sy

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: сꙑ (sy)

→ Belarusian: су́шчы (súščy)

→ Russian: су́щий (súščij)

→ Ukrainian: су́щий (súščyj)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: су̏штӣ

Latin script: sȕštī

Bulgarian: същ (sǎšt)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сући

Latin script: sući

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jsa

Czech: jsa, jsouc, jsouce, jsoucí

Old Polish: sę, sąc, sący

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sants, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts.
Baltic cognate is
Lithuanian sañt (transgr.).
Indo-European cognates are
Sanskrit सत् (sat), सत्य (satya),
Ancient Greek ὤν (ṓn),
Latin praesēns, absēns, sōns, sonticus,
Proto-Germanic *sanþaz, *sunjaz.
According to Vasmer, Ukrainian су́тий (sútyj) may be derived from consonant stem (*sǫtь). Compare *mogǫt-, *slovǫtь, *žьmǫtь.


bi

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰹ (bi)

second-person singular conditional of *byti


bi

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰹ (bi), ⰱⰻ (bi)

Old Cyrillic script: би (bi)

Old Slovene: bi (unless *by)

third-person singular conditional of *byti


by

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бꙑ (by)

Old Ruthenian: бы (by)

Ukrainian: (dialectal) би (by)

Russian: бы (by)

Old Novgorodian: бꙑ (by)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: bi

Cyrillic script: би

Slovene: bi

West Slavic:

Old Czech: by
Czech: by

Old Polish: by
Polish: by
Silesian: by

Slovak: (poetic) by

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bë

Slovincian: bë

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: by

Upper Sorbian: by

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

second-person singular perfective aorist of *byti

third-person singular perfective aorist of *byti


biti

bìti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
bitьje (noun-from-verb)
biti (infinitive)
bitъ (supine)
bilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
bitъ (participle passive past)
bьjemъ (participle passive present)
bivъ (active participle past)
bьję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
bixъ (aorist first-person singular)
bi (aorist second-person singular)
bitъ (aorist second-person singular)
bi (aorist singular third-person)
bitъ (aorist singular third-person)
bьjǫ (first-person present singular)
bьješi (present second-person singular)
bьjetь (present singular third-person)
bixově (aorist dual first-person)
bista (aorist dual second-person)
biste (aorist dual third-person)
bьjevě (dual first-person present)
bьjeta (dual present second-person)
bьjete (dual present third-person)
bixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
biste (aorist plural second-person)
bišę (aorist plural third-person)
bьjemъ (first-person plural present)
bьjete (plural present second-person)
bьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
bьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bьji (imperative second-person singular)
bьji (imperative singular third-person)
bьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
bьjita (dual imperative second-person)
bьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bьjite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бити (biti)

Old Ruthenian: бити (biti)

Belarusian: біць (bicʹ)

Ukrainian: би́ти (býty)

Russian: бить (bitʹ)

Old Novgorodian: бити (biti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бити (biti)

Glagolitic: ⰱⰻⱅⰻ (biti)

Bulgarian: би́я (bíja)

Macedonian: бие (bie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: би̏ти

Latin script: bȉti

Slovene: bíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: bic

Old Czech: bíti

Czech: bít

Polabian: bai̯t

Old Polish: bić

Polish: bić

Slovak: biť

Slovincian: bjic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bić

Lower Sorbian: biś


viti

vìti (canonical imperfective)
vitьje (noun-from-verb)
viti (infinitive)
vitъ (supine)
vilъ (l-participle)
vitъ (participle passive past)
vьjemъ (participle passive present)
vivъ (active participle past)
vьję (active participle present)
vixъ (aorist first-person singular)
vi (aorist second-person singular)
vitъ (aorist second-person singular)
vi (aorist singular third-person)
vitъ (aorist singular third-person)
vьjǫ (first-person present singular)
vьješi (present second-person singular)
vьjetь (present singular third-person)
vixově (aorist dual first-person)
vista (aorist dual second-person)
viste (aorist dual third-person)
vьjevě (dual first-person present)
vьjeta (dual present second-person)
vьjete (dual present third-person)
vixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
viste (aorist plural second-person)
višę (aorist plural third-person)
vьjemъ (first-person plural present)
vьjete (plural present second-person)
vьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьji (imperative second-person singular)
vьji (imperative singular third-person)
vьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
vьjita (dual imperative second-person)
vьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьjite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вити (viti)

Old Ruthenian: вити (viti)

Old Belarusian: вити (viti)

Belarusian: віць (vicʹ)

Ukrainian: ви́ти (výty)

Russian: вить (vitʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: вити (viti)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰻⱅⰻ (viti)

Bulgarian: ви́я (víja)

Macedonian: ви́е (víe)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ви̏ти

Latin script: vȉti

Slovene: víti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: víti

Czech: vít

Old Polish: wić

Polish: wić

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wic

Slovak: viť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wiś

Upper Sorbian: wić

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y-. Cognates with Latvian vît, Lithuanian výti, Latin viere, Albanian vithe.


šaliti

šaľenьje (noun-from-verb)
šaliti (infinitive)
šalitъ (supine)
šalilъ (l-participle)
šaľenъ (participle passive past)
šalimъ (participle passive present)
šaľь (active participle past)
šalę (active participle present)
šalixъ (aorist first-person singular)
šali (aorist second-person singular)
šali (aorist singular third-person)
šaľǫ (first-person present singular)
šališi (present second-person singular)
šalitь (present singular third-person)
šalixově (aorist dual first-person)
šalista (aorist dual second-person)
šaliste (aorist dual third-person)
šalivě (dual first-person present)
šalita (dual present second-person)
šalite (dual present third-person)
šalixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
šaliste (aorist plural second-person)
šališę (aorist plural third-person)
šalimъ (first-person plural present)
šalite (plural present second-person)
šalętь (plural present third-person)
šaľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
šaľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
šaľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
šali (imperative second-person singular)
šali (imperative singular third-person)
šaľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
šaľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
šaľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
šalivě (dual first-person imperative)
šalita (dual imperative second-person)
šaľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
šaľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
šaľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
šalimъ (first-person imperative plural)
šalite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: шалíць (šalícʹ)

Russian: шали́ть (šalítʹ)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ша̏лити

Latin script: šȁliti

Slovene: šalíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: šáliti

Czech: šálit

Polish: szalić

Slovak: šiаliť

By surface analysis, *šalъ + *-iti.
Possibly, related to *naxalъ (“an impudent or insolent person”).

to madden?, to rage?, to frolic?, to ramp?


raditi

raďenьje (noun-from-verb)
raditi (infinitive)
raditъ (supine)
radilъ (l-participle)
raďenъ (participle passive past)
radimъ (participle passive present)
raďь (active participle past)
radę (active participle present)
radixъ (aorist first-person singular)
radi (aorist second-person singular)
radi (aorist singular third-person)
raďǫ (first-person present singular)
radiši (present second-person singular)
raditь (present singular third-person)
radixově (aorist dual first-person)
radista (aorist dual second-person)
radiste (aorist dual third-person)
radivě (dual first-person present)
radita (dual present second-person)
radite (dual present third-person)
radixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
radiste (aorist plural second-person)
radišę (aorist plural third-person)
radimъ (first-person plural present)
radite (plural present second-person)
radętь (plural present third-person)
raďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
raďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
raďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
radi (imperative second-person singular)
radi (imperative singular third-person)
raďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
raďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
raďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
radivě (dual first-person imperative)
radita (dual imperative second-person)
raďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
raďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
raďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
radimъ (first-person imperative plural)
radite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: радити (raditi, “to care about”)

Belarusian: радзе́ць (radzjécʹ, “to carry out a rite”)

Russian: раде́ть (radétʹ, “to take care of, to carry out a rite”), ради́ть (radítʹ, “to take care of”) (Vologda dialectal), ра́дить (ráditʹ, “to advise”) (Pskov dialectal)

Ukrainian: ра́дити (rádyty, “to advise”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: радити (raditi, “to care about”)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⰰⰴⰹⱅⰹ (raditi)

Bulgarian: раде́я (radéja, “to care about, to attempt”) (literary), радя́ (radjá) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра́дити (“to work, to do”)

Latin script: ráditi (“to work, to do”)

West Slavic:

Czech: radit (“to advise, confer, consult”)

Kashubian: radzëc (“to advise, cope, deal with, remedy, consult”)

Old Polish: radzić (“to advise”)

Polish: radzić (“to advise, cope, deal with, remedy, consult”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rā́ˀdīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂roh₁dʰéyeti, from *h₂reh₁-dʰh₁- (“to think about, ponder; to put in order, arrange”).
Per Vasmer, cognate with Sanskrit राध्यति (rā́dhyati), राध्नोति (rādhnóti, “to succeed, to cope”), राध्यते (rā́dhyate, “to succeed”), राधयति (rādhayati, “to commit”), Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāδaⁱti, “to correct”), 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (rāda, “trustee”), Ossetian рад (rad, “order, row”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (garēdan, “to foresee”), Old Saxon rādan (“to advise, to plan”), English read, as well as Gothic 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rōdjan, “to speak”), Lithuanian ródyti (“to show”), Old Irish imm·rádim (“to ponder”).


