-nьje

-nьje (nominative singular)
-nьji (dual nominative)
-nьja (nominative plural)
-nьja (genitive singular)
-nьju (dual genitive)
-nьjь (genitive plural)
-nьju (dative singular)
-nьjema (dative dual)
-nьjemъ (dative plural)
-nьje (accusative singular)
-nьji (accusative dual)
-nьja (accusative plural)
-nьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-nьjemь (instrumental singular)
-nьjema (dual instrumental)
-nьji (instrumental plural)
-nьji (locative singular)
-nьju (dual locative)
-nьjixъ (locative plural)
-nьje (singular vocative)
-nьji (dual vocative)
-nьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ние (-nije)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: -нье (-nʹje), -нїє (-nije), -ньꙗ (-nʹja), -нїꙗ (-nija), -нє (-nje), -нꙗ (-nja), -ннє (-nnje), -ннꙗ (-nnja)
Belarusian: -нне (-nnje), -ннё (-nnjo)
Carpathian Rusyn: -ня (-nja)
Ukrainian: -ння (-nnja); -нє (-nje) (Western dialects)

Belarusian: -нне (-nnje), -ннё (-nnjo)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ня (-nja)

desc

Russian: -ние (-nije), -нье (-nʹje), -ньё (-nʹjó)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ньѥ (-nĭje)

Glagolitic: -ⱀⱐⰵ (-nĭe)

Bulgarian: -ние (-nie), -не (-ne)

Macedonian: -ње (-nje), -ние (-nie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ње

Latin script: -nje

Slovene: -nje

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -nie

Czech: -ní

Kashubian: -nié

Polabian: -nĕ

desctree

Old Polish: -enie, -anie
Polish: -enie
Polish: -anie

Slovak: -nie

Slovincian: -njé

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ńe, -nje

Compounded from the past participle suffix *-n- and *-ьje. Originally it is therefore a deadjectival variant of *-ьje, denoting a state, condition, or property.

dělati (“to do, act”) → *dělanьje (“work”)

pьsati (“to write”) → *pьsanьje (“writing; that which is written”)


-tьje

-tьje (nominative singular)
-tьji (dual nominative)
-tьja (nominative plural)
-tьja (genitive singular)
-tьju (dual genitive)
-tьjь (genitive plural)
-tьju (dative singular)
-tьjema (dative dual)
-tьjemъ (dative plural)
-tьje (accusative singular)
-tьji (accusative dual)
-tьja (accusative plural)
-tьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-tьjemь (instrumental singular)
-tьjema (dual instrumental)
-tьji (instrumental plural)
-tьji (locative singular)
-tьju (dual locative)
-tьjixъ (locative plural)
-tьje (singular vocative)
-tьji (dual vocative)
-tьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: -тие (-tije), -тиѥ (-tije)

Belarusian: -ццё (-ccjo), -цце (-ccje), -це (-cje)

Russian: -тие (-tije), -тье (-tʹje), -тьё (-tʹjó)

Ukrainian: -ття (-ttja), -тя (-tja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -тиѥ (-tije)

Glagolitic: -ⱅⰹⱑ (-tiě)

Bulgarian: -тие (-tie)

Macedonian: -тие (-tie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ће

Latin script: -će

Slovene: -tje

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -tie

Czech: -tí

Kashubian: -cié

Polish: -cie

Slovak: -tie

Slovincian: -cé

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -śe

Upper Sorbian: -će

Compounded from the past participle suffix *-t- and *-ьje. Originally it is therefore a deadjectival variant of *-ьje, denoting a state, condition, or property.

žiti (“to live”) → *žitьje (“life”)

byti (“to be”) → *bytьje (“being”)

bez (“witout”) + *sъmerti (“to die naturally”) → *bezsъmьrtьje (“immortality”)

ěsti (“to eat”) → *ěstьje (“dish, food”)

dati (“to give”) → *datьje (“task, assignment”)

začęti (“to beget”) → *začętьje (“conception”)


-ьba

-ьba (nominative singular)
-ьbě (dual nominative)
-ьby (nominative plural)
-ьby (genitive singular)
-ьbu (dual genitive)
-ьbъ (genitive plural)
-ьbě (dative singular)
-ьbama (dative dual)
-ьbamъ (dative plural)
-ьbǫ (accusative singular)
-ьbě (accusative dual)
-ьby (accusative plural)
-ьbojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbama (dual instrumental)
-ьbami (instrumental plural)
-ьbě (locative singular)
-ьbu (dual locative)
-ьbasъ (locative plural)
-ьbaxъ (locative plural)
-ьbo (singular vocative)
-ьbě (dual vocative)
-ьby (plural vocative)
*-oba (alternative)
*-ьda (alternative)
*pravьda (alternative)
*prěmьda (alternative)
*krivьda (alternative)
*voržьda (alternative)
*bajьda (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьба (-ĭba)

Belarusian: -ба (-ba)

Russian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

Ukrainian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьба (-ĭba)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⰱⰰ (-ĭba)

Bulgarian: -ба (-ba)

Macedonian: -ба (-ba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ба

Latin script: -ba

Slovene: -ba

West Slavic:

Czech: -ba

Polish: -ba

Slovak: -ba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ba

Lower Sorbian: -ba

Originally the suffix proper is *-ba, with *-ь and *-o abstracted from i- and o-stem basewords, respectively. Sometimes the original abstract noun in *-ь is still preserved, e.g.
* *bornь (“defense; fight; dispute”) → *bornьba
* *rězь (“cut, cutting”) → *rězьba
Further, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ba, from Proto-Indo-European *-bʰo-, *-bʰeh₂ found in nouns and adjectives.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ýba, -ỹbė and Latvian -ība.

družьba (“company”) ⇐ *družiti sę (“to socialize, get together”) ⇐ *drugъ

služьba (“service, serving”) ⇐ *služiti (“to serve”) ⇐ *sluga

gǫdьba (“band”) ⇐ *gǫsti (“to play a string instrument”) < *gǫdti


-iťь

-iťь (nominative singular)
-iťa (dual nominative)
-iťi (nominative plural)
-iťa (genitive singular)
-iťu (dual genitive)
-iťь (genitive plural)
-iťu (dative singular)
-iťema (dative dual)
-iťemъ (dative plural)
-iťь (accusative singular)
-iťa (accusative dual)
-iťę̇ (accusative plural)
-iťьmь (instrumental singular)
-iťemь (instrumental singular)
-iťema (dual instrumental)
-iťi (instrumental plural)
-iťi (locative singular)
-iťu (dual locative)
-iťixъ (locative plural)
-iťu (singular vocative)
-iťa (dual vocative)
-iťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ичь (-ičĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič)

Russian: -ич (-ič)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč)

Old Novgorodian: -иць (-ićĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⱐ (-ištĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: -ищь (-ištĭ)

Bulgarian: -ич (-ič), -ичко (-ičko)

Macedonian: -иќ (-iḱ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ић

Latin script: -ić

Slovene: -ič

West Slavic:

Czech: -ic

Kashubian: -ëc

Old Polish: -ic, -yc

Polish: -ic, -yc

→ Yiddish: ־יץ (-its)

Slovak: -ic

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ic

Upper Sorbian: -ic

Balto-Slavic innovation. Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ītjas. Cognates include Lithuanian -ytis, Latvian -ītis.

inh+

kъrma, *kъrmľa (“fodder, breast milk”) → *kъrmiťь (“nursling”)

batę (“elder brother”), *baťa (“father”) → *baťiťь (“son who resembles his father”)

Denominal, forming masculine attributables from action or agent nouns.

kozьlъ (“billy goat”) → *kozьliťь (“kid goat”)

otrokъ (“boy”) → *otročiťь (“child”)

bogъ (“god”) → *božiťь (“juvenile god”)

pъta (“fowl”) → *pъtiťь (“birdie”)

Denominal, forming masculine diminutives from masculine nouns.

Slovene: Janež → Janežič

Denominal, forming patronyms and metronyms.

Russian: Москва (Moskva) → москвич (moskvič)

Slovene: Celovec → Celovčič, Podgora → Podgorčič

dręgy, *dręgъve (“swamp”) → Russian Дреговичи (Dregoviči) (East Slavic tribe)

obъ Odrě (“around Oder”) → *obodriťь (“Obotrites”)

golъ (“naked”) → *goliťь (“something naked”)

bělъ (“white”) → *běliťь (“something white”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of a property.

moldъ (“young”), *moldę (“youngling”) → *moldiťь (“youngling”)

(by extension) Denoting a carrier of a property but with a diminutive meaning through a parallel word formation from deadjectival nouns and adjectives.


-akъ

-akъ (nominative singular)
-aka (dual nominative)
-aci (nominative plural)
-aka (genitive singular)
-aku (dual genitive)
-akъ (genitive plural)
-aku (dative singular)
-akoma (dative dual)
-akomъ (dative plural)
-akъ (accusative singular)
-aka (accusative dual)
-aky (accusative plural)
-akъmь (instrumental singular)
-akomь (instrumental singular)
-akoma (dual instrumental)
-aky (instrumental plural)
-acě (locative singular)
-aku (dual locative)
-acěxъ (locative plural)
-ače (singular vocative)
-aka (dual vocative)
-aci (plural vocative)
*-jakъ (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -акъ (-akŭ)

Belarusian: -ак (-ak)

Russian: -ак (-ak)

Ukrainian: -ак (-ak)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -акъ (-akŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰰⰽⱏ (-akŭ)

Bulgarian: -ак (-ak)

Macedonian: -ак (-ak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

Slovene: -ak

West Slavic:

Czech: -ák, -ak

Kashubian: -ôk

desctree

Old Polish: -ak
Polish: -ak
Silesian: -ŏk

Slovak: -ák, -ak

Slovincian: -ók, -ok

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ak

Lower Sorbian: -ak

Yiddish:

Yiddish: ־אַק (-ak)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀkas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ks.
Deverbal derivations are easily secondary, motivated by parallel formations, e.g.
* North Slavic *ědakъ (“greedy man”) ← *est < *ed-ti (“to eat”) : *ěda (“food”).
Comparison with cognates in other Indo-European languages indicates antiquity of deadjectival formations:
* Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new, young”) → νέᾱξ (néāx), νέᾱκος (néākos, “young man”) : Slavic *novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)
* Lithuanian naũjas (“new”) → naujõkas (“novice”)
Cognate with Proto-Celtic *-ākos (see Etymology 2).

inh+

junъ (“young”) → *junakъ (“a young man”)

novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)

lěvъ (“left”) → *lěvakъ (“left-handed man”)

svojь (“one's own”) → *svojakъ (“relative, cousin”)

Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.

rodъ (“kin”) → *roďakъ (“relative, cousin”)

kory (“root”) → *koreňakъ (“native, one from the root”)

moře (“sea”) → *mořakъ (“sailor”)

ryba (“fish”) → *rybakъ (“fisher”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting something connected in meaning to the base-word.

gǫsь (“goose”) → *gǫsakъ (“gander”)

Denominal, forming masculine counterparts of feminine nouns.

prositi (“to ask; beg”) → *prosjakъ >*prošakъ (“beggar; asker”)

Deverbal, from the root, forming agent nouns.


-jakъ

-jakъ (nominative singular)
-jaka (dual nominative)
-jaci (nominative plural)
-jaka (genitive singular)
-jaku (dual genitive)
-jakъ (genitive plural)
-jaku (dative singular)
-jakoma (dative dual)
-jakomъ (dative plural)
-jakъ (accusative singular)
-jaka (accusative dual)
-jaky (accusative plural)
-jakъmь (instrumental singular)
-jakomь (instrumental singular)
-jakoma (dual instrumental)
-jaky (instrumental plural)
-jacě (locative singular)
-jaku (dual locative)
-jacěxъ (locative plural)
-jače (singular vocative)
-jaka (dual vocative)
-jaci (plural vocative)

(causing iotation of the preceding consonant) alternative form of *-akъ


-čь

-čь (nominative singular)
-ča (dual nominative)
-či (nominative plural)
-ča (genitive singular)
-ču (dual genitive)
-čь (genitive plural)
-ču (dative singular)
-čema (dative dual)
-čemъ (dative plural)
-čь (accusative singular)
-ča (accusative dual)
-čę̇ (accusative plural)
-čьmь (instrumental singular)
-čemь (instrumental singular)
-čema (dual instrumental)
-či (instrumental plural)
-či (locative singular)
-ču (dual locative)
-čixъ (locative plural)
-ču (singular vocative)
-ča (dual vocative)
-či (plural vocative)
*-ačь (alternative)
*-ičь (alternative)

After the loss of word-final jer, daughter languages have reinterpreted the thematic ending of the verb -i- and -a- as a part of the suffix itself.

In most of the daughters *-ačь merged with the reflex of *-čь which was preceded by the thematic vowel -a.

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -чь (-čĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Russian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč), -ач (-ač)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: -чь (-čĭ), -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: -ⱍⱐ (-čĭ), -ⰰⱍⱐ (-ačĭ)

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač); -ич (-ič) (rare)

Macedonian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: -ич, -ач

Serbo-Croatian: -ič, -ač

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: -ič, -ȉč, -áč (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -č, -ač, -áč

Kashubian: -ëcz, -ôcz

Polish: -icz, -acz

Slovak: -ič, -áč

Slovincian: -icz, -acz, -ocz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ič, -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ic, -ac

Underlyingly reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias, *-kis, from Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos, formed by agglutination of *-yos (Proto Slavic *-jь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ias) onto the element *-kъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian -kis and Latvian -ķis.

kopati (“to dig”) → *kopačь (“digger”)

kovati (“to forge”) → *kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)

běgati (“to run”) → *běgačь (“runner”)

jьgrati (“to play”) → *jьgračь (“player”)

vьrati (“to lie”) → *vьračь (“sorcerer, soothsayer, charlatan”)

pogoniti (“to pursue, observe”) → *pogoničь (“drover”)

roditi (“to give birth”) → *rodičь (“father”)

voditi (“to lead”) → *vodičь (“leader”)

badati\*bodati or *bodti > *bosti (“to sting, stab, butt”) → *bodačь (“that which stings, stabs, butts”)

biti (“to beat”) → *bičь (“whip”)

briti (“to shave, cut hair/beard”) → *bričь (“cutting tool, razor”)

nomina instrumenti
nomina instrumenti#English


-ačь

-ačь (nominative singular)
-ača (dual nominative)
-ači (nominative plural)
-ača (genitive singular)
-aču (dual genitive)
-ačь (genitive plural)
-aču (dative singular)
-ačema (dative dual)
-ačemъ (dative plural)
-ačь (accusative singular)
-ača (accusative dual)
-ačę̇ (accusative plural)
-ačьmь (instrumental singular)
-ačemь (instrumental singular)
-ačema (dual instrumental)
-ači (instrumental plural)
-ači (locative singular)
-aču (dual locative)
-ačixъ (locative plural)
-aču (singular vocative)
-ača (dual vocative)
-ači (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ачъ (-ač)

Belarusian: -а́ч (-áč)

Ukrainian: -а́ч (-áč)

Russian: -а́ч (-áč)

Old Novgorodian: -аць (-aćĭ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Macedonian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Serbo-Croatian: (rare?)

Cyrillic script: -а̄ч

Latin script: -ȃč

Slovene: -áč

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -áč

Czech: -áč, -ač

desctree

Old Polish: -acz
Polish: -acz
Silesian: -ŏcz

Polabian: -ăc

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ôcz

Slovincian: -ócz

Slovak: -áč

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ac

* Morphologically possibly from reinterpreting of some deverbal agent nouns (e.g. *kovačь ← *kovati + *-čь : *kovъ + *-ačь). Synchronically it is an independent suffix.
* Semantically it's close to denominal suffix *-atъ. But in this case form **-aťь is expected, though compare *porťa : *porkъ.

kolo (“wheel”) → *kolačь (“cake”)

bogъ (“wealth, fortune”) → *bogačь (“a wealthy man”) (compare *bogatъ (“wealthy”))

borda (“beard”) → *bordačь (“a bearded man”) (compare *bordatъ (“bearded”))

golva (“head”) → *golvačь (“one having a big head”) (compare *golvatъ)

rogъ (“horn”) → *rogačь (“horned animal”) (compare *rogatъ (“horned”))

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.


-ikъ

-ikъ (nominative singular)
-ika (dual nominative)
-ici (nominative plural)
-ika (genitive singular)
-iku (dual genitive)
-ikъ (genitive plural)
-iku (dative singular)
-ikoma (dative dual)
-ikomъ (dative plural)
-ikъ (accusative singular)
-ika (accusative dual)
-iky (accusative plural)
-ikъmь (instrumental singular)
-ikomь (instrumental singular)
-ikoma (dual instrumental)
-iky (instrumental plural)
-icě (locative singular)
-iku (dual locative)
-icěxъ (locative plural)
-iče (singular vocative)
-ika (dual vocative)
-ici (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -икъ (-ikŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -икъ (-ik)

Belarusian: -ік (-ik)

Ukrainian: -ик (-yk)

Russian: -ик (-ik)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -икъ (-ikŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⰽⱏ (-ikŭ)

Bulgarian: -ик (-ik)

Macedonian: -ик (-ik)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ик

Latin script: -ik

Slovene: -ik

West Slavic:

Czech: -ík

Polish: -ik, -yk

Old Slovak: -ík, -ik

Pannonian Rusyn: -ик (-ik), -їк (-jik)

Slovak: -ík, -ik

Slovincian: -ik

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ik

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-eikas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eykos. Cognate with Latvian -ieks (< -eikas). The *-i in *-ikъ thus reflects the Proto-Indo-European diphthong *ey, which explains the lack of the third palatalization. Lithuanian -ykas reflects earlier -inīkas, and is not a cognate. Probably not related to Sanskrit -ईक (-īká) and Latin -icō.

-nikъ

appended to the past participle of verbs in *-nъ

-ьnikъ

with *-ьn- element abstracted away from denominal derivations on *-ьnъ

nožь (“knife”) → *nožikъ (“a small knife”)

větrъ (“wind”) → *větrikъ (“breeze”)

listъ (“leaf”) → *listikъ (“a small leaf”)

bobъ (“broad bean”) → *bobikъ (“(a small) broad bean”)

zoltъ (“golden”) → *zoltikъ (“something golden”)

porzdьnъ (“empty”) → *porzdьnikъ (“feast, holiday, festival”)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldikъ (“something or somebody young”)

malъ (“small”) → *malikъ (“something or somebody small”)


-slo

-slo (nominative singular)
-slě (dual nominative)
-sla (nominative plural)
-sla (genitive singular)
-slu (dual genitive)
-slъ (genitive plural)
-slu (dative singular)
-sloma (dative dual)
-slomъ (dative plural)
-slo (accusative singular)
-slě (accusative dual)
-sla (accusative plural)
-slъmь (instrumental singular)
-slomь (instrumental singular)
-sloma (dual instrumental)
-sly (instrumental plural)
-slě (locative singular)
-slu (dual locative)
-slěxъ (locative plural)
-slo (singular vocative)
-slě (dual vocative)
-sla (plural vocative)
*-slь (alternative)
*-sla (alternative)
*-lo (alternative)
*-dlo (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -сло (-slo)

Belarusian: -сло (-slo)

Russian: -сло (-slo)

Ukrainian: -сло (-slo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -сло (-slo)

Glagolitic script: -ⱄⰾⱁ (-slo)

Bulgarian: -сло (-slo)

Macedonian: -сло (-slo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -сло

Latin script: -slo

Slovene: -slo

West Slavic:

Czech: -slo

Polish: -sło

Slovak: -slo

Kashubian: -sło

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -sło

Lower Sorbian: -sło

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-sla(s). Probably from *(s)-tlo, from *(d/t/s/z)-tlo, from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom.
Inherited, but becoming productive only in Proto-Slavic. There are many direct cognates, e.g.
* *veslo (“oar, paddle”) = Latin vēlum (“sail”)
* *čerslo = Lithuanian ker̃slas (“tool for drawing blood”)
* *krěslo = Lithuanian krė́slas
Exact match to *-lo and *-slo are Lithuanian -las and -slas, forming instrument nouns as well as action nouns (> nomina acti).

vezti (“to lead, cart, convey”) → *veztlo/*vezslo > *veslo (“oar, paddle”)

mazati (“to smear, anoint”) → *maztlo/*mazslo > *maslo (“oil, ointment”)

Deverbal, forming nouns denoting a tool or instrument.

čitti > *čisti (“to read; respect”) → *čittlo/*čitslo > *čislo (“number”)

(rare) Deverbal, creating action nouns, usually becoming nomina acti.


-ovati

-ovanьje (noun-from-verb)
-ovati (infinitive)
-ovatъ (supine)
-ovalъ (l-participle)
-ovanъ (participle passive past)
-ujemъ (participle passive present)
-ovavъ (active participle past)
-uję (active participle present)
-ovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
-ova (aorist second-person singular)
-ova (aorist singular third-person)
-ujǫ (first-person present singular)
-uješi (present second-person singular)
-ujetь (present singular third-person)
-ovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
-ovasta (aorist dual second-person)
-ovaste (aorist dual third-person)
-ujevě (dual first-person present)
-ujeta (dual present second-person)
-ujete (dual present third-person)
-ovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
-ovaste (aorist plural second-person)
-ovašę (aorist plural third-person)
-ujemъ (first-person plural present)
-ujete (plural present second-person)
-ujǫtь (plural present third-person)
-ovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
-ovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
-ovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
-uji (imperative second-person singular)
-uji (imperative singular third-person)
-ovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
-ovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
-ovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
-ujivě (dual first-person imperative)
-ujita (dual imperative second-person)
-ovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
-ovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
-ovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
-ujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
-ujite (imperative plural second-person)
*-evati (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -овати (-ovati)

Old Ruthenian: -овати (-ovati)

Belarusian: -аваць (-avacʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -овати (-ovaty)

Ukrainian: -увати (-uvaty)

desc

Middle Russian: -овати (-ovati), -овать (-ovatʹ)

Russian: -овать (-ovatʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -овати (-ovati)

Bulgarian: -вам (-vam), -увам (-uvam), -овам (-ovam)

Macedonian: -ува (-uva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -овати

Latin script: -ovati

Slovene: -ovati

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ovati

Czech: -ovat

Old Polish: -ować
Polish: -ować

Old Slovak: -ovať

Pannonian Rusyn: -овац (-ovac)

Slovak: -ovať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -owac

Slovincian: -ac, -ôwac

Lower Sorbian: -owaś

Upper Sorbian: -ować

Cognate with Lithuanian -áuti, Old Prussian -aut. Possibly also with Lithuanian -úoti, Latvian -uot, although Svensson rejects the plausibility of the "uo" sound change.

Creates verbs out of nouns and adjectives


-tati

-tanьje (noun-from-verb)
-tati (infinitive)
-tatъ (supine)
-talъ (l-participle)
-tanъ (participle passive past)
-tajemъ (participle passive present)
-tavъ (active participle past)
-taję (active participle present)
-taxъ (aorist first-person singular)
-ta (aorist second-person singular)
-ta (aorist singular third-person)
-tajǫ (first-person present singular)
-taješi (present second-person singular)
-tajetь (present singular third-person)
-taxově (aorist dual first-person)
-tasta (aorist dual second-person)
-taste (aorist dual third-person)
-tajevě (dual first-person present)
-tajeta (dual present second-person)
-tajete (dual present third-person)
-taxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
-taste (aorist plural second-person)
-tašę (aorist plural third-person)
-tajemъ (first-person plural present)
-tajete (plural present second-person)
-tajǫtь (plural present third-person)
-taaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
-taaše (imperfect second-person singular)
-taaše (imperfect singular third-person)
-taji (imperative second-person singular)
-taji (imperative singular third-person)
-taaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
-taašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
-taašete (dual imperfect third-person)
-tajivě (dual first-person imperative)
-tajita (dual imperative second-person)
-taaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
-taašete (imperfect plural second-person)
-taaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
-tajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
-tajite (imperative plural second-person)
-tanьje (noun-from-verb)
-tati (infinitive)
-tatъ (supine)
-talъ (l-participle)
-tanъ (participle passive past)
-ťemъ (participle passive present)
-tavъ (active participle past)
-ťę (active participle present)
-taxъ (aorist first-person singular)
-ta (aorist second-person singular)
-ta (aorist singular third-person)
-ťǫ (first-person present singular)
-ťeši (present second-person singular)
-ťetь (present singular third-person)
-taxově (aorist dual first-person)
-tasta (aorist dual second-person)
-taste (aorist dual third-person)
-ťevě (dual first-person present)
-ťeta (dual present second-person)
-ťete (dual present third-person)
-taxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
-taste (aorist plural second-person)
-tašę (aorist plural third-person)
-ťemъ (first-person plural present)
-ťete (plural present second-person)
-ťǫtь (plural present third-person)
-taaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
-taaše (imperfect second-person singular)
-taaše (imperfect singular third-person)
-ťi (imperative second-person singular)
-ťi (imperative singular third-person)
-taaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
-taašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
-taašete (dual imperfect third-person)
-ťivě (dual first-person imperative)
-ťita (dual imperative second-person)
-taaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
-taašete (imperfect plural second-person)
-taaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
-ťimъ (first-person imperative plural)
-ťite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -тати (-tati)

Belarusian: -таць (-tacʹ)

Russian: -тать (-tatʹ)

Ukrainian: -тати (-taty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -тати (-tati)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰰⱅⰹ (-tati)

Bulgarian: -там (-tam)

Macedonian: -та (-ta)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -тати

Latin script: -tati

Slovene: -tati

West Slavic:

Czech: -tat

Polish: -tać

Slovak: -tať

Slovincian: *-tac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -tać

Upper Sorbian: -taś

Form from t-participles or expressive roots ending in -t- with the factive conjugation *-ati or with the emphatic *-jeti (regularly mixed with a-conjugation in aorist and infinitive). Similar to Proto-Slavic *-pati, Proto-Slavic *-kati.

klokotъ (“rumble”) → *klokotati (“to rumble, to gurgle”) (a/j-conjugation)

groxotъ (“rattle, din”) → *groxotati (“to crash, to rumble”) (a/j-conjugation)

ščьbьtъ (“chirp”) → *ščьbьtati (“to twitter, to chirp”) (a/j-conjugation)

šьpъtъ (“whisper”) → *šьpъtati (“to whisper”) (a/j-conjugation)

rъpъtъ (“grumble, growl”) → *rъpъtati (“to murmur, to complain”)

botъ (“slap, hit”) → *botati (“to hammer, to slash”)

Creates onomatopoeic verbs from onomatopoeic nouns in Proto-Slavic *-otъ, Proto-Slavic *-ъtъ, or Proto-Slavic *-ьtъ:

Pre-Slavic *orti (“to plow”) → *ortъ → *ortati (“to serve, to struggle with work”)

biti (“to beat”) → *bitъ → *bitati (“to manage, to handle a device”)

orbъ (“slave, worker”) → *orbota (“work, labor”) → *orbotati (“to work”)

kľuti (“to peck”) → *kleveta (“slander”) → *klevetati (“to dream, to hope for”) (a/j-conjugation)

Creates iterative verbs from t-participles or action nouns in Proto-Slavic *-ota:

xodъ (“move, gait”) → *xodatati (“to mediate, to transmit”)

golsъ (“voice”) → *golšatati (“to announce, to proclaim”)

mikъ (“slash”) → *mьčьta (“daydream, hope”) → *mьčьtati (“to dream, to hope for”)


-ьmo

-ьmo (nominative singular)
-ьmě (dual nominative)
-ьma (nominative plural)
-ьma (genitive singular)
-ьmu (dual genitive)
-ьmъ (genitive plural)
-ьmu (dative singular)
-ьmoma (dative dual)
-ьmomъ (dative plural)
-ьmo (accusative singular)
-ьmě (accusative dual)
-ьma (accusative plural)
-ьmъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьmomь (instrumental singular)
-ьmoma (dual instrumental)
-ьmy (instrumental plural)
-ьmě (locative singular)
-ьmu (dual locative)
-ьměxъ (locative plural)
-ьmo (singular vocative)
-ьmě (dual vocative)
-ьma (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Russian: -мо (-mo)

Ukrainian: -мо (-mo)

Compare with Old Lithuanian -imas and Lithuanian -imas.

derǫ̀ (“to tear, flay”) → *derьmò

kurìti (“to smoke”) → *kũrьmo

pišǫ̀ (“to write”) → *pisьmò

pově̀siti (“to hang”) → *pově̀sьmo

oràti (“to plough”) → *orьmò

bě̀lъ (“white”) (or verb *bě̀liti?) → *bě̀lьmo

Deadjectival, from the root, forming noun.

darìti → *darьmò

Deverbal, from the root, forming adverbs.


-oda

-oda (nominative singular)
-odě (dual nominative)
-ody (nominative plural)
-ody (genitive singular)
-odu (dual genitive)
-odъ (genitive plural)
-odě (dative singular)
-odama (dative dual)
-odamъ (dative plural)
-odǫ (accusative singular)
-odě (accusative dual)
-ody (accusative plural)
-odojǫ (instrumental singular)
-odǫ (instrumental singular)
-odama (dual instrumental)
-odami (instrumental plural)
-odě (locative singular)
-odu (dual locative)
-odasъ (locative plural)
-odaxъ (locative plural)
-odo (singular vocative)
-odě (dual vocative)
-ody (plural vocative)

Perhaps continuing Proto-Balto-Slavic *-adāˀ. Rare suffix with unclear functions. Possibly related with Ancient Greek -άδος (-ádos) in genitive case of feminine nouns, see Παλλάς (Pallás), δορκᾰ́ς (dorkắs).

aga (“berry”) → *àgoda (“berry”)

albʰós (“white”) → *olboda (“goosefoot”)

svobъ (“one's own”) → *svobodà (“freedom”)

laga (“something arranged”) → *lagoda (“carelessness, pleasure”)


-erъ

-erъ (nominative singular)
-era (dual nominative)
-eri (nominative plural)
-era (genitive singular)
-eru (dual genitive)
-erъ (genitive plural)
-eru (dative singular)
-eroma (dative dual)
-eromъ (dative plural)
-erъ (accusative singular)
-era (accusative dual)
-ery (accusative plural)
-erъmь (instrumental singular)
-eromь (instrumental singular)
-eroma (dual instrumental)
-ery (instrumental plural)
-erě (locative singular)
-eru (dual locative)
-erěxъ (locative plural)
-ere (singular vocative)
-era (dual vocative)
-eri (plural vocative)

gǫsь (“goose”) → *gǫserъ (“gander (male goose)”)

kotъ (“cat”) → *koťerъ (“tomcat (male cat)”)

maca (“cat, pussy”) → *mačerъ (“tomcat (male cat)”)

myšь (“mouse”) → *myšerъ

Denominal, from the root, forming nouns denoting male creature.


-kъ

-kъ (nominative singular)
-ka (dual nominative)
-ci (nominative plural)
-ka (genitive singular)
-ku (dual genitive)
-kъ (genitive plural)
-ku (dative singular)
-koma (dative dual)
-komъ (dative plural)
-kъ (accusative singular)
-ka (accusative dual)
-ky (accusative plural)
-kъmь (instrumental singular)
-komь (instrumental singular)
-koma (dual instrumental)
-ky (instrumental plural)
-cě (locative singular)
-ku (dual locative)
-cěxъ (locative plural)
-če (singular vocative)
-ka (dual vocative)
-ci (plural vocative)

Nominal suffix. From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

porkъ (“sling”) ← *perti (“to propel, to strike”)

borkъ (“marriage”) ← *bьrati (“to pick, to collect”)

dorkъ (“scuffle; thornbush”) ← *dьrati (“to tear”)

znakъ (“sign, symbol”) ← *znati (“to know”)

zorkъ (“phantasm”) ← *zьrěti (“to watch, to observe”)

mǫka (“grief, hardship, torture”) ← archaic *mьňati (“to belittle, to grind”) (compare the l-extension *mělь (“finely ground”))

Deverbal, forms token nouns (usually with o-grade)

zvǫkъ (“sound”) ← *zvьněti (“to ring”)

pukъ (“pop”) ← *puxati (“to blow, to puff”)

vykъ (“shout”) ← *vyti (“to howl”) ← *vъjь!

krikъ (“cry, squeak”) ← *kričati (“to squeak”) ← *kri-kri!

čikъ-čirikъ (“chirp-chirp”) ← *čikъ-čirikati (“to tweet”) ← *či-či!

From expressive or onomatopoetic interjections or verbs, forms onomatopoetic action nouns referring to the respective interjection or verb

From verbs in a-theme declension or adjectives, forming agent nouns. Equivalent to *-akъ (see there for examples)

kъlykъ (“fang, tusk”) ← *kluti (“to peck”) ← *kolti (“to wreck, to slaugher, to stab”)

ęzykъ (“tongue, language”) ← Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ

From archaic ū-stem nouns, forms instruments or representations of the referred concept

(Extension) From archaic i-stem nouns or adjectives. Equivalent to *-ьcь (see there for examples)

(Extension) From archaic ŭ-stem nouns. Equivalent to *-ъkъ (see there for examples)

ęčьmykъ (“barley”) ← *ęčьmy (“barley”)

kamykъ (“stone”) ← *kamy (“stone, rock”)

kremykъ (“flint”) ← *kremy (“flint”)

polmykъ (“flame”) ← *polmy (“flame”)

remykъ (“strap”) ← *remy (“strap, belt”)

(Extension) From masculine men-stem nouns. Neural mn̥-stems, such as *plemę or *vermę, were usually not extended

koręcь (“snag, trunk”) ← *korękъ ← *korę-

měsęcь (“moon, month”) ← *měsękъ ← *měsę-

zajęcь (“rabbit”) ← *zajękъ ← *zaję-


-kъ

-kъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ka (feminine nominative singular)
-ko (neuter nominative singular)
-ka (genitive masculine singular)
-ky (feminine genitive singular)
-ka (genitive neuter singular)
-ku (dative masculine singular)
-kě (dative feminine singular)
-ku (dative neuter singular)
-kъ (accusative masculine singular)
-kǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ko (accusative neuter singular)
-komь (instrumental masculine singular)
-kojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-komь (instrumental neuter singular)
-kě (locative masculine singular)
-kě (feminine locative singular)
-kě (locative neuter singular)
-ke (masculine singular vocative)
-ko (feminine singular vocative)
-ko (neuter singular vocative)
-ka (dual masculine nominative)
-kě (dual feminine nominative)
-kě (dual neuter nominative)
-ku (dual genitive masculine)
-ku (dual feminine genitive)
-ku (dual genitive neuter)
-koma (dative dual masculine)
-kama (dative dual feminine)
-koma (dative dual neuter)
-ka (accusative dual masculine)
-kě (accusative dual feminine)
-kě (accusative dual neuter)
-koma (dual instrumental masculine)
-kama (dual feminine instrumental)
-koma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ku (dual locative masculine)
-ku (dual feminine locative)
-ku (dual locative neuter)
-ka (dual masculine vocative)
-kě (dual feminine vocative)
-kě (dual neuter vocative)
-ki (masculine nominative plural)
-ky (feminine nominative plural)
-ka (neuter nominative plural)
-kъ (genitive masculine plural)
-kъ (feminine genitive plural)
-kъ (genitive neuter plural)
-komъ (dative masculine plural)
-kamъ (dative feminine plural)
-komъ (dative neuter plural)
-ky (accusative masculine plural)
-ky (accusative feminine plural)
-ka (accusative neuter plural)
-ky (instrumental masculine plural)
-kami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ky (instrumental neuter plural)
-kěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-kaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-kěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ki (masculine plural vocative)
-ky (feminine plural vocative)
-ka (neuter plural vocative)
-kъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-kaja (feminine nominative singular)
-koje (neuter nominative singular)
-kajego (genitive masculine singular)
-kyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-kajego (genitive neuter singular)
-kujemu (dative masculine singular)
-kěji (dative feminine singular)
-kujemu (dative neuter singular)
-kъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-kǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-koje (accusative neuter singular)
-kyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-kǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-kyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-kějemь (locative masculine singular)
-kěji (feminine locative singular)
-kějemь (locative neuter singular)
-kъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-kaja (feminine singular vocative)
-koje (neuter singular vocative)
-kaja (dual masculine nominative)
-kěji (dual feminine nominative)
-kěji (dual neuter nominative)
-kuju (dual genitive masculine)
-kuju (dual feminine genitive)
-kuju (dual genitive neuter)
-kyjima (dative dual masculine)
-kyjima (dative dual feminine)
-kyjima (dative dual neuter)
-kaja (accusative dual masculine)
-kěji (accusative dual feminine)
-kěji (accusative dual neuter)
-kyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-kyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-kyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-kuju (dual locative masculine)
-kuju (dual feminine locative)
-kuju (dual locative neuter)
-kaja (dual masculine vocative)
-kěji (dual feminine vocative)
-kěji (dual neuter vocative)
-kiji (masculine nominative plural)
-kyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-kaja (neuter nominative plural)
-kъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-kъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-kъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-kyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-kyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-kyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-kyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-kyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-kaja (accusative neuter plural)
-kyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-kyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-kyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-kyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-kyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-kyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-kiji (masculine plural vocative)
-kyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-kaja (neuter plural vocative)

Adjectival suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, usually attached to former u-stem or i-stem adjectives. Akin to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz and Latin -ucus, Latin -īcus.

perkъ (“direct, across”) ← *per (“fore, across”)

opakъ (“reverse”) ← *po (“at, by, afterwards”)

pakъ (“again, then”) (only as an adverb) ← *pa- (“later”)

(Extension) From former ŭ-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ъkъ

velikъ (“glorious”) ← *velь (“great”)

mьnikъ (“miniature”) ← *mьňьjь (“smaller”)

(Extension) From former i-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ikъ


-kъ

-kъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ka (feminine nominative singular)
-ko (neuter nominative singular)
-kъ (accusative masculine singular)
-kǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ko (accusative neuter singular)
-kogo (genitive masculine singular)
-koję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-kogo (genitive neuter singular)
-komь (locative masculine singular)
-koji (feminine locative singular)
-komь (locative neuter singular)
-komu (dative masculine singular)
-koji (dative feminine singular)
-komu (dative neuter singular)
-cěmь (instrumental masculine singular)
-kojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-cěmь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ka (dual masculine nominative)
-cě (dual feminine nominative)
-cě (dual neuter nominative)
-ka (accusative dual masculine)
-cě (accusative dual feminine)
-cě (accusative dual neuter)
-koju (dual genitive masculine)
-koju (dual feminine genitive)
-koju (dual genitive neuter)
-koju (dual locative masculine)
-koju (dual feminine locative)
-koju (dual locative neuter)
-cěma (dative dual masculine)
-cěma (dative dual feminine)
-cěma (dative dual neuter)
-cěma (dual instrumental masculine)
-cěma (dual feminine instrumental)
-cěma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ci (masculine nominative plural)
-ky (feminine nominative plural)
-ka (neuter nominative plural)
-ky (accusative masculine plural)
-ky (accusative feminine plural)
-ka (accusative neuter plural)
-cěxъ (genitive masculine plural)
-cěxъ (feminine genitive plural)
-cěxъ (genitive neuter plural)
-cěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-cěxъ (feminine locative plural)
-cěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-cěmъ (dative masculine plural)
-cěmъ (dative feminine plural)
-cěmъ (dative neuter plural)
-cěmi (instrumental masculine plural)
-cěmi (feminine instrumental plural)
-cěmi (instrumental neuter plural)

Denotational suffix from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-kos or *-ḱos.

takъ (“so that”) ← *tъ (“that one”)

jakъ (“such one”) ← *jь (“this one, previously mentioned”)

sicь (“such that”) ← *sь (“this one here”)

kakъ (“how”) ← *kъjь (“who”)

čakъ (“even so”) ← *čьjь (“which”)

vьśаkъ (“anyway”) ← *vьśь (“all”)

jьnаkъ (“otherwise”) ← *jьnъ (“other, different”)

tukъ (“here”) ← *tu (“here, demonstrative for location”)

dekъ (“where, so that”) ← *de (“locative particle”)

nekъ (“let/may it be so”) ← *ne (“negative particle”)

From basic demostratives or particles, forms determiners for manner or amount. The neutral or feminine forms of these determiners could act as adverbs


-gъda

From earlier *-da with possible influence of word *godъ. Compare Lithuanian kas (“who, what”), kada (“when”), Sanskrit क (ka, “who”), कदा (kadā, “when”).

kъ- (“who”) → *koda → *kogъda (“when”)

jь (“he”) → *jeda → *jegъda (“when, if”)

jьnъ (“other, another”) → *jьnogъda (“at another time, sometime”)

onъ → *onoda → *onogъda

ovъ → *ovogъda

sь (“this”) → *segъda (“now”)

tъ (“that”) → *togъda (“then”)

vьśь (“all”) → *vьśegъda (“always, anytime”)


-nь

-nь (nominative singular)
-ni (dual nominative)
-ni (nominative plural)
-ni (genitive singular)
-nьju (dual genitive)
-nьjь (genitive plural)
-ni (dative singular)
-nьma (dative dual)
-nьmъ (dative plural)
-nь (accusative singular)
-ni (accusative dual)
-ni (accusative plural)
-nьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-nьma (dual instrumental)
-nьmi (instrumental plural)
-ni (locative singular)
-nьju (dual locative)
-nьxъ (locative plural)
-ni (singular vocative)
-ni (dual vocative)
-ni (plural vocative)
*-znь (alternative)
*-snь (alternative)
*-snja (alternative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-nis.
Cognate with Lithuanian -nis, degsni̇̀s, Old Prussian biāsnan (Asg.), Proto-Germanic *-niz and Hittite [script needed] (ḫaneššar), [script needed] (ḫanešnaš, Gen.).

basnь (“tale”) ← *ba- (“to tell”)
žiznь (“life”) ← *žiti (“to live”)
kuznь (“forge, smithy”) ← *ku- (“to forge”)

From verbs ending in -V- *pěsnь (“song”) ← *pěti (“to sing”)

prijaznь (“friendship”) ← *prijati (“to favor, to please”)

From verbs ending in -a/V- *kajaznь (“sorrow”) ← *kajati (“to regret”)

dolnь (“palm of hand”) ← Pre-Slavic *dolti (“to rub, to wreck”)
kolnь (“slaughter”) ← *kolti (“to stab, cleave”)
technically *dьnь (“day”) ← Pre-Slavic *diti (“to emerge, to brighten”)

From verbs eniding in -C/j- *bornь (“standoff, battle”) ← *borti (“to fight, to wrestle”)

bolěznь (“pain, agony”) ← *bolěti (“to hurt”)
grěnь (“blaze”) ← *grěti (“to heat, to shine”)
lěnь (“sloth”) ← Pre-Slavic *lětь (“to allow, to let”) (preserved only in adverb form)

From verbs ending in -ě-, -ě/i- *bojaznь (“fear, awe”) ← *bojati (“to fear”)

dьranь (“tearing, wrench, trash”) ← *dьrati (“to tear”)
bьranь (“yield”) ← *bьrati (“to pick up”)
zařanь (“morning, dayspring”) ← *ozařati (“to elluminate”)
oranь (“plowing”) ← *orati (“to plow”)


-uľa

-uľa (nominative singular)
-uľi (dual nominative)
-uľę̇ (nominative plural)
-uľę̇ (genitive singular)
-uľu (dual genitive)
-uľь (genitive plural)
-uľi (dative singular)
-uľama (dative dual)
-uľamъ (dative plural)
-uľǫ (accusative singular)
-uľi (accusative dual)
-uľę̇ (accusative plural)
-uľejǫ (instrumental singular)
-uľǫ (instrumental singular)
-uľama (dual instrumental)
-uľami (instrumental plural)
-uľi (locative singular)
-uľu (dual locative)
-uľasъ (locative plural)
-uľaxъ (locative plural)
-uľe (singular vocative)
-uľi (dual vocative)
-uľę̇ (plural vocative)

kozuľa ← *koza (“she-goat”)

krasuľa ← *krasa

květuľa ← *květъ (“flower”)

meduľa ← *medъ (“honey”)

pisuľa ← *pisati (“to paint, write”)?

mizuľa ← *mizati

mazuľa ← *mazati (“to smear, anoint”)


-aľь

-aľь (nominative singular)
-aľa (dual nominative)
-aľi (nominative plural)
-aľa (genitive singular)
-aľu (dual genitive)
-aľь (genitive plural)
-aľu (dative singular)
-aľema (dative dual)
-aľemъ (dative plural)
-aľь (accusative singular)
-aľa (accusative dual)
-aľę̇ (accusative plural)
-aľьmь (instrumental singular)
-aľemь (instrumental singular)
-aľema (dual instrumental)
-aľi (instrumental plural)
-aľi (locative singular)
-aľu (dual locative)
-aľixъ (locative plural)
-aľu (singular vocative)
-aľa (dual vocative)
-aľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -аль (-alĭ)

Belarusian: -а́ль (-álʹ)

Russian: -аль (-alʹ), -а́ль (-álʹ)

Ukrainian: -а́ль (-álʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: —

Bulgarian: —

Macedonian: —

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -аљ

Latin script: -alj

Slovene: -ar

West Slavic:

Czech: -al, -ál, -áľ

Old Polish: -al

Polish: -al

Slovak: -al, -ál, -áľ

Slovincian: -ol

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -al

Cognate with Lithuanian -lỹs in pirklỹs (< pir̃kti), piršlỹs (< pir̃šti).

kovati (“to forge”) → *kovaľь (“blacksmith”)

kopati (“to dig”) → *kopaľь (“digger”)

xaxati → *xaxaľь

obьrtati → *obьrtaľь (compare *obьrtalъ, *obьrtelъ)

gora (“mountain”) → *goraľь (“mountain dweller”) (compare *gorakъ, *gorěnъ / *gorěninъ)

nosъ (“nose”) → *nosaľь (“human with big nose”) (compare *nosačь, *nosakъ, *nosanъ, *nosařь)

lysъ (“bald”) → *lysaľь (compare *lysačь, *lysakъ, *lysanъ)

(added to verbs)
(added to nouns)
(added to adjectives)


-ьja

-ьja (nominative singular)
-ьji (dual nominative)
-ьję̇ (nominative plural)
-ьję̇ (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьji (dative singular)
-ьjama (dative dual)
-ьjamъ (dative plural)
-ьjǫ (accusative singular)
-ьji (accusative dual)
-ьję̇ (accusative plural)
-ьjejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьjama (dual instrumental)
-ьjami (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjasъ (locative plural)
-ьjaxъ (locative plural)
-ьje (singular vocative)
-ьji (dual vocative)
-ьję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьꙗ (-ĭja), -иꙗ (-ija)

Old Ruthenian: -иꙗ (-ija), -ьꙗ (-ʹja), -ꙗ (-ja)

Belarusian: -'я (-ʺja)

Ukrainian: -'я (-ʺja), -я (-ja)

Russian: -ья (-ʹja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьꙗ (-ĭja), -иꙗ (-ija)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⱑ (-ĭě), -ⰻⱑ (-iě)

Bulgarian: -ия (-ija)

Macedonian:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ија; allomorphic: -ћа (<* -t-ьja), -шћа (<* -st-ьja) -ња (< *-n-ьja), -ља (< *-l-ьja)

Latin script: -ija; allomorphic: -ća (<* -t-ьja), -šća (<* -st-ьja) -nja (< *-n-ьja), -lja (< *-l-ьja)

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Old Czech:

Czech:

Kashubian:

Polish: -a

Slovak:

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

inh+

bratrьja / *bratьja (“brothers, brotherhood”) ← *bratrъ / *bratъ (“brother”)

čudesьja (“marvel”) ← *čudo (“miracle”)

sěmьja

Denominal, forming collective nouns or abstract nouns with hyperbolic conotation

(Regional, colloquial) From abstract nouns in *-ota, forming apologetic abstract nouns. Equivalent to *-otьja


-sna

-sna (nominative singular)
-sně (dual nominative)
-sny (nominative plural)
-sny (genitive singular)
-snu (dual genitive)
-snъ (genitive plural)
-sně (dative singular)
-snama (dative dual)
-snamъ (dative plural)
-snǫ (accusative singular)
-sně (accusative dual)
-sny (accusative plural)
-snojǫ (instrumental singular)
-snǫ (instrumental singular)
-snama (dual instrumental)
-snami (instrumental plural)
-sně (locative singular)
-snu (dual locative)
-snasъ (locative plural)
-snaxъ (locative plural)
-sno (singular vocative)
-sně (dual vocative)
-sny (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-snāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-sneh₂.

dęsna

luna

plesna


-ь

-ь f Forms nouns: (canonical)
-ь (nominative singular)
-i (dual nominative)
-i (nominative plural)
-i (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-i (genitive plural)
-i (dative singular)
-ьma (dative dual)
-ьmъ (dative plural)
-ь (accusative singular)
-i (accusative dual)
-i (accusative plural)
-ьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьma (dual instrumental)
-ьmi (instrumental plural)
-i (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьxъ (locative plural)
-i (singular vocative)
-i (dual vocative)
-i (plural vocative)
*-ja (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ь (-ĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ь (-ʹ)

Belarusian: -ь (-ʹ)

Ukrainian: -ь (-ʹ)

Russian: -ь (-ʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ь (-ĭ)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-is. Cognate with Lithuanian -is, Old Prussian -is.

glǫbь ← *glǫbъ (“deep”)

golь ← *golъ (“naked, nude, bare; bald”)

bělь ← *bělъ (“white”)

glušь ← *gluxъ (“deaf”)

moldь ← *moldъ (“young”)

krasьnь ← *krasьnъ (“beautiful”)

četvьrtь (“quarter”) ← *četvьrtъ (“fourth”)

kopanь ← *kopanъ ← *kopati (“to dig”)

oranь ← *oranъ ← *orati (“to plow/plough”)

dьranь ← *dьranъ ← *dьrati (“to tear, flay”)

opuxlь ← *opuxlъ ← *opuxnǫti

orsědlь ← *orsědlъ ← *orsěsti

obuvь (“footwear”) ← **obovь ← *obuti (“to put on footwear”)

blędь ← *blęsti (pres. *blędǫ)

gręzь ← *gręzti (pres. *gręzǫ)

rěčь ← *reťi (“to say”) (pres. *rekǫ)

mazь ← *mazati (“to smear”) (pres. *mažǫ)


-tъ

-tъ (nominative singular)
-ta (dual nominative)
-ti (nominative plural)
-ta (genitive singular)
-tu (dual genitive)
-tъ (genitive plural)
-tu (dative singular)
-toma (dative dual)
-tomъ (dative plural)
-tъ (accusative singular)
-ta (accusative dual)
-ty (accusative plural)
-tъmь (instrumental singular)
-tomь (instrumental singular)
-toma (dual instrumental)
-ty (instrumental plural)
-tě (locative singular)
-tu (dual locative)
-těxъ (locative plural)
-te (singular vocative)
-ta (dual vocative)
-ti (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-tas; the suffix continues both Proto-Indo-European *-tós and *-tus. A distinguishing feature between the two is that lemmas formed with the u-stem suffix, later were extended with *-kъ, e.g. Serbo-Croatian podátak (“datum”) < *datъ (“load, something given”).
For the participle use, compare Proto-Germanic *-þaz and Latin -tus. However the verb classes that take *-þaz in Proto-Germanic (so-called "weak verbs"), take *-nъ in Proto-Slavic, which is cognate with Proto-Germanic *-naz which in turn usually forms participles of verbs that take *-tъ in Proto-Slavic.

obutъ (“footwear put on”) ← *obuti (“to put on footwear”)
nadutъ (“swelled”) (+ *na-) ← *duti (“to blow up”)

šitъ (“sewn”) ← *šiti (“to sew”)
bitъ (“beaten”) ← *biti (“to beat”)

klętъ (“pitiable, damned”) ← *klęti (“to curse”)
vъzętъ (“taken”) ← *vъzęti (“to take, to acquire”)

Deverbal from perfective mono-syllabic simple stems, forms passive participles

potъ (“sweat”) ← *peťi (“to bake”)

letъ (“flight”) ← Pre-Slavic *lekti (“to spring, to hop”)

moltъ (“hammer”) ← *melti (“to mold”)

datъkъ (“levy”) ← **datъ ← *dati (“to give”)

vitъkъ (“coil”) ← **vitъ ← *viti (“to wind, to curve”)

ostatъkъ (“remainder”) ← **ostatъ ← *ostati (“to remain”)

Deverbal, forms nouns (usually with o-grade)


-ělь

-ělь (nominative singular)
-ěli (dual nominative)
-ěli (nominative plural)
-ěli (genitive singular)
-ělьju (dual genitive)
-ělьjь (genitive plural)
-ěli (dative singular)
-ělьma (dative dual)
-ělьmъ (dative plural)
-ělь (accusative singular)
-ěli (accusative dual)
-ěli (accusative plural)
-ělьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ělьma (dual instrumental)
-ělьmi (instrumental plural)
-ěli (locative singular)
-ělьju (dual locative)
-ělьxъ (locative plural)
-ěli (singular vocative)
-ěli (dual vocative)
-ěli (plural vocative)
*-alь (alternative)
*-tělь (alternative)
verbs ending in -V- (alternative)

Old Church Slavonic: -ѣль (-jělĭ)

Russian: -ель (-elʹ)

Ukrainian: -іль (-ilʹ)

An addition of *-lь to a stem extension *-ē, possibly the same one found in the imperfect.

mytělь ← *myti

obutělь ← *obuti

Category:Proto-Slavic verbs ending in -V-

obrětělь ← *obrěsti

pečalь ← *peťi

gybělь ← *gynǫti

obitělь ← *obitati

svirělь ← *svirati

piščalь ← *piščati, *piskati

kapělь ← *kapati

glǫbělь ← *glǫbati


-ěti

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ḗˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti. The present tense inflection is thematic, effectively continuing Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti.

ležati (“to lie”)

stojati (“to stand”)

rъděti (“to redden”)

gǫstěti (“to become dense, thick”) ← *gǫstъ (“dense, thick”)

bělěti (“to become white”) ← *bělъ (“white”)

cělěti (“to recover, heal up”) ← *cělъ (“whole”)

dьněti (“to dawn”) ← *dьnь (“day”)

uměti (“to know (how), to be able, can”) ← *ũmъ (“mind”)


-vъ

-vъ (masculine nominative singular)
-va (feminine nominative singular)
-vo (neuter nominative singular)
-va (genitive masculine singular)
-vy (feminine genitive singular)
-va (genitive neuter singular)
-vu (dative masculine singular)
-vě (dative feminine singular)
-vu (dative neuter singular)
-vъ (accusative masculine singular)
-vǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-vo (accusative neuter singular)
-vomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-vojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-vomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-vě (locative masculine singular)
-vě (feminine locative singular)
-vě (locative neuter singular)
-ve (masculine singular vocative)
-vo (feminine singular vocative)
-vo (neuter singular vocative)
-va (dual masculine nominative)
-vě (dual feminine nominative)
-vě (dual neuter nominative)
-vu (dual genitive masculine)
-vu (dual feminine genitive)
-vu (dual genitive neuter)
-voma (dative dual masculine)
-vama (dative dual feminine)
-voma (dative dual neuter)
-va (accusative dual masculine)
-vě (accusative dual feminine)
-vě (accusative dual neuter)
-voma (dual instrumental masculine)
-vama (dual feminine instrumental)
-voma (dual instrumental neuter)
-vu (dual locative masculine)
-vu (dual feminine locative)
-vu (dual locative neuter)
-va (dual masculine vocative)
-vě (dual feminine vocative)
-vě (dual neuter vocative)
-vi (masculine nominative plural)
-vy (feminine nominative plural)
-va (neuter nominative plural)
-vъ (genitive masculine plural)
-vъ (feminine genitive plural)
-vъ (genitive neuter plural)
-vomъ (dative masculine plural)
-vamъ (dative feminine plural)
-vomъ (dative neuter plural)
-vy (accusative masculine plural)
-vy (accusative feminine plural)
-va (accusative neuter plural)
-vy (instrumental masculine plural)
-vami (feminine instrumental plural)
-vy (instrumental neuter plural)
-věxъ (locative masculine plural)
-vaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-věxъ (locative neuter plural)
-vi (masculine plural vocative)
-vy (feminine plural vocative)
-va (neuter plural vocative)
-vъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-vaja (feminine nominative singular)
-voje (neuter nominative singular)
-vajego (genitive masculine singular)
-vyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-vajego (genitive neuter singular)
-vujemu (dative masculine singular)
-věji (dative feminine singular)
-vujemu (dative neuter singular)
-vъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-vǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-voje (accusative neuter singular)
-vyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-vǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-vyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-vějemь (locative masculine singular)
-věji (feminine locative singular)
-vějemь (locative neuter singular)
-vъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-vaja (feminine singular vocative)
-voje (neuter singular vocative)
-vaja (dual masculine nominative)
-věji (dual feminine nominative)
-věji (dual neuter nominative)
-vuju (dual genitive masculine)
-vuju (dual feminine genitive)
-vuju (dual genitive neuter)
-vyjima (dative dual masculine)
-vyjima (dative dual feminine)
-vyjima (dative dual neuter)
-vaja (accusative dual masculine)
-věji (accusative dual feminine)
-věji (accusative dual neuter)
-vyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-vyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-vyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-vuju (dual locative masculine)
-vuju (dual feminine locative)
-vuju (dual locative neuter)
-vaja (dual masculine vocative)
-věji (dual feminine vocative)
-věji (dual neuter vocative)
-viji (masculine nominative plural)
-vyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-vaja (neuter nominative plural)
-vъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-vъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-vъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-vyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-vyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-vyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-vyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-vyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-vaja (accusative neuter plural)
-vyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-vyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-vyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-vyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-vyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-vyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-viji (masculine plural vocative)
-vyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-vaja (neuter plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-was, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the suffixes from the so-called Caland system. As with other simple suffixes, *-vъ could be agglutinated to other morphemes forming compound suffixes like *-avъ (e.g. *glupavъ ← *glupъ), *-ivъ (e.g. *adušivъ ← *aduxa), *-ovъ (e.g. *surovъ ← *syrъ).

novъ (“new”)

terzvъ (“sober”)

pьrvъ (“first”)

sъdorvъ (“healthy”)

From thematic declension of u-stem proto-adjectives, without independent base

lajati (“to lurk, to ambush”) → *lěvъ (“left”)

perti (“to propel, to beat”) → *pravъ (“straight, right”)

merti (“to deprive, to die”) → *mьrtvъ (“dead”)

krojiti (“to fashion, to cut”) → *krivъ (“curved”)

sijati (“to shine, to shimmer”) → *sivъ (“gray”)

stojati (“to stand”) → *stojěvъ (“who used to be situated, stood”)

attributive adjective
attributive adjective#English

Deverbal, forming attributive adjectives

Appended to stems in *-ъ, yielding *-ovъ (see there for examples)

Appended to stems in *-a, yielding *-avъ (see there for examples)

Appended to stems in *-ь, yielding *-ivъ (see there for examples)

(Extension) Denominal or deadjectival, forming possessive, pertaining or more expressive versions of the original adjective


-vъ

-vъ (nominative singular)
-va (dual nominative)
-vi (nominative plural)
-va (genitive singular)
-vu (dual genitive)
-vъ (genitive plural)
-vu (dative singular)
-voma (dative dual)
-vomъ (dative plural)
-vъ (accusative singular)
-va (accusative dual)
-vy (accusative plural)
-vъmь (instrumental singular)
-vomь (instrumental singular)
-voma (dual instrumental)
-vy (instrumental plural)
-vě (locative singular)
-vu (dual locative)
-věxъ (locative plural)
-ve (singular vocative)
-va (dual vocative)
-vi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)

Belarusian: -в (-v)

Russian: -в (-v), -вый (-vyj)

Ukrainian: -в (-v), -вий (-vyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -въ (-vŭ)

Glagolitic: -ⰲⱏ (-vŭ)

Bulgarian: -в (-v)

Macedonian: -в (-v)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -в

Latin script: -v

Slovene: -v

West Slavic:

Czech: -ví

Polish: -wy

Slovak: -v

grěti (“to heat, to shine”) → *grěvъ (“warming, shining”)

pěti (“to sing”) → *pěvъ (“couplet, refrain (of a song)”)

zijati (“to gape”) → *zěvъ (“gullet, pharynx”)

po (“on”) + *kryti (“to hide, to cover”) → *pokryvъ (“roof, ceiling”)

ryti (“to dig”) → *ryvъ (“burst”)

Deverbal, forming "factive" action nouns from imperfect verbs

glijati (“to mix clay and water”) → *glěvъ (“slime”)

gňiti (“to gnaw”) → *gněvъ (“anger”)

possibly *merti (“to die”) → *morvъ (“ant”) (former i-stem)

verti (“to turn, to curve”) → *vьrvь (“rope”) (i-stem)

dьržati (“to hold”) → *dьržava (“state”) (ā-stem)

piti (“to drink”) → *pivo (“beverage”)

Deverbal, forming abstract or collective nouns from verbs

From abstract nouns in *-st-, forms abstract neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ьstvo (see there for examples)

From causative verbs in *-iti, forms resultant or instrumental neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ivo (see there for examples)


-vъ

-vъ (masculine nominative singular)
-vъši (feminine nominative singular)
-vъ (neuter nominative singular)
-vъša (genitive masculine singular)
-vъšę̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-vъša (genitive neuter singular)
-vъšu (dative masculine singular)
-vъši (dative feminine singular)
-vъšu (dative neuter singular)
-vъšь (accusative masculine singular)
-vъšǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-vъ (accusative neuter singular)
-vъšemь (instrumental masculine singular)
-vъšejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-vъšemь (instrumental neuter singular)
-vъši (locative masculine singular)
-vъši (feminine locative singular)
-vъši (locative neuter singular)
-vъšu (masculine singular vocative)
-vъše (feminine singular vocative)
-vъše (neuter singular vocative)
-vъša (dual masculine nominative)
-vъši (dual feminine nominative)
-vъši (dual neuter nominative)
-vъšu (dual genitive masculine)
-vъšu (dual feminine genitive)
-vъšu (dual genitive neuter)
-vъšema (dative dual masculine)
-vъšama (dative dual feminine)
-vъšema (dative dual neuter)
-vъša (accusative dual masculine)
-vъši (accusative dual feminine)
-vъši (accusative dual neuter)
-vъšema (dual instrumental masculine)
-vъšama (dual feminine instrumental)
-vъšema (dual instrumental neuter)
-vъšu (dual locative masculine)
-vъšu (dual feminine locative)
-vъšu (dual locative neuter)
-vъša (dual masculine vocative)
-vъši (dual feminine vocative)
-vъši (dual neuter vocative)
-vъše (masculine nominative plural)
-vъšę̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-vъša (neuter nominative plural)
-vъšь (genitive masculine plural)
-vъšь (feminine genitive plural)
-vъšь (genitive neuter plural)
-vъšemъ (dative masculine plural)
-vъšamъ (dative feminine plural)
-vъšemъ (dative neuter plural)
-vъšę̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-vъšę̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-vъša (accusative neuter plural)
-vъši (instrumental masculine plural)
-vъšami (feminine instrumental plural)
-vъši (instrumental neuter plural)
-vъšixъ (locative masculine plural)
-vъšaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-vъšixъ (locative neuter plural)
-vъši (masculine plural vocative)
-vъšę̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-vъša (neuter plural vocative)
-vъšьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-vъšija (feminine nominative singular)
-vъšeje (neuter nominative singular)
-vъšajego (genitive masculine singular)
-vъšę̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-vъšajego (genitive neuter singular)
-vъšujemu (dative masculine singular)
-vъšiji (dative feminine singular)
-vъšujemu (dative neuter singular)
-vъšьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-vъšǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-vъšeje (accusative neuter singular)
-vъšijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-vъšǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-vъšijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-vъšijemь (locative masculine singular)
-vъšiji (feminine locative singular)
-vъšijemь (locative neuter singular)
-vъšьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-vъšaja (feminine singular vocative)
-vъšeje (neuter singular vocative)
-vъšaja (dual masculine nominative)
-vъšiji (dual feminine nominative)
-vъšiji (dual neuter nominative)
-vъšuju (dual genitive masculine)
-vъšuju (dual feminine genitive)
-vъšuju (dual genitive neuter)
-vъšijima (dative dual masculine)
-vъšijima (dative dual feminine)
-vъšijima (dative dual neuter)
-vъšaja (accusative dual masculine)
-vъšiji (accusative dual feminine)
-vъšiji (accusative dual neuter)
-vъšijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-vъšijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-vъšijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-vъšuju (dual locative masculine)
-vъšuju (dual feminine locative)
-vъšuju (dual locative neuter)
-vъšaja (dual masculine vocative)
-vъšiji (dual feminine vocative)
-vъšiji (dual neuter vocative)
-vъšeji (masculine nominative plural)
-vъšę̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-vъšaja (neuter nominative plural)
-vъšьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-vъšьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-vъšьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-vъšijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-vъšijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-vъšijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-vъšę̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-vъšę̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-vъšaja (accusative neuter plural)
-vъšijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-vъšijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-vъšijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-vъšijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-vъšijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-vъšijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-vъšiji (masculine plural vocative)
-vъšę̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-vъšaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)

Belarusian: -ўшы (-ŭšy)

desc

Russian: -в (-v), -вши (-vši), -вший (-všij)

Ukrainian: -вши (-všy), -вший (-všyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -въ (-vŭ)

Bulgarian: -вш (-vš)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -вши

Latin script: -vši

Slovene: -vši

West Slavic:

Czech: -vší

Old Polish: -w

Polish: -wszy, -łszy

Slovak: -vši

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-wōs. Cognate with Lithuanian -us (Etymology 4).

inh+

byti (“to be”) → *byvъ (“having been”)

past active participle
past active participle#English

Deverbal, forming past active participles


-lъ

-lъ (masculine nominative singular)
-la (feminine nominative singular)
-lo (neuter nominative singular)
-la (genitive masculine singular)
-ly (feminine genitive singular)
-la (genitive neuter singular)
-lu (dative masculine singular)
-lě (dative feminine singular)
-lu (dative neuter singular)
-lъ (accusative masculine singular)
-lǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-lo (accusative neuter singular)
-lomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-lojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-lomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-lě (locative masculine singular)
-lě (feminine locative singular)
-lě (locative neuter singular)
-le (masculine singular vocative)
-lo (feminine singular vocative)
-lo (neuter singular vocative)
-la (dual masculine nominative)
-lě (dual feminine nominative)
-lě (dual neuter nominative)
-lu (dual genitive masculine)
-lu (dual feminine genitive)
-lu (dual genitive neuter)
-loma (dative dual masculine)
-lama (dative dual feminine)
-loma (dative dual neuter)
-la (accusative dual masculine)
-lě (accusative dual feminine)
-lě (accusative dual neuter)
-loma (dual instrumental masculine)
-lama (dual feminine instrumental)
-loma (dual instrumental neuter)
-lu (dual locative masculine)
-lu (dual feminine locative)
-lu (dual locative neuter)
-la (dual masculine vocative)
-lě (dual feminine vocative)
-lě (dual neuter vocative)
-li (masculine nominative plural)
-ly (feminine nominative plural)
-la (neuter nominative plural)
-lъ (genitive masculine plural)
-lъ (feminine genitive plural)
-lъ (genitive neuter plural)
-lomъ (dative masculine plural)
-lamъ (dative feminine plural)
-lomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ly (accusative masculine plural)
-ly (accusative feminine plural)
-la (accusative neuter plural)
-ly (instrumental masculine plural)
-lami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ly (instrumental neuter plural)
-lěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-laxъ (feminine locative plural)
-lěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-li (masculine plural vocative)
-ly (feminine plural vocative)
-la (neuter plural vocative)
-lъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-laja (feminine nominative singular)
-loje (neuter nominative singular)
-lajego (genitive masculine singular)
-lyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-lajego (genitive neuter singular)
-lujemu (dative masculine singular)
-lěji (dative feminine singular)
-lujemu (dative neuter singular)
-lъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-lǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-loje (accusative neuter singular)
-lyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-lǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-lyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-lějemь (locative masculine singular)
-lěji (feminine locative singular)
-lějemь (locative neuter singular)
-lъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-laja (feminine singular vocative)
-loje (neuter singular vocative)
-laja (dual masculine nominative)
-lěji (dual feminine nominative)
-lěji (dual neuter nominative)
-luju (dual genitive masculine)
-luju (dual feminine genitive)
-luju (dual genitive neuter)
-lyjima (dative dual masculine)
-lyjima (dative dual feminine)
-lyjima (dative dual neuter)
-laja (accusative dual masculine)
-lěji (accusative dual feminine)
-lěji (accusative dual neuter)
-lyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-lyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-lyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-luju (dual locative masculine)
-luju (dual feminine locative)
-luju (dual locative neuter)
-laja (dual masculine vocative)
-lěji (dual feminine vocative)
-lěji (dual neuter vocative)
-liji (masculine nominative plural)
-lyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-laja (neuter nominative plural)
-lъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-lъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-lъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-lyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-lyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-lyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-lyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-lyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-laja (accusative neuter plural)
-lyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-lyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-lyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-lyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-lyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-lyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-liji (masculine plural vocative)
-lyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-laja (neuter plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.

kupiti (“to buy”) + *-lъ → *kupilъ

žiti (“to live”) + *-lъ → *žilъ

gъnati (“to chase”) + *-lъ → *gъnalъ

orsti (“to grow”) + *-lъ → *orstlъ (“tall”)

mьrznǫti (“to freeze”) + *-lъ → *mьrzlъ (“frozen”)

mъděti + *-lъ → *mъdьlъ (“faint”)?

pьrěti + *-lъ → *pьrělъ

gňiti (“to rot”) + *-lъ → *gňilъ (“rotten”)

From intransitive verbs, forms adjectives

obъ (“vicinity, locality”) + *-lъ → *obьlъ (“round”)

krǫgъ (“circle”) + *-lъ → *krǫglъ (“round”)

světъ (“light”) + *-lъ → *světьlъ (“light, bright”)?

podъ (“bottom”) + *-lъ → *podьlъ (“vile, low”)


-ьlъ

*-ъlъ (alternative)
*-elъ (alternative)
-ьlъ (nominative singular)
-ьla (dual nominative)
-ьli (nominative plural)
-ьla (genitive singular)
-ьlu (dual genitive)
-ьlъ (genitive plural)
-ьlu (dative singular)
-ьloma (dative dual)
-ьlomъ (dative plural)
-ьlъ (accusative singular)
-ьla (accusative dual)
-ьly (accusative plural)
-ьlъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьlomь (instrumental singular)
-ьloma (dual instrumental)
-ьly (instrumental plural)
-ьlě (locative singular)
-ьlu (dual locative)
-ьlěxъ (locative plural)
-ьle (singular vocative)
-ьla (dual vocative)
-ьli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьлъ (-ĭlŭ)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⰾⱏ (-ĭlŭ)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -el

Czech: -el

Polish: -eł

Fossilized doublet of *-lъ, attached to thematic roots. The *-ь- could reflect either a reduced *-e- or *-i- from i-theme declension. Regionally (especially in East Slavic), the -ь- was often hardened to -ъ- due to the backward influence of -l- (cf. Old East Slavic: молоко (moloko) < *melko or Old East Slavic: пълнъ (pŭlnŭ) < *pьlnъ).

kozьlъ (“goat”) ← *kozь(jь) (“goaty”)

pětьlъ (“rooster, cock”) ← *pětъ(jь) (“singing”)

sъsьlъ (“ground squirrel”) ← Proto-Balto-Slavic *śuśas (“shoving, ditching”) (possibly)

orьlъ (“eagle”) ← Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“stirring, rising one”)

pelvelъ (“weed”) ← *pelvъ (“pale, futile”)

From adjectives or participles, forms agent nouns (usually animals or plants)

svьrdьlъ (“chasel”) ← Proto-Indo-European *swerdʰóm (“sharp tool”) < *seh₂w- (“sharp”) + *-ér-

kotьlъ (“cauldron”) ← Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to encircle, to bound”)

kъbьlъ (“bucket”) ← Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to bend, to turn”)

gъdьlъ (“tickle”) ← *gъsti (“to tickle, to prick”)

From basic roots or verbs, forms tool nouns. Likely under the influence of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz


-ělъ

-ělъ (nominative singular)
-ěla (dual nominative)
-ěli (nominative plural)
-ěla (genitive singular)
-ělu (dual genitive)
-ělъ (genitive plural)
-ělu (dative singular)
-ěloma (dative dual)
-ělomъ (dative plural)
-ělъ (accusative singular)
-ěla (accusative dual)
-ěly (accusative plural)
-ělъmь (instrumental singular)
-ělomь (instrumental singular)
-ěloma (dual instrumental)
-ěly (instrumental plural)
-ělě (locative singular)
-ělu (dual locative)
-ělěxъ (locative plural)
-ěle (singular vocative)
-ěla (dual vocative)
-ěli (plural vocative)

Derived from the fusion of state expressing extension Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti + *-lós. Akin to Latin -ēla. By surface analysis, *-ě- + *-lъ

mьrzělъ (“sloth, one who lazes”)← *mьrzъ (“devious, lazy”)

mǫtělъ (“clutter, haze”) ← *mǭtiti (“to roil, to stir”)

svьrbělъ (“itchy one”) ← *svьrběti (“to itch”)

xъrbělъ (“slender one”) ← *xъrběti (“to thin”)

ščьrbělъ (“ribby one”) ← *ščьrbiti (“to rib”)

From adjectives or ě-theme verbs, forms state nouns (used as a cause for something) or agent nouns denoting a bearer of a state


-ělъ

-ělъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ěla (feminine nominative singular)
-ělo (neuter nominative singular)
-ěla (genitive masculine singular)
-ěly (feminine genitive singular)
-ěla (genitive neuter singular)
-ělu (dative masculine singular)
-ělě (dative feminine singular)
-ělu (dative neuter singular)
-ělъ (accusative masculine singular)
-ělǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ělo (accusative neuter singular)
-ělomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ělojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ělomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ělě (locative masculine singular)
-ělě (feminine locative singular)
-ělě (locative neuter singular)
-ěle (masculine singular vocative)
-ělo (feminine singular vocative)
-ělo (neuter singular vocative)
-ěla (dual masculine nominative)
-ělě (dual feminine nominative)
-ělě (dual neuter nominative)
-ělu (dual genitive masculine)
-ělu (dual feminine genitive)
-ělu (dual genitive neuter)
-ěloma (dative dual masculine)
-ělama (dative dual feminine)
-ěloma (dative dual neuter)
-ěla (accusative dual masculine)
-ělě (accusative dual feminine)
-ělě (accusative dual neuter)
-ěloma (dual instrumental masculine)
-ělama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ěloma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ělu (dual locative masculine)
-ělu (dual feminine locative)
-ělu (dual locative neuter)
-ěla (dual masculine vocative)
-ělě (dual feminine vocative)
-ělě (dual neuter vocative)
-ěli (masculine nominative plural)
-ěly (feminine nominative plural)
-ěla (neuter nominative plural)
-ělъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ělъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ělъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ělomъ (dative masculine plural)
-ělamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ělomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ěly (accusative masculine plural)
-ěly (accusative feminine plural)
-ěla (accusative neuter plural)
-ěly (instrumental masculine plural)
-ělami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ěly (instrumental neuter plural)
-ělěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ělaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ělěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ěli (masculine plural vocative)
-ěly (feminine plural vocative)
-ěla (neuter plural vocative)

myslělъ (“thought”) ← *myslěti (“to think”)

svьrbělъ (“itched”) ← *svьrběti (“to itch”)

(originally) From *-ěti verbs, forms participles


-ъlъ

-ъlъ (nominative singular)
-ъla (dual nominative)
-ъli (nominative plural)
-ъla (genitive singular)
-ъlu (dual genitive)
-ъlъ (genitive plural)
-ъlu (dative singular)
-ъloma (dative dual)
-ъlomъ (dative plural)
-ъlъ (accusative singular)
-ъla (accusative dual)
-ъly (accusative plural)
-ъlъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъlomь (instrumental singular)
-ъloma (dual instrumental)
-ъly (instrumental plural)
-ъlě (locative singular)
-ъlu (dual locative)
-ъlěxъ (locative plural)
-ъle (singular vocative)
-ъla (dual vocative)
-ъli (plural vocative)
*-ъľь (alternative)
*-ъla (alternative)
*-ъlo (alternative)

Variant of *-lъ, attached onto u-stems. Comparable with Latin -ulus.

pьkъlъ (“hell, pitch”) ← Proto-Indo-European *peyk- (“to carve, to hew”)

ǫgъlъ (“angle”) ← Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“to curve”)

čexъlъ (“cap, sleeper, cover”) ← of uncertain origin


-rъ

-rъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ra (feminine nominative singular)
-ro (neuter nominative singular)
-ra (genitive masculine singular)
-ry (feminine genitive singular)
-ra (genitive neuter singular)
-ru (dative masculine singular)
-rě (dative feminine singular)
-ru (dative neuter singular)
-rъ (accusative masculine singular)
-rǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ro (accusative neuter singular)
-romь (instrumental masculine singular)
-rojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-romь (instrumental neuter singular)
-rě (locative masculine singular)
-rě (feminine locative singular)
-rě (locative neuter singular)
-re (masculine singular vocative)
-ro (feminine singular vocative)
-ro (neuter singular vocative)
-ra (dual masculine nominative)
-rě (dual feminine nominative)
-rě (dual neuter nominative)
-ru (dual genitive masculine)
-ru (dual feminine genitive)
-ru (dual genitive neuter)
-roma (dative dual masculine)
-rama (dative dual feminine)
-roma (dative dual neuter)
-ra (accusative dual masculine)
-rě (accusative dual feminine)
-rě (accusative dual neuter)
-roma (dual instrumental masculine)
-rama (dual feminine instrumental)
-roma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ru (dual locative masculine)
-ru (dual feminine locative)
-ru (dual locative neuter)
-ra (dual masculine vocative)
-rě (dual feminine vocative)
-rě (dual neuter vocative)
-ri (masculine nominative plural)
-ry (feminine nominative plural)
-ra (neuter nominative plural)
-rъ (genitive masculine plural)
-rъ (feminine genitive plural)
-rъ (genitive neuter plural)
-romъ (dative masculine plural)
-ramъ (dative feminine plural)
-romъ (dative neuter plural)
-ry (accusative masculine plural)
-ry (accusative feminine plural)
-ra (accusative neuter plural)
-ry (instrumental masculine plural)
-rami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ry (instrumental neuter plural)
-rěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-raxъ (feminine locative plural)
-rěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ri (masculine plural vocative)
-ry (feminine plural vocative)
-ra (neuter plural vocative)
-rъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-raja (feminine nominative singular)
-roje (neuter nominative singular)
-rajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ryję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-rajego (genitive neuter singular)
-rujemu (dative masculine singular)
-rěji (dative feminine singular)
-rujemu (dative neuter singular)
-rъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-rǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-roje (accusative neuter singular)
-ryjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-rǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ryjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-rějemь (locative masculine singular)
-rěji (feminine locative singular)
-rějemь (locative neuter singular)
-rъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-raja (feminine singular vocative)
-roje (neuter singular vocative)
-raja (dual masculine nominative)
-rěji (dual feminine nominative)
-rěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ruju (dual genitive masculine)
-ruju (dual feminine genitive)
-ruju (dual genitive neuter)
-ryjima (dative dual masculine)
-ryjima (dative dual feminine)
-ryjima (dative dual neuter)
-raja (accusative dual masculine)
-rěji (accusative dual feminine)
-rěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ryjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ryjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ryjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ruju (dual locative masculine)
-ruju (dual feminine locative)
-ruju (dual locative neuter)
-raja (dual masculine vocative)
-rěji (dual feminine vocative)
-rěji (dual neuter vocative)
-riji (masculine nominative plural)
-ryję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-raja (neuter nominative plural)
-rъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-rъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-rъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ryjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ryjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ryjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ryję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ryję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-raja (accusative neuter plural)
-ryjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ryjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ryjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ryjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ryjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ryjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-riji (masculine plural vocative)
-ryję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-raja (neuter plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ras, from Proto-Indo-European *-rós. Unlike the Indo-European suffix, the Slavic one could be attached to any-grade (0-, e-, or o-) stems. Cognate with Lithuanian -ras, -rus and Latvian -rs.

bъdrъ (“awake”) ← *bъděti (“to be conscious, to look over”)

rъdrъ (“red, rusty”) ← *rъděti (“to rust”)

starъ (“old”) ← *stati (“to stay, to stand”)

pьstrъ (“colourful”) < earlier *pьsrъ ← *pьsati (“to draw, to paint”)

sporъ (“abundant”) < earlier *sp(ə)rъ ← *spěti (“to advance, to succeed”)

xytrъ (“cunning, clever”) ← *xvatаti (“to catch, to grasp, to gulp”)

bystrъ (“transparent, rapid”) < earlier *bysrъ ← Pre-Slavic *bʰuHs- (“stormy, blowing”)

ostrъ (“sharp”) < earlier *osrъ ← Pre-Slavic *h₂ḱ- (“acute, sharp”)

From intransitive verbs or basic 0-grade stems, forms adjectives

dobrъ (“good”) ← *dobъ (“suitable time”)

mokrъ (“wet”) ← *močь (“moisture”)

motrъ (“focused, accurate”) ← *motati (“to revolve”)

mǫdrъ (“wise”) ← **mǫdъ (“on one's mind”) ← *mьněti (“to think, to form opinion”) + *-dъ (“locative particle”)

vedrъ (“fair, clear”) ← **vedъ (“clear weather”) ←*věti (“to blow, to wind”) + *-dъ (“locative particle”)

ędrъ (“large”) ← **ędъ (“mass, distribution”) ←*ęti (“to take, to have”) + *-dъ (“locative particle”)

From e-grade stems, forms adjectives (rare)


-ro

*-rъ (alternative)
*-ra (alternative)
-ro (nominative singular)
-rě (dual nominative)
-ra (nominative plural)
-ra (genitive singular)
-ru (dual genitive)
-rъ (genitive plural)
-ru (dative singular)
-roma (dative dual)
-romъ (dative plural)
-ro (accusative singular)
-rě (accusative dual)
-ra (accusative plural)
-rъmь (instrumental singular)
-romь (instrumental singular)
-roma (dual instrumental)
-ry (instrumental plural)
-rě (locative singular)
-ru (dual locative)
-rěxъ (locative plural)
-ro (singular vocative)
-rě (dual vocative)
-ra (plural vocative)

Reanalyzed form of the adjective-forming suffix *-rъ.

bedro (“thigh”) ← earlier *bedrъ (“ditched, speared”)

rebro (“rib”) ← earlier *rebrъ (“tilted, wrapping”)

vedro (“fair weather”) ← earlier *vedrъ (“fair, nice (for weather)”)

vědro (“bucket”) ← earlier *vědrъ (“fluid, laminar”)

utro (“morning”) ← earlier unattested *ustrъ (“eastern, dawn”)

From earlier adjectives, forming neutral tool nouns

bagrъ (“dye, hue”) ← earlier *bagrъ (“crimson, purple”)

koprъ (“dill”) ← earlier *kъprъ (“smelly, nifty”)

zǫbrъ (“bison, wisent”) ← earlier *zǫbrъ (“pointy, bristly, pungent”)

vixъrъ (“whirlwind”) ← earlier *vixъrъ (“vortical”)

kamorъ (“stone”) ← earlier *okm(ə)rъ (“made of stone”)

From earlier adjectives, forming masculine agent, instrumental or event nouns

vydra (“otter”) ← earlier *(v)ydrъ (“watery”)

kypra (“bonny girl”) ← earlier *kyprъ (“boiling, raving”)

kapra (“pus, liquid from the eye”) ← earlier *kaprъ (“dripping”)

dǫbrava (“small woodland”) ← earlier *dǫbrъ (“woody, timber”)

From earlier adjectives, forming feminine agent, collective or substance nouns


-ьjь

-ьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ьja (feminine nominative singular)
-ьje (neuter nominative singular)
-ьja (genitive masculine singular)
-ьję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ьja (genitive neuter singular)
-ьju (dative masculine singular)
-ьji (dative feminine singular)
-ьju (dative neuter singular)
-ьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ьjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьje (accusative neuter singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьjejǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьji (locative masculine singular)
-ьji (feminine locative singular)
-ьji (locative neuter singular)
-ьju (masculine singular vocative)
-ьje (feminine singular vocative)
-ьje (neuter singular vocative)
-ьja (dual masculine nominative)
-ьji (dual feminine nominative)
-ьji (dual neuter nominative)
-ьju (dual genitive masculine)
-ьju (dual feminine genitive)
-ьju (dual genitive neuter)
-ьjema (dative dual masculine)
-ьjama (dative dual feminine)
-ьjema (dative dual neuter)
-ьja (accusative dual masculine)
-ьji (accusative dual feminine)
-ьji (accusative dual neuter)
-ьjema (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьjama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьjema (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьju (dual locative masculine)
-ьju (dual feminine locative)
-ьju (dual locative neuter)
-ьja (dual masculine vocative)
-ьji (dual feminine vocative)
-ьji (dual neuter vocative)
-ьji (masculine nominative plural)
-ьję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ьja (neuter nominative plural)
-ьjь (genitive masculine plural)
-ьjь (feminine genitive plural)
-ьjь (genitive neuter plural)
-ьjemъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьjamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьjemъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ьję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ьja (accusative neuter plural)
-ьji (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьjami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьji (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьjaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьji (masculine plural vocative)
-ьję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ьja (neuter plural vocative)
-ьjьjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ьjaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ьjeje (neuter nominative singular)
-ьjajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ьję̇ję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ьjajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ьjujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ьjiji (dative feminine singular)
-ьjujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ьjьjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ьjǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьjeje (accusative neuter singular)
-ьjijimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьjǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьjijimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьjijemь (locative masculine singular)
-ьjiji (feminine locative singular)
-ьjijemь (locative neuter singular)
-ьjьjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ьjaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ьjeje (neuter singular vocative)
-ьjaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ьjiji (dual feminine nominative)
-ьjiji (dual neuter nominative)
-ьjuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ьjuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ьjuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ьjijima (dative dual masculine)
-ьjijima (dative dual feminine)
-ьjijima (dative dual neuter)
-ьjaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ьjiji (accusative dual feminine)
-ьjiji (accusative dual neuter)
-ьjijima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьjijima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьjijima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьjuju (dual locative masculine)
-ьjuju (dual feminine locative)
-ьjuju (dual locative neuter)
-ьjaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ьjiji (dual feminine vocative)
-ьjiji (dual neuter vocative)
-ьjiji (masculine nominative plural)
-ьję̇ję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ьjaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ьjьjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьjьjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьjьjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьjijimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьjijimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьjijimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьję̇ję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ьję̇ję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ьjaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ьjijimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьjijimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьjijimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьjijixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьjijixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьjijixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьjiji (masculine plural vocative)
-ьję̇ję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ьjaja (neuter plural vocative)
*-jь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ь (-ĭ), -ии (-ii)

Belarusian: -і m (-i) -ы m (-y),

desc

Russian: -ий m (-ij), -ья f (-ʹja), -ье n (-ʹje)

Ukrainian: -ий m (-yj), -ій m (-ij)

Old Novgorodian: -ьи (-ĭi)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ьи (-ĭi), -ии (-ii)

Bulgarian: -и m (-i), -(и)я f (-(i)ja), -(и)е n (-(i)e)

Macedonian:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ји

Latin script: -ji

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech: -í

desctree

Old Polish: -i, -y
Polish: -i
Polish: -y

Slovak: -í

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -e, -y

Lower Sorbian: -i, -y

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: -jy

Extending ending of archaic i-stem adjectives, effectively equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *-is + *-ós. In Late Common Slavic, the accent was retracted from the ending on the preceding syllable (known as Ivšić's law). A similar effect occurred already during Balto-Slavic when an acute syllable attracted the accent from the ending, e.g. in Proto-Slavic *jьnьjь (“frost”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁iH-n̥-yós (compare Lithuanian ýnis (“frost”)).
Old Church Slavonic preserved a few true i-stem adjectives, however, they were indeclinable for gender, case or number: e.g. Old Church Slavonic исплънь (isplŭnĭ, “full of”), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”), различь (različĭ, “different”), ꙋдобь (udobĭ, “comfortable, easy”), обиль (obilĭ, “abundant”). In parallel to these forms, there were declinable derivatives of theirs with o-stem declension: плънъ (plŭnŭ), свободьнъ (svobodĭnŭ), различьнъ (različĭnŭ), ꙋдобьнъ (udobĭnŭ), обильнъ (obilĭnŭ).
All other i-stem adjectives were extended with secondary suffixes such as *-ьnъ, *-ьskъ, or *-ikъ by historical times. Nonetheless, in Old Church Slavonic, the comparative and superlative form of these adjectives was still formed from the earlier i-stem, e.g. *lišьnъ (“deprive of, redundant”) : *lišijь (“devoid, more redundant”) (instead of the later *lišьňьjь). For comparison, consider the o-stem *lixъ (“superfluous”) : *lišьjь (“more superfluous”).
Cognate with Latin third declension Latin -is, Germanic i-stem declension Proto-Germanic *-iz, and Greek third ι-stem declension.

cog

božьjь (“divine”) ← *bogъ (“God”)

čьlověčьjь (“humane”) ← *čьlověkъ (“human”)

orbьjь (“laborous”) ← *orbъ (“servant”)

voržьjь (“hostile”) ← *vorgъ (“enemy”)

kozьjь (“goaty”) ← *koza (“goat”)

gǫsьjь (“goosey”) ← *gǫsь (“goose”)

myšьjь (“mousy”) ← *myšь (“mouse”)

lisьjь (“foxy”) ← *lisъ (“fox”)

vьlčьjь (“lupine”) ← *vьlkъ (“wolf”)

pьsьjь (“doggy”) ← *pьsъ (“dog”)

From animal or plant nouns, forming adjectives denoting pertainment to the respective animal

velь (“great”) (later replaced by *velikъ) ← *velь (“greatness”)

divьjь (“marvelous, natural, freely growing”) ← *divь (“amazement, wild nature”)

pročьjь (“remaining, additional”) ← *prokъ (“remainder”)

From collective nouns, forming expressive adjectives denoting excess of something


-ьjь

-ьjь (nominative singular)
-ьja (dual nominative)
-ьji (nominative plural)
-ьja (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьju (dative singular)
-ьjema (dative dual)
-ьjemъ (dative plural)
-ьjь (accusative singular)
-ьja (accusative dual)
-ьję̇ (accusative plural)
-ьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental singular)
-ьjema (dual instrumental)
-ьji (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjixъ (locative plural)
-ьju (singular vocative)
-ьja (dual vocative)
-ьji (plural vocative)
*-jь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian:

Russian: -ей (-ej)

Ukrainian:

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ии (-ii)

Bulgarian: -ей (-ej)

Macedonian: -еј (-ej)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -еј

Latin script: -ej

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech:

Slovak:

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

From o-stems or i-stems *-ъ, *-ь + *-jь. Cognate with Ancient Greek -εῖος (-eîos), Latin -eus.

-ьje

noun-forming, usually denoting manner or location as well as the standard ending for deverbial action nouns

gvozdьjь (“pin, nail”) ← *gvozdь (“nail”)

čьrvьjь (“worm”) ← *čьrvь (“worm”)

Denomial, from i-stem nouns forms emphatic nouns denoting bearers of a property:

rěpьjь (“bur”) ← *rěpъ (“burdock, spec. Arctium lappa”)

solvьjь (“nightingale”) ← *solvъ (“beige, dirty yellow”)

červьjь (“shoe”) ← *červo (“gut”)

žerbьjь (“lot”) ← *žerbъ (“cut-off”)

Denomial, from o-stem nouns (or adjectives) forms nouns denoting bearers of a property:


-skъ

-skъ (nominative singular)
-ska (dual nominative)
-sci (nominative plural)
-ska (genitive singular)
-sku (dual genitive)
-skъ (genitive plural)
-sku (dative singular)
-skoma (dative dual)
-skomъ (dative plural)
-skъ (accusative singular)
-ska (accusative dual)
-sky (accusative plural)
-skъmь (instrumental singular)
-skomь (instrumental singular)
-skoma (dual instrumental)
-sky (instrumental plural)
-scě (locative singular)
-sku (dual locative)
-scěxъ (locative plural)
-šče (singular vocative)
-ska (dual vocative)
-sci (plural vocative)

Probably continuing the inchoative suffix Proto-Indo-European *-skós.
In South Slavic, the suffix underwent splitting *-skъ > *-s(ъ)kъ.

piskъ (“peep, squeak”) ← e-grade of *pěti (“to sing”) ← *pi-pi!

vyskъ (“neigh”) ← *vyti (“to howl”) ← *vъjь!

plěskъ (“splash, sound of slapping”) ← *plěkati (“to clap, to slap”) ← *plě-plě!

trěskъ (“clatter”) ← *trakati (“to rattle”) ← *tra-tra!

krěskъ (“grunt, scream”) ← *krěkati (“to crack”) ← *krě-krě!

driskъ (“burst, spurt”) (pejoratively could mean "turd") ← *derti (“to tear”)

sviskъ (“swish, hissing”) ← *svistěti (“to whistle”)

From expressive or onomatopaeic interjections, forms nouns denoting the respective interjection

puskъ (“launch, drop”) ← *puskati (“to let go, to drop”)

tiskъ (“pressure, push”) ← *tiskati (“to press, to squeeze”)

tъska (“stenosis”) ← *tъsnǫti (“to compress, to damage”)

luskъ/*luska (“shell”) ← *luskati (“to peel”)

blěskъ (“glimmer”) ← *blьščati (“to shine”)

sъblьskъ (“collision”) ← *blьskati (“to push, to dash, to hustle”)

From inchoative verbs, forms action nouns


-pъ

Nominal suffix of onomatopoeic origin, expressing muffling or resonant nuance to the specified sound. Exhibits parallels in other Indo-European languages, cf. English puff or English flop, however, no common ancestral origin could be established. Most of the derived terms with this ending were later grammaticized.

tropъ (“stamp, step, dot”) ← *tropati (“to stamp, to pierce”) ← *xop-trop!

xlopъ (“knock, clap”) ← *xlopati (“to knock”) ← *xlop!

tupъ (“thump, flop”) ← *tupati (“to thump, to plump”) ← *tup-tup!

copъ (“sound of disturbed water”) ← *copnǫti (“to jump into water”) ← *cop!

From expressive or onomatopoeic interjections, forms onomatopoeic action nouns referring to the respective interjection


-pъ

Uncertain. There have been various ad hoc attempts to explain concrete derivatives.
Encountered as an extension to roots in parallel to resembling derivatives with other extensions, e.g.:
* Proto-Slavic *glupъ (“stupid”): compared with Proto-Slavic *glumъ, *gluxъ (“deaf”).
* Proto-Slavic *vorpъ (“assault, ripple, wrinkle”): compared with Proto-Slavic *verti (“to shove, to thrust”), *vьrěti (“to brew, to boil”), *vьrlъ (“enraged, violent”) and forms related to Proto-Slavic *vьrtěti (“to turn, to rotate”).
Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-pos, cf. Sanskrit वर्पस् (varpas, “shape, form”). Compare Lithuanian -ópas attested in Lithuanian *antrópas (“different”), savópas (“particular”), dvejópas (“binary”), etc.

sverěpъ (“wild, cruel”)

vьrtъpъ (“whirlpool”), *vьrtьpъ (“cave; garden”) ← *vьrtъ (“turn, enclosure”) ← *vьrtěti (“to turn, to rotate”)

kъrľepъ (“tick”) ← *kъrľь (“stinger”)

snopъ (“bundle, sheaf”) ← *snuti (“warp”) (possibly)

Forms resultative or object nouns from adjectives or verbs:

skorupa (“shell, hull”) ← *skora (“bast, skin”)

gorupъ (“bittercress”) ← *gorьkъ (“bitter, hot”)

Forms nouns expressing a state from base nouns or adjectives with the addition of *-(l)u-. Equivalent to *-upъ:


-ogъ

-ogъ (nominative singular)
-oga (dual nominative)
-odzi (nominative plural)
-oga (genitive singular)
-ogu (dual genitive)
-ogъ (genitive plural)
-ogu (dative singular)
-ogoma (dative dual)
-ogomъ (dative plural)
-ogъ (accusative singular)
-oga (accusative dual)
-ogy (accusative plural)
-ogъmь (instrumental singular)
-ogomь (instrumental singular)
-ogoma (dual instrumental)
-ogy (instrumental plural)
-odzě (locative singular)
-ogu (dual locative)
-odzěxъ (locative plural)
-ože (singular vocative)
-oga (dual vocative)
-odzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -огъ (-ogŭ)

Belarusian: -ог (-oh)

Russian: -ог (-og)

Ukrainian: -ог (-oh)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -огъ (-ogŭ)

Bulgarian: -ог (-og)

Macedonian: -ог (-og)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ог

Latin script: -og

Slovene: -og

West Slavic:

Czech: -oh

Polish: -og

Slovak: -oh

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -oh

Lower Sorbian: -oh

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-agas. Cognates include Lithuanian -agas, Latvian -ags.
Additionally reflects Proto-Germanic *-ugaz in Germanic borrowings such as Proto-Slavic *xǫdogъ (“handy, dextrous”) from Proto-Germanic *handugaz.

cog

sъvarъ (“heat”) → *Sъvarogъ (“Svarog (Slavic god of fire)”)

pirъ (“fest, party”) → *pirogъ (“type of pie”)

batъ (“club, cudgel”) → *batogъ (“thick stick”)

tvarь (“creation”) → *tvarogъ (“quark”)

ostrъ (“sharp”) → *ostrogъ (“spike”)

bьrlъ (“messy, deranged”) → *bьrlogъ (“den”)

jьnъ (“other, another”) → *jьnogъ (“griffin”)

Deadjectival, forming attributive nouns.


-otъ

*-etъ (alternative)
-otъ (nominative singular)
-ota (dual nominative)
-oti (nominative plural)
-ota (genitive singular)
-otu (dual genitive)
-otъ (genitive plural)
-otu (dative singular)
-otoma (dative dual)
-otomъ (dative plural)
-otъ (accusative singular)
-ota (accusative dual)
-oty (accusative plural)
-otъmь (instrumental singular)
-otomь (instrumental singular)
-otoma (dual instrumental)
-oty (instrumental plural)
-otě (locative singular)
-otu (dual locative)
-otěxъ (locative plural)
-ote (singular vocative)
-ota (dual vocative)
-oti (plural vocative)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tós.

živъ (“alive”), *žiti (“to live”) → *životъ (“life”)

žьvati (“to munch, to chew”) → *životъ (“stomach, belly”)

sopti (“to rumble, to wheeze”) → *sopotъ (“place with echo”)

jьmati (“to have, to possess”) → *jьmotъ (“property”)

blekъ (“bleat, whine”) → *blekotъ (“poisonous herb (that causes temporary speech impediment))”)

pǫkъ (“crack, snap”) → *pǫkotъ (“rupture”)

Forms resultant nouns from verbs, adjectives, or nouns:

groxati (“to thunder”) → *groxotъ (“rumble, din”)

trepati (“to swing, to jerk”) → *trepetъ (“trill”)

ękati (“to groan, to rumble”) → *ękotъ (“echo, resound”)

go-go! (onomatopoeia) → *gogotъ (“titter, laughter”)

ky-ky! (onomatopoeia) → *kykotъ (“giggle”)

xo-xo! (onomatopoeia) → *xoxotъ (“derisive laughter”)

Forms event nouns, denoting sounds or effects, from onomatopoeic or expressive stems:


-otь

-otь (nominative singular)
-oti (dual nominative)
-otьje (nominative plural)
-oti (genitive singular)
-otьju (dual genitive)
-otьjь (genitive plural)
-oti (dative singular)
-otьma (dative dual)
-otьmъ (dative plural)
-otь (accusative singular)
-oti (accusative dual)
-oti (accusative plural)
-otьmь (instrumental singular)
-otьma (dual instrumental)
-otьmi (instrumental plural)
-oti (locative singular)
-otьju (dual locative)
-otьxъ (locative plural)
-oti (singular vocative)
-oti (dual vocative)
-otьje (plural vocative)
-otь (nominative singular)
-oti (dual nominative)
-oti (nominative plural)
-oti (genitive singular)
-otьju (dual genitive)
-otьjь (genitive plural)
-oti (dative singular)
-otьma (dative dual)
-otьmъ (dative plural)
-otь (accusative singular)
-oti (accusative dual)
-oti (accusative plural)
-otьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-otьma (dual instrumental)
-otьmi (instrumental plural)
-oti (locative singular)
-otьju (dual locative)
-otьxъ (locative plural)
-oti (singular vocative)
-oti (dual vocative)
-oti (plural vocative)

I-stem counter-part of *-otъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis appended to o-stems. Parallel to *-ъtь.

pьrxotь f (“dandruff”) ← *pьrxъ (“powder”)

golotь m (“frost”) ← *golъ (“naked, bare”)

From basic roots, forms derivative nouns


-ъtь

-ъtь (nominative singular)
-ъti (dual nominative)
-ъtьje (nominative plural)
-ъťe (nominative plural)
-ъti (genitive singular)
-ъtьju (dual genitive)
-ъťu (dual genitive)
-ъtьjь (genitive plural)
-ъti (genitive plural)
-ъti (dative singular)
-ъtьma (dative dual)
-ъtьmъ (dative plural)
-ъtь (accusative singular)
-ъti (accusative dual)
-ъti (accusative plural)
-ъtьmь (instrumental singular)
-ъtьma (dual instrumental)
-ъtьmi (instrumental plural)
-ъti (locative singular)
-ъtьju (dual locative)
-ъťu (dual locative)
-ъtьxъ (locative plural)
-ъti (singular vocative)
-ъti (dual vocative)
-ъtьje (plural vocative)
-ъťe (plural vocative)
-ъtь (nominative singular)
-ъti (dual nominative)
-ъti (nominative plural)
-ъti (genitive singular)
-ъtьju (dual genitive)
-ъťu (dual genitive)
-ъtьjь (genitive plural)
-ъti (genitive plural)
-ъti (dative singular)
-ъtьma (dative dual)
-ъtьmъ (dative plural)
-ъtь (accusative singular)
-ъti (accusative dual)
-ъti (accusative plural)
-ъtьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъťǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъtьma (dual instrumental)
-ъtьmi (instrumental plural)
-ъti (locative singular)
-ъtьju (dual locative)
-ъťu (dual locative)
-ъtьxъ (locative plural)
-ъti (singular vocative)
-ъti (dual vocative)
-ъti (plural vocative)

I-stem counter-part of *-ъtъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis appended to u-stems. Parallel to *-otь.

degъtь m (“tar”) ← Pre-Slavic *degti (“to heat, to burn”)

lapъtь m (“metatarsus, bast shoe”) ← *lapа (“paw”)

slękъtь f (“slime”) ← *slęka (“slush”)

nogъtь m (“nail”) ← *noga (“foot”)

polъtь f (“half-side”) ← *polъ (“one half”)

From nouns, forms partitive nouns with diminutive meaning


-ъtъ

-ъtъ (nominative singular)
-ъta (dual nominative)
-ъti (nominative plural)
-ъta (genitive singular)
-ъtu (dual genitive)
-ъtъ (genitive plural)
-ъtu (dative singular)
-ъtoma (dative dual)
-ъtomъ (dative plural)
-ъtъ (accusative singular)
-ъta (accusative dual)
-ъty (accusative plural)
-ъtъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъtomь (instrumental singular)
-ъtoma (dual instrumental)
-ъty (instrumental plural)
-ъtě (locative singular)
-ъtu (dual locative)
-ъtěxъ (locative plural)
-ъte (singular vocative)
-ъta (dual vocative)
-ъti (plural vocative)

Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- + *-ъtъ → *rъpъtъ

Proto-Indo-European *sweyp- + *-ъtъ → *šьpъtъ

Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp- + *-ъtъ → *tъpъtъ

čęхnǫti + *-ъtъ → *čęхъtъ (“convulsion”)

Forms resultant or instantive nouns from roots with expressive or onomatopoeic meaning: