"želězo" meaning in Proto-Slavic

See želězo in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Etymology: Likely of Proto-Balto-Slavic origin, related to Lithuanian geležìs, Latvian dzèlzs and Old Prussian gelso, with no clear cognates in other Indo-European branches. The discrepancy of root vocalism between Slavic and Baltic is problematic and requires two different Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstructions, with short -*e- and long -*ē-. Thus, no common form can be reconstructed. Latvian and Old Prussian have syncopated the suffixal -e-. Has been compared with Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós, “ore, copper, bronze”), but the connection cannot be established in terms of regular phonetic correspondences. However, both could be independent loanwords from a common eastern source, whence also possibly Hittite [script needed] ((ḫ)apalki, “iron”). Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”), though the direction and exact details of the borrowing are obscure. Semantically also close to Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”), Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”). Etymology templates: {{der|sla-pro|ine-bsl-pro|-}} Proto-Balto-Slavic, {{cog|lt|geležìs|}} Lithuanian geležìs, {{cog|lv|dzelzs|dzèlzs}} Latvian dzèlzs, {{cog|prg|gelso}} Old Prussian gelso, {{cog|sit-pro|*qhleks||(cast) iron}} Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”), {{cog|la|galēna||lead sulphide (mineral)}} Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”), {{cog|grc|γαλήνη||serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral}} Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”), {{cog|ine-pro||*ǵl̥h₂-es-|t=glimmering, cheerful}} Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”) Inflection templates: {{sla-decl-noun|želě̀zo|ap=a}} Forms: želě̀zo [canonical, neuter], no-table-tags [table-tags], a [accent-paradigm], želě̀zo [nominative, singular], želě̀zě [dual, nominative], želě̀za [nominative, plural], želě̀za [genitive, singular], želě̀zu [dual, genitive], želě̀zъ [genitive, plural], želě̀zu [dative, singular], želě̀zoma [dative, dual], želě̀zomъ [dative, plural], želě̀zo [accusative, singular], želě̀zě [accusative, dual], želě̀za [accusative, plural], želě̀zъmь [instrumental, singular], želě̀zomь [instrumental, singular], želě̀zoma [dual, instrumental], želě̀zȳ [instrumental, plural], želě̀zě [locative, singular], želě̀zu [dual, locative], želě̀zě̄xъ [locative, plural], želě̀zo [singular, vocative], želě̀zě [dual, vocative], želě̀za [plural, vocative]
  1. iron Wikipedia link: Marko Snoj, Rick Derksen Tags: reconstruction Synonyms: želьzo, zelězo Derived forms: želězьnъ (english: irony) Related terms: glazъ (english: glass ball, pebble) [possibly], žely (per Trubachev) (english: tortoise) [possibly]
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "желѣзо",
            "3": "железо",
            "4": "жельзо"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: желѣзо (želězo), железо (železo), жельзо (želĭzo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: желѣзо (želězo), железо (železo), жельзо (želĭzo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zle-ort",
            "2": "желѣзо"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Ruthenian: желѣзо (želězo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Ruthenian: желѣзо (želězo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "жале́за"
          },
          "expansion": "Belarusian: жале́за (žaljéza)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Belarusian: жале́за (žaljéza)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rue",
            "2": "желї́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: желї́зо (željízo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Carpathian Rusyn: желї́зо (željízo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "залі́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Ukrainian: залі́зо (zalízo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ukrainian: залі́зо (zalízo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "желе́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Russian: желе́зо (želézo)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Russian: желе́зо (želézo); зеле́зо (zelézo), зяле́зо (zjalézo) (dialectal)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Cyrillic: желѣзо (želězo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Glagolitic: ⰶⰵⰾⱑⰸⱁ (želězo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "желя́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Bulgarian: желя́зо (željázo)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bulgarian: желя́зо (željázo); джелязо (dželjazo) (dialectal)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mk",
            "2": "же́лезо"
          },
          "expansion": "Macedonian: же́лезо (žélezo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Macedonian: же́лезо (žélezo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "жѐљезо",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: жѐљезо",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: жѐљезо, жѐлезо"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Latin: žèljezo, žèlezo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "želẹ́zo",
            "alt": "",
            "bor": "",
            "der": "",
            "g": "",
            "pos": "",
            "t": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: želẹ́zo",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tonal orthography"
          },
          "expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
          "name": "i"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "želẹ́zo"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: želẹ́zo (tonal orthography)",
          "name": "desc/sl-tonal"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: želẹ́zo (tonal orthography)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "železo"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Czech: železo\nCzech: železo",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Czech: železo\nCzech: železo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "żelazło"
          },
          "expansion": "Kashubian: żelazło",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kashubian: żelazło"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pox",
            "2": "ziľozü"
          },
          "expansion": "Polabian: ziľozü",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Polabian: ziľozü"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-opl",
            "2": "żelazo"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Polish: żelazo\nPolish: żelazo\nSilesian: żelazo",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Polish: żelazo\nPolish: żelazo\nSilesian: żelazo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-osk",
            "2": "železo"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Slovak: železo\nPannonian Rusyn: желєзо (željezo)\nSlovak: železo",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Slovak: železo\nPannonian Rusyn: желєзо (željezo)\nSlovak: železo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "zelezo"
          },
          "expansion": "Lower Sorbian: zelezo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lower Sorbian: zelezo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "železo"
          },
          "expansion": "Upper Sorbian: železo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Upper Sorbian: železo"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "geležìs",
        "3": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian geležìs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "dzelzs",
        "3": "dzèlzs"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian dzèlzs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "gelso"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian gelso",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sit-pro",
        "2": "*qhleks",
        "3": "",
        "4": "(cast) iron"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "galēna",
        "3": "",
        "4": "lead sulphide (mineral)"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "γαλήνη",
        "3": "",
        "4": "serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ǵl̥h₂-es-",
        "t": "glimmering, cheerful"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Likely of Proto-Balto-Slavic origin, related to Lithuanian geležìs, Latvian dzèlzs and Old Prussian gelso, with no clear cognates in other Indo-European branches. The discrepancy of root vocalism between Slavic and Baltic is problematic and requires two different Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstructions, with short -*e- and long -*ē-. Thus, no common form can be reconstructed. Latvian and Old Prussian have syncopated the suffixal -e-.\nHas been compared with Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós, “ore, copper, bronze”), but the connection cannot be established in terms of regular phonetic correspondences. However, both could be independent loanwords from a common eastern source, whence also possibly Hittite [script needed] ((ḫ)apalki, “iron”). Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”), though the direction and exact details of the borrowing are obscure.\nSemantically also close to Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”), Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zoma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zomъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zъmь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zomь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zoma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zȳ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě̄xъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "želě̀zo",
        "ap": "a"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/želězo",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "EDSIL without passage",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant target parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "english": "irony",
          "word": "želězьnъ"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "iron"
      ],
      "id": "en-želězo-sla-pro-noun-BOnA24fn",
      "links": [
        [
          "iron",
          "iron"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "english": "glass ball, pebble",
          "tags": [
            "possibly"
          ],
          "word": "glazъ"
        },
        {
          "english": "tortoise",
          "roman": "per Trubachev",
          "tags": [
            "possibly"
          ],
          "word": "žely"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "želьzo"
        },
        {
          "word": "zelězo"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Marko Snoj",
        "Rick Derksen"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "želězo"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "irony",
      "word": "želězьnъ"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "желѣзо",
            "3": "железо",
            "4": "жельзо"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: желѣзо (želězo), железо (železo), жельзо (želĭzo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: желѣзо (želězo), железо (železo), жельзо (želĭzo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zle-ort",
            "2": "желѣзо"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Ruthenian: желѣзо (želězo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Ruthenian: желѣзо (želězo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "жале́за"
          },
          "expansion": "Belarusian: жале́за (žaljéza)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Belarusian: жале́за (žaljéza)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rue",
            "2": "желї́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: желї́зо (željízo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Carpathian Rusyn: желї́зо (željízo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "залі́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Ukrainian: залі́зо (zalízo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ukrainian: залі́зо (zalízo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "желе́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Russian: желе́зо (želézo)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Russian: желе́зо (želézo); зеле́зо (zelézo), зяле́зо (zjalézo) (dialectal)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Cyrillic: желѣзо (želězo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Glagolitic: ⰶⰵⰾⱑⰸⱁ (želězo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "желя́зо"
          },
          "expansion": "Bulgarian: желя́зо (željázo)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bulgarian: желя́зо (željázo); джелязо (dželjazo) (dialectal)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mk",
            "2": "же́лезо"
          },
          "expansion": "Macedonian: же́лезо (žélezo)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Macedonian: же́лезо (žélezo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "жѐљезо",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: жѐљезо",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: жѐљезо, жѐлезо"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Latin: žèljezo, žèlezo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "želẹ́zo",
            "alt": "",
            "bor": "",
            "der": "",
            "g": "",
            "pos": "",
            "t": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: želẹ́zo",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tonal orthography"
          },
          "expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
          "name": "i"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "želẹ́zo"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: želẹ́zo (tonal orthography)",
          "name": "desc/sl-tonal"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: želẹ́zo (tonal orthography)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "železo"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Czech: železo\nCzech: železo",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Czech: železo\nCzech: železo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "żelazło"
          },
          "expansion": "Kashubian: żelazło",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kashubian: żelazło"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pox",
            "2": "ziľozü"
          },
          "expansion": "Polabian: ziľozü",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Polabian: ziľozü"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-opl",
            "2": "żelazo"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Polish: żelazo\nPolish: żelazo\nSilesian: żelazo",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Polish: żelazo\nPolish: żelazo\nSilesian: żelazo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-osk",
            "2": "železo"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Slovak: železo\nPannonian Rusyn: желєзо (željezo)\nSlovak: železo",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Slovak: železo\nPannonian Rusyn: желєзо (željezo)\nSlovak: železo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "zelezo"
          },
          "expansion": "Lower Sorbian: zelezo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lower Sorbian: zelezo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "železo"
          },
          "expansion": "Upper Sorbian: železo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Upper Sorbian: železo"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "geležìs",
        "3": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian geležìs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "dzelzs",
        "3": "dzèlzs"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian dzèlzs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "gelso"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian gelso",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sit-pro",
        "2": "*qhleks",
        "3": "",
        "4": "(cast) iron"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "galēna",
        "3": "",
        "4": "lead sulphide (mineral)"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "γαλήνη",
        "3": "",
        "4": "serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*ǵl̥h₂-es-",
        "t": "glimmering, cheerful"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Likely of Proto-Balto-Slavic origin, related to Lithuanian geležìs, Latvian dzèlzs and Old Prussian gelso, with no clear cognates in other Indo-European branches. The discrepancy of root vocalism between Slavic and Baltic is problematic and requires two different Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstructions, with short -*e- and long -*ē-. Thus, no common form can be reconstructed. Latvian and Old Prussian have syncopated the suffixal -e-.\nHas been compared with Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós, “ore, copper, bronze”), but the connection cannot be established in terms of regular phonetic correspondences. However, both could be independent loanwords from a common eastern source, whence also possibly Hittite [script needed] ((ḫ)apalki, “iron”). Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”), though the direction and exact details of the borrowing are obscure.\nSemantically also close to Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”), Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zoma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zomъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zъmь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zomь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zoma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zȳ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě̄xъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀zě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "želě̀za",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "želě̀zo",
        "ap": "a"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/želězo",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "glass ball, pebble",
      "tags": [
        "possibly"
      ],
      "word": "glazъ"
    },
    {
      "english": "tortoise",
      "roman": "per Trubachev",
      "tags": [
        "possibly"
      ],
      "word": "žely"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "EDSIL without passage",
        "Latvian links with redundant target parameters",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Slavic hard neuter o-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic lemmas",
        "Proto-Slavic neuter nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
        "Proto-Slavic nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
        "Requests for native script for Hittite terms",
        "sla-pro:Metals"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "iron"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "iron",
          "iron"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Marko Snoj",
        "Rick Derksen"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "želьzo"
    },
    {
      "word": "zelězo"
    }
  ],
  "word": "želězo"
}

Download raw JSONL data for želězo meaning in Proto-Slavic (9.9kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.