See gradъ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for gradъ meaning in Proto-Slavic (8.2kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "градъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: град (hrad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: град (hrad)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Russian: град (grad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: град (grad)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: град (hrad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: град (hrad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: градъ (gradŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏ (gradŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: град (grad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: град (grad)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: град (grad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: град (grad)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "гра̏д",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: гра̏д",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: гра̏д"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "grȁd",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: grȁd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: grȁd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grȁd",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grȁd",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grȁd"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grȁd (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: grȁd (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "hrad",
"t": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: hrad (“hail”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: hrad (“hail”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "hrady",
"pos": "pl.",
"t": "thundercloud"
},
"expansion": "Czech: hrady (“thundercloud”, pl.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: hrady (“thundercloud”, pl.), dialectal hraď (“hail”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "grôd"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: grôd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: grôd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "grod"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: grod",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: grod"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grad"
},
"expansion": "Polish: grad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: grad"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "hrad",
"3": "hrád"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: hrad, hrád",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: hrad, hrád"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "grod"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: grod",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: grod"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "grad"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: grad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: grad"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰreh₃d-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰreh₃d-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ह्रादुनि",
"t": "hail(stone)",
"tr": "hrādúni"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail(stone)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grandō",
"3": "",
"4": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Latin grandō (“hail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կարկուտ",
"3": "",
"4": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut, “hail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grúodas",
"3": "",
"4": "frozen earth or mud"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grúodas (“frozen earth or mud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grū́das",
"3": "",
"4": "corn"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grū́das (“corn”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʰrewd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-. Cognate with Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail(stone)”), Latin grandō (“hail”), Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut, “hail”) < *ka-krut < *ga-grōdo-. Possibly cognate with Lithuanian grúodas (“frozen earth or mud”), although Derksen considers it more likely to be cognate instead with *grǫda, *gruda (“heap, lump”), Lithuanian grū́das (“corn”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdomъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdomь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdȳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdě̄xъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gràdъ",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gradъ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hail"
],
"id": "en-gradъ-sla-pro-noun-H2Y5qKUc",
"links": [
[
"hail",
"hail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gradъ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "градъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: град (hrad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: град (hrad)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Russian: град (grad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: град (grad)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: град (hrad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: град (hrad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: градъ (gradŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏ (gradŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: град (grad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: град (grad)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "град"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: град (grad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: град (grad)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "гра̏д",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: гра̏д",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: гра̏д"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "grȁd",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: grȁd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: grȁd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grȁd",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grȁd",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grȁd"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grȁd (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: grȁd (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "hrad",
"t": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: hrad (“hail”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: hrad (“hail”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "hrady",
"pos": "pl.",
"t": "thundercloud"
},
"expansion": "Czech: hrady (“thundercloud”, pl.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: hrady (“thundercloud”, pl.), dialectal hraď (“hail”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "grôd"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: grôd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: grôd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "grod"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: grod",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: grod"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grad"
},
"expansion": "Polish: grad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: grad"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "hrad",
"3": "hrád"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: hrad, hrád",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: hrad, hrád"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "grod"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: grod",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: grod"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "grad"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: grad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: grad"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰreh₃d-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰreh₃d-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ह्रादुनि",
"t": "hail(stone)",
"tr": "hrādúni"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail(stone)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grandō",
"3": "",
"4": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Latin grandō (“hail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կարկուտ",
"3": "",
"4": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut, “hail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grúodas",
"3": "",
"4": "frozen earth or mud"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grúodas (“frozen earth or mud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grū́das",
"3": "",
"4": "corn"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grū́das (“corn”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʰrewd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-. Cognate with Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail(stone)”), Latin grandō (“hail”), Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut, “hail”) < *ka-krut < *ga-grōdo-. Possibly cognate with Lithuanian grúodas (“frozen earth or mud”), although Derksen considers it more likely to be cognate instead with *grǫda, *gruda (“heap, lump”), Lithuanian grū́das (“corn”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdomъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdъmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdomь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdȳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdě̄xъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gràde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gràdi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gràdъ",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gradъ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰreh₃d-",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"Undetermined terms with quotations",
"sla-pro:Weather"
],
"glosses": [
"hail"
],
"links": [
[
"hail",
"hail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gradъ"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (91e95e7 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.