jebati

jebàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
jebanьje (noun-from-verb)
jebati (infinitive)
jebatъ (supine)
jebalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
jebanъ (participle passive past)
jebomъ (participle passive present)
jebavъ (active participle past)
jeby (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
jebaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jeba (aorist second-person singular)
jeba (aorist singular third-person)
jebǫ (first-person present singular)
jebeši (present second-person singular)
jebetь (present singular third-person)
jebaxově (aorist dual first-person)
jebasta (aorist dual second-person)
jebaste (aorist dual third-person)
jebevě (dual first-person present)
jebeta (dual present second-person)
jebete (dual present third-person)
jebaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jebaste (aorist plural second-person)
jebašę (aorist plural third-person)
jebemъ (first-person plural present)
jebete (plural present second-person)
jebǫtь (plural present third-person)
jebaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jebaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jebaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
jebi (imperative second-person singular)
jebi (imperative singular third-person)
jebaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jebaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jebaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
jeběvě (dual first-person imperative)
jeběta (dual imperative second-person)
jebaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jebaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jebaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
jeběmъ (first-person imperative plural)
jeběte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *ѥбати (*jebati)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: *єбати (*jebati)
Belarusian: яба́ць (jabácʹ), еба́ць (jebácʹ)
Ukrainian: їба́ти (jibáty), єба́ти (jebáty)

desc

Russian: еба́ть (jebátʹ), еба́ться (jebátʹsja); ёбать (jóbatʹ) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: ѥбати (jebati)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: еба́ (ebá)

Macedonian: ебе (ebe); ја́ба (jába) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

је̑бати (dated)

Cyrillic script: јѐбати; је̑бати (dated)

Latin script: jèbati; jȇbati (dated)

Slovene: jẹ̑bati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jebati

Czech: jebat

Old Slovak: jebať

Slovak: jebať

Polish: jebać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jôbac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jebaś

Upper Sorbian: jebać


glodati

glodàti (canonical)
glodanьje (noun-from-verb)
glodati (infinitive)
glodatъ (supine)
glodalъ (l-participle)
glodanъ (participle passive past)
gloďemъ (participle passive present)
glodavъ (active participle past)
gloďę (active participle present)
glodaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gloda (aorist second-person singular)
gloda (aorist singular third-person)
gloďǫ (first-person present singular)
gloďeši (present second-person singular)
gloďetь (present singular third-person)
glodaxově (aorist dual first-person)
glodasta (aorist dual second-person)
glodaste (aorist dual third-person)
gloďevě (dual first-person present)
gloďeta (dual present second-person)
gloďete (dual present third-person)
glodaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
glodaste (aorist plural second-person)
glodašę (aorist plural third-person)
gloďemъ (first-person plural present)
gloďete (plural present second-person)
gloďǫtь (plural present third-person)
glodaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
glodaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
glodaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gloďi (imperative second-person singular)
gloďi (imperative singular third-person)
glodaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
glodaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
glodaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gloďivě (dual first-person imperative)
gloďita (dual imperative second-person)
glodaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
glodaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
glodaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gloďimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gloďite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глодати (glodati)

Russian: глода́ть (glodátʹ)

Ukrainian: глода́ти (hlodáty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гло́ждя (glóždja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гло̀дати

Latin script: glòdati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: glọ́dati, glódati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hlodati

Czech: hlodat

Polish: głodać

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hłodać

Lower Sorbian: głodaś (“to scratch”)


praviti

pràviti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
pravľenьje (noun-from-verb)
praviti (infinitive)
pravitъ (supine)
pravilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
pravľenъ (participle passive past)
pravimъ (participle passive present)
pravľь (active participle past)
pravę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
pravixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pravi (aorist second-person singular)
pravi (aorist singular third-person)
pravľǫ (first-person present singular)
praviši (present second-person singular)
pravitь (present singular third-person)
pravixově (aorist dual first-person)
pravista (aorist dual second-person)
praviste (aorist dual third-person)
pravivě (dual first-person present)
pravita (dual present second-person)
pravite (dual present third-person)
pravixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
praviste (aorist plural second-person)
pravišę (aorist plural third-person)
pravimъ (first-person plural present)
pravite (plural present second-person)
pravętь (plural present third-person)
pravľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pravľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pravľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pravi (imperative second-person singular)
pravi (imperative singular third-person)
pravľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pravľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pravľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pravivě (dual first-person imperative)
pravita (dual imperative second-person)
pravľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pravľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pravľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pravimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pravite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: правити (praviti)
Old Ruthenian: пра́вити (práviti)
Belarusian: пра́віць (právicʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: пра́вити (právyty)
Ukrainian: пра́вити (právyty)
Russian: пра́вить (právitʹ)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: правити (praviti)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰰⰲⰻⱅⰻ (praviti)

Bulgarian: пра́вя (právja)

Macedonian: прави (pravi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра̏вити

Latin script: prȁviti

Slovene: práviti (tonal orthography)

(Črni vrh, Idrija): prȃi̯ť

West Slavic

Old Czech: praviti

Czech: pravit

Moravian (Mistřice): pravit

Old Polish: prawić

Polish: prawić

Slovincian: prawjic

Slovak: praviť

From *pravъ (“right, straight”) + *-iti.

(transitive) to straighten, to order, to adjust (to set or make straight, right, level, correct)

→ to rule, to control, to lead, to be in charge (possibly a calque of Latin regō or Ancient Greek ἄρχω (árkhō))

(transitive, intransitive) to tell, to discourse, to convey (to pass information, opinion, orders, verdicts)

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to pretend, to comply


porti

b (accent-paradigm)
portьje (noun-from-verb)
porti (infinitive)
portъ (supine)
porlъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
portъ (participle passive past)
pořemъ (participle passive present)
porvъ (active participle past)
pořę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
porxъ (aorist first-person singular)
por (aorist second-person singular)
por (aorist singular third-person)
pořǫ (first-person present singular)
pořeši (present second-person singular)
pořetь (present singular third-person)
porxově (aorist dual first-person)
porsta (aorist dual second-person)
porste (aorist dual third-person)
pořevě (dual first-person present)
pořeta (dual present second-person)
pořete (dual present third-person)
porxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
porste (aorist plural second-person)
poršę (aorist plural third-person)
pořemъ (first-person plural present)
pořete (plural present second-person)
pořǫtь (plural present third-person)
pořaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pořaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pořaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
poři (imperative second-person singular)
poři (imperative singular third-person)
pořaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pořaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pořaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pořivě (dual first-person imperative)
pořita (dual imperative second-person)
pořaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pořaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pořaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pořimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pořite (imperative plural second-person)
pořenьje (noun-from-verb)
poriti (infinitive)
poritъ (supine)
porilъ (l-participle)
pořenъ (participle passive past)
porimъ (participle passive present)
pořь (active participle past)
porę (active participle present)
porixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pori (aorist second-person singular)
pori (aorist singular third-person)
pořǫ (first-person present singular)
poriši (present second-person singular)
poritь (present singular third-person)
porixově (aorist dual first-person)
porista (aorist dual second-person)
poriste (aorist dual third-person)
porivě (dual first-person present)
porita (dual present second-person)
porite (dual present third-person)
porixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
poriste (aorist plural second-person)
porišę (aorist plural third-person)
porimъ (first-person plural present)
porite (plural present second-person)
porętь (plural present third-person)
pořaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pořaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pořaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pori (imperative second-person singular)
pori (imperative singular third-person)
pořaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pořaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pořaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
porivě (dual first-person imperative)
porita (dual imperative second-person)
pořaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pořaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pořaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
porimъ (first-person imperative plural)
porite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: прати (prati, “to cut”)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пороти (poroti)

Belarusian: паро́ць (parócʹ)

Russian: поро́ть (porótʹ)

Ukrainian: поро́ти (poróty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: по́ря (pórja)

Macedonian: *пори (*pori)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̀рити

Latin script: pòriti, porȉti

Slovene: práti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: pòrc

Polish: próć (obsolete), pruć

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: próć

Lower Sorbian: projś

From Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognate with Ancient Greek πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”), πόρος (póros).
* Черных: also περάω (peráō), Sanskrit पिपर्ति (píparti, “to overcome, to resist, to bring across”)
* Vasmer: also ἔπαρον (éparon), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran, “to travel”) and related to Russian Church Slavonic напери (naperi), разперу (razperu)=разпорѭ (razporjǫ) (and *perti, *pьrtь, *pariti, *pero, *porporъ)


uti

ùti (canonical perfective)
uvati (imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
utьje (noun-from-verb)
uti (infinitive)
utъ (supine)
ulъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
utъ (participle passive past)
uvъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
uxъ (aorist first-person singular)
u (aorist second-person singular)
u (aorist singular third-person)
ujǫ (first-person present singular)
uješi (present second-person singular)
ujetь (present singular third-person)
uxově (aorist dual first-person)
usta (aorist dual second-person)
uste (aorist dual third-person)
ujevě (dual first-person present)
ujeta (dual present second-person)
ujete (dual present third-person)
uxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
uste (aorist plural second-person)
ušę (aorist plural third-person)
ujemъ (first-person plural present)
ujete (plural present second-person)
ujǫtь (plural present third-person)
uji (imperative second-person singular)
uji (imperative singular third-person)
ujivě (dual first-person imperative)
ujita (dual imperative second-person)
ujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: -у́ть (-útʹ)

Attested in derivatives. Formally reflects Proto-Balto-Slavic *áutei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ew-. Cognate with Lithuanian aũti, Latvian àut.

navuťa

with a prothetic v, for a similar change compare *navykъ


piti

pìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
pitьje (noun-from-verb)
piti (infinitive)
pitъ (supine)
pilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pitъ (participle passive past)
pьjemъ (participle passive present)
pivъ (active participle past)
pьję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pi (aorist second-person singular)
pitъ (aorist second-person singular)
pi (aorist singular third-person)
pitъ (aorist singular third-person)
pьjǫ (first-person present singular)
pьješi (present second-person singular)
pьjetь (present singular third-person)
pixově (aorist dual first-person)
pista (aorist dual second-person)
piste (aorist dual third-person)
pьjevě (dual first-person present)
pьjeta (dual present second-person)
pьjete (dual present third-person)
pixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
piste (aorist plural second-person)
pišę (aorist plural third-person)
pьjemъ (first-person plural present)
pьjete (plural present second-person)
pьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pьji (imperative second-person singular)
pьji (imperative singular third-person)
pьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
pьjita (dual imperative second-person)
pьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pьjite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пити (piti)

Old Ruthenian: пи́ти (píti)

Belarusian: піць (picʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: пи́ти (pýty)

Ukrainian: пи́ти (pýty)

Russian: пить (pitʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пити (piti)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⰻⱅⰻ (piti)

Bulgarian: пи́я (píja)

Macedonian: пи́е (píe)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пи̏ти

Latin script: pȉti

Slovene: píti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: píti

Czech: pít

Polabian: pait

Polish: pić

→ German: pitschen

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pic

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: пиц (pic)

Slovak: piť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pić

Lower Sorbian: piś

Ultimately from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pītei, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-, with differing explanations:
* Derksen: *ph₃i-
* Černyx: *pō(y)- : *pī- (“to drink”)
* Vasmer: related to *pōy- : *pī-
Cognates include Lithuanian puotà (“drinking spree, wassail”), Old Prussian pōuton (“to drink”), poieiti (“drink (imperative)”), Sanskrit पाति (pāti, “he drinks”), पाययति (pāyayati, “to give to drink”), Sanskrit पिबति (pibati, “he drinks”), पीत (pīta, “drunk”), Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis, “the act of drinking”), πίνω (pínō, “I drink”), πώνω (pṓnō, “I drink”), Latin pōtus (“drunk, having been drunk”), and (from reduplicated present stem), Latin bibō (“I drink”) (earlier *pibō), Albanian pi (“I drink”), Old Irish ibid (“to drink”).


pitati

pitanьje (noun-from-verb)
pitati (infinitive)
pitatъ (supine)
pitalъ (l-participle)
pitanъ (participle passive past)
pitajemъ (participle passive present)
pitavъ (active participle past)
pitaję (active participle present)
pitaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pita (aorist second-person singular)
pita (aorist singular third-person)
pitajǫ (first-person present singular)
pitaješi (present second-person singular)
pitajetь (present singular third-person)
pitaxově (aorist dual first-person)
pitasta (aorist dual second-person)
pitaste (aorist dual third-person)
pitajevě (dual first-person present)
pitajeta (dual present second-person)
pitajete (dual present third-person)
pitaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pitaste (aorist plural second-person)
pitašę (aorist plural third-person)
pitajemъ (first-person plural present)
pitajete (plural present second-person)
pitajǫtь (plural present third-person)
pitaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pitaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pitaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pitaji (imperative second-person singular)
pitaji (imperative singular third-person)
pitaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pitaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pitaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pitajivě (dual first-person imperative)
pitajita (dual imperative second-person)
pitaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pitaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pitaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pitajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pitajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: питати (pitati), 1sg. питаю (pitaju)

Russian: пита́ть (pitátʹ), 1sg. пита́ю (pitáju)

Ukrainian: (пропита́ти (propytáty))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: питати (pitati, “to feed, to raise”), 1sg. питаѭ (pitajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: пита́я (pitája)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пи̏тати, 1sg. пи̏та̄м

Latin: pȉtati, 1sg. pȉtām

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: pítati (“to fatten, to feed”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. pȋtam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pitati

From the root of *pìťa (“food”) (from Proto-Indo-European *peyt-) + *-ati.


mesti

mestì (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
metenьje (noun-from-verb)
mesti (infinitive)
mestъ (supine)
metlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
metenъ (participle passive past)
metomъ (participle passive present)
metъ (active participle past)
mety (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
metъ (aorist first-person singular)
metoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mete (aorist second-person singular)
mete (aorist singular third-person)
metǫ (first-person present singular)
meteši (present second-person singular)
metetь (present singular third-person)
metově (aorist dual first-person)
metoxově (aorist dual first-person)
meteta (aorist dual second-person)
metosta (aorist dual second-person)
metete (aorist dual third-person)
metoste (aorist dual third-person)
metevě (dual first-person present)
meteta (dual present second-person)
metete (dual present third-person)
metomъ (aorist first-person plural)
metoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
metete (aorist plural second-person)
metoste (aorist plural second-person)
metǫ (aorist plural third-person)
metošę (aorist plural third-person)
metemъ (first-person plural present)
metete (plural present second-person)
metǫtь (plural present third-person)
metěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
metěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
metěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
meti (imperative second-person singular)
meti (imperative singular third-person)
metěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
metěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
metěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
metěvě (dual first-person imperative)
metěta (dual imperative second-person)
metěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
metěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
metěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
metěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
metěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мести (mesti)

Belarusian: ме́сці (mjésci)

Russian: мести́ (mestí)

Ukrainian: мести́ (mestý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мести (mesti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: мета́ (metá)

Macedonian: мете (mete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мѐсти

Latin script: mèsti

Slovene: mésti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: mést

Kashubian: miesc

Old Polish: mieść

Polish: mieść

Slovak: miesť (archaic)

Slovincian: mjêsc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mjesć

Lower Sorbian: mjasć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *met-. Per Derksen, possibly related to Latin metō (“to mow, to harvest”), Welsh medi (“to reap”), although many sources indicate no cognates outside of Balto-Slavic. According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian mèsti (“to throw”) (1sg. metù, 3sg. mẽta), Latvian mest (“to throw”) (3sg. mȩt), Old Prussian pomests (“submissive”, perf. pass. part.), pomettīwingi (“obedient”, masc. nom. pl.). Also cognate with Lithuanian métyti (“to throw”) (1sg. métau), Latvian mẽtât.


suti

sutьje (noun-from-verb)
suti (infinitive)
sutъ (supine)
sulъ (l-participle)
sutъ (participle passive past)
sъpomъ (participle passive present)
suvъ (active participle past)
sъpy (active participle present)
suxъ (aorist first-person singular)
su (aorist second-person singular)
su (aorist singular third-person)
sъpǫ (first-person present singular)
sъpeši (present second-person singular)
sъpetь (present singular third-person)
suxově (aorist dual first-person)
susta (aorist dual second-person)
suste (aorist dual third-person)
sъpevě (dual first-person present)
sъpeta (dual present second-person)
sъpete (dual present third-person)
suxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
suste (aorist plural second-person)
sušę (aorist plural third-person)
sъpemъ (first-person plural present)
sъpete (plural present second-person)
sъpǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъpěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъpěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъpěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъpi (imperative second-person singular)
sъpi (imperative singular third-person)
sъpěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъpěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъpěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъpěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sъpěta (dual imperative second-person)
sъpěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъpěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъpěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъpěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъpěte (imperative plural second-person)
sutьje (noun-from-verb)
suti (infinitive)
sutъ (supine)
sulъ (l-participle)
sutъ (participle passive past)
sъpomъ (participle passive present)
suvъ (active participle past)
sъpy (active participle present)
sъpъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъpoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъpe (aorist second-person singular)
sъpe (aorist singular third-person)
sъpǫ (first-person present singular)
sъpeši (present second-person singular)
sъpetь (present singular third-person)
sъpově (aorist dual first-person)
sъpoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъpeta (aorist dual second-person)
sъposta (aorist dual second-person)
sъpete (aorist dual third-person)
sъposte (aorist dual third-person)
sъpevě (dual first-person present)
sъpeta (dual present second-person)
sъpete (dual present third-person)
sъpomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъpoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъpete (aorist plural second-person)
sъposte (aorist plural second-person)
sъpǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sъpošę (aorist plural third-person)
sъpemъ (first-person plural present)
sъpete (plural present second-person)
sъpǫtь (plural present third-person)
sъpěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъpěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъpěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъpi (imperative second-person singular)
sъpi (imperative singular third-person)
sъpěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъpěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъpěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъpěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sъpěta (dual imperative second-person)
sъpěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъpěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъpěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъpěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъpěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сути (suti)

⇒ Russian: су́то (súto, adv.)

⇒ Ukrainian: су́тий (sútyj, adj.)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сути (suti)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱆⱅⰻ (suti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̀сӯти

Latin script: ràsūti

Slovene: súti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: súti

Czech: souti (obsolete)

desctree

Old Polish: suć
Polish: suć (obsolete)
Silesian: suć

Slovak: suť

From Proto-Indo-European *sowp-. Cognate with Lithuanian sùpti (“to rock, cradle”).


činiti

činìti (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
čiňenьje (noun-from-verb)
činiti (infinitive)
činitъ (supine)
činilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
čiňenъ (participle passive past)
činimъ (participle passive present)
čiňь (active participle past)
činę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
činixъ (aorist first-person singular)
čini (aorist second-person singular)
čini (aorist singular third-person)
čiňǫ (first-person present singular)
činiši (present second-person singular)
činitь (present singular third-person)
činixově (aorist dual first-person)
činista (aorist dual second-person)
činiste (aorist dual third-person)
činivě (dual first-person present)
činita (dual present second-person)
činite (dual present third-person)
činixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
činiste (aorist plural second-person)
činišę (aorist plural third-person)
činimъ (first-person plural present)
činite (plural present second-person)
činętь (plural present third-person)
čiňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čiňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čiňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čini (imperative second-person singular)
čini (imperative singular third-person)
čiňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čiňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čiňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
činivě (dual first-person imperative)
činita (dual imperative second-person)
čiňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čiňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čiňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
činimъ (first-person imperative plural)
činite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: чыні́ць (čynícʹ)

Russian: чини́ть (činítʹ)

Ukrainian: чини́ти (čynýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чинити (činiti)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰻⱀⰻⱅⰻ (činiti)

Bulgarian: чи́ня (čínja)

Macedonian: чини (čini)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чѝнити

Latin script: čìniti

Slovene: číniti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: činiti

Czech: činit

Kashubian: czënic

Polish: czynić

Slovak: činiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: činić

Lower Sorbian: cyniś

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: csinál

Causative-iterative of *činǫti (“to probe, to gauge”) + *-iti (cognate with Ancient Greek τῐ́νω (tínō, “to pay honor”)) and/or related noun *činъ (“rank, status”) + *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to enquire, to evaluate”) < *kʷ- (interrogative particle).

činovьnikъ

*činьnъ, *činovъ (“official, functional”)

→ to prepare, to commence

→ to compile, to conjure

→ to accomplish, to fulfill

→ to raise, to set up

(intransitive, abstract) to constitute, to stand for, to be worth


gasiti

gasìti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
gašenьje (noun-from-verb)
gasiti (infinitive)
gasitъ (supine)
gasilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
gašenъ (participle passive past)
gasimъ (participle passive present)
gašь (active participle past)
gasę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
gasixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gasi (aorist second-person singular)
gasi (aorist singular third-person)
gašǫ (first-person present singular)
gasiši (present second-person singular)
gasitь (present singular third-person)
gasixově (aorist dual first-person)
gasista (aorist dual second-person)
gasiste (aorist dual third-person)
gasivě (dual first-person present)
gasita (dual present second-person)
gasite (dual present third-person)
gasixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gasiste (aorist plural second-person)
gasišę (aorist plural third-person)
gasimъ (first-person plural present)
gasite (plural present second-person)
gasętь (plural present third-person)
gašaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gašaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gašaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gasi (imperative second-person singular)
gasi (imperative singular third-person)
gašaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gašaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gašaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gasivě (dual first-person imperative)
gasita (dual imperative second-person)
gašaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gašaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gašaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gasimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gasite (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
gašenьje (noun-from-verb)
gasiti (infinitive)
gasitъ (supine)
gasilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
gašenъ (participle passive past)
gasimъ (participle passive present)
gašь (active participle past)
gasę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
gasixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gasi (aorist second-person singular)
gasi (aorist singular third-person)
gašǫ (first-person present singular)
gasiši (present second-person singular)
gasitь (present singular third-person)
gasixově (aorist dual first-person)
gasista (aorist dual second-person)
gasiste (aorist dual third-person)
gasivě (dual first-person present)
gasita (dual present second-person)
gasite (dual present third-person)
gasixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gasiste (aorist plural second-person)
gasišę (aorist plural third-person)
gasimъ (first-person plural present)
gasite (plural present second-person)
gasętь (plural present third-person)
gašaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gašaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gašaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gasi (imperative second-person singular)
gasi (imperative singular third-person)
gašaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gašaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gašaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gasivě (dual first-person imperative)
gasita (dual imperative second-person)
gašaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gašaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gašaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gasimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gasite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гасити (gasiti)

Old Belarusian: гасити (hasiti)

Belarusian: гасі́ць (hasícʹ)

Ukrainian: гаси́ти (hasýty)

Russian: гаси́ть (gasítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: оугасити (ugasiti)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: гася́ (gasjá)

Macedonian: гаси (gasi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га́сити

Latin script: gásiti

Slovene: gasīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hasiti

Czech: hasit

Kashubian: gasëc

Polabian: gosĕ (3sg.)

Polish: gasić

Slovak: hasiť

Slovincian: gasëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hasyć

Lower Sorbian: gasyś

Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷōs-eye-, lengthened causative of *(s)gʷes-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian gesýti (“to extinguish”), 1sg. gesaũ, gèsti (“to be extinguished, to go out”), 1sg. gestù, Latvian dzēst (“to extinguish”), dzist (“to be extinguished, to go out”). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit जसते (jásate, “to be extinguished”), जासयति (jāsáyati, “to extinguish, to exhaust”), Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi, “to extinguish”).


dati

dàti (canonical perfective)
davati (imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
danьje (noun-from-verb)
dati (infinitive)
datъ (supine)
dalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
danъ (participle passive past)
davъ (active participle past)
dady (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
daxъ (aorist first-person singular)
da (aorist second-person singular)
dastъ (aorist second-person singular)
da (aorist singular third-person)
dastъ (aorist singular third-person)
damь (first-person present singular)
dasi (present second-person singular)
dastь (present singular third-person)
daxově (aorist dual first-person)
dasta (aorist dual second-person)
daste (aorist dual third-person)
davě (dual first-person present)
dasta (dual present second-person)
daste (dual present third-person)
daxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
daste (aorist plural second-person)
dašę (aorist plural third-person)
damъ (first-person plural present)
daste (plural present second-person)
dadętь (plural present third-person)
daděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
daděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
daděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
daďь (imperative second-person singular)
daďь (imperative singular third-person)
daděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
daděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
daděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dadivě (dual first-person imperative)
dadita (dual imperative second-person)
daděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
daděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
daděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dadimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dadite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дати (dati)

Belarusian: да́ць (dácʹ)

Russian: да́ть (dátʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: да́ти (dáty)

Ukrainian: да́ти (dáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дати (dati)

Glagolitic: ⰴⰰⱅⰹ (dati)

Bulgarian: дам (dam)

Macedonian: даде (dade)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: да̏ти

Latin script: dȁti

Slovene: dáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dáti
Czech: dát

desctree

Old Polish: dać
Polish: dać
Silesian: dać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dac

Slovincian: dac

Slovak: dať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dać, das

Lower Sorbian: daś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dṓˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti.


stati

stàti (canonical perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
statьje (noun-from-verb)
stati (infinitive)
statъ (supine)
stalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
stavъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
staxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sta (aorist second-person singular)
sta (aorist singular third-person)
stanǫ (first-person present singular)
staneši (present second-person singular)
stanetь (present singular third-person)
staxově (aorist dual first-person)
stasta (aorist dual second-person)
staste (aorist dual third-person)
stanevě (dual first-person present)
staneta (dual present second-person)
stanete (dual present third-person)
staxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
staste (aorist plural second-person)
stašę (aorist plural third-person)
stanemъ (first-person plural present)
stanete (plural present second-person)
stanǫtь (plural present third-person)
stani (imperative second-person singular)
stani (imperative singular third-person)
staněvě (dual first-person imperative)
staněta (dual imperative second-person)
staněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
staněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стати (stati)

Belarusian: стаць (stacʹ)

Russian: стать (statʹ)

Ukrainian: стати (staty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: стати (stati)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱅⰰⱅⰻ (stati)

Bulgarian: ста́на (stána)

Macedonian: стане (stane)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ста̏ти

Latin script: stȁti

Slovene: státi (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: státi
Czech: stát

Old Polish: stać
Polish: stać
Silesian: stać

Slovak: stať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: stac

Slovincian: stac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: stać

Lower Sorbian: stojaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *stā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂yeti, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.


pasti

c (accent-paradigm)
pasenьje (noun-from-verb)
pasti (infinitive)
pastъ (supine)
paslъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pasenъ (participle passive past)
pasomъ (participle passive present)
pasъ (active participle past)
pasy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pasъ (aorist first-person singular)
pasoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pase (aorist second-person singular)
pase (aorist singular third-person)
pasǫ (first-person present singular)
paseši (present second-person singular)
pasetь (present singular third-person)
pasově (aorist dual first-person)
pasoxově (aorist dual first-person)
paseta (aorist dual second-person)
pasosta (aorist dual second-person)
pasete (aorist dual third-person)
pasoste (aorist dual third-person)
pasevě (dual first-person present)
paseta (dual present second-person)
pasete (dual present third-person)
pasomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pasoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pasete (aorist plural second-person)
pasoste (aorist plural second-person)
pasǫ (aorist plural third-person)
pasošę (aorist plural third-person)
pasemъ (first-person plural present)
pasete (plural present second-person)
pasǫtь (plural present third-person)
pasěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pasěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pasěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pasi (imperative second-person singular)
pasi (imperative singular third-person)
pasěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pasěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pasěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pasěvě (dual first-person imperative)
pasěta (dual imperative second-person)
pasěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pasěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pasěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pasěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
pasěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пасти (pasti)

Belarusian:

Russian: пасти́ (pastí)

Ukrainian: па́сти (pásty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: пасти (pasti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: паса́ (pasá)

Macedonian: пасе (pase)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̏сти

Latin script: pȁsti

Slovene: pásti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pásti

Czech: pást

Polabian: păst

Polish: paść

Yiddish: פּאַשען (pashen)

Slovak: pásť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pasć

Lower Sorbian: pasć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pāˀstéi, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂sti, the s-present extension of *peh₂- (“to protect”).


pasti

pàsti (canonical perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
padenьje (noun-from-verb)
pasti (infinitive)
pastъ (supine)
padlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
padenъ (participle passive past)
padъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
padъ (aorist first-person singular)
padoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pade (aorist second-person singular)
pade (aorist singular third-person)
padǫ (first-person present singular)
padeši (present second-person singular)
padetь (present singular third-person)
padově (aorist dual first-person)
padoxově (aorist dual first-person)
padeta (aorist dual second-person)
padosta (aorist dual second-person)
padete (aorist dual third-person)
padoste (aorist dual third-person)
padevě (dual first-person present)
padeta (dual present second-person)
padete (dual present third-person)
padomъ (aorist first-person plural)
padoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
padete (aorist plural second-person)
padoste (aorist plural second-person)
padǫ (aorist plural third-person)
padošę (aorist plural third-person)
pademъ (first-person plural present)
padete (plural present second-person)
padǫtь (plural present third-person)
padi (imperative second-person singular)
padi (imperative singular third-person)
paděvě (dual first-person imperative)
paděta (dual imperative second-person)
paděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
paděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: па́сці (pásci)

Russian: пасть (pastʹ)

Ukrainian: па́сти (pásty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: пасти (pasti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: па́дна (pádna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̏сти

Latin script: pȁsti

Slovene: pásti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pásti

Polish: paść

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pṓˀstei, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-.


liti

lìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
litьje (noun-from-verb)
liti (infinitive)
litъ (supine)
lilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
litъ (participle passive past)
lějemъ (participle passive present)
livъ (active participle past)
lěję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
lixъ (aorist first-person singular)
li (aorist second-person singular)
li (aorist singular third-person)
lějǫ (first-person present singular)
lěješi (present second-person singular)
lějetь (present singular third-person)
lixově (aorist dual first-person)
lista (aorist dual second-person)
liste (aorist dual third-person)
lějevě (dual first-person present)
lějeta (dual present second-person)
lějete (dual present third-person)
lixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
liste (aorist plural second-person)
lišę (aorist plural third-person)
lějemъ (first-person plural present)
lějete (plural present second-person)
lějǫtь (plural present third-person)
lěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lěji (imperative second-person singular)
lěji (imperative singular third-person)
lěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lějivě (dual first-person imperative)
lějita (dual imperative second-person)
lěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lějite (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
litьje (noun-from-verb)
liti (infinitive)
litъ (supine)
lilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
litъ (participle passive past)
lijemъ (participle passive present)
livъ (active participle past)
liję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
lixъ (aorist first-person singular)
li (aorist second-person singular)
li (aorist singular third-person)
lijǫ (first-person present singular)
liješi (present second-person singular)
lijetь (present singular third-person)
lixově (aorist dual first-person)
lista (aorist dual second-person)
liste (aorist dual third-person)
lijevě (dual first-person present)
lijeta (dual present second-person)
lijete (dual present third-person)
lixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
liste (aorist plural second-person)
lišę (aorist plural third-person)
lijemъ (first-person plural present)
lijete (plural present second-person)
lijǫtь (plural present third-person)
lijaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lijaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lijaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
liji (imperative second-person singular)
liji (imperative singular third-person)
lijaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lijaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lijaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lijivě (dual first-person imperative)
lijita (dual imperative second-person)
lijaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lijaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lijaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lijimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lijite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лити (liti)

Belarusian: ліць (licʹ)

Russian: лить (litʹ)

Ukrainian: ли́ти (lýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: лити (liti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ле́я (léja)

Macedonian: лее (lee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ли̏ти

Latin script: lȉti

Slovene: líti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: líti

Czech: lít

Polabian: lėjĕ (3sg)

Old Polish: lać

Polish: lać

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: ляц (ljac)

Slovak: liať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: leć

Lower Sorbian: laś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *leˀitei, from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”).
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian líeti, Latvian liêt, Old Prussian pralieiton (“shed”).
Indo-European cognates include
Ancient Greek λείβω (leíbō, “to shed, to pour”), Middle Welsh dillyd (“to pour out”).


kopati

kopàti (canonical imperfective)
kopnǫti (perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanьje (noun-from-verb)
kopati (infinitive)
kopatъ (supine)
kopalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanъ (participle passive past)
kopľemъ (participle passive present)
kopavъ (active participle past)
kopľę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopa (aorist second-person singular)
kopa (aorist singular third-person)
kopľǫ (first-person present singular)
kopľeši (present second-person singular)
kopľetь (present singular third-person)
kopaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopasta (aorist dual second-person)
kopaste (aorist dual third-person)
kopľevě (dual first-person present)
kopľeta (dual present second-person)
kopľete (dual present third-person)
kopaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopaste (aorist plural second-person)
kopašę (aorist plural third-person)
kopľemъ (first-person plural present)
kopľete (plural present second-person)
kopľǫtь (plural present third-person)
kopaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopľi (imperative second-person singular)
kopľi (imperative singular third-person)
kopaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopľivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopľita (dual imperative second-person)
kopaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopľite (imperative plural second-person)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanьje (noun-from-verb)
kopati (infinitive)
kopatъ (supine)
kopalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanъ (participle passive past)
kopajemъ (participle passive present)
kopavъ (active participle past)
kopaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopa (aorist second-person singular)
kopa (aorist singular third-person)
kopajǫ (first-person present singular)
kopaješi (present second-person singular)
kopajetь (present singular third-person)
kopaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopasta (aorist dual second-person)
kopaste (aorist dual third-person)
kopajevě (dual first-person present)
kopajeta (dual present second-person)
kopajete (dual present third-person)
kopaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopaste (aorist plural second-person)
kopašę (aorist plural third-person)
kopajemъ (first-person plural present)
kopajete (plural present second-person)
kopajǫtь (plural present third-person)
kopaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopaji (imperative second-person singular)
kopaji (imperative singular third-person)
kopaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopajivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopajita (dual imperative second-person)
kopaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копати (kopati)

Belarusian: капа́ць (kapácʹ)

Russian: копа́ть (kopátʹ)

Ukrainian: копа́ти (kopáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: копати (kopati)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱂⰰⱅⰻ (kopati)

Bulgarian: копа́я (kopája) (standard), ко́пам (kópam) (colloquial)

Macedonian: копа (kopa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀пати

Latin script: kòpati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kópati, kopáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: kòpac

Old Czech: kopati

Czech: kopat

Polish: kopać

Slovak: kopať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kopać

Lower Sorbian: kopaś

Reflects the iterative Proto-Balto-Slavic *kаpā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *skopiti (“to castrate”) > Old Church Slavonic скопити (skopiti). Cognate with Latvian kapât (“to chop, hew”), Lithuanian kapóti (“to chop, hew”) and akin to Old Prussian enkopts (“buried”).
Per ESSJa, possibly superseded an earlier *kòp(je)ti (pres. 1p. sg. *kòpľǫ, attested in Slovene, Polish, Czech), cognate with Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to beat, to hit”).


čitati

čitanьje (noun-from-verb)
čitati (infinitive)
čitatъ (supine)
čitalъ (l-participle)
čitanъ (participle passive past)
čitajemъ (participle passive present)
čitavъ (active participle past)
čitaję (active participle present)
čitaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čita (aorist second-person singular)
čita (aorist singular third-person)
čitajǫ (first-person present singular)
čitaješi (present second-person singular)
čitajetь (present singular third-person)
čitaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čitasta (aorist dual second-person)
čitaste (aorist dual third-person)
čitajevě (dual first-person present)
čitajeta (dual present second-person)
čitajete (dual present third-person)
čitaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čitaste (aorist plural second-person)
čitašę (aorist plural third-person)
čitajemъ (first-person plural present)
čitajete (plural present second-person)
čitajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čitaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čitaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čitaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čitaji (imperative second-person singular)
čitaji (imperative singular third-person)
čitaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čitaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čitaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čitajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čitajita (dual imperative second-person)
čitaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čitaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čitaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čitajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čitajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: читати (čitati)

desc

Old Ruthenian: чита́ти (čitáti), чыта́ти (čytáti)

Belarusian: чыта́ць (čytácʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: чітати (čitaty)

Ukrainian: чита́ти (čytáty)

Russian: чита́ть (čitátʹ)

Old Novgorodian: цитати (citati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: читати (čitati), чьтати (čĭtati)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰺⱅⰰⱅⰺ (čitati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чѝтати

Latin script: čìtati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: čítati, čȋtati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čítati

Czech: čítat

desctree

Old Polish: czytać
Polish: czytać
Silesian: czytać

Old Slovak: čítať

Pannonian Rusyn: читац (čitac)

Slovak: čítať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czëtac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: cytaś

Upper Sorbian: čitać

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: citi

From *čisti, *čьtǫ + *-ati. Compare with Latgalian skaiteit, Latvian skaitīt, Lithuanian skaityti, Samogitian skaitītė.

to count (determine the total number of)

to read (to interpret, or infer a meaning, significance, thought, intention)

to pay attention, to pay heed, to notice, to perceive, to comprehend, to understand

to honour, to worship, to esteem, to respect


klepati

klepàti (canonical imperfective)
klepnǫti (perfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanьje (noun-from-verb)
klepati (infinitive)
klepatъ (supine)
klepalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanъ (participle passive past)
klepľemъ (participle passive present)
klepavъ (active participle past)
klepľę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klepa (aorist second-person singular)
klepa (aorist singular third-person)
klepľǫ (first-person present singular)
klepľeši (present second-person singular)
klepľetь (present singular third-person)
klepaxově (aorist dual first-person)
klepasta (aorist dual second-person)
klepaste (aorist dual third-person)
klepľevě (dual first-person present)
klepľeta (dual present second-person)
klepľete (dual present third-person)
klepaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klepaste (aorist plural second-person)
klepašę (aorist plural third-person)
klepľemъ (first-person plural present)
klepľete (plural present second-person)
klepľǫtь (plural present third-person)
klepaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
klepaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
klepaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
klepľi (imperative second-person singular)
klepľi (imperative singular third-person)
klepaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
klepaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
klepaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
klepľivě (dual first-person imperative)
klepľita (dual imperative second-person)
klepaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
klepaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
klepaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
klepľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
klepľite (imperative plural second-person)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanьje (noun-from-verb)
klepati (infinitive)
klepatъ (supine)
klepalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanъ (participle passive past)
klepajemъ (participle passive present)
klepavъ (active participle past)
klepaję (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klepa (aorist second-person singular)
klepa (aorist singular third-person)
klepajǫ (first-person present singular)
klepaješi (present second-person singular)
klepajetь (present singular third-person)
klepaxově (aorist dual first-person)
klepasta (aorist dual second-person)
klepaste (aorist dual third-person)
klepajevě (dual first-person present)
klepajeta (dual present second-person)
klepajete (dual present third-person)
klepaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klepaste (aorist plural second-person)
klepašę (aorist plural third-person)
klepajemъ (first-person plural present)
klepajete (plural present second-person)
klepajǫtь (plural present third-person)
klepaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
klepaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
klepaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
klepaji (imperative second-person singular)
klepaji (imperative singular third-person)
klepaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
klepaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
klepaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
klepajivě (dual first-person imperative)
klepajita (dual imperative second-person)
klepaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
klepaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
klepaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
klepajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
klepajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: клепати (klepati, “to accuse”)

Belarusian: клепа́ць (kljepácʹ)

Russian: клепа́ть (klepátʹ)

Ukrainian: клепа́ти (klepáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: клепати (klepati, “to allude”)

Bulgarian: кле́пя (klépja), кле́пам (klépam)

⇒ Romanian: clipi (“to blink”)

Macedonian: клепа (klepa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: клѐпати

Latin script: klèpati

Slovene: klepáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: klepat

Polish: klepać

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: клєпац (kljepac)

Slovak: klepať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: klepaś

Upper Sorbian: klepać

Usually viewed as expressive or onomatopoeic in nature. Analogous forms found also in Lithuanian klepsė́ti (“to slam”), kleptóti (“to munch noisily”); Proto-Germanic *klappōną (“to clap”). Vasmer further compares Latin crepō (“to creak”).
See also Proto-Indo-European *klep- (“to steal”).

→ to rivet (metals), to hew

→ to wink, to blink

→ to shut/open a valve


topiti

topìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
topľenьje (noun-from-verb)
topiti (infinitive)
topitъ (supine)
topilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
topľenъ (participle passive past)
topimъ (participle passive present)
topľь (active participle past)
topę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
topixъ (aorist first-person singular)
topi (aorist second-person singular)
topi (aorist singular third-person)
topľǫ (first-person present singular)
topiši (present second-person singular)
topitь (present singular third-person)
topixově (aorist dual first-person)
topista (aorist dual second-person)
topiste (aorist dual third-person)
topivě (dual first-person present)
topita (dual present second-person)
topite (dual present third-person)
topixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
topiste (aorist plural second-person)
topišę (aorist plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person plural present)
topite (plural present second-person)
topętь (plural present third-person)
topľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
topľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
topľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
topi (imperative second-person singular)
topi (imperative singular third-person)
topľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
topľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
topľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
topivě (dual first-person imperative)
topita (dual imperative second-person)
topľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
topľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
topľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person imperative plural)
topite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: топити (topiti)

Belarusian: тапі́ць (tapícʹ)

Russian: топи́ть (topítʹ)

Ukrainian: топи́ти (topýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: топя́ (topjá)

Macedonian: топи (topi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: то̀пити

Latin script: tòpiti; se topȉt (“to melt”), 3sg. se tȍpi (Orbanići Chakavian)

Slovene: topíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: topiti

Czech: topit

Kashubian: topic

Polabian: tüpait

Old Polish: topić

Polish: topić

Slovak: topiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: topiś

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: topi (“to melt”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tapīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *top-éye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“hot, warm”). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit तापयति (tāpáyati, “to heat, to torment”), Avestan 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tāpaiieⁱti, “to heat”).


topiti

topìti (canonical imperfective)
topnǫti (perfective)
topľenьje (noun-from-verb)
topiti (infinitive)
topitъ (supine)
topilъ (l-participle)
topľenъ (participle passive past)
topimъ (participle passive present)
topľь (active participle past)
topę (active participle present)
topixъ (aorist first-person singular)
topi (aorist second-person singular)
topi (aorist singular third-person)
topľǫ (first-person present singular)
topiši (present second-person singular)
topitь (present singular third-person)
topixově (aorist dual first-person)
topista (aorist dual second-person)
topiste (aorist dual third-person)
topivě (dual first-person present)
topita (dual present second-person)
topite (dual present third-person)
topixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
topiste (aorist plural second-person)
topišę (aorist plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person plural present)
topite (plural present second-person)
topętь (plural present third-person)
topľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
topľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
topľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
topi (imperative second-person singular)
topi (imperative singular third-person)
topľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
topľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
topľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
topivě (dual first-person imperative)
topita (dual imperative second-person)
topľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
topľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
topľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person imperative plural)
topite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: топити (topiti)

Belarusian: тапі́ць (tapícʹ)

Russian: топи́ть (topítʹ)

Ukrainian: топити (topyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

⇒ Old Cyrillic script: потопити (potopiti)

Bulgarian: топя́ (topjá)

Macedonian: топи (topi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: то̀пити

Latin: tòpiti

Slovene: topíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: topiti

Czech: topit

Polabian: tüpait

Old Polish: topić

Polish: topić

Slovak: topiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: topić

Lower Sorbian: topiś

Unclear. Vasmer suggests a possible connection with Old Armenian թաթաւեմ (tʻatʻawem, “to soak (e.g. clothes in blood)”), but notes that it's quite conjectural. Trubachev notes that Zubaty and Stang suggest a connection with Lithuanian tàpti (“to become”), Latvian tapt (“to become, to get infected”), effectively from Proto-Balto-Slavic *taptéi (“to get stuck”) + *-iti.

affix

to plunge, to dunk
→ to sink, to submerge (in liquid)

to plunge, to dunk
→ to soak, to immerse


briti

brìti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
britьje (noun-from-verb)
briti (infinitive)
britъ (supine)
brilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
britъ (participle passive past)
brьjemъ (participle passive present)
brivъ (active participle past)
brьję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
brixъ (aorist first-person singular)
bri (aorist second-person singular)
bri (aorist singular third-person)
brьjǫ (first-person present singular)
brьješi (present second-person singular)
brьjetь (present singular third-person)
brixově (aorist dual first-person)
brista (aorist dual second-person)
briste (aorist dual third-person)
brьjevě (dual first-person present)
brьjeta (dual present second-person)
brьjete (dual present third-person)
brixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
briste (aorist plural second-person)
brišę (aorist plural third-person)
brьjemъ (first-person plural present)
brьjete (plural present second-person)
brьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
brьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brьji (imperative second-person singular)
brьji (imperative singular third-person)
brьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
brьjita (dual imperative second-person)
brьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brьjite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: брити сѧ, 1sg. бриѭ сѧ (Russian recension)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: брыць (brycʹ)

Russian: брить (britʹ), 1sg. бре́ю (bréju)

Ukrainian: бри́ти (brýty), 1sg. бри́ю (brýju)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бри́я (bríja) (dialectal), бри́на (brína) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бри̏ти (archaic), брѝјати, 1sg. бри̏је̄м

Latin: brȉti (archaic), brìjati, 1sg. brȉjēm

Slovene: bríti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: bříti (obsolete), 1sg. břiji

Slovak: briť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brī́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰriH-yé-ti, from *bʰreyH- (“to cut”). Cognate with Sanskrit भ्रीणाति (bhrīṇā́ti, “to hurt”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱribrīnaⁱti, “to cut around”), Persian بریدن (boridan, “to cut”), Old Irish bronnaid (“to injure”), Thracian βρίλων (brílōn, “barber”).

cog

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌


kriti

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

kritьje (noun-from-verb)
kriti (infinitive)
kritъ (supine)
krilъ (l-participle)
kritъ (participle passive past)
krivъ (active participle past)
krixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kri (aorist second-person singular)
kri (aorist singular third-person)
krьnǫ (first-person present singular)
krьneši (present second-person singular)
krьnetь (present singular third-person)
krixově (aorist dual first-person)
krista (aorist dual second-person)
kriste (aorist dual third-person)
krьnevě (dual first-person present)
krьneta (dual present second-person)
krьnete (dual present third-person)
krixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kriste (aorist plural second-person)
krišę (aorist plural third-person)
krьnemъ (first-person plural present)
krьnete (plural present second-person)
krьnǫtь (plural present third-person)
krьni (imperative second-person singular)
krьni (imperative singular third-person)
krьněvě (dual first-person imperative)
krьněta (dual imperative second-person)
krьněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
krьněte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: крити (kriti), ?*крьнути (*krĭnuti) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old Novgorodian: крити (kriti)

Old East Slavic: крити (kriti), ?*крьнути (*krĭnuti), крьнеть (krĭnetĭ) / кренеть (krenetĭ), крени (kreni)

Belarusian: крану́цца (kranúcca)

Ukrainian: крину́тиса (krynútysa)

Looking only on the meaning “to purchase” it has been related as follows:
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷréyh₂t, root aorist of *kʷreyh₂- (“to buy”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷri-n-h₂ (Derksen) or *kʷri-ne (ЭССЯ), from root *kʷreyh₂- (“to buy”)
Seen as cognate with
Tocharian B karyor (“buying”).
Sanskrit क्रीणाति (krīṇāti, “to buy”) (root क्री (krī),
Persian خریدن (xaridan),
Old Irish crenaid (“to buy”),
Ancient Greek ἐπριάμην (epriámēn, “I bought”).
Also Baltic derivatives:
Old Lithuanian krienas (“money, pay; pretium pro sponsis”),
Latvian kriens (“groom's presents for bride, parents and friends”).
Based on the meaning “to curve” only attested in derived terms one might put it to *(s)ker- (“to turn”).

to make go round, to put into exchange, to cause to circulate

to buy, to purchase, to obtain by commercial exchange


učiti

vyknǫti (perfective)
učenьje (noun-from-verb)
učiti (infinitive)
učitъ (supine)
učilъ (l-participle)
učenъ (participle passive past)
učimъ (participle passive present)
učь (active participle past)
učę (active participle present)
učixъ (aorist first-person singular)
uči (aorist second-person singular)
uči (aorist singular third-person)
učǫ (first-person present singular)
učiši (present second-person singular)
učitь (present singular third-person)
učixově (aorist dual first-person)
učista (aorist dual second-person)
učiste (aorist dual third-person)
učivě (dual first-person present)
učita (dual present second-person)
učite (dual present third-person)
učixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
učiste (aorist plural second-person)
učišę (aorist plural third-person)
učimъ (first-person plural present)
učite (plural present second-person)
učętь (plural present third-person)
učaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
učaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
učaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
uči (imperative second-person singular)
uči (imperative singular third-person)
učaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
učaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
učaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
učivě (dual first-person imperative)
učita (dual imperative second-person)
učaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
učaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
učaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
učimъ (first-person imperative plural)
učite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: учити (učiti) (accent paradigm c)

Belarusian: вучы́ць (vučýcʹ)

Russian: учи́ть (učítʹ), 1sg. учу́ (učú), 3sg. у́чит (účit)

Carpathian Rusyn: учи́ти (učýty)

desc

Ukrainian: учи́ти (učýty), вчи́ти (včýty)

Old Novgorodian: оуцити (uciti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: оучити (učiti), 1sg. оучѫ (učǫ)

Bulgarian: у́ча (úča)

Macedonian: учи (uči)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̀чити

Latin: ùčiti

Slovene: učíti (tonal orthography), 1sg. učím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: učiti

Czech: učit

Polabian: vaucĕt

Old Polish: uczyć

Polish: uczyć

Slovak: učiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wučić

Lower Sorbian: wucyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *auˀkīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁owk-éye-ti, from *h₁ewk-. Balto-Slavic cognates include Lithuanian jaukìnti, jaukinù (“to tame, to domesticate”), Latvian jaûcêt (“to accustom”), Old Prussian iaukint (“to exercise”). Other Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit उच्यति (ucyati, “to be accustomed to”), Old Armenian ուսանիմ (usanim, “to learn”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (biūhts, “accustomed to”).
Derksen has a complex discussion of the possible origin of the acute tone in Balto-Slavic, boiling down to a suggestion by Frederik Kortlandt that initial *u- yielded Balto-Slavic acute under certain conditions.


pražiti

praženьje (noun-from-verb)
pražiti (infinitive)
pražitъ (supine)
pražilъ (l-participle)
praženъ (participle passive past)
pražimъ (participle passive present)
pražь (active participle past)
pražę (active participle present)
pražixъ (aorist first-person singular)
praži (aorist second-person singular)
praži (aorist singular third-person)
pražǫ (first-person present singular)
pražiši (present second-person singular)
pražitь (present singular third-person)
pražixově (aorist dual first-person)
pražista (aorist dual second-person)
pražiste (aorist dual third-person)
praživě (dual first-person present)
pražita (dual present second-person)
pražite (dual present third-person)
pražixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pražiste (aorist plural second-person)
pražišę (aorist plural third-person)
pražimъ (first-person plural present)
pražite (plural present second-person)
pražętь (plural present third-person)
pražaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pražaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pražaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
praži (imperative second-person singular)
praži (imperative singular third-person)
pražaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pražaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pražaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
praživě (dual first-person imperative)
pražita (dual imperative second-person)
pražaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pražaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pražaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pražimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pražite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic

Old East Slavic: пряжити (prjažiti)

Belarusian: пра́жыць (prážycʹ)

Russian: пря́жить (prjážitʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: пра́жити (prážyty), пря́жити (prjážyty)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic: пражити (pražiti)

Bulgarian: пра́жа (práža)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра̏жити

Slovene: prážiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Czech: pražit

Polish: prażyć

Slovak: pražiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pšažyś

Upper Sorbian: pražić

Non-Slavic

→ Romanian: prăji

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *prog-éye-ti, causative of *preg- (“to yearn, covet”).


gaziti

gàziti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
gaženьje (noun-from-verb)
gaziti (infinitive)
gazitъ (supine)
gazilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
gaženъ (participle passive past)
gazimъ (participle passive present)
gažь (active participle past)
gazę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
gazixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gazi (aorist second-person singular)
gazi (aorist singular third-person)
gažǫ (first-person present singular)
gaziši (present second-person singular)
gazitь (present singular third-person)
gazixově (aorist dual first-person)
gazista (aorist dual second-person)
gaziste (aorist dual third-person)
gazivě (dual first-person present)
gazita (dual present second-person)
gazite (dual present third-person)
gazixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gaziste (aorist plural second-person)
gazišę (aorist plural third-person)
gazimъ (first-person plural present)
gazite (plural present second-person)
gazętь (plural present third-person)
gažaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gažaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gažaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gazi (imperative second-person singular)
gazi (imperative singular third-person)
gažaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gažaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gažaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gazivě (dual first-person imperative)
gazita (dual imperative second-person)
gažaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gažaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gažaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gazimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gazite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

⇒ Russian Church Slavonic: изгазити (izgaziti)

desc

Bulgarian: га́зя (gázja, “to tread; to override, to get in trouble”)

Macedonian: гази (gazi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̏зити

Latin script: gȁziti

Slovene: gáziti
→ Gottscheerish: gazn

* ЭССЯ: probably from *gazъ, from extension of Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“to go”)
* Derksen: from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gāˀź-, from Proto-Indo-European *g(ʷ)eHǵʰ-
: Baltic cognates include Lithuanian góžti (“to overthrow, overturn, pour out”), Latvian gâzt (“to overthrow, overturn, pour (out)”)
: Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit गाहते (gāhate, “to penetrate, step into the water, wade”)


lomiti

lomìti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
lomľenьje (noun-from-verb)
lomiti (infinitive)
lomitъ (supine)
lomilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
lomľenъ (participle passive past)
lomimъ (participle passive present)
lomľь (active participle past)
lomę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
lomixъ (aorist first-person singular)
lomi (aorist second-person singular)
lomi (aorist singular third-person)
lomľǫ (first-person present singular)
lomiši (present second-person singular)
lomitь (present singular third-person)
lomixově (aorist dual first-person)
lomista (aorist dual second-person)
lomiste (aorist dual third-person)
lomivě (dual first-person present)
lomita (dual present second-person)
lomite (dual present third-person)
lomixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lomiste (aorist plural second-person)
lomišę (aorist plural third-person)
lomimъ (first-person plural present)
lomite (plural present second-person)
lomętь (plural present third-person)
lomľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lomľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lomľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lomi (imperative second-person singular)
lomi (imperative singular third-person)
lomľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lomľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lomľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lomivě (dual first-person imperative)
lomita (dual imperative second-person)
lomľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lomľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lomľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lomimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lomite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ломити (lomiti)

Belarusian: ламі́ць (lamícʹ)

Russian: ломи́ть (lomítʹ)

Ukrainian: ломи́ти (lomýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: ломити (lomiti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ломя́ (lomjá)

Macedonian: ломи (lomi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ло̀мити

Latin script: lòmiti

Slovene: lomīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lomiti

Czech: lomit

Polabian: lümĕt

desctree

Old Polish: łomić
Polish: (obsolete) łomić

Slovak: lomiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łomiś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *lamˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *lemH-, *h₃lemH-.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian lémti (“to decide, to determine”), Latvian lem̃t (“to decide, to determine”), Old Prussian lembtwey, limtwey, limtwei (“to break”).
Per Vasmer, cognate with Old Norse lemja (“to beat”). Compare English lame.


kovati

kovàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanьje (noun-from-verb)
kovati (infinitive)
kovatъ (supine)
kovalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanъ (participle passive past)
kovomъ (participle passive present)
kovavъ (active participle past)
kovy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kova (aorist second-person singular)
kova (aorist singular third-person)
kovǫ (first-person present singular)
koveši (present second-person singular)
kovetь (present singular third-person)
kovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kovasta (aorist dual second-person)
kovaste (aorist dual third-person)
kovevě (dual first-person present)
koveta (dual present second-person)
kovete (dual present third-person)
kovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kovaste (aorist plural second-person)
kovašę (aorist plural third-person)
kovemъ (first-person plural present)
kovete (plural present second-person)
kovǫtь (plural present third-person)
kovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kovi (imperative second-person singular)
kovi (imperative singular third-person)
kovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kověvě (dual first-person imperative)
kověta (dual imperative second-person)
kovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kověte (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanьje (noun-from-verb)
kovati (infinitive)
kovatъ (supine)
kovalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanъ (participle passive past)
kujemъ (participle passive present)
kovavъ (active participle past)
kuję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kova (aorist second-person singular)
kova (aorist singular third-person)
kujǫ (first-person present singular)
kuješi (present second-person singular)
kujetь (present singular third-person)
kovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kovasta (aorist dual second-person)
kovaste (aorist dual third-person)
kujevě (dual first-person present)
kujeta (dual present second-person)
kujete (dual present third-person)
kovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kovaste (aorist plural second-person)
kovašę (aorist plural third-person)
kujemъ (first-person plural present)
kujete (plural present second-person)
kujǫtь (plural present third-person)
kovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kuji (imperative second-person singular)
kuji (imperative singular third-person)
kovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kujivě (dual first-person imperative)
kujita (dual imperative second-person)
kovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kujite (imperative plural second-person)
kutьje (noun-from-verb)
kuti (infinitive)
kutъ (supine)
kulъ (l-participle)
kutъ (participle passive past)
kovomъ (participle passive present)
kuvъ (active participle past)
kovy (active participle present)
kuxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ku (aorist second-person singular)
ku (aorist singular third-person)
kovǫ (first-person present singular)
koveši (present second-person singular)
kovetь (present singular third-person)
kuxově (aorist dual first-person)
kusta (aorist dual second-person)
kuste (aorist dual third-person)
kovevě (dual first-person present)
koveta (dual present second-person)
kovete (dual present third-person)
kuxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kuste (aorist plural second-person)
kušę (aorist plural third-person)
kovemъ (first-person plural present)
kovete (plural present second-person)
kovǫtь (plural present third-person)
kověaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kověaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kověaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kovi (imperative second-person singular)
kovi (imperative singular third-person)
kověaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kověašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kověašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kověvě (dual first-person imperative)
kověta (dual imperative second-person)
kověaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kověašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kověaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kověte (imperative plural second-person)
kutьje (noun-from-verb)
kuti (infinitive)
kutъ (supine)
kulъ (l-participle)
kutъ (participle passive past)
kujemъ (participle passive present)
kuvъ (active participle past)
kuję (active participle present)
kuxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ku (aorist second-person singular)
ku (aorist singular third-person)
kujǫ (first-person present singular)
kuješi (present second-person singular)
kujetь (present singular third-person)
kuxově (aorist dual first-person)
kusta (aorist dual second-person)
kuste (aorist dual third-person)
kujevě (dual first-person present)
kujeta (dual present second-person)
kujete (dual present third-person)
kuxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kuste (aorist plural second-person)
kušę (aorist plural third-person)
kujemъ (first-person plural present)
kujete (plural present second-person)
kujǫtь (plural present third-person)
kujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kuji (imperative second-person singular)
kuji (imperative singular third-person)
kujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kujivě (dual first-person imperative)
kujita (dual imperative second-person)
kujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ковати (kovati)

Belarusian: кава́ць (kavácʹ)

Russian: кова́ть (kovátʹ)

Ukrainian: кува́ти (kuváty)

Old Novgorodian: кова́ти (kováti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: ковати (kovati)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱁⰲⰰⱅⰹ (kovati)

Bulgarian: кова́ (ková)

Macedonian: кове (kove)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀вати

Latin script: kòvati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kováti, kúti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kovati

Czech: kout, kovat

Old Polish: kować

Polish: kuć, kować (dialectal)

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: kôwac

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: ковац (kovac)

Slovak: kovať, kuť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kować

Lower Sorbian: kowaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂-, from the root *kewh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian káuti (“to hew, to beat, to murder”), Latvian kaût (“to fight”), Latin cūdere (“to forge, to beat, to grind”), Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew, to beat”), Old High German houwan (“to hew, to beat”), Old Irish cuad (“to beat, to fight”).


paliti

pālìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
paľenьje (noun-from-verb)
paliti (infinitive)
palitъ (supine)
palilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
paľenъ (participle passive past)
palimъ (participle passive present)
paľь (active participle past)
palę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
palixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pali (aorist second-person singular)
pali (aorist singular third-person)
paľǫ (first-person present singular)
pališi (present second-person singular)
palitь (present singular third-person)
palixově (aorist dual first-person)
palista (aorist dual second-person)
paliste (aorist dual third-person)
palivě (dual first-person present)
palita (dual present second-person)
palite (dual present third-person)
palixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
paliste (aorist plural second-person)
pališę (aorist plural third-person)
palimъ (first-person plural present)
palite (plural present second-person)
palętь (plural present third-person)
paľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
paľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
paľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pali (imperative second-person singular)
pali (imperative singular third-person)
paľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
paľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
paľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
palivě (dual first-person imperative)
palita (dual imperative second-person)
paľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
paľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
paľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
palimъ (first-person imperative plural)
palite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: палити (paliti) (accent paradigm b)

Belarusian: палі́ць (palícʹ)

Russian: пали́ть (palítʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: пали́ти (palýty)

Ukrainian: пали́ти (palýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: палити (paliti)

Glagolitic: ⱂⰰⰾⰻⱅⰻ (paliti)

Bulgarian: па́ля (pálja)

Macedonian: пали (pali)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па́лити

Latin script: páliti

Old Slovene: páliti

Slovene: páliti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: páliti

Czech: pálit

Kashubian: palëc

Old Polish: palić

Polish: palić

Silesian: pŏlić

Old Slovak: páliť

Slovak: páliť

Slovincian: palëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: palić

Lower Sorbian: paliś

→ Romanian: păli (“to burn, to strike”)

Iterative stem of *polti (“to set on fire”) + *-iti (whence dialectal Slovene pláti). Related to Lithuanian pelenaĩ (“ashes”), plė́nis (“speck, fine ashes”), Latvian plẽne (“white ashes on coals”), Old Prussian pelanne (“ashes”).
Further origin uncertain:
* Per Rix (LIV), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *pōl-eye-, a causative/iterative from the root *pel- (“to propel, to evolve, to fold”).
* Per Derksen from the root *pelh₁-, probably meaning “to stroke, to pound”, with a laryngeal due to the evidence of a Balto-Slavic acute. Cognate with Ancient Greek πάλλω (pállō, “to sway”), possibly Proto-West Germanic *fōlijan (“to feel”). Compare *pèlti.

podъpalъka

*palъkъ m (“burst”), *palъka f (“ignition”)


nesti

nesenьje (noun-from-verb)
nesti (infinitive)
nestъ (supine)
neslъ (l-participle)
nesenъ (participle passive past)
nesomъ (participle passive present)
nesъ (active participle past)
nesy (active participle present)
nesъ (aorist first-person singular)
nesoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
nese (aorist second-person singular)
nese (aorist singular third-person)
nesǫ (first-person present singular)
neseši (present second-person singular)
nesetь (present singular third-person)
nesově (aorist dual first-person)
nesoxově (aorist dual first-person)
neseta (aorist dual second-person)
nesosta (aorist dual second-person)
nesete (aorist dual third-person)
nesoste (aorist dual third-person)
nesevě (dual first-person present)
neseta (dual present second-person)
nesete (dual present third-person)
nesomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nesoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nesete (aorist plural second-person)
nesoste (aorist plural second-person)
nesǫ (aorist plural third-person)
nesošę (aorist plural third-person)
nesemъ (first-person plural present)
nesete (plural present second-person)
nesǫtь (plural present third-person)
nesěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nesěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nesěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nesi (imperative second-person singular)
nesi (imperative singular third-person)
nesěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nesěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nesěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nesěvě (dual first-person imperative)
nesěta (dual imperative second-person)
nesěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nesěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nesěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nesěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
nesěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: нести (nesti)
Old Ruthenian: нести (nesti)
Belarusian: не́сці (njésci)
Carpathian Rusyn: не́сти (nésty)
Ukrainian: нести́ (nestý)
Russian: нести́ (nestí)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: нести (nesti)

Glagolitic: ⱀⰵⱄⱅⰻ (nesti)

Bulgarian: неса́ (nesá) (dialectal)

Macedonian: несе (nese)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̏сти

Latin script: nȅsti

Slovene: nésti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: nésti

Czech: nést

Old Polish: nieść

Polish: nieść

Silesian: niyś

Slovincian: njêsc

Slovak: niesť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: njesć

Lower Sorbian: njasć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *neśtei (“to carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁neḱ-. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἤνεγκα (ḗnenka, “I brought”) (aorist of φέρω (phérō)).