trьstьxъ (locative plural)
trьsti (singular vocative)
trьsti (dual vocative)
trьsti (plural vocative)
trъstь (nominative singular)
trъsti (dual nominative)
trъsti (nominative plural)
trъsti (genitive singular)
trъstьju (dual genitive)
trъsťu (dual genitive)
trъstьjь (genitive plural)
trъsti (genitive plural)
trъsti (dative singular)
trъstьma (dative dual)
trъstьmъ (dative plural)
trъstь (accusative singular)
trъsti (accusative dual)
trъsti (accusative plural)
trъstьjǫ (instrumental singular)
trъsťǫ (instrumental singular)
trъstьma (dual instrumental)
trъstьmi (instrumental plural)
trъsti (locative singular)
trъstьju (dual locative)
trъsťu (dual locative)
trъstьxъ (locative plural)
trъsti (singular vocative)
trъsti (dual vocative)
trъsti (plural vocative)

Old East Slavic: трьсть (trĭstĭ), тръсть (trŭstĭ)

Belarusian:

⇒ Belarusian: трыснёг (trysnjóh)

Russian: тресть (trestʹ), трость (trostʹ)

⇒ Russian: тростни́к (trostník), тро́стка (tróstka), трости́на (trostína)

Ukrainian: трость (trostʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: трьсть (trĭstĭ), тръсть (trŭstĭ)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тряст (trjast), тръст (trǎst)

⇒ Bulgarian: тръсти́ка (trǎstíka)

⇒ Macedonian: трска (trska)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тр̑ст,

Latin script: tȓst

Slovene: tȓst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: trest

Czech: tresť

⇒ Czech: třtina

⇒ Kashubian: strzëna

Old Polish: treść, trześć
Polish: treść

Slovak: trsť

Sorbian:

⇒ Lower Sorbian: sćina

⇒ Upper Sorbian: sćina

Unclear, perhaps:
# from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₁- (“stiff”) as Proto-Germanic *staraz (“stiff”), Latin strēnuus (“brisk”), from which root with extension *(s)treg- (“rigid, stiff”) from which Proto-Germanic *strakaz (“firm, rigid”)
# from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“stretching”)


nadeďa

nadeďa (nominative singular)
nadeďi (dual nominative)
nadeďę̇ (nominative plural)
nadeďę̇ (genitive singular)
nadeďu (dual genitive)
nadeďь (genitive plural)
nadeďi (dative singular)
nadeďama (dative dual)
nadeďamъ (dative plural)
nadeďǫ (accusative singular)
nadeďi (accusative dual)
nadeďę̇ (accusative plural)
nadeďejǫ (instrumental singular)
nadeďǫ (instrumental singular)
nadeďama (dual instrumental)
nadeďami (instrumental plural)
nadeďi (locative singular)
nadeďu (dual locative)
nadeďasъ (locative plural)
nadeďaxъ (locative plural)
nadeďe (singular vocative)
nadeďi (dual vocative)
nadeďę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: надежа (nadeža), надѣжа (naděža); Надежа (Nadeža, “given name”)

Old Ruthenian: надежа (nadeža)

Belarusian: надзе́жа (nadzjéža), надзёжа (nadzjóža)

Ukrainian: на́джа (nádža) (dialectal)

Russian: надёжа (nadjóža) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: надежда (nadežda)

Glagolitic script: ⱀⰰⰴⰵⰶⰴⰰ (nadežda)

Macedonian: надеж (nadež)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: на̀деђа (archaic, poetic)

Latin script: nàdeđa (archaic, poetic)


terba

terba (nominative singular)
tèrbě (dual nominative)
tèrby (nominative plural)
tèrby (genitive singular)
tèrbu (dual genitive)
tèrbъ (genitive plural)
tèrbě (dative singular)
tèrbama (dative dual)
tèrbamъ (dative plural)
tèrbǫ (accusative singular)
tèrbě (accusative dual)
tèrby (accusative plural)
tèrbojǫ (instrumental singular)
tèrbǭ (instrumental singular)
tèrbama (dual instrumental)
tèrbamī (instrumental plural)
tèrbě (locative singular)
tèrbu (dual locative)
tèrbasъ (locative plural)
tèrbaxъ (locative plural)
tèrbo (singular vocative)
tèrbě (dual vocative)
tèrby (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тереба (tereba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: трѣба (trěba)

Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱑⰱⰰ (trěba)

Bulgarian: тря́ба (trjába) (now non-standard)

⇒ Bulgarian: тря́бва (trjábva)

Macedonian: треба (treba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тре́ба, тријѐба

Latin: tréba, trijèba

Slovene: treba

West Slavic:

Kashubian: trzeba

Old Czech: třěba
Czech: třeba

desctree

Old Polish: trzeba
Polish: trzeba, trza (archaic or colloquial), trzeja (Żywiec)
Silesian: trzeba, trzeja, trza

Slovak: treba

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: tŕeba

Upper Sorbian: trjeba

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: treabă

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *terbʰ-, which appears to be a variant of *terp- (“to satisfy”). Possibly related to Baltic terms such as Old Prussian еntеrреn (“useful”), Lithuanian tarpà (“prosperity, growth”), Lithuanian tar̃pti, tarpstù (“to flourish”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þarbō (Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban, “to need, be in want”), Old English þearf (“need”), Old Norse þarfr (“useful”)), Ancient Greek τέρπω (térpō, “I please”), Sanskrit तृप्यति (tṛ́pyati, “to be satisfied”).


zobь

zȍbь (canonical feminine)
zȍbь (nominative singular)
zȍbi (dual nominative)
zȍbi (nominative plural)
zobí (genitive singular)
zobьjù (dual genitive)
zobь̀jь (genitive plural)
zȍbi (dative singular)
zobьmà (dative dual)
zȍbьmъ (dative plural)
zȍbь (accusative singular)
zȍbi (accusative dual)
zȍbi (accusative plural)
zobьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
zobьmà (dual instrumental)
zobьmì (instrumental plural)
zobí (locative singular)
zobьjù (dual locative)
zȍbьxъ (locative plural)
zobi (singular vocative)
zȍbi (dual vocative)
zȍbi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зобь (zobĭ)

Belarusian: зоб (zob)

Russian: зоб (zob), зобь (zobʹ)

Ukrainian: зоб (zob)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: зоб (zob)

Macedonian: зоб (zob)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зо̑б

Latin script: zȏb

Slovene: zọ̑b (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: zob

Kashubian: dzëba, dzób (rare), dzëb (rare), dzub (archaic), zëba (archaic), zób (archaic), zëb (archaic), zub (archaic)

Polish: zób, dziób

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zob

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵebʰ- (“jaw, mouth”). Cognate to Lithuanian žė̃bti. Compare also Old English ċeafl, German Kiefer, Irish gob, Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬟𐬀𐬭𐬆 (zafar^ə, “mouth”), and especially Proto-Germanic *kafą (“chaff”).


ešče

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

desc

Old Ruthenian: єще (ješče), єсче (jesče), єщо (ješčo), ище (išče)

Belarusian: яшчэ́ (jaščé), шчэ (šče)

Carpathian Rusyn: ще (šče), щи (ščy), ищи (yščy), іщи (iščy)

Ukrainian: ще (šče), іще́ (iščé)

Russian: ещё (ješčó), ещежды (ješčeždy), ощо (oščo) (dialectal), ешто (ješto) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: ѥще (jeśće)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: еще (ešte)

Bulgarian: о́ще (óšte), еще (ešte) (obsolete), ешче (ešče) (dialectal), йошкье (joškje) (Torlakian dialect)

Macedonian: уште (ušte)

Serbo-Croatian

Cyrillic: јо̏ш, јо̏шт, јо̏ште

Latin: jȍš, jȍšt, jȍšte

Slovene: šȅ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: jesz

Old Czech: ješče
Czech: ještě

desctree

Old Polish: jeszcze
Polish: jeszcze, eszcze (Malbork)
Silesian: jeszcze

Polabian: jist, hist

desc

Old Slovak: ešče, eščik, ešte, išče, ješče, ješte

Pannonian Rusyn: ище (išče), ещи (ešči), ещик (eščik) — Kucura, ищек (išček) — obsolete

Slovak: ešte

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hišće

Lower Sorbian: hyšći

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *eske, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éskʷe(h₁), probably a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe (conjunctive enclitic; and).


krъtъ

krъ̀tъ (canonical masculine)
krъ̀tъ (nominative singular)
krъtà (dual nominative)
krъtì (nominative plural)
krъtà (genitive singular)
krъtù (dual genitive)
krъ̀tъ (genitive plural)
krъtù (dative singular)
krъtòma (dative dual)
krъtòmъ (dative plural)
krъ̀tъ (accusative singular)
krъtà (accusative dual)
krъtỳ (accusative plural)
krъtъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
krъtòmь (instrumental singular)
krъtòma (dual instrumental)
krъ̀ty (instrumental plural)
krъtě̀ (locative singular)
krъtù (dual locative)
krъ̀těxъ (locative plural)
krъte (singular vocative)
krъtà (dual vocative)
krъtì (plural vocative)

East Slavic: кротъ (krotŭ), крътъ (krŭtŭ)

Belarusian: крот (krot)

Russian: крот (krot)

Ukrainian: кріт (krit)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: крътъ (krŭtŭ)

Bulgarian: крът m (krǎt), кърти́ца f (kǎrtíca)

Macedonian: крт m (krt), кртица f (krtica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кр̀тица

Latin script: kr̀tica

Slovene: kȓt

West Slavic:

Old Czech: krt

Czech: krt, krtek

Kashubian: kret

Polabian: korťĕtüc

Polish: kret

Slovak: krt

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kšet

Upper Sorbian: knot

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: cârtiță

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to crook”) + *-ъtъ, related to Lithuanian kertùs (“shrew”) and perhaps Proto-Slavic *čьrtъ (“evil creature”).
May have been coined as an alternative to Proto-Balto-Slavic *kúrmis (“mole”) (whence Latvian kur̃mis, Lithuanian kùrmis) in order to avoid confusion with unrelated Proto-Slavic *kъrmъ (“fodder, nutrient”).

noncog

mole (burrowing mammal of the family Talpidae)


jasli

jàsli (canonical feminine plural)
jasli (nominative plural)
jaslьjь (genitive plural)
jaslьmъ (dative plural)
jasli (accusative plural)
jaslьmi (instrumental plural)
jaslьxъ (locative plural)
jasli (plural vocative)
*ěslo (alternative)
*ěsla (alternative)

Church Slavonic: ꙗсли (jasli) (Russian), ꙗсли pl (jasli)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗсли (jasli)

Belarusian: я́слі pl (jásli)

Russian: я́сли pl (jásli)

Ukrainian: я́сла n pl (jásla)

Old Novgorodian: ꙗсли (jasli)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ꙗсли (jasli)

desc

Bulgarian: я́сла f (jásla), я́сли pl (jásli)

Macedonian: јасли pl (jasli)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏сле f pl, ја̏сли f pl

Latin script: jasle, jasla f, jȁsla pl, jȁslo n

Slovene: jȃsli pl (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jěsli pl

Czech: jesle pl, jesli?, jaseľ, jaseľe, jaśle pl

Polish: jasła pl, jasły pl, jasło pl

Slovak: jasle pl

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jasla pl, jasła

Lower Sorbian: jasła n pl

→ Romanian: iesle

From earlier *ědsli-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēˀdsl-. Senses relating to babies in some of the descendant languages are of later origin, referring to the Christian legend about birth of Jesus.


okovъ

okòvъ (canonical masculine)
okòvъ (nominative singular)
okovà (dual nominative)
okovì (nominative plural)
okovà (genitive singular)
okovù (dual genitive)
okòvъ (genitive plural)
okovù (dative singular)
okovòma (dative dual)
okovòmъ (dative plural)
okòvъ (accusative singular)
okovà (accusative dual)
okovỳ (accusative plural)
okovъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
okovòmь (instrumental singular)
okovòma (dual instrumental)
okòvy (instrumental plural)
okově̀ (locative singular)
okovù (dual locative)
okòvěxъ (locative plural)
okove (singular vocative)
okovà (dual vocative)
okovì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: оков (okov), оковы (okovy)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: окови (okovi)

Bulgarian: окови pl (okovi)

Macedonian: окови pl (okovi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: оков

Latin script: okov

Slovene: okȍv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: okovy pl

Polish: okowy pl

Slovak: okovy pl


topolь

tȍpolь (canonical masculine)
*topólъ (alternative)
*topoľa (alternative)
*topola (alternative)
topolь (nominative singular)
topoli (dual nominative)
topolьje (nominative plural)
topoli (genitive singular)
topolьju (dual genitive)
topolьjь (genitive plural)
topoli (dative singular)
topolьma (dative dual)
topolьmъ (dative plural)
topolь (accusative singular)
topoli (accusative dual)
topoli (accusative plural)
topolьmь (instrumental singular)
topolьma (dual instrumental)
topolьmi (instrumental plural)
topoli (locative singular)
topolьju (dual locative)
topolьxъ (locative plural)
topoli (singular vocative)
topoli (dual vocative)
topolьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тополь (topolĭ)

Belarusian: тапо́ля (tapólja), то́паль (tópalʹ)

Russian: то́поль (tópolʹ)

Ukrainian: топо́ля (topólja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тополь (topolĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱁⱂⱁⰾⱐ (topolĭ)

Bulgarian: топо́ла (topóla)

Macedonian: топола (topola)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: топо̀ла

Latin script: topòla

Slovene: topol m, topola f

West Slavic:

Old Czech: topol

Czech: topol

Old Polish: topola

Polish: topola

Slovak: topoľ

Pannonian Rusyn: тополя (topolja)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: topoł

Lower Sorbian: topoł

Bulgarian: Топола (Topola, “a village at the northern coast of Bulgaria”)

⇒ Macedonian: Тополовиќ (Topoloviḱ, “a village in Macedonia”)

⇒ Byzantine Greek: Τοπολοβίκος (Topolobíkos, “a beck south of Αγία Βαρβάρα (Agía Varvára)”)

Czech: Topol (“a part of the town of Chrudim in Czechia”)

Slovak: Topoľčany (“town in the west of Slovakia”) local settlers got the name *Topoľčane – "those who live between poplars"

Ukrainian: Тополя (Topolja) / Slovak: Topoľa (“a village in the far east of Slovakia”)

Ukrainian: Тополя (Topolja, “two villages in the north of Ukraine”)

Likely akin to Lithuanian túopa (“poplar”), but beyond that unknown. Possibly related in some manner to Latin pōpulus (“poplar”) (whence German Pappel, Latvian papele). A direct borrowing from Vulgar Latin is usually dismissed, because Eastern Romance languages reflect instead an alternative form *ploppus → Romanian plop, Albanian plep.
Per Walde-Hoffmann, perhaps further akin to Ancient Greek πτελέη (pteléē, “elm”), ultimately from reduplication and subsequent dissimilation *p - p- → *t - p- of Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, gray”).

cog

poplar (genus of trees in family Salicaceae)

Marko Snoj
Topoľa
en:Topoľčany
mk:Тополовиќ
pl:Topola (ujednoznacznienie)
sh:Topolje (razvrstavanje)
uk:Тополя (значення)


ujь

ùjь (canonical masculine)
ùjь (nominative singular)
ùja (dual nominative)
ùji (nominative plural)
ùja (genitive singular)
ùju (dual genitive)
ùjь (genitive plural)
ùju (dative singular)
ùjema (dative dual)
ùjēmъ (dative plural)
ùjь (accusative singular)
ùja (accusative dual)
ùję̇ (accusative plural)
ùjьmь (instrumental singular)
ùjemь (instrumental singular)
ùjema (dual instrumental)
ùjī (instrumental plural)
ùji (locative singular)
ùju (dual locative)
ùjīxъ (locative plural)
ùju (singular vocative)
ùja (dual vocative)
ùji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: уи (ui), вуи (vui)

Old Ruthenian: вуй (vuj), уй (uj)

Belarusian: вуй (vuj) (dialectal)

desc

Carpathian Rusyn: уй (uj); ⇒ у́йко (újko)

Ukrainian: вуй (vuj), уй (uj) (dialectal)

Russian: уй (uj) (obsolete)

Old Novgorodian: *оуи (*ui)

South Slavic:

⇒ Bulgarian: вуйчо (vujčo)

Serbo-Croatian:

⇒ Cyrillic script: у̏ја̄к

⇒ Latin script: ȕjāk

⇒ Slovene: ujec

West Slavic:

⇒ Old Czech: ujec

Czech: ujec

Old Polish: uj

Polish: wuj

Old Slovak: ujo

Pannonian Rusyn: уйо (ujo)

Slovak: ujo

Polabian: vaujă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wùja, ùja

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wuj

Lower Sorbian: wuj

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *auˀjas (yo-stem), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₂yos. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian avýnas, Old Prussian awis (“uncle”) (i-stem).


koxati

koxanьje (noun-from-verb)
koxati (infinitive)
koxatъ (supine)
koxalъ (l-participle)
koxanъ (participle passive past)
koxajemъ (participle passive present)
koxavъ (active participle past)
koxaję (active participle present)
koxaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
koxa (aorist second-person singular)
koxa (aorist singular third-person)
koxajǫ (first-person present singular)
koxaješi (present second-person singular)
koxajetь (present singular third-person)
koxaxově (aorist dual first-person)
koxasta (aorist dual second-person)
koxaste (aorist dual third-person)
koxajevě (dual first-person present)
koxajeta (dual present second-person)
koxajete (dual present third-person)
koxaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
koxaste (aorist plural second-person)
koxašę (aorist plural third-person)
koxajemъ (first-person plural present)
koxajete (plural present second-person)
koxajǫtь (plural present third-person)
koxaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
koxaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
koxaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
koxaji (imperative second-person singular)
koxaji (imperative singular third-person)
koxaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
koxaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
koxaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
koxajivě (dual first-person imperative)
koxajita (dual imperative second-person)
koxaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
koxaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
koxaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
koxajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
koxajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: кохати (koxati)

Belarusian: каха́ць (kaxácʹ)

Ukrainian: коха́ти (koxáty)

Russian: коха́ть (koxátʹ) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kochati

Czech: kochati; kochat, kochať (dialectal)

desctree

Old Polish: kochać, chochać
Polish: kochać

Slovak: kochať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kòchac

Slovincian: kôchac

Of unclear origin.
Often said to be from the root underlying *kosnǫti (“to touch”) and *kasati (“to touch, fold”) with an expressive infix *-x-, evolving semantically from “encountering” to “expressively paying honour” and hence “loving”, as per Machek and repeated inter alios by Boryś.
However, as Jakobson remarks, the word may rather be from a root for chicken, as seen in *kokošь (“hen”), Czech kokot (“cock”), Proto-Slavic *orzkošь (“voluptuousness, pleasure, orgasm”), Russian ко́ко́ (kókó, “egg”), Proto-Slavic *kočanъ (“head of cabbage; cob or corn; penis”). The Russian expression де́лать кому́-то ку́ры (délatʹ komú-to kúry), which is a partial calque of French faire la cour, albeit with the cour replaced with the similar-sounding but unrelated кур (kur, “rooster”), etc. insinuate that *koxati is from an earlier *koksati evoking erotic rooster imagery; compare English cock for a similar semantic association. Perhaps for this reason, the word's early occurrences in writing are rare due to its apparent uncouth status, thus rendering its usage dialectal in some of the languages it is attested in.


orzkošь

orzkošь (nominative singular)
orzkoši (dual nominative)
orzkoši (nominative plural)
orzkoši (genitive singular)
orzkošьju (dual genitive)
orzkošьjь (genitive plural)
orzkoši (dative singular)
orzkošьma (dative dual)
orzkošьmъ (dative plural)
orzkošь (accusative singular)
orzkoši (accusative dual)
orzkoši (accusative plural)
orzkošьjǫ (instrumental singular)
orzkošьma (dual instrumental)
orzkošьmi (instrumental plural)
orzkoši (locative singular)
orzkošьju (dual locative)
orzkošьxъ (locative plural)
orzkoši (singular vocative)
orzkoši (dual vocative)
orzkoši (plural vocative)
*orzkoša (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: *розкошь (*rozkošĭ), *роскошь (*roskošĭ)

Belarusian: раско́ша (raskóša)

Russian: ро́скошь (róskošʹ)

Ukrainian: ро́зкіш (rózkiš)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: раскошь (raskošĭ)

Bulgarian: разко́ш (razkóš)

Macedonian: раскош (raskoš)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра́скош

Latin script: ráskoš

Slovene: razkȏš

West Slavic:

Czech: rozkoš

Kashubian: rozkòsz

Polish: rozkosz

Old Slovak: rozkoš m inan, (rare) rozkoša f

Slovak: rozkoš m inan

A nominal formation from *orzkoxati, *orzkošiti (“to revel, orgasm”), from *orz- + a root represented by *koxati (“to make love to”).


kolъ

kòlъ (canonical masculine)
kòlъ (nominative singular)
kolà (dual nominative)
kolì (nominative plural)
kolà (genitive singular)
kolù (dual genitive)
kòlъ (genitive plural)
kolù (dative singular)
kolòma (dative dual)
kolòmъ (dative plural)
kòlъ (accusative singular)
kolà (accusative dual)
kolỳ (accusative plural)
kolъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
kolòmь (instrumental singular)
kolòma (dual instrumental)
kòly (instrumental plural)
kolě̀ (locative singular)
kolù (dual locative)
kòlěxъ (locative plural)
kole (singular vocative)
kolà (dual vocative)
kolì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: кол (kol)

Russian: кол (kol)
→ Finnish: kola

Ukrainian: кіл (kil)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: колъ (kolŭ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bularian: кол (kol)

Macedonian: кол (kol), колец (kolec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: колац

Latin script: kolac

Slovene: kȍl (tonal orthography)

West: Slavic:

Old Czech: kól

Czech: kůl

Polish: kół

Slovak: kôl

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kół

Upper Sorbian: kół

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kōlas. A neuter o-stem derivative of *kolti. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian kuõlas (“stake”).


ulьjь

ulьjь (nominative singular)
ulьja (dual nominative)
ulьji (nominative plural)
ulьja (genitive singular)
ulьju (dual genitive)
ulьjь (genitive plural)
ulьju (dative singular)
ulьjema (dative dual)
ulьjemъ (dative plural)
ulьjь (accusative singular)
ulьja (accusative dual)
ulьję̇ (accusative plural)
ulьjьmь (instrumental singular)
ulьjemь (instrumental singular)
ulьjema (dual instrumental)
ulьji (instrumental plural)
ulьji (locative singular)
ulьju (dual locative)
ulьjixъ (locative plural)
ulьju (singular vocative)
ulьja (dual vocative)
ulьji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ву́лей (vúljej)

Russian: у́лей (úlej)

Carpathian Rusyn: уль (ulʹ)

Ukrainian: у́лій (úlij), ву́лій (vúlij)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: улей (ulej)

Macedonian: улиште (ulište) (< *ulьjьšče)

Slovene: ȗlj

West: Slavic:

Old Czech: úlí

Czech: úl

Bohemian (Chod dialect): houl

Polish: ul

Slovak: úľ

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wul

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *aulios, whence also Lithuanian aulỹs (“(bee)hive”), Latvian aũlis (“(bee)hive”), and Old Prussian aulis (“shin(bone)”); from an i-stem derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewlós, nominalization of *h₂ewlo- (“tube, hole, channel”), to which compare the dialectal meanings “hollow tree” in Slovene and “pipe,
opening” in Bulgarian.
Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek αὐλός (aulós, “tube, pipe, flute; haulm”), αὐλών (aulṓn, “hollow, channel, strait”), Old Armenian ուղի (ułi, “road, path, way”), Hittite [script needed] (halluwa-, “hollow, pit”) and/or 𒀀𒌑𒇷𒅖 (a-ú-li-iš /aulis/, “tube-shaped organ in the neck”), Latin alvus (“hollow, cavity; trough, hold of a ship”), and dialectal Norwegian aul (“(hollow stalk of) wild angelica”).


kremy

kremy (nominative singular)
kremeni (dual nominative)
kremene (nominative plural)
kremene (genitive singular)
kremenu (dual genitive)
kremenъ (genitive plural)
kremeni (dative singular)
kremenьma (dative dual)
kremenьmъ (dative plural)
kremenь (accusative singular)
kremeni (accusative dual)
kremeni (accusative plural)
kremenьmь (instrumental singular)
kremenьma (dual instrumental)
kremenьmi (instrumental plural)
kremene (locative singular)
kremenu (dual locative)
kremenьxъ (locative plural)
kremy (singular vocative)
kremeni (dual vocative)
kremene (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кремень (kremenĭ)

Belarusian: крэ́мень (krémjenʹ)

Russian: креме́нь (kreménʹ)

Ukrainian: кре́мінь (kréminʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кремы (kremy)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⰵⰿⱏⰺ (kremy)

Bulgarian: кремък (kremǎk)

Macedonian: кремен (kremen)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кре̏ме̄н

Latin script: krȅmēn

Slovene: kremen

West Slavic:

Old Czech: křemen

Czech: křemen (“quartz”)

Kashubian: krzem

Polabian: kremin

Polish: krzemień

Slovak: kremeň (“quartz”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: křemjeń

Lower Sorbian: kśemjeń

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kremō; further etymology uncertain. Possibly from *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Baltic cognates include Latvian krams, krems.


pǫpъ

pǫpъ (nominative singular)
pǫpa (dual nominative)
pǫpi (nominative plural)
pǫpa (genitive singular)
pǫpu (dual genitive)
pǫpъ (genitive plural)
pǫpu (dative singular)
pǫpoma (dative dual)
pǫpomъ (dative plural)
pǫpъ (accusative singular)
pǫpa (accusative dual)
pǫpy (accusative plural)
pǫpъmь (instrumental singular)
pǫpomь (instrumental singular)
pǫpoma (dual instrumental)
pǫpy (instrumental plural)
pǫpě (locative singular)
pǫpu (dual locative)
pǫpěxъ (locative plural)
pǫpe (singular vocative)
pǫpa (dual vocative)
pǫpi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пупъ (pupŭ)

Belarusian: пуп (pup)

Russian: пуп (pup)

Ukrainian: пуп (pup)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пѫпъ (pǫpŭ)

Bulgarian: пъп (pǎp), пъмп (pǎmp) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пу̏п

Latin script: pȕp

Slovene: pọ̑p (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: pãp

Old Polish: pąp, pęp

Polish: pęp (obsolete)

Polabian: pǫp

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pup

Upper Sorbian: pup

From *pǫpъkъ (*pǫpъ + *-ъkъ)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: пупо́к (pupók)

Russian: пупо́к (pupók)

Ukrainian: пупо́к (pupók)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: папок (papok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пу̏пак

Latin script: pȕpak

Slovene: pọ̑pək (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: pãpk

Old Czech: pupek

Czech: pupek

Old Polish: pąpek, pępek

desctree

Polish: pępek
→ Yiddish: פּעמפּיק (pempik)

Silesian: pympek

Slovak: pupok

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pamp-. Cognate with Lithuanian pampti (“to swell”), Lithuanian pim̃palas (“penis”), Latvian pimpis (“penis”).


pǫto

pǫ̀to (canonical neuter)
pǫto (nominative singular)
pǫ̀tě (dual nominative)
pǫ̀ta (nominative plural)
pǫ̀ta (genitive singular)
pǫ̀tu (dual genitive)
pǫ̀tъ (genitive plural)
pǫ̀tu (dative singular)
pǫ̀toma (dative dual)
pǫ̀tomъ (dative plural)
pǫto (accusative singular)
pǫ̀tě (accusative dual)
pǫ̀ta (accusative plural)
pǫ̀tъmь (instrumental singular)
pǫ̀tomь (instrumental singular)
pǫ̀toma (dual instrumental)
pǫ̀tȳ (instrumental plural)
pǫ̀tě (locative singular)
pǫ̀tu (dual locative)
pǫ̀tě̄xъ (locative plural)
pǫto (singular vocative)
pǫ̀tě (dual vocative)
pǫ̀ta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: пу́та (púta)

Russian: пу́ты (púty) (plurale tantum)

Ukrainian: пу́то (púto)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пѫто (pǫto)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пу̏то

Latin script: pȕto

West Slavic:

Old Czech: púto

Czech: pouto

Polish: pęto

Slovak: puto

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pyto

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pánˀta, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ponh₁-to-m, from *(s)penh₁- (“to twist, weave”). Cognate with Lithuanian pántis (“horse-lock”), Old Prussian panto (“fetter”), Old Armenian հանում (hanum, “to weave, sow together”).


prostъ

prȍstъ (canonical)
prostъ (masculine nominative singular)
prosta (feminine nominative singular)
prosto (neuter nominative singular)
prosta (genitive masculine singular)
prosty (feminine genitive singular)
prosta (genitive neuter singular)
prostu (dative masculine singular)
prostě (dative feminine singular)
prostu (dative neuter singular)
prostъ (accusative masculine singular)
prostǫ (accusative feminine singular)
prosto (accusative neuter singular)
prostomь (instrumental masculine singular)
prostojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
prostomь (instrumental neuter singular)
prostě (locative masculine singular)
prostě (feminine locative singular)
prostě (locative neuter singular)
proste (masculine singular vocative)
prosto (feminine singular vocative)
prosto (neuter singular vocative)
prosta (dual masculine nominative)
prostě (dual feminine nominative)
prostě (dual neuter nominative)
prostu (dual genitive masculine)
prostu (dual feminine genitive)
prostu (dual genitive neuter)
prostoma (dative dual masculine)
prostama (dative dual feminine)
prostoma (dative dual neuter)
prosta (accusative dual masculine)
prostě (accusative dual feminine)
prostě (accusative dual neuter)
prostoma (dual instrumental masculine)
prostama (dual feminine instrumental)
prostoma (dual instrumental neuter)
prostu (dual locative masculine)
prostu (dual feminine locative)
prostu (dual locative neuter)
prosta (dual masculine vocative)
prostě (dual feminine vocative)
prostě (dual neuter vocative)
prosti (masculine nominative plural)
prosty (feminine nominative plural)
prosta (neuter nominative plural)
prostъ (genitive masculine plural)
prostъ (feminine genitive plural)
prostъ (genitive neuter plural)
prostomъ (dative masculine plural)
prostamъ (dative feminine plural)
prostomъ (dative neuter plural)
prosty (accusative masculine plural)
prosty (accusative feminine plural)
prosta (accusative neuter plural)
prosty (instrumental masculine plural)
prostami (feminine instrumental plural)
prosty (instrumental neuter plural)
prostěxъ (locative masculine plural)
prostaxъ (feminine locative plural)
prostěxъ (locative neuter plural)
prosti (masculine plural vocative)
prosty (feminine plural vocative)
prosta (neuter plural vocative)
prostъjь (masculine nominative singular)
prostaja (feminine nominative singular)
prostoje (neuter nominative singular)
prostajego (genitive masculine singular)
prostyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
prostajego (genitive neuter singular)
prostujemu (dative masculine singular)
prostěji (dative feminine singular)
prostujemu (dative neuter singular)
prostъjь (accusative masculine singular)
prostǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
prostoje (accusative neuter singular)
prostyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
prostǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
prostyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
prostějemь (locative masculine singular)
prostěji (feminine locative singular)
prostějemь (locative neuter singular)
prostъjь (masculine singular vocative)
prostaja (feminine singular vocative)
prostoje (neuter singular vocative)
prostaja (dual masculine nominative)
prostěji (dual feminine nominative)
prostěji (dual neuter nominative)
prostuju (dual genitive masculine)
prostuju (dual feminine genitive)
prostuju (dual genitive neuter)
prostyjima (dative dual masculine)
prostyjima (dative dual feminine)
prostyjima (dative dual neuter)
prostaja (accusative dual masculine)
prostěji (accusative dual feminine)
prostěji (accusative dual neuter)
prostyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
prostyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
prostyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
prostuju (dual locative masculine)
prostuju (dual feminine locative)
prostuju (dual locative neuter)
prostaja (dual masculine vocative)
prostěji (dual feminine vocative)
prostěji (dual neuter vocative)
prostiji (masculine nominative plural)
prostyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
prostaja (neuter nominative plural)
prostъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
prostъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
prostъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
prostyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
prostyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
prostyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
prostyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
prostyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
prostaja (accusative neuter plural)
prostyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
prostyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
prostyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
prostyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
prostyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
prostyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
prostiji (masculine plural vocative)
prostyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
prostaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: про́сты (prósty)

Carpathian Rusyn: простый (prostŷj)

Russian: просто́й (prostój)

Ukrainian: прости́й (prostýj)

South Slavic:

desctree

Old Church Slavonic: простъ (prostŭ)
→ Romanian: prost
→ Russian: просто (prosto), прост (prost) — youth slang, Internet
→ Armenian: պռոստը (pṙostə)
→ Azerbaijani: prostu
→ Georgian: პროსტა (ṗrosṭa) (slang)
→ Czech: prostý
→ Serbo-Croatian: prost

Bulgarian: прост (prost)

Macedonian: прост (prost)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: про̏ст

Latin script: prȍst

Slovene: pròst

West Slavic:

Old Czech: prostý

Czech: prostý

Old Polish: prosty
Polish: prosty
Silesian: prosty

Old Slovak: prostý

Pannonian Rusyn: прости (prosti)

Slovak: prostý

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: prosti

Slovincian: prôsty

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pšosty

Upper Sorbian: prosty

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: prost

→ Gagauz: prost

→ Yiddish: פּראָסט (prost)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro-sth₂o-, from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


greby

greby (nominative singular)
grebeni (dual nominative)
grebene (nominative plural)
grebene (genitive singular)
grebenu (dual genitive)
grebenъ (genitive plural)
grebeni (dative singular)
grebenьma (dative dual)
grebenьmъ (dative plural)
grebenь (accusative singular)
grebeni (accusative dual)
grebeni (accusative plural)
grebenьmь (instrumental singular)
grebenьma (dual instrumental)
grebenьmi (instrumental plural)
grebene (locative singular)
grebenu (dual locative)
grebenьxъ (locative plural)
greby (singular vocative)
grebeni (dual vocative)
grebene (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: грэ́бень (hrébjenʹ)

Russian: гре́бень (grébenʹ)

Ukrainian: гре́бінь (hrébinʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гре́бен (grében)

Macedonian: гребен (greben)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гре̏бе̄н

Latin script: grȅbēn

Slovene: greben

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hřeben

Czech: hřeben

Kashubian: grzebiéń

Old Polish: *grzebień
Polish: grzebień
Silesian: grzebiyń

Slovak: hrebeň

From *greti + *-y. For the suffix compare Latin pecten (< pectō).


mъknǫti

mъknǫ̀ti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
mъčenьje (noun-from-verb)
mъknǫti (infinitive)
mъknǫtъ (supine)
mъklъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
mъčenъ (participle passive past)
mъknomъ (participle passive present)
mъkъ (active participle past)
mъkny (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
mъkъ (aorist first-person singular)
mъkoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mъče (aorist second-person singular)
mъče (aorist singular third-person)
mъknǫ (first-person present singular)
mъkneši (present second-person singular)
mъknetь (present singular third-person)
mъkově (aorist dual first-person)
mъkoxově (aorist dual first-person)
mъketa (aorist dual second-person)
mъkosta (aorist dual second-person)
mъkete (aorist dual third-person)
mъkoste (aorist dual third-person)
mъknevě (dual first-person present)
mъkneta (dual present second-person)
mъknete (dual present third-person)
mъkomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mъkoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mъkete (aorist plural second-person)
mъkoste (aorist plural second-person)
mъkǫ (aorist plural third-person)
mъkošę (aorist plural third-person)
mъknemъ (first-person plural present)
mъknete (plural present second-person)
mъknǫtь (plural present third-person)
mъkněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mъkněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mъkněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mъkni (imperative second-person singular)
mъkni (imperative singular third-person)
mъkněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mъkněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mъkněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mъkněvě (dual first-person imperative)
mъkněta (dual imperative second-person)
mъkněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mъkněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mъkněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mъkněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
mъkněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *мъкнѫти (*mŭknǫti)

Belarusian: мкнуць (mknucʹ)

Russian: -мкну́ть (-mknútʹ)

Ukrainian: -мкну́ти (-mknúty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мъкнѫти (mŭknǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱏⰽⱀⱘⱅⰻ (mŭknǫti)

Bulgarian: мъ́кна (mǎ́kna)

Macedonian: мкне (mkne) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ма̀кнути

Latin script: màknuti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: maknīti, mákniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mknúti

Czech: mknout

Old Polish: mknąć

Polish: mknąć

Slovak: mknúť

Slovincian: mknõc

From older *mъťi

Serbo-Croatian: ма̏ћи

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *múktei (“to slip away, to flee, escape”), from Proto-Indo-European *mu-n-ék-ti ~ *mu-n-k-éti, from *(s)mewk-. Compare Latvian mukt (“knock off, slip”), Lithuanian mùkti, munkù, mukaũ (“be released, escape”).


grozdъ

gròzdъ (canonical masculine)
gròzdъ (nominative singular)
grozdà (dual nominative)
grozdì (nominative plural)
grozdà (genitive singular)
grozdù (dual genitive)
gròzdъ (genitive plural)
grozdù (dative singular)
grozdòma (dative dual)
grozdòmъ (dative plural)
gròzdъ (accusative singular)
grozdà (accusative dual)
grozdỳ (accusative plural)
grozdъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
grozdòmь (instrumental singular)
grozdòma (dual instrumental)
gròzdy (instrumental plural)
grozdě̀ (locative singular)
grozdù (dual locative)
gròzděxъ (locative plural)
grozde (singular vocative)
grozdà (dual vocative)
grozdì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гроздъ (grozdŭ)

Russian: гроздь (grozdʹ)

Middle Ukrainian: гроздъ (hrozd)

Ukrainian: грозд (hrozd), грізд (hrizd)

Middle Belarusian: гроздъ (hrozd)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: гроздъ (grozdŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱃⱁⰸⰴⱏ (grozdŭ)

Bulgarian: грозд (grozd)

Macedonian: грозд (grozd)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гро̏зд

Latin script: grȍzd

Slovene: grȍzd (tonal orthography)

Rovte dialect (Črni vrh, Idrija): γrȏ̧st

Styrian (Zadrečka dolina): g'ru̯oːst

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰersdʰ-, *ǵʰresdʰ-. Cognate with Latin hordeum, Proto-Germanic *gerstō and Albanian drithë. Per another theory cognate with Proto-Germanic *grasą.

Rick Derksen
be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі
uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович


grozьnъ

grozьnъ (masculine nominative singular)
grozьna (feminine nominative singular)
grozьno (neuter nominative singular)
grozьna (genitive masculine singular)
grozьny (feminine genitive singular)
grozьna (genitive neuter singular)
grozьnu (dative masculine singular)
grozьně (dative feminine singular)
grozьnu (dative neuter singular)
grozьnъ (accusative masculine singular)
grozьnǫ (accusative feminine singular)
grozьno (accusative neuter singular)
grozьnomь (instrumental masculine singular)
grozьnojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
grozьnomь (instrumental neuter singular)
grozьně (locative masculine singular)
grozьně (feminine locative singular)
grozьně (locative neuter singular)
grozьne (masculine singular vocative)
grozьno (feminine singular vocative)
grozьno (neuter singular vocative)
grozьna (dual masculine nominative)
grozьně (dual feminine nominative)
grozьně (dual neuter nominative)
grozьnu (dual genitive masculine)
grozьnu (dual feminine genitive)
grozьnu (dual genitive neuter)
grozьnoma (dative dual masculine)
grozьnama (dative dual feminine)
grozьnoma (dative dual neuter)
grozьna (accusative dual masculine)
grozьně (accusative dual feminine)
grozьně (accusative dual neuter)
grozьnoma (dual instrumental masculine)
grozьnama (dual feminine instrumental)
grozьnoma (dual instrumental neuter)
grozьnu (dual locative masculine)
grozьnu (dual feminine locative)
grozьnu (dual locative neuter)
grozьna (dual masculine vocative)
grozьně (dual feminine vocative)
grozьně (dual neuter vocative)
grozьni (masculine nominative plural)
grozьny (feminine nominative plural)
grozьna (neuter nominative plural)
grozьnъ (genitive masculine plural)
grozьnъ (feminine genitive plural)
grozьnъ (genitive neuter plural)
grozьnomъ (dative masculine plural)
grozьnamъ (dative feminine plural)
grozьnomъ (dative neuter plural)
grozьny (accusative masculine plural)
grozьny (accusative feminine plural)
grozьna (accusative neuter plural)
grozьny (instrumental masculine plural)
grozьnami (feminine instrumental plural)
grozьny (instrumental neuter plural)
grozьněxъ (locative masculine plural)
grozьnaxъ (feminine locative plural)
grozьněxъ (locative neuter plural)
grozьni (masculine plural vocative)
grozьny (feminine plural vocative)
grozьna (neuter plural vocative)
grozьnъjь (masculine nominative singular)
grozьnaja (feminine nominative singular)
grozьnoje (neuter nominative singular)
grozьnajego (genitive masculine singular)
grozьnyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
grozьnajego (genitive neuter singular)
grozьnujemu (dative masculine singular)
grozьněji (dative feminine singular)
grozьnujemu (dative neuter singular)
grozьnъjь (accusative masculine singular)
grozьnǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
grozьnoje (accusative neuter singular)
grozьnyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
grozьnǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
grozьnyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
grozьnějemь (locative masculine singular)
grozьněji (feminine locative singular)
grozьnějemь (locative neuter singular)
grozьnъjь (masculine singular vocative)
grozьnaja (feminine singular vocative)
grozьnoje (neuter singular vocative)
grozьnaja (dual masculine nominative)
grozьněji (dual feminine nominative)
grozьněji (dual neuter nominative)
grozьnuju (dual genitive masculine)
grozьnuju (dual feminine genitive)
grozьnuju (dual genitive neuter)
grozьnyjima (dative dual masculine)
grozьnyjima (dative dual feminine)
grozьnyjima (dative dual neuter)
grozьnaja (accusative dual masculine)
grozьněji (accusative dual feminine)
grozьněji (accusative dual neuter)
grozьnyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
grozьnyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
grozьnyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
grozьnuju (dual locative masculine)
grozьnuju (dual feminine locative)
grozьnuju (dual locative neuter)
grozьnaja (dual masculine vocative)
grozьněji (dual feminine vocative)
grozьněji (dual neuter vocative)
grozьniji (masculine nominative plural)
grozьnyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
grozьnaja (neuter nominative plural)
grozьnъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
grozьnъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
grozьnъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
grozьnyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
grozьnyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
grozьnyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
grozьnyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
grozьnyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
grozьnaja (accusative neuter plural)
grozьnyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
grozьnyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
grozьnyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
grozьnyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
grozьnyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
grozьnyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
grozьniji (masculine plural vocative)
grozьnyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
grozьnaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: гро́зны (hrózny)

Russian: гро́зный (gróznyj)

Ukrainian: грі́зний (hríznyj)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: грозен (grozen) (ugly)

Macedonian: грозен (grozen)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гро̑зан

Latin script: grȏzan

Slovene: grȏzen

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrozný

Czech: hrozný

Polish: groźny

Polabian: grüzně

Slovak: hrozný

Sorbian:

desc

Upper Sorbian: hrozny (“atrocious, disgusting”)

From *groza + *-ьnъ, speculated to be of onomatopaeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian gražus (“beautiful”), Latvian grezns (“splendid”) and possibly akin to Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “terrifying”), Irish garg (“harsh, wild”).


grǫbъ

grǫbъ (masculine nominative singular)
grǫba (feminine nominative singular)
grǫbo (neuter nominative singular)
grǫba (genitive masculine singular)
grǫby (feminine genitive singular)
grǫba (genitive neuter singular)
grǫbu (dative masculine singular)
grǫbě (dative feminine singular)
grǫbu (dative neuter singular)
grǫbъ (accusative masculine singular)
grǫbǫ (accusative feminine singular)
grǫbo (accusative neuter singular)
grǫbomь (instrumental masculine singular)
grǫbojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
grǫbomь (instrumental neuter singular)
grǫbě (locative masculine singular)
grǫbě (feminine locative singular)
grǫbě (locative neuter singular)
grǫbe (masculine singular vocative)
grǫbo (feminine singular vocative)
grǫbo (neuter singular vocative)
grǫba (dual masculine nominative)
grǫbě (dual feminine nominative)
grǫbě (dual neuter nominative)
grǫbu (dual genitive masculine)
grǫbu (dual feminine genitive)
grǫbu (dual genitive neuter)
grǫboma (dative dual masculine)
grǫbama (dative dual feminine)
grǫboma (dative dual neuter)
grǫba (accusative dual masculine)
grǫbě (accusative dual feminine)
grǫbě (accusative dual neuter)
grǫboma (dual instrumental masculine)
grǫbama (dual feminine instrumental)
grǫboma (dual instrumental neuter)
grǫbu (dual locative masculine)
grǫbu (dual feminine locative)
grǫbu (dual locative neuter)
grǫba (dual masculine vocative)
grǫbě (dual feminine vocative)
grǫbě (dual neuter vocative)
grǫbi (masculine nominative plural)
grǫby (feminine nominative plural)
grǫba (neuter nominative plural)
grǫbъ (genitive masculine plural)
grǫbъ (feminine genitive plural)
grǫbъ (genitive neuter plural)
grǫbomъ (dative masculine plural)
grǫbamъ (dative feminine plural)
grǫbomъ (dative neuter plural)
grǫby (accusative masculine plural)
grǫby (accusative feminine plural)
grǫba (accusative neuter plural)
grǫby (instrumental masculine plural)
grǫbami (feminine instrumental plural)
grǫby (instrumental neuter plural)
grǫběxъ (locative masculine plural)
grǫbaxъ (feminine locative plural)
grǫběxъ (locative neuter plural)
grǫbi (masculine plural vocative)
grǫby (feminine plural vocative)
grǫba (neuter plural vocative)
grǫbъjь (masculine nominative singular)
grǫbaja (feminine nominative singular)
grǫboje (neuter nominative singular)
grǫbajego (genitive masculine singular)
grǫbyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
grǫbajego (genitive neuter singular)
grǫbujemu (dative masculine singular)
grǫběji (dative feminine singular)
grǫbujemu (dative neuter singular)
grǫbъjь (accusative masculine singular)
grǫbǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
grǫboje (accusative neuter singular)
grǫbyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
grǫbǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
grǫbyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
grǫbějemь (locative masculine singular)
grǫběji (feminine locative singular)
grǫbějemь (locative neuter singular)
grǫbъjь (masculine singular vocative)
grǫbaja (feminine singular vocative)
grǫboje (neuter singular vocative)
grǫbaja (dual masculine nominative)
grǫběji (dual feminine nominative)
grǫběji (dual neuter nominative)
grǫbuju (dual genitive masculine)
grǫbuju (dual feminine genitive)
grǫbuju (dual genitive neuter)
grǫbyjima (dative dual masculine)
grǫbyjima (dative dual feminine)
grǫbyjima (dative dual neuter)
grǫbaja (accusative dual masculine)
grǫběji (accusative dual feminine)
grǫběji (accusative dual neuter)
grǫbyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
grǫbyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
grǫbyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
grǫbuju (dual locative masculine)
grǫbuju (dual feminine locative)
grǫbuju (dual locative neuter)
grǫbaja (dual masculine vocative)
grǫběji (dual feminine vocative)
grǫběji (dual neuter vocative)
grǫbiji (masculine nominative plural)
grǫbyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
grǫbaja (neuter nominative plural)
grǫbъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
grǫbъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
grǫbъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
grǫbyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
grǫbyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
grǫbyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
grǫbyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
grǫbyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
grǫbaja (accusative neuter plural)
grǫbyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
grǫbyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
grǫbyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
grǫbyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
grǫbyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
grǫbyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
grǫbiji (masculine plural vocative)
grǫbyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
grǫbaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: грѫбъ (grǫbŭ), грубъ (grubŭ)

Old Ruthenian: гру́бый (hrúbyj)

Belarusian: гру́бы (hrúby)

Carpathian Rusyn: гру́бый (hrúbŷj)

Ukrainian: гру́бий (hrúbyj)

→ Silesian: hruby

Russian: гру́бый (grúbyj); грубо́й (grubój) (dialectal)

→ Lithuanian: grubus

→ Latvian: grubuļains

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: грѫбъ (grǫbŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱃⱘⰱⱏ (grǫbŭ)

Bulgarian: груб (grub)

Macedonian: груб (grub)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гру̑б; гру̏би (dialectal)

Latin script: grȗb; grȕbi (dialectal)

Slovene: grọ̑b (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: grëbi

Old Czech: hrubý

Czech: hrubý; hruby, hrubej (dialectal)

Polish: gruby; gręby (dialectal)

Slovak: hrubý

Slovincian: grëby

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hruby

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gru(m)b-, from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to wind, turn”). or from *gʰru-m-bʰ-o-, related to *gʰrewbʰ-. Cognate with Lithuanian grubùs, German grob, Low German groff (whence Danish, Swedish and Norwegian grov), Dutch grof, and English gruff.

der

Brill Publishers
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen


gumьno

gumьnò (canonical neuter)
gūmьnò (nominative singular)
gumь̀ně (dual nominative)
gūmьnà (nominative plural)
gūmьnà (genitive singular)
gūmьnù (dual genitive)
gumь̀nъ (genitive plural)
gūmьnù (dative singular)
gūmьnòma (dative dual)
gūmьnòmъ (dative plural)
gūmьnò (accusative singular)
gumь̀ně (accusative dual)
gūmьnà (accusative plural)
gūmьnъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
gūmьnòmь (instrumental singular)
gūmьnòma (dual instrumental)
gumь̀ny (instrumental plural)
gūmьně̀ (locative singular)
gūmьnù (dual locative)
gumь̀něxъ (locative plural)
gūmьnò (singular vocative)
gumь̀ně (dual vocative)
gūmьnà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гꙋмьно (gumĭno)

Belarusian: гумно (humnó)

Russian: гумно́ (gumnó)

Ukrainian: гумно́ (humnó)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гоумьно (gumĭno)

Bulgarian: гумно (gumno)

Macedonian: гумно (gumno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гу́мно, гу́вно

Latin script: gúmno, gúvno

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: gúmno, gúvno, gúbno (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: humno

Czech: humno

Polabian: ďaimně

Polish: gumno

Old Slovak: humno

Pannonian Rusyn: гумно (humno)

Slovak: humno

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gumno

Upper Sorbian: huno

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gaw- ~ *gōw-, explained by Pogodin as compounded in pre-Proto-Slavic with its descendant of Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws—predecessor of *govь (“cow”) visible in *govędo (“cattlehead”), *govьno (“dung”), and *gavęzь (“bugloss”)—with *mьno formed from the stem of *męti (“to crumple, to scutch”) + *-o—the second noun is confirmed by Latvian mīnas m, mīne f (“clay puddling pit”).


xomǫtъ

xomǫtъ (nominative singular)
xomǫta (dual nominative)
xomǫti (nominative plural)
xomǫta (genitive singular)
xomǫtu (dual genitive)
xomǫtъ (genitive plural)
xomǫtu (dative singular)
xomǫtoma (dative dual)
xomǫtomъ (dative plural)
xomǫtъ (accusative singular)
xomǫta (accusative dual)
xomǫty (accusative plural)
xomǫtъmь (instrumental singular)
xomǫtomь (instrumental singular)
xomǫtoma (dual instrumental)
xomǫty (instrumental plural)
xomǫtě (locative singular)
xomǫtu (dual locative)
xomǫtěxъ (locative plural)
xomǫte (singular vocative)
xomǫta (dual vocative)
xomǫti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: хаму́т (xamút)

Russian: хому́т (xomút)

Ukrainian: хому́т (xomút)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: хомо́т (homót)

Macedonian: амут (amut)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хо̏мут

Latin script: xȍmut

Slovene: homot

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chomút

Czech: chomout

Polish: chomąt, chomąto

Slovak: chomút

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chomot

Upper Sorbian: chomot

Possibly an early borrowing from Turkic, compare Chuvash хӑмӑт (hămăt), Tatar камыт (qamıt), Kyrgyz каамыт (kaamıt).


xudъ

xȗdъ (canonical)
xudъ (masculine nominative singular)
xuda (feminine nominative singular)
xudo (neuter nominative singular)
xuda (genitive masculine singular)
xudy (feminine genitive singular)
xuda (genitive neuter singular)
xudu (dative masculine singular)
xudě (dative feminine singular)
xudu (dative neuter singular)
xudъ (accusative masculine singular)
xudǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xudo (accusative neuter singular)
xudomь (instrumental masculine singular)
xudojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xudomь (instrumental neuter singular)
xudě (locative masculine singular)
xudě (feminine locative singular)
xudě (locative neuter singular)
xude (masculine singular vocative)
xudo (feminine singular vocative)
xudo (neuter singular vocative)
xuda (dual masculine nominative)
xudě (dual feminine nominative)
xudě (dual neuter nominative)
xudu (dual genitive masculine)
xudu (dual feminine genitive)
xudu (dual genitive neuter)
xudoma (dative dual masculine)
xudama (dative dual feminine)
xudoma (dative dual neuter)
xuda (accusative dual masculine)
xudě (accusative dual feminine)
xudě (accusative dual neuter)
xudoma (dual instrumental masculine)
xudama (dual feminine instrumental)
xudoma (dual instrumental neuter)
xudu (dual locative masculine)
xudu (dual feminine locative)
xudu (dual locative neuter)
xuda (dual masculine vocative)
xudě (dual feminine vocative)
xudě (dual neuter vocative)
xudi (masculine nominative plural)
xudy (feminine nominative plural)
xuda (neuter nominative plural)
xudъ (genitive masculine plural)
xudъ (feminine genitive plural)
xudъ (genitive neuter plural)
xudomъ (dative masculine plural)
xudamъ (dative feminine plural)
xudomъ (dative neuter plural)
xudy (accusative masculine plural)
xudy (accusative feminine plural)
xuda (accusative neuter plural)
xudy (instrumental masculine plural)
xudami (feminine instrumental plural)
xudy (instrumental neuter plural)
xuděxъ (locative masculine plural)
xudaxъ (feminine locative plural)
xuděxъ (locative neuter plural)
xudi (masculine plural vocative)
xudy (feminine plural vocative)
xuda (neuter plural vocative)
xudъjь (masculine nominative singular)
xudaja (feminine nominative singular)
xudoje (neuter nominative singular)
xudajego (genitive masculine singular)
xudyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
xudajego (genitive neuter singular)
xudujemu (dative masculine singular)
xuději (dative feminine singular)
xudujemu (dative neuter singular)
xudъjь (accusative masculine singular)
xudǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
xudoje (accusative neuter singular)
xudyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
xudǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
xudyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
xudějemь (locative masculine singular)
xuději (feminine locative singular)
xudějemь (locative neuter singular)
xudъjь (masculine singular vocative)
xudaja (feminine singular vocative)
xudoje (neuter singular vocative)
xudaja (dual masculine nominative)
xuději (dual feminine nominative)
xuději (dual neuter nominative)
xuduju (dual genitive masculine)
xuduju (dual feminine genitive)
xuduju (dual genitive neuter)
xudyjima (dative dual masculine)
xudyjima (dative dual feminine)
xudyjima (dative dual neuter)
xudaja (accusative dual masculine)
xuději (accusative dual feminine)
xuději (accusative dual neuter)
xudyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
xudyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
xudyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
xuduju (dual locative masculine)
xuduju (dual feminine locative)
xuduju (dual locative neuter)
xudaja (dual masculine vocative)
xuději (dual feminine vocative)
xuději (dual neuter vocative)
xudiji (masculine nominative plural)
xudyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
xudaja (neuter nominative plural)
xudъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
xudъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
xudъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
xudyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
xudyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
xudyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
xudyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
xudyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
xudaja (accusative neuter plural)
xudyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
xudyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
xudyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
xudyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
xudyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
xudyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
xudiji (masculine plural vocative)
xudyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
xudaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: худъ (xudŭ)
Old Ruthenian: худы́й (xudýj)
Belarusian: худы́ (xudý)
Carpathian Rusyn: худы́й (xudŷ́j)
Ukrainian: худи́й (xudýj)
Middle Russian: худы́й (xudýj)
Russian: худо́й (xudój); худы́й (xudýj) (obsolete)

Old Novgorodian: хоуде (xude)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: хоудъ (xudŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰴⱏ (xudŭ)

Bulgarian: худ (hud); ху́жде (húžde) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

desc

Cyrillic script: ху̑д (dialectal, archaic)

Latin script: hȗd (dialectal, archaic)

Slovene: hȗd (tonal orthography); hùd (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chudý

Czech: chudý; chudej, chudy (dialectal)

Moravian (Mistřice): chudí

desctree

Old Polish: chudy
Polish: chudy
Silesian: chudy

Slovak: chudý

Slovincian: chúdy

Polabian: x́audĕ, cheudė

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chudy

Upper Sorbian: khudy, chudy

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ksaudás, from Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾sowdós, from *k⁽ʷ⁾sewd- (“to crush, to disperse”), possibly an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to scratch, to mow”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षुद्र (kṣudra, “small, minute”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáwdas (“swell of the sea”) and akin to Lithuanian skùsti (“to shave”), Ancient Greek ξύω (xúō, “to shave”), Latin saucius (“hurt, wounded”), Sanskrit क्षुर (kṣurá, “razor”).

cog

(among some descendants) grave, severe (of condition, state)