-okъ

-òkъ (canonical masculine)
-okъ (nominative singular)
-oka (dual nominative)
-oci (nominative plural)
-oka (genitive singular)
-oku (dual genitive)
-okъ (genitive plural)
-oku (dative singular)
-okoma (dative dual)
-okomъ (dative plural)
-okъ (accusative singular)
-oka (accusative dual)
-oky (accusative plural)
-okъmь (instrumental singular)
-okomь (instrumental singular)
-okoma (dual instrumental)
-oky (instrumental plural)
-ocě (locative singular)
-oku (dual locative)
-ocěxъ (locative plural)
-oče (singular vocative)
-oka (dual vocative)
-oci (plural vocative)

Nominal suffix, derived from *-kъ appended to o-stems *-ъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-kós.

pъtъka (“duck”) → *pъtokъ (“drake”)

mečьka f (“bear”) → *mečokъ f (“bear”)

gǫsь (“goose”) → *gǫsokъ (“gander”)

myšь f (“mouse”) → *myšokъ m (“mouse”)

(Regional) From feminine animal nouns (usually in i-stem), forms the respective masculine counter-part (in South Slavic)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldokъ (“novice, youth, young tree”)

starъ (“old”) → *starokъ (“veteran, elderly”)

slěpъ (“blind”) → *slěpokъ (“blind creature/person”)

Pre-Slavic *sklǫbъ (“lateral”) → *xlǫbokъ (“hip”)

From adjectives, forms a carrier of the adjective

0-grade of *per (“for, per”) → *prokъ (“remnant, remainder”)

From prepositions, forms a carrier of the adjective


-okъ

-òkъ (canonical)
*-ekъ (alternative)
-okъ (masculine nominative singular)
-oka (feminine nominative singular)
-oko (neuter nominative singular)
-oka (genitive masculine singular)
-oky (feminine genitive singular)
-oka (genitive neuter singular)
-oku (dative masculine singular)
-ocě (dative feminine singular)
-oku (dative neuter singular)
-okъ (accusative masculine singular)
-okǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-oko (accusative neuter singular)
-okomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-okojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-okomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ocě (locative masculine singular)
-ocě (feminine locative singular)
-ocě (locative neuter singular)
-oče (masculine singular vocative)
-oko (feminine singular vocative)
-oko (neuter singular vocative)
-oka (dual masculine nominative)
-ocě (dual feminine nominative)
-ocě (dual neuter nominative)
-oku (dual genitive masculine)
-oku (dual feminine genitive)
-oku (dual genitive neuter)
-okoma (dative dual masculine)
-okama (dative dual feminine)
-okoma (dative dual neuter)
-oka (accusative dual masculine)
-ocě (accusative dual feminine)
-ocě (accusative dual neuter)
-okoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-okama (dual feminine instrumental)
-okoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-oku (dual locative masculine)
-oku (dual feminine locative)
-oku (dual locative neuter)
-oka (dual masculine vocative)
-ocě (dual feminine vocative)
-ocě (dual neuter vocative)
-oci (masculine nominative plural)
-oky (feminine nominative plural)
-oka (neuter nominative plural)
-okъ (genitive masculine plural)
-okъ (feminine genitive plural)
-okъ (genitive neuter plural)
-okomъ (dative masculine plural)
-okamъ (dative feminine plural)
-okomъ (dative neuter plural)
-oky (accusative masculine plural)
-oky (accusative feminine plural)
-oka (accusative neuter plural)
-oky (instrumental masculine plural)
-okami (feminine instrumental plural)
-oky (instrumental neuter plural)
-ocěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-okaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ocěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-oci (masculine plural vocative)
-oky (feminine plural vocative)
-oka (neuter plural vocative)
-okъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-okaja (feminine nominative singular)
-okoje (neuter nominative singular)
-okajego (genitive masculine singular)
-okyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-okajego (genitive neuter singular)
-okujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ocěji (dative feminine singular)
-okujemu (dative neuter singular)
-okъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-okǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-okoje (accusative neuter singular)
-okyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-okǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-okyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ocějemь (locative masculine singular)
-ocěji (feminine locative singular)
-ocějemь (locative neuter singular)
-okъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-okaja (feminine singular vocative)
-okoje (neuter singular vocative)
-okaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ocěji (dual feminine nominative)
-ocěji (dual neuter nominative)
-okuju (dual genitive masculine)
-okuju (dual feminine genitive)
-okuju (dual genitive neuter)
-okyjima (dative dual masculine)
-okyjima (dative dual feminine)
-okyjima (dative dual neuter)
-okaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ocěji (accusative dual feminine)
-ocěji (accusative dual neuter)
-okyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-okyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-okyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-okuju (dual locative masculine)
-okuju (dual feminine locative)
-okuju (dual locative neuter)
-okaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ocěji (dual feminine vocative)
-ocěji (dual neuter vocative)
-ociji (masculine nominative plural)
-okyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-okaja (neuter nominative plural)
-okъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-okъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-okъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-okyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-okyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-okyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-okyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-okyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-okaja (accusative neuter plural)
-okyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-okyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-okyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-okyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-okyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-okyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ociji (masculine plural vocative)
-okyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-okaja (neuter plural vocative)

Adjectival suffix, derived from *-kъ appended to o-stems *-ъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

glǫbь (“depth”) → *glǫbokъ (“deep”)

vysь (“height, elevation”) → *vysokъ (“high, elevated”)

širь (“scope, vast space”) → *širokъ (“wide”)

dalь (“distance”) → *dalekъ (“distant”)

žestь (“stiffness”) → *žestokъ (“cruel, severe”)

Pre-Slavic *grǫstь (“roughness, cavity”) → *grǫstokъ (“rough, sturdy”)

From gauge nouns in i-stem, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y


-otьja

-otь̀ja (canonical feminine)
-otьja (nominative singular)
-otьji (dual nominative)
-otьję̇ (nominative plural)
-otьję̇ (genitive singular)
-otьju (dual genitive)
-otьjь (genitive plural)
-otьji (dative singular)
-otьjama (dative dual)
-otьjamъ (dative plural)
-otьjǫ (accusative singular)
-otьji (accusative dual)
-otьję̇ (accusative plural)
-otьjejǫ (instrumental singular)
-otьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-otьjama (dual instrumental)
-otьjami (instrumental plural)
-otьji (locative singular)
-otьju (dual locative)
-otьjasъ (locative plural)
-otьjaxъ (locative plural)
-otьje (singular vocative)
-otьji (dual vocative)
-otьję̇ (plural vocative)

From the combination of *-ota + *-ьja. Productive only in Bulgarian and Macedonian, so likely inherited from Old Church Slavonic. Probably, the construct was influenced by Byzantine Greek forms such as ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “private citizen”) → ἰδιωτεία (idiōteía, “ignorance”).

běda (“trouble, misfortune”) → Macedonian бедотија (bedotija, “misery”)

groza (“horror, ugliness”) → *grozotьja (“eyesore”)

gnǫsъ (“disgust”) → *gnǫsotьja (“repugnance”)

sormъ (“shame”) → *sormotьja (“disgrace”)

Denominal, forming apologetic abstract nouns with negative connotation

samъ (“alone”) → *samotьja (“solitute, loneliness”)
krivъ (“curved, awry”) → *krivotьja (“curvature; figur. petulant person”)
lošь (“bad”) → *lošetьja (“malice”)
tǫpъ (“dump”) → *tǫpotьja (“stupidity, stupid act”)
prostъ (“simple”) → *prostotьja (“simplicity, simpleton act”)

bědьnъ (“poor”) → Bulgarian беднотия (bednotija, “poverty”)
alčьnъ (“greedy, avid”) → *alčьnotьja (“excessive greed, avidity”)
tьmьnъ (“dark, dull”) → *tьmьnotьja (“pitch darkness”)
těsnъ (“narrow”) → *těsnotьja (“lack of space, slimness”)

Deadjectival, forming apologetic abstract nouns with negative connotation

mьrsiti (“to pollute, to defile”) → *mьrsotьja (“pollution”)

brъkati (“to stir, to mix”) → *brъkotьja (“disorder, absolute mess”)

Deverbial, forming apologetic abstract nouns with negative connotation


-ьnikъ

-ьnikъ (nominative singular)
-ьnika (dual nominative)
-ьnici (nominative plural)
-ьnika (genitive singular)
-ьniku (dual genitive)
-ьnikъ (genitive plural)
-ьniku (dative singular)
-ьnikoma (dative dual)
-ьnikomъ (dative plural)
-ьnikъ (accusative singular)
-ьnika (accusative dual)
-ьniky (accusative plural)
-ьnikъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьnikomь (instrumental singular)
-ьnikoma (dual instrumental)
-ьniky (instrumental plural)
-ьnicě (locative singular)
-ьniku (dual locative)
-ьnicěxъ (locative plural)
-ьniče (singular vocative)
-ьnika (dual vocative)
-ьnici (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -никъ (-nikŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -никъ (-nik)

Belarusian: -нік (-nik)

Ukrainian: -ник (-nyk)

Russian: -ник (-nik)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьникъ (-ĭnikŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⱀⰻⰽⱏ (-ĭnikŭ)

Bulgarian: -ник (-nik)

Macedonian: -ник (-nik)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ник

Latin script: -nik

Slovene: -nik

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ník

Czech: -ník

Polish: -nik

Old Slovak: -ník, -nik

Pannonian Rusyn: -нїк (-njik)

Slovak: -ník, -nik

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -nik

Compound masculine suffix from *-ьnъ + *-ikъ. Parallel to *-ьnica f for derivatives in feminine gender.

pǫtь (“path”) → *pǫtьnikъ (“traveler, passenger”)

kry (“blood”) → *krъvьnikъ (“hangman, avenger”)

mętežь (“scuffle, mutiny”) → *mętežьnikъ (“rioter”)

orbota (“work”) → *orbotьnikъ (“worker”)

směхъ (“laughter”) → *směšьnikъ (“funnyman, clown”)

zakonъ (“law”) → *zakonьnikъ (“law-maker, lawyer, canon”)

From base concept nouns, forms agent nouns who execute or embark in the referred concept

dьrvo (“tree”) → *dьrvьnikъ (“block, log”)

peťь (“oven, cook”) → *peťьnikъ (“furnace”)

sъborъ (“aggregate, sum”) → *sъborьnikъ (“collection, anthology”)

From base object nouns, forms derivative object nouns

xubostь (“handsomeness”) → *xubostьnikъ (“handsome man”)

pakostь (“mischief, vicissitude”) → *pakostьnikъ (“varmint, trickster”)

From concept nouns in *-ostь, forms carrier nouns of the specified concept

protivъ (“against”) → *protivьnikъ (“opponent”)

nadъ (“over, upon”) → *nadьnikъ (“bonus”)

Pre-Slavic *porzdъ (“over there, forwards with skipping one”) → *porzdьnikъ (“holiday”)

From prepositions, forms subject nouns exhibiting the specified proposition


-nikъ

-nikъ (nominative singular)
-nika (dual nominative)
-nici (nominative plural)
-nika (genitive singular)
-niku (dual genitive)
-nikъ (genitive plural)
-niku (dative singular)
-nikoma (dative dual)
-nikomъ (dative plural)
-nikъ (accusative singular)
-nika (accusative dual)
-niky (accusative plural)
-nikъmь (instrumental singular)
-nikomь (instrumental singular)
-nikoma (dual instrumental)
-niky (instrumental plural)
-nicě (locative singular)
-niku (dual locative)
-nicěxъ (locative plural)
-niče (singular vocative)
-nika (dual vocative)
-nici (plural vocative)
*-nьcь (alternative)

Compound of *-nъ + *-ikъ, cognate with Latvian -nieks.
The form *-nikъ seems to be prevalent mainly in East and South Slavic. West Slavic uses instead *-nьcь (from *-nъ + *-ьcь), e.g. Polish pomazaniec, wybraniec.

podati (“to yield”) → *podanikъ (“subject”)

vъstati (“to rise up”) → *vъstanikъ (“rebel, insurgent”)

From verbal root-stems, forms agent or object nouns.

věja (“branch”) → *věnikъ (“wreath”)

From nominal root-stems, forms object nouns.


-yka

-ỳka (canonical feminine)
-yka (nominative singular)
-ycě (dual nominative)
-yky (nominative plural)
-yky (genitive singular)
-yku (dual genitive)
-ykъ (genitive plural)
-ycě (dative singular)
-ykama (dative dual)
-ykamъ (dative plural)
-ykǫ (accusative singular)
-ycě (accusative dual)
-yky (accusative plural)
-ykojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ykǫ (instrumental singular)
-ykama (dual instrumental)
-ykami (instrumental plural)
-ycě (locative singular)
-yku (dual locative)
-ykasъ (locative plural)
-ykaxъ (locative plural)
-yko (singular vocative)
-ycě (dual vocative)
-yky (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Probably a combination of *-y + *-ka. A fossilization of an older *-yja or a borrowed origin have been also proposed (see Proto-Germanic *-ungō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷ-).
Unlike *-ykъ which seems to be a mere extension of archaic masculine *-y nouns (cf. *ęzykъ (“tongue”) < Pre-Slavic *inźūˀ), *-yka appears to fulfill a genuine grammatical function.

motati (“to hurl, to reel”) → *motyka (“hoe, mattock”)

volděti (“to rule, to wield”) → *voldyka (“sovereign”)

kъldovati (“to conjure, to bewitch”) → *kъldyka (“sick, handicap person”)

xoditi (“to walk”) → *хоdyka (⇒ Belarusian хады́ка (xadýka, “walker”))

Deverbial, forms instruments or representees of the referred verb (rare)


-ьtъ

*-ьta (alternative)
-ьtъ (nominative singular)
-ьta (dual nominative)
-ьti (nominative plural)
-ьta (genitive singular)
-ьtu (dual genitive)
-ьtъ (genitive plural)
-ьtu (dative singular)
-ьtoma (dative dual)
-ьtomъ (dative plural)
-ьtъ (accusative singular)
-ьta (accusative dual)
-ьty (accusative plural)
-ьtъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьtomь (instrumental singular)
-ьtoma (dual instrumental)
-ьty (instrumental plural)
-ьtě (locative singular)
-ьtu (dual locative)
-ьtěxъ (locative plural)
-ьte (singular vocative)
-ьta (dual vocative)
-ьti (plural vocative)

Derived from *-tъ appended to i-stems *-ь and possibly yo-stems *-jь, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tós. Reflects Latin *-(ē)tum in acētum (“vinegar”), borrowed as South Slavic *ocьtъ.

skrьžьtъ (“grinding of teeth, sorrow”) ← *skrьžiti (“to scratch, to gnash one's teeth”)

klьčьtъ (“clatter of teeth, screech”) (along with *klekotъ) ← *klekati (“to cry, to clatter”)

From basic roots, forms onomatopoeic event nouns (in 0-grade)

xrьbьtъ (“ditch, tooth”) ← *xribъ (“hill”)

mьčьta (“dream”) ← *mikъ (“tremble, vibration, shimmer”)

From nouns (or corresponding verbs), forms expressive synonyms of the original noun (in 0-grade)


-itъ

-ìtъ (canonical)
-itъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ita (feminine nominative singular)
-ito (neuter nominative singular)
-ita (genitive masculine singular)
-ity (feminine genitive singular)
-ita (genitive neuter singular)
-itu (dative masculine singular)
-itě (dative feminine singular)
-itu (dative neuter singular)
-itъ (accusative masculine singular)
-itǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ito (accusative neuter singular)
-itomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-itojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-itomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-itě (locative masculine singular)
-itě (feminine locative singular)
-itě (locative neuter singular)
-ite (masculine singular vocative)
-ito (feminine singular vocative)
-ito (neuter singular vocative)
-ita (dual masculine nominative)
-itě (dual feminine nominative)
-itě (dual neuter nominative)
-itu (dual genitive masculine)
-itu (dual feminine genitive)
-itu (dual genitive neuter)
-itoma (dative dual masculine)
-itama (dative dual feminine)
-itoma (dative dual neuter)
-ita (accusative dual masculine)
-itě (accusative dual feminine)
-itě (accusative dual neuter)
-itoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-itama (dual feminine instrumental)
-itoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-itu (dual locative masculine)
-itu (dual feminine locative)
-itu (dual locative neuter)
-ita (dual masculine vocative)
-itě (dual feminine vocative)
-itě (dual neuter vocative)
-iti (masculine nominative plural)
-ity (feminine nominative plural)
-ita (neuter nominative plural)
-itъ (genitive masculine plural)
-itъ (feminine genitive plural)
-itъ (genitive neuter plural)
-itomъ (dative masculine plural)
-itamъ (dative feminine plural)
-itomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ity (accusative masculine plural)
-ity (accusative feminine plural)
-ita (accusative neuter plural)
-ity (instrumental masculine plural)
-itami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ity (instrumental neuter plural)
-itěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-itaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-itěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-iti (masculine plural vocative)
-ity (feminine plural vocative)
-ita (neuter plural vocative)
-itъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-itaja (feminine nominative singular)
-itoje (neuter nominative singular)
-itajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ityję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-itajego (genitive neuter singular)
-itujemu (dative masculine singular)
-itěji (dative feminine singular)
-itujemu (dative neuter singular)
-itъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-itǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-itoje (accusative neuter singular)
-ityjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-itǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ityjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-itějemь (locative masculine singular)
-itěji (feminine locative singular)
-itějemь (locative neuter singular)
-itъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-itaja (feminine singular vocative)
-itoje (neuter singular vocative)
-itaja (dual masculine nominative)
-itěji (dual feminine nominative)
-itěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ituju (dual genitive masculine)
-ituju (dual feminine genitive)
-ituju (dual genitive neuter)
-ityjima (dative dual masculine)
-ityjima (dative dual feminine)
-ityjima (dative dual neuter)
-itaja (accusative dual masculine)
-itěji (accusative dual feminine)
-itěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ityjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ityjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ityjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ituju (dual locative masculine)
-ituju (dual feminine locative)
-ituju (dual locative neuter)
-itaja (dual masculine vocative)
-itěji (dual feminine vocative)
-itěji (dual neuter vocative)
-itiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ityję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-itaja (neuter nominative plural)
-itъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-itъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-itъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ityjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ityjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ityjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ityję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ityję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-itaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ityjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ityjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ityjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ityjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ityjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ityjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-itiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ityję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-itaja (neuter plural vocative)

Derived from *-tъ appended to *-éyti proverbal ending, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tós.

jьmę (“name”) → *jьmenitъ (“famous”)

znamę (“flag, standard”) → *znamenitъ (“famous, well-known”)

sěmę (“seed”) → *sěmenitъ (“prolific, copious”)

plemę (“tribe”) → *plemenitъ (“noble”)

From nouns in *-mę, forms adjectives denoting property or a characteristic

čьstь (“honour”) → *čьstitъ (“honorous”)
mastь (“fat, grease”) → *mastitъ (“fatty, greasy”)

sьrdьce (“heart”) → *sьrditi → *sьrditъ (“sullen, irate”)
avьnъ (“apparent”) → *avìti → *avitъ (“revealed, apparent”)

From abstract nouns in i-stem, forms adjectives denoting possession of the referred characteristic

uporъ (“stoppage, stand-off”) → *uporitъ (“persistent”)

narokъ (“verdict”) → *naročitъ (“special, decided”)

From o-stem nouns, forms adjectives denoting an abstract characteristic

From archaic u-stem nouns:

domъ (“home”) → *domovitъ (“pertaining to a household”)

(j)ědъ (“poison, resentment”) → *(j)ědovitъ (“poisonous, resentful”)

From o-stem nouns:

plodъ (“fruit”) → *plodovitъ (“fruitful”)

morkъ (“darkness”) → *morkovitъ (“grim, murky”)

From nouns extended transferred into adjectives via *-ovъ, forms adjectives denoting property or characteristic. Equivalent to *-ovitъ


-očь

-òčь (canonical masculine)
-očь (nominative singular)
-oča (dual nominative)
-oči (nominative plural)
-oča (genitive singular)
-oču (dual genitive)
-očь (genitive plural)
-oču (dative singular)
-očema (dative dual)
-očemъ (dative plural)
-očь (accusative singular)
-oča (accusative dual)
-očę̇ (accusative plural)
-očьmь (instrumental singular)
-očemь (instrumental singular)
-očema (dual instrumental)
-oči (instrumental plural)
-oči (locative singular)
-oču (dual locative)
-očixъ (locative plural)
-oču (singular vocative)
-oča (dual vocative)
-oči (plural vocative)

Obsolete nominal suffix, derived from *-okъ + *-jь, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-kyós. Equivalent to *-čь, appended to o-stems. Encountered mainly in South Slavic.
Survives as an adverb in *per + *-očь > Old Church Slavonic прочь (pročĭ, “forth”), проче (proče, “therefore”).

cog

gňilъ (“rotten”) → *gňilоčь (“rot”)

morzъ (“frost”) → *morzočь (“iciness”)

From nouns or participles, forms state nouns with expressive, pungent connotation

bľьvati (“to spit”) → *bľьvоčь (“vomit”)

brъkati (“to stir”) → *brъkоčь (“mess”)

From verbs in *-ati, forms expressive state nouns


-zgъ

Most likely a voiced doublet of Proto-Slavic *-skъ, occurring in roots ending in a voiced consonant or in expressive roots - for emphasis.
Also appears as a root coda in words such as Proto-Slavic *mozgъ (“brain”), Proto-Slavic *drozgъ (“thrush”) from Proto-Indo-European *-sgʰos.


-jь

-jь (masculine nominative singular)
-ja (feminine nominative singular)
-je (neuter nominative singular)
-ja (genitive masculine singular)
-ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ja (genitive neuter singular)
-ju (dative masculine singular)
-ji (dative feminine singular)
-ju (dative neuter singular)
-jь (accusative masculine singular)
-jǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-je (accusative neuter singular)
-jemь (instrumental masculine singular)
-jejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-jemь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ji (locative masculine singular)
-ji (feminine locative singular)
-ji (locative neuter singular)
-ju (masculine singular vocative)
-je (feminine singular vocative)
-je (neuter singular vocative)
-ja (dual masculine nominative)
-ji (dual feminine nominative)
-ji (dual neuter nominative)
-ju (dual genitive masculine)
-ju (dual feminine genitive)
-ju (dual genitive neuter)
-jema (dative dual masculine)
-jama (dative dual feminine)
-jema (dative dual neuter)
-ja (accusative dual masculine)
-ji (accusative dual feminine)
-ji (accusative dual neuter)
-jema (dual instrumental masculine)
-jama (dual feminine instrumental)
-jema (dual instrumental neuter)
-ju (dual locative masculine)
-ju (dual feminine locative)
-ju (dual locative neuter)
-ja (dual masculine vocative)
-ji (dual feminine vocative)
-ji (dual neuter vocative)
-ji (masculine nominative plural)
-ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ja (neuter nominative plural)
-jь (genitive masculine plural)
-jь (feminine genitive plural)
-jь (genitive neuter plural)
-jemъ (dative masculine plural)
-jamъ (dative feminine plural)
-jemъ (dative neuter plural)
-ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ja (accusative neuter plural)
-ji (instrumental masculine plural)
-jami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ji (instrumental neuter plural)
-jixъ (locative masculine plural)
-jaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-jixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ji (masculine plural vocative)
-ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ja (neuter plural vocative)
-jьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-jaja (feminine nominative singular)
-jeje (neuter nominative singular)
-jajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ję̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-jajego (genitive neuter singular)
-jujemu (dative masculine singular)
-jiji (dative feminine singular)
-jujemu (dative neuter singular)
-jьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-jǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-jeje (accusative neuter singular)
-jijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-jǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-jijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-jijemь (locative masculine singular)
-jiji (feminine locative singular)
-jijemь (locative neuter singular)
-jьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-jaja (feminine singular vocative)
-jeje (neuter singular vocative)
-jaja (dual masculine nominative)
-jiji (dual feminine nominative)
-jiji (dual neuter nominative)
-juju (dual genitive masculine)
-juju (dual feminine genitive)
-juju (dual genitive neuter)
-jijima (dative dual masculine)
-jijima (dative dual feminine)
-jijima (dative dual neuter)
-jaja (accusative dual masculine)
-jiji (accusative dual feminine)
-jiji (accusative dual neuter)
-jijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-jijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-jijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-juju (dual locative masculine)
-juju (dual feminine locative)
-juju (dual locative neuter)
-jaja (dual masculine vocative)
-jiji (dual feminine vocative)
-jiji (dual neuter vocative)
-jiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ję̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-jaja (neuter nominative plural)
-jьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-jьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-jьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-jijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-jijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-jijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ję̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ję̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-jaja (accusative neuter plural)
-jijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-jijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-jijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-jijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-jijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-jijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-jiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ję̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-jaja (neuter plural vocative)
*-ьjь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -и (-i)

Old Ruthenian: -и (-i), -й (-j)

Belarusian: -й (-j)

Ukrainian: -й (-j)

Russian: -й (-j)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -и (-i)

q

Bulgarian: -ʲ(0/a/e) (with palatalization of the preceding phoneme)

Macedonian:

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: -i

Cyrillic script: -и

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech: -í

Polish: -i, -y

Slovak: -í

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -i, -y

Continues Proto-Indo-European *-yós and partially the marginal elative Caland suffix Proto-Indo-European *-yos ~ *-is. In some cases, e.g. Proto-Slavic *siňь, the jo-stem may have spread from the comparative *-jьš-.
Over time, some yo-stem adjectives were fossilized into nouns and some kinetic i-stems were leveled out into jo-stems, giving rise to Slavic jo-stem nouns. Another source of jo-stem nouns is from Illič-Svityč's law , which transformed neutral ap B nouns (including jo-stems) into masculine.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs (under stress), -is (genitive -io), Lithuanian -ias/-jas (elsewhere), Latvian -̧s, -̧š.

dobľь (“honest”)

ryďь (“ruddy, ginger”)

siňь (“glaucos blue/gray”)

Adjectival inherited from the Caland roots, usually with exceptional or magnifying meaning:

lošь (“bad”)

dužь (“strong”)

bujь (“aggressive, fierce”)

Adjectival of secondary origin, attached to o-grade roots:


-jь

-jь (nominative singular)
-ja (dual nominative)
-ji (nominative plural)
-ja (genitive singular)
-ju (dual genitive)
-jь (genitive plural)
-ju (dative singular)
-jema (dative dual)
-jemъ (dative plural)
-jь (accusative singular)
-ja (accusative dual)
-ję̇ (accusative plural)
-jьmь (instrumental singular)
-jemь (instrumental singular)
-jema (dual instrumental)
-ji (instrumental plural)
-ji (locative singular)
-ju (dual locative)
-jixъ (locative plural)
-ju (singular vocative)
-ja (dual vocative)
-ji (plural vocative)
*-ьjь (alternative)

mǫžь (“man”)

moľь (“moth”)

koňь (“horse”)

ǫ̃žь (“snake”) (from a leveled PIE proterokinetic i-stem)

Nominal inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic, e.g.:

-ьje

noun-forming, usually denoting manner or location as well as the standard ending for deverbial action nouns


-jь

From verbal stems inflecting (explicitly or implicitly) with Proto-Slavic *-jeti + *-ъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs.

kyjь (“hammer”) ← *kuti (“to hew”)

pьňь (“stump”) ←*pęti (“to stretch”)

Deverbal from root-emphatic verbs inflecting in original Proto-Slavic *-jeti, creates agent/instrument nouns:

voďь (“leader”) ← *voditi (“to lead”)

lučь (“ray”) ← *lučiti (“to pinpoint, to target”)

nožь (“knife”) ← *noziti (“to skewer”)

gojь (“fest, abundance”) ← *gojiti (“to feed”)

Deverbal from causative/iterative verbs inflecting in Proto-Slavic *-iti, creates agent/instrument nouns:

Deverbal from stative/essive verbs inflecting in *-ěti/*-jati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ějь.

Deverbal from factive verbs inflecting in *-ati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ajь.


-jь

From Proto-Indo-European *-yós (“belonging to”).

inh

mojь (“mine”) ← *mi (“me”) (dative)

tvojь (“thy”) ← *ti (“thee”) (dative)

svojь (“own”) ← *si (“self”) (dative)

našь (“our”) ← *nàsъ (“ours”) (genitive)

vašь (“your”) ← *vàsъ (“yours”) (genitive)

Pronominal ending, attached to o-grade root, forming possessive pronouns:


-ajь

-ajь (nominative singular)
-aja (dual nominative)
-aji (nominative plural)
-aja (genitive singular)
-aju (dual genitive)
-ajь (genitive plural)
-aju (dative singular)
-ajema (dative dual)
-ajemъ (dative plural)
-ajь (accusative singular)
-aja (accusative dual)
-aję̇ (accusative plural)
-ajьmь (instrumental singular)
-ajemь (instrumental singular)
-ajema (dual instrumental)
-aji (instrumental plural)
-aji (locative singular)
-aju (dual locative)
-ajixъ (locative plural)
-aju (singular vocative)
-aja (dual vocative)
-aji (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀjas, derived from factive verb stems Proto-Slavic *-ati + *-ъ.
Cognate with Latvian -ājs, Lithuanian -ojas in giedótajas (“singer”) (< giedóti), darýtojas (< darýti).

ortajь (“peon, servant”) ← *ortati (“to struggle”)

xodatajь (“solicitor”) ← *xodatati (“to mediate”)

golšatajь (“herald, announcer”) ← *golšatati (“to utter”)

Deverbal from factive verbs inflecting in *-ati. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:


-ějь

-ějь (nominative singular)
-ěja (dual nominative)
-ěji (nominative plural)
-ěja (genitive singular)
-ěju (dual genitive)
-ějь (genitive plural)
-ěju (dative singular)
-ějema (dative dual)
-ějemъ (dative plural)
-ějь (accusative singular)
-ěja (accusative dual)
-ěję̇ (accusative plural)
-ějьmь (instrumental singular)
-ějemь (instrumental singular)
-ějema (dual instrumental)
-ěji (instrumental plural)
-ěji (locative singular)
-ěju (dual locative)
-ějixъ (locative plural)
-ěju (singular vocative)
-ěja (dual vocative)
-ěji (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ēˀjas, derived from stative/essive verb stems Proto-Slavic *-ěti + *-ъ.
Cognate with Latvian -ējs, Lithuanian -ėjas.

zъlodějь (“evil-doer”) ← *zъlъ (“bad, evil”) + *děti (“to do”)

Deverbal from stative verbs inflecting in *-ěti. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:

sъlučajь (“occasion”) ← *sъlučati (“to happen”)

Deverbal from essive verbs inflecting in *-jati. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:


-stъ

-stъ (masculine nominative singular)
-sta (feminine nominative singular)
-sto (neuter nominative singular)
-sta (genitive masculine singular)
-sty (feminine genitive singular)
-sta (genitive neuter singular)
-stu (dative masculine singular)
-stě (dative feminine singular)
-stu (dative neuter singular)
-stъ (accusative masculine singular)
-stǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-sto (accusative neuter singular)
-stomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-stojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-stomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-stě (locative masculine singular)
-stě (feminine locative singular)
-stě (locative neuter singular)
-ste (masculine singular vocative)
-sto (feminine singular vocative)
-sto (neuter singular vocative)
-sta (dual masculine nominative)
-stě (dual feminine nominative)
-stě (dual neuter nominative)
-stu (dual genitive masculine)
-stu (dual feminine genitive)
-stu (dual genitive neuter)
-stoma (dative dual masculine)
-stama (dative dual feminine)
-stoma (dative dual neuter)
-sta (accusative dual masculine)
-stě (accusative dual feminine)
-stě (accusative dual neuter)
-stoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-stama (dual feminine instrumental)
-stoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-stu (dual locative masculine)
-stu (dual feminine locative)
-stu (dual locative neuter)
-sta (dual masculine vocative)
-stě (dual feminine vocative)
-stě (dual neuter vocative)
-sti (masculine nominative plural)
-sty (feminine nominative plural)
-sta (neuter nominative plural)
-stъ (genitive masculine plural)
-stъ (feminine genitive plural)
-stъ (genitive neuter plural)
-stomъ (dative masculine plural)
-stamъ (dative feminine plural)
-stomъ (dative neuter plural)
-sty (accusative masculine plural)
-sty (accusative feminine plural)
-sta (accusative neuter plural)
-sty (instrumental masculine plural)
-stami (feminine instrumental plural)
-sty (instrumental neuter plural)
-stěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-staxъ (feminine locative plural)
-stěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-sti (masculine plural vocative)
-sty (feminine plural vocative)
-sta (neuter plural vocative)
-stъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-staja (feminine nominative singular)
-stoje (neuter nominative singular)
-stajego (genitive masculine singular)
-styję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-stajego (genitive neuter singular)
-stujemu (dative masculine singular)
-stěji (dative feminine singular)
-stujemu (dative neuter singular)
-stъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-stǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-stoje (accusative neuter singular)
-styjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-stǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-styjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-stějemь (locative masculine singular)
-stěji (feminine locative singular)
-stějemь (locative neuter singular)
-stъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-staja (feminine singular vocative)
-stoje (neuter singular vocative)
-staja (dual masculine nominative)
-stěji (dual feminine nominative)
-stěji (dual neuter nominative)
-stuju (dual genitive masculine)
-stuju (dual feminine genitive)
-stuju (dual genitive neuter)
-styjima (dative dual masculine)
-styjima (dative dual feminine)
-styjima (dative dual neuter)
-staja (accusative dual masculine)
-stěji (accusative dual feminine)
-stěji (accusative dual neuter)
-styjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-styjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-styjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-stuju (dual locative masculine)
-stuju (dual feminine locative)
-stuju (dual locative neuter)
-staja (dual masculine vocative)
-stěji (dual feminine vocative)
-stěji (dual neuter vocative)
-stiji (masculine nominative plural)
-styję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-staja (neuter nominative plural)
-stъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-stъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-stъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-styjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-styjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-styjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-styję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-styję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-staja (accusative neuter plural)
-styjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-styjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-styjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-styjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-styjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-styjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-stiji (masculine plural vocative)
-styję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-staja (neuter plural vocative)

Uncertain. May reflect:
* Fossilized 0-grade of the root Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stay, to stand”), effectively meaning in the state of X. Similar semantic development of the PIE root is found in Irish tá (“to be, to have been”) (present tense copula);
* From Proto-Indo-European *-st-o-, similar to Proto-Slavic *-skъ;
* From dissimilation of Proto-Indo-European *-tt-/*-d⁽ʰ⁾t- > Proto-Slavic *-st- or from Proto-Indo-European *-ḱt- > Proto-Slavic *-st-. Compare Proto-Slavic *tьstь (“father-in-law”).
Cognate with Lithuanian -stas, -štas (e.g. Lithuanian áukštas (“high”), karštas (“hot”)), Latvian -sts (e.g. Latvian mīksts (“soft”)). Perhaps related to the sta-present in Baltic.

der

→ *gǫstъ (“dense”)

→ *čęstъ (“frequent”)

→ *pustъ (“deserted, barren”)

xoliti (“to make spacious”) → *xolstъ (“idle”)

Forms adjectives related to distribution and density:

pro (“through”) → *prostъ (“simple”)

Forms adjectives depicting a state or a feature:


-stъ

-stъ (nominative singular)
-sta (dual nominative)
-sti (nominative plural)
-sta (genitive singular)
-stu (dual genitive)
-stъ (genitive plural)
-stu (dative singular)
-stoma (dative dual)
-stomъ (dative plural)
-stъ (accusative singular)
-sta (accusative dual)
-sty (accusative plural)
-stъmь (instrumental singular)
-stomь (instrumental singular)
-stoma (dual instrumental)
-sty (instrumental plural)
-stě (locative singular)
-stu (dual locative)
-stěxъ (locative plural)
-ste (singular vocative)
-sta (dual vocative)
-sti (plural vocative)

perti (“to press”) (present stem *pьr-) → *pьrstъ (“finger”)

Forms nouns depicting objects or instruments:

orsti (“to grow”) → *orstъ, *rъstъ (“height, stature”)

Forms nouns depicting states or measures:


-janinъ

*-aninъ (alternative)
*-ěninъ (alternative)
-janinъ (nominative singular)
-janina (dual nominative)
-jane (nominative plural)
-janinъ (accusative singular)
-janina (accusative dual)
-jany? (accusative plural)
-janinа (genitive singular)
-janinu (dual genitive)
-janъ (genitive plural)
-janině (locative singular)
-janinu (dual locative)
-janьxъ (locative plural)
-janinu (dative singular)
-janinoma (dative dual)
-janьmъ (dative plural)
-janinomь (instrumental singular)
-janinoma (dual instrumental)
-jany? (instrumental plural)
-janine (singular vocative)
-janina (dual vocative)
-jane (plural vocative)

sla-decl-noun-table

Declension of *-janinъ (hard o-stem, consonant stem)

Compound of *-janъ + *-inъ (agentive suffix), a palatalized variant of *-ěninъ, from *-ěnъ and *-aninъ.

selo (“village”) → *seľaninъ (“villager”)

gordъ (“town, bourgh”) → *gorďaninъ (“burgher”)

mirъ (“world”) → *miřaninъ (“world-dweller”)

gora (“mountain”) → *gořaninъ (“mountain-dweller”)

lęda (“open land, field”) → *lęďaninъ (“field-dweller”)

bergъ (“coast”) → *beržan(in)ъ (“coastal dweller”)

Creates male dweller terms from toponyms or place terms:


-ьma

-ьma (nominative singular)
-ьmě (dual nominative)
-ьmy (nominative plural)
-ьmy (genitive singular)
-ьmu (dual genitive)
-ьmъ (genitive plural)
-ьmě (dative singular)
-ьmama (dative dual)
-ьmamъ (dative plural)
-ьmǫ (accusative singular)
-ьmě (accusative dual)
-ьmy (accusative plural)
-ьmojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьmǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьmama (dual instrumental)
-ьmami (instrumental plural)
-ьmě (locative singular)
-ьmu (dual locative)
-ьmasъ (locative plural)
-ьmaxъ (locative plural)
-ьmo (singular vocative)
-ьmě (dual vocative)
-ьmy (plural vocative)

kъrčiti → *kъrčьma (“tavern”)

kùčati (“to bend, to bow”) → *kučьma (“crest”)

vě̀děti (“to foresee”) → *vě̀dьma (“witch”)

rъvàti (“to tear”) → *rьzьma (“escarp, slope”)


-uja

-ujь (masculine)
-uja (nominative singular)
-uji (dual nominative)
-uję̇ (nominative plural)
-uję̇ (genitive singular)
-uju (dual genitive)
-ujь (genitive plural)
-uji (dative singular)
-ujama (dative dual)
-ujamъ (dative plural)
-ujǫ (accusative singular)
-uji (accusative dual)
-uję̇ (accusative plural)
-ujejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ujǫ (instrumental singular)
-ujama (dual instrumental)
-ujami (instrumental plural)
-uji (locative singular)
-uju (dual locative)
-ujasъ (locative plural)
-ujaxъ (locative plural)
-uje (singular vocative)
-uji (dual vocative)
-uję̇ (plural vocative)
*-juja (alternative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: -уꙗ (-uja), -юꙗ (-juja)

Old Ruthenian: -уꙗ (-uja)

Belarusian: -уя (-uja)

Russian: -уя (-uja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⱆⱑ (-uě)

Old Cyrillic script: -оуꙗ (-uja)

Old Serbo-Croatian: -uja

West Slavic:

Czech: -uje

Polish: -uja

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-aujāˀ, *-jaujāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-ow-yeh₂, *-ew-yeh₂, from *-yeh₂. By surface analysis, *-ujь + *-ja.


-xъ

-xъ (nominative singular)
-xa (dual nominative)
-śi (nominative plural)
-xa (genitive singular)
-xu (dual genitive)
-xъ (genitive plural)
-xu (dative singular)
-xoma (dative dual)
-xomъ (dative plural)
-xъ (accusative singular)
-xa (accusative dual)
-xy (accusative plural)
-xъmь (instrumental singular)
-xomь (instrumental singular)
-xoma (dual instrumental)
-xy (instrumental plural)
-śě (locative singular)
-xu (dual locative)
-śěxъ (locative plural)
-še (singular vocative)
-xa (dual vocative)
-śi (plural vocative)
*-xa (alternative)
*-xo (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -хъ (-xŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -хъ (-x)

Belarusian: -х (-x)

Ukrainian: -х (-x)

Russian: -х (-x)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -хъ (-xŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱈⱏ (-xŭ)

Bulgarian: -х (-h)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -х

Latin script: -h

Slovene: -h (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ch

Czech: -ch

desctree

Old Polish: -ch
Polish: -ch, -ich
Silesian: -ch

Slovak: -ch

spě̀ti (“to advance, ripen, hurry”) → *spě̑xъ (“haste”)

smьjàti (“to laugh”) → *smě̑xъ (“laughter”)

dùti (“to blow”) → *dȗxъ (“breath; wiff; spirit”)

lęděninъ (“dweller of virgin soil”) → *lęxъ

bràtrъ (“brother”) → *braxъ

Domaslavъ → *Domaxъ


-mę

-mę (nominative singular)
-meni (dual nominative)
-mena (nominative plural)
-mene (genitive singular)
-menu (dual genitive)
-menъ (genitive plural)
-meni (dative singular)
-menьma (dative dual)
-menьmъ (dative plural)
-mę (accusative singular)
-meni (accusative dual)
-mena (accusative plural)
-menьmь (instrumental singular)
-menьma (dual instrumental)
-meny (instrumental plural)
-mene (locative singular)
-menu (dual locative)
-menьxъ (locative plural)
-mę (singular vocative)
-meni (dual vocative)
-mena (plural vocative)
*-smę (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -мѧ (-mę), -мꙗ (-mja)

Old Ruthenian: -мѧ (-mja), -мꙗ (-mja)

Belarusian: -мя (-mja), -ме (-mje)

Ukrainian: -м'я (-mʺja), -мя (-mja)

Middle Russian: -мѧ (-mja), -мꙗ (-mja)

Russian: -мя (-mja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -мѧ (-mę)

Glagolitic script: -ⰿⱔ (-mę)

Bulgarian: -ме (-me)

Macedonian: -ме (-me)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ме, -мен

Latin script: -me, -men

Slovene: -me

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -mě

Czech: -mě, -meno

Kashubian: -miã

Polabian: -mą

Old Polish: -mię

Polish: -mię

Silesian: -miã

Slovak: -mä, -meno

Slovincian: -me

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -mje

Upper Sorbian: -mjo

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-men, *-min, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥.
Cognate with Old Prussian -men, Lithuanian -muõ.

znamę (“sign”) ⇐ *znati (“to know”)

sěmę (“seed”) : *sějati (“to sow”), *sějetь

vermę ⇐ **versti (⇒ *verteno, *vortъ) : *vьrtěti (“to turn”)

bermę (“load, burden”) ⇐ *bьrati (“to take, *carry”), *beretь,

plemę (“tribe”) ⇐ **pledmę ⇐ **plesti (“?”) (⇒ *plodъ (“fruit”))

čismę (“number”) ⇐ **čitsmę / **čitmę ⇐ *čisti (“count”), *čьtetь

pismę ⇐ *pisati / *pьsati, *pišetь

vymę (“udder”) ⇐ Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥ n (“udder”)

ormę / *ormo

pasmę / *pasmo

polmę / *polmy m


-mъ

*-smъ (alternative)
*-mo (alternative)
*-ma (alternative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-mas, from Proto-Indo-European *-mos. Cognates include Lithuanian -mas, -smas, Ancient Greek -μός (-mós).

kosmъ ← *kosa

šumъ ← *šu-

kъrmъ ← *ḱerh₃-


-oga

-oga (nominative singular)
-odzě (dual nominative)
-ogy (nominative plural)
-ogy (genitive singular)
-ogu (dual genitive)
-ogъ (genitive plural)
-odzě (dative singular)
-ogama (dative dual)
-ogamъ (dative plural)
-ogǫ (accusative singular)
-odzě (accusative dual)
-ogy (accusative plural)
-ogojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ogǫ (instrumental singular)
-ogama (dual instrumental)
-ogami (instrumental plural)
-odzě (locative singular)
-ogu (dual locative)
-ogasъ (locative plural)
-ogaxъ (locative plural)
-ogo (singular vocative)
-odzě (dual vocative)
-ogy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ога (-oga)

Old Ruthenian: -ога (-oha)

Belarusian: -ога (-óha)

Ukrainian: -ога (-oha)

Russian: -ога (-oga)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ога (-oga)

Glagolitic script: -ⱁⰳⰰ (-oga)

Bulgarian: -ога (-oga)

Macedonian: -ога (-oga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ога

Latin script: -oga

Slovene: -oga

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -oha

Czech: -oha

Polabian: -ügă

Old Polish: -oga

Polish: -oga

Slovak: -oha

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -oha

Lower Sorbian: -oha

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-agāˀ. Cognates include Lithuanian -aga.

inh+

matati (“to swing, to lash”) → *matoga (“bustle, commotion”)

trьvati (“to evade, to endure”) → *trьvoga (“alert”)

ostrъ (“sharp”) → *ostroga (“fence”)

bьrlъ (“messy, deranged”) → *bьrloga (“lair, hollow”)

Deadjectival, forming attributive nouns.


-olъ

-olъ (nominative singular)
-ola (dual nominative)
-oli (nominative plural)
-ola (genitive singular)
-olu (dual genitive)
-olъ (genitive plural)
-olu (dative singular)
-oloma (dative dual)
-olomъ (dative plural)
-olъ (accusative singular)
-ola (accusative dual)
-oly (accusative plural)
-olъmь (instrumental singular)
-olomь (instrumental singular)
-oloma (dual instrumental)
-oly (instrumental plural)
-olě (locative singular)
-olu (dual locative)
-olěxъ (locative plural)
-ole (singular vocative)
-ola (dual vocative)
-oli (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-alas. Cognates include Lithuanian -alas.

gogotati (“to make a go! go! sound”) → *gogolъ (“wild duck”)

sokotati (“about the sounds of birds”) → *sokolъ (“falcon”)

vьrxъ (“summit, peak”) → *vьrxolъ (“summit, peak”)

kosa (“hair”) → *kosolъ (“crest, topknot”)


-ošь

-ošь (nominative singular)
-oši (dual nominative)
-ošьje (nominative plural)
-oši (genitive singular)
-ošьju (dual genitive)
-ošьjь (genitive plural)
-oši (dative singular)
-ošьma (dative dual)
-ošьmъ (dative plural)
-ošь (accusative singular)
-oši (accusative dual)
-oši (accusative plural)
-ošьmь (instrumental singular)
-ošьma (dual instrumental)
-ošьmi (instrumental plural)
-oši (locative singular)
-ošьju (dual locative)
-ošьxъ (locative plural)
-oši (singular vocative)
-oši (dual vocative)
-ošьje (plural vocative)
-ošь (nominative singular)
-oši (dual nominative)
-oši (nominative plural)
-oši (genitive singular)
-ošьju (dual genitive)
-ošьjь (genitive plural)
-oši (dative singular)
-ošьma (dative dual)
-ošьmъ (dative plural)
-ošь (accusative singular)
-oši (accusative dual)
-oši (accusative plural)
-ošьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ošьma (dual instrumental)
-ošьmi (instrumental plural)
-oši (locative singular)
-ošьju (dual locative)
-ošьxъ (locative plural)
-oši (singular vocative)
-oši (dual vocative)
-oši (plural vocative)

bě̃lъ (“white”) → *bělošь (“someone or something white”)

dь̀lgъ (“long”) → *dь̀lgošь (“someone or something long”)

Forming attributive deadjectival masculine nouns

kvě̑tъ (“flower”) → *Květošь

bagy (“wetland”) → *Bagošь

moky (“wet place”) → *Mokošь (theonym)

Forming female (hypocoristic) given names


-enikъ

-enikъ (nominative singular)
-enika (dual nominative)
-enici (nominative plural)
-enika (genitive singular)
-eniku (dual genitive)
-enikъ (genitive plural)
-eniku (dative singular)
-enikoma (dative dual)
-enikomъ (dative plural)
-enikъ (accusative singular)
-enika (accusative dual)
-eniky (accusative plural)
-enikъmь (instrumental singular)
-enikomь (instrumental singular)
-enikoma (dual instrumental)
-eniky (instrumental plural)
-enicě (locative singular)
-eniku (dual locative)
-enicěxъ (locative plural)
-eniče (singular vocative)
-enika (dual vocative)
-enici (plural vocative)

Subclass of the broader suffix *-nikъ, particularly formed on the basis of the past passive participle suffix
*-enъ + *-ikъ.

galiti (“to fondle”) + *-enikъ → *gaľenikъ (“darling”)

mǫčiti (“to torture”) + *-enikъ → *mǫčenikъ (“martyr”)

portiti (“to envoy”) + *-enikъ → *portenikъ (“envoy”)

svętiti (“to sanctify”) + *-enikъ → *svęťenikъ (“priest”)

učiti (“to teach”) + *-enikъ → *učenikъ (“student”)

From verbs in i-conjugation, predominantly forms agent nouns.

našьstvьje (“invasion”) + *-enikъ → *našьstvenikъ (“invader”)

rodьstvo (“kinship”) + *-enikъ → *rodьstvenikъ (“kinsman”)

(rare) From action or abstract nouns, forms agent nouns.


-anikъ

-anikъ (nominative singular)
-anika (dual nominative)
-anici (nominative plural)
-anika (genitive singular)
-aniku (dual genitive)
-anikъ (genitive plural)
-aniku (dative singular)
-anikoma (dative dual)
-anikomъ (dative plural)
-anikъ (accusative singular)
-anika (accusative dual)
-aniky (accusative plural)
-anikъmь (instrumental singular)
-anikomь (instrumental singular)
-anikoma (dual instrumental)
-aniky (instrumental plural)
-anicě (locative singular)
-aniku (dual locative)
-anicěxъ (locative plural)
-aniče (singular vocative)
-anika (dual vocative)
-anici (plural vocative)

Subclass of the broader suffix *-nikъ, particularly formed on the basis of the past passive participle suffix
*-anъ + *-ikъ.

posъlati (“to send an envoy”) + *-anikъ → *posъlanikъ (“envoy”)

pomazati (“to anoint”) + *-anikъ → *pomazanikъ (“anointed person”)

jьzbьrati (“to choose, to select”) + *-anikъ → *jьzbьranikъ (“elected person”)

jьzgъnati (“to chase away”) + *-anikъ → *jьzgъnanikъ (“exile”)

vъzpitati (“to bring up”) + *-anikъ → *vъzpitanikъ (“pupil”)

From verbs in a-conjugation, predominantly forms agent nouns.


-yľь

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ꙑль (-ylĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ы́ль (-ýlʹ)

Belarusian: -ы́ль (-ýlʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ы́ль (-ŷ́lʹ)

Ukrainian: -и́ль (-ýlʹ)

Russian: -ы́ль (-ýlʹ)

Old Novgorodian: -ꙑль (-ylĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ꙑл҄ь (-ylʹĭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏⰺⰾⱐ (-ylĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ӣљ

Latin script: -īlj

Slovene: -ílj (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ýl

Czech: -ýl

Old Polish: -yl

Polish: -yl

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ėl

Slovincian: -il

Slovak: -ýľ


-ěninъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ѣнинъ (-jěninŭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: -ꙗнинъ (-janin), -ѣнинъ (-ěnin)

Belarusian: -янін (-janin)

Carpathian Rusyn: -янин (-janyn)

Ukrainian: -янин (-janyn)

Russian: -янин (-janin)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ѣнинъ (-jěninŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱑⱀⰻⱀⱏ (-ěninŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ен, (dialectal) -ӣн, -јен

Latin script: -en, (dialectal) -in, -jen

Slovene: -an (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ěnín, -an

Czech: -an

Old Polish: -anin

Polish: -anin

Silesian: -anin

Slovak: -an

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ón

Slovincian: -ón

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -an

Upper Sorbian: -an

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ēnas + *-inъ. Compare Lithuanian -ėnas, possibly Latvian -ēns

Slovǫta (“Dnieper”) + *-ěninъ → *slověninъ (“Slav”)

gorà (“mountain”) + *-ěninъ → *gorěninъ (“mountain dweller”)

Forms names of the inhabitants of the surrounding areas, from geographical/territorial nouns

gȏrdъ (“fortification; town, city”) + *-ěninъ → *gorděninъ (“townsman”)

selò (“village, settlement”) + *-ěninъ → *selěninъ (“villager”)

Forms names of the inhabitants of the place names


-ъla

mesti + *-ъla → *metъla

migati + *-ъla → *migъla

jьgo + *-ъla → *jьgъla


-oviťь

*-eviťь (alternative)
-oviťь (nominative singular)
-oviťa (dual nominative)
-oviťi (nominative plural)
-oviťa (genitive singular)
-oviťu (dual genitive)
-oviťь (genitive plural)
-oviťu (dative singular)
-oviťema (dative dual)
-oviťemъ (dative plural)
-oviťь (accusative singular)
-oviťa (accusative dual)
-oviťę̇ (accusative plural)
-oviťьmь (instrumental singular)
-oviťemь (instrumental singular)
-oviťema (dual instrumental)
-oviťi (instrumental plural)
-oviťi (locative singular)
-oviťu (dual locative)
-oviťixъ (locative plural)
-oviťu (singular vocative)
-oviťa (dual vocative)
-oviťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -овичь (-ovičĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -овичъ (-ovič)

Belarusian: -овіч (-óvič)

Russian: -ович (-ovič)

Ukrainian: -ович (-ovyč)

Old Novgorodian: -овиць (-ovićĭ), -ѥвиць (-jevićĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -овищь (-ovištĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -овић

Latin script: -ović

Slovene: -ovič

West Slavic:

Old Polish: -owic

Polish: -owicz (influenced by the east slavic forms)

⇒ Polish: -owice

⇒ Polish: -owica

Non-Slavic:

→ German: -owitz


-nǫti

-novenьje (noun-from-verb)
-nǫti (infinitive)
-nǫtъ (supine)
-nǫlъ (l-participle)
-novenъ (participle passive past)
-nomъ (participle passive present)
-nǫvъ (active participle past)
-ny (active participle present)
-nǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
-nǫ (aorist second-person singular)
-nǫ (aorist singular third-person)
-nǫ (first-person present singular)
-neši (present second-person singular)
-netь (present singular third-person)
-nǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
-nǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
-nǫste (aorist dual third-person)
-nevě (dual first-person present)
-neta (dual present second-person)
-nete (dual present third-person)
-nǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
-nǫste (aorist plural second-person)
-nǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
-nemъ (first-person plural present)
-nete (plural present second-person)
-nǫtь (plural present third-person)
-něaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
-něaše (imperfect second-person singular)
-něaše (imperfect singular third-person)
-ni (imperative second-person singular)
-ni (imperative singular third-person)
-něaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
-něašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
-něašete (dual imperfect third-person)
-něvě (dual first-person imperative)
-něta (dual imperative second-person)
-něaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
-něašete (imperfect plural second-person)
-něaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
-němъ (first-person imperative plural)
-něte (imperative plural second-person)
-enьje (noun-from-verb)
-nǫti (infinitive)
-nǫtъ (supine)
-lъ (l-participle)
-enъ (participle passive past)
-nomъ (participle passive present)
-ъ (active participle past)
-ny (active participle present)
-(ox)ъ (aorist first-person singular)
-e (aorist second-person singular)
-e (aorist singular third-person)
-nǫ (first-person present singular)
-neši (present second-person singular)
-netь (present singular third-person)
-(ox)ově (aorist dual first-person)
-(e/os)ta (aorist dual second-person)
-(e/os)te (aorist dual third-person)
-nevě (dual first-person present)
-neta (dual present second-person)
-nete (dual present third-person)
-(ox)omъ (aorist first-person plural)
-(e/os)te (aorist plural second-person)
-ǫ (aorist plural third-person)
-ošę (aorist plural third-person)
-nemъ (first-person plural present)
-nete (plural present second-person)
-nǫtь (plural present third-person)
-něaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
-něaše (imperfect second-person singular)
-něaše (imperfect singular third-person)
-ni (imperative second-person singular)
-ni (imperative singular third-person)
-něaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
-něašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
-něašete (dual imperfect third-person)
-něvě (dual first-person imperative)
-něta (dual imperative second-person)
-něaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
-něašete (imperfect plural second-person)
-něaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
-němъ (first-person imperative plural)
-něte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -нѫти (-nǫti), -нути (-nuti)

Old Ruthenian: -нути (-nuti), -нуть (-nutʹ)

Belarusian: -нуць (-nucʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -нути (-nuty)

Ukrainian: -нути (-nuty)

Russian: -нуть (-nutʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -нѫти (-nǫti)

Glagolitic script: -ⱀⱘⱅⰻ (-nǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -нути

Latin script: -nuti

Slovene: -niti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -núti

Czech: -nout

→ Silesian: -nuć

Old Polish: -nąć

Polish: -nąć

Silesian: -nōnć, -nyć

Old Slovak: -núť

Pannonian Rusyn: -нуц (-nuc)

Slovak: -núť

Polabian: -nǫ̇t

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -nąc

Slovincian: -nõc

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -nuś

Upper Sorbian: -nyć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *-né-.

blьščati (“to shine”) + *-nǫti → *blьsknǫti (“to flash”)

bъděti (“to stay awake”) + *-nǫti → *bъdnǫti (“to come to”)

kysěti (“to turn sour”) + *-nǫti → *kysnǫti (“to dampen, to moisten”)

suxъ (“dry”) + *-nǫti → *sъxnǫti (“to dry”)

gluxъ (“deaf”) + *-nǫti → *glъxnǫti (“to go deaf”)

slěpъ (“blind”) + *-nǫti → *slьpnǫti (“to go blind”)

Forms verbs to denote the gradual acquisition of properties, deadjectival

buxati (“to thud, to make noise”) + *-nǫti → *buxnǫti

dvigati (“to lift (something)”) + *-nǫti → *dvignǫti

lizati (“to lick”) + *-nǫti → *lьznǫti

Forms perfective verbs denoting the momentary course of action, deverbal


-jьjь

-jьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-jьši (feminine nominative singular)
-je (neuter nominative singular)
-jьša (genitive masculine singular)
-jьšę̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-jьša (genitive neuter singular)
-jьšu (dative masculine singular)
-jьši (dative feminine singular)
-jьšu (dative neuter singular)
-jьšь (accusative masculine singular)
-jьšǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-je (accusative neuter singular)
-jьšemь (instrumental masculine singular)
-jьšejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-jьšemь (instrumental neuter singular)
-jьši (locative masculine singular)
-jьši (feminine locative singular)
-jьši (locative neuter singular)
-jьšu (masculine singular vocative)
-jьše (feminine singular vocative)
-jьše (neuter singular vocative)
-jьša (dual masculine nominative)
-jьši (dual feminine nominative)
-jьši (dual neuter nominative)
-jьšu (dual genitive masculine)
-jьšu (dual feminine genitive)
-jьšu (dual genitive neuter)
-jьšema (dative dual masculine)
-jьšama (dative dual feminine)
-jьšema (dative dual neuter)
-jьša (accusative dual masculine)
-jьši (accusative dual feminine)
-jьši (accusative dual neuter)
-jьšema (dual instrumental masculine)
-jьšama (dual feminine instrumental)
-jьšema (dual instrumental neuter)
-jьšu (dual locative masculine)
-jьšu (dual feminine locative)
-jьšu (dual locative neuter)
-jьša (dual masculine vocative)
-jьši (dual feminine vocative)
-jьši (dual neuter vocative)
-jьše (masculine nominative plural)
-jьšę̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-jьša (neuter nominative plural)
-jьšь (genitive masculine plural)
-jьšь (feminine genitive plural)
-jьšь (genitive neuter plural)
-jьšemъ (dative masculine plural)
-jьšamъ (dative feminine plural)
-jьšemъ (dative neuter plural)
-jьšę̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-jьšę̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-jьša (accusative neuter plural)
-jьši (instrumental masculine plural)
-jьšami (feminine instrumental plural)
-jьši (instrumental neuter plural)
-jьšixъ (locative masculine plural)
-jьšaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-jьšixъ (locative neuter plural)
-jьši (masculine plural vocative)
-jьšę̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-jьša (neuter plural vocative)
-jьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-jьšija (feminine nominative singular)
-jьšeje (neuter nominative singular)
-jьšajego (genitive masculine singular)
-jьšę̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-jьšajego (genitive neuter singular)
-jьšujemu (dative masculine singular)
-jьšiji (dative feminine singular)
-jьšujemu (dative neuter singular)
-jьšьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-jьšǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-jьšeje (accusative neuter singular)
-jьšijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-jьšǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-jьšijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-jьšijemь (locative masculine singular)
-jьšiji (feminine locative singular)
-jьšijemь (locative neuter singular)
-jьšьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-jьšaja (feminine singular vocative)
-jьšeje (neuter singular vocative)
-jьšaja (dual masculine nominative)
-jьšiji (dual feminine nominative)
-jьšiji (dual neuter nominative)
-jьšuju (dual genitive masculine)
-jьšuju (dual feminine genitive)
-jьšuju (dual genitive neuter)
-jьšijima (dative dual masculine)
-jьšijima (dative dual feminine)
-jьšijima (dative dual neuter)
-jьšaja (accusative dual masculine)
-jьšiji (accusative dual feminine)
-jьšiji (accusative dual neuter)
-jьšijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-jьšijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-jьšijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-jьšuju (dual locative masculine)
-jьšuju (dual feminine locative)
-jьšuju (dual locative neuter)
-jьšaja (dual masculine vocative)
-jьšiji (dual feminine vocative)
-jьšiji (dual neuter vocative)
-jьšeji (masculine nominative plural)
-jьšę̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-jьšaja (neuter nominative plural)
-jьšьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-jьšьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-jьšьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-jьšijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-jьšijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-jьšijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-jьšę̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-jьšę̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-jьšaja (accusative neuter plural)
-jьšijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-jьšijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-jьšijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-jьšijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-jьšijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-jьšijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-jьšiji (masculine plural vocative)
-jьšę̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-jьšaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ии (-ii)

⇒ Old Ruthenian: -ьшїй (-ʹšij), -шїй (-šij)

Belarusian: -ьшы (-ʹšy), -шы (-šy)

Ukrainian: -ьший (-ʹšyj)

⇒ Russian: -ьший (-ʹšij), -ший (-šij)

Old Novgorodian: -ии (-ii)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰻⰻ (-ii)

Old Cyrillic script: -ии (-ii)

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: -е (-e)

→ Russian: -ее (-eje)

Bulgarian: -ш (-š)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ји

Latin script: -ji

Slovene: -ji, -ši

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -í, -ší, -e

Czech: -ší, -e

Polish: -szy, -ej

Slovak: -ší, -šie

Kashubian: -szi

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -iši, -išo

Lower Sorbian: -šy, -ej

bol- + *-jьjь → *boľьjь

dьl- + *-jьjь → *dьľьjь

gor- + *-jьjь → *gořьjь

luk- + *-jьjь → *lučьjь

mьn- + *-jьjь → *mьňьjь

nizъ + *-jьjь → *nižьjь

sold- + *-jьjь → *solďьjь

tęz- + *-jьjь → *tęžьjь

un- + *-jьjь → *uňьjь

vysь + *-jьjь → *vyšьjь

vęt- + *-jьjь → *vęťьjь

čęstъ + *-jьjь → *čęsťьjь

čistъ (“clean”) + *-jьjь → *čisťьjь (“cleaner”)

lixъ (“superfluous”) + *-jьjь → *lišьjь (“more superfluous”)


-ьňa

-ьňь (masculine)
-ьňa (nominative singular)
-ьňi (dual nominative)
-ьňę̇ (nominative plural)
-ьňę̇ (genitive singular)
-ьňu (dual genitive)
-ьňь (genitive plural)
-ьňi (dative singular)
-ьňama (dative dual)
-ьňamъ (dative plural)
-ьňǫ (accusative singular)
-ьňi (accusative dual)
-ьňę̇ (accusative plural)
-ьňejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьňǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьňama (dual instrumental)
-ьňami (instrumental plural)
-ьňi (locative singular)
-ьňu (dual locative)
-ьňasъ (locative plural)
-ьňaxъ (locative plural)
-ьňe (singular vocative)
-ьňi (dual vocative)
-ьňę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьнꙗ (-ĭnja)

Old Ruthenian: -нꙗ (-nja)

Belarusian: -ня (-nja)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ня (-nja)

Ukrainian: -ня (-nja)

Russian: -ня (-nja)

Old Novgorodian: -ьнꙗ (-ĭnja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⱀⱑ (-ĭně)

Old Cyrillic script: -ьнꙗ (-ĭnja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ња

Latin script: -nja

Slovene: -nja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech:

Czech:

Old Polish: -nia

Polish: -nia

Silesian: -nia

Old Slovak: -ňa

Pannonian Rusyn: -ня (-nja)

Slovak: -ňa

Polabian:

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -nia

Slovincian:

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -nja

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-injāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-n-yeh₂, from *-nós + *-yeh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian -inė (< Proto-Baltic *-ini̯a). By surface analysis, *-ьnъ + *-ja.

viš- + *-ьňa → *višьňa


-ujь

-uja (masculine)
-ujь (nominative singular)
-uja (dual nominative)
-uji (nominative plural)
-uja (genitive singular)
-uju (dual genitive)
-ujь (genitive plural)
-uju (dative singular)
-ujema (dative dual)
-ujemъ (dative plural)
-ujь (accusative singular)
-uja (accusative dual)
-uję̇ (accusative plural)
-ujьmь (instrumental singular)
-ujemь (instrumental singular)
-ujema (dual instrumental)
-uji (instrumental plural)
-uji (locative singular)
-uju (dual locative)
-ujixъ (locative plural)
-uju (singular vocative)
-uja (dual vocative)
-uji (plural vocative)
*-jujь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -уи (-ui)

Russian: -уй (-uj)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-aujas, *-jaujas, from Proto-Indo-European *-ow-yós, *-ew-yós, from *-yós.


-ǫťь

-y (canonical)
-ǫťьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ǫťaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ǫťeje (neuter nominative singular)
-ǫťajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ǫťę̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ǫťajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ǫťujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ǫťiji (dative feminine singular)
-ǫťujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ǫťьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ǫťǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ǫťeje (accusative neuter singular)
-ǫťijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ǫťǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ǫťijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ǫťijemь (locative masculine singular)
-ǫťiji (feminine locative singular)
-ǫťijemь (locative neuter singular)
-ǫťьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ǫťaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ǫťeje (neuter singular vocative)
-ǫťaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ǫťiji (dual feminine nominative)
-ǫťiji (dual neuter nominative)
-ǫťuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ǫťuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ǫťuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ǫťijima (dative dual masculine)
-ǫťijima (dative dual feminine)
-ǫťijima (dative dual neuter)
-ǫťaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ǫťiji (accusative dual feminine)
-ǫťiji (accusative dual neuter)
-ǫťijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ǫťijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ǫťijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ǫťuju (dual locative masculine)
-ǫťuju (dual feminine locative)
-ǫťuju (dual locative neuter)
-ǫťaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ǫťiji (dual feminine vocative)
-ǫťiji (dual neuter vocative)
-ǫťiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ǫťę̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ǫťaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ǫťьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ǫťьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ǫťьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ǫťijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ǫťijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ǫťijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ǫťę̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ǫťę̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ǫťaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ǫťijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ǫťijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ǫťijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ǫťijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ǫťijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ǫťijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ǫťiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ǫťę̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ǫťaja (neuter plural vocative)
*-aję (alternative)
*-ję (alternative)
*-ěję (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ѫчь (-ǫčĭ), -ѭчь (-jǫčĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -у́чїй (-účij), -ю́чїй (-júčij)

Belarusian: -у́чы (-účy), -ю́чы (-júčy)

Carpathian Rusyn: -у́чый (-účŷj), -ю́чый (-júčŷj)

Ukrainian: -у́чий (-účyj), -ю́чий (-júčyj)

Russian: -у́чий (-účij), -ю́чий (-júčij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⱘⱋⱐ (-ǫštĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: -ы (-y), -ѫщь (-ǫštĭ)

West Slavic:

Czech: -a, -ouc, -oucí

Old Polish: -ący, -ąc

Polish: -ący, -ąc

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-onts. Cognate with Lithuanian -ąs, -antis, -ant.

inh+

sy (“being”) ← *(je)s- (“to be”).

živy (“living”) ← *žiti (“to live”)

blǫdę (“erring”) ← *blǫditi (“to err”)

čekaję (“waiting”) ← *čekati (“to wait”)


-ęťь

-ę (canonical)
-ęťьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ęťaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ęťeje (neuter nominative singular)
-ęťajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ęťę̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ęťajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ęťujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ęťiji (dative feminine singular)
-ęťujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ęťьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ęťǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ęťeje (accusative neuter singular)
-ęťijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ęťǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ęťijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ęťijemь (locative masculine singular)
-ęťiji (feminine locative singular)
-ęťijemь (locative neuter singular)
-ęťьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ęťaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ęťeje (neuter singular vocative)
-ęťaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ęťiji (dual feminine nominative)
-ęťiji (dual neuter nominative)
-ęťuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ęťuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ęťuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ęťijima (dative dual masculine)
-ęťijima (dative dual feminine)
-ęťijima (dative dual neuter)
-ęťaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ęťiji (accusative dual feminine)
-ęťiji (accusative dual neuter)
-ęťijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ęťijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ęťijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ęťuju (dual locative masculine)
-ęťuju (dual feminine locative)
-ęťuju (dual locative neuter)
-ęťaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ęťiji (dual feminine vocative)
-ęťiji (dual neuter vocative)
-ęťiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ęťę̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ęťaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ęťьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ęťьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ęťьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ęťijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ęťijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ęťijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ęťę̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ęťę̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ęťaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ęťijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ęťijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ęťijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ęťijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ęťijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ęťijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ęťiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ęťę̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ęťaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ѧ́чь (-ję́čĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ѧ́чїй (-jáčij)

Belarusian: -я́чы (-jáčy)

Carpathian Rusyn: -я́чый (-jáčŷj)

Ukrainian: -я́чий (-jáčyj)

Russian: -я́чий (-jáčij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⱔⱋⱐ (-ęštĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: -ѧщь (-ęštĭ)

West Slavic:

Czech: -je, -jíc, -jící

alternative form of *-ǫťь, used after imperfective verb stems (i.e. in *-iti, *-ěti and *-ati verbs)