See -ь in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "-ĭ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ĭ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro:*-is<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-is>>",
"id": "nom"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ь\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }\" data-id=\"nom\" data-lang=\"sla-pro\" data-title=\"*-ь\" id=\"Proto-Slavic:_nom\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*-is"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-is"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-is",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-is"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -is",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "-is"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian -is",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-is. Cognate with Lithuanian -is, Old Prussian -is.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ь f Forms nouns:",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "i-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьju",
"roman": "-ju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьjь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьjǫ",
"roman": "-jǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьmi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьju",
"roman": "-ju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ja",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"cat": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ь f",
"name": "sla-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ь",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "glǫbь ← *glǫbъ (“deep”)"
},
{
"text": "golь ← *golъ (“naked, nude, bare; bald”)"
},
{
"text": "bělь ← *bělъ (“white”)"
},
{
"text": "glušь ← *gluxъ (“deaf”)"
},
{
"text": "moldь ← *moldъ (“young”)"
},
{
"text": "krasьnь ← *krasьnъ (“beautiful”)"
},
{
"text": "četvьrtь (“quarter”) ← *četvьrtъ (“fourth”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"From adjectives"
],
"id": "en--ь-sla-pro-suffix-6F7s4AvY",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ina"
},
{
"word": "*-ota"
},
{
"word": "*-yni"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 36 7 0 18 17 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 37 14 18 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 37 14 18 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 55 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 71 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 63 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 59 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "kopanь ← *kopanъ ← *kopati (“to dig”)"
},
{
"text": "oranь ← *oranъ ← *orati (“to plow/plough”)"
},
{
"text": "dьranь ← *dьranъ ← *dьrati (“to tear, flay”)"
},
{
"text": "opuxlь ← *opuxlъ ← *opuxnǫti"
},
{
"text": "orsědlь ← *orsědlъ ← *orsěsti"
}
],
"glosses": [
"From participles"
],
"id": "en--ь-sla-pro-suffix-Jp2NO5un",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ina"
},
{
"word": "*-ica"
},
{
"word": "*-ъka"
},
{
"word": "*-ъkъ"
},
{
"word": "*-ьcь"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "obuvь (“footwear”) ← **obovь ← *obuti (“to put on footwear”)"
},
{
"text": "blędь ← *blęsti (pres. *blędǫ)"
},
{
"text": "gręzь ← *gręzti (pres. *gręzǫ)"
},
{
"text": "rěčь ← *reťi (“to say”) (pres. *rekǫ)"
},
{
"text": "mazь ← *mazati (“to smear”) (pres. *mažǫ)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"From verbs"
],
"id": "en--ь-sla-pro-suffix-ne5D7GaP",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ъ"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ь"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks",
"Proto-Slavic entries with etymon",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine i-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic i-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ʹ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "-ĭ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ĭ",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro:*-is<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-is>>",
"id": "nom"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ь\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }\" data-id=\"nom\" data-lang=\"sla-pro\" data-title=\"*-ь\" id=\"Proto-Slavic:_nom\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*-is"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-is"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-is",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-is"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -is",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "-is"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian -is",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-is. Cognate with Lithuanian -is, Old Prussian -is.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ь f Forms nouns:",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "i-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьju",
"roman": "-ju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьjь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьjǫ",
"roman": "-jǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьmi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьju",
"roman": "-ju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ja",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"cat": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ь f",
"name": "sla-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ь",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "glǫbь ← *glǫbъ (“deep”)"
},
{
"text": "golь ← *golъ (“naked, nude, bare; bald”)"
},
{
"text": "bělь ← *bělъ (“white”)"
},
{
"text": "glušь ← *gluxъ (“deaf”)"
},
{
"text": "moldь ← *moldъ (“young”)"
},
{
"text": "krasьnь ← *krasьnъ (“beautiful”)"
},
{
"text": "četvьrtь (“quarter”) ← *četvьrtъ (“fourth”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"From adjectives"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ina"
},
{
"word": "*-ota"
},
{
"word": "*-yni"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "kopanь ← *kopanъ ← *kopati (“to dig”)"
},
{
"text": "oranь ← *oranъ ← *orati (“to plow/plough”)"
},
{
"text": "dьranь ← *dьranъ ← *dьrati (“to tear, flay”)"
},
{
"text": "opuxlь ← *opuxlъ ← *opuxnǫti"
},
{
"text": "orsědlь ← *orsědlъ ← *orsěsti"
}
],
"glosses": [
"From participles"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ina"
},
{
"word": "*-ica"
},
{
"word": "*-ъka"
},
{
"word": "*-ъkъ"
},
{
"word": "*-ьcь"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "obuvь (“footwear”) ← **obovь ← *obuti (“to put on footwear”)"
},
{
"text": "blędь ← *blęsti (pres. *blędǫ)"
},
{
"text": "gręzь ← *gręzti (pres. *gręzǫ)"
},
{
"text": "rěčь ← *reťi (“to say”) (pres. *rekǫ)"
},
{
"text": "mazь ← *mazati (“to smear”) (pres. *mažǫ)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"From verbs"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ъ"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ь"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ь meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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