kopati

kopàti (canonical imperfective)
kopnǫti (perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanьje (noun-from-verb)
kopati (infinitive)
kopatъ (supine)
kopalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanъ (participle passive past)
kopľemъ (participle passive present)
kopavъ (active participle past)
kopľę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopa (aorist second-person singular)
kopa (aorist singular third-person)
kopľǫ (first-person present singular)
kopľeši (present second-person singular)
kopľetь (present singular third-person)
kopaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopasta (aorist dual second-person)
kopaste (aorist dual third-person)
kopľevě (dual first-person present)
kopľeta (dual present second-person)
kopľete (dual present third-person)
kopaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopaste (aorist plural second-person)
kopašę (aorist plural third-person)
kopľemъ (first-person plural present)
kopľete (plural present second-person)
kopľǫtь (plural present third-person)
kopaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopľi (imperative second-person singular)
kopľi (imperative singular third-person)
kopaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopľivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopľita (dual imperative second-person)
kopaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopľite (imperative plural second-person)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanьje (noun-from-verb)
kopati (infinitive)
kopatъ (supine)
kopalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopanъ (participle passive past)
kopajemъ (participle passive present)
kopavъ (active participle past)
kopaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopa (aorist second-person singular)
kopa (aorist singular third-person)
kopajǫ (first-person present singular)
kopaješi (present second-person singular)
kopajetь (present singular third-person)
kopaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopasta (aorist dual second-person)
kopaste (aorist dual third-person)
kopajevě (dual first-person present)
kopajeta (dual present second-person)
kopajete (dual present third-person)
kopaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopaste (aorist plural second-person)
kopašę (aorist plural third-person)
kopajemъ (first-person plural present)
kopajete (plural present second-person)
kopajǫtь (plural present third-person)
kopaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopaji (imperative second-person singular)
kopaji (imperative singular third-person)
kopaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopajivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopajita (dual imperative second-person)
kopaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копати (kopati)

Belarusian: капа́ць (kapácʹ)

Russian: копа́ть (kopátʹ)

Ukrainian: копа́ти (kopáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: копати (kopati)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱂⰰⱅⰻ (kopati)

Bulgarian: копа́я (kopája) (standard), ко́пам (kópam) (colloquial)

Macedonian: копа (kopa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀пати

Latin script: kòpati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kópati, kopáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: kòpac

Old Czech: kopati

Czech: kopat

Polish: kopać

Slovak: kopať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kopać

Lower Sorbian: kopaś

Reflects the iterative Proto-Balto-Slavic *kаpā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *skopiti (“to castrate”) > Old Church Slavonic скопити (skopiti). Cognate with Latvian kapât (“to chop, hew”), Lithuanian kapóti (“to chop, hew”) and akin to Old Prussian enkopts (“buried”).
Per ESSJa, possibly superseded an earlier *kòp(je)ti (pres. 1p. sg. *kòpľǫ, attested in Slovene, Polish, Czech), cognate with Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to beat, to hit”).


opica

opica (nominative singular)
opici (dual nominative)
opicę̇ (nominative plural)
opicę̇ (genitive singular)
opicu (dual genitive)
opicь (genitive plural)
opici (dative singular)
opicama (dative dual)
opicamъ (dative plural)
opicǫ (accusative singular)
opici (accusative dual)
opicę̇ (accusative plural)
opicejǫ (instrumental singular)
opicǫ (instrumental singular)
opicama (dual instrumental)
opicami (instrumental plural)
opici (locative singular)
opicu (dual locative)
opicasъ (locative plural)
opicaxъ (locative plural)
opice (singular vocative)
opici (dual vocative)
opicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: о́пица (ópica)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: опица (opica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: опица

Latin script: òpica

Slovene: ọ̑pica (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: opicě

Czech: opice

Moravian (Mistřice): opíca

Polabian: opó

Old Polish: opica

Slovak: opica

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wopica

From *opъ + *-ica, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *apō (“ape, monkey”).


rešeto

rešeto (nominative singular)
rešetě (dual nominative)
rešeta (nominative plural)
rešeta (genitive singular)
rešetu (dual genitive)
rešetъ (genitive plural)
rešetu (dative singular)
rešetoma (dative dual)
rešetomъ (dative plural)
rešeto (accusative singular)
rešetě (accusative dual)
rešeta (accusative plural)
rešetъmь (instrumental singular)
rešetomь (instrumental singular)
rešetoma (dual instrumental)
rešety (instrumental plural)
rešetě (locative singular)
rešetu (dual locative)
rešetěxъ (locative plural)
rešeto (singular vocative)
rešetě (dual vocative)
rešeta (plural vocative)

desc

Old East Slavic: решето (rešeto), рѣшето (rěšeto)

Belarusian: рэ́шата (réšata)

Russian: решето́ (rešetó)

Ukrainian: ре́шето (réšeto)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: реше́то (rešéto)

Macedonian: решето (rešeto)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: решѐто

Latin script: rešèto

Slovene: rešéto

West Slavic:

Old Czech: řešeto

Czech: řešeto (archaic)

Bohemian (Chod dialect): řešeto, řešato

Polabian: risetĕ

Polish: rzeszoto

Slovak: rešeto

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ŕešo

⇒ Lower Sorbian: rjašeśina

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: rosta


lisa

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ліса́ (lisá)

Ukrainian: ли́са (lýsa)

Middle Russian: лиса (lisa) (17ᵗʰ cent.)

Russian: лиса́ (lisá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: лиса (lisa)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⰺⱄⰰ (lisa)

Bulgarian: ли́са (lísa); ли́съ (lísǎ) (dialectal)

Macedonian: лиса (lisa)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lisa

Slovincian: lysa

From earlier *līpsā, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *leipśāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ulp- ~ *h₂wl(o)p- (“red fox”). For details see Latvian lapsa (“fox”).


dori

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дори́ (dorí)

Macedonian: дури (duri)

Torlakian Serbo-Croatian: дори

Limited to South Slavic, of uncertain origin:
* Traditionally viewed (by Mladenov, Miklošič) as a dialectal alteration of Proto-Slavic *da že (“even though”), via rhotacism of *-ž- > -r- (as in Slovene kȁr (“which, so”) < *ka že, tọ́re (“therefore”) < *to že, Serbo-Croatian jȅr (“because of”) < *je že). Doubted by Georgiev (BER).
* In view of the wider spread of the adverb in Bulgarian and Macedonian, where the referred rhotacism is not typical, perhaps inherited. Maybe a r-extension of Proto-Balto-Slavic *da (“positional/locative particle”), akin to Lithuanian dár (“yet, still”), or a fossilized instrumental case of unattested Proto-Slavic *dorь from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to perform, to undertake, to support”).


čitati

čitanьje (noun-from-verb)
čitati (infinitive)
čitatъ (supine)
čitalъ (l-participle)
čitanъ (participle passive past)
čitajemъ (participle passive present)
čitavъ (active participle past)
čitaję (active participle present)
čitaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čita (aorist second-person singular)
čita (aorist singular third-person)
čitajǫ (first-person present singular)
čitaješi (present second-person singular)
čitajetь (present singular third-person)
čitaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čitasta (aorist dual second-person)
čitaste (aorist dual third-person)
čitajevě (dual first-person present)
čitajeta (dual present second-person)
čitajete (dual present third-person)
čitaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čitaste (aorist plural second-person)
čitašę (aorist plural third-person)
čitajemъ (first-person plural present)
čitajete (plural present second-person)
čitajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čitaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čitaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čitaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čitaji (imperative second-person singular)
čitaji (imperative singular third-person)
čitaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čitaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čitaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čitajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čitajita (dual imperative second-person)
čitaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čitaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čitaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čitajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čitajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: читати (čitati)

desc

Old Ruthenian: чита́ти (čitáti), чыта́ти (čytáti)

Belarusian: чыта́ць (čytácʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: чітати (čitaty)

Ukrainian: чита́ти (čytáty)

Russian: чита́ть (čitátʹ)

Old Novgorodian: цитати (citati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: читати (čitati), чьтати (čĭtati)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰺⱅⰰⱅⰺ (čitati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чѝтати

Latin script: čìtati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: čítati, čȋtati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čítati

Czech: čítat

desctree

Old Polish: czytać
Polish: czytać
Silesian: czytać

Old Slovak: čítať

Pannonian Rusyn: читац (čitac)

Slovak: čítať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czëtac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: cytaś

Upper Sorbian: čitać

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: citi

From *čisti, *čьtǫ + *-ati. Compare with Latgalian skaiteit, Latvian skaitīt, Lithuanian skaityti, Samogitian skaitītė.

to count (determine the total number of)

to read (to interpret, or infer a meaning, significance, thought, intention)

to pay attention, to pay heed, to notice, to perceive, to comprehend, to understand

to honour, to worship, to esteem, to respect


pelena

pelenà (canonical feminine)
pelena (nominative singular)
peleně (dual nominative)
peleny (nominative plural)
peleny (genitive singular)
pelenu (dual genitive)
pelenъ (genitive plural)
peleně (dative singular)
pelenama (dative dual)
pelenamъ (dative plural)
pelenǫ (accusative singular)
peleně (accusative dual)
peleny (accusative plural)
pelenojǫ (instrumental singular)
pelenǫ (instrumental singular)
pelenama (dual instrumental)
pelenami (instrumental plural)
peleně (locative singular)
pelenu (dual locative)
pelenasъ (locative plural)
pelenaxъ (locative plural)
peleno (singular vocative)
peleně (dual vocative)
peleny (plural vocative)

East Slavic: пелена (pelena)

Russian: пелена́ (pelená)

Ukrainian: пелена́ (pelená)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: пелена (pelena)

Glagolitic: ⱂⰵⰾⰵⱀⰰ (pelena)

Bulgarian: пелена́ (pelená)

Macedonian: пе́лена (pélena)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пе̏лена

Latin script: pȅlena

West Slavic:

Old Czech: plena

Czech: plena

⇒ Polish: pielucha

Old Slovak: plena

Slovak: plena

diaper (absorbent garment worn by a baby, or by someone who is incontinent.)


klepati

klepàti (canonical imperfective)
klepnǫti (perfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanьje (noun-from-verb)
klepati (infinitive)
klepatъ (supine)
klepalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanъ (participle passive past)
klepľemъ (participle passive present)
klepavъ (active participle past)
klepľę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klepa (aorist second-person singular)
klepa (aorist singular third-person)
klepľǫ (first-person present singular)
klepľeši (present second-person singular)
klepľetь (present singular third-person)
klepaxově (aorist dual first-person)
klepasta (aorist dual second-person)
klepaste (aorist dual third-person)
klepľevě (dual first-person present)
klepľeta (dual present second-person)
klepľete (dual present third-person)
klepaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klepaste (aorist plural second-person)
klepašę (aorist plural third-person)
klepľemъ (first-person plural present)
klepľete (plural present second-person)
klepľǫtь (plural present third-person)
klepaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
klepaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
klepaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
klepľi (imperative second-person singular)
klepľi (imperative singular third-person)
klepaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
klepaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
klepaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
klepľivě (dual first-person imperative)
klepľita (dual imperative second-person)
klepaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
klepaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
klepaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
klepľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
klepľite (imperative plural second-person)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanьje (noun-from-verb)
klepati (infinitive)
klepatъ (supine)
klepalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepanъ (participle passive past)
klepajemъ (participle passive present)
klepavъ (active participle past)
klepaję (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
klepaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
klepa (aorist second-person singular)
klepa (aorist singular third-person)
klepajǫ (first-person present singular)
klepaješi (present second-person singular)
klepajetь (present singular third-person)
klepaxově (aorist dual first-person)
klepasta (aorist dual second-person)
klepaste (aorist dual third-person)
klepajevě (dual first-person present)
klepajeta (dual present second-person)
klepajete (dual present third-person)
klepaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
klepaste (aorist plural second-person)
klepašę (aorist plural third-person)
klepajemъ (first-person plural present)
klepajete (plural present second-person)
klepajǫtь (plural present third-person)
klepaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
klepaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
klepaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
klepaji (imperative second-person singular)
klepaji (imperative singular third-person)
klepaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
klepaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
klepaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
klepajivě (dual first-person imperative)
klepajita (dual imperative second-person)
klepaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
klepaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
klepaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
klepajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
klepajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: клепати (klepati, “to accuse”)

Belarusian: клепа́ць (kljepácʹ)

Russian: клепа́ть (klepátʹ)

Ukrainian: клепа́ти (klepáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: клепати (klepati, “to allude”)

Bulgarian: кле́пя (klépja), кле́пам (klépam)

⇒ Romanian: clipi (“to blink”)

Macedonian: клепа (klepa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: клѐпати

Latin script: klèpati

Slovene: klepáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: klepat

Polish: klepać

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: клєпац (kljepac)

Slovak: klepať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: klepaś

Upper Sorbian: klepać

Usually viewed as expressive or onomatopoeic in nature. Analogous forms found also in Lithuanian klepsė́ti (“to slam”), kleptóti (“to munch noisily”); Proto-Germanic *klappōną (“to clap”). Vasmer further compares Latin crepō (“to creak”).
See also Proto-Indo-European *klep- (“to steal”).

→ to rivet (metals), to hew

→ to wink, to blink

→ to shut/open a valve


topiti

topìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
topľenьje (noun-from-verb)
topiti (infinitive)
topitъ (supine)
topilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
topľenъ (participle passive past)
topimъ (participle passive present)
topľь (active participle past)
topę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
topixъ (aorist first-person singular)
topi (aorist second-person singular)
topi (aorist singular third-person)
topľǫ (first-person present singular)
topiši (present second-person singular)
topitь (present singular third-person)
topixově (aorist dual first-person)
topista (aorist dual second-person)
topiste (aorist dual third-person)
topivě (dual first-person present)
topita (dual present second-person)
topite (dual present third-person)
topixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
topiste (aorist plural second-person)
topišę (aorist plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person plural present)
topite (plural present second-person)
topętь (plural present third-person)
topľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
topľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
topľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
topi (imperative second-person singular)
topi (imperative singular third-person)
topľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
topľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
topľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
topivě (dual first-person imperative)
topita (dual imperative second-person)
topľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
topľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
topľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person imperative plural)
topite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: топити (topiti)

Belarusian: тапі́ць (tapícʹ)

Russian: топи́ть (topítʹ)

Ukrainian: топи́ти (topýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: топя́ (topjá)

Macedonian: топи (topi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: то̀пити

Latin script: tòpiti; se topȉt (“to melt”), 3sg. se tȍpi (Orbanići Chakavian)

Slovene: topíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: topiti

Czech: topit

Kashubian: topic

Polabian: tüpait

Old Polish: topić

Polish: topić

Slovak: topiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: topiś

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: topi (“to melt”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tapīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *top-éye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“hot, warm”). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit तापयति (tāpáyati, “to heat, to torment”), Avestan 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tāpaiieⁱti, “to heat”).


topiti

topìti (canonical imperfective)
topnǫti (perfective)
topľenьje (noun-from-verb)
topiti (infinitive)
topitъ (supine)
topilъ (l-participle)
topľenъ (participle passive past)
topimъ (participle passive present)
topľь (active participle past)
topę (active participle present)
topixъ (aorist first-person singular)
topi (aorist second-person singular)
topi (aorist singular third-person)
topľǫ (first-person present singular)
topiši (present second-person singular)
topitь (present singular third-person)
topixově (aorist dual first-person)
topista (aorist dual second-person)
topiste (aorist dual third-person)
topivě (dual first-person present)
topita (dual present second-person)
topite (dual present third-person)
topixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
topiste (aorist plural second-person)
topišę (aorist plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person plural present)
topite (plural present second-person)
topętь (plural present third-person)
topľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
topľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
topľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
topi (imperative second-person singular)
topi (imperative singular third-person)
topľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
topľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
topľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
topivě (dual first-person imperative)
topita (dual imperative second-person)
topľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
topľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
topľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
topimъ (first-person imperative plural)
topite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: топити (topiti)

Belarusian: тапі́ць (tapícʹ)

Russian: топи́ть (topítʹ)

Ukrainian: топити (topyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

⇒ Old Cyrillic script: потопити (potopiti)

Bulgarian: топя́ (topjá)

Macedonian: топи (topi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: то̀пити

Latin: tòpiti

Slovene: topíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: topiti

Czech: topit

Polabian: tüpait

Old Polish: topić

Polish: topić

Slovak: topiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: topić

Lower Sorbian: topiś

Unclear. Vasmer suggests a possible connection with Old Armenian թաթաւեմ (tʻatʻawem, “to soak (e.g. clothes in blood)”), but notes that it's quite conjectural. Trubachev notes that Zubaty and Stang suggest a connection with Lithuanian tàpti (“to become”), Latvian tapt (“to become, to get infected”), effectively from Proto-Balto-Slavic *taptéi (“to get stuck”) + *-iti.

affix

to plunge, to dunk
→ to sink, to submerge (in liquid)

to plunge, to dunk
→ to soak, to immerse


briti

brìti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
britьje (noun-from-verb)
briti (infinitive)
britъ (supine)
brilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
britъ (participle passive past)
brьjemъ (participle passive present)
brivъ (active participle past)
brьję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
brixъ (aorist first-person singular)
bri (aorist second-person singular)
bri (aorist singular third-person)
brьjǫ (first-person present singular)
brьješi (present second-person singular)
brьjetь (present singular third-person)
brixově (aorist dual first-person)
brista (aorist dual second-person)
briste (aorist dual third-person)
brьjevě (dual first-person present)
brьjeta (dual present second-person)
brьjete (dual present third-person)
brixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
briste (aorist plural second-person)
brišę (aorist plural third-person)
brьjemъ (first-person plural present)
brьjete (plural present second-person)
brьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
brьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brьji (imperative second-person singular)
brьji (imperative singular third-person)
brьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
brьjita (dual imperative second-person)
brьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brьjite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: брити сѧ, 1sg. бриѭ сѧ (Russian recension)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: брыць (brycʹ)

Russian: брить (britʹ), 1sg. бре́ю (bréju)

Ukrainian: бри́ти (brýty), 1sg. бри́ю (brýju)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бри́я (bríja) (dialectal), бри́на (brína) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бри̏ти (archaic), брѝјати, 1sg. бри̏је̄м

Latin: brȉti (archaic), brìjati, 1sg. brȉjēm

Slovene: bríti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: bříti (obsolete), 1sg. břiji

Slovak: briť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brī́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰriH-yé-ti, from *bʰreyH- (“to cut”). Cognate with Sanskrit भ्रीणाति (bhrīṇā́ti, “to hurt”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱribrīnaⁱti, “to cut around”), Persian بریدن (boridan, “to cut”), Old Irish bronnaid (“to injure”), Thracian βρίλων (brílōn, “barber”).

cog

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌


kaša

kàša (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
kaša (nominative singular)
kàši (dual nominative)
kàšę̇ (nominative plural)
kàšę̇ (genitive singular)
kàšu (dual genitive)
kàšь (genitive plural)
kàšī (dative singular)
kàšama (dative dual)
kàšāmъ (dative plural)
kàšǫ (accusative singular)
kàši (accusative dual)
kàšę̇ (accusative plural)
kàšējǫ (instrumental singular)
kàšǭ (instrumental singular)
kàšama (dual instrumental)
kàšāmī (instrumental plural)
kàšī (locative singular)
kàšu (dual locative)
kàšāsъ (locative plural)
kàše (singular vocative)
kàši (dual vocative)
kàšę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: каша (kaša, “cereal meal”)

Belarusian: ка́ша (káša)

desctree

Russian: ка́ша (káša)
→ English: kasha
→ Romanian: cașă (Moldova)
→ Tofa: һааша (haaša)
→ Yakut: хааһы (qaahı)
→ Yiddish: קאַשע (kashe)

Ukrainian: ка́ша (káša)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ка́ша (káša)

Macedonian: каша (kaša)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̏ша

Latin script: kȁša

Slovene: káša (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kašě

Czech: kaše

Polish: kasza

Slovak: kaša

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: kása

→ Romanian: cașă

→ Old Norse: káza

From an earlier *kasja, traditionally posited to be related to Lithuanian kóšti (“to filter, strain”), kõšė (“porridge”); Latvian kãst (“to leach”) (first proposed by Zubatý). Trubačev argues that the modern attested meaning developed from initial “ground cereal”. Compare analogous developments in Proto-Germanic *grūtiz (“groats”) (from *greutaną (“to grind”)), Russian се́чка (séčka, “grist cereal”) (from сечь (sečʹ, “to chop”)).
Further origin disputed:
* An old interpretation due to Potebnja (effectively) suggests origin from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to scrape, to mow”) (whence Proto-Slavic *česati (“to scratch”), *kosati (“to beat”)), which is formally incompatable with the accentology of *kàša. Rejected by Vasmer, however, compare Polabian ťösör (“groats”) (< *kosorь).
* Iljinsky alternatively suggests possible relation to Proto-Slavic *kvasъ (“leaven”), region. *kvaša (whence Russian, Ukrainian ква́ша (kváša, “sour broth”)), *kyša (“slush”) ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kweh₂t(H)- (“to boil, to leaven”). Semantic aspect doubted by Trubačev.
* Būga compares Lithuanian kóšti with Latvian kuôšs (“clear, transparent, fine, delicate, beautiful”) (modern košs) but Endzelīns rejects it, claiming instead kinship of the Latvian adjective to Old Prussian kanxta (“fine, descent”).
In the past, comparison had been further drawn to Ancient Greek κόσκινον (kóskinon, “sieve”), Sanskrit कषति (kaṣati, “scratch”), both refuted by Vasmer.


košara

košàra (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
košàra (nominative singular)
košàrě (dual nominative)
košàry (nominative plural)
košàry (genitive singular)
košàru (dual genitive)
košàrъ (genitive plural)
košàrě (dative singular)
košàrama (dative dual)
košàramъ (dative plural)
košàrǫ (accusative singular)
košàrě (accusative dual)
košàry (accusative plural)
košàrojǫ (instrumental singular)
košàrǭ (instrumental singular)
košàrama (dual instrumental)
košàramī (instrumental plural)
košàrě (locative singular)
košàru (dual locative)
košàrasъ (locative plural)
košàraxъ (locative plural)
košàro (singular vocative)
košàrě (dual vocative)
košàry (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: коша́ра (košára, “sheepfold”)

desc

Ukrainian: коша́ра (košára, “sheepfold”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: кошара (košara)

⇒ Albanian: koshere

⇒ Romanian: coșar

⇒ Hungarian: kosár

Bulgarian: кошара (košara, “sheepfold”)

Macedonian: кошара (košara, “stable”)

Serbo-Croatian: kòšara

Slovene: košȃra (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: košár (< *košarъ)

sheepfold, pen (originally denoting the hedge which formed the pen)


kriti

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

kritьje (noun-from-verb)
kriti (infinitive)
kritъ (supine)
krilъ (l-participle)
kritъ (participle passive past)
krivъ (active participle past)
krixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kri (aorist second-person singular)
kri (aorist singular third-person)
krьnǫ (first-person present singular)
krьneši (present second-person singular)
krьnetь (present singular third-person)
krixově (aorist dual first-person)
krista (aorist dual second-person)
kriste (aorist dual third-person)
krьnevě (dual first-person present)
krьneta (dual present second-person)
krьnete (dual present third-person)
krixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kriste (aorist plural second-person)
krišę (aorist plural third-person)
krьnemъ (first-person plural present)
krьnete (plural present second-person)
krьnǫtь (plural present third-person)
krьni (imperative second-person singular)
krьni (imperative singular third-person)
krьněvě (dual first-person imperative)
krьněta (dual imperative second-person)
krьněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
krьněte (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: крити (kriti), ?*крьнути (*krĭnuti) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old Novgorodian: крити (kriti)

Old East Slavic: крити (kriti), ?*крьнути (*krĭnuti), крьнеть (krĭnetĭ) / кренеть (krenetĭ), крени (kreni)

Belarusian: крану́цца (kranúcca)

Ukrainian: крину́тиса (krynútysa)

Looking only on the meaning “to purchase” it has been related as follows:
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷréyh₂t, root aorist of *kʷreyh₂- (“to buy”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷri-n-h₂ (Derksen) or *kʷri-ne (ЭССЯ), from root *kʷreyh₂- (“to buy”)
Seen as cognate with
Tocharian B karyor (“buying”).
Sanskrit क्रीणाति (krīṇāti, “to buy”) (root क्री (krī),
Persian خریدن (xaridan),
Old Irish crenaid (“to buy”),
Ancient Greek ἐπριάμην (epriámēn, “I bought”).
Also Baltic derivatives:
Old Lithuanian krienas (“money, pay; pretium pro sponsis”),
Latvian kriens (“groom's presents for bride, parents and friends”).
Based on the meaning “to curve” only attested in derived terms one might put it to *(s)ker- (“to turn”).

cog

to make go round, to put into exchange, to cause to circulate

to buy, to purchase, to obtain by commercial exchange


učiti

vyknǫti (perfective)
učenьje (noun-from-verb)
učiti (infinitive)
učitъ (supine)
učilъ (l-participle)
učenъ (participle passive past)
učimъ (participle passive present)
učь (active participle past)
učę (active participle present)
učixъ (aorist first-person singular)
uči (aorist second-person singular)
uči (aorist singular third-person)
učǫ (first-person present singular)
učiši (present second-person singular)
učitь (present singular third-person)
učixově (aorist dual first-person)
učista (aorist dual second-person)
učiste (aorist dual third-person)
učivě (dual first-person present)
učita (dual present second-person)
učite (dual present third-person)
učixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
učiste (aorist plural second-person)
učišę (aorist plural third-person)
učimъ (first-person plural present)
učite (plural present second-person)
učętь (plural present third-person)
učaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
učaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
učaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
uči (imperative second-person singular)
uči (imperative singular third-person)
učaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
učaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
učaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
učivě (dual first-person imperative)
učita (dual imperative second-person)
učaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
učaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
učaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
učimъ (first-person imperative plural)
učite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: учити (učiti) (accent paradigm c)

Belarusian: вучы́ць (vučýcʹ)

Russian: учи́ть (učítʹ), 1sg. учу́ (učú), 3sg. у́чит (účit)

Carpathian Rusyn: учи́ти (učýty)

desc

Ukrainian: учи́ти (učýty), вчи́ти (včýty)

Old Novgorodian: оуцити (uciti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: оучити (učiti), 1sg. оучѫ (učǫ)

Bulgarian: у́ча (úča)

Macedonian: учи (uči)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̀чити

Latin: ùčiti

Slovene: učíti (tonal orthography), 1sg. učím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: učiti

Czech: učit

Polabian: vaucĕt

Old Polish: uczyć

Polish: uczyć

Slovak: učiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wučić

Lower Sorbian: wucyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *auˀkīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁owk-éye-ti, from *h₁ewk-. Balto-Slavic cognates include Lithuanian jaukìnti, jaukinù (“to tame, to domesticate”), Latvian jaûcêt (“to accustom”), Old Prussian iaukint (“to exercise”). Other Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit उच्यति (ucyati, “to be accustomed to”), Old Armenian ուսանիմ (usanim, “to learn”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (biūhts, “accustomed to”).
Derksen has a complex discussion of the possible origin of the acute tone in Balto-Slavic, boiling down to a suggestion by Frederik Kortlandt that initial *u- yielded Balto-Slavic acute under certain conditions.


pražiti

praženьje (noun-from-verb)
pražiti (infinitive)
pražitъ (supine)
pražilъ (l-participle)
praženъ (participle passive past)
pražimъ (participle passive present)
pražь (active participle past)
pražę (active participle present)
pražixъ (aorist first-person singular)
praži (aorist second-person singular)
praži (aorist singular third-person)
pražǫ (first-person present singular)
pražiši (present second-person singular)
pražitь (present singular third-person)
pražixově (aorist dual first-person)
pražista (aorist dual second-person)
pražiste (aorist dual third-person)
praživě (dual first-person present)
pražita (dual present second-person)
pražite (dual present third-person)
pražixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pražiste (aorist plural second-person)
pražišę (aorist plural third-person)
pražimъ (first-person plural present)
pražite (plural present second-person)
pražętь (plural present third-person)
pražaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pražaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pražaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
praži (imperative second-person singular)
praži (imperative singular third-person)
pražaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pražaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pražaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
praživě (dual first-person imperative)
pražita (dual imperative second-person)
pražaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pražaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pražaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pražimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pražite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic

Old East Slavic: пряжити (prjažiti)

Belarusian: пра́жыць (prážycʹ)

Russian: пря́жить (prjážitʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: пра́жити (prážyty), пря́жити (prjážyty)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic: пражити (pražiti)

Bulgarian: пра́жа (práža)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра̏жити

Slovene: prážiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Czech: pražit

Polish: prażyć

Slovak: pražiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pšažyś

Upper Sorbian: pražić

Non-Slavic

→ Romanian: prăji

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *prog-éye-ti, causative of *preg- (“to yearn, covet”).


ščuka

ščùka (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
ščùka (nominative singular)
ščùcě (dual nominative)
ščùky (nominative plural)
ščùky (genitive singular)
ščùku (dual genitive)
ščùkъ (genitive plural)
ščùcě (dative singular)
ščùkama (dative dual)
ščùkamъ (dative plural)
ščùkǫ (accusative singular)
ščùcě (accusative dual)
ščùky (accusative plural)
ščùkojǫ (instrumental singular)
ščùkǭ (instrumental singular)
ščùkama (dual instrumental)
ščùkamī (instrumental plural)
ščùcě (locative singular)
ščùku (dual locative)
ščùkasъ (locative plural)
ščùkaxъ (locative plural)
ščùko (singular vocative)
ščùcě (dual vocative)
ščùky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

desctree

Old Ruthenian: щу́ка (ščúka)
Carpathian Rusyn: щу́ка (ščúka)
Ukrainian: щу́ка (ščúka); щю́ка (ščjúka) (dialectal)

Russian: щу́ка (ščúka)

Old Novgorodian: щюка (ščjuka)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: щу́ка (štúka)

Macedonian: шту́ка (štúka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: шту̏ка

Latin: štȕka

Slovene: ščúka (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ščuka

Czech: štika

Kashubian: szczëka

Polabian: sťauko

Old Polish: szczuka

Slovak: šťuka

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: šćuk m

Upper Sorbian: šćuka

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: csuka

→ Romanian: ciucă

→ Romanian: știucă

Further etymology is unknown. Some linguists suggest origin from Proto-Indo-European *skew-, with determinative *-k-. However compare with the Polish name for the pike, newly formed in the 17th-century, szczupak, derived from szczupać (“to pinch”), by comparison with which one derives *ščuka too as deverbal from *ščukati (“to pinch”) – named after the fish’s predatory behaviour. Probably also related to Proto-Finnic *hauki, which may be borrowed from Slavic, or both words may originate from a substrate.


gaziti

gàziti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
gaženьje (noun-from-verb)
gaziti (infinitive)
gazitъ (supine)
gazilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
gaženъ (participle passive past)
gazimъ (participle passive present)
gažь (active participle past)
gazę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
gazixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gazi (aorist second-person singular)
gazi (aorist singular third-person)
gažǫ (first-person present singular)
gaziši (present second-person singular)
gazitь (present singular third-person)
gazixově (aorist dual first-person)
gazista (aorist dual second-person)
gaziste (aorist dual third-person)
gazivě (dual first-person present)
gazita (dual present second-person)
gazite (dual present third-person)
gazixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gaziste (aorist plural second-person)
gazišę (aorist plural third-person)
gazimъ (first-person plural present)
gazite (plural present second-person)
gazętь (plural present third-person)
gažaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gažaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gažaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gazi (imperative second-person singular)
gazi (imperative singular third-person)
gažaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gažaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gažaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gazivě (dual first-person imperative)
gazita (dual imperative second-person)
gažaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gažaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gažaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gazimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gazite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

⇒ Russian Church Slavonic: изгазити (izgaziti)

desc

Bulgarian: га́зя (gázja, “to tread; to override, to get in trouble”)

Macedonian: гази (gazi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̏зити

Latin script: gȁziti

Slovene: gáziti
→ Gottscheerish: gazn

* ЭССЯ: probably from *gazъ, from extension of Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“to go”)
* Derksen: from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gāˀź-, from Proto-Indo-European *g(ʷ)eHǵʰ-
: Baltic cognates include Lithuanian góžti (“to overthrow, overturn, pour out”), Latvian gâzt (“to overthrow, overturn, pour (out)”)
: Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit गाहते (gāhate, “to penetrate, step into the water, wade”)


palica

pàlica (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
palica (nominative singular)
palici (dual nominative)
palicę̇ (nominative plural)
palicę̇ (genitive singular)
palicu (dual genitive)
palicь (genitive plural)
palicī (dative singular)
palicama (dative dual)
palicāmъ (dative plural)
palicǫ (accusative singular)
palici (accusative dual)
palicę̇ (accusative plural)
palicējǫ (instrumental singular)
palicǭ (instrumental singular)
palicama (dual instrumental)
palicāmī (instrumental plural)
palicī (locative singular)
palicu (dual locative)
palicāsъ (locative plural)
palice (singular vocative)
palici (dual vocative)
palicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: па́ліца (pálica)

Russian: па́лица (pálica)

Ukrainian: па́лиця (pálycja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: палица (palica)

Bulgarian: па́лица (pálica)

Macedonian: палица (palica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̏лица

Latin script: pȁlica

Slovene: pálica (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: palicě

Czech: palice

Moravian (Mistřice): palica

Polish: palica

Slovak: palica

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: pálca

→ Romanian: paliță

From *palъ (“thick stick, pillar”) + *-ica, attested as Polish pal, of unclear origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (“to stroke, to pound”) or *(s)pelH- (“to split”). Despite phonetic similarities, likely unrelated to Latin pālus (“stake, pale”).


lomiti

lomìti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
lomľenьje (noun-from-verb)
lomiti (infinitive)
lomitъ (supine)
lomilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
lomľenъ (participle passive past)
lomimъ (participle passive present)
lomľь (active participle past)
lomę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
lomixъ (aorist first-person singular)
lomi (aorist second-person singular)
lomi (aorist singular third-person)
lomľǫ (first-person present singular)
lomiši (present second-person singular)
lomitь (present singular third-person)
lomixově (aorist dual first-person)
lomista (aorist dual second-person)
lomiste (aorist dual third-person)
lomivě (dual first-person present)
lomita (dual present second-person)
lomite (dual present third-person)
lomixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lomiste (aorist plural second-person)
lomišę (aorist plural third-person)
lomimъ (first-person plural present)
lomite (plural present second-person)
lomętь (plural present third-person)
lomľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lomľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lomľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lomi (imperative second-person singular)
lomi (imperative singular third-person)
lomľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lomľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lomľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lomivě (dual first-person imperative)
lomita (dual imperative second-person)
lomľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lomľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lomľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lomimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lomite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ломити (lomiti)

Belarusian: ламі́ць (lamícʹ)

Russian: ломи́ть (lomítʹ)

Ukrainian: ломи́ти (lomýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: ломити (lomiti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ломя́ (lomjá)

Macedonian: ломи (lomi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ло̀мити

Latin script: lòmiti

Slovene: lomīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lomiti

Czech: lomit

Polabian: lümĕt

desctree

Old Polish: łomić
Polish: (obsolete) łomić

Slovak: lomiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łomiś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *lamˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *lemH-, *h₃lemH-.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian lémti (“to decide, to determine”), Latvian lem̃t (“to decide, to determine”), Old Prussian lembtwey, limtwey, limtwei (“to break”).
Per Vasmer, cognate with Old Norse lemja (“to beat”). Compare English lame.


kovati

kovàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanьje (noun-from-verb)
kovati (infinitive)
kovatъ (supine)
kovalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanъ (participle passive past)
kovomъ (participle passive present)
kovavъ (active participle past)
kovy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kova (aorist second-person singular)
kova (aorist singular third-person)
kovǫ (first-person present singular)
koveši (present second-person singular)
kovetь (present singular third-person)
kovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kovasta (aorist dual second-person)
kovaste (aorist dual third-person)
kovevě (dual first-person present)
koveta (dual present second-person)
kovete (dual present third-person)
kovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kovaste (aorist plural second-person)
kovašę (aorist plural third-person)
kovemъ (first-person plural present)
kovete (plural present second-person)
kovǫtь (plural present third-person)
kovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kovi (imperative second-person singular)
kovi (imperative singular third-person)
kovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kověvě (dual first-person imperative)
kověta (dual imperative second-person)
kovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kověte (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanьje (noun-from-verb)
kovati (infinitive)
kovatъ (supine)
kovalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovanъ (participle passive past)
kujemъ (participle passive present)
kovavъ (active participle past)
kuję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kova (aorist second-person singular)
kova (aorist singular third-person)
kujǫ (first-person present singular)
kuješi (present second-person singular)
kujetь (present singular third-person)
kovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kovasta (aorist dual second-person)
kovaste (aorist dual third-person)
kujevě (dual first-person present)
kujeta (dual present second-person)
kujete (dual present third-person)
kovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kovaste (aorist plural second-person)
kovašę (aorist plural third-person)
kujemъ (first-person plural present)
kujete (plural present second-person)
kujǫtь (plural present third-person)
kovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kuji (imperative second-person singular)
kuji (imperative singular third-person)
kovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kujivě (dual first-person imperative)
kujita (dual imperative second-person)
kovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kujite (imperative plural second-person)
kutьje (noun-from-verb)
kuti (infinitive)
kutъ (supine)
kulъ (l-participle)
kutъ (participle passive past)
kovomъ (participle passive present)
kuvъ (active participle past)
kovy (active participle present)
kuxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ku (aorist second-person singular)
ku (aorist singular third-person)
kovǫ (first-person present singular)
koveši (present second-person singular)
kovetь (present singular third-person)
kuxově (aorist dual first-person)
kusta (aorist dual second-person)
kuste (aorist dual third-person)
kovevě (dual first-person present)
koveta (dual present second-person)
kovete (dual present third-person)
kuxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kuste (aorist plural second-person)
kušę (aorist plural third-person)
kovemъ (first-person plural present)
kovete (plural present second-person)
kovǫtь (plural present third-person)
kověaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kověaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kověaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kovi (imperative second-person singular)
kovi (imperative singular third-person)
kověaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kověašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kověašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kověvě (dual first-person imperative)
kověta (dual imperative second-person)
kověaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kověašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kověaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
kověte (imperative plural second-person)
kutьje (noun-from-verb)
kuti (infinitive)
kutъ (supine)
kulъ (l-participle)
kutъ (participle passive past)
kujemъ (participle passive present)
kuvъ (active participle past)
kuję (active participle present)
kuxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ku (aorist second-person singular)
ku (aorist singular third-person)
kujǫ (first-person present singular)
kuješi (present second-person singular)
kujetь (present singular third-person)
kuxově (aorist dual first-person)
kusta (aorist dual second-person)
kuste (aorist dual third-person)
kujevě (dual first-person present)
kujeta (dual present second-person)
kujete (dual present third-person)
kuxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kuste (aorist plural second-person)
kušę (aorist plural third-person)
kujemъ (first-person plural present)
kujete (plural present second-person)
kujǫtь (plural present third-person)
kujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kuji (imperative second-person singular)
kuji (imperative singular third-person)
kujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kujivě (dual first-person imperative)
kujita (dual imperative second-person)
kujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ковати (kovati)

Belarusian: кава́ць (kavácʹ)

Russian: кова́ть (kovátʹ)

Ukrainian: кува́ти (kuváty)

Old Novgorodian: кова́ти (kováti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: ковати (kovati)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱁⰲⰰⱅⰹ (kovati)

Bulgarian: кова́ (ková)

Macedonian: кове (kove)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀вати

Latin script: kòvati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kováti, kúti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kovati

Czech: kout, kovat

Old Polish: kować

Polish: kuć, kować (dialectal)

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: kