-y

-y (nominative singular)
-ъvi (dual nominative)
-ъvi (nominative plural)
-ъve (genitive singular)
-ъvu (dual genitive)
-ъvъ (genitive plural)
-ъvi (dative singular)
-ъvьma (dative dual)
-ъvama (dative dual)
-ъvьmъ (dative plural)
-ъvamъ (dative plural)
-ъvь (accusative singular)
-ъvi (accusative dual)
-ъvi (accusative plural)
-ъvьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъvľǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъvьma (dual instrumental)
-ъvama (dual instrumental)
-ъvьmi (instrumental plural)
-ъvami (instrumental plural)
-ъve (locative singular)
-ъvu (dual locative)
-ъvьxъ (locative plural)
-ъvaxъ (locative plural)
-y (singular vocative)
-ъvi (dual vocative)
-ъvi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ūˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-uh₂.

ľuby (“love”) ← *ľubъ

cěly ← *cělъ (“whole”)

dorgy (“dearness”) ← *dorgъ (“dear, expensive”)

męky ← *mękъ

ploty (“roach”) ← **plotъ?

moky (“wetland”) ← *mokъ? \ *moknǫti

mǫty ← *mǫtъ? \ *mǫtiti?

koty (“anchor”) ← *kotъ (“cat”)

kroky ← *krokъ?


-y

-y (nominative singular)
-eni (dual nominative)
-ene (nominative plural)
-ene (genitive singular)
-enu (dual genitive)
-enъ (genitive plural)
-eni (dative singular)
-enьma (dative dual)
-enьmъ (dative plural)
-enь (accusative singular)
-eni (accusative dual)
-eni (accusative plural)
-enьmь (instrumental singular)
-enьma (dual instrumental)
-enьmi (instrumental plural)
-ene (locative singular)
-enu (dual locative)
-enьxъ (locative plural)
-eny (singular vocative)
-eni (dual vocative)
-ene (plural vocative)

pьrsty (“ring”) ← *pьrstъ (“finger”)

greby (“comb”) ← *greti (“to dig”)

peky (“cooked meat”) ← *peťi (“to cook”)


-a

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f. Compare Lithuanian -a, Latvian -a.

bratranъ (“son of brother”) + *-a → *bratrana (“daughter of brother”)

õrbъ (“(male) servant, slave”) + *-a → *ōrbà (“(female) servant, slave”)

aščerъ (“(male) lizard”) + *-a → *aščera (“(female) lizard”)

forms female equivalents to masculine nouns

korìti (“to force humility, submission”) + *-a → *kara (“punishment”)

bornìti (“to defend”) + *-a → *bōrnà /*bornà (“defence; gate”)

trāvìti (“to use, to eat”) + *-a → *trāvà (“fodder; grass”)

forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from verbs

Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (“true”) + *-a → *vě̀ra (“belief, faith”)

rȗdъ (“red, rufous, russet”) + *-a → *rudà (“ore”)

(rare) forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from adjectives

gȍspodь (“lord; master; host”) + *-a → *gospoda (“lords; masters; hosts”)

čь̃rvь /*čь̑rvь (“larva”) + *-a → *čьrva (“larvas”)

(rare) forms collective nouns from nouns

Proto-Indo-European *keh₂w-o-s + *-a → *kava (“jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)”)

(rare) forms nouns denoting animals from interjections


-a

-a (nominative singular)
-ě (dual nominative)
-y (nominative plural)
-y (genitive singular)
-u (dual genitive)
-ъ (genitive plural)
-ě (dative singular)
-ama (dative dual)
-amъ (dative plural)
-ǫ (accusative singular)
-ě (accusative dual)
-y (accusative plural)
-ojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ǫ (instrumental singular)
-ama (dual instrumental)
-ami (instrumental plural)
-ě (locative singular)
-u (dual locative)
-asъ (locative plural)
-axъ (locative plural)
-o (singular vocative)
-ě (dual vocative)
-y (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -а (-a)

Old Ruthenian: -а (-a)

Belarusian: -а (-a)

Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a)

Ukrainian: -а (-a)

Russian: -а (-a)

Old Novgorodian: -а (-a)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -а (-a)

Glagolitic script: -ⰰ (-a)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -а

Latin script: -a

Slovene: -a (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -a

Czech: -a

Old Polish: -a

Polish: -a

Silesian: -a, -ŏ

Old Slovak: -a

Pannonian Rusyn: -а (-a)

Slovak: -a

Polabian: -ă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -a

Slovincian: -a

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -a

Upper Sorbian: -a

běťi (“to run”) + *-a → *běga (“runner, escaper”)

břuzgati (“to splash; to mumble, to mutter, to murmur”) + *-a → *břuzga (“nag, moaner, crybaby”)


-a

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ n.

nominative/accusative/vocative plural of *-o


-a

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ead (thematic abl.sg. ending).


-ja

-ja (nominative singular)
-ji (dual nominative)
-ję̇ (nominative plural)
-ję̇ (genitive singular)
-ju (dual genitive)
-jь (genitive plural)
-ji (dative singular)
-jama (dative dual)
-jamъ (dative plural)
-jǫ (accusative singular)
-ji (accusative dual)
-ję̇ (accusative plural)
-jejǫ (instrumental singular)
-jǫ (instrumental singular)
-jama (dual instrumental)
-jami (instrumental plural)
-ji (locative singular)
-ju (dual locative)
-jasъ (locative plural)
-jaxъ (locative plural)
-je (singular vocative)
-ji (dual vocative)
-ję̇ (plural vocative)
*-ťa (alternative)
verbs ending in -V- (alternative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian -ia and -ja.

sěťi (“to cut, mow, chop”) → *sěča (“chopping, cutting”)

žędati (“to be thirsty”) → *žęďa (“thirst”)

pręsti (“to spin”) → *pręďa (“yarn”)

nomina instrumenti
nomen instrumenti#English

Suffix creating feminine action nouns, usually concretized in nomina instrumenti and nomina acti.

loviti → *lovľa

grabiti → *grabľa

gorditi → *gorďa

xoditi → *xoďa

suxъ (“dry”) → *suša (“drought”)

gǫstъ (“dense”) → *gǫšča (“thicket; slurry, sludge; something dense or densely arranged”)

mok- (“wet”) → *moča (“wetness”)

světъ (“light, brightness”) → *svěťa (“candle”)

koza (“goat”) → *koža (“skin, leather”)

duxъ (“spirit”) → *duša (“soul”)

tьstь (“father in law”) → *tьšča (“mother in law”)

gospodь (“lord, master”) → *gospoďa (“lady, mistress”)

zemь → *zemľa


-ina

-ina (nominative singular)
-ině (dual nominative)
-iny (nominative plural)
-iny (genitive singular)
-inu (dual genitive)
-inъ (genitive plural)
-ině (dative singular)
-inama (dative dual)
-inamъ (dative plural)
-inǫ (accusative singular)
-ině (accusative dual)
-iny (accusative plural)
-inojǫ (instrumental singular)
-inǫ (instrumental singular)
-inama (dual instrumental)
-inami (instrumental plural)
-ině (locative singular)
-inu (dual locative)
-inasъ (locative plural)
-inaxъ (locative plural)
-ino (singular vocative)
-ině (dual vocative)
-iny (plural vocative)
*-izna (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ина (-ina)

Belarusian: -іна (-ina)

Russian: -ина (-ina)

Ukrainian: -ина (-yna), -їна (-jina)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ина (-ina)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱀⰰ (-ina)

Bulgarian: -ина (-ina)

Macedonian: -ина (-ina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ина

Latin script: -ina

Slovene: -ina

West Slavic:

Czech: -ina

Old Polish: -ina
Polish: -ina

Slovak: -ina

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ina

Lower Sorbian: -ina

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: -ina

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-īˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHneh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian -ynė, -iena (< *-eināˀ < *-eyneh₂). Compare Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

drugъ (“friend”) → *družina (“team, company”)

rodъ (“kin, tribe”) → *rodina (“people or land belonging to the family”)

Denominal, forming collectives related to vital importance.

dervo (“wood”) → *dervina (“sticks, trees”)

dǫbъ (“oak”) → *dǫbina (“oak forest”)

Denominal, forming collectives denoting names of trees, woods and bushes.

berza (“birch”) → *berzovina (“birch forest; birch”)

zvěrь (“animal”) → *zvěrina (“animals, game; animal”)

(by extension) Denominal, forming collective nouns that act as singulatives.

bělъ (“white”) → *bělina (“whiteness”)

blizъ (“close”) → *blizina (“closeness”), *bližina (“closeness”)

jьstъ (“true”) → *jьstina (“truth”)

novъ (“new”) → *novina (“novelty”)

bystrъ (“rapid, fast”) → *bystrina (“cleverness, quickness in thought”)

tixъ (“silent”) → *tišina (“silence”)

glǫbokъ (“deep”) → *glǫbina (“depth”)

čistъ (“clear, pure”) → *čistina (“purity”)

Deadjectival, denoting a property or a result.

dolъ (“valley, depression”) → *dolina (“valley”)

govędo (“ox”) → *govędina (“ox meat”)

agnę (“lamb”) → *agnętina (“lamb meat”)

bolto (“mud”) → *boltina, *boltovina (“swamp, marsh”)

golva (“head”) → *golvina

lupa (“shell, husk”) → *lupina

konьcь (“end”) → *konьčina

godъ → *godina (“the right time”)

Denominal, for expressive formations, usually of augmentative and pejorative connotation.

gostь, *gostiti → *gostina (“hospitality”)

brat(r)ъ, *brat(r)iti sę → *bratina, *bratrina (“fraternity”)

Denominal or deverbal, forming agentive and action nouns.


-ota

-otà (canonical feminine)
-ota (nominative singular)
-otě (dual nominative)
-oty (nominative plural)
-oty (genitive singular)
-otu (dual genitive)
-otъ (genitive plural)
-otě (dative singular)
-otama (dative dual)
-otamъ (dative plural)
-otǫ (accusative singular)
-otě (accusative dual)
-oty (accusative plural)
-otojǫ (instrumental singular)
-otǫ (instrumental singular)
-otama (dual instrumental)
-otami (instrumental plural)
-otě (locative singular)
-otu (dual locative)
-otasъ (locative plural)
-otaxъ (locative plural)
-oto (singular vocative)
-otě (dual vocative)
-oty (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ота (-ota)

Old Ruthenian: -ота (-ota)

Belarusian: -ата (-ata), -о́та (-óta)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ота (-ota)

Ukrainian: -ота (-ota)

Russian: -ота (-ota)

Old Novgorodian: -ота (-ota)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ота (-ota)

Glagolitic script: ⱁⱅⰰ (ota)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -о̀та

Latin script: -òta

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: -óta, -ọ̑ta (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ota

Czech: -ota

Old Polish: -ota

Polish: -ota

Polabian: -ötă

Slovak: -ota

Slovincian: -ôta

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ota

Lower Sorbian: -ota

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-atā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-otéh₂, encountered in Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrgha, “long”) : दीर्घता (dīrghatā, “length, longness”).

dьlgъ (“long”) → *dьlgota (“length”)

golъ (“bare, naked”) → *golotа (“nakedness”)

slěpъ (“blind”) → *slěpota (“blindness”)

bělъ (“white”) → *bělota (“whiteness”)

ostrъ (“sharp”) → *ostrota (“sharpness”)

Deadjectival, forming abstract nouns denoting the specified attribute; -ness

gǫstъ (“dense”) → *gǫstota (“density”)

čęstъ (“frequent”) → *čęstota (“frequency”)

širokъ (“wide”) → *širota (“width”)

teplъ (“warm, hot”) → *teplota (“heat, temperature”)

Deadjectival, forming gauge nouns measuring the specified attribute; -ity, -th

sirъ (“sorrow”) → *sirota (“orphan”)

junъ (“young”) → *junota (“youth”)

pěxъ (“pedestrian”) → *pěxota (“infantry”)

Deadjectival, forming agent nouns carrying the specified attribute

orbъ (“servant, slave”) → *orbota (“work”)

tъska (“melancholy, sorrow, grief”) → *tъščь (“hollow”) → *tъščeta (“damage”)

krasa (“beauty”) → *krasota (“beauty”)

sormъ (“shame”) → *sormota (“embarrassment, disgrace”)

Denominal, forming activities or abstractions


-ica

m (sometimes)
-ica (nominative singular)
-ici (dual nominative)
-icę̇ (nominative plural)
-icę̇ (genitive singular)
-icu (dual genitive)
-icь (genitive plural)
-ici (dative singular)
-icama (dative dual)
-icamъ (dative plural)
-icǫ (accusative singular)
-ici (accusative dual)
-icę̇ (accusative plural)
-icejǫ (instrumental singular)
-icǫ (instrumental singular)
-icama (dual instrumental)
-icami (instrumental plural)
-ici (locative singular)
-icu (dual locative)
-icasъ (locative plural)
-icaxъ (locative plural)
-ice (singular vocative)
-ici (dual vocative)
-icę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ица (-ica)

Old Ruthenian: -ица (-ica)

Belarusian: -іца (-ica)

Ukrainian: -иця (-ycja)

Russian: -ица (-ica)

desc

Old Novgorodian: -ица (-ića), -ицꙗ (-ićja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱌⰰ (-ica)

Old Cyrillic script: -ица (-ica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ица

Latin script: -ica

Slovene: -ica

→ Ottoman Turkish: ـیچه (-içe)

West Slavic:

Czech: -ice

Old Polish: -ica, -yca
Polish: -ica

Slovak: -ica

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ica

Slovincian: -ica

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ica

Upper Sorbian: -ica

By secondary thematicization of older consonant-stem, e.g.
* post-Proto-Indo-European *musī (“fly”) (cf. Ancient Greek μυῖα (muîa), Latin musca) > Pre-Slavic *mus-ī-k- > *mux-ī-k-ā > Common Slavic *mъšica (“fly”).
* post-Proto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷíh₂s (“she-wolf”) (cf. Proto-Germanic *wulgī) > Pre-Slavic *vilk-ī-k- > *vilč-ī-k-ā > Common Slavic *vьlčica (“she-wolf”)
This is comparable to the treatment of ī/ih₂-stems in Latin, in the suffix -trīx, compare:
* Latin genitrīx (“mother”) : Sanskrit जनित्री (jánitrī, “mother”), Ancient Greek γενέτειρα (genéteira).
The primary function in PIE, also retained in Proto-Slavic, was thus to create feminines, substantivized feminine adjectives. The diminutive function is closely related to the structural element */-k-ā/, and has parallels in other suffixes: *-ьka, *-ъka, *-ika, *-ьkъ, *-ъkъ.

-ьnica

with *-ьn- element abstracted away from denominal derivations on *-ьnъ

-avica

with *-av- element abstracted away from agent nouns on *-ava and adjectives on *-avъ

děva (“girl, maiden”) → *děvica (“(a little) girl”)

muxa (“fly”) → *mušica (“(a small) fly”)

noga (“leg”) → *nožica (“(a small) leg”)

rǫka (“hand”) → *rǫčica (“(a small) hand”)

oldi, *oldьje (“ship, boat”) → *oldьjica (“(a small) ship, boat”)

ryba (“fish”) → *rybica (“(a small) fish”)

cěsařь (“emperor”) → *cěsařica (“empress”)

lisъ (“a male fox”) → *lisica (“a female fox”)

Denominal, forming feminine counterparts of masculine nouns.

buky, *bukъve (“beech”) → *bukъvica (“beech fruit”)

bъrъ (“a kind of millet”) → *bъrica (“a variety of wild millet”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting something related to the meaning of the baseword.

pьjanъ (“drunk”) → *pьjanica (“drunkard”)

desnъ (“right”) → *desnica (“right hand”)

čьrnъ (“black”) → *čьrnica (“something or somebody black”)

starъ (“old”) → *starica (“old woman”)

zoltъ (“golden”) → *zoltica (“something golden”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of a property.

blědъ (“pale”) → *blědica (“paleness”)

blědьnъ (“pale”) → *blědьnica (“paleness”)

(rare) Deadjectival, forming abstract nouns.

daviti (“to choke, gag, stifle”) → *davica (“that who/which chokes”)

plęsati (“to dance”) → *plęsica (“dancer”)

nomina instrumenti
nomina instrumenti#English

(rare) Deverbal, forming agent nouns and nomina instrumenti.


-ivo

-ivo (nominative singular)
-ivě (dual nominative)
-iva (nominative plural)
-iva (genitive singular)
-ivu (dual genitive)
-ivъ (genitive plural)
-ivu (dative singular)
-ivoma (dative dual)
-ivomъ (dative plural)
-ivo (accusative singular)
-ivě (accusative dual)
-iva (accusative plural)
-ivъmь (instrumental singular)
-ivomь (instrumental singular)
-ivoma (dual instrumental)
-ivy (instrumental plural)
-ivě (locative singular)
-ivu (dual locative)
-ivěxъ (locative plural)
-ivo (singular vocative)
-ivě (dual vocative)
-iva (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -иво (-ivo)

Belarusian: -іва (-iva). -ыва (-yva)

Russian: -иво/-ево n (-ivo/-jevo)3, -ива f (-iva)

Ukrainian: -иво/-ево (-yvo/-evo)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -иво/-и́во (-ivo/-ívo)

Macedonian: -иво (-ivo)

Serbo-Croatian:

-ӣво/-и̑во/-иво

Cyrillic script: -ӣво/-и̑во/-иво

Latin script: -īvo/-ȋvo/-ivo

Slovene: -ivo/-ȋvo n, -iva f

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ivo n, -iva f

Czech: -ivo n, -iva f

Old Polish: -iwo

Polish: -iwo n, -iwa f

Slovak: -ivo

Resulted from the fossilization of proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the Caland system's suffixes, attached to yé-denominative (e.g. in the case of *bělivo (“bleach”) ← *běliti ← *bělъ) or éye-causative (e.g. in the case of *gorivo (“fuel”) ← *gorěti) verbs.
The original suffix survives in adjectives like *lěvъ (“left”) (ultimately from the same proto-root as *lajati (“to ambush, to lurk”)) and nouns like *glěvъ (“slime”) or *griva (“mane”).

melivo ← *melti

prędivo ← *pręsti

mazivo ← *mazati?

lazivo ← *laziti

sętivo ← *sętiti

sěčivo ← *sěťi

Forms instrumental and resultant terms from verb stems:


-ati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ати (-ati)

Old Ruthenian: -ати (-ati), -ать (-atʹ)

Belarusian: -аць (-acʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ати (-aty)

Ukrainian: -ати (-aty)

Russian: -ать (-atʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ати (-ati)

Bulgarian: -ам (-am)

Macedonian: -а (-a)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ати

Latin script: -ati

Slovene: -ati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ati

Czech: -at

Old Polish: -ać

Polish: -ać

Silesian: -ać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ac

Slovincian: -ac

Old Slovak: -ať

Pannonian Rusyn: -ац (-ac)

Slovak: -ať, -iť, -uť, -úť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *-(é)h₂ti. The present tense inflection is thematic, effectively continuing Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.
Cognates include Latin -āre (the whole first conjugation in the present in which -āre is the infinite) together with its Proto-Italic ancestor *-āō, Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), Proto-Celtic *-āti, -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit) and Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring again to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną).

cog

byvati ← *byti

jьmati ← *ęti (pres. *jьmǫ)

vykati ← *vyknǫti

badati ← *bosti

barati ← *borti

xaďati ← *xoditi

garati ← *gorěti

From imperfective verbs, forming iterative/durative

nadymati ← *nadǫti (pres. *nadъmǫ)

jьzděvati ← *jьzděti

jьzpadati ← *jьzpasti

narěkati/*narikati ← *nareťi

napajati ← *napojiti

From perfective verbs, forming imperfective

dělati ← *dělo


-iti

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ити (-iti)

Old Ruthenian: -ити (-iti), -ить (-itʹ)

Belarusian: -іць (-icʹ)

desc

Carpathian Rusyn: -ити (-yty), -иц (-yc)

Ukrainian: -ити (-yty)

Russian: -ить (-itʹ)

Old Novgorodian: -ити (-iti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰺⱅⰺ (-iti)

Old Cyrillic script: -ити (-iti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ити

Latin script: -iti

Slovene: -iti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -iti

Czech: -it

Old Polish: -ić, -yć

Polish: -ić, -yć

Silesian:

Old Slovak: -iť

Pannonian Rusyn: -иц (-ic), -їц (-jic)

Slovak: -iť

Polabian: -ĕt

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ëc, -ic

Slovincian: -ëc, -ic

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -yś, -iś

Upper Sorbian: -yć, -ić

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-éiˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti.

laziti (“to crawl, creep”) ← *lě̀zti (“to crawl, climb”)

nositi (“to carry, bear”) ← *nesti (“to carry, bring”)

voziti (“cart, lead, convey”) ← *vezti (“cart, lead, convey”)

voditi (“to lead, conduct”) ← *vesti (“to lead, conduct”)

blǫditi (“to mislead, deceive”) ← *blęsti (“to err”)

ložiti (“to lay”) ← *leťi (“to lie down”), *ležati (“to lie”)

pojiti (“to water, give to drink”) ← *piti (“to drink”)

saditi (“to plant, set”) ← *sěsti (“to sit down”), *sěděti (“to sit”)

staviti (“to place, put”) ← *stati (“to stand, become”), *stojati (“to stand”)

čistiti (“to clean”) ← *čistъ (“clean”)

běliti (“to whiten, to bleach”) ← *bělъ (“white”)

cěliti (“to heal”) ← *cělъ (“whole”)

kъrmiti (“to feed”) ← *kъrmъ (“food”)

mьstiti (“to avenge”) ← *mьstь (“vengeance”)

miriti (“to reconsile”) ← *mirъ (“peace”)


-mo

Compare
Latvian tām, nuo tām (“therefrom”),
Ancient Greek τῆμος (têmos, “there, then, at that time”) (< *teh₂-mo- (“at the time, then”)), πῆμος (pêmos, “when”)

cog

kъ- (“who”) → *kamo (“whereto”)

jь (“he”) → *jamo (“whereto”)

jьnъ (“other, another”) → *jьnamo (“elsewhere (to other place)”)

onъ → *onamo (“thereto; there”)

ovъ → *ovamo

sь (“this”) → *sěmo (“here; hereto”)

tъ (“that”) → *tamo (“there; thereto”)

vьśь (“all”) → *vьśěmo (“everywhere”)


-isko

-isko (nominative singular)
-iscě (dual nominative)
-iska (nominative plural)
-iska (genitive singular)
-isku (dual genitive)
-iskъ (genitive plural)
-isku (dative singular)
-iskoma (dative dual)
-iskomъ (dative plural)
-isko (accusative singular)
-iscě (accusative dual)
-iska (accusative plural)
-iskъmь (instrumental singular)
-iskomь (instrumental singular)
-iskoma (dual instrumental)
-isky (instrumental plural)
-iscě (locative singular)
-isku (dual locative)
-iscěxъ (locative plural)
-isko (singular vocative)
-iscě (dual vocative)
-iska (plural vocative)
*-ovisko (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: ‑іска (‑iska)

desc

Ukrainian: -иско (-ysko), -їсько (-jisʹko)

South Slavic: —

West Slavic:

Czech: -isko

Old Polish: -isko
Polish: -isko

Old Slovak: -isko

Pannonian Rusyn: -иско (-isko)

Slovak: -isko

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -iskò

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -isko

Upper Sorbian: -isko

(West Slavic, partially Belarusian and Ukrainian) alternative form of *-išče

West Slavic; partially Belarusian and Ukrainian; West Slavic; partially Belarusian and Ukrainian


-dlo

-dlo (nominative singular)
-dlě (dual nominative)
-dla (nominative plural)
-dla (genitive singular)
-dlu (dual genitive)
-dlъ (genitive plural)
-dlu (dative singular)
-dloma (dative dual)
-dlomъ (dative plural)
-dlo (accusative singular)
-dlě (accusative dual)
-dla (accusative plural)
-dlъmь (instrumental singular)
-dlomь (instrumental singular)
-dloma (dual instrumental)
-dly (instrumental plural)
-dlě (locative singular)
-dlu (dual locative)
-dlěxъ (locative plural)
-dlo (singular vocative)
-dlě (dual vocative)
-dla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ло (-lo)

Belarusian: -ла (-la) (unstressed), -ло (-lo) (stressed)

Russian: -ло (-lo)

Ukrainian: -ло (-lo)

Old Novgorodian: -ло (-lo)

Old Pskovian: -гло (-glo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ло (-lo)

Glagolitic: -ⰾⱁ (-lo)

Bulgarian: -ло (-lo)

Macedonian: -ло (-lo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ло

Latin script: -lo

Slovene: -lo

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -dlo

Czech: -dlo

Polabian: -dlü

Old Polish: -dło

Polish: -dło

Slovak: -dlo

Slovincian: -dlô, -lô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -dło

Upper Sorbian: -dło

Non-Slavic:

→ Esperanto: -ilo

Ido: -ilo

From Proto-Indo-European *-tlom / *-dʰlom.

žerti (“to eat”) + *-dlo → *gъ̀rdlo (“throat”)

mỳti (“to wash”) + *-dlo → *mỳdlo (“soap”)

šìti (“to sew”) + *-dlo → *šidlo (“awl”)

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument

bỳti (“to be”) + *-dlo → *bydlò (“dwelling, abode”)

kǫpàti (“to bathe”) + *-dlo → *kǫpadlo (“bathing place”)

běliti (“to whiten”) + *-dlo → *bělidlo (“whitening place”)

Forms nouns denoting a place of activity


-oja

-ojь (masculine)
-oja (nominative singular)
-oji (dual nominative)
-oję̇ (nominative plural)
-oję̇ (genitive singular)
-oju (dual genitive)
-ojь (genitive plural)
-oji (dative singular)
-ojama (dative dual)
-ojamъ (dative plural)
-ojǫ (accusative singular)
-oji (accusative dual)
-oję̇ (accusative plural)
-ojejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ojama (dual instrumental)
-ojami (instrumental plural)
-oji (locative singular)
-oju (dual locative)
-ojasъ (locative plural)
-ojaxъ (locative plural)
-oje (singular vocative)
-oji (dual vocative)
-oję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *-оꙗ (*-oja)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -oja

Old Polish: -oja

Polish: -oja

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ajāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-o-yeh₂, from *-yeh₂. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ayáH.


-ga

-ga (nominative singular)
-dzě (dual nominative)
-gy (nominative plural)
-gy (genitive singular)
-gu (dual genitive)
-gъ (genitive plural)
-dzě (dative singular)
-gama (dative dual)
-gamъ (dative plural)
-gǫ (accusative singular)
-dzě (accusative dual)
-gy (accusative plural)
-gojǫ (instrumental singular)
-gǫ (instrumental singular)
-gama (dual instrumental)
-gami (instrumental plural)
-dzě (locative singular)
-gu (dual locative)
-gasъ (locative plural)
-gaxъ (locative plural)
-go (singular vocative)
-dzě (dual vocative)
-gy (plural vocative)
*-gъ (alternative)
*-go (alternative)

The suffix is one of several similar suffixes, namely *-ba, *-da, which formed derivative nouns from verbal or nominal roots. When attached to nouns or adjectives, it got compounded to the primal suffix of the stem, extending it into *-ьdza for i-stem roots or -oga for o-stem roots.
Ultimately, the suffix descends from Proto-Indo-European *-gʰo-, *-gʰeh₂. Encountered in Lithuanian stógas (“build”) = Lithuanian stóti (“to stand”) + -gas and analogous with Proto-Germanic *-gô (e.g. *frauþaz (“jumper”) → *fruþgô (“frog”)).

strujiti (“to stream”) → *struga (“wave font”)

sluti (“to be called, to utter”) → *sluga (“servant”)

derti (“to tear”) → *dorga (“road”)

gobь (“share, wealth”) → *gobьdzъ (“fortune”), *gobьdza (“abundance”)


-ga

-gъ (canonical)
-gъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ga (feminine nominative singular)
-go (neuter nominative singular)
-ga (genitive masculine singular)
-gy (feminine genitive singular)
-ga (genitive neuter singular)
-gu (dative masculine singular)
-dzě (dative feminine singular)
-gu (dative neuter singular)
-gъ (accusative masculine singular)
-gǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-go (accusative neuter singular)
-gomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-gojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-gomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-dzě (locative masculine singular)
-dzě (feminine locative singular)
-dzě (locative neuter singular)
-že (masculine singular vocative)
-go (feminine singular vocative)
-go (neuter singular vocative)
-ga (dual masculine nominative)
-dzě (dual feminine nominative)
-dzě (dual neuter nominative)
-gu (dual genitive masculine)
-gu (dual feminine genitive)
-gu (dual genitive neuter)
-goma (dative dual masculine)
-gama (dative dual feminine)
-goma (dative dual neuter)
-ga (accusative dual masculine)
-dzě (accusative dual feminine)
-dzě (accusative dual neuter)
-goma (dual instrumental masculine)
-gama (dual feminine instrumental)
-goma (dual instrumental neuter)
-gu (dual locative masculine)
-gu (dual feminine locative)
-gu (dual locative neuter)
-ga (dual masculine vocative)
-dzě (dual feminine vocative)
-dzě (dual neuter vocative)
-dzi (masculine nominative plural)
-gy (feminine nominative plural)
-ga (neuter nominative plural)
-gъ (genitive masculine plural)
-gъ (feminine genitive plural)
-gъ (genitive neuter plural)
-gomъ (dative masculine plural)
-gamъ (dative feminine plural)
-gomъ (dative neuter plural)
-gy (accusative masculine plural)
-gy (accusative feminine plural)
-ga (accusative neuter plural)
-gy (instrumental masculine plural)
-gami (feminine instrumental plural)
-gy (instrumental neuter plural)
-dzěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-gaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-dzěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-dzi (masculine plural vocative)
-gy (feminine plural vocative)
-ga (neuter plural vocative)
-gъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-gaja (feminine nominative singular)
-goje (neuter nominative singular)
-gajego (genitive masculine singular)
-gyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-gajego (genitive neuter singular)
-gujemu (dative masculine singular)
-dzěji (dative feminine singular)
-gujemu (dative neuter singular)
-gъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-gǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-goje (accusative neuter singular)
-gyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-gǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-gyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-dzějemь (locative masculine singular)
-dzěji (feminine locative singular)
-dzějemь (locative neuter singular)
-gъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-gaja (feminine singular vocative)
-goje (neuter singular vocative)
-gaja (dual masculine nominative)
-dzěji (dual feminine nominative)
-dzěji (dual neuter nominative)
-guju (dual genitive masculine)
-guju (dual feminine genitive)
-guju (dual genitive neuter)
-gyjima (dative dual masculine)
-gyjima (dative dual feminine)
-gyjima (dative dual neuter)
-gaja (accusative dual masculine)
-dzěji (accusative dual feminine)
-dzěji (accusative dual neuter)
-gyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-gyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-gyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-guju (dual locative masculine)
-guju (dual feminine locative)
-guju (dual locative neuter)
-gaja (dual masculine vocative)
-dzěji (dual feminine vocative)
-dzěji (dual neuter vocative)
-dziji (masculine nominative plural)
-gyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-gaja (neuter nominative plural)
-gъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-gъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-gъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-gyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-gyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-gyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-gyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-gyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-gaja (accusative neuter plural)
-gyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-gyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-gyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-gyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-gyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-gyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-dziji (masculine plural vocative)
-gyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-gaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)

Belarusian: -га (-ha)

Russian: -га (-ga)

Ukrainian: -га (-ha)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -га (-ga)

Glagolitic script: -ⰳⰰ (-ga)

Bulgarian: -га (-ga)

Macedonian: -га (-ga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -га

Latin script: -ga

Slovene: -ga

West Slavic:

Czech: -ha

Polish: -ga

Slovak: -ha

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ha

Lower Sorbian: -ha

dьliti (“to prolong”) → *dьlgъ (“long”)

duti (“to blow, to swell”) → *dužь (“strong”) (with yo-declension)

dorti (“to peel, to pluck”) → *dorgъ (“dear”)

From basic root stems, forming attributional adjectives


-oba

-oba (nominative singular)
-obě (dual nominative)
-oby (nominative plural)
-oby (genitive singular)
-obu (dual genitive)
-obъ (genitive plural)
-obě (dative singular)
-obama (dative dual)
-obamъ (dative plural)
-obǫ (accusative singular)
-obě (accusative dual)
-oby (accusative plural)
-obojǫ (instrumental singular)
-obǫ (instrumental singular)
-obama (dual instrumental)
-obami (instrumental plural)
-obě (locative singular)
-obu (dual locative)
-obasъ (locative plural)
-obaxъ (locative plural)
-obo (singular vocative)
-obě (dual vocative)
-oby (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: -оба (-oba)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -оба (-oba)

Belarusian: -о́ба (-óba)

Russian: -оба́ (-obá), -о́ба (-óba)

Ukrainian: -о́ба (-óba)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -о̀ба

Latin script: -òba

Slovene: -óba

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -oba

Czech: -oba

Polish: -oba

Slovak: -oba

Slovincian: -oba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -oba

Lower Sorbian: -oba

bělъ (“white”) → *běloba (“whiteness”)

blědъ (“pale”) → *blědoba (“paleness”)

gnusъ → *gnusoba

gъrdъ → *gъrdoba

xudъ (“thin, feable”) → *xudoba (“thinness”)

xvorъ (“ill”) → *xvoroba (“illness”)

lěnъ (“lazy”) → *lěnoba (“laziness”)

lьgъ → *lьgoba

milъ → *miloba

mъdьlъ (“weak”) → *mъdьloba (“weakness”)

zъlъ → *zъloba

Deadjectival, forming abstract nouns; -ness.

gonъ, *goniti → *gonoba

kukъ → *kukoba

lěka /*lěkъ → *lěkoba

ǫtro → *ǫtroba


-ostь

-ȍstь (nominative singular)
-ȍsti (dual nominative)
-ȍsti (nominative plural)
-ostí (genitive singular)
-ostьjù (dual genitive)
-ostь̀jь (genitive plural)
-ȍsti (dative singular)
-ostьmà (dative dual)
-ȍstьmъ (dative plural)
-ȍstь (accusative singular)
-ȍsti (accusative dual)
-ȍsti (accusative plural)
-ostьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
-ostьmà (dual instrumental)
-ostьmì (instrumental plural)
-ostí (locative singular)
-ostьjù (dual locative)
-ȍstьxъ (locative plural)
-osti (singular vocative)
-ȍsti (dual vocative)
-ȍsti (plural vocative)
*-estь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: (unstressed) -асць (-ascʹ), (stressed) -осць (-oscʹ), (Taraškievica spelling, unstressed) -асьць (-asʹcʹ), (Taraškievica spelling, stressed) -осьць (-osʹcʹ)

Russian: -ость (-ostʹ)

Ukrainian: -ість (-istʹ) (genitive: -ості (-osti))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ость (-ostĭ)

Glagolitic: -ⱁⱄⱅⱐ (-ostĭ)

Bulgarian: -ост (-ost)

Macedonian: -ост (-ost)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ост

Latin script: -ost

Slovene: -ost

West Slavic:

Czech: -ost

Old Polish: -ość
Polish: -ość

Old Slovak: -osť

Pannonian Rusyn: -осц (-osc)

Slovak: -osť

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -osc

Slovincian: -ôsc

Sorbian

Lower Sorbian: -osć

Upper Sorbian: -osć

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-astis
Proto-Slavic *-ostь
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-astis, from Proto-Indo-European *-Hostis. Cognate with Lithuanian -astis.
There are several theories of origin:
* Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (-ašti) (in [script needed] n (dalugašti-, “length”) < [script needed] pl (dalugaeš, “long”, adj.)).
* According to Halla-Aho, by double suffixation */-ot-tь/. e.g. *dobrъ → *dobrota → *dobrostь.
Has a reconstructed valence “−” (minus), that is, the accent paradigm c.

etymon

čìstъ + *-ostь → *čìstostь

jȗnъ + *-ostь → *junostь

krě̑pъ + *-ostь → *krě̑postь

mǫ̃drъ + *-ostь → *mǫdròstь

ràdъ + *-ostь → *ràdostь

stàrъ + *-ostь → *stàrostь

Used with adjectival stems to form abstract nouns; -ness


-yni

-yni (nominative singular)
-yňi (dual nominative)
-yňę̇ (nominative plural)
-yňę̇ (genitive singular)
-yňu (dual genitive)
-yňь (genitive plural)
-yňi (dative singular)
-yňama (dative dual)
-yňamъ (dative plural)
-yňǫ (accusative singular)
-yňi (accusative dual)
-yňę̇ (accusative plural)
-yňejǫ (instrumental singular)
-yňǫ (instrumental singular)
-yňama (dual instrumental)
-yňami (instrumental plural)
-yňi (locative singular)
-yňu (dual locative)
-yňasъ (locative plural)
-yňaxъ (locative plural)
-yňe (singular vocative)
-yňi (dual vocative)
-yňę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ꙑни (-yni)

Belarusian: -іня (-inja), -ыня (-ynja)

Russian: -иня (-inja), -ыня (-ynja)

Ukrainian: -иня (-ynja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ꙑн҄и (-ynʹi)

Glagolitic: -ⱏⰹⱀⰻ (-yni)

Bulgarian: -иня (-inja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -иња

Latin script: -inja

Slovene: -inja

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -yni, -yně

Czech: -yně

Kashubian: -ëni

Old Polish: -yni

Polish: -ini, -yni

Old Slovak: -yňa

Pannonian Rusyn: -иня (-inja)

Slovak: -yňa

Resultant from the fossilization of the feminine agentive suffix *-ni (“one”) to v-stem *-y. In rare cases, the original v-stem noun has survived, e.g. *smoky (“fig”) + *-ni → *smokyni (“fig fruit”).
Nominative singular *-yni (with a hard consonant), genitive *-ynję (with a soft consonant) reflects Proto-Indo-European proterokinetic *ʹ-ih₂, *-yéh₂-s, and is a cognate inflectional class as found in Sanskrit देवी (devī́, “goddess”) (genitive देव्या (devyāḥ)), Ancient Greek Μοῦσα (Moûsa, “Muse”) (genitive Μούσης (Moúsēs)), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌹 (mawi, “girl”) (genitive 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 (maujōs)) and Lithuanian marti̇̀ (“daughter in law”) (genitive marčiõs).
Already during the Balto-Slavic period these nouns almost completely merged with jā-stems, but kept the separate nominative singular ending. In Late Common Slavic this was leveled out, and already in Old Church Slavonic nominative singular is attested spelled with the soft consonant, following the rest of the paradigm.

bogъ (“god”) → *bogyni (“goddess”)

gospodъ (“lord, master”) → *gospodyni (“mistress”)

orbъ (“slave, servant”) → *orbyni (“female slave, maid”)

sǫsědь (“neighbor”) → *sǫsědyni (“female neighbor”)

Denominal, forming feminine noun forms. Equivalent of English -ess.

prostъ (“simple, straight; free”) → *prostyni (“freedom, liberty”)

svętъ (“holy”) → *svętyni (“holiness, sacredness”)

bolgъ (“mild, gentle”) → *bolgyni (“prosperity, welfare”)

pustъ (“barren, empty”) → *pustyni (“wasteland”)

Deadjectival, forming feminine nouns denoting a carrier of the specified property, state or condition.


-teľь

-teľь (nominative singular)
-teľa (dual nominative)
-teľi (nominative plural)
-teľa (genitive singular)
-teľu (dual genitive)
-teľь (genitive plural)
-teľu (dative singular)
-teľema (dative dual)
-teľemъ (dative plural)
-teľь (accusative singular)
-teľa (accusative dual)
-teľę̇ (accusative plural)
-teľьmь (instrumental singular)
-teľemь (instrumental singular)
-teľema (dual instrumental)
-teľi (instrumental plural)
-teľi (locative singular)
-teľu (dual locative)
-teľixъ (locative plural)
-teľu (singular vocative)
-teľa (dual vocative)
-teľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -тель (-telĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -тель (-telʹ)

Belarusian: -цель (-cjelʹ)

Ukrainian: -тель (-telʹ)

Russian: -тель (-telʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -тел҄ь (-telʹĭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰵⰾⱐ (-telĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -тељ

Latin script: -telj

Slovene: -telj

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -tel

Czech: -tel

Kashubian: -cél

Polish: -ciel

Old Slovak: -teľ

Pannonian Rusyn: -тель (-telʹ)

Slovak: -teľ

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -śel

Upper Sorbian: -ćel

Compounded from the original athematic suffix *-tel- (still preserved in *dętelъ, *dętьlъ (“woodpecker”) and *dętelъ (“clover”)) and *-jь. Traces of the original consonantal-stem inflection are well preserved in plural forms, such as the Old Church Slavonic nominative plural -е (-e) / -ⰵ (-e), but genitive plural -ъ (-ŭ) / -ⱏ (-ŭ)).
*-tel- formant probably continues Proto-Indo-European *-ter-, most likely as a result of dissimilation in words such as *orteľь (“plower”) < *or-tel- < *or-ter-. The alternation l : r could also be inherited, because it is already found in Proto-Indo-European, not only in common words, but also in other suffixes, such as *-tlom : *-trom, *-dʰlom : *-dʰrom, which form nomina instrumenti.
Compare *-dlo.

dati (“to give”) + *-teľь → *dateľь (“donor, giver”)

žęti + *-teľь → *žęteľь (“harvester, cropper”)

bľusti (“to be awake; watch”) + *-teľь → *bľustiteľь (“guard, guardian, sentry”)

prositi (“to ask; beg”) + *-teľь → *prositeľь (“beggar”)

dělati (“to do”) + *-teľь → *dělateľь (“worker”)

prijati (“to favor, please; be favorable”) + *-teľь → *prijateľь (“friend”)

Deverbative, forms agent nouns from the infinitive/aorist stem. Equivalent to English -er.


-ařь

-ařь (nominative singular)
-ařa (dual nominative)
-aři (nominative plural)
-ařa (genitive singular)
-ařu (dual genitive)
-ařь (genitive plural)
-ařu (dative singular)
-ařema (dative dual)
-ařemъ (dative plural)
-ařь (accusative singular)
-ařa (accusative dual)
-ařę̇ (accusative plural)
-ařьmь (instrumental singular)
-ařemь (instrumental singular)
-ařema (dual instrumental)
-aři (instrumental plural)
-aři (locative singular)
-ařu (dual locative)
-ařixъ (locative plural)
-ařu (singular vocative)
-ařa (dual vocative)
-aři (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -арь (-arĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -аръ (-ar)

Belarusian: -ар (-ar)

Ukrainian: -ар (-ar)

Russian: -арь (-arʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ар҄ь (-arʹĭ)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: -ар (-ar)

Macedonian: -ар (-ar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ар

Latin script: -ar

Slovene: -ar

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ář, -ař

Czech: -ář, -ař

Polabian: -ăr

Old Polish: -arz
Polish: -arz

Old Slovak: -ár

Slovak: -ár

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ôrz

Slovincian: -órz

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -aŕ

Upper Sorbian: -ar

From Gothic -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-āreis), from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz or from Latin -ārius. Proto-Slavic borrowed from Gothic both the derivations (e.g. *mytařь (“tax collector”) and *bukařь (“scribe, literate man”)) and their base forms (*myto (“payment, gift”) and *buky (“beech; record; document”) which enabled synchronic morphological segmentation of the borrowed denominals and finally an analogical generalization of the *-ařь suffix for forming other denominal nouns with agentive meaning, on the basis of non-borrowed nominal stems (e.g. *kľučařь on the basis of *kľučь, *zidařь on the basis of *zidъ).

myto + *-ařь → *mytařь

buky + *-ařь → *bukařь

ryba + *-ařь → *rybařь

kľučь + *-ařь → *kľučařь

-er; derives agent nouns, signifying someone who is connected to something, often by trade or profession.

vold- + *-ařь → *voldařь


-tь

-tь (nominative singular)
-ti (dual nominative)
-ti (nominative plural)
-ti (genitive singular)
-tьju (dual genitive)
-tьjь (genitive plural)
-ti (dative singular)
-tьma (dative dual)
-tьmъ (dative plural)
-tь (accusative singular)
-ti (accusative dual)
-ti (accusative plural)
-tьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-tьma (dual instrumental)
-tьmi (instrumental plural)
-ti (locative singular)
-tьju (dual locative)
-tьxъ (locative plural)
-ti (singular vocative)
-ti (dual vocative)
-ti (plural vocative)
*-ťь (alternative)

merti (“to die”) → *sъmьrtь (“death”)

mogti > *moťi (“to be able to, can”) → *mogtь > *moťь (“power, strength”)

pekti > *peťi (“to bake”) → *pektь > *peťь (“furnace”)

padti > *pasti (“to fall”) → *padtь >*pastь (“trap”)

mazati (“to grease”) → *maztь > *mastь (“ointment”)

dē- (“to suck”) > *dětь (“child”)

Deverbative, creates nouns denoting act, state, objects or tools.


-ьcь

-ьcь (nominative singular)
-ьca (dual nominative)
-ьci (nominative plural)
-ьca (genitive singular)
-ьcu (dual genitive)
-ьcь (genitive plural)
-ьcu (dative singular)
-ьcema (dative dual)
-ьcemъ (dative plural)
-ьcь (accusative singular)
-ьca (accusative dual)
-ьcę̇ (accusative plural)
-ьcьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьcemь (instrumental singular)
-ьcema (dual instrumental)
-ьci (instrumental plural)
-ьci (locative singular)
-ьcu (dual locative)
-ьcixъ (locative plural)
-ьče (singular vocative)
-ьca (dual vocative)
-ьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьць (-ĭcĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ець (-ecʹ), -ецъ (-ecʹ)

Belarusian: -ец (-jec)

Ukrainian: -ець (-ecʹ)

Russian: -ец (-ec)

desc

Old Novgorodian: -ьць (-ĭćĭ), -иць (-ićĭ, < *-jьcь)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьць (-ĭcĭ)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⱌⱐ (-ĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: -ец (-ec)

Macedonian: -ец (-ec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ац, -ец (Kajkavian)

Latin script: -ac, -ec (Kajkavian)

Slovene: -ec

West Slavic:

Czech: -ec

Kashubian: -c

Polabian: -ăc

Polish: -iec, -ec

Slovak: -ec

From earlier *-ьkъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ikas, from Proto-Indo-European *-ikos.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ikas, -ikis in siuvikas, siuvikis (< siūti, siùvo), piovikas (“reaper”) (< piáuti, pióvė).
Cognate with Lithuanian -ingas, Latvian -īgs, Proto-Germanic *-igaz, Latin -icus, Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós). Typically, these suffixes fulfill adjectival function (similar to Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ), however, sometimes their derivatives could also act as nominals like in Slavic.
Comparison with other languages points to the antiquity of denominal formations, which are most likely substantivized adjectives.

rogъ (“horn”) + *-ьcь → *rožьcь (“a small horn”)

obolkъ (“cloud”) + *-ьcь → *obolčьcь (“a small cloud”)

gordъ (“city, town”) + *-ьcь → *gordьcь (“a small town”)

starъ (“old”) + *-ьcь → *starьcь (“an old man”)

mǫdrъ (“wise”) + *-ьcь → *mǫdrьcь (“a wise man”)

bordatъ (“bearded”) + *-ьcь → *bordatьcь (“a bearded man”)

(added to adjectives) nominalizer, person

šiti (“to sew”) + *-ьcь → *šьvьcь (“sewer, seamster”)

plęsati (“to dance”) + *-ьcь → *plęsьcь (“dancer”)

loviti (“to hunt”) + *-ьcь → *lovьcь (“hunter”)

gǫsti (“to play a string instrument”) + *-ьcь → *gǫdьcь (“musician”)


-ьskъ

-ьskъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ьska (feminine nominative singular)
-ьsko (neuter nominative singular)
-ьska (genitive masculine singular)
-ьsky (feminine genitive singular)
-ьska (genitive neuter singular)
-ьsku (dative masculine singular)
-ьscě (dative feminine singular)
-ьsku (dative neuter singular)
-ьskъ (accusative masculine singular)
-ьskǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьsko (accusative neuter singular)
-ьskomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьskojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьskomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьscě (locative masculine singular)
-ьscě (feminine locative singular)
-ьscě (locative neuter singular)
-ьšče (masculine singular vocative)
-ьsko (feminine singular vocative)
-ьsko (neuter singular vocative)
-ьska (dual masculine nominative)
-ьscě (dual feminine nominative)
-ьscě (dual neuter nominative)
-ьsku (dual genitive masculine)
-ьsku (dual feminine genitive)
-ьsku (dual genitive neuter)
-ьskoma (dative dual masculine)
-ьskama (dative dual feminine)
-ьskoma (dative dual neuter)
-ьska (accusative dual masculine)
-ьscě (accusative dual feminine)
-ьscě (accusative dual neuter)
-ьskoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьskama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьskoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьsku (dual locative masculine)
-ьsku (dual feminine locative)
-ьsku (dual locative neuter)
-ьska (dual masculine vocative)
-ьscě (dual feminine vocative)
-ьscě (dual neuter vocative)
-ьsci (masculine nominative plural)
-ьsky (feminine nominative plural)
-ьska (neuter nominative plural)
-ьskъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьskъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьskъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьskomъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьskamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьskomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьsky (accusative masculine plural)
-ьsky (accusative feminine plural)
-ьska (accusative neuter plural)
-ьsky (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьskami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьsky (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьscěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьskaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьscěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьsci (masculine plural vocative)
-ьsky (feminine plural vocative)
-ьska (neuter plural vocative)
-ьskъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ьskaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ьskoje (neuter nominative singular)
-ьskajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ьskyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ьskajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ьskujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ьscěji (dative feminine singular)
-ьskujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ьskъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ьskǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьskoje (accusative neuter singular)
-ьskyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьskǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьskyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьscějemь (locative masculine singular)
-ьscěji (feminine locative singular)
-ьscějemь (locative neuter singular)
-ьskъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ьskaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ьskoje (neuter singular vocative)
-ьskaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ьscěji (dual feminine nominative)
-ьscěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ьskuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ьskuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ьskuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ьskyjima (dative dual masculine)
-ьskyjima (dative dual feminine)
-ьskyjima (dative dual neuter)
-ьskaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ьscěji (accusative dual feminine)
-ьscěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ьskyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьskyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьskyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьskuju (dual locative masculine)
-ьskuju (dual feminine locative)
-ьskuju (dual locative neuter)
-ьskaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ьscěji (dual feminine vocative)
-ьscěji (dual neuter vocative)
-ьsciji (masculine nominative plural)
-ьskyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ьskaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ьskъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьskъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьskъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьskyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьskyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьskyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьskyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ьskyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ьskaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ьskyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьskyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьskyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьskyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьskyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьskyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьsciji (masculine plural vocative)
-ьskyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ьskaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -скїй (-skij), -цкїй (-ckij)

Belarusian: -скі (-ski)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ськый (-sʹkŷj)

Ukrainian: -ський (-sʹkyj), -цький (-cʹkyj), -ськ (-sʹk)

Russian: -ский (-skij), -цкий (-ckij), -ско́й (-skój), -ск (-sk)

Old Novgorodian: -ьске (-ĭske); -ьще (-ĭśke) (Old Pskovian)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ)

Bulgarian: -ски (-ski)

Macedonian: -ски (-ski)

New Church Slavonic -ьскыи (-ĭskyi)

→ Russian: -еский (-eskij)

⇒ Russian: -ческий (-českij), -ический (-ičeskij)

Old Serbo-Croatian: -ски

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -скӣ

Latin script: -skī

Slovene: -ski

West Slavic:

Czech: -ský

Old Polish: -ski

Polish: -ski, -cki, -dzki

Old Slovak: -ský

Pannonian Rusyn: -ски (-ski)

Slovak: -ský, -sky

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -sczi

Slovincian: -skjy

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ski

Upper Sorbian: -ski

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-iskos
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas
Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos. Akin to Latvian -isks, Lithuanian -iškas, Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, Latin -iscus, Ancient Greek -ίσκος (-ískos).

etymon

-ic, -ish; characteristic of, typical of


-ę

-ę (nominative singular)
-ęti (dual nominative)
-ęta (nominative plural)
-ęte (genitive singular)
-ętu (dual genitive)
-ętъ (genitive plural)
-ęti (dative singular)
-ętьma (dative dual)
-ętьmъ (dative plural)
-ę (accusative singular)
-ęti (accusative dual)
-ęta (accusative plural)
-ętьmь (instrumental singular)
-ętьma (dual instrumental)
-ęty (instrumental plural)
-ęte (locative singular)
-ętu (dual locative)
-ętьxъ (locative plural)
-ę (singular vocative)
-ęti (dual vocative)
-ęta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ję)

Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)

Belarusian: -я (-ja)

Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)

Ukrainian: -я (-ja)

Russian: -я (-ja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)

Bulgarian: -е (-e)

Macedonian: -е (-e)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -е

Latin script: -e

Slovene: -e

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -e

Czech: -e

Old Polish: -ę
Polish: -ę
Silesian: -ã

Polabian: -ą

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ã

Slovincian: -ã

Slovak: -a, -ä

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -e

Upper Sorbian: -o

Nominative singular ending *-ę reflects Early Proto-Slavic *-ēn, a regular reflex of a pre-form *-ent. Slavic nt-stems have no clear comparison in other Indo-European languages. It is usually compared to Latvian nouns in -ēn- which also often denote young animals with three possible theories of origin:
* Slavic suffix *-nt- originated in Proto-Slavic, by agglutination of the inherited Balto-Slavic *-n- and a secondary suffix *-t- of obscure origin.
* Balto-Slavic inflection exhibited ablaut, with Slavic generalizing normal grade *-en- and Baltic generalizing lengthened grade *-ēn-, with the origin of Slavic *-t- remaining unexplained.
* Balto-Slavic inflection already contained *-nt- suffix, retained in Slavic but with Baltic generalizing the nominoaccusative stem in *-ēn < *-ent.

Forms nouns for young animals and other diminutives.


-ьstvo

-ьstvo (nominative singular)
-ьstvě (dual nominative)
-ьstva (nominative plural)
-ьstva (genitive singular)
-ьstvu (dual genitive)
-ьstvъ (genitive plural)
-ьstvu (dative singular)
-ьstvoma (dative dual)
-ьstvomъ (dative plural)
-ьstvo (accusative singular)
-ьstvě (accusative dual)
-ьstva (accusative plural)
-ьstvъmь (instrumental singular)
-ьstvomь (instrumental singular)
-ьstvoma (dual instrumental)
-ьstvy (instrumental plural)
-ьstvě (locative singular)
-ьstvu (dual locative)
-ьstvěxъ (locative plural)
-ьstvo (singular vocative)
-ьstvě (dual vocative)
-ьstva (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьство (-ĭstvo)

desc

Belarusian: -ства (-stva), -ство́ (-stvó)

Russian: -ство (-stvo)

Ukrainian: -ство (-stvo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьство (-ĭstvo)

Glagolitic: ⱐⱄⱅⰲⱁ (ĭstvo)

Bulgarian: -ство (-stvo)

Macedonian: -ство (-stvo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ство

Latin script: -stvo

Slovene: -stvo

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -stvo, -stvie

Czech: -stvo, -ství

desctree

Old Polish: -stwo
Polish: -stwo
Silesian: -stwo

Slovak: -stvo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -stwo

Slovincian: -stwô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -stwo

Upper Sorbian: -stwo

Borrowings:

desc

→ Yiddish: ־סטווע (-stve) (via Belarusian, Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-istwa, from Proto-Indo-European *-twom. See also *-tvo.
Compare Sanskrit -त्व (-tva, “-ness, -hood”).

bogatъ (“rich, wealth”) → *bogatьstvo (“wealth, fortune; richness”)

lǫkavъ (“evil, cunning”) → *lǫkavьstvo (“wickedness, cunningness”)

mъnogъ (“many”) → *mъnožьstvo (“multitude, crowd”)

Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a condition or state. Equivalent of English -hood, -ness.

gospodь (“lord, master”) → *gospodьstvo (“power, rule, government”)

děva (“maiden, virgin”) → *děvьstvo (“virginity, purity”)

mǫžь (“man, husband”) → *mǫžьstvo (“masculinity, manhood”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a performance or carrying of action. Equivalent of English -hood, -ness.

dějati (“to do, act”) → *dějьstvo (“performance, operation”)

čuti (“to feel, perceive”) → *čujьstvo, *čuvьstvo (“feeling, emotion”)

Deverbal, forming nouns denoting an action. Equivalent of English -hood, -ness.


-ьnъ

-ьnъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ьna (feminine nominative singular)
-ьno (neuter nominative singular)
-ьna (genitive masculine singular)
-ьny (feminine genitive singular)
-ьna (genitive neuter singular)
-ьnu (dative masculine singular)
-ьně (dative feminine singular)
-ьnu (dative neuter singular)
-ьnъ (accusative masculine singular)
-ьnǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьno (accusative neuter singular)
-ьnomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьnojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьnomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьně (locative masculine singular)
-ьně (feminine locative singular)
-ьně (locative neuter singular)
-ьne (masculine singular vocative)
-ьno (feminine singular vocative)
-ьno (neuter singular vocative)
-ьna (dual masculine nominative)
-ьně (dual feminine nominative)
-ьně (dual neuter nominative)
-ьnu (dual genitive masculine)
-ьnu (dual feminine genitive)
-ьnu (dual genitive neuter)
-ьnoma (dative dual masculine)
-ьnama (dative dual feminine)
-ьnoma (dative dual neuter)
-ьna (accusative dual masculine)
-ьně (accusative dual feminine)
-ьně (accusative dual neuter)
-ьnoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьnama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьnoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьnu (dual locative masculine)
-ьnu (dual feminine locative)
-ьnu (dual locative neuter)
-ьna (dual masculine vocative)
-ьně (dual feminine vocative)
-ьně (dual neuter vocative)
-ьni (masculine nominative plural)
-ьny (feminine nominative plural)
-ьna (neuter nominative plural)
-ьnъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьnъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьnъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьnomъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьnamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьnomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьny (accusative masculine plural)
-ьny (accusative feminine plural)
-ьna (accusative neuter plural)
-ьny (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьnami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьny (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьněxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьnaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьněxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьni (masculine plural vocative)
-ьny (feminine plural vocative)
-ьna (neuter plural vocative)
-ьnъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ьnaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ьnoje (neuter nominative singular)
-ьnajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ьnyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ьnajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ьnujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ьněji (dative feminine singular)
-ьnujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ьnъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ьnǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ьnoje (accusative neuter singular)
-ьnyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ьnǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ьnyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ьnějemь (locative masculine singular)
-ьněji (feminine locative singular)
-ьnějemь (locative neuter singular)
-ьnъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ьnaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ьnoje (neuter singular vocative)
-ьnaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ьněji (dual feminine nominative)
-ьněji (dual neuter nominative)
-ьnuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ьnuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ьnuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ьnyjima (dative dual masculine)
-ьnyjima (dative dual feminine)
-ьnyjima (dative dual neuter)
-ьnaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ьněji (accusative dual feminine)
-ьněji (accusative dual neuter)
-ьnyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ьnyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ьnyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ьnuju (dual locative masculine)
-ьnuju (dual feminine locative)
-ьnuju (dual locative neuter)
-ьnaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ьněji (dual feminine vocative)
-ьněji (dual neuter vocative)
-ьniji (masculine nominative plural)
-ьnyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ьnaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ьnъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ьnъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ьnъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ьnyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ьnyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ьnyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ьnyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ьnyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ьnaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ьnyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ьnyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ьnyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ьnyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ьnyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ьnyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ьniji (masculine plural vocative)
-ьnyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ьnaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьнъ (-ĭnŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ный (-nyj)

Belarusian: -ны (-ny)

Ukrainian: -ний (-nyj)

Russian: -ный (-nyj)

Old Novgorodian: -ьне (-ĭne)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ьнъ (-ĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: -ен (-en), -ън (-ǎn) (Torlakian dialect)

Macedonian: -ен (-en)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ан

Latin script: -an

Slovene: -en

West Slavic:

Czech: -ný, -ní

Old Polish: -ny
Polish: -ny

Slovak: -ný, -ny

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ny

Slovincian: -ny

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ni

Lower Sorbian: -ny

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-inas, from Proto-Indo-European *-inos. Cognate with Lithuanian -inas and Old Prussian -ins.

etymon

-ish, -ic, -al, -ed; having a particular quality of, pertaining to, associated with

bezbordьnъ < *bezbordъ

bezrǫčьnъ < *bezrǫkъ

besormьnъ < *besormъ

bezǫbьnъ < *bezǫbъ

domaťьnъ < *domaťь


-estь

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -есть (-estĭ)

bujь → *bujestь

gořьjь → *gořestь

Variant form of *-ostь, used with soft stems (ending in a palatal consonant).


-ьce

-ьce (nominative singular)
-ьci (dual nominative)
-ьca (nominative plural)
-ьca (genitive singular)
-ьcu (dual genitive)
-ьcь (genitive plural)
-ьcu (dative singular)
-ьcema (dative dual)
-ьcemъ (dative plural)
-ьce (accusative singular)
-ьci (accusative dual)
-ьca (accusative plural)
-ьcьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьcemь (instrumental singular)
-ьcema (dual instrumental)
-ьci (instrumental plural)
-ьci (locative singular)
-ьcu (dual locative)
-ьcixъ (locative plural)
-ьce (singular vocative)
-ьci (dual vocative)
-ьca (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ице (-ice)

Belarusian: -ца (-ca), -цо (-co)

Russian: -це (-ce)

Carpathian Rusyn: -це (-ce)

Ukrainian: -це (-ce)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьце (-ĭce), -ице (-ice) (when attached to roots ending in *-je)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⱌⰵ (-ĭce), -ⰹⱌⰵ (-ice) (when attached to roots ending in *-je)

Bulgarian: -це (-ce)

Macedonian: -це (-ce)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -це

Latin script: -ce

Slovene: -ce

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ce

Czech: -ce

Kashubian: -ce

Polish: -ce

Slovak: -ce

Slovincian: -icê

Reflects Proto-Indo-European *-ikóm, a neuter counter-part to Proto-Slavic *-ьcь m, Proto-Slavic *-ьca f.

moldę (“cub, baby”) → *moldętьce (“puppy, kitten, little one, etc.”)

město (“city, place, space, room”) → *městьce (“small town, tiny space/room”)

okъno (“window”) → *okъnьce (“small window”)

pero (“feather”) → *perьce (“plumule”)

nebo (“heaven”) → *nebьce (“palate”)

aje (“ovum, egg”) → *ajьce (“egg”)

Denominal, forms diminutives from neutral nouns.

sьrdьce (“heart”)

sъlnьce (“sun”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from.


-ti

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ти (-ti)

Old Ruthenian: -ти (-ti)

Belarusian: -ць (-cʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ти (-ty)

Ukrainian: -ти (-ty), -ть (-tʹ)

Russian: -ть (-tʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ти (-ti)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰹ (-ti)

Bulgarian: — (infinitive has been lost)

Macedonian: — (infinitive has been lost)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ти

Latin script: -ti

Slovene: -ti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ti

Czech: -t; -ti (dialectal)

Kashubian: -c

Old Polish: -ć

Polish: -ć

Slovak: -ť

Slovincian: -c

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ś

Upper Sorbian: -ć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-tei, from the dialectal Proto-Indo-European *-tey, the dative or locative singular of *-tis (as opposed to the regular dative *-tey-ey, with a suffix *-tey- in e-grade and the dative singular ending *-ey).
E.g. Late Proto-Slavic *dàti (“to give”) < Early Proto-Slavic *dā́ˀtei < Proto-Balto-Slavic *dṓˀtei < earlier *deh₃téy < Proto-Indo-European *dh₃téy (and not *deh₃tey-ey), nominative *déh₃tis, from the root *deh₃-.

The ending of the infinitive. Not productive by itself; new verbs were created with a variety of stem-forming suffixes before the ending.


-ťi

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -чи (-či)

Belarusian: -чы (-čy)

Russian: -чь (-čʹ)

Ukrainian: -чи (-čy)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -щи (-šti)

Glagolitic: -ⱋⰻ (-šti)

Bulgarian: — (infinitive has been lost)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ћи

Latin script: -ći

Slovene: -či

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ci

Czech: -ci

Old Polish: -c

Polish: -c

Slovak: -ť

When the stem ended in a velar the cluster *-kt- became palatalized before front vowels during the Common Slavic period which yielded this variant ending: *-kti > *-ḱťi > *-ćťi (?) > *-ťi.

Form of *-ti, used with root-stem verbs ending in *k or *g.


-ъ

-ъ (nominative singular)
-a (dual nominative)
-i (nominative plural)
-a (genitive singular)
-u (dual genitive)
-ъ (genitive plural)
-u (dative singular)
-oma (dative dual)
-omъ (dative plural)
-ъ (accusative singular)
-a (accusative dual)
-y (accusative plural)
-ъmь (instrumental singular)
-omь (instrumental singular)
-oma (dual instrumental)
-y (instrumental plural)
-ě (locative singular)
-u (dual locative)
-ěxъ (locative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
-a (dual vocative)
-i (plural vocative)
*-ь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))

Old Novgorodian: -е (-je)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Bulgarian: -ъ (-ǎ) (Pre-reform orthography (1945))

Since mid-19th century two scenarios for the development of Indo-European *-os in Slavic have been proposed, respectively deriving this desinence:
* immediately from Proto-Indo-European *-os with narrowing of the vowel in the final syllable.
* from the accusative, analogically after other stem classes (u- and i-stems), probably to avoid homonymy with the neuter ending *-o.
A variant of the former view first proposed by Zaliznyak, Dybo and Nikolayev holds that IE *-os became *-ə in Slavic, which developed into *-ъ in mainstream dialects but into -е (-je) in Old Novgorodian. In the latter view, the Old Novgorodian ending can be considered original, with generalisation of the front variant from the soft declension.
Some authors also speculated that *-os could have had both outcomes depending on some other factors, with subsequent generalisation of one or the other in different grammatical categories.

-o

ending for hypocoristic masculine names; real; argued to be the reflex of PIE *-os

(diachronic) Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems.

poteťi (“to elapse; start flowing”) → *potokъ (“brook, stream”)

teťi (“to flow (liquid); run (time) etc.”) → *tokъ (“flow, stream”)

gňiti (“to rot”) → *gnojь (“pus”)

vezti (“to drive, take, carry”) → *vozъ (“cart, wagon”)

(synchronic) Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ.


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Widely agreed to have been inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-om, itself composed from the thematic vowel *-o- and the accusative singular ending *-m. A small minority of researchers instead argue for an extension of the u-stem ending.

Accusative singular desinence for masculine o-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *-us, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the nominative singular ending *-s.

Nominative singular desinence for masculine u-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-je)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *-um, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the accusative singular ending *-m.

Accusative singular desinence for masculine u-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-je)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Two sources have been proposed, depending on the reconstruction of the Indo-European ending:
* Proto-Indo-European *-ōm or *-oHom with some kind of shortening.
* Proto-Indo-European *-om, the supposed athematic genitive plural alongside thematic *-ōm < *-o-om. A variant of this view holds that also thematic stems had *-om without the thematic vowel in Proto-Indo-European.
Proponents of the former view have sometimes connected the neocircumflex intonation in Slovene, the stem short vowel in Czech and the Serbo-Croatian desinence -ā with the alleged Proto-Slavic length.

Genitive plural desinence for hard stems of all classes.


-kati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -кати (-kati)

Belarusian: -каць (-kacʹ)

Russian: -кать (-katʹ)

Ukrainian: -кати (-katy)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -кати (-kati)

Glagolitic: -ⰽⰰⱅⰹ (-kati)

Bulgarian: -кам (-kam)

Macedonian: -ка- (-ka-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -кати

Latin script: -kati

Slovene: -kati

West Slavic:

Czech: -kat

Polish: -kać

Slovak: -kať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -kać

Lower Sorbian: -kaś

In Proto-Slavic, and probably Proto-Indo-European, many onomatopoeic sounds ended in */k/; for example:
* *bьlkъ! → *bьlkati, *bьlčǫ/bьlkajǫ (“to sound like a blazing fire or boiling water; to babble, chatter”)
* post-PIE *plāk- (“to beat, whip”) → *plakati, *plačǫ (sę) (“to beat, whip (oneself), cry, lament”)
This caused the suffix *-k- to be reinterpreted as having expressive/onomatopoeic meaning.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ke-, -kėti, Latin -icō (as in e.g. fodicō) and Ancient Greek -κα- (-ka-). Similar to Proto-Germanic *-kōną (and from there with English -k, German -chen, etc) even though technically not cognates.

*-ьkati (alternative)
*-ьcati (alternative)
*-gati (alternative)

-čati

parallel formation with the same meaning

ble! → *blekati, *blečǫ/*blekajǫ (“to sound like a sheep”)

kra! → *krakati, *kračǫ (“to sound like a crow”)

kva! → *kvakati, *kvačǫ/*kvakajǫ (“to sound like a frog, crow or duck”)

Creates onomatopoeic verbs denoting an action of mimicking a sound in the root.

bakati, *bakajǫ (“to shout, scold, chatter”) : *bajati (“to speak, order, bewitch”)

blǫkati, *blǫkajǫ (“to loiter, wander”) : *blǫditi (“id.”)

brukati, *brukajǫ (“to soil, pollute”) : *bruditi (“id.”)

čakati, *čakajǫ (“to wait”) : *čajati/*čati, *čajǫ (“id.”)

Creates expressive and emotionally colored verbs.

běžati (“to run, quickly move”) → *běžьkati, *běžьkajǫ (“to walk, run”) (of children)

bosti, bodǫ (“prickle, prick”) → *bodьcati, *bodьcajǫ (“to often lightly poke”)

(by extension, from the previous meaning) Creates hypocoristic and diminutive verbs.


-atъ

-а̀tъ (canonical masculine)
*-ata (alternative)
*-ato (alternative)
*-yto (alternative)
-atъ (nominative singular)
-ata (dual nominative)
-ati (nominative plural)
-ata (genitive singular)
-atu (dual genitive)
-atъ (genitive plural)
-atu (dative singular)
-atoma (dative dual)
-atomъ (dative plural)
-atъ (accusative singular)
-ata (accusative dual)
-aty (accusative plural)
-atъmь (instrumental singular)
-atomь (instrumental singular)
-atoma (dual instrumental)
-aty (instrumental plural)
-atě (locative singular)
-atu (dual locative)
-atěxъ (locative plural)
-ate (singular vocative)
-ata (dual vocative)
-ati (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. Technically, could also reflect Proto-Indo-European *-eh₃tós, though, this suffix is encountered only sporadically in lemmas of uncertain origin, e.g. Ancient Greek κῑβωτός (kībōtós, “coffer, wooden box, container”). See also athematic Ancient Greek -ής (-ḗs) (gen. -ῆτος (-êtos)), attested for instance in ἀργής (argḗs, “shiny”), πένης (pénēs, “poor”), βλής (blḗs, “thrown”).
In loanwords, reflects Latin -ātus, Ancient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos) or Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ātas as in demotic Church Slavonic креватъ (krevatŭ, “bed, coach”), borrowed from Ancient Greek κράββατος (krábbatos, “bed”), or Proto-Slavic *xorvatъ from a Scythian ethnonym, rendered as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos) in Ancient Greek.

cog

sǫpostatъ (“adversary, opponent”) ← *sъpostati (“to juxtapose, to оppose”)

kosatъ (“pigtail, dorsal fin (of fish, sharks or cetacea)”) ← *kosa (“hair”)

lopata f (“shovel, spade”) ← *lopъ (“sheet, leaf”)

Forms agent or instrument nouns from reanalyzed adjectives


-atъ

-àtъ (canonical)
-atъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ata (feminine nominative singular)
-ato (neuter nominative singular)
-ata (genitive masculine singular)
-aty (feminine genitive singular)
-ata (genitive neuter singular)
-atu (dative masculine singular)
-atě (dative feminine singular)
-atu (dative neuter singular)
-atъ (accusative masculine singular)
-atǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ato (accusative neuter singular)
-atomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-atojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-atomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-atě (locative masculine singular)
-atě (feminine locative singular)
-atě (locative neuter singular)
-ate (masculine singular vocative)
-ato (feminine singular vocative)
-ato (neuter singular vocative)
-ata (dual masculine nominative)
-atě (dual feminine nominative)
-atě (dual neuter nominative)
-atu (dual genitive masculine)
-atu (dual feminine genitive)
-atu (dual genitive neuter)
-atoma (dative dual masculine)
-atama (dative dual feminine)
-atoma (dative dual neuter)
-ata (accusative dual masculine)
-atě (accusative dual feminine)
-atě (accusative dual neuter)
-atoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-atama (dual feminine instrumental)
-atoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-atu (dual locative masculine)
-atu (dual feminine locative)
-atu (dual locative neuter)
-ata (dual masculine vocative)
-atě (dual feminine vocative)
-atě (dual neuter vocative)
-ati (masculine nominative plural)
-aty (feminine nominative plural)
-ata (neuter nominative plural)
-atъ (genitive masculine plural)
-atъ (feminine genitive plural)
-atъ (genitive neuter plural)
-atomъ (dative masculine plural)
-atamъ (dative feminine plural)
-atomъ (dative neuter plural)
-aty (accusative masculine plural)
-aty (accusative feminine plural)
-ata (accusative neuter plural)
-aty (instrumental masculine plural)
-atami (feminine instrumental plural)
-aty (instrumental neuter plural)
-atěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ataxъ (feminine locative plural)
-atěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ati (masculine plural vocative)
-aty (feminine plural vocative)
-ata (neuter plural vocative)
-atъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ataja (feminine nominative singular)
-atoje (neuter nominative singular)
-atajego (genitive masculine singular)
-atyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-atajego (genitive neuter singular)
-atujemu (dative masculine singular)
-atěji (dative feminine singular)
-atujemu (dative neuter singular)
-atъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-atoje (accusative neuter singular)
-atyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-atyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-atějemь (locative masculine singular)
-atěji (feminine locative singular)
-atějemь (locative neuter singular)
-atъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ataja (feminine singular vocative)
-atoje (neuter singular vocative)
-ataja (dual masculine nominative)
-atěji (dual feminine nominative)
-atěji (dual neuter nominative)
-atuju (dual genitive masculine)
-atuju (dual feminine genitive)
-atuju (dual genitive neuter)
-atyjima (dative dual masculine)
-atyjima (dative dual feminine)
-atyjima (dative dual neuter)
-ataja (accusative dual masculine)
-atěji (accusative dual feminine)
-atěji (accusative dual neuter)
-atyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-atyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-atyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-atuju (dual locative masculine)
-atuju (dual feminine locative)
-atuju (dual locative neuter)
-ataja (dual masculine vocative)
-atěji (dual feminine vocative)
-atěji (dual neuter vocative)
-atiji (masculine nominative plural)
-atyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ataja (neuter nominative plural)
-atъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-atъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-atъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-atyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ataja (accusative neuter plural)
-atyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-atyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-atyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-atyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-atyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-atyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-atiji (masculine plural vocative)
-atyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ataja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -атъ (-atŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -атый (-atyj)

Belarusian: -а́ты (-áty)

Ukrainian: -а́тий (-átyj)

Russian: -а́тый (-átyj)

Old Novgorodian: -ате (-ate)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -а́т (-át)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ат

Latin script: -at

Slovene: -àt

West Slavic:

Czech: -atý

Polish: -aty

Slovak: -atý

Slovincian: -aty

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -aty

Lower Sorbian: -aty

bȏgъ (“wealth, share; god”) → *bogàtъ (“wealthy”)

mǫžь (“man”) → *(vъz)mǫžàtъ (“masculine, manly”)

From agents, creates adjectives denoting a property or characteristic, usually with hyperbolic connotation

kostь (“bone”) → *kostàtъ (“having prominent bones, bony”)

dȇrvo (“wood; tree”) → *dervàtъ (“abounding in trees, woody”)

ȃje (“egg”) → *ajàtъ (“ovate, egg-shaped”)

krьstъ (“crucifix”) → *krьstàtъ (“cross, transverse”)

From objects, creates adjectives denoting a characteristic or shape

bordà (“beard”) → *bordàtъ (“bearded”)

čelò (“forehead”) → *čelàtъ (“having large/prominent forehead”)

usta (“mouth”) → *ustàtъ (“having big mouth; figr. chatty, garrulous”)

uxo (“ear”) → *ušàtъ (“having prominent ears”)

From body parts, creates adjectives referring to the respective part

glupъ (“dumb, stupid”) → *glupovàtъ (“simple-minded”)
ostrъ (“acute, sharp”) → *ostrovàtъ (“pointy, relatively sharp”)

grozьnъ (“ugly, terrible”) → *grozьnovàtъ (“unpleasant, bad-tempered”)
pьlnъ (“full”) → *pьlnovàtъ (“tending towards fullness, relatively full”)

lьgъkъ (“light, not heavy”) → *lьgъkovàtъ (“lightweight, relatively light”)
mękъkъ (“soft”) → *mękъkovàtъ (“softish, relatively soft”)

From adjectives extended with *-ovъ, creates approximative doublets of the original adjective (somewhat like -ish in English). Equivalent to *-ovàtъ


-ьca

-ьca (nominative singular)
-ьci (dual nominative)
-ьcę̇ (nominative plural)
-ьcę̇ (genitive singular)
-ьcu (dual genitive)
-ьcь (genitive plural)
-ьci (dative singular)
-ьcama (dative dual)
-ьcamъ (dative plural)
-ьcǫ (accusative singular)
-ьci (accusative dual)
-ьcę̇ (accusative plural)
-ьcejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcama (dual instrumental)
-ьcami (instrumental plural)
-ьci (locative singular)
-ьcu (dual locative)
-ьcasъ (locative plural)
-ьcaxъ (locative plural)
-ьce (singular vocative)
-ьci (dual vocative)
-ьcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Belarusian: -ца (-ca)

Russian: -ца (-ca)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ця (-cja)

Ukrainian: -ця́ (-cjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⱌⰰ (-ĭca)

Bulgarian: -ца́ (-cá)

Macedonian: -ца (-ca)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ца

Latin script: -ca

Slovene: -ca

West Slavic:

Czech: -ce

desctree

Old Polish: -ca
Polish: -ca
Silesian: -ca

Slovak: -ca

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ca

Upper Sorbian: -ca

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ca

Slovincian: -ca

From earlier *-ьka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ikāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-keh₂.

myšь (“mouse”) → *myšьca (“a small mouse; muscle”)

vьrvь (“rope”) → *vьrvьca (“cord, string”)

ubiti (“to kill”) → *ubьjьca (“killer”)

ědti > *ěsti (“to eat”) → *ědьca (“eater”)

Deverbal (from the stem), forms agent nouns.

ovьca (“sheep”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from.


-ъkъ

-ъkъ (nominative singular)
-ъka (dual nominative)
-ъci (nominative plural)
-ъka (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъku (dative singular)
-ъkoma (dative dual)
-ъkomъ (dative plural)
-ъkъ (accusative singular)
-ъka (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental singular)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental)
-ъky (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъcěxъ (locative plural)
-ъče (singular vocative)
-ъka (dual vocative)
-ъci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Belarusian: -ок (-ok), -ак (-ak)

Russian: -ок (-ok)

Ukrainian: -ок (-ok)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏⰽⱏ (-ŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: -ък (-ǎk)

Macedonian: -ок (-ok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

Slovene: -ek

West Slavic:

Czech: -ek

Old Polish: -ek

Slovak: -ok

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -k

Slovincian: -k

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -k

Lower Sorbian: -k

Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property. Compare Proto-Iranian *-akah and Sanskrit -अक (-aka) formed in the same way.

listъ (“leaf”) → *listъkъ (“leaflet, a small leaf”)

synъ (“son”) → *synъkъ (“boy, little son”)

bebrъ (“beaver”) → *bebrъkъ (“small beaver”)

medъ (“honey”) → *medъkъ (“honey product”)

pętъ (“fifth”) → *pętъkъ (“Friday”)

četvьrtъ (“fourth”) → *četvьrtъkъ (“Thursday”)

bělъ (“white”) → *bělъkъ (“albumen”)

žьltъ (“yellow”) → *žьltъkъ (“yolk”)

okrǫžьnъ (“circumferential”) → *krǫžьkъ (“circle, shape with circular form”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)

pěsъkъ (“sand”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from

dobyti (“to extract”) → *dobytъ → *dobytъkъ (“stock”)

dati (“to give”) → *datъ → *datъkъ (“yield”)

zaperti (“to expire”) → *zapьrtъ → *zapъrtъkъ (“addle egg”)

začęti (“to conceive”) → *začętъ → *začętъkъ (“embryo, germ”)

Deverbal from the past participle in *-tъ, forms resultant nouns of the specified action

pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)

do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)

Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action

kyvati (“to knock, to hew”) → *kyvъkъ (“nod”)

telťì (“to shove, to pound”) → *tьlčьkъ (“push, impulse”)

mazati (“to anoint, to spread oil/paint”) → *mazъkъ (“dab, smear”)

glъtati (“to swallow”) → *glъtъkъ (“gulp”)

Deverbal, forms an instance of the specified action

strěľati (“to knock, to hew”) → *strělъkъ (“shooter”)

skrebti (“to scrape”) → *skrebъkъ (“scraper”)

gǫděti (“to buzz, to honk”) → *gǫdъkъ (“horn, buzzer”)

pьlzti (“to craw”) → dial. *pьlžьkъ (“slug”)

Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er

perdъ (“in front”) → *perdъkъ (“ancestor”)

po + *tomь (“later on, over there”) → *potomъkъ (“descendant”)

From propositions, forms an instance of the specified action


-ъkъ

*-ьkъ (alternative)
-ъkъ (masculine nominative singular)
-ъka (feminine nominative singular)
-ъko (neuter nominative singular)
-ъka (genitive masculine singular)
-ъky (feminine genitive singular)
-ъka (genitive neuter singular)
-ъku (dative masculine singular)
-ъcě (dative feminine singular)
-ъku (dative neuter singular)
-ъkъ (accusative masculine singular)
-ъkǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ъko (accusative neuter singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ъkojǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ъcě (locative masculine singular)
-ъcě (feminine locative singular)
-ъcě (locative neuter singular)
-ъče (masculine singular vocative)
-ъko (feminine singular vocative)
-ъko (neuter singular vocative)
-ъka (dual masculine nominative)
-ъcě (dual feminine nominative)
-ъcě (dual neuter nominative)
-ъku (dual genitive masculine)
-ъku (dual feminine genitive)
-ъku (dual genitive neuter)
-ъkoma (dative dual masculine)
-ъkama (dative dual feminine)
-ъkoma (dative dual neuter)
-ъka (accusative dual masculine)
-ъcě (accusative dual feminine)
-ъcě (accusative dual neuter)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental masculine)
-ъkama (dual feminine instrumental)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental neuter)
-ъku (dual locative masculine)
-ъku (dual feminine locative)
-ъku (dual locative neuter)
-ъka (dual masculine vocative)
-ъcě (dual feminine vocative)
-ъcě (dual neuter vocative)
-ъci (masculine nominative plural)
-ъky (feminine nominative plural)
-ъka (neuter nominative plural)
-ъkъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ъkъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ъkъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ъkomъ (dative masculine plural)
-ъkamъ (dative feminine plural)
-ъkomъ (dative neuter plural)
-ъky (accusative masculine plural)
-ъky (accusative feminine plural)
-ъka (accusative neuter plural)
-ъky (instrumental masculine plural)
-ъkami (feminine instrumental plural)
-ъky (instrumental neuter plural)
-ъcěxъ (locative masculine plural)
-ъkaxъ (feminine locative plural)
-ъcěxъ (locative neuter plural)
-ъci (masculine plural vocative)
-ъky (feminine plural vocative)
-ъka (neuter plural vocative)
-ъkъjь (masculine nominative singular)
-ъkaja (feminine nominative singular)
-ъkoje (neuter nominative singular)
-ъkajego (genitive masculine singular)
-ъkyję̇ (feminine genitive singular)
-ъkajego (genitive neuter singular)
-ъkujemu (dative masculine singular)
-ъcěji (dative feminine singular)
-ъkujemu (dative neuter singular)
-ъkъjь (accusative masculine singular)
-ъkǫjǫ (accusative feminine singular)
-ъkoje (accusative neuter singular)
-ъkyjimь (instrumental masculine singular)
-ъkǫjǫ (feminine instrumental singular)
-ъkyjimь (instrumental neuter singular)
-ъcějemь (locative masculine singular)
-ъcěji (feminine locative singular)
-ъcějemь (locative neuter singular)
-ъkъjь (masculine singular vocative)
-ъkaja (feminine singular vocative)
-ъkoje (neuter singular vocative)
-ъkaja (dual masculine nominative)
-ъcěji (dual feminine nominative)
-ъcěji (dual neuter nominative)
-ъkuju (dual genitive masculine)
-ъkuju (dual feminine genitive)
-ъkuju (dual genitive neuter)
-ъkyjima (dative dual masculine)
-ъkyjima (dative dual feminine)
-ъkyjima (dative dual neuter)
-ъkaja (accusative dual masculine)
-ъcěji (accusative dual feminine)
-ъcěji (accusative dual neuter)
-ъkyjima (dual instrumental masculine)
-ъkyjima (dual feminine instrumental)
-ъkyjima (dual instrumental neuter)
-ъkuju (dual locative masculine)
-ъkuju (dual feminine locative)
-ъkuju (dual locative neuter)
-ъkaja (dual masculine vocative)
-ъcěji (dual feminine vocative)
-ъcěji (dual neuter vocative)
-ъciji (masculine nominative plural)
-ъkyję̇ (feminine nominative plural)
-ъkaja (neuter nominative plural)
-ъkъjixъ (genitive masculine plural)
-ъkъjixъ (feminine genitive plural)
-ъkъjixъ (genitive neuter plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative masculine plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative feminine plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative neuter plural)
-ъkyję̇ (accusative masculine plural)
-ъkyję̇ (accusative feminine plural)
-ъkaja (accusative neuter plural)
-ъkyjimi (instrumental masculine plural)
-ъkyjimi (feminine instrumental plural)
-ъkyjimi (instrumental neuter plural)
-ъkyjixъ (locative masculine plural)
-ъkyjixъ (feminine locative plural)
-ъkyjixъ (locative neuter plural)
-ъciji (masculine plural vocative)
-ъkyję̇ (feminine plural vocative)
-ъkaja (neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: -кі (-ki)

Russian: -кий (-kij)

Ukrainian: -кий (-kyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏⰽⱏ (-ŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: -ък (-ǎk)

Macedonian: -ок (-ok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

West Slavic:

Czech: -ký

Polish: -ki

Slovak: -ky

Adjectival suffix with analogical origin as the nominal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz (when appended to u-stems) and Proto-Germanic *-agaz (to o-stems).
In rare case, both the original u-stem form (reanalyzed as an o-stem) and the extended *-ъkъ are attested: e.g. Old Church Slavonic крѣпъ (krěpŭ) : крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ).

kortъ (“piece, bit”) → *kortъkъ (“short”)

nizъ (“down, below”) → *nizъkъ (“nether, low”)

slizъ (“slime”) → *slizъkъ (“slippery”)

goře(stь) (“sorrow, woe, tribulation”) → *gorьkъ (“bitter”)

tęžе(stь) (“weight”) → *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)

From nouns or adverbs, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y

plyti (“to float”) → *plytъ (“sunk”) → *plytъkъ (“shallow”)

pry(g)ti (“to spring, to jump”) → *prytъ (“sprung”) → *prytъkъ (“agile, nimble”)

viti (“to curve, to wind”) → *vitъ (“curved”) → *vitъkъ (“curvу, twisty”)

biti (“to beat, to fight”) → *bitъ (“beaten”) → *bitъkъ (“feisty, military”)

Deverbial from the past participle, forms adjectives which approximate the meaning of the participle: -ly (rare)

gladъ → *gladъkъ (“smooth, plain”)

dьrzъ → *dьrzъkъ (“daring, bald”)

krěpъ → *krěpъkъ (“solid, firm”)

krěxъ → *krěxъkъ (“soft, mild”)

lьgъ → *lьgъkъ (“light”)

mělъ → *mělъkъ (“small, finely ground”)

tьnъ → *tьnъkъ (“thin”)

(Extension) From former u-stem adjective (some of them surviving as re-analyzed o-stems), forms their doublets


-ъka

*-jьka (alternative)
-ъka (nominative singular)
-ъcě (dual nominative)
-ъky (nominative plural)
-ъky (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъcě (dative singular)
-ъkama (dative dual)
-ъkamъ (dative plural)
-ъkǫ (accusative singular)
-ъcě (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkama (dual instrumental)
-ъkami (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъkasъ (locative plural)
-ъkaxъ (locative plural)
-ъko (singular vocative)
-ъcě (dual vocative)
-ъky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Old Ruthenian: -ка (-ka)

Belarusian: -ка (-ka)

Ukrainian: -ка (-ka)

Russian: -ка (-ka)

Solombala English: -ка (-ka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Glagolitic: -ⱏⰽⰰ (-ŭka)

Bulgarian: -ка (-ka)

Macedonian: -ка (-ka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ка

Latin script: -ka

Slovene: -ka

West Slavic:

Czech: -ka

Polish: -ka

Polabian: -kă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ka

Slovincian: -ka

Slovak: -ka

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ka

Lower Sorbian: -ka

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ
Proto-Slavic *-ъka
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ, from extended version of Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂, appended to thematic roots. The suffix could be attached to any stem (o-, u-, i-, or consonant). Cognate with Sanskrit -क (-ka).

etymon

, *-ъlа (with additional derogatory flair)

mati (“mother”) + *-ъka → *matьka (“mommy”)

teta (“aunt”) + *-ъka → *tetъka (“auntie”)

gora (“mountain”) + *-ъka → *gorъka (“small mountain, hill”)

pǫpъ (“belly button”) + *-ъka → *pǫpъka (“pimple”)

kotъ (“cat”) + *-ъka → *kotъka (“young cat”)

bylьje (“herb plant, medicine”) + *-ъka → *bylьka (“herb”)

lъga (“oval tool”) + *-ъka → *lyžьka (“spoon”) (along with *lъžica)

vidla (“pitchfork”) + *-ъka → *vidlъka (“fork”) (along with *vidlica)

pala (“stake, pole”) + *-ъka → *palъka (“cane, stick”) (along with *palica)

bělъ (“white”) + *-ъka → *bělъka (“something or somebody white”)

čьrnъ (“black”) + *-ъka → *čьrnъka (“something or somebody black”)

bolь (“painful”) + *-ъka → *bolъka (“acute pain”)

polъ (“half”) + *-ъka → *polъka (“one half; type of dance”)

-měrъ (“considerable, great”) + *-ъka → *měrъka (“measure, estimate”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property.

prositi (“to ask, to beg”) + *-ъka → *prošьka (“remission, pardon”)

dojiti (“to nurse, to give milk”) + *-ъka → *dojьka (“breast, wet-nurse”)

krojiti (“to cut, to shape”) + *-ъka → *krojьka (“embroidery, needlework”)

brojiti (“to count”) + *-ъka → *brojьka (“account, number”)

bьrati (“to gather, to pick”) + *-ъka → *sъbirъka (“gathering, assemblage”)

pьrati (“to propel”) + *-ъka → *perъka (“fin, propeller, vane (of a machine)”)

svirati (“to play a music instrument”) + *-ъka → *svirъka (“flute”)

Deverbal, denoting a (feminine) agent or a tool performing the specified action or a result from the action.

dъva (“two”) + *-ъka → *dvojьka (“pair”)

trьje (“three”) + *-ъka → *trojьka (“triple”)

četyre (“four”) + *-ъka → *četvorъka (“set of four”)

pętь (“five”) + *-ъka → *pętorъka (“set of five”)

desętь (“ten”) + *-ъka → *desętъka (“decade”)

From numerals, denoting a set of the respective number. For numerals between 4 and 8, the supplementary *-orъ is affixed.


-ťь

-ťь (nominative singular)
-ťi (dual nominative)
-ťi (nominative plural)
-ťi (genitive singular)
-ťьju (dual genitive)
-ťьjь (genitive plural)
-ťi (dative singular)
-ťьma (dative dual)
-ťьmъ (dative plural)
-ťь (accusative singular)
-ťi (accusative dual)
-ťi (accusative plural)
-ťьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ťьma (dual instrumental)
-ťьmi (instrumental plural)
-ťi (locative singular)
-ťьju (dual locative)
-ťьxъ (locative plural)
-ťi (singular vocative)
-ťi (dual vocative)
-ťi (plural vocative)

(when the verbal root ends in velar consonant) alternative form of *-tь


-tva

-tva (nominative singular)
-tvě (dual nominative)
-tvy (nominative plural)
-tvy (genitive singular)
-tvu (dual genitive)
-tvъ (genitive plural)
-tvě (dative singular)
-tvama (dative dual)
-tvamъ (dative plural)
-tvǫ (accusative singular)
-tvě (accusative dual)
-tvy (accusative plural)
-tvojǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvama (dual instrumental)
-tvami (instrumental plural)
-tvě (locative singular)
-tvu (dual locative)
-tvasъ (locative plural)
-tvaxъ (locative plural)
-tvo (singular vocative)
-tvě (dual vocative)
-tvy (plural vocative)
*-tьba (alternative)
*-ьba (alternative)
*-tvь (alternative)
*-tvo (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)

Belarusian: -тва (-tva)

Russian: -тва (-tva)

Ukrainian: -тва (-tva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -тва (-tva)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)

Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)

Macedonian: -тва (-tva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -тва

Latin script: -tva

Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -tva, -tba

Polish: -twa

Slovak: -tva

Slovincian: -tva

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -twa

Lower Sorbian: -twa

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tweh₂
Proto-Slavic *-tva
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂. By surface analysis, an a-extension of *-tъ (u-stem). Compare Proto-Germanic *-þwō.
Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà .

pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)

klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)

orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)

modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)

sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)

žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.

briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.


-ežь

-ežь (nominative singular)
-eža (dual nominative)
-eži (nominative plural)
-eža (genitive singular)
-ežu (dual genitive)
-ežь (genitive plural)
-ežu (dative singular)
-ežema (dative dual)
-ežemъ (dative plural)
-ežь (accusative singular)
-eža (accusative dual)
-ežę̇ (accusative plural)
-ežьmь (instrumental singular)
-ežemь (instrumental singular)
-ežema (dual instrumental)
-eži (instrumental plural)
-eži (locative singular)
-ežu (dual locative)
-ežixъ (locative plural)
-ežu (singular vocative)
-eža (dual vocative)
-eži (plural vocative)
*-ěžь (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ежь (-ježĭ)

Belarusian: -еж (-jež), -ёж (-jož)

desc

Russian: -ёжь (-jóžʹ), -ёж (-jóž), -еж (-ež)

Ukrainian: -іж (-iž)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -єжь (-ežĭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰵⰶⱐ (-ežĭ)

Bulgarian: -еж (-ež)

Macedonian: -еж (-ež)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -еж

Latin script: -ež

Slovene: -ež

West Slavic:

Czech: -ež

Kashubian: -éż, -éżô, -ża

Polish: -eż

Slovak: -ež

Slovincian: -éż

According to Matasović, the origin of the suffix is unclear. He dismisses an old theory due to Vaillant for borrowing ultimately from Vulgar Latin -āgium, because there are not any loanwords in proto-Slavic which display this suffix.

/mętti/ > *męsti (“to mix”) → *mętežь (“chaos, confusion”)
sluti (“to utter”) → *slovežь (“utterance”)
orsti (“to grow, to rise”) → *orstežь (“growth”)

From verbs ending in -C- */padti/ > *pasti (“to fall”) → *padežь (“fall”)

paliti (“to ignite, to set on fire”) → *paležь (“arson”)

From verbs ending in -i- *grabiti (“to grab, to seize”) → *grabežь (“grabbing”)

čьrtati (“to draw”) → *čьrtežь (“sketch”)

From verbs ending in -a- *drapati (“to scratch”) → *drapežь (“plunder”)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldežь (“youth”)

Deadjectival, forming abstract or agent nouns.


-išče

-išče (nominative singular)
-išči (dual nominative)
-išča (nominative plural)
-išča (genitive singular)
-išču (dual genitive)
-iščь (genitive plural)
-išču (dative singular)
-iščema (dative dual)
-iščemъ (dative plural)
-išče (accusative singular)
-išči (accusative dual)
-išča (accusative plural)
-iščьmь (instrumental singular)
-iščemь (instrumental singular)
-iščema (dual instrumental)
-išči (instrumental plural)
-išči (locative singular)
-išču (dual locative)
-iščixъ (locative plural)
-išče (singular vocative)
-išči (dual vocative)
-išča (plural vocative)
*-isko (alternative)
*-ovišče (alternative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ище (-išče)

Belarusian: -ішча (-išča), -ышча (-yšča)

Russian: -ище (-išče)

Carpathian Rusyn: -іще (-išče)

Ukrainian: -ище (-yšče)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ище (-ište)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⰵ (-ište)

Bulgarian: -ище (-ište)

Macedonian: -иште (-ište)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -иште

Latin script: -ište, -išče, -išće

Slovene: -išče

West Slavic:

Czech: -iště

Polabian: -istě

Polish: -yszcze, -iszcze

Slovak: -ište, -iščo (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -išćo

Upper Sorbian: -išćo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -iszcze, -ëszcze

Slovincian: -iszczô, -ëszczô

From earlier *isk-je. Originally it was probably used exclusively denominally for forming augmentatives, and later a semantic shift to place names occurred. E.g. *bolto (“mud”) → *boltišče (“large mud, a lot of mud”) > "there where is mud". Deverbal formations from verbs on *-iti are a late innovation.

gnojь (“manure, pus, dung”) → *gnojišče (“midden, cesspool, manure pile”)

ogňь (“fire”) → *ogňišče (“fireplace”)

sǫdъ (“judgement, trial”) → *sǫdišče (“court”)

lovъ (“hunting, hunt”) → *lovišče (“hunting area/ground”)

dvorъ (“court, courtyard”) → *dvorišče (“yard”)

tъrgъ (“commodity, wares; market”) → *tъržišče (“market, fairground”)

Denominal, forming augmentatives, denoting increase or growth of quality.

baba (“old woman”) → *babišče (“hag”)

čudo (“wonder”) → *čudovišče (“monster”)

Denominal, forming emotionally colored nouns, mostly augmentatives (usually with pejorative connotation), rarely diminutives.

kosa (“scythe”) → *kosišče (“scythe handle”)

toporъ (“axe, hatchet”) → *toporišče (“axe handle”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a handle of a tool.


-ьje

-ьje (nominative singular)
-ьji (dual nominative)
-ьja (nominative plural)
-ьja (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьju (dative singular)
-ьjema (dative dual)
-ьjemъ (dative plural)
-ьje (accusative singular)
-ьji (accusative dual)
-ьja (accusative plural)
-ьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental singular)
-ьjema (dual instrumental)
-ьji (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjixъ (locative plural)
-ьje (singular vocative)
-ьji (dual vocative)
-ьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ие (-ije)

Belarusian: -е (-je), -а (-a)

Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a), -я (-ja)

Russian: -ьё (-ʹjó), -ие (-ije), -ье (-ʹje)

Ukrainian: -я (-ja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьѥ (-ĭje), -иѥ (-ije)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⰵ (-ĭe), -ⰻⰵ (-ie)

Macedonian: -ие (-ie), -је (-je)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -је; allomorphic: -ће (<* -t-ьje), -шће (<* -st-ьje) -ње (< *-n-ьje), -ље (< *-l-ьje)

Latin: -je; allomorphic: -će (<* -t-ьje), -šće (<* -st-ьje) -nje (< *-n-ьje), -lje (< *-l-ьje)

Slovene: -je

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ie

Czech: -í

Kashubian: -ié

Old Polish: -e, -ie
Polish: -e

Slovak: -ie

Slovincian: -é

From the neuter form of *-ьjь (See Etymology 2), from *-ь + *-jь.
Akin to deverbal suffixes *-nьje and *-tьje. However, comparison with other Indo-European languages indicates archaicity of denominal formations, which are most likely substantivized adjectives. Compare
* Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “dream”) → ἐνύπνιον (enúpnion, “dreaming”) = Common Slavic *sъnъ → *sъnьje
* Latin ōs, ōris (“mouth”) → ōstium (“estuary, river mouth”) = Common Slavic *usta → *ustьje

-nьje

deverbal, with a *-n- suffix taken from past passive participle

-tьje

deverbal, with a *-t- suffix taken from past passive participle

ostrovъ (“island”) → *ostrovьje (“archipelago”)

jedla (“spruce, fir”) → *jedlьje (“fir forest”)

dǫbъ (“oak”) → *dǫbьje (“oaks”)

kamy, *kamene- (“stone”) → *kamenьje (“stones, rocks”)

dati → *datъ / *danъ → *datьje / *danьje

(*obrětti >) *obrěsti → *obrětenъ → *obrětenьje

kovati → *kovanъ → *kovanьje

kъrmiti → *kъrmljenъ → *kъrmljenьje

(*ostojěti >) *ostojati → *ostojanъ → *ostojanьje

Deverbal (from past participle), forming action nouns

usta (“mouth”) → *ustьje (“mouth”)

sъnъ (“sleep”) → *sъnьje (“dream”)

na- + *rěčь (“speech”) → *narěčьje (“adverb”)

na- + *sila (“force”) → *nasilьje (“violence”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting various concepts

zna-mę, *zna-men- (“sign, signal, mark”) → *znamenьje (“signs, signals, marks”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from

obilъ (“abundant”) → *obilьje (“abundance”)

sъdorvъ (“healthy”) → *sъdorvьje (“health”)

veselъ (“happy”) → *veselьje (“joy, happiness”)

Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a property, state or condition

po- + *rěka (“river”) → *porěčьje (“region near, along a river”)

za- + *gora (“forest, mountain”) → *zagorьje (“region nearby a mountain”)

krajь- + *bergъ (“coast”) → *krajьberžьje (“coastline”)

nadъ- + *věsъ (“screen, curtain”) → *nadъvěsьje (“arch, dome, sth hanging over”)

bez- + *vermę (“time”) → *bezvermьje (“timelessness”)

na- + *večerъ (“eve”) → *navečerьje (“evening, time before dawn”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting location or time