See nъťьvy in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "нъчьвꙑ",
"3": "ночьвꙑ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: нъчьвꙑ (nŭčĭvy), ночьвꙑ (nočĭvy)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: нъчьвꙑ (nŭčĭvy), ночьвꙑ (nočĭvy)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "но́чвы",
"3": "ночо́вки",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvki)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvki)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "но́чвы",
"3": "начо́ўкі",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), начо́ўкі (načóŭki)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), начо́ўкі (načóŭki)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "но́чви",
"3": "ночо́вки",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: но́чви f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvky)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: но́чви f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvky)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "но́чвы́",
"3": "ночо́вки",
"4": "ночёвки",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Russian: но́чвы́ f pl (nóčvý), ночо́вки (nočóvki), ночёвки (nočóvki)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: но́чвы́ f pl (nóčvý), ночо́вки (nočóvki), ночёвки (nočóvki)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "нъштвꙑ",
"3": "нъштви",
"g": "f-p",
"g2": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: нъштвꙑ f pl (nŭštvy), нъштви f pl (nŭštvi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: нъштвꙑ f pl (nŭštvy), нъштви f pl (nŭštvi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "но̀щвѝ",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: но̀щвѝ f pl (nòštvì)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: но̀щвѝ f pl (nòštvì); dialectally нъ́щви f pl (nǎ́štvi), нъшки́ f pl (nǎškí), нъ́чви f pl (nǎ́čvi), но́кви f pl (nókvi), ношкови́ f pl (noškoví), нъщови́ f pl (nǎštoví), но̀щовѝ f pl (nòštovì), не́шкеви f pl (néškevi) and others"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "ноќви",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: ноќви f pl (noḱvi)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: ноќви f pl (noḱvi), ношви f pl (nošvi) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "на̏ћве",
"alts": "1",
"g": "f-p",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: на̏ћве f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: на̏ћве f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "nȁćve",
"alts": "1",
"g": "f-p",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: nȁćve f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: nȁćve f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "nəčkẹ̑",
"bor": "",
"der": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: nəčkẹ̑",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nəčkẹ̑",
"2": "nəškẹ̑",
"3": "nəčvẹ̑",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: nəčkẹ̑, nəškẹ̑, nəčvẹ̑ f pl (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: nəčkẹ̑, nəškẹ̑, nəčvẹ̑ f pl (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "necky",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Czech: necky f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: necky f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lechitic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "niecki",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: niecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: niecki f pl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "niecki",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Polish: niecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: niecki f pl; also niecka f sg"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "не́цьки",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: не́цьки f pl (nécʹky)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: не́цьки f pl (nécʹky)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "nacṭai",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: nacṭai f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: nacṭai f pl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "njêchy",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: njêchy f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: njêchy f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "ńacki",
"3": "ńecki",
"g2": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: ńacki, ńecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: ńacki, ńecki f pl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "mjecki",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: mjecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: mjecki f pl"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*neygʷ-",
"t": "to wash"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perchance from Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvami",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nъťьva",
"g": "f",
"n": "p",
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/nъťьvy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tray, trough, wooden tub wherein one performs household jobs"
],
"id": "en-nъťьvy-sla-pro-noun-j9H7qfsW",
"links": [
[
"tray",
"tray"
],
[
"trough",
"trough"
],
[
"wooden",
"wooden"
],
[
"tub",
"tub"
],
[
"household",
"household"
],
[
"job",
"job"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*korỳto"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic pluralia tantum",
"parents": [
"Pluralia tantum",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tray, trough, wooden tub wherein one performs household jobs",
"kneading trough"
],
"id": "en-nъťьvy-sla-pro-noun-efHh9stw",
"links": [
[
"tray",
"tray"
],
[
"trough",
"trough"
],
[
"wooden",
"wooden"
],
[
"tub",
"tub"
],
[
"household",
"household"
],
[
"job",
"job"
],
[
"kneading trough",
"kneading trough"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*korỳto"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"alt": "+*-ъkъ",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "nъťьky"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "nьťьvy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "nьťьky"
}
],
"word": "nъťьvy"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic pluralia tantum",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"sla-pro:Containers"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "нъчьвꙑ",
"3": "ночьвꙑ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: нъчьвꙑ (nŭčĭvy), ночьвꙑ (nočĭvy)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: нъчьвꙑ (nŭčĭvy), ночьвꙑ (nočĭvy)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "но́чвы",
"3": "ночо́вки",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvki)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvki)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "но́чвы",
"3": "начо́ўкі",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), начо́ўкі (načóŭki)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: но́чвы f pl (nóčvy), начо́ўкі (načóŭki)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "но́чви",
"3": "ночо́вки",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: но́чви f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvky)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: но́чви f pl (nóčvy), ночо́вки (nočóvky)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "но́чвы́",
"3": "ночо́вки",
"4": "ночёвки",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Russian: но́чвы́ f pl (nóčvý), ночо́вки (nočóvki), ночёвки (nočóvki)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: но́чвы́ f pl (nóčvý), ночо́вки (nočóvki), ночёвки (nočóvki)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "нъштвꙑ",
"3": "нъштви",
"g": "f-p",
"g2": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: нъштвꙑ f pl (nŭštvy), нъштви f pl (nŭštvi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: нъштвꙑ f pl (nŭštvy), нъштви f pl (nŭštvi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "но̀щвѝ",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: но̀щвѝ f pl (nòštvì)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: но̀щвѝ f pl (nòštvì); dialectally нъ́щви f pl (nǎ́štvi), нъшки́ f pl (nǎškí), нъ́чви f pl (nǎ́čvi), но́кви f pl (nókvi), ношкови́ f pl (noškoví), нъщови́ f pl (nǎštoví), но̀щовѝ f pl (nòštovì), не́шкеви f pl (néškevi) and others"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "ноќви",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: ноќви f pl (noḱvi)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: ноќви f pl (noḱvi), ношви f pl (nošvi) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "на̏ћве",
"alts": "1",
"g": "f-p",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: на̏ћве f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: на̏ћве f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "nȁćve",
"alts": "1",
"g": "f-p",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: nȁćve f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: nȁćve f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "nəčkẹ̑",
"bor": "",
"der": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: nəčkẹ̑",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nəčkẹ̑",
"2": "nəškẹ̑",
"3": "nəčvẹ̑",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: nəčkẹ̑, nəškẹ̑, nəčvẹ̑ f pl (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: nəčkẹ̑, nəškẹ̑, nəčvẹ̑ f pl (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "necky",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Czech: necky f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: necky f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lechitic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "niecki",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: niecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: niecki f pl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "niecki",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Polish: niecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: niecki f pl; also niecka f sg"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "не́цьки",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: не́цьки f pl (nécʹky)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: не́цьки f pl (nécʹky)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "nacṭai",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: nacṭai f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: nacṭai f pl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "njêchy",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: njêchy f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: njêchy f pl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "ńacki",
"3": "ńecki",
"g2": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: ńacki, ńecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: ńacki, ńecki f pl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "mjecki",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: mjecki f pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: mjecki f pl"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*neygʷ-",
"t": "to wash"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perchance from Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvami",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nъťьvy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nъťьva",
"g": "f",
"n": "p",
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/nъťьvy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tray, trough, wooden tub wherein one performs household jobs"
],
"links": [
[
"tray",
"tray"
],
[
"trough",
"trough"
],
[
"wooden",
"wooden"
],
[
"tub",
"tub"
],
[
"household",
"household"
],
[
"job",
"job"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*korỳto"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tray, trough, wooden tub wherein one performs household jobs",
"kneading trough"
],
"links": [
[
"tray",
"tray"
],
[
"trough",
"trough"
],
[
"wooden",
"wooden"
],
[
"tub",
"tub"
],
[
"household",
"household"
],
[
"job",
"job"
],
[
"kneading trough",
"kneading trough"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*korỳto"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"alt": "+*-ъkъ",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "nъťьky"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "nьťьvy"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "nьťьky"
}
],
"word": "nъťьvy"
}
Download raw JSONL data for nъťьvy meaning in Proto-Slavic (7.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.