See xъlmъ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolóm",
"word": "холо́м"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "xŭlmŭ",
"word": "хълмъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolóm",
"word": "холо́м"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "xŭlŭmŭ",
"word": "хълъмъ"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xlŭmŭ",
"word": "хлъмъ"
},
{
"lang": "Glagolitic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xlŭmŭ",
"word": "ⱒⰾⱏⰿⱏ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "hǎlm",
"word": "хълм"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "ху̑м"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "hȗm"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "chlum"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "chlm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "chlum"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "chlum"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "chełm"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "Chełm"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "Chełmno"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "chlm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "chółm"
},
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "chołm"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "halom"
}
],
"lang": "Non-Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem"
},
"expansion": "Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hulmaz",
"t": "small island, hill, mound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulmaz (“small island, hill, mound”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kelH-",
"t": "lift"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“lift”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a Germanic language; compare Proto-Germanic *hulmaz (“small island, hill, mound”). The exact donor language cannot be specified - some form of Germanic that had not undergone the a-umlaut, possibly Langobardic or Gothic.\nThe Germanic word further reflects Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“lift”), whence also *čelo (“forehead”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmì",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmъ̀mь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmě̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lměxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmì",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xъ̃lmъ",
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъlmъ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"id": "en-xъlmъ-sla-pro-noun-93~Lsh3e",
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oleg Trubachyov"
]
}
],
"word": "xъlmъ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolóm",
"word": "холо́м"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "xŭlmŭ",
"word": "хълмъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xolóm",
"word": "холо́м"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "xolm",
"word": "холм"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "xŭlŭmŭ",
"word": "хълъмъ"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xlŭmŭ",
"word": "хлъмъ"
},
{
"lang": "Glagolitic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xlŭmŭ",
"word": "ⱒⰾⱏⰿⱏ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "hǎlm",
"word": "хълм"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "ху̑м"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "hȗm"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "chlum"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "chlm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "chlum"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "chlum"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "chełm"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "Chełm"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "Chełmno"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "chlm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "chółm"
},
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "chołm"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "halom"
}
],
"lang": "Non-Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem"
},
"expansion": "Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hulmaz",
"t": "small island, hill, mound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulmaz (“small island, hill, mound”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kelH-",
"t": "lift"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“lift”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a Germanic language; compare Proto-Germanic *hulmaz (“small island, hill, mound”). The exact donor language cannot be specified - some form of Germanic that had not undergone the a-umlaut, possibly Langobardic or Gothic.\nThe Germanic word further reflects Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“lift”), whence also *čelo (“forehead”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmì",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmъ̀mь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lmy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmě̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъ̃lměxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъlmì",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xъ̃lmъ",
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъlmъ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Germanic languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"sla-pro:Landforms"
],
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oleg Trubachyov"
]
}
],
"word": "xъlmъ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for xъlmъ meaning in Proto-Slavic (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.