žędati

žę̄dàti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanьje (noun-from-verb)
žędati (infinitive)
žędatъ (supine)
žędalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanъ (participle passive past)
žęďemъ (participle passive present)
žędavъ (active participle past)
žęďę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žęda (aorist second-person singular)
žęda (aorist singular third-person)
žęďǫ (first-person present singular)
žęďeši (present second-person singular)
žęďetь (present singular third-person)
žędaxově (aorist dual first-person)
žędasta (aorist dual second-person)
žędaste (aorist dual third-person)
žęďevě (dual first-person present)
žęďeta (dual present second-person)
žęďete (dual present third-person)
žędaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žędaste (aorist plural second-person)
žędašę (aorist plural third-person)
žęďemъ (first-person plural present)
žęďete (plural present second-person)
žęďǫtь (plural present third-person)
žędaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žędaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žędaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žęďi (imperative second-person singular)
žęďi (imperative singular third-person)
žędaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žędaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žędaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žęďivě (dual first-person imperative)
žęďita (dual imperative second-person)
žędaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žędaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žędaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žęďimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žęďite (imperative plural second-person)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanьje (noun-from-verb)
žędati (infinitive)
žędatъ (supine)
žędalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanъ (participle passive past)
žędajemъ (participle passive present)
žędavъ (active participle past)
žędaję (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žęda (aorist second-person singular)
žęda (aorist singular third-person)
žędajǫ (first-person present singular)
žędaješi (present second-person singular)
žędajetь (present singular third-person)
žędaxově (aorist dual first-person)
žędasta (aorist dual second-person)
žędaste (aorist dual third-person)
žędajevě (dual first-person present)
žędajeta (dual present second-person)
žędajete (dual present third-person)
žędaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žędaste (aorist plural second-person)
žędašę (aorist plural third-person)
žędajemъ (first-person plural present)
žędajete (plural present second-person)
žędajǫtь (plural present third-person)
žędaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žędaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žędaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žędaji (imperative second-person singular)
žędaji (imperative singular third-person)
žędaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žędaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žędaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žędajivě (dual first-person imperative)
žędajita (dual imperative second-person)
žędaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žędaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žędaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žędajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žędajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: жѧдати, жадати (žadati)

Old Ruthenian: жада́ти (žadáti); жеда́ти (žedáti), жода́ти (žodáti) (dialectal)

Belarusian: жада́ць (žadácʹ)

Ukrainian: жада́ти (žadáty); жєда́ти (žjedáty) (dialectal)

Russian: жада́ть (žadátʹ, “to thirst for”) (archaic or dialectal); cf. modern жа́ждать (žáždatʹ, “to crave”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жѧдати

Bulgarian: же́дам (žédam) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: žádat

Old Polish: żędać
Polish: żądać

Slovak: žiadať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: žadać

Lower Sorbian: žedaś

Non-Slavic

→ Romanian: jindui

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gendātei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥dʰéti, from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to yearn, to pray for”) with a nasal infix. Cognate with Lithuanian pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù), further akin to Lithuanian gedáuti (“to desire, to yearn”), gedė́ti (“to mourn”).

cog

to wish (in cardinal sense), to long for, to crave (in South, East Slavic)


vьrgnǫti

vьrženьje (noun-from-verb)
vьrgnǫti (infinitive)
vьrgnǫtъ (supine)
vьrglъ (l-participle)
vьrženъ (participle passive past)
vьrgъ (active participle past)
vьrgъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrže (aorist second-person singular)
vьrže (aorist singular third-person)
vьrgnǫ (first-person present singular)
vьrgneši (present second-person singular)
vьrgnetь (present singular third-person)
vьrgově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrgeta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrgosta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrgete (aorist dual third-person)
vьrgoste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrgnevě (dual first-person present)
vьrgneta (dual present second-person)
vьrgnete (dual present third-person)
vьrgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrgete (aorist plural second-person)
vьrgoste (aorist plural second-person)
vьrgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vьrgošę (aorist plural third-person)
vьrgnemъ (first-person plural present)
vьrgnete (plural present second-person)
vьrgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьrgni (imperative second-person singular)
vьrgni (imperative singular third-person)
vьrgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьrgněta (dual imperative second-person)
vьrgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьrgněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вьргнути (vĭrgnuti)

Russian: -ве́ргнуть (-vérgnutʹ), e.g. отве́ргнуть (otvérgnutʹ)

Ukrainian: ве́ргнути (vérhnuty)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: врьгнѫти (vrĭgnǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏гнути

Latin script: vȑgnuti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrhnúti

Czech: vrhnout

Moravian (Mistřice): vrhnút

Old Polish: wierzgnąć

Polish: wierzgnąć, wiergnąć

Slovak: vrhnúť


zęti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zęti (infinitive)
zętъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębenъ (participle passive past)
zębomъ (participle passive present)
zębъ (active participle past)
zęby (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębǫ (first-person present singular)
zębeši (present second-person singular)
zębetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębevě (dual first-person present)
zębeta (dual present second-person)
zębete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębemъ (first-person plural present)
zębete (plural present second-person)
zębǫtь (plural present third-person)
zęběaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zęběaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zęběaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębi (imperative second-person singular)
zębi (imperative singular third-person)
zęběaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zęběašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zęběašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zęběvě (dual first-person imperative)
zęběta (dual imperative second-person)
zęběaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zęběašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zęběaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zęběmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zęběte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: зябци́ (zjabcí)

Russian: зябти́ (zjabtí) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зѧбоми (nom. masc. pl. pres. pasv. part.)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зе̑псти

Latin script: zȇpsti

Slovene: zẹ́bsti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ziebsti

Czech: zábst

Slovak: ziabsť

Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemb-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ-, and cognate with Lithuanian žem̃bti (“to sharpen, to cut slantwise”), Sanskrit जम्भते (jámbhate, “to snatch”), जम्भयति (jámbhayati, “to crush”). Suggested semantic development is cut > bite > frostbite > freeze. Vasmer generally agrees, and adds Albanian dhëmp (“painful”) as a cognate. Derksen further suggests a possible connection with *zǫbъ (“tooth”), in which case many other words are cognate, e.g. Sanskrit जम्भ (jámbha, “tooth”), Ancient Greek γόμφος (gómphos, “pin, nail”), English comb.


zinǫti

zìnǫti (canonical perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinovenьje (noun-from-verb)
zinǫti (infinitive)
zinǫtъ (supine)
zinǫlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinovenъ (participle passive past)
zinǫvъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zinǫ (aorist second-person singular)
zinǫ (aorist singular third-person)
zinǫ (first-person present singular)
zineši (present second-person singular)
zinetь (present singular third-person)
zinǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
zinǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
zinǫste (aorist dual third-person)
zinevě (dual first-person present)
zineta (dual present second-person)
zinete (dual present third-person)
zinǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zinǫste (aorist plural second-person)
zinǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
zinemъ (first-person plural present)
zinete (plural present second-person)
zinǫtь (plural present third-person)
zini (imperative second-person singular)
zini (imperative singular third-person)
ziněvě (dual first-person imperative)
ziněta (dual imperative second-person)
ziněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
ziněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: зинѫти (zinǫti), зинути (zinuti)

Old Ruthenian: зинути (zinuti)

Russian: зи́нуть (zínutʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰻⱀⱘⱅⰻ (zinǫti)

Old Cyrillic script: зинѫти (zinǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зи̏нути

Latin script: zȉnuti

Slovene: zíniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

⇒ Old Czech: pozinúti (“to swallow up”)

Polish: zionąć

Per Rix (LIV), from a nasal-infix form Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi-né-h₁- with metathesis from the root *ǵʰeh₁y-, with analogical lengthening of the vowel to *-ī- from the metathesized zero-grade *ǵʰih₁-. Derksen is unconvinced of the nasal-infix explanation, but agrees on the root involved. Cognate with Old Norse gína (“to yap, to yawn”), gina (“to yawn”), gine (“to be wide open”), Old High German ginēn (“to be wide open”). More distantly cognate with Lithuanian žióvauti (“to yawn”), Latvian žàvât (“to yawn”) (East Latvian dialectal, where the sustained and falling tones have merged), Lithuanian žióti (“to open one's mouth”), Latin hiō (“to yawn”).


verťi

vèrťi (canonical imperfective)
vьrgnǫti (perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
verženьje (noun-from-verb)
verťi (infinitive)
verťь (supine)
verglъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
verženъ (participle passive past)
vьrgomъ (participle passive present)
vergъ (active participle past)
vьrgy (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
vergъ (aorist first-person singular)
vergoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
verže (aorist second-person singular)
verže (aorist singular third-person)
vьrgǫ (first-person present singular)
vьržeši (present second-person singular)
vьržetь (present singular third-person)
vergově (aorist dual first-person)
vergoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vergeta (aorist dual second-person)
vergosta (aorist dual second-person)
vergete (aorist dual third-person)
vergoste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrževě (dual first-person present)
vьržeta (dual present second-person)
vьržete (dual present third-person)
vergomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vergoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vergete (aorist plural second-person)
vergoste (aorist plural second-person)
vergǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vergošę (aorist plural third-person)
vьržemъ (first-person plural present)
vьržete (plural present second-person)
vьrgǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьržaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьržaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьržaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьrdzi (imperative second-person singular)
vьrdzi (imperative singular third-person)
vьržaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьržaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьržaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьrdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьrdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
vьržaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьržaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьržaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьrdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьrdzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

q

formal variants of <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="uk">ве́рга́ти</i> (vérháty)

Ukrainian: вере́чи (veréčy), ве́ргти (vérhty) (formal variants of ве́рга́ти (vérháty))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: врѣщи (vrěšti)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⱃⱑⱎⱅⰹ (vrěšti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏ћи

Latin script: vȑći

Slovene: vrẹ́či (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrci

* Derksen, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *wergʷ- (Derksen) or *wer(H)gʷ- (Snoj). Possibly cognate (per LIV) with Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw”), presummably from an earlier *werkwaną with assimilation *w-kw > *w-p.
* Vasmer (favoured by BER in regard to Bulgarian въргам (vǎrgam)): Related to Sanskrit वर्जति (várjati, “to turn”), Latin vergō (“to bow, to turn”), perhaps from a g-extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer(H)- (“to twist, to turn, to thread”) or *h₂wer- (“to inflict, to subjugate”).
False friend with Lithuanian vérgti (“to enslave”), pavìrgti (“to give up, to submit”).

der

(transitive) to throw, to cast, to fling

(reflexive) to leap, to jump, to propel oneself energetically

voržiti

*vorgъ (“gorge, gully; casting of lots”)


věťati

věťanьje (noun-from-verb)
věťati (infinitive)
věťatъ (supine)
věťalъ (l-participle)
věťanъ (participle passive past)
věťajemъ (participle passive present)
věťavъ (active participle past)
věťaję (active participle present)
věťaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
věťa (aorist second-person singular)
věťa (aorist singular third-person)
věťajǫ (first-person present singular)
věťaješi (present second-person singular)
věťajetь (present singular third-person)
věťaxově (aorist dual first-person)
věťasta (aorist dual second-person)
věťaste (aorist dual third-person)
věťajevě (dual first-person present)
věťajeta (dual present second-person)
věťajete (dual present third-person)
věťaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
věťaste (aorist plural second-person)
věťašę (aorist plural third-person)
věťajemъ (first-person plural present)
věťajete (plural present second-person)
věťajǫtь (plural present third-person)
věťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
věťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
věťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
věťaji (imperative second-person singular)
věťaji (imperative singular third-person)
věťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
věťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
věťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
věťajivě (dual first-person imperative)
věťajita (dual imperative second-person)
věťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
věťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
věťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
věťajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
věťajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: Pskov dialectal веча́ть (večátʹ, “to shout”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: вѣщати (věštati, “to say”), 1sg. вѣщаѭ (věštajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

desc

Bulgarian: веща́я (veštája, “to proclaim”) (archaic)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве́ћати

Latin script: véćati

Slovene: vẹ̄čati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: *věcěti

Old Polish: wiecać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *waitjāˀtei. Equivalent to *větiti + *-jati, from *větъ + *-iti. Cognate with Old Prussian waitiāt (“to say”). Connections outside of Balto-Slavic unclear. Possibly related to Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬀- (aēθa-, “to verdict”).
In most descendants, this verb merged with Proto-Slavic *věščati (“to prophesy”), from *věščь (“proficient”).


zębnǫti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zębnǫti (infinitive)
zębnǫtъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębъ (active participle past)
zębny (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębnǫ (first-person present singular)
zębneši (present second-person singular)
zębnetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębnevě (dual first-person present)
zębneta (dual present second-person)
zębnete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębnemъ (first-person plural present)
zębnete (plural present second-person)
zębnǫtь (plural present third-person)
zębněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zębněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zębněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębni (imperative second-person singular)
zębni (imperative singular third-person)
zębněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zębněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zębněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zębněvě (dual first-person imperative)
zębněta (dual imperative second-person)
zębněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zębněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zębněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zębněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zębněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зꙗбнꙋти (zjabnuti)

Belarusian: зя́бнуць (zjábnucʹ)

Russian: зя́бнуть (zjábnutʹ), 1sg. зя́бну (zjábnu)

Ukrainian: зя́бнути (zjábnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зѧбнѫти

Glagolitic: ⰸⱔⰱⱀⱘⱅⰻ (zębnǫti)

Bulgarian: зе́бна (zébna) (obsolete)

Macedonian: ѕемне (dzemne)

West Slavic:

Czech: zábnout

Polish: ziębnąć

Slovak: ziabnuť


zębnǫti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zębnǫti (infinitive)
zębnǫtъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębenъ (participle passive past)
zębnomъ (participle passive present)
zębъ (active participle past)
zębny (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębnǫ (first-person present singular)
zębneši (present second-person singular)
zębnetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębnevě (dual first-person present)
zębneta (dual present second-person)
zębnete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębnemъ (first-person plural present)
zębnete (plural present second-person)
zębnǫtь (plural present third-person)
zębněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zębněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zębněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębni (imperative second-person singular)
zębni (imperative singular third-person)
zębněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zębněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zębněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zębněvě (dual first-person imperative)
zębněta (dual imperative second-person)
zębněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zębněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zębněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zębněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zębněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зꙗбнꙋти (zjabnuti)

⇒ Russian: прозя́бнуть (prozjábnutʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: прозѧбнѫти

Glagolitic: ⱂⱃⱁⰸⱔⰱⱀⱘⱅⰻ (prozębnǫti)

West Slavic: —

Cognate with Lithuanian žémbėti (“to germinate, to sprout”). Per Derksen, also cognate with Latin gemma (“bud, gem”) (whence English gem), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵemb-; however, Derksen notes that this root structure is impossible for a Proto-Indo-European root.


tęťi

tęgati (imperfective)
tęženьje (noun-from-verb)
tęťi (infinitive)
tęťь (supine)
tęglъ (l-participle)
tęženъ (participle passive past)
tęgъ (active participle past)
tęgъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęže (aorist second-person singular)
tęže (aorist singular third-person)
tęgǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžeši (present second-person singular)
tęžetь (present singular third-person)
tęgově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgeta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgosta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgete (aorist dual third-person)
tęgoste (aorist dual third-person)
tęževě (dual first-person present)
tęžeta (dual present second-person)
tęžete (dual present third-person)
tęgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgete (aorist plural second-person)
tęgoste (aorist plural second-person)
tęgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
tęgošę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžemъ (first-person plural present)
tęžete (plural present second-person)
tęgǫtь (plural present third-person)
tędzi (imperative second-person singular)
tędzi (imperative singular third-person)
tędzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
tędzěta (dual imperative second-person)
tędzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
tędzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: тягти́ (tjahtý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: растѧщи (1p. растѧгѫ)

Bulgarian: тега́ (tegá) (obsolete, archaic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingtei , from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-. Akin to Lithuanian tìngti (“to become slow”) (3sg. tìngsta), tingė́ti (“to be lazy”) (3sg. tìngi), Old Norse þyngja (“burden”), Old High German dīhsala (“drawbar, shaft”), Old Norse þīsl (“drawbar, shaft”), and possibly Latin tēmō (“drawbar, shaft”) < *tenk-smō.
Attested mainly in telic sense, reflecting an ancient root aorist in the past tense and thematic root "imperfective" in present. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *tęgati, Proto-Slavic *tęgnǫti which convey atelic nuances.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


traviti

trāvìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
travľenьje (noun-from-verb)
traviti (infinitive)
travitъ (supine)
travilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
travľenъ (participle passive past)
travimъ (participle passive present)
travľь (active participle past)
travę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
travixъ (aorist first-person singular)
travi (aorist second-person singular)
travi (aorist singular third-person)
travľǫ (first-person present singular)
traviši (present second-person singular)
travitь (present singular third-person)
travixově (aorist dual first-person)
travista (aorist dual second-person)
traviste (aorist dual third-person)
travivě (dual first-person present)
travita (dual present second-person)
travite (dual present third-person)
travixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
traviste (aorist plural second-person)
travišę (aorist plural third-person)
travimъ (first-person plural present)
travite (plural present second-person)
travętь (plural present third-person)
travľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
travľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
travľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
travi (imperative second-person singular)
travi (imperative singular third-person)
travľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
travľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
travľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
travivě (dual first-person imperative)
travita (dual imperative second-person)
travľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
travľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
travľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
travimъ (first-person imperative plural)
travite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: траві́ць (travícʹ)

Russian: трави́ть (travítʹ)

Ukrainian: трави́ти (travýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

i

erroneous form, should be <i class="Cyrs mention" lang="cu">травѧщиимъ</i>

Cyrillic: травѧщиима (masc. dat. pl. pres. act. part.) (erroneous form, should be травѧщиимъ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тро́вя (tróvja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра́вити

Latin script: tráviti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tráviti

Czech: trávit

Old Polish: trawić

Polish: trawić

Slovak: tráviť

* Per Derksen, a denominative verb derived from *trāvà (“grass”).
* According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub”). This is supported by Vasmer, citing it as cognate with Ancient Greek τρώω (trṓō, “to hurt”), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō, “to hurt”), τρῡ́ω (trū́ō, “to destroy, to exhaust”), Old High German drawa (“threat”), drōа (“threat”), Old English þrēа (“threat, punishment”). More distantly related to Proto-Slavic *terti (“to rub”), as well as *trāvà (“grass”).
* Per Trubachev, *trāvìti is the causative of *truti (“to feed? to consume? to poison?”), and *trāvà is derived from the verb, not the other way around.


tъrgati

a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganьje (noun-from-verb)
tъrgati (infinitive)
tъrgatъ (supine)
tъrgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganъ (participle passive past)
tъržemъ (participle passive present)
tъrgavъ (active participle past)
tъržę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tъrga (aorist second-person singular)
tъrga (aorist singular third-person)
tъržǫ (first-person present singular)
tъržeši (present second-person singular)
tъržetь (present singular third-person)
tъrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tъrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
tъrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
tъrževě (dual first-person present)
tъržeta (dual present second-person)
tъržete (dual present third-person)
tъrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tъrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
tъrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
tъržemъ (first-person plural present)
tъržete (plural present second-person)
tъržǫtь (plural present third-person)
tъrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tъrži (imperative second-person singular)
tъrži (imperative singular third-person)
tъrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tъrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tъrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tъrživě (dual first-person imperative)
tъržita (dual imperative second-person)
tъrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tъrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tъrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tъržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tъržite (imperative plural second-person)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganьje (noun-from-verb)
tъrgati (infinitive)
tъrgatъ (supine)
tъrgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganъ (participle passive past)
tъrgajemъ (participle passive present)
tъrgavъ (active participle past)
tъrgaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tъrga (aorist second-person singular)
tъrga (aorist singular third-person)
tъrgajǫ (first-person present singular)
tъrgaješi (present second-person singular)
tъrgajetь (present singular third-person)
tъrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tъrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
tъrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
tъrgajevě (dual first-person present)
tъrgajeta (dual present second-person)
tъrgajete (dual present third-person)
tъrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tъrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
tъrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
tъrgajemъ (first-person plural present)
tъrgajete (plural present second-person)
tъrgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tъrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tъrgaji (imperative second-person singular)
tъrgaji (imperative singular third-person)
tъrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tъrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tъrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tъrgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tъrgajita (dual imperative second-person)
tъrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tъrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tъrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tъrgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tъrgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: търгати (tŭrgati)

desc

⇒ Russian: отторга́ть (ottorgátʹ), расторга́ть (rastorgátʹ)

Ukrainian: то́ргати (tórhaty, “to tear, to pull”)

South Slavic:

⇒ Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тръгнѫти (trŭgnǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱃⱏⰳⱀⱘⱅⰻ (trŭgnǫti)

Bulgarian: тъ́ргам (tǎ́rgam, “to tear, to pull”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тр̏гати

Latin script: tȑgati

Slovene: tŕgati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: trhati

Czech: trhat

Polish: targać

Slovak: trhať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: torhać

Lower Sorbian: tergać

The exact etymology is unclear. The dominant standpoints are:
* Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Latin tergō (“to wipe”), with semantic distortion by influence of *dьrgati (“to tear”).
* Per Vasmer, connected with Sanskrit स्तृहति (stṛháti, “to crush”), तृणेढि (tṛṇéḍhi, “shattered, broken”), perfect ततर्ह (tatarha), perf. pass. part. तृढ (tṛḍhá). Doubtfully connected with Latin trahō (“to drag”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 (þairkō, “hole”).
* Per Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *tergʰ-, extended version of *ter- (“to rub”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *terti, Latin terō.
Over time, the term has undergone a semantic drift in certain thematic environments, giving rise to figurative terms such as Russian трогать (trogatʹ, “to affect, to arouse emotionally”) and Bulgarian тръгвам (trǎgvam), Macedonian тргне (trgne, “to depart”). The later semantic development is analogous with Italian partire (“to go away”), French partir (“to depart”) which descend from Latin partīre (“to separate”).


tьrzati

tьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
tьrzati (infinitive)
tьrzatъ (supine)
tьrzalъ (l-participle)
tьrzanъ (participle passive past)
tьržemъ (participle passive present)
tьrzavъ (active participle past)
tьržę (active participle present)
tьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьrza (aorist second-person singular)
tьrza (aorist singular third-person)
tьržǫ (first-person present singular)
tьržeši (present second-person singular)
tьržetь (present singular third-person)
tьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
tьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
tьrževě (dual first-person present)
tьržeta (dual present second-person)
tьržete (dual present third-person)
tьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
tьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
tьržemъ (first-person plural present)
tьržete (plural present second-person)
tьržǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьrži (imperative second-person singular)
tьrži (imperative singular third-person)
tьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьrživě (dual first-person imperative)
tьržita (dual imperative second-person)
tьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьržite (imperative plural second-person)
tьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
tьrzati (infinitive)
tьrzatъ (supine)
tьrzalъ (l-participle)
tьrzanъ (participle passive past)
tьrzajemъ (participle passive present)
tьrzavъ (active participle past)
tьrzaję (active participle present)
tьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьrza (aorist second-person singular)
tьrza (aorist singular third-person)
tьrzajǫ (first-person present singular)
tьrzaješi (present second-person singular)
tьrzajetь (present singular third-person)
tьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
tьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
tьrzajevě (dual first-person present)
tьrzajeta (dual present second-person)
tьrzajete (dual present third-person)
tьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
tьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
tьrzajemъ (first-person plural present)
tьrzajete (plural present second-person)
tьrzajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьrzaji (imperative second-person singular)
tьrzaji (imperative singular third-person)
tьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьrzajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tьrzajita (dual imperative second-person)
tьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьrzajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьrzajite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: истръзати (istrŭzati) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: тьрзати (tĭrzati, “to tear”) (literary, 12th century)

Russian: терза́ть (terzátʹ, “to tear apart, to torment”), 1sg. терза́ю (terzáju)

→ Bulgarian: терза́я (terzája)

Ukrainian: терза́ти (terzáty, “to torment”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: трьзати (trĭzati, “to tear, to pull”), 1sg. трѣжѫ (trěžǫ), трьзаѭ (trĭzajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тъ́рзам (tǎ́rzam) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тр̏зати (“to pull”), 1sg. тр̏же̄м

Latin: tȑzati (“to pull”), 1sg. tȑžēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tŕzati (“to tear, to pluck”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tȓzam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic: —

* Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Latin tergō (“to wipe”), with semantic distortion by influence of *dьrgati (“to tear”).
* Per Vasmer, connected with Sanskrit स्तृहति (stṛháti, “to crush”), तृणेढि (tṛṇéḍhi, “shattered, broken”), perfect ततर्ह (tatarha), perf. pass. part. तृढ (tṛḍhá). Doubtfully connected with Latin trahō (“to drag”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 (þairkō, “hole”).
* Per Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *terǵʰ-, extended version of *ter- (“to rub”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *terti, Latin terō.


volděti

volděnьje (noun-from-verb)
volděti (infinitive)
voldětъ (supine)
voldělъ (l-participle)
volděnъ (participle passive past)
voldějemъ (participle passive present)
volděvъ (active participle past)
volděję (active participle present)
volděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
voldě (aorist second-person singular)
voldě (aorist singular third-person)
voldějǫ (first-person present singular)
volděješi (present second-person singular)
voldějetь (present singular third-person)
volděxově (aorist dual first-person)
volděsta (aorist dual second-person)
volděste (aorist dual third-person)
voldějevě (dual first-person present)
voldějeta (dual present second-person)
voldějete (dual present third-person)
volděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
volděste (aorist plural second-person)
volděšę (aorist plural third-person)
voldějemъ (first-person plural present)
voldějete (plural present second-person)
voldějǫtь (plural present third-person)
volděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
volděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
volděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
volději (imperative second-person singular)
volději (imperative singular third-person)
volděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
volděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
volděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
voldějivě (dual first-person imperative)
voldějita (dual imperative second-person)
volděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
volděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
volděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
voldějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
voldějite (imperative plural second-person)
voldanьje (noun-from-verb)
voldati (infinitive)
voldatъ (supine)
voldalъ (l-participle)
voldanъ (participle passive past)
voldomъ (participle passive present)
voldavъ (active participle past)
voldy (active participle present)
voldaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
volda (aorist second-person singular)
volda (aorist singular third-person)
voldǫ (first-person present singular)
voldeši (present second-person singular)
voldetь (present singular third-person)
voldaxově (aorist dual first-person)
voldasta (aorist dual second-person)
voldaste (aorist dual third-person)
voldevě (dual first-person present)
voldeta (dual present second-person)
voldete (dual present third-person)
voldaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
voldaste (aorist plural second-person)
voldašę (aorist plural third-person)
voldemъ (first-person plural present)
voldete (plural present second-person)
voldǫtь (plural present third-person)
voldaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
voldaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
voldaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
voldi (imperative second-person singular)
voldi (imperative singular third-person)
voldaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
voldaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
voldaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
volděvě (dual first-person imperative)
volděta (dual imperative second-person)
voldaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
voldaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
voldaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
volděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
volděte (imperative plural second-person)
voldanьje (noun-from-verb)
voldati (infinitive)
voldatъ (supine)
voldalъ (l-participle)
voldanъ (participle passive past)
voldajemъ (participle passive present)
voldavъ (active participle past)
voldaję (active participle present)
voldaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
volda (aorist second-person singular)
volda (aorist singular third-person)
voldajǫ (first-person present singular)
voldaješi (present second-person singular)
voldajetь (present singular third-person)
voldaxově (aorist dual first-person)
voldasta (aorist dual second-person)
voldaste (aorist dual third-person)
voldajevě (dual first-person present)
voldajeta (dual present second-person)
voldajete (dual present third-person)
voldaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
voldaste (aorist plural second-person)
voldašę (aorist plural third-person)
voldajemъ (first-person plural present)
voldajete (plural present second-person)
voldajǫtь (plural present third-person)
voldaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
voldaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
voldaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
voldaji (imperative second-person singular)
voldaji (imperative singular third-person)
voldaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
voldaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
voldaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
voldajivě (dual first-person imperative)
voldajita (dual imperative second-person)
voldaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
voldaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
voldaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
voldajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
voldajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: володѣти (voloděti)

Old Ruthenian: володѣти (voloděti)

Ukrainian: володі́ти (volodíty)

Russian: володе́ть (volodétʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: владѣти (vladěti), владати (vladati)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: владе́я (vladéja)

Macedonian: владее (vladee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вла́дати

Latin script: vládati

Slovene: vládati, ládati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: vládnout

Old Polish: włodać

Polish: władać

→ Belarusian: улада́ць (uladácʹ)

Slovak: vládať

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *walˀdā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁dʰh₁-, from *h₂welh₁- (“to rule”). Cognates include Lithuanian valdýti (“to rule, to govern, to wield”) (3sg. val̃do, 3sg. past val̃dė), Latvian vàldît (“to rule, to govern, to wield”), Lithuanian veldė́ti (“to inherit”), Old Prussian walduns, weldūns (“heir”), weldīsnan (“legacy”), Old Lithuanian pavilsti (“to inherit”), pavildė́ti (“to own”), English wield.


svьrběti

svьrběnьje (noun-from-verb)
svьrběti (infinitive)
svьrbětъ (supine)
svьrbělъ (l-participle)
svьrběvъ (active participle past)
svьrbę (active participle present)
svьrběxъ (aorist first-person singular)
svьrbě (aorist second-person singular)
svьrbě (aorist singular third-person)
svьrbľǫ (first-person present singular)
svьrbiši (present second-person singular)
svьrbitь (present singular third-person)
svьrběxově (aorist dual first-person)
svьrběsta (aorist dual second-person)
svьrběste (aorist dual third-person)
svьrbivě (dual first-person present)
svьrbita (dual present second-person)
svьrbite (dual present third-person)
svьrběxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
svьrběste (aorist plural second-person)
svьrběšę (aorist plural third-person)
svьrbimъ (first-person plural present)
svьrbite (plural present second-person)
svьrbętь (plural present third-person)
svьrběaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
svьrběaše (imperfect second-person singular)
svьrběaše (imperfect singular third-person)
svьrbi (imperative second-person singular)
svьrbi (imperative singular third-person)
svьrběaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
svьrběašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
svьrběašete (dual imperfect third-person)
svьrbivě (dual first-person imperative)
svьrbita (dual imperative second-person)
svьrběaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
svьrběašete (imperfect plural second-person)
svьrběaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
svьrbimъ (first-person imperative plural)
svьrbite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: свярбе́ць (svjarbjécʹ)

desc

Russian: свербе́ть (sverbétʹ, “to itch, to irritate (colloquial)”)

Ukrainian: свербі́ти (sverbíty, “to itch”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: сърбя́ (sǎrbjá, “to itch”)

Macedonian: сврби (svrbi, “to itch”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: свр̀бети

Latin script: svŕbeti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: srbẹ́ti (“to itch”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. srbím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: svrběti

Czech: svrbět

Old Polish: świrbieć
Polish: świerzbić

Slovak: svrbieť (“to itch”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: swjerbjeś

* Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *swr̥bʰ-, from *swerbʰ-. Cognate with Lithuanian skver̃bti (“to pierce”).
* Per Vasmer, cognate with Latvian svãrpsts (“drill”), Old Norse svarf (“sawdust”).


tajati

tàjati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
tajanьje (noun-from-verb)
tajati (infinitive)
tajatъ (supine)
tajalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tajanъ (participle passive past)
tajemъ (participle passive present)
tajavъ (active participle past)
taję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
taja (aorist second-person singular)
taja (aorist singular third-person)
tajǫ (first-person present singular)
taješi (present second-person singular)
tajetь (present singular third-person)
tajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tajasta (aorist dual second-person)
tajaste (aorist dual third-person)
tajevě (dual first-person present)
tajeta (dual present second-person)
tajete (dual present third-person)
tajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tajaste (aorist plural second-person)
tajašę (aorist plural third-person)
tajemъ (first-person plural present)
tajete (plural present second-person)
tajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
taji (imperative second-person singular)
taji (imperative singular third-person)
tajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tajita (dual imperative second-person)
tajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: таꙗти (tajati), 1sg. таю (taju)

desc

Russian: та́ять (tájatʹ, “to melt, to thaw, to dwindle”), 1sg. та́ю (táju)

Ukrainian: та́яти (tájaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: таꙗти (tajati), 1sg. таѭ (tajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: та́я (tája, “to melt slowly”), 2sg. та́еш (táeš) (dialectal)

Macedonian: таи (tai, “to melt”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: та̏јати (“to thaw”)

Latin script: tȁjati (“to thaw”)

Slovene: tájati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: táti

Czech: tát

Old Polish: tajać

Polish: tajać

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: tać

Lower Sorbian: tajaś

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂-. Cognate with Ancient Greek τήκω (tḗkō, “to melt”) (Dorian dialect τᾱ́κω (tā́kō)), Latin tābeō (“to melt, to dwindle”), Welsh tawdd (“dripping”), Old English þāwian (“to thaw”), English thaw, Albanian thaj (“to dry up, to thaw”), Ossetian тайын (tajyn, “to melt”), Old Armenian թանամ (tʻanam, “to moisten, to wet”). Compare also Czech tavit (“to melt”), Slovak taviť (“to melt”).


sovati

sovanьje (noun-from-verb)
sovati (infinitive)
sovatъ (supine)
sovalъ (l-participle)
sovanъ (participle passive past)
sujemъ (participle passive present)
sovavъ (active participle past)
suję (active participle present)
sovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sova (aorist second-person singular)
sova (aorist singular third-person)
sujǫ (first-person present singular)
suješi (present second-person singular)
sujetь (present singular third-person)
sovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sovasta (aorist dual second-person)
sovaste (aorist dual third-person)
sujevě (dual first-person present)
sujeta (dual present second-person)
sujete (dual present third-person)
sovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sovaste (aorist plural second-person)
sovašę (aorist plural third-person)
sujemъ (first-person plural present)
sujete (plural present second-person)
sujǫtь (plural present third-person)
sovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
suji (imperative second-person singular)
suji (imperative singular third-person)
sovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sujivě (dual first-person imperative)
sujita (dual imperative second-person)
sovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: совати (sovati, “to throw (a javelin)”)

Belarusian: со́ваць (sóvacʹ)

Russian: сова́ть (sovátʹ, “to shove, to thrust”)

Ukrainian: со́вати (sóvaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱁⰲⰰⱅⰻ (sovati)

Old Cyrillic script: совати (sovati)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: suváti (“to thrust, to knock”) (tonal orthography); súvati (“to thrust, to knock”); sováti (“to thrust, to knock”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sovati (“to shove”)

Czech: souvati (“to shove”) (obsolete except in prefixed verbs)

Polish: suwać (“to shove, to slide”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: suwać

Lower Sorbian: suwaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śauˀ-. Cognate with Lithuanian šáuti (“to shoot, to shove”) (1sg. šáuju, šóviau), Latvian šaũt (“to shoot, to shove”) (1sg. šaũju, šaũnu, šãvu), East Latvian dialectal saũt (“to shoot, to shove”).
* Per Derksen, no clear cognates outside of Balto-Slavic.
* Per Vasmer, potentially cognate with Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skēwjan, “to wander, to walk”), as well as Old High German sciozzan (“to shoot”), Old Norse skjóta (“to shoot, to move, to push”), Old English sċēotan (“to shoot”), English shoot, Albanian heth (“to throw, to winnow (grain)”) (aorist hodha).
* Per Trubachev, cognate with Hittite [script needed] (šuu̯āi-, “to push, to move”), Sanskrit सुवति (suvati, “to set in motion”) (although this precludes any connection with the above Balto-Slavic and other cognates, and assumes underlying Proto-Indo-European *s- rather than *ḱ-).


sъměti

sъmě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
sъměti (infinitive)
sъmětъ (supine)
sъmělъ (l-participle)
sъměvъ (active participle past)
sъměję (active participle present)
sъměxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъmě (aorist second-person singular)
sъmě (aorist singular third-person)
sъmějǫ (first-person present singular)
sъměješi (present second-person singular)
sъmějetь (present singular third-person)
sъměxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъměsta (aorist dual second-person)
sъměste (aorist dual third-person)
sъmějevě (dual first-person present)
sъmějeta (dual present second-person)
sъmějete (dual present third-person)
sъměxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъměste (aorist plural second-person)
sъměšę (aorist plural third-person)
sъmějemъ (first-person plural present)
sъmějete (plural present second-person)
sъmějǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъměaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъměaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъměaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъměji (imperative second-person singular)
sъměji (imperative singular third-person)
sъměaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъměašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъměašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъmějivě (dual first-person imperative)
sъmějita (dual imperative second-person)
sъměaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъměašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъměaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъmějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъmějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: съмѣти (sŭměti)

Belarusian: смець (smjecʹ)

Russian: сметь (smetʹ)

Ukrainian: смі́ти (smíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: съмѣти (sŭměti)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: сме́я (sméja)

Macedonian: сме́е (smée)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: смје̏ти

Latin script: smjȅti

Slovene: smẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: smieti

Czech: smět, smíti (obsolete)

Old Polish: śmieć

Polish: śmieć

Slovak: smieť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: směć

Lower Sorbian: směś

From *sъ- (“good”) + *mě̀ti, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs, “courage, wrath”) (gen. 𐌼𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃 (mōdis)), Old High German muot (“mind, courage, wrath”), German Mut (“courage, mood”), English mood.
* Vasmer adds as cognates Ancient Greek μῶμαι (mômai, “to seek, to aspire”), μαίομαι (maíomai, “to seek, to aspire”), μῆνις (mênis, “anger”), Latin mōs (“custom”).
* Trubachev further suggests Lithuanian sumdyti (“to move”) (1sg. sùmdau), Welsh chwyfio (“to move”), Old Irish do·seinn (“to hunt”), with semantic development "to seek" > "to desire to achieve" > "to dare".


stydnǫti

stỳdnǫti (canonical)
stydenьje (noun-from-verb)
stydnǫti (infinitive)
stydnǫtъ (supine)
stydlъ (l-participle)
stydenъ (participle passive past)
stydnomъ (participle passive present)
stydъ (active participle past)
stydny (active participle present)
stydъ (aorist first-person singular)
stydoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
styde (aorist second-person singular)
styde (aorist singular third-person)
stydnǫ (first-person present singular)
stydneši (present second-person singular)
stydnetь (present singular third-person)
stydově (aorist dual first-person)
stydoxově (aorist dual first-person)
stydeta (aorist dual second-person)
stydosta (aorist dual second-person)
stydete (aorist dual third-person)
stydoste (aorist dual third-person)
stydnevě (dual first-person present)
stydneta (dual present second-person)
stydnete (dual present third-person)
stydomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stydoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stydete (aorist plural second-person)
stydoste (aorist plural second-person)
stydǫ (aorist plural third-person)
stydošę (aorist plural third-person)
stydnemъ (first-person plural present)
stydnete (plural present second-person)
stydnǫtь (plural present third-person)
stydněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stydněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stydněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
stydni (imperative second-person singular)
stydni (imperative singular third-person)
stydněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stydněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stydněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
stydněvě (dual first-person imperative)
stydněta (dual imperative second-person)
stydněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stydněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stydněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
stydněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
stydněte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: устынути (ustynuti), 3sg. устыде (ustyde) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: сты́гнуць (stýhnucʹ)

Russian: сты́нуть (stýnutʹ), dialectal сты́гнуть (stýgnutʹ)

Ukrainian: сти́гнути (stýhnuty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: сти́на (stína)

Macedonian: стине (stine)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сти́нути, 1sg. сти̑не̄м

Latin: stínuti, 1sg. stȋnēm

West Slavic:

Czech: stydnout

Old Polish: stydnąć
Polish: stygnąć

Slovak: stydnúť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *stūˀd- + Proto-Slavic *-nǫti. See *studìti for further discussion.


toliti

toľenьje (noun-from-verb)
toliti (infinitive)
tolitъ (supine)
tolilъ (l-participle)
toľenъ (participle passive past)
tolimъ (participle passive present)
toľь (active participle past)
tolę (active participle present)
tolixъ (aorist first-person singular)
toli (aorist second-person singular)
toli (aorist singular third-person)
toľǫ (first-person present singular)
toliši (present second-person singular)
tolitь (present singular third-person)
tolixově (aorist dual first-person)
tolista (aorist dual second-person)
toliste (aorist dual third-person)
tolivě (dual first-person present)
tolita (dual present second-person)
tolite (dual present third-person)
tolixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
toliste (aorist plural second-person)
tolišę (aorist plural third-person)
tolimъ (first-person plural present)
tolite (plural present second-person)
tolętь (plural present third-person)
toľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
toľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
toľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
toli (imperative second-person singular)
toli (imperative singular third-person)
toľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
toľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
toľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tolivě (dual first-person imperative)
tolita (dual imperative second-person)
toľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
toľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
toľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tolimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tolite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: утолити (utoliti, “to convince, to pacify”)

Belarusian: наталі́ць (natalícʹ)

Russian: утоли́ть (utolítʹ, “to satisfy, to quench, to soothe”), 1sg. утолю́ (utoljú), 3sg. утоли́т (utolít)

Ukrainian: утоли́тися (utolýtysja, “to be satisfied”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: оутолити (utoliti, “to convince, to pacify”), 1sg. оутолѭ (utoljǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: утоля́ (utoljá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: уто̀лити (“to calm down”), 1sg. у̀толӣм

Latin: utòliti (“to calm down”), 1sg. ùtolīm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tóliti (“to calm, to soothe, to quench”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tọ́lim (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: tulit

Old Polish: tolić

Polish: tulić (partially)

Slovak: túliť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *talīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *tolH-éye-ti, from *(s)telH- (“to still”). Baltic cognates include Lithuanian táldyti (“to silence, to soothe”) (dialectal), tìlti (“to become silent”) (1sg. tylù), tylė́ti (“to be silent”) (1sg. tyliù), Latvian tilinât (“to spoil (a child)”). Other Indo-European cognates include Old Irish tuilim (“to sleep”), Old Armenian թողում (tʻołum, “to leave”), possibly Old High German stilli (“quiet”).


studiti

studìti (canonical)
stuďenьje (noun-from-verb)
studiti (infinitive)
studitъ (supine)
studilъ (l-participle)
stuďenъ (participle passive past)
studimъ (participle passive present)
stuďь (active participle past)
studę (active participle present)
studixъ (aorist first-person singular)
studi (aorist second-person singular)
studi (aorist singular third-person)
stuďǫ (first-person present singular)
studiši (present second-person singular)
studitь (present singular third-person)
studixově (aorist dual first-person)
studista (aorist dual second-person)
studiste (aorist dual third-person)
studivě (dual first-person present)
studita (dual present second-person)
studite (dual present third-person)
studixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
studiste (aorist plural second-person)
studišę (aorist plural third-person)
studimъ (first-person plural present)
studite (plural present second-person)
studętь (plural present third-person)
stuďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stuďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stuďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
studi (imperative second-person singular)
studi (imperative singular third-person)
stuďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stuďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stuďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
studivě (dual first-person imperative)
studita (dual imperative second-person)
stuďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stuďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stuďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
studimъ (first-person imperative plural)
studite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: студзі́ць (studzícʹ)

i

Middle Russian: стꙋдити (studiti) (from the 15th century; accent paradigm c)

Russian: студи́ть (studítʹ)

Ukrainian: студи́ти (studýty)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: студя́ (studjá) (obsolescent)

Macedonian: студи (studi, “to freeze”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сту́дити (“to be cold”) (Western dialectal), 3sg. сту́дӣ

Latin: stúditi (“to be cold”) (Western dialectal), 3sg. stúdī

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: stúditi (“to treat with aversion”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. stúdim (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: studiti (“to cool”)

Czech: studit (“to cool”)

Old Polish: studzić

Polish: studzić

Slovak: studiť (“to cool”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: studźić

Lower Sorbian: stuźiś

Has the form of a causative/iterative, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *stauˀd-ei-tei.
* Per Derksen, outside connections unclear.
* Per Vasmer, possibly connected to Sanskrit तुदति (tudati), तुन्दते (tundate, “to push, to bite, to prick”), Latin tundō (“to beat, to bang”) (infinitive tundere, perfect tutudī), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan, “to push”), Albanian shtynj (“to push”) < *studni̯ō. An alternative hypothesis connects to Ancient Greek στῡ́ω (stū́ō, “to toughen”), with a *-d- root extension.
* Per Chernykh, possibly connected with Ancient Greek στύξ (stúx, “monster, piercing cold, fever”) (gen. στυγός (stugós)).


sъxnǫti

sъšenьje (noun-from-verb)
sъxnǫti (infinitive)
sъxnǫtъ (supine)
sъxlъ (l-participle)
sъšenъ (participle passive past)
sъxnomъ (participle passive present)
sъxъ (active participle past)
sъxny (active participle present)
sъxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъxoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъše (aorist second-person singular)
sъše (aorist singular third-person)
sъxnǫ (first-person present singular)
sъxneši (present second-person singular)
sъxnetь (present singular third-person)
sъxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъxoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъxeta (aorist dual second-person)
sъxosta (aorist dual second-person)
sъxete (aorist dual third-person)
sъxoste (aorist dual third-person)
sъxnevě (dual first-person present)
sъxneta (dual present second-person)
sъxnete (dual present third-person)
sъxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъxoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъxete (aorist plural second-person)
sъxoste (aorist plural second-person)
sъxǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sъxošę (aorist plural third-person)
sъxnemъ (first-person plural present)
sъxnete (plural present second-person)
sъxnǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъxněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъxněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъxněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъxni (imperative second-person singular)
sъxni (imperative singular third-person)
sъxněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъxněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъxněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъxněvě (dual first-person imperative)
sъxněta (dual imperative second-person)
sъxněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъxněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъxněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъxněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъxněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: съхнꙋти (sŭxnuti)

Belarusian: со́хнуць (sóxnucʹ)

desc

Russian: со́хнуть (sóxnutʹ, “to dry, to wither”)

Ukrainian: со́хнути (sóxnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: 3sg. impf. съхнѣаше (sŭxněaše, “(it) dried”)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: съ́хна (sǎ́hna, “to dry, to wither”)

Macedonian: суши (suši), се суши (se suši)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: са̀хнути (“to dry”), 1sg. са̏хне̄м

Latin: sàhnuti (“to dry”), 1sg. sȁxnēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: səhníti (“to wither”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. sáhnem (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: schnúti

Czech: schnout

Polish: schnąć

Slovak: schnúť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: schnyć, sknyć

Lower Sorbian: schnuś

From the zero grade of the root of *sȗxъ (“dry”) + *-nǫti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (also reconstructed as *sh₂ews-). Cognate with Lithuanian saũsinti (“to dry (transitive)”), saũsti (“to wither”), sùsti (“to scab over”) (1sg. susù), saũsas (“dry”), Latvian sust (“to dry (intransitive)”) (1sg. susu), susêt (“to wither”) (1sg. susu, susẽju), sàuss (“dry”), Old Prussian sausā (“dry”, fem. acc. sg.), Sanskrit शोषयति (śoṣáyati, “to let dry”), शुष्क (śúṣka, “dry, barren”), Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬱𐬐𐬀 (huška, “dry”), Homeric Ancient Greek αὖος (aûos, “dry”), Old English sēar (“dry”), English sere, sear.


sunǫti

sovati (imperfective)
sunovenьje (noun-from-verb)
sunǫti (infinitive)
sunǫtъ (supine)
sunǫlъ (l-participle)
sunovenъ (participle passive past)
sunǫvъ (active participle past)
sunǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sunǫ (aorist second-person singular)
sunǫ (aorist singular third-person)
sunǫ (first-person present singular)
suneši (present second-person singular)
sunetь (present singular third-person)
sunǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
sunǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
sunǫste (aorist dual third-person)
sunevě (dual first-person present)
suneta (dual present second-person)
sunete (dual present third-person)
sunǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sunǫste (aorist plural second-person)
sunǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
sunemъ (first-person plural present)
sunete (plural present second-person)
sunǫtь (plural present third-person)
suni (imperative second-person singular)
suni (imperative singular third-person)
suněvě (dual first-person imperative)
suněta (dual imperative second-person)
suněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
suněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: сꙋнꙋти (sunuti, “to throw”), 1sg. сꙋнꙋ (sunu)

Belarusian: су́нуць (súnucʹ)

Russian: су́нуть (súnutʹ, “to shove, to thrust”), 1sg. су́ну (súnu)

Ukrainian: су́нути (súnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сунѫти (sunǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱆⱀⱘⱅⰻ (sunǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су́нути (“to pour, to strew”), 1sg. су̑не̄м

Latin: súnuti (“to pour, to strew”), 1sg. sȗnēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: súniti (“to thrust, to knock”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. sȗnem (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sunúti

Czech: sunout

Old Polish: sunąć

Polish: sunąć

Slovak: sunúť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sunyć

Lower Sorbian: sunuś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śūˀ- + *-nǫti. A different grade *śauˀ- yields Proto-Slavic *sovati (“to shove”); see that verb for further cognates.


sьcati

sьcanьje (noun-from-verb)
sьcati (infinitive)
sьcatъ (supine)
sьcalъ (l-participle)
sьcanъ (participle passive past)
sьčimъ (participle passive present)
sьcavъ (active participle past)
sьčę (active participle present)
sьcaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sьca (aorist second-person singular)
sьca (aorist singular third-person)
sьčǫ (first-person present singular)
sьčiši (present second-person singular)
sьčitь (present singular third-person)
sьcaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sьcasta (aorist dual second-person)
sьcaste (aorist dual third-person)
sьčivě (dual first-person present)
sьčita (dual present second-person)
sьčite (dual present third-person)
sьcaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sьcaste (aorist plural second-person)
sьcašę (aorist plural third-person)
sьčimъ (first-person plural present)
sьčite (plural present second-person)
sьčętь (plural present third-person)
sьcaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sьcaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sьcaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sьči (imperative second-person singular)
sьči (imperative singular third-person)
sьcaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sьcaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sьcaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sьčivě (dual first-person imperative)
sьčita (dual imperative second-person)
sьcaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sьcaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sьcaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sьčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sьčite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *сьцати (*sĭcati)

Old Ruthenian: *сцати (*scati)

Belarusian: сцаць (scacʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: стя́ти (stjáty)

Ukrainian: сця́ти (scjáty); ща́ти (ščáty) (dialectal)

Russian: сцать (scatʹ)

Old Novgorodian: *ськати (*sĭkati)

⇒ Russian: сёкать (sjókatʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сьцати (sĭcati)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱐⱌⰰⱅⰻ (sĭcati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сцати (dialectal)

Latin script: scati (dialectal)

Slovene: scáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: scáti
Czech: chcát

Polish: szczać

Slovak: šťať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: šcaś, scaś

Upper Sorbian: šćeć, sćeć

From early *sьkati by the Slavic progressive palatalization. By surface analysis, *sьk- + *-ati. Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sikā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *sikʷ-éh₂-ti, from *seykʷ-.
Roots *sьk- : *sěk- : *sik-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sik- : *saik- : *seik-, from Proto-Indo-European *sikʷ- : *soykʷ- : *seykʷ- (“to moisten”).
Cognate with Sanskrit सिञ्चति (siñcáti, “to pour out”), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hiṇcaⁱti), 𐬵𐬌𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hicaⁱti, “to pour”), Old High German sīhan (“to strain, to drip”), German seichen (“to piss”), Ancient Greek ἷξαι (hîxai, “to strain, to filter”), Latin siat, sissiat (“(he) urinates”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Slavic progressive palatalization


stenati

stenàti (canonical)
stenanьje (noun-from-verb)
stenati (infinitive)
stenatъ (supine)
stenalъ (l-participle)
stenanъ (participle passive past)
steňemъ (participle passive present)
stenavъ (active participle past)
steňę (active participle present)
stenaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
stena (aorist second-person singular)
stena (aorist singular third-person)
steňǫ (first-person present singular)
steňeši (present second-person singular)
steňetь (present singular third-person)
stenaxově (aorist dual first-person)
stenasta (aorist dual second-person)
stenaste (aorist dual third-person)
steňevě (dual first-person present)
steňeta (dual present second-person)
steňete (dual present third-person)
stenaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stenaste (aorist plural second-person)
stenašę (aorist plural third-person)
steňemъ (first-person plural present)
steňete (plural present second-person)
steňǫtь (plural present third-person)
stenaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stenaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stenaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
steňi (imperative second-person singular)
steňi (imperative singular third-person)
stenaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stenaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stenaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
steňivě (dual first-person imperative)
steňita (dual imperative second-person)
stenaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stenaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stenaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
steňimъ (first-person imperative plural)
steňite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стенати (stenati), 1sg. стеню (stenju)

Russian: стена́ть (stenátʹ) (obsolete), 1sg. стена́ю (stenáju); modern стона́ть (stonátʹ), 1sg. стону́ (stonú), 3sg. сто́нет (stónet)

Ukrainian: стена́ти (stenáty), 1sg. стена́ю (stenáju), 3sg. стена́є (stenáje)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: стенати (stenati)

Bulgarian: сте́на (sténa)

Macedonian: стенка (stenka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стѐњати, 1sg. сте̏ње̄м

Latin: stènjati, 1sg. stȅnjēm

Slovene: stenjáti (tonal orthography), 1sg. stenjȃm (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: sténat

Slovak: stenať

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sten-, from Proto-Indo-European *sten-.
Cognate with Lithuanian stenė́ti (“to groan, to moan”) (1sg. stenù), Latvian stenêt (1sg. stenu, stenẽju, Old Prussian stīnons (“hard-won, transferred”, perf. part.), Ancient Greek στένω (sténō, “to moan, to sigh, to bewail”), Old English stenan (“to groan”), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to rattle, to rumble”).


snovati

snovàti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
snovanьje (noun-from-verb)
snovati (infinitive)
snovatъ (supine)
snovalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
snovanъ (participle passive past)
snujemъ (participle passive present)
snovavъ (active participle past)
snuję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
snovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
snova (aorist second-person singular)
snova (aorist singular third-person)
snujǫ (first-person present singular)
snuješi (present second-person singular)
snujetь (present singular third-person)
snovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
snovasta (aorist dual second-person)
snovaste (aorist dual third-person)
snujevě (dual first-person present)
snujeta (dual present second-person)
snujete (dual present third-person)
snovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
snovaste (aorist plural second-person)
snovašę (aorist plural third-person)
snujemъ (first-person plural present)
snujete (plural present second-person)
snujǫtь (plural present third-person)
snovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
snovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
snovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
snuji (imperative second-person singular)
snuji (imperative singular third-person)
snovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
snovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
snovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
snujivě (dual first-person imperative)
snujita (dual imperative second-person)
snovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
snovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
snovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
snujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
snujite (imperative plural second-person)


sočiti

sočìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
sočenьje (noun-from-verb)
sočiti (infinitive)
sočitъ (supine)
sočilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
sočenъ (participle passive past)
sočimъ (participle passive present)
sočь (active participle past)
sočę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
sočixъ (aorist first-person singular)
soči (aorist second-person singular)
soči (aorist singular third-person)
sočǫ (first-person present singular)
sočiši (present second-person singular)
sočitь (present singular third-person)
sočixově (aorist dual first-person)
sočista (aorist dual second-person)
sočiste (aorist dual third-person)
sočivě (dual first-person present)
sočita (dual present second-person)
sočite (dual present third-person)
sočixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sočiste (aorist plural second-person)
sočišę (aorist plural third-person)
sočimъ (first-person plural present)
sočite (plural present second-person)
sočętь (plural present third-person)
sočaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sočaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sočaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
soči (imperative second-person singular)
soči (imperative singular third-person)
sočaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sočaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sočaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sočivě (dual first-person imperative)
sočita (dual imperative second-person)
sočaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sočaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sočaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sočimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sočite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сочити (sočiti)

Belarusian: сачы́ць (sačýcʹ)

Russian: сочи́ть (sočítʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: сочи́ти (sočýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: со́ча (sóča)

Macedonian: сочи (soči)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̀чити

Latin script: sòčiti

Serbian Church Slavonic: сочити (sočiti)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: soczyć

Old Czech: sočiti

Czech: sočit (“to bear a grudge”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sákīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷéyeti, from the root *sekʷ- (“say”).


snuti

snùti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
snutьje (noun-from-verb)
snuti (infinitive)
snutъ (supine)
snulъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
snutъ (participle passive past)
snovomъ (participle passive present)
snuvъ (active participle past)
snovy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
snuxъ (aorist first-person singular)
snu (aorist second-person singular)
snu (aorist singular third-person)
snovǫ (first-person present singular)
snoveši (present second-person singular)
snovetь (present singular third-person)
snuxově (aorist dual first-person)
snusta (aorist dual second-person)
snuste (aorist dual third-person)
snovevě (dual first-person present)
snoveta (dual present second-person)
snovete (dual present third-person)
snuxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
snuste (aorist plural second-person)
snušę (aorist plural third-person)
snovemъ (first-person plural present)
snovete (plural present second-person)
snovǫtь (plural present third-person)
snověaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
snověaše (imperfect second-person singular)
snověaše (imperfect singular third-person)
snovi (imperative second-person singular)
snovi (imperative singular third-person)
snověaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
snověašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
snověašete (dual imperfect third-person)
snověvě (dual first-person imperative)
snověta (dual imperative second-person)
snověaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
snověašete (imperfect plural second-person)
snověaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
snověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
snověte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: сноути (snuti) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сновати (snovati)

Belarusian: снава́ць (snavácʹ)

Russian: снова́ть (snovátʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: снува́ти (snuváty), снова́ти (snováty), сну́ти (snúty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: снова́ (snová)

Macedonian: снове (snove)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сно̀вати

Latin script: snòvati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: snúti, snováti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: snúti

Czech: snout, snovat

Kashubian: snëc, snovac

Old Polish: snować
Polish: snuć

Slovak: snovať, snuť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: snować

Lower Sorbian: snowaś, snuś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *snauˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *snewH-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *snewaną (whence Gothic 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (sniwan, “to hurry”), Old Norse snúa (“to wind, to twist, to warp”)) and akin to Latvian snaujis (“noose”).


sędzati

sę̀dzati (canonical)
sędzanьje (noun-from-verb)
sędzati (infinitive)
sędzatъ (supine)
sędzalъ (l-participle)
sędzanъ (participle passive past)
sęžemъ (participle passive present)
sędzavъ (active participle past)
sęžę (active participle present)
sędzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sędza (aorist second-person singular)
sędza (aorist singular third-person)
sęžǫ (first-person present singular)
sęžeši (present second-person singular)
sęžetь (present singular third-person)
sędzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sędzasta (aorist dual second-person)
sędzaste (aorist dual third-person)
sęževě (dual first-person present)
sęžeta (dual present second-person)
sęžete (dual present third-person)
sędzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sędzaste (aorist plural second-person)
sędzašę (aorist plural third-person)
sęžemъ (first-person plural present)
sęžete (plural present second-person)
sęžǫtь (plural present third-person)
sędzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sędzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sędzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sęži (imperative second-person singular)
sęži (imperative singular third-person)
sędzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sędzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sędzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sęživě (dual first-person imperative)
sęžita (dual imperative second-person)
sędzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sędzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sędzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sęžite (imperative plural second-person)

From *sęg- + *-ati, with the Slavic progressive palatalization applying. See *sęťi for etymology.

Alternative form of *sę̀gati (“to reach for, to attain”)


sęknǫti

sęčenьje (noun-from-verb)
sęknǫti (infinitive)
sęknǫtъ (supine)
sęklъ (l-participle)
sęčenъ (participle passive past)
sęknomъ (participle passive present)
sękъ (active participle past)
sękny (active participle present)
sękъ (aorist first-person singular)
sękoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sęče (aorist second-person singular)
sęče (aorist singular third-person)
sęknǫ (first-person present singular)
sękneši (present second-person singular)
sęknetь (present singular third-person)
sękově (aorist dual first-person)
sękoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sęketa (aorist dual second-person)
sękosta (aorist dual second-person)
sękete (aorist dual third-person)
sękoste (aorist dual third-person)
sęknevě (dual first-person present)
sękneta (dual present second-person)
sęknete (dual present third-person)
sękomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sękoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sękete (aorist plural second-person)
sękoste (aorist plural second-person)
sękǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sękošę (aorist plural third-person)
sęknemъ (first-person plural present)
sęknete (plural present second-person)
sęknǫtь (plural present third-person)
sękněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sękněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sękněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sękni (imperative second-person singular)
sękni (imperative singular third-person)
sękněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sękněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sękněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sękněvě (dual first-person imperative)
sękněta (dual imperative second-person)
sękněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sękněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sękněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sękněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sękněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: исикнꙋти (isiknuti, “to dry out”) (literary)

Russian: ся́кнуть (sjáknutʹ), исся́кнуть (issjáknutʹ, “to dry out”)

Ukrainian: сякну́ти (sjaknúty, “to blow (one's nose)”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: исѧкнѫти (“to dry out”), 1sg. исѧкнѫ

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: се́кна (sékna, “to stop, to fade away”)

Macedonian: секне (sekne, “to blow (one's nose)”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: усе́кнути

Latin script: uséknuti

West Slavic:

Czech: sáknout (“to ooze, to trickle, to wet”)

Polish: siąknąć, wsiąknąć, sięknąć (“to dry out, to soak in, to blow (one's nose)”)

Slovak: siaknuť (“to sniff, to blow (one's nose)”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: saknyć (“to dry out, to dry up”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sek-, *senk-, from Proto-Indo-European *sek-. Cognate with Lithuanian sèkti (“to subside (of water), to diminish (of strength)”) (1sg. senkù), Latvian sîkt (“to dry out”) (1sg. sîku), Sanskrit सश्चसि (saścasi, “dry out”, 2sg. imper. act.), असक्र (ásakra, “unquenchable”), Homeric Ancient Greek ἔσκετο φωνή (ésketo phōnḗ, “his voice broke down”). Vasmer adds Old Irish sesc (“dry, barren, not giving milk”), Welsh hysb (“dry”), Old English sīhte (“squishy”).


sęgnǫti

sę̄gnǫ̀ti (canonical)
sęženьje (noun-from-verb)
sęgnǫti (infinitive)
sęgnǫtъ (supine)
sęglъ (l-participle)
sęženъ (participle passive past)
sęgnomъ (participle passive present)
sęgъ (active participle past)
sęgny (active participle present)
sęgъ (aorist first-person singular)
sęgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sęže (aorist second-person singular)
sęže (aorist singular third-person)
sęgnǫ (first-person present singular)
sęgneši (present second-person singular)
sęgnetь (present singular third-person)
sęgově (aorist dual first-person)
sęgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sęgeta (aorist dual second-person)
sęgosta (aorist dual second-person)
sęgete (aorist dual third-person)
sęgoste (aorist dual third-person)
sęgnevě (dual first-person present)
sęgneta (dual present second-person)
sęgnete (dual present third-person)
sęgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sęgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sęgete (aorist plural second-person)
sęgoste (aorist plural second-person)
sęgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sęgošę (aorist plural third-person)
sęgnemъ (first-person plural present)
sęgnete (plural present second-person)
sęgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
sęgněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sęgněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sęgněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sęgni (imperative second-person singular)
sęgni (imperative singular third-person)
sęgněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sęgněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sęgněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sęgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
sęgněta (dual imperative second-person)
sęgněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sęgněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sęgněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sęgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sęgněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: сягну́ць (sjahnúcʹ, “to reach”)

Russian: сягну́ть (sjagnútʹ, “to reach for, to attain”) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: сягну́ти (sjahnúty, “to reach, to grasp”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: присѧгнѫти (“to touch”), other prefixed verbs

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: се́гна (ségna, “to extend a hand”)

Macedonian: сегне (segne, “to reach”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се́гнути (“to reach”); dialectal се̏гнути се (“to reach for”)

Latin: ségnuti (“to reach”); dialectal sȅgnuti se (“to reach for”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: sẹ́gniti (“to reach for”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. sẹ̑gnem (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sáhnúti

desc

Czech: sáhnout (“to touch, to reach for”)

Polish: sięgnąć (“to reach for, to reach”)

Slovak: siahnuť (“to reach for”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dosahnyć

Lower Sorbian: segnuś

From *sęg- + *-nǫti. See *sęťi for etymology.


sęťi

sęženьje (noun-from-verb)
sęťi (infinitive)
sęťь (supine)
sęglъ (l-participle)
sęženъ (participle passive past)
sęgomъ (participle passive present)
sęgъ (active participle past)
sęgy (active participle present)
sęgъ (aorist first-person singular)
sęgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sęže (aorist second-person singular)
sęže (aorist singular third-person)
sęgǫ (first-person present singular)
sęžeši (present second-person singular)
sęžetь (present singular third-person)
sęgově (aorist dual first-person)
sęgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sęgeta (aorist dual second-person)
sęgosta (aorist dual second-person)
sęgete (aorist dual third-person)
sęgoste (aorist dual third-person)
sęževě (dual first-person present)
sęžeta (dual present second-person)
sęžete (dual present third-person)
sęgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sęgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sęgete (aorist plural second-person)
sęgoste (aorist plural second-person)
sęgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sęgošę (aorist plural third-person)
sęžemъ (first-person plural present)
sęžete (plural present second-person)
sęgǫtь (plural present third-person)
sęžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sęžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sęžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sędzi (imperative second-person singular)
sędzi (imperative singular third-person)
sęžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sęžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sęžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sędzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sędzěta (dual imperative second-person)
sęžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sęžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sęžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sędzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sędzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: досꙗчи (dosjači), досꙗщи (dosjašti) (Russian)

Ukrainian: сягти́ (sjahtý) (colloquial)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сѧщи

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се́зати

Latin script: sézati

Slovene: sẹ́či (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sieci

Czech: dosíci (archaic or literary)

Old Polish: siąc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sēˀg-, *senˀg-, from Proto-Indo-European *seg-, *seng-. Cognate with Lithuanian sègti (“to fasten, to pin”) (1sg. segù, 1sg. past segiaũ), Latvian segt (“to cover”) (1sg. sȩdzu), Sanskrit सजति (sájati, “to adhere to”), causative सञ्जयति (sañjayati), Old Persian [script needed] (frahanǰati, “to hang”), Old Irish suanem (“rope”) < *sogn-.


sęgati

sę̀gati (canonical)
sęganьje (noun-from-verb)
sęgati (infinitive)
sęgatъ (supine)
sęgalъ (l-participle)
sęganъ (participle passive past)
sęžemъ (participle passive present)
sęgavъ (active participle past)
sęžę (active participle present)
sęgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sęga (aorist second-person singular)
sęga (aorist singular third-person)
sęžǫ (first-person present singular)
sęžeši (present second-person singular)
sęžetь (present singular third-person)
sęgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sęgasta (aorist dual second-person)
sęgaste (aorist dual third-person)
sęževě (dual first-person present)
sęžeta (dual present second-person)
sęžete (dual present third-person)
sęgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sęgaste (aorist plural second-person)
sęgašę (aorist plural third-person)
sęžemъ (first-person plural present)
sęžete (plural present second-person)
sęžǫtь (plural present third-person)
sęgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sęgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sęgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sęži (imperative second-person singular)
sęži (imperative singular third-person)
sęgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sęgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sęgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sęživě (dual first-person imperative)
sęžita (dual imperative second-person)
sęgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sęgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sęgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sęžite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: сяга́ць (sjahácʹ)

Russian: сягать (sjagatʹ) (obsolete)

desc

⇒ Russian: посяга́ть (posjagátʹ, “to encroach, to infringe”)

Ukrainian: сяга́ти (sjaháty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: се́гам (ségam) (obsolete)

⇒ Bulgarian: пося̀гам (posjàgam), дося̀гам (dosjàgam), прися̀гам (prisjàgam)

Macedonian: сега (sega, “to reach”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏зати (“to reach, to attain”), 1sg. се̏же̄м

Latin: sȅzati (“to reach, to attain”), 1sg. sȅžēm

l/sl-tonal

Slovene: sẹ́zati (“to reach for”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. sẹ́zam (tonal orthography); sẹ́gati (“to reach for”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. sẹ́gam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desc

Old Czech: sahati (“to touch, to reach for”), 1sg. sahu, 2sg. sěžeš

Czech: sahat (“to touch, to reach for”)

Kashubian: sëgac

Polish: sięgać (“to reach for, to reach”)

Silesian: siōngać

Slovak: siahať (“to reach for”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sahać

Lower Sorbian: segaś

From *sęg- + *-ati. See *sęťi for etymology.


rydati

rydanьje (noun-from-verb)
rydati (infinitive)
rydatъ (supine)
rydalъ (l-participle)
rydanъ (participle passive past)
rydajemъ (participle passive present)
rydavъ (active participle past)
rydaję (active participle present)
rydaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ryda (aorist second-person singular)
ryda (aorist singular third-person)
rydajǫ (first-person present singular)
rydaješi (present second-person singular)
rydajetь (present singular third-person)
rydaxově (aorist dual first-person)
rydasta (aorist dual second-person)
rydaste (aorist dual third-person)
rydajevě (dual first-person present)
rydajeta (dual present second-person)
rydajete (dual present third-person)
rydaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
rydaste (aorist plural second-person)
rydašę (aorist plural third-person)
rydajemъ (first-person plural present)
rydajete (plural present second-person)
rydajǫtь (plural present third-person)
rydaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
rydaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
rydaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rydaji (imperative second-person singular)
rydaji (imperative singular third-person)
rydaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
rydaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
rydaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rydajivě (dual first-person imperative)
rydajita (dual imperative second-person)
rydaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
rydaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
rydaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rydajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
rydajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рꙑдати (rydati, “to weep, to wail”)

Belarusian: рыда́ць (rydácʹ)

Russian: рыда́ть (rydátʹ, “to sob”), 1sg. рыда́ю (rydáju)

Ukrainian: рида́ти (rydáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: рꙑдати (rydati, “to mourn, to lament”), 1sg. рꙑдаѭ (rydajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: рида́я (ridája, “to sob”)

Macedonian: рида (rida, “to sob”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ри̏дати, 1sg. ри̏да̄м

Latin: rȉdati, 1sg. rȉdām

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rydati (“to attack, to nag”)

Czech: rydat (“to wail, to nag”)

Slovak: rydať (“to wail, to lament”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rūˀd-, by Winter's law from Proto-Indo-European *HrewdH-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian raudóti (“to weep, to wail, to lament”), Latvian raûdât (“to weep”), rũdinât (“to bring to tears”). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit रोदिति (róditi), रुदति (rudáti, “to weep”), रोदयति (rodáyati, “to grieve”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬙𐬁 (raostā, “(he) wept”, 3sg. aor.), Old English rēotan (“to weep, to complain”), probably also Latin rudō (“to bray, to shout”) (infinitive rudere), rūdō (“to bray, to shout”) (infinitive rūdere).


rygati

ryganьje (noun-from-verb)
rygati (infinitive)
rygatъ (supine)
rygalъ (l-participle)
ryganъ (participle passive past)
rygajemъ (participle passive present)
rygavъ (active participle past)
rygaję (active participle present)
rygaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ryga (aorist second-person singular)
ryga (aorist singular third-person)
rygajǫ (first-person present singular)
rygaješi (present second-person singular)
rygajetь (present singular third-person)
rygaxově (aorist dual first-person)
rygasta (aorist dual second-person)
rygaste (aorist dual third-person)
rygajevě (dual first-person present)
rygajeta (dual present second-person)
rygajete (dual present third-person)
rygaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
rygaste (aorist plural second-person)
rygašę (aorist plural third-person)
rygajemъ (first-person plural present)
rygajete (plural present second-person)
rygajǫtь (plural present third-person)
rygaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
rygaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
rygaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rygaji (imperative second-person singular)
rygaji (imperative singular third-person)
rygaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
rygaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
rygaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rygajivě (dual first-person imperative)
rygajita (dual imperative second-person)
rygaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
rygaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
rygaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rygajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
rygajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: рыга́ць (ryhácʹ)

desc

Russian: рыга́ть (rygátʹ, “to belch, (dialectal) to weep, to sob”), 1sg. рыга́ю (rygáju)

Ukrainian: рига́ти (ryháty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: отъригати (otŭrigati, “to disgorge (words)”)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ри́гам (rígam, “to belch, to vomit”) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: орѝгвам се (orìgvam se)

Macedonian: рига (riga, “to belch, to vomit”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: рѝгати (“to belch”), 1sg. рѝга̄м

Latin: rìgati (“to belch”), 1sg. rìgām

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: rígati (“to belch, to throw up, to bray”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. rȋgam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: říhati

Czech: říhat (“to belch”)

Polish: rzygać (“to throw up”)

Silesian: rzigać

Slovak: rihať (“to belch”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: rihać

Lower Sorbian: rygaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rūˀgā́ˀtei, by Winter's law from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rug-, from the root *h₁rewg-. Cognate with Lithuanian ráugėti (“to belch”), Latvian raûgâtiês (“to belch”), Lithuanian rū́gti (“to turn sour, to regurgitate acid”) (1sg. rū́giu), Latvian rûgt (“to ferment?”), Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “to vomit, to disgorge, to belch out, to discharge, to roar”), ἐρυγγάνω (erungánō, “to regurgitate”), Latin rūgiō (“to roar”) (infinitive rūgīre), ērūgō (“to belch, to disgorge noisily”) (infinitive ērūgere), ructō (“to vomit, to spit out”) (infinitive ructāre), Persian آروغ (ârôğ, “belch”), Old English rocettan (“to belch”), Old Armenian ործամ (orcam, “to belch, to vomit”).
Some descendants reflect a proto-form *rigati. Per Derksen, this form may stem from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rjūˀg-, with an analogical -j- taken from *rjauˀg-, the expected development of full-grade Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg-, as in dialectal Lithuanian riáugėti (“to turn sour”) (1sg. riáugmi).


račiti

rāčìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
račenьje (noun-from-verb)
račiti (infinitive)
račitъ (supine)
račilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
račenъ (participle passive past)
račimъ (participle passive present)
račь (active participle past)
račę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
račixъ (aorist first-person singular)
rači (aorist second-person singular)
rači (aorist singular third-person)
račǫ (first-person present singular)
račiši (present second-person singular)
račitь (present singular third-person)
račixově (aorist dual first-person)
račista (aorist dual second-person)
račiste (aorist dual third-person)
račivě (dual first-person present)
račita (dual present second-person)
račite (dual present third-person)
račixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
račiste (aorist plural second-person)
račišę (aorist plural third-person)
račimъ (first-person plural present)
račite (plural present second-person)
račętь (plural present third-person)
račaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
račaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
račaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rači (imperative second-person singular)
rači (imperative singular third-person)
račaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
račaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
račaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
račivě (dual first-person imperative)
račita (dual imperative second-person)
račaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
račaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
račaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
račimъ (first-person imperative plural)
račite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: рачити (račiti, “to wish, to want”)

Belarusian: ра́чыць (ráčycʹ)

Russian: dialectal ра́чить (ráčitʹ), рачи́ть (račítʹ, “to wish, to want, to be zealous”)

Ukrainian: ра́чити (ráčyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: рачити (račiti), 1sg. рачѫ (račǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ра́ча (ráča, “to want”) (archaic)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: ра́чити се (“to feel like (+ dative)”), 1sg. ра̑чӣ се

Latin: ráčiti se (“to feel like (+ dative)”), 1sg. rȃčī se

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: ráčiti (“to wish, to want, to deign, (reflexive) to please”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. rȃčim (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desc

Czech: ráčit (“to wish, to want, (literary) to deign”)

Kashubian: rôczëc (“to invite”)

Polish: raczyć (“to deign”), raczyć się (“to savor, to relish”)

Slovak: ráčiť (“to deign”)

* Per Rix (LIV) and Vasmer, possibly related to *reťi (“to speak, to say”), from Proto-Indo-European *rek-. If so, cognate with Sanskrit रचयति (racáyati, “to make, to form, to correct”). Vasmer adds Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “count”) as an additional cognate. Rix reconstructs the PIE etymon of this verb as iterative *rōk-ye-.
* Vaillant asserts that this verb is a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *rōkijaną (“to care about”), cf. Old Norse rœkja; but Vasmer specifically denies this.


řuti

řűti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
řutьje (noun-from-verb)
řuti (infinitive)
řutъ (supine)
řulъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
řutъ (participle passive past)
rovomъ (participle passive present)
rovъ (active participle past)
rovy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
řuxъ (aorist first-person singular)
řu (aorist second-person singular)
řu (aorist singular third-person)
rovǫ (first-person present singular)
roveši (present second-person singular)
rovetь (present singular third-person)
řuxově (aorist dual first-person)
řusta (aorist dual second-person)
řuste (aorist dual third-person)
rovevě (dual first-person present)
roveta (dual present second-person)
rovete (dual present third-person)
řuxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
řuste (aorist plural second-person)
řušę (aorist plural third-person)
rovemъ (first-person plural present)
rovete (plural present second-person)
rovǫtь (plural present third-person)
rověaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
rověaše (imperfect second-person singular)
rověaše (imperfect singular third-person)
rovi (imperative second-person singular)
rovi (imperative singular third-person)
rověaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
rověašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
rověašete (dual imperfect third-person)
rověvě (dual first-person imperative)
rověta (dual imperative second-person)
rověaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
rověašete (imperfect plural second-person)
rověaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
rověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
rověte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: рюти (rjuti), рути (ruti)

Belarusian: раўці́ (raŭcí)

Russian: реве́ть (revétʹ)

Ukrainian: реві́ти (revíty), ревти́ (revtý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: роути (ruti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: рева́ (revá)

Macedonian: реве (reve)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: рѐвати

Latin script: rèvati

Slovene: rjúti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: řúti

Czech: řvát

Old Polish: rzuć

Slovak: revať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ruć

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rew- (“to roar”). Cognate with Latin rāvis (“hoarse”), rūmor (“rumor”), Sanskrit रव (rava, “roaring, howling”), Ancient Greek ὠρύομαι (ōrúomai, “to howl, roar”).