kuriti

kūrìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
kuřenьje (noun-from-verb)
kuriti (infinitive)
kuritъ (supine)
kurilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
kuřenъ (participle passive past)
kurimъ (participle passive present)
kuřь (active participle past)
kurę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
kurixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kuri (aorist second-person singular)
kuri (aorist singular third-person)
kuřǫ (first-person present singular)
kuriši (present second-person singular)
kuritь (present singular third-person)
kurixově (aorist dual first-person)
kurista (aorist dual second-person)
kuriste (aorist dual third-person)
kurivě (dual first-person present)
kurita (dual present second-person)
kurite (dual present third-person)
kurixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kuriste (aorist plural second-person)
kurišę (aorist plural third-person)
kurimъ (first-person plural present)
kurite (plural present second-person)
kurętь (plural present third-person)
kuřaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kuřaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kuřaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kuri (imperative second-person singular)
kuri (imperative singular third-person)
kuřaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kuřaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kuřaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kurivě (dual first-person imperative)
kurita (dual imperative second-person)
kuřaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kuřaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kuřaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kurimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kurite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кꙋрити (kuriti)

Belarusian: куры́ць (kurýcʹ)

desctree

Russian: кури́ть (kurítʹ)
→ Kildin Sami: кӯррэ (kūrre)

Ukrainian: кури́ти (kurýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

Old Cyrillic script: коуритъ (kuritŭ, 3sg.)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку́рити (dialectal)

Latin script: kúriti (dialectal)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kurīti, kúriti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: kùrzëc

Old Czech: kúřiti

Czech: kouřit

Polish: kurzyć

Silesian: kurzić

Slovak: kúriť

Slovincian: kúrzëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kurić

Lower Sorbian: kuriś

Cognate with Lithuanian kùrti (“to light, to kindle, to make, to create”) (1sg. kuriù), Latvian kur̃t (“to light, to kindle”) (1sg. kuŗu). Normally also related to Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”), Old Norse hyrr (“fire”).
* Per Derksen, possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-, zero grade of *kʷer- (hence cognate with Sanskrit कृणोति (kṛṇóti, “to do, to make”) but probably not with the above Germanic cognates), although a laryngeal would be expected due to the East Baltic accentuation. Alternatively, from a putative Indo-European root *kerH-, in which case the Germanic cognates are correct, as well as probably Latin carbō (“charcoal”).
* Vasmer adds Old Armenian կրակ (krak, “fire”) from *kurak-.
* Chernykh suggests an Indo-European root *ker-, similar to Derksen's second hypothesis.


kryti

krỳti (canonical imperfective)
krỳvati (perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
krytьje (noun-from-verb)
kryti (infinitive)
krytъ (supine)
krylъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
krytъ (participle passive past)
kryjemъ (participle passive present)
kryvъ (active participle past)
kryję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kryxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kry (aorist second-person singular)
kry (aorist singular third-person)
kryjǫ (first-person present singular)
kryješi (present second-person singular)
kryjetь (present singular third-person)
kryxově (aorist dual first-person)
krysta (aorist dual second-person)
kryste (aorist dual third-person)
kryjevě (dual first-person present)
kryjeta (dual present second-person)
kryjete (dual present third-person)
kryxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kryste (aorist plural second-person)
kryšę (aorist plural third-person)
kryjemъ (first-person plural present)
kryjete (plural present second-person)
kryjǫtь (plural present third-person)
kryjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kryjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kryjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kryji (imperative second-person singular)
kryji (imperative singular third-person)
kryjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kryjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kryjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kryjivě (dual first-person imperative)
kryjita (dual imperative second-person)
kryjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kryjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kryjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kryjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kryjite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: крꙑти (kryti), крити (kriti)

Belarusian: крыць (krycʹ)

Russian: крыть (krytʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: крыти (krŷty)

Ukrainian: кри́ти (krýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: крꙑти (kryti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: кри́я (kríja)

Macedonian: крие (krie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кри̏ти

Latin script: krȉti

Slovene: kríti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: krýti

Czech: krýt

Polabian: kråjĕ

Polish: kryć

Slovak: kryť

Slovincian: krëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kryć

Lower Sorbian: kšyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *krū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (possibly *(s)krewH-). Likely akin to Proto-Balto-Slavic *kráuˀtei, whence Lithuanian kráuti (“to store”), Latvian kraũt (“to pile, to stack”). Probably further related to Ancient Greek κρύπτω (krúptō, “I hide, cover, conceal, obscure”), Proto-Germanic *hreudaną (“to cover, to adorn”), possibly Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“pile, heap”), Old Irish crúach. Compare also Proto-Germanic *skrūdą (“shroud, cover”).

cog

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to hide, to be under cover


pľьvati

pľьvàti (canonical)
a (accent-paradigm)
pľьvanьje (noun-from-verb)
pľьvati (infinitive)
pľьvatъ (supine)
pľьvalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
pľьvanъ (participle passive past)
pľujemъ (participle passive present)
pľьvavъ (active participle past)
pľuję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
pľьvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pľьva (aorist second-person singular)
pľьva (aorist singular third-person)
pľujǫ (first-person present singular)
pľuješi (present second-person singular)
pľujetь (present singular third-person)
pľьvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
pľьvasta (aorist dual second-person)
pľьvaste (aorist dual third-person)
pľujevě (dual first-person present)
pľujeta (dual present second-person)
pľujete (dual present third-person)
pľьvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pľьvaste (aorist plural second-person)
pľьvašę (aorist plural third-person)
pľujemъ (first-person plural present)
pľujete (plural present second-person)
pľujǫtь (plural present third-person)
pľьvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pľьvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pľьvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pľuji (imperative second-person singular)
pľuji (imperative singular third-person)
pľьvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pľьvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pľьvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pľujivě (dual first-person imperative)
pľujita (dual imperative second-person)
pľьvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pľьvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pľьvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pľujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pľujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пльвати (plĭvati)

desc

Belarusian: плява́ць (pljavácʹ), плюва́ць (pljuvácʹ)

Russian: плева́ть (plevátʹ)

Ukrainian: плюва́ти (pljuváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пл҄ьвати (plʹĭvati)

Bulgarian: плю́я (pljúja); плю́вам (pljúvam)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пљу̏вати

Latin: pljȕvati

Slovene: pljúvati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: plivat; plvat

Kashubian: plwac

Old Polish: pluć
Polish: pluć

Slovak: pľuť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pluwaś

Upper Sorbian: pluwać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)pjāˀu-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ptyēw- (“to spit, vomit”) (often reconstructed as *(s)pyēw-). Cognate with Lithuanian spiáuti (“to spit”), Latvian spļaũt (“to split”), Proto-Germanic *spīwaną, Latin spuō (“spit”, verb), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, “spit, vomit”), Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Sanskrit ष्ठीवति (ṣthī́vati).


dьrzati

dьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrzati (infinitive)
dьrzatъ (supine)
dьrzalъ (l-participle)
dьrzanъ (participle passive past)
dьrzajemъ (participle passive present)
dьrzavъ (active participle past)
dьrzaję (active participle present)
dьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьrza (aorist second-person singular)
dьrza (aorist singular third-person)
dьrzajǫ (first-person present singular)
dьrzaješi (present second-person singular)
dьrzajetь (present singular third-person)
dьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
dьrzajevě (dual first-person present)
dьrzajeta (dual present second-person)
dьrzajete (dual present third-person)
dьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
dьrzajemъ (first-person plural present)
dьrzajete (plural present second-person)
dьrzajǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
dьrzaji (imperative second-person singular)
dьrzaji (imperative singular third-person)
dьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dьrzajivě (dual first-person imperative)
dьrzajita (dual imperative second-person)
dьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dьrzajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dьrzajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: дьрзати (dĭrzati), дьръзати (dĭrŭzati), дрьзати (drĭzati, “to dare”) (11th century)

Russian: дерза́ть (derzátʹ, “to dare”), 1sg. дерза́ю (derzáju)

→ Bulgarian: дерзая (derzaja)

Ukrainian: дерза́ти (derzáty, “to dare; (reflexive) to gather strength”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дрьзати (drĭzati), дръзати (drŭzati, “to dare, to be bold”); 1sg. дрьзаѭ (drĭzajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: дърза́я (dǎrzája, “to dare”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др̏зати (“to dare”)

Latin script: dȑzati (“to dare”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: drzati (“to dare”)

* Per Derksen and Trubachev, a verb in *-ati correlating with the adjective *dьrzъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *dirs- (with secondary *-z- in Proto-Slavic of unknown origin), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr̥s-u-, from the root *dʰers-. Cognate with Lithuanian drį̃sti (“to dare”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gadaursan, “to venture”), English dare, Lithuanian drąsùs (“courageous”), Latvian drùoss, drùošs (“courageous”), Old Prussian dirsos (“good”), dyrsos (“good, brave”), Sanskrit धृष्णु (dhṛṣṇú, “bold, strong, courageous”), Ancient Greek θρασύς (thrasús, “bold”).
* Per Vasmer and Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ-. Cognate with Lithuanian dir̃žnas (“strong”), dir̃žti (“to become strong, to harden”), Sanskrit दृह्यति (dṛ́hyati, “to be strong”), Avestan 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬭𐬀- (dər^əzra-, “strong”), 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to bind”), Old Latin forctis (“strong”) (whence Latin fortis).


bojevati

bojevanьje (noun-from-verb)
bojevati (infinitive)
bojevatъ (supine)
bojevalъ (l-participle)
bojevavъ (active participle past)
bojuję (active participle present)
bojevaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bojeva (aorist second-person singular)
bojeva (aorist singular third-person)
bojujǫ (first-person present singular)
bojuješi (present second-person singular)
bojujetь (present singular third-person)
bojevaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bojevasta (aorist dual second-person)
bojevaste (aorist dual third-person)
bojujevě (dual first-person present)
bojujeta (dual present second-person)
bojujete (dual present third-person)
bojevaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bojevaste (aorist plural second-person)
bojevašę (aorist plural third-person)
bojujemъ (first-person plural present)
bojujete (plural present second-person)
bojujǫtь (plural present third-person)
bojevaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bojevaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bojevaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bojuji (imperative second-person singular)
bojuji (imperative singular third-person)
bojevaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bojevaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bojevaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bojujivě (dual first-person imperative)
bojujita (dual imperative second-person)
bojevaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bojevaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bojevaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bojujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bojujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic: —

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бојѐвати

Latin script: bojèvati

Slovene: bojeváti

Bulgarian: боювам (bojuvam)

West Slavic:

Czech: bojovat

Polish: bojować

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bójowaś


sъpati

c (accent-paradigm)
sъpanьje (noun-from-verb)
sъpati (infinitive)
sъpatъ (supine)
sъpalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
sъpavъ (active participle past)
sъpę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
sъpaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъpa (aorist second-person singular)
sъpa (aorist singular third-person)
sъpľǫ (first-person present singular)
sъpiši (present second-person singular)
sъpitь (present singular third-person)
sъpaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъpasta (aorist dual second-person)
sъpaste (aorist dual third-person)
sъpivě (dual first-person present)
sъpita (dual present second-person)
sъpite (dual present third-person)
sъpaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъpaste (aorist plural second-person)
sъpašę (aorist plural third-person)
sъpimъ (first-person plural present)
sъpite (plural present second-person)
sъpętь (plural present third-person)
sъpaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъpaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъpaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъpi (imperative second-person singular)
sъpi (imperative singular third-person)
sъpaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъpaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъpaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъpivě (dual first-person imperative)
sъpita (dual imperative second-person)
sъpaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъpaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъpaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъpimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъpite (imperative plural second-person)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъpanьje (noun-from-verb)
sъpati (infinitive)
sъpatъ (supine)
sъpalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъpavъ (active participle past)
sъpę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъpaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъpa (aorist second-person singular)
sъpa (aorist singular third-person)
sъpľǫ (first-person present singular)
sъpiši (present second-person singular)
sъpitь (present singular third-person)
sъpaxově (aorist dual first-person)
sъpasta (aorist dual second-person)
sъpaste (aorist dual third-person)
sъpivě (dual first-person present)
sъpita (dual present second-person)
sъpite (dual present third-person)
sъpaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъpaste (aorist plural second-person)
sъpašę (aorist plural third-person)
sъpimъ (first-person plural present)
sъpite (plural present second-person)
sъpętь (plural present third-person)
sъpaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sъpaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sъpaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sъpi (imperative second-person singular)
sъpi (imperative singular third-person)
sъpaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sъpaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sъpaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sъpivě (dual first-person imperative)
sъpita (dual imperative second-person)
sъpaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sъpaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sъpaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sъpimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъpite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: съпати (sŭpati)

Belarusian: спаць (spacʹ)

Russian: спать (spatʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: спа́ти (spáty)

Ukrainian: спа́ти (spáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: съпати (sŭpati)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱏⱂⰰⱅⰻ (sŭpati)

Bulgarian: спя (spja)

Macedonian: спие (spie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: спа̏ти

Latin script: spȁti

Slovene: spáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: spáti
Czech: spát

desctree

Old Polish: spać
Polish: spać
Silesian: spać

Slovak: spať

Polabian: såpăt, såpot

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: spac

Slovincian: spac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: spaś

Upper Sorbian: spać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *supn-. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *supn- + *-ati, from *swep- (“to sleep”). Cognate with Lithuanian sapnuoti (“to dream”), Sanskrit स्वपति (svápati), स्वपिति (svápiti, “to sleep”), Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (xᵛafsaⁱti, “to sleep”), Latin sōpīre (“to fall asleep”), Proto-Germanic *swefaną (“to sleep”), Old English swefan (“to sleep”) (whence obsolete English asweve (“to put to sleep, to stupefy”)). Also cognate with Proto-Germanic *swefnaz, Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos), Latin somnus, Old Irish súan. See also Proto-Slavic *sъ̀nъ (“sleep, dream”).


gladiti

glàditi (canonical)
glaďenьje (noun-from-verb)
gladiti (infinitive)
gladitъ (supine)
gladilъ (l-participle)
glaďenъ (participle passive past)
gladimъ (participle passive present)
glaďь (active participle past)
gladę (active participle present)
gladixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gladi (aorist second-person singular)
gladi (aorist singular third-person)
glaďǫ (first-person present singular)
gladiši (present second-person singular)
gladitь (present singular third-person)
gladixově (aorist dual first-person)
gladista (aorist dual second-person)
gladiste (aorist dual third-person)
gladivě (dual first-person present)
gladita (dual present second-person)
gladite (dual present third-person)
gladixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gladiste (aorist plural second-person)
gladišę (aorist plural third-person)
gladimъ (first-person plural present)
gladite (plural present second-person)
gladętь (plural present third-person)
glaďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
glaďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
glaďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gladi (imperative second-person singular)
gladi (imperative singular third-person)
glaďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
glaďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
glaďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gladivě (dual first-person imperative)
gladita (dual imperative second-person)
glaďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
glaďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
glaďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gladimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gladite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гладити (gladiti)

Belarusian: гла́дзіць (hládzicʹ)

Russian: гла́дить (gláditʹ)

Ukrainian: гла́дити (hládyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: гладити (gladiti)

Bulgarian: гла́дя (gládja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гла̏дити

Latin script: glȁditi

Slovene: gláditi (tonal orthography) (to rub)

West Slavic:

Czech: hladit

Polish: gładzić

Slovak: hladiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: głaźiś

Upper Sorbian: hładźić


kresati

kresanьje (noun-from-verb)
kresati (infinitive)
kresatъ (supine)
kresalъ (l-participle)
kresanъ (participle passive past)
krešemъ (participle passive present)
kresavъ (active participle past)
krešę (active participle present)
kresaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kresa (aorist second-person singular)
kresa (aorist singular third-person)
krešǫ (first-person present singular)
krešeši (present second-person singular)
krešetь (present singular third-person)
kresaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kresasta (aorist dual second-person)
kresaste (aorist dual third-person)
kreševě (dual first-person present)
krešeta (dual present second-person)
krešete (dual present third-person)
kresaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kresaste (aorist plural second-person)
kresašę (aorist plural third-person)
krešemъ (first-person plural present)
krešete (plural present second-person)
krešǫtь (plural present third-person)
kresaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kresaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kresaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kreši (imperative second-person singular)
kreši (imperative singular third-person)
kresaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kresaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kresaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
krešivě (dual first-person imperative)
krešita (dual imperative second-person)
kresaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kresaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kresaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
krešimъ (first-person imperative plural)
krešite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: краса́ць (krasácʹ)

desc

Russian: креса́ть (kresátʹ), креси́ть (kresítʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: креса́ти (kresáty)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: крѐсати

Latin script: krèsati

Slovene: kresáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: křesati

Czech: křesat

Kashubian: krzosac

Polish: krzesać, krzosać (dialectal)

Slovak: kresať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kśasaś (dialectal)

Upper Sorbian: křesać

Cognate with Lithuanian krešė́ti (“to clot, to dry and harden”), perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *kreḱ- (“to strike, beat”), and cognate with Ancient Greek κρέκω (krékō, “to weave; to strike a stringed instrument with a plectrum”), κρόκη (krókē, “thread, woof”), Proto-Germanic *hrahilaz (“reed of a loom”) (whence English reel), and *hragilą (“garment”).
Yakulis alternatively derives the Baltic and Slavic terms from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


plęsati

plęsanьje (noun-from-verb)
plęsati (infinitive)
plęsatъ (supine)
plęsalъ (l-participle)
plęsanъ (participle passive past)
plęšemъ (participle passive present)
plęsavъ (active participle past)
plęšę (active participle present)
plęsaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
plęsa (aorist second-person singular)
plęsa (aorist singular third-person)
plęšǫ (first-person present singular)
plęšeši (present second-person singular)
plęšetь (present singular third-person)
plęsaxově (aorist dual first-person)
plęsasta (aorist dual second-person)
plęsaste (aorist dual third-person)
plęševě (dual first-person present)
plęšeta (dual present second-person)
plęšete (dual present third-person)
plęsaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
plęsaste (aorist plural second-person)
plęsašę (aorist plural third-person)
plęšemъ (first-person plural present)
plęšete (plural present second-person)
plęšǫtь (plural present third-person)
plęsaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
plęsaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
plęsaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
plęši (imperative second-person singular)
plęši (imperative singular third-person)
plęsaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
plęsaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
plęsaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
plęšivě (dual first-person imperative)
plęšita (dual imperative second-person)
plęsaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
plęsaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
plęsaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
plęšimъ (first-person imperative plural)
plęšite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: плѧсати

Russian: пляса́ть (pljasátʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: плясати (pljasaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: плѧсати

Glagolitic: ⱂⰾⱔⱄⰰⱅⰻ (plęsati)

Bulgarian: dial. пле́ша (pléša)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пле́сати

Latin script: plésati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: plẹ́sati, plesáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: plesat

Polabian: pľǫsăt

Old Polish: plęsać
Polish: pląsać

Slovak: plesať

Non-Slavic:

→ Gothic: 𐍀𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (plinsjan)

Unclear.
* Vasmer: cognate with Old Lithuanian plenšti, dial. plęšti; pląšti.
* Černyx: Old Lithuanian words were borrowed from Slavic.


melzti

mьlzenьje (noun-from-verb)
melzti (infinitive)
melztъ (supine)
mьlzlъ (l-participle)
mьlzenъ (participle passive past)
mьlzomъ (participle passive present)
mьlzъ (active participle past)
mьlzy (active participle present)
mьlzъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьlzoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьlze (aorist second-person singular)
mьlze (aorist singular third-person)
mьlzǫ (first-person present singular)
mьlzeši (present second-person singular)
mьlzetь (present singular third-person)
mьlzově (aorist dual first-person)
mьlzoxově (aorist dual first-person)
mьlzeta (aorist dual second-person)
mьlzosta (aorist dual second-person)
mьlzete (aorist dual third-person)
mьlzoste (aorist dual third-person)
mьlzevě (dual first-person present)
mьlzeta (dual present second-person)
mьlzete (dual present third-person)
mьlzomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьlzoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьlzete (aorist plural second-person)
mьlzoste (aorist plural second-person)
mьlzǫ (aorist plural third-person)
mьlzošę (aorist plural third-person)
mьlzemъ (first-person plural present)
mьlzete (plural present second-person)
mьlzǫtь (plural present third-person)
mьlzěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mьlzěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mьlzěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mьlzi (imperative second-person singular)
mьlzi (imperative singular third-person)
mьlzěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mьlzěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mьlzěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mьlzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
mьlzěta (dual imperative second-person)
mьlzěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mьlzěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mьlzěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mьlzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
mьlzěte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: млѣсти (mlěsti), мельзити (melĭziti) (Russian)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: мълзя (mǎlzja) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: му̏сти

Latin script: mȕsti

Slovene: mlẹ́sti, mólsti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Slovak: mĺzť (dialectal)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *melźtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-.
This Indo-European root also gave rise to the Germanic form *meluks (“milk”), which was possibly later borrowed into Slavic as *melko (“milk”). Other Indo-European cognates of the same root include Latin mulgeō, Ancient Greek ἀμέλγω (amélgō), Lithuanian mélžti / mìlžti, 3sg. mélžia, Welsh blith, Tocharian A malke.


klasti

klàsti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
kladenьje (noun-from-verb)
klasti (infinitive)
klastъ (supine)
kladlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kladenъ (participle passive past)
kladomъ (participle passive present)
kladъ (active participle past)
klady (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kladъ (aorist first-person singular)
kladoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klade (aorist second-person singular)
klade (aorist singular third-person)
kladǫ (first-person present singular)
kladeši (present second-person singular)
kladetь (present singular third-person)
kladově (aorist dual first-person)
kladoxově (aorist dual first-person)
kladeta (aorist dual second-person)
kladosta (aorist dual second-person)
kladete (aorist dual third-person)
kladoste (aorist dual third-person)
kladevě (dual first-person present)
kladeta (dual present second-person)
kladete (dual present third-person)
kladomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kladoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kladete (aorist plural second-person)
kladoste (aorist plural second-person)
kladǫ (aorist plural third-person)
kladošę (aorist plural third-person)
klademъ (first-person plural present)
kladete (plural present second-person)
kladǫtь (plural present third-person)
kladěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kladěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kladěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kladi (imperative second-person singular)
kladi (imperative singular third-person)
kladěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kladěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kladěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kladěvě (dual first-person imperative)
kladěta (dual imperative second-person)
kladěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kladěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kladěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kladěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kladěte (imperative plural second-person)

Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen
Vladimir I. Georgiev

East Slavic:

Belarusian: кла́сці (klásci)

Russian: класть (klastʹ)

Ukrainian: кла́сти (klásty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: класти (klasti)

Bulgarian: клада́ (kladá); dial. кла́вам (klávam), кла́жa (kláža)

Macedonian: кладе pf (klade) (regionalism), клава impf (klava) (regionalism)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кла̏сти

Latin script: klȁsti

Slovene: klásti (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: klásti

Czech: klást

Kashubian: kłasc

desctree

Old Polish: kłaść
Polish: kłaść
Silesian: kłaść

Slovak: klásť

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: clădi (“to build”)

Per LIV, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *klā́ˀtei + *-sti (dʰé-conjugation), perhaps back-formed from the proto dʰi-imperative, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂-. Cognate with ye-presents Lithuanian klóti (“to spread”), Latvian klât (“to cover, spread”). Compare also Lithuanian klõdas (“layer, stratum”).
Dialectal Bulgarian also exhibits reflexes of athematic conjugation клам pf (klam, “to lay down”), of unclear diachronic origin (could be a contraction of кла́вам (klávam)).

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to provide for, to feed (oneself)


luditi

luďenьje (noun-from-verb)
luditi (infinitive)
luditъ (supine)
ludilъ (l-participle)
luďenъ (participle passive past)
ludimъ (participle passive present)
luďь (active participle past)
ludę (active participle present)
ludixъ (aorist first-person singular)
ludi (aorist second-person singular)
ludi (aorist singular third-person)
luďǫ (first-person present singular)
ludiši (present second-person singular)
luditь (present singular third-person)
ludixově (aorist dual first-person)
ludista (aorist dual second-person)
ludiste (aorist dual third-person)
ludivě (dual first-person present)
ludita (dual present second-person)
ludite (dual present third-person)
ludixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ludiste (aorist plural second-person)
ludišę (aorist plural third-person)
ludimъ (first-person plural present)
ludite (plural present second-person)
ludętь (plural present third-person)
luďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
luďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
luďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ludi (imperative second-person singular)
ludi (imperative singular third-person)
luďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
luďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
luďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ludivě (dual first-person imperative)
ludita (dual imperative second-person)
luďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
luďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
luďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ludimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ludite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: лудзи́ць (ludzícʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: луди́ть (ludítʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: луди́ти (ludýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: лоудити (luditi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лу́дити

Latin script: lúditi

Slovene: lúditi

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lúditi

Czech: loudit

Old Polish: łudzić

Polish: łudzić

Slovak: lúdiť


bujati

buniti (perfective)
bujanьje (noun-from-verb)
bujati (infinitive)
bujatъ (supine)
bujalъ (l-participle)
bujanъ (participle passive past)
bujajemъ (participle passive present)
bujavъ (active participle past)
bujaję (active participle present)
bujaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
buja (aorist second-person singular)
buja (aorist singular third-person)
bujajǫ (first-person present singular)
bujaješi (present second-person singular)
bujajetь (present singular third-person)
bujaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bujasta (aorist dual second-person)
bujaste (aorist dual third-person)
bujajevě (dual first-person present)
bujajeta (dual present second-person)
bujajete (dual present third-person)
bujaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bujaste (aorist plural second-person)
bujašę (aorist plural third-person)
bujajemъ (first-person plural present)
bujajete (plural present second-person)
bujajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bujaji (imperative second-person singular)
bujaji (imperative singular third-person)
bujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bujajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bujajita (dual imperative second-person)
bujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bujajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bujajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: буя́ць (bujácʹ)

Russian: буя́ть (bujátʹ) (dialectic)

Ukrainian: буя́ти (bujáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: бꙋꙗти (bujati)

Bulgarian: буяя (bujaja)

Macedonian: буи (bui) (i-stem derivative)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̀јати

Latin script: bùjati

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bujěti

Czech: bujet

Kashubian: bùjac

Old Polish: bujać

Polish: bujać

Slovak: bujať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

Formed as *bujь + *-ěti (or *-ati) from the eh₁-fientive *bʰowH-yeh₁-ti (or respectively the eh₂-causative *bʰowH-eh₂yé-ti), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to inflate, to grow”). The secondary meaning related to rampaging and aggressiveness may have been partially influenced by the onomatopoeic *bew- (“to howl, to blow”).


běgati

bě̀gati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
běganьje (noun-from-verb)
běgati (infinitive)
běgatъ (supine)
běgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
běganъ (participle passive past)
běgajemъ (participle passive present)
běgavъ (active participle past)
běgaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
běgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běga (aorist second-person singular)
běga (aorist singular third-person)
běgajǫ (first-person present singular)
běgaješi (present second-person singular)
běgajetь (present singular third-person)
běgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běgasta (aorist dual second-person)
běgaste (aorist dual third-person)
běgajevě (dual first-person present)
běgajeta (dual present second-person)
běgajete (dual present third-person)
běgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běgaste (aorist plural second-person)
běgašę (aorist plural third-person)
běgajemъ (first-person plural present)
běgajete (plural present second-person)
běgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
běgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běgaji (imperative second-person singular)
běgaji (imperative singular third-person)
běgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
běgajita (dual imperative second-person)
běgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
běgajite (imperative plural second-person)

desctree

Old East Slavic: бѣгати (běgati)
Old Ruthenian: бѣ́гати (bě́hati)
Belarusian: бе́гаць (bjéhacʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: бі́гати (bíhaty)
Ukrainian: бі́гати (bíhaty)
Russian: бе́гать (bégatʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бѣгати (běgati)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱑⰳⰰⱅⰹ (běgati)

Bulgarian: бя́гам (bjágam)

Macedonian: бе́га (béga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̏гати, бје̏гати

Latin: bȅgati, bjȅgati

Slovene: bẹ̑gati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: běhati

Czech: běhat

Old Polish: biegać

Polish: biegać

Slovak: behať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: biegac

Slovincian: bjêgac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: běhać

Lower Sorbian: běgaś

From thematizing of earlier *běťi, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bḗˀgtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰegʷ-.


pěti

c (accent-paradigm)
pětьje (noun-from-verb)
pěti (infinitive)
pětъ (supine)
pělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pětъ (participle passive past)
pojemъ (participle passive present)
pěvъ (active participle past)
poję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pě (aorist second-person singular)
pě (aorist singular third-person)
pojǫ (first-person present singular)
poješi (present second-person singular)
pojetь (present singular third-person)
pěxově (aorist dual first-person)
pěsta (aorist dual second-person)
pěste (aorist dual third-person)
pojevě (dual first-person present)
pojeta (dual present second-person)
pojete (dual present third-person)
pěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pěste (aorist plural second-person)
pěšę (aorist plural third-person)
pojemъ (first-person plural present)
pojete (plural present second-person)
pojǫtь (plural present third-person)
pojaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pojaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pojaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
poji (imperative second-person singular)
poji (imperative singular third-person)
pojaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pojaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pojaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pojivě (dual first-person imperative)
pojita (dual imperative second-person)
pojaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pojaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pojaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pojite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пѣти (pěti)

Belarusian: пець (pjecʹ)

Russian: петь (petʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: (dated) пі́ти (píty), пі́яти (píjaty)

⇒ Ukrainian: співати (spivaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пѣти (pěti)

Bulgarian: поя́ (pojá) (dialectal), пе́я (péja)

Macedonian: пее (pee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̀јати, пе̏ти (dialectal, poetic)

Latin: pòjati, pȅti (dialectal, poetic)

Slovene: pẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pět (dated)

Kashubian: piôc

Old Polish: piać
Polish: piać

Polabian: ṕot

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *paitei.
* Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *poyH-, from the root *peyH-. Cognate with Tocharian B pi- (“to sing, to make sing”).
* Per Vasmer, connections outside of Slavic are unreliable. Possibly connected with Ancient Greek παιάν (paián), παιών (paiṓn), Ionic παιήων (paiḗōn, “paean, hymn in honor of Apollo”); sometimes also compared with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (faian, “to blame, to condemn”), Ancient Greek ἔμπαιος (émpaios, “knowledgeable, intelligent”).
* Per Trubachev, possibly originating as a causative of *piti (“to drink”), with the semantic change drink > sing going back to the pagan rite of sacrificial libation.
* A derivation from Proto-Indo-European *pey- (“to adore”) is also possible despite lacking direct semantic basis. If so, cognates include Latin pius (“pious, devout”) and Old English fǣle (“faithful, trusty, good; dear, beloved”)
The alternating Proto-Slavic stems *pě- and *poj- are regular outcomes of the original Proto-Balto-Slavic *pai- before consonants and vowels respectively.


pьsati

pьsanьje (noun-from-verb)
pьsati (infinitive)
pьsatъ (supine)
pьsalъ (l-participle)
pьsanъ (participle passive past)
pišemъ (participle passive present)
pьsavъ (active participle past)
pišę (active participle present)
pьsaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pьsa (aorist second-person singular)
pьsa (aorist singular third-person)
pišǫ (first-person present singular)
pišeši (present second-person singular)
pišetь (present singular third-person)
pьsaxově (aorist dual first-person)
pьsasta (aorist dual second-person)
pьsaste (aorist dual third-person)
piševě (dual first-person present)
pišeta (dual present second-person)
pišete (dual present third-person)
pьsaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pьsaste (aorist plural second-person)
pьsašę (aorist plural third-person)
pišemъ (first-person plural present)
pišete (plural present second-person)
pišǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьsaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьsaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьsaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
piši (imperative second-person singular)
piši (imperative singular third-person)
pьsaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьsaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьsaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pišivě (dual first-person imperative)
pišita (dual imperative second-person)
pьsaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьsaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьsaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pišimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pišite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьсати (pĭsati)

Belarusian: піса́ць (pisácʹ)

Russian: писа́ть (pisátʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: писа́ти (pysáty)

Ukrainian: писа́ти (pysáty)

desc

Old Novgorodian: пьсати (pĭsati), писати (pisati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: пьсати (pĭsati)

Old Church Slavonic: ⱂⱐⱄⰰⱅⰹ (pĭsati)

Bulgarian: пи́ша (píša)

Macedonian: пишува (pišuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: пи́сати

Serbo-Croatian: písati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: písati, pisáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: psáti
Czech: psát

desctree

Old Polish: pisać
Polish: pisać
Silesian: pisać

Slovak: písať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pisac

Slovincian: pjisac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pisać

Lower Sorbian: pisaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *peiśtei or *peiśātei, from Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to mark, color, paint, decorate, embroider”).
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian piẽšti (piešiù), paišýti (paišaũ),
Old Prussian peisāi, (peisāton).


ględati

glę̀dati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględanьje (noun-from-verb)
ględati (infinitive)
ględatъ (supine)
ględalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględanъ (participle passive past)
ględajemъ (participle passive present)
ględavъ (active participle past)
ględaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ględa (aorist second-person singular)
ględa (aorist singular third-person)
ględajǫ (first-person present singular)
ględaješi (present second-person singular)
ględajetь (present singular third-person)
ględaxově (aorist dual first-person)
ględasta (aorist dual second-person)
ględaste (aorist dual third-person)
ględajevě (dual first-person present)
ględajeta (dual present second-person)
ględajete (dual present third-person)
ględaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ględaste (aorist plural second-person)
ględašę (aorist plural third-person)
ględajemъ (first-person plural present)
ględajete (plural present second-person)
ględajǫtь (plural present third-person)
ględaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
ględaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
ględaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ględaji (imperative second-person singular)
ględaji (imperative singular third-person)
ględaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
ględaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
ględaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ględajivě (dual first-person imperative)
ględajita (dual imperative second-person)
ględaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
ględaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
ględaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ględajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ględajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глѧдати (11th century)

Russian: гля́дать (gljádatʹ) (dialectal), гляда́ть (gljadátʹ) (dialectal; Dal's dictionary)

Ukrainian: гляда́ти (hljadáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: глѧдати

Glagolitic script: ⰳⰾⱔⰴⰰⱅⰹ (ględati)

desc

Bulgarian: гле́дам (glédam), гле́ндам (gléndam) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гледа (gleda)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гле̏дати, гле́дати

Latin: glȅdati, glédati

Slovene: glẹ́dati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hlídat, hledat

Polabian: gľǫdăl (“dreamed”, past)

desctree

Old Polish: ględać
Middle Polish: ględać

Slovak: hľadať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: glědaś

Upper Sorbian: hladać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *glenˀd-, with acute through Winter's law from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlend-.


toviti

tovľenьje (noun-from-verb)
toviti (infinitive)
tovitъ (supine)
tovilъ (l-participle)
tovľenъ (participle passive past)
tovimъ (participle passive present)
tovľь (active participle past)
tovę (active participle present)
tovixъ (aorist first-person singular)
tovi (aorist second-person singular)
tovi (aorist singular third-person)
tovľǫ (first-person present singular)
toviši (present second-person singular)
tovitь (present singular third-person)
tovixově (aorist dual first-person)
tovista (aorist dual second-person)
toviste (aorist dual third-person)
tovivě (dual first-person present)
tovita (dual present second-person)
tovite (dual present third-person)
tovixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
toviste (aorist plural second-person)
tovišę (aorist plural third-person)
tovimъ (first-person plural present)
tovite (plural present second-person)
tovętь (plural present third-person)
tovľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tovľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tovľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tovi (imperative second-person singular)
tovi (imperative singular third-person)
tovľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tovľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tovľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tovivě (dual first-person imperative)
tovita (dual imperative second-person)
tovľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tovľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tovľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tovimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tovite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: то̀вити

Latin script: tòviti

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *táweitei, from Proto-Indo-European *towh₂-éye-ti, causative of *tewh₂- (“to crowd, swell”).

inh+

(transitive) to fatten (to cause (a person or animal) to be fat or fatter)


tratiti

tra̋titi (canonical imperfective)
traťenьje (noun-from-verb)
tratiti (infinitive)
tratitъ (supine)
tratilъ (l-participle)
traťenъ (participle passive past)
tratimъ (participle passive present)
traťь (active participle past)
tratę (active participle present)
tratixъ (aorist first-person singular)
trati (aorist second-person singular)
trati (aorist singular third-person)
traťǫ (first-person present singular)
tratiši (present second-person singular)
tratitь (present singular third-person)
tratixově (aorist dual first-person)
tratista (aorist dual second-person)
tratiste (aorist dual third-person)
trativě (dual first-person present)
tratita (dual present second-person)
tratite (dual present third-person)
tratixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tratiste (aorist plural second-person)
tratišę (aorist plural third-person)
tratimъ (first-person plural present)
tratite (plural present second-person)
tratętь (plural present third-person)
traťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
traťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
traťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
trati (imperative second-person singular)
trati (imperative singular third-person)
traťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
traťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
traťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
trativě (dual first-person imperative)
tratita (dual imperative second-person)
traťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
traťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
traťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tratimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tratite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: тра́ціць (trácicʹ)

Russian: тра́тить (trátitʹ)

Ukrainian: тра́тити (trátyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тратити (tratiti)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱃⰰⱅⰻⱅⰻ (tratiti)

Bulgarian: тра́тя (trátja) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра̏тити

Latin script: trȁtiti

Slovene: trátiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tratiti

Czech: tratit

Bohemian (Chod dialect): tratit

Moravian (Mistřice): traťit

Old Polish: tracić

Polish: tracić

Slovak: tratiť

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: trõtyti (“to waste”)

Causative from *trata + *-iti, likely akin to Lithuanian trótinti (“to tease, to agitate”), Samogitian trúotas (“grindstone”), Latvian trũots (“grindstone”). Outside of Balto-Slavic, perhaps cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þrōþjan, “to exercise”) (Proto-Germanic *þrōþijaną).
Commonly compared with *terti (“to rub”) from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, to twist”). Phonetically more compatible with Proto-Indo-European *treh₃- (“to harm, to gnaw”) (whence Ancient Greek τῐτρώσκω (titrṓskō, “to hurt”)).

cog

(perhaps originally) to shatter, to wreck, to crumble


sěťi

c (accent-paradigm)
sěčenьje (noun-from-verb)
sěťi (infinitive)
sěťь (supine)
sěklъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěčenъ (participle passive past)
sěkomъ (participle passive present)
sěkъ (active participle past)
sěky (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěkъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěkoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěče (aorist second-person singular)
sěče (aorist singular third-person)
sěkǫ (first-person present singular)
sěčeši (present second-person singular)
sěčetь (present singular third-person)
sěkově (aorist dual first-person)
sěkoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sěketa (aorist dual second-person)
sěkosta (aorist dual second-person)
sěkete (aorist dual third-person)
sěkoste (aorist dual third-person)
sěčevě (dual first-person present)
sěčeta (dual present second-person)
sěčete (dual present third-person)
sěkomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěkoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěkete (aorist plural second-person)
sěkoste (aorist plural second-person)
sěkǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sěkošę (aorist plural third-person)
sěčemъ (first-person plural present)
sěčete (plural present second-person)
sěkǫtь (plural present third-person)
sěčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sěčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sěčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sěci (imperative second-person singular)
sěci (imperative singular third-person)
sěčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sěčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sěčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sěcěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sěcěta (dual imperative second-person)
sěčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sěčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sěčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sěcěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sěcěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣчи (sěči)

Belarusian: сячы́ (sjačý)

Russian: се́чь (séčʹ)

Ukrainian: сікти́ (siktý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сѣщи (sěšti)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱑⱋⰹ (sěšti)

Bulgarian: сека́ (seká)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏ћи, сје̏ћи

Latin: sȅći, sjȅći

Slovene: sẹ́či (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sieci

Czech: síci, síct

Polabian: sect

Polish: siec

Slovak: sekať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: syc

Lower Sorbian: sec

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sektei, from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), with unexplained -ě-. Cognate with Latin secō (“to cut, to mow”). Explanations for the -ě- vary:
* Rix (LIV) reconstructs an acrodynamic (Narten) present *sēk-. (In the Leiden school view of Derksen and Kortlandt, this would not yield the required acute vowel.)
* Kortlandt asserts that the vowel of *sěkti was lengthened to disambiguate the verb from the root preserved in Lithuanian sèkti (“to watch, to follow”), Proto-Slavic *sočiti (“to pursue, to indicate”) < Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-.
* Derksen notes that the short root vowel is preserved in секыра (sekyra, “axe”).


orzkrǫtiti

orzkrǫťenьje (noun-from-verb)
orzkrǫtiti (infinitive)
orzkrǫtitъ (supine)
orzkrǫtilъ (l-participle)
orzkrǫťenъ (participle passive past)
orzkrǫtimъ (participle passive present)
orzkrǫťь (active participle past)
orzkrǫtę (active participle present)
orzkrǫtixъ (aorist first-person singular)
orzkrǫti (aorist second-person singular)
orzkrǫti (aorist singular third-person)
orzkrǫťǫ (first-person present singular)
orzkrǫtiši (present second-person singular)
orzkrǫtitь (present singular third-person)
orzkrǫtixově (aorist dual first-person)
orzkrǫtista (aorist dual second-person)
orzkrǫtiste (aorist dual third-person)
orzkrǫtivě (dual first-person present)
orzkrǫtita (dual present second-person)
orzkrǫtite (dual present third-person)
orzkrǫtixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
orzkrǫtiste (aorist plural second-person)
orzkrǫtišę (aorist plural third-person)
orzkrǫtimъ (first-person plural present)
orzkrǫtite (plural present second-person)
orzkrǫtętь (plural present third-person)
orzkrǫťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
orzkrǫťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
orzkrǫťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
orzkrǫti (imperative second-person singular)
orzkrǫti (imperative singular third-person)
orzkrǫťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
orzkrǫťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
orzkrǫťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
orzkrǫtivě (dual first-person imperative)
orzkrǫtita (dual imperative second-person)
orzkrǫťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
orzkrǫťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
orzkrǫťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
orzkrǫtimъ (first-person imperative plural)
orzkrǫtite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: разкроутити (razkrutiti)

Belarusian: раскруціць (raskrucicʹ)

Russian: раскрутить (raskrutitʹ)

роскрутитися

розкрутитися

Ukrainian: роскрутити (roskrutyty), роскрутитися (roskrutytysja), розкрутити (rozkrutyty), розкрутитися (rozkrutytysja)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Cyrillic: раскрутити

Latin: raskrutiti

West Slavic:

Czech: rozkroutit

Polish: rozkręcić

Slovak: rozkrútiť


vojevati

vojevanьje (noun-from-verb)
vojevati (infinitive)
vojevatъ (supine)
vojevalъ (l-participle)
vojevavъ (active participle past)
vojuję (active participle present)
vojevaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vojeva (aorist second-person singular)
vojeva (aorist singular third-person)
vojujǫ (first-person present singular)
vojuješi (present second-person singular)
vojujetь (present singular third-person)
vojevaxově (aorist dual first-person)
vojevasta (aorist dual second-person)
vojevaste (aorist dual third-person)
vojujevě (dual first-person present)
vojujeta (dual present second-person)
vojujete (dual present third-person)
vojevaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vojevaste (aorist plural second-person)
vojevašę (aorist plural third-person)
vojujemъ (first-person plural present)
vojujete (plural present second-person)
vojujǫtь (plural present third-person)
vojevaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vojevaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vojevaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vojuji (imperative second-person singular)
vojuji (imperative singular third-person)
vojevaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vojevaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vojevaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vojujivě (dual first-person imperative)
vojujita (dual imperative second-person)
vojevaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vojevaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vojevaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vojujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vojujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воевати (voevati)

Old Ruthenian: воєва́ти (vojeváti), воюва́ти (vojuváti)

Belarusian: ваява́ць (vajavácʹ)

Ukrainian: воюва́ти (vojuváty)

Russian: воева́ть (vojevátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: воѥвати (vojevati)

Bulgarian: вою́вам (vojúvam)

Macedonian: војува (vojuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: војѐвати

Latin script: vojèvati

Slovene: vojeváti

West Slavic:

Polish: wojować

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wojować

Lower Sorbian: wójowaś

to fight, to war, to wage war, to be at war; to fight, to quarrel


zijati

zijanьje (noun-from-verb)
zijati (infinitive)
zijatъ (supine)
zijalъ (l-participle)
zijanъ (participle passive past)
zějemъ (participle passive present)
zijavъ (active participle past)
zěję (active participle present)
zijaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zija (aorist second-person singular)
zija (aorist singular third-person)
zějǫ (first-person present singular)
zěješi (present second-person singular)
zějetь (present singular third-person)
zijaxově (aorist dual first-person)
zijasta (aorist dual second-person)
zijaste (aorist dual third-person)
zějevě (dual first-person present)
zějeta (dual present second-person)
zějete (dual present third-person)
zijaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zijaste (aorist plural second-person)
zijašę (aorist plural third-person)
zějemъ (first-person plural present)
zějete (plural present second-person)
zějǫtь (plural present third-person)
zijaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zijaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zijaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zěji (imperative second-person singular)
zěji (imperative singular third-person)
zijaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zijaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zijaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zějivě (dual first-person imperative)
zějita (dual imperative second-person)
zijaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zijaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zijaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
zějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зиꙗти (zijati)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: зїꙗти (zijati)
Carpathian Rusyn: зия́ти (zyjáty)
Ukrainian: зя́яти (zjájaty), зія́ти (zijáty); зя́ти (zjáty) (dialectal)

Russian: зия́ть (zijátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зиꙗти (zijati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зијати

Latin: zjȁti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: zijáti, zȋjati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zieti

Czech: zet (literary), zát (obsolete)

Polish: ziać (“exhale”)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źiā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂i-éh₂-yeti (“to gape, be wide open”), ultimately from *ǵʰeh₂-. Cognates include Lithuanian žióti, Latin hiō, Ancient Greek χάσκω (kháskō), Tocharian A śew, Tocharian B kāyā, Sanskrit विजिहीते (vijihīte), and Proto-Germanic *gīnaną, *ganōną (English yawn).


brusiti

brūsìti (canonical perfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
brušenьje (noun-from-verb)
brusiti (infinitive)
brusitъ (supine)
brusilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
brušenъ (participle passive past)
brusimъ (participle passive present)
brušь (active participle past)
brusę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
brusixъ (aorist first-person singular)
brusi (aorist second-person singular)
brusi (aorist singular third-person)
brušǫ (first-person present singular)
brusiši (present second-person singular)
brusitь (present singular third-person)
brusixově (aorist dual first-person)
brusista (aorist dual second-person)
brusiste (aorist dual third-person)
brusivě (dual first-person present)
brusita (dual present second-person)
brusite (dual present third-person)
brusixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brusiste (aorist plural second-person)
brusišę (aorist plural third-person)
brusimъ (first-person plural present)
brusite (plural present second-person)
brusętь (plural present third-person)
brušaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brušaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brušaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brusi (imperative second-person singular)
brusi (imperative singular third-person)
brušaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brušaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brušaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brusivě (dual first-person imperative)
brusita (dual imperative second-person)
brušaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brušaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brušaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brusimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brusite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бруси́ть (brusítʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: бруси́ти (brusýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бру́ся (brúsja)

Macedonian: бруси (brusi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бру́сити

Latin script: brúsiti

Slovene: brúsiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brúsiti

Czech: brousit

Polish: brusić

Silesian: brusić

Slovak: brúsiť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brauk-ei-, *brauś-ei-, iterative of the verb *brauk-, *brauś- (whence Latvian bràukt, Lithuanian braũkti), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrowḱ-. Cognate with Latvian braũcît, Lithuanian braukýti.


jьmati

jьmàti (canonical imperfective)
jьmanьje (noun-from-verb)
jьmati (infinitive)
jьmatъ (supine)
jьmalъ (l-participle)
jьmanъ (participle passive past)
emľemъ (participle passive present)
jьmavъ (active participle past)
emľę (active participle present)
jьmaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jьma (aorist second-person singular)
jьma (aorist singular third-person)
emľǫ (first-person present singular)
emľeši (present second-person singular)
emľetь (present singular third-person)
jьmaxově (aorist dual first-person)
jьmasta (aorist dual second-person)
jьmaste (aorist dual third-person)
emľevě (dual first-person present)
emľeta (dual present second-person)
emľete (dual present third-person)
jьmaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jьmaste (aorist plural second-person)
jьmašę (aorist plural third-person)
emľemъ (first-person plural present)
emľete (plural present second-person)
emľǫtь (plural present third-person)
jьmaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jьmaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jьmaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
emľi (imperative second-person singular)
emľi (imperative singular third-person)
jьmaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jьmaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jьmaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
emľivě (dual first-person imperative)
emľita (dual imperative second-person)
jьmaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jьmaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jьmaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
emľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
emľite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: имати (imati)

Russian: има́ть (imátʹ) (archaic)

Ukrainian: ма́ти (máty)

Old Novgorodian: ѥмати (jemati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: имати (imati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: и́мам (ímam)

Macedonian: има (ima)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ѝмати, јѐмати

Latin script: ìmati, jìmati, jèmati

Slovene: jemáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jímati

Czech: jímat

Kashubian: jëmac

Polabian: jéimat

Old Polish: imać

Polish: imać (obsolete, literary)

Slovak: mať, jímať

Slovincian: jimac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jimać

Lower Sorbian: jimaś

From *jьmǫ + *-ati, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁em-.


bresti

brestì (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
bredenьje (noun-from-verb)
bresti (infinitive)
brestъ (supine)
bredlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
bredenъ (participle passive past)
bredomъ (participle passive present)
bredъ (active participle past)
bredy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
bredъ (aorist first-person singular)
bredoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
brede (aorist second-person singular)
brede (aorist singular third-person)
bredǫ (first-person present singular)
bredeši (present second-person singular)
bredetь (present singular third-person)
bredově (aorist dual first-person)
bredoxově (aorist dual first-person)
bredeta (aorist dual second-person)
bredosta (aorist dual second-person)
bredete (aorist dual third-person)
bredoste (aorist dual third-person)
bredevě (dual first-person present)
bredeta (dual present second-person)
bredete (dual present third-person)
bredomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bredoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bredete (aorist plural second-person)
bredoste (aorist plural second-person)
bredǫ (aorist plural third-person)
bredošę (aorist plural third-person)
bredemъ (first-person plural present)
bredete (plural present second-person)
bredǫtь (plural present third-person)
breděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
breděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
breděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bredi (imperative second-person singular)
bredi (imperative singular third-person)
breděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
breděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
breděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
breděvě (dual first-person imperative)
breděta (dual imperative second-person)
breděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
breděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
breděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
breděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
breděte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: брести (bresti) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: брести (bresti)

Belarusian: брысци́ (bryscí) (colloquial)

Russian: брести́ (brestí)

Ukrainian: брести́ (brestý)

South Slavic:

⇒ Bulgarian: бре́цам (brécam) (+ *-ьcati)

Slovene: brésti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: břísti

Polabian: bradĕ (3sg.)

Slovak: bŕsť

Slovincian: brësc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brestei, cognate with Lithuanian brìsti (“to wade”), 1sg. brendù (Eastern dialectal bredù), 3sg. breñda, 3sg. past brìdo, Latvian brist (“to wade”), as well as Albanian bredh (“to jump, to hop”). Trubachev (ESSJa) adds Tocharian B preściye (“mud, dirt”) and Thracian βρεδα- (vreda-) (found only in toponyms). None of the languages outside Balto-Slavic clearly indicate whether the PIE root had *-d- or *-dʰ-, but *-dʰ- is required in Balto-Slavic if Winter's law applies, since the preceding vowel was not lengthened. Accordingly, Derksen reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *bʰredʰ- (*bʰ- rather than *b- can be assumed because initial *b- was rare or nonexistent in Proto-Indo-European).


dьrati

dьràti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьranьje (noun-from-verb)
dьrati (infinitive)
dьratъ (supine)
dьralъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьranъ (participle passive past)
deromъ (participle passive present)
dьravъ (active participle past)
dery (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
dьraxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dьra (aorist second-person singular)
dьra (aorist singular third-person)
derǫ (first-person present singular)
dereši (present second-person singular)
deretь (present singular third-person)
dьraxově (aorist dual first-person)
dьrasta (aorist dual second-person)
dьraste (aorist dual third-person)
derevě (dual first-person present)
dereta (dual present second-person)
derete (dual present third-person)
dьraxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
dьraste (aorist plural second-person)
dьrašę (aorist plural third-person)
deremъ (first-person plural present)
derete (plural present second-person)
derǫtь (plural present third-person)
dьraaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
dьraaše (imperfect second-person singular)
dьraaše (imperfect singular third-person)
deri (imperative second-person singular)
deri (imperative singular third-person)
dьraaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
dьraašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
dьraašete (dual imperfect third-person)
derěvě (dual first-person imperative)
derěta (dual imperative second-person)
dьraaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
dьraašete (imperfect plural second-person)
dьraaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
derěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
derěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дра́ти (dráti)

Belarusian: дра́ць (drácʹ)

Russian: дра́ть (drátʹ)

Ukrainian: дра́ти (dráty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дьрати (dĭrati)

Bulgarian: дера́ (derá)

Macedonian: дере (dere)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дра̏ти, дѐрати

Latin: drȁti, dèrati

Slovene: dẹ̑rati (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Czech: drát

Polabian: derĕ (3sg.)

Old Polish: drać

Slovak: drať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: draś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dírāˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *derH- (“to split, to separate; to tear, to crack, to shatter”), reanalyzed form of an earlier *dertì.


viděti

vìděti (canonical)
a (accent-paradigm)
viděnьje (noun-from-verb)
viděti (infinitive)
vidětъ (supine)
vidělъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
viděnъ (participle passive past)
vidimъ (participle passive present)
viděvъ (active participle past)
vidę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
viděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vidě (aorist second-person singular)
vidě (aorist singular third-person)
viďǫ (first-person present singular)
vidiši (present second-person singular)
viditь (present singular third-person)
viděxově (aorist dual first-person)
viděsta (aorist dual second-person)
viděste (aorist dual third-person)
vidivě (dual first-person present)
vidita (dual present second-person)
vidite (dual present third-person)
viděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
viděste (aorist plural second-person)
viděšę (aorist plural third-person)
vidimъ (first-person plural present)
vidite (plural present second-person)
vidętь (plural present third-person)
viděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
viděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
viděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vidi (imperative second-person singular)
vidi (imperative singular third-person)
viděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
viděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
viděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vidivě (dual first-person imperative)
vidita (dual imperative second-person)
viděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
viděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
viděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vidimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vidite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: видѣти (viděti)

Old Ruthenian: видѣти (viděti)

Belarusian: ві́дзець (vídzjecʹ) (dated, colloquial)

Carpathian Rusyn: відїти (vidjity)

Ukrainian: ви́діти (výdity) (dated)

Russian: ви́деть (vídetʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: видѣти (viděti)

Bulgarian: ви́дя (vídja)

Macedonian: ви́ди (vídi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ви̏дјети, ви̏дети

Latin: vȉdjeti, vȉdeti

Slovene: vídeti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: viděti
Czech: vidět

desctree

Old Polish: widzieć
Polish: widzieć
Silesian: widzieć

Slovak: vidieť

Polabian: vaidĕt

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: widzec

Slovincian: wjidzec

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wiźeś

Upper Sorbian: widźeć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *weiˀdēˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”). Cognate with Latin videō, Lithuanian veizdė́ti.


letěti

letě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
letěnьje (noun-from-verb)
letěti (infinitive)
letětъ (supine)
letělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
letěvъ (active participle past)
letę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
letěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
letě (aorist second-person singular)
letě (aorist singular third-person)
leťǫ (first-person present singular)
letiši (present second-person singular)
letitь (present singular third-person)
letěxově (aorist dual first-person)
letěsta (aorist dual second-person)
letěste (aorist dual third-person)
letivě (dual first-person present)
letita (dual present second-person)
letite (dual present third-person)
letěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
letěste (aorist plural second-person)
letěšę (aorist plural third-person)
letimъ (first-person plural present)
letite (plural present second-person)
letętь (plural present third-person)
letěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
letěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
letěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
leti (imperative second-person singular)
leti (imperative singular third-person)
letěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
letěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
letěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
letivě (dual first-person imperative)
letita (dual imperative second-person)
letěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
letěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
letěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
letimъ (first-person imperative plural)
letite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ляце́ць (ljacjécʹ)

Russian: лете́ть (letétʹ)

Ukrainian: леті́ти (letíty)

Carpathian Rusyn: литїти (lytjity)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: летѣти (letěti)

Bulgarian: летя́ (letjá)

Macedonian: лета (leta)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лѐтети, лѐтјети

Latin: lèteti, lètjeti

Slovene: letẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: letěti

Czech: letět

Kashubian: lecec

Polish: lecieć

Slovak: letieť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: leśeś

Upper Sorbian: lećeć

Formed as *letъ (“flight”) + *-ěti from Proto-Balto-Slavic *lekt-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lek-. Akin to Lithuanian lė̃kti (“to fly”), 3sg. lẽkia, Latvian lèkt (“to jump, (rarely) to fly”), 3sg. lec, Ancient Greek ληκάω (lēkáō, “to dance to music”), Middle High German lecken (“to hop”).


jьskati

b (accent-paradigm)
jьskanьje (noun-from-verb)
jьskati (infinitive)
jьskatъ (supine)
jьskalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
jьskanъ (participle passive past)
jьščemъ (participle passive present)
jьskavъ (active participle past)
jьščę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
jьskaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jьska (aorist second-person singular)
jьska (aorist singular third-person)
jьščǫ (first-person present singular)
jьščeši (present second-person singular)
jьščetь (present singular third-person)
jьskaxově (aorist dual first-person)
jьskasta (aorist dual second-person)
jьskaste (aorist dual third-person)
jьščevě (dual first-person present)
jьščeta (dual present second-person)
jьščete (dual present third-person)
jьskaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jьskaste (aorist plural second-person)
jьskašę (aorist plural third-person)
jьščemъ (first-person plural present)
jьščete (plural present second-person)
jьščǫtь (plural present third-person)
jьskaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jьskaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jьskaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
jьšči (imperative second-person singular)
jьšči (imperative singular third-person)
jьskaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jьskaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jьskaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
jьščivě (dual first-person imperative)
jьščita (dual imperative second-person)
jьskaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jьskaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jьskaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
jьščimъ (first-person imperative plural)
jьščite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: искати (iskati)

Russian: иска́ть (iskátʹ)

desc

Carpathian Rusyn: искати (yskaty), иськати (ysʹkaty), ськати (sʹkaty)

Ukrainian: иська́ти (ysʹkáty), ська́ти (sʹkáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: искати (iskati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: и́скам (ískam)

Macedonian: иска (iska) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ѝскати, и́скати

Latin: ìskati, ískati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: ískati, iskáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jískati

Czech: vískat, (dialectal) ískať

Kashubian: wiskac

Polish: iskać

Slovak: ískať

Slovincian: wjiskac

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *iskāˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂i-sḱé-ti, from *h₂eys- (“to wish, desire, want”). Cognate with Lithuanian ieškóti (“to look for”) (1sg. íeškau), Latvian iẽskât (“to search for lice”), Sanskrit इच्छति (iccháti, “to long for, wish, to seek”), Avestan 𐬌𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (isaⁱti, “to seek”), Latin aeruscō (“to beg, to ask for”), Old High German eiscōn (“to investigate, to demand”), Old English āscian (“to ask”) (whence English ask), Old Armenian այց (aycʻ, “visit; search”), հայց (haycʻ, “demand, request; seeking”).


sěti

sě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
sětьje (noun-from-verb)
sěti (infinitive)
sětъ (supine)
sělъ (l-participle)
sětъ (participle passive past)
sějemъ (participle passive present)
sěvъ (active participle past)
sěję (active participle present)
sěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sě (aorist second-person singular)
sě (aorist singular third-person)
sějǫ (first-person present singular)
sěješi (present second-person singular)
sějetь (present singular third-person)
sěxově (aorist dual first-person)
sěsta (aorist dual second-person)
sěste (aorist dual third-person)
sějevě (dual first-person present)
sějeta (dual present second-person)
sějete (dual present third-person)
sěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěste (aorist plural second-person)
sěšę (aorist plural third-person)
sějemъ (first-person plural present)
sějete (plural present second-person)
sějǫtь (plural present third-person)
sěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sěji (imperative second-person singular)
sěji (imperative singular third-person)
sěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sějivě (dual first-person imperative)
sějita (dual imperative second-person)
sěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old Ruthenian: сѣꙗти (sějati), сѣѧти (sějati), сѣати (sěati), сеати (seati), сѣѣти (sějěti)

Belarusian: се́яць (sjéjacʹ)

Ukrainian: сі́яти (síjaty)

desctree

Russian: се́ять (séjatʹ), сѣ́ять (sě́jatʹ) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kildin Sami: сейе (sjejje)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: сѣти (sěti), сѣꙗти (sějati), сѣати (sěati), сиѣти (sijěti), сѣѣти (sějěti)

Bulgarian: се́я (séja)

Macedonian: сее (see)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: си̏јати, се̏јати

Latin: sȉjati, sȅjati

Slovene: sejáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sieti

Czech: sít

Polabian: sejôt

Polish: siać

Slovak: siať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: seś

Upper Sorbian: syć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sḗˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-. Cognate with English sow, Latin serere, Latvian sẽt and Lithuanian sė́ti.


sěti

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: *сѣяти (*sějati), сеять (sejatʹ)

⇒ Belarusian: прасе́яць (prasjéjacʹ)

Ukrainian: сі́яти (síjaty)

Russian: (просе́ять (proséjatʹ))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: сѣти (sěti), сѣꙗти (sějati)

Bulgarian: се́я (séja)

Macedonian: (просејува (prosejuva))

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: си̏јати

Latin script: sȉjati

Slovene: sejáti (tonal orthography)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *seˀi- / Proto-Balto-Slavic *sˀi-, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁y-. Cognate with Latvian sijāt, Lithuanian sijóti, and Ancient Greek ἠθέω (ēthéō).


pěvati

pěvanьje (noun-from-verb)
pěvati (infinitive)
pěvatъ (supine)
pěvalъ (l-participle)
pěvanъ (participle passive past)
pěvajemъ (participle passive present)
pěvavъ (active participle past)
pěvaję (active participle present)
pěvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pěva (aorist second-person singular)
pěva (aorist singular third-person)
pěvajǫ (first-person present singular)
pěvaješi (present second-person singular)
pěvajetь (present singular third-person)
pěvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
pěvasta (aorist dual second-person)
pěvaste (aorist dual third-person)
pěvajevě (dual first-person present)
pěvajeta (dual present second-person)
pěvajete (dual present third-person)
pěvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pěvaste (aorist plural second-person)
pěvašę (aorist plural third-person)
pěvajemъ (first-person plural present)
pěvajete (plural present second-person)
pěvajǫtь (plural present third-person)
pěvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pěvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pěvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pěvaji (imperative second-person singular)
pěvaji (imperative singular third-person)
pěvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pěvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pěvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pěvajivě (dual first-person imperative)
pěvajita (dual imperative second-person)
pěvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pěvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pěvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pěvajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pěvajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

⇒ Belarusian: спява́ць (spjavácʹ)

Russian: пева́ть (pevátʹ)

⇒ Ukrainian: співа́ти (spiváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пѣвати (pěvati)

Bulgarian: пева (peva) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пје̏вати, пе̏вати, пи̏вати

Latin script: pjȅvati, pȅvati, pȉvati

Slovene: pẹ́vati

West Slavic:

Czech: zpívat

Kashubian: spiéwac

Polish: śpiewać

Silesian: śpiywać

Slovak: spievať


brujati

brujanьje (noun-from-verb)
brujati (infinitive)
brujatъ (supine)
brujalъ (l-participle)
brujanъ (participle passive past)
brujemъ (participle passive present)
brujavъ (active participle past)
bruję (active participle present)
brujaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bruja (aorist second-person singular)
bruja (aorist singular third-person)
brujǫ (first-person present singular)
bruješi (present second-person singular)
brujetь (present singular third-person)
brujaxově (aorist dual first-person)
brujasta (aorist dual second-person)
brujaste (aorist dual third-person)
brujevě (dual first-person present)
brujeta (dual present second-person)
brujete (dual present third-person)
brujaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brujaste (aorist plural second-person)
brujašę (aorist plural third-person)
brujemъ (first-person plural present)
brujete (plural present second-person)
brujǫtь (plural present third-person)
brujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bruji (imperative second-person singular)
bruji (imperative singular third-person)
brujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brujivě (dual first-person imperative)
brujita (dual imperative second-person)
brujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бруя́ть (brujátʹ) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бру́јати

Latin script: brújati

Of onomatopoeic origin or possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to incite, to spring”), whence Lithuanian bráuti (“to press, to push”). Georgiev has considered possible relation to Ancient Greek βρύω (brúō, “to gush forth, to burst”), which is dismissed by Trubačev (ESSJa).

cog

brujiti

*bruja (“riffle, vibration; rapid, torrent (of flowing water)”)


voňati

voňàti (canonical)
voňanьje (noun-from-verb)
voňati (infinitive)
voňatъ (supine)
voňalъ (l-participle)
voňanъ (participle passive past)
voňajemъ (participle passive present)
voňavъ (active participle past)
voňaję (active participle present)
voňaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
voňa (aorist second-person singular)
voňa (aorist singular third-person)
voňajǫ (first-person present singular)
voňaješi (present second-person singular)
voňajetь (present singular third-person)
voňaxově (aorist dual first-person)
voňasta (aorist dual second-person)
voňaste (aorist dual third-person)
voňajevě (dual first-person present)
voňajeta (dual present second-person)
voňajete (dual present third-person)
voňaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
voňaste (aorist plural second-person)
voňašę (aorist plural third-person)
voňajemъ (first-person plural present)
voňajete (plural present second-person)
voňajǫtь (plural present third-person)
voňaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
voňaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
voňaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
voňaji (imperative second-person singular)
voňaji (imperative singular third-person)
voňaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
voňaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
voňaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
voňajivě (dual first-person imperative)
voňajita (dual imperative second-person)
voňaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
voňaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
voňaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
voňajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
voňajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вонꙗти (vonjati), вонѧти

desc

Belarusian: ваня́ць (vanjácʹ, “to stink”)

Russian: воня́ть (vonjátʹ, “to stink”)

Ukrainian: воня́ти (vonjáty, “to stink”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic вонꙗти (vonjati)

Glagolitic: ⰲⱁⱀⱑⱅⰻ (voněti)

Bulgarian: воня́ (vonjá)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: во̀њати

Latin script: vònjati

Slovene: vonjáti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: voněti

Czech: vonět

Old Polish: woniać

Polish: wonieć

Silesian: wōniać

Slovak: voňať


grěšiti

grěšenьje (noun-from-verb)
grěšiti (infinitive)
grěšitъ (supine)
grěšilъ (l-participle)
grěšenъ (participle passive past)
grěšimъ (participle passive present)
grěšь (active participle past)
grěšę (active participle present)
grěšixъ (aorist first-person singular)
grěši (aorist second-person singular)
grěši (aorist singular third-person)
grěšǫ (first-person present singular)
grěšiši (present second-person singular)
grěšitь (present singular third-person)
grěšixově (aorist dual first-person)
grěšista (aorist dual second-person)
grěšiste (aorist dual third-person)
grěšivě (dual first-person present)
grěšita (dual present second-person)
grěšite (dual present third-person)
grěšixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grěšiste (aorist plural second-person)
grěšišę (aorist plural third-person)
grěšimъ (first-person plural present)
grěšite (plural present second-person)
grěšętь (plural present third-person)
grěšaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
grěšaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
grěšaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
grěši (imperative second-person singular)
grěši (imperative singular third-person)
grěšaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
grěšaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
grěšaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
grěšivě (dual first-person imperative)
grěšita (dual imperative second-person)
grěšaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
grěšaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
grěšaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
grěšimъ (first-person imperative plural)
grěšite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: грашы́ць (hrašýcʹ)

Russian: греши́ть (grešítʹ)

Ukrainian: гріши́ти (hrišýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: грѣшити (grěšiti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: греша́ (grešá)

Macedonian: греши (greši)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гре́шити, грије́шити

Latin: gréšiti, grijéšiti

Slovene: grešíti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hřěšiti

Czech: hřešit

Old Polish: grzeszyć

Polish: grzeszyć

Slovak: hrešiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: grěšyś

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: greși


načęti

načę̀ti (canonical perfective)
načętьje (noun-from-verb)
načęti (infinitive)
načętъ (supine)
načęlъ (l-participle)
načętъ (participle passive past)
načьnъ (active participle past)
načęsъ (aorist first-person singular)
načę (aorist second-person singular)
načę (aorist singular third-person)
načьnǫ (first-person present singular)
načьneši (present second-person singular)
načьnetь (present singular third-person)
načęsově (aorist dual first-person)
načęsta (aorist dual second-person)
načęste (aorist dual third-person)
načьnevě (dual first-person present)
načьneta (dual present second-person)
načьnete (dual present third-person)
načęsomъ (aorist first-person plural)
načęste (aorist plural second-person)
načęsę (aorist plural third-person)
načьnemъ (first-person plural present)
načьnete (plural present second-person)
načьnǫtь (plural present third-person)
načьni (imperative second-person singular)
načьni (imperative singular third-person)
načьněvě (dual first-person imperative)
načьněta (dual imperative second-person)
načьněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
načьněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: начѧти, начати (načati)

Old Ruthenian: нача́ти (načáti)

Ukrainian: нача́ти (načáty)

Belarusian: нача́ць (načácʹ)

Russian: нача́ть (načátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: начѧти

Bulgarian: наче́на (načéna)

Macedonian: начне (načne)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: на̀че̄ти

Latin script: nàčēti

Slovene: načẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: načieti

Czech: načít

Polabian: nocǫl

Old Polish: nacząć
Polish: nacząć

Slovak: načať

Slovincian: naczic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: načeć

Lower Sorbian: naceś

From Proto-Indo-European * h₂nō+*k(e)n-. Equivalent to *na- + *čęti.


jьgrati

jьgranьje (noun-from-verb)
jьgrati (infinitive)
jьgratъ (supine)
jьgralъ (l-participle)
jьgranъ (participle passive past)
jьgrajemъ (participle passive present)
jьgravъ (active participle past)
jьgraję (active participle present)
jьgraxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jьgra (aorist second-person singular)
jьgra (aorist singular third-person)
jьgrajǫ (first-person present singular)
jьgraješi (present second-person singular)
jьgrajetь (present singular third-person)
jьgraxově (aorist dual first-person)
jьgrasta (aorist dual second-person)
jьgraste (aorist dual third-person)
jьgrajevě (dual first-person present)
jьgrajeta (dual present second-person)
jьgrajete (dual present third-person)
jьgraxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jьgraste (aorist plural second-person)
jьgrašę (aorist plural third-person)
jьgrajemъ (first-person plural present)
jьgrajete (plural present second-person)
jьgrajǫtь (plural present third-person)
jьgraaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jьgraaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jьgraaše (imperfect singular third-person)
jьgraji (imperative second-person singular)
jьgraji (imperative singular third-person)
jьgraaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jьgraašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jьgraašete (dual imperfect third-person)
jьgrajivě (dual first-person imperative)
jьgrajita (dual imperative second-person)
jьgraaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jьgraašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jьgraaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
jьgrajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
jьgrajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: играти (igrati)

Belarusian: граць (hracʹ), ігра́ць (ihrácʹ)

Russian: игра́ть (igrátʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: гра́ти (hráty)

Ukrainian: гра́ти (hráty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: играти (igrati)

Bulgarian: игра́я (igrája)

Macedonian: игра (igra)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: и̏грати

Latin script: ȉgrati

Slovene: igráti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polabian: jaigroją (3pl.)

Old Czech: jhráti
Czech: hrát

Old Polish: igrać

Polish: grać, igrać

Slovak: hrať, ihrať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jigrac, grac

Slovincian: grac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrać

Lower Sorbian: graś, jgraś


krotiti

kroťenьje (noun-from-verb)
krotiti (infinitive)
krotitъ (supine)
krotilъ (l-participle)
kroťenъ (participle passive past)
krotimъ (participle passive present)
kroťь (active participle past)
krotę (active participle present)
krotixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kroti (aorist second-person singular)
kroti (aorist singular third-person)
kroťǫ (first-person present singular)
krotiši (present second-person singular)
krotitь (present singular third-person)
krotixově (aorist dual first-person)
krotista (aorist dual second-person)
krotiste (aorist dual third-person)
krotivě (dual first-person present)
krotita (dual present second-person)
krotite (dual present third-person)
krotixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
krotiste (aorist plural second-person)
krotišę (aorist plural third-person)
krotimъ (first-person plural present)
krotite (plural present second-person)
krotętь (plural present third-person)
kroťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kroťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kroťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kroti (imperative second-person singular)
kroti (imperative singular third-person)
kroťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kroťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kroťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
krotivě (dual first-person imperative)
krotita (dual imperative second-person)
kroťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kroťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kroťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
krotimъ (first-person imperative plural)
krotite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: кроти́ть (krotítʹ) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: укроти́ть (ukrotítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кротити (krotiti)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⱁⱅⰻⱅⰻ (krotiti)

Bulgarian: кротя́ (krotjá)

Macedonian: скротува (skrotuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кро̀тити

Latin script: kròtiti

Slovene: krotiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: krotiti

Czech: krotit

Old Polish: krócić

⇒ Polish: ukrócić

Slovak: krotiť


kvisti

kvistì (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
kvьtenьje (noun-from-verb)
kvisti (infinitive)
kvistъ (supine)
kvьtlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kvьtenъ (participle passive past)
kvьtomъ (participle passive present)
kvьtъ (active participle past)
kvьty (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kvьtъ (aorist first-person singular)
kvьtoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kvьte (aorist second-person singular)
kvьte (aorist singular third-person)
kvьtǫ (first-person present singular)
kvьteši (present second-person singular)
kvьtetь (present singular third-person)
kvьtově (aorist dual first-person)
kvьtoxově (aorist dual first-person)
kvьteta (aorist dual second-person)
kvьtosta (aorist dual second-person)
kvьtete (aorist dual third-person)
kvьtoste (aorist dual third-person)
kvьtevě (dual first-person present)
kvьteta (dual present second-person)
kvьtete (dual present third-person)
kvьtomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kvьtoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kvьtete (aorist plural second-person)
kvьtoste (aorist plural second-person)
kvьtǫ (aorist plural third-person)
kvьtošę (aorist plural third-person)
kvьtemъ (first-person plural present)
kvьtete (plural present second-person)
kvьtǫtь (plural present third-person)
kvьtěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kvьtěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kvьtěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kvьti (imperative second-person singular)
kvьti (imperative singular third-person)
kvьtěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kvьtěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kvьtěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kvьtěvě (dual first-person imperative)
kvьtěta (dual imperative second-person)
kvьtěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kvьtěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kvьtěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kvьtěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kvьtěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: цвьсти (cvĭsti)

Belarusian: цвісці́ (cviscí), цьвісьці́ (cʹvisʹcí) (Tarashkevitsa orthography)

Russian: цвести́ (cvestí), цвѣсти́ (cvěstí) (obsolete)

Ukrainian: квісти́ (kvistý), цвісти́ (cvistý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: цвисти (cvisti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: цъфтя́ (cǎftjá), цъвтя́ (cǎvtjá) (obsolete)

Macedonian: цвета (cveta)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: цва̀сти

Latin script: cvàsti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: cvèsti, cvestȉ, cvésti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kvisti

Czech: kvésti (archaic), kvést

Old Polish: kwiść

Polish: kwiść (archaic or dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kwisć

Upper Sorbian: 1sg. ktu (infinitive kćěć is from *kvьtěti)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kweistei. Related to Latvian kvitêt (“to shimmer, to glimmer”).
* Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweyt-, where Proto-Indo-European *ḱw- is depalatalized to *kw- in Balto-Slavic before a back vowel but has its regular reflex św- before a front vowel, and the complex pattern of related Proto-Slavic words with *kv- and *sv- (see Related terms, below) is due to analogical changes in both directions.
* Per Rix (LIV), there are two separate roots, Proto-Indo-European *ḱweyt- (“to become bright”) and Proto-Indo-European *kweyt- (“to shine”), the latter found only in Balto-Slavic.
* Chernykh refers to a substitution of "West-European" *k in place of *ḱ-, presumably suggesting a borrowing from a Centum language to the West of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
* Trubachev's theory is of "secondary centumization", which appears to be essentially the same as Chernykh's.


pьzděti

pьzděnьje (noun-from-verb)
pьzděti (infinitive)
pьzdětъ (supine)
pьzdělъ (l-participle)
pьzděvъ (active participle past)
pьzdę (active participle present)
pьzděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pьzdě (aorist second-person singular)
pьzdě (aorist singular third-person)
pьzďǫ (first-person present singular)
pьzdiši (present second-person singular)
pьzditь (present singular third-person)
pьzděxově (aorist dual first-person)
pьzděsta (aorist dual second-person)
pьzděste (aorist dual third-person)
pьzdivě (dual first-person present)
pьzdita (dual present second-person)
pьzdite (dual present third-person)
pьzděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pьzděste (aorist plural second-person)
pьzděšę (aorist plural third-person)
pьzdimъ (first-person plural present)
pьzdite (plural present second-person)
pьzdętь (plural present third-person)
pьzděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьzděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьzděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pьzdi (imperative second-person singular)
pьzdi (imperative singular third-person)
pьzděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьzděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьzděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pьzdivě (dual first-person imperative)
pьzdita (dual imperative second-person)
pьzděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьzděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьzděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pьzdimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pьzdite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *бьздѣти (*bĭzděti)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: *бздѣ́ти (*bzdě́ti)
Belarusian: бздзець (bzdzjecʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: бздї́ти (bzdjíty)
Ukrainian: бзді́ти (bzdíty); бизді́ти (byzdíty), пезді́ти (pezdíty) (dialectal)

Russian: бздеть (bzdetʹ)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: пъздя́ (pǎzdjá), бъздя́ (bǎzdjá) (dialectal)

Macedonian: базди (bazdi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̀здети, ба̀здјети

Cyrillic script: ба̀здети, ба̀здјети

Latin script: bàzdeti, bàzdjeti

Slovene: pezdéti

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: pzdieti
Early Modern Czech: bzdíti
Czech: bzdít

Polish: bździeć, bździć

Silesian: bździeć

Slovak: bzdieť

Kashubian: bzdzëc

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bźeś

Upper Sorbian: bzdeć

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *p(e)sdeˀtei, *b(e)sdeˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *pesd-. Cognate with Latvian bzdêt, Lithuanian bezdė́ti, Ancient Greek βδέω (bdéō), Latin pēdō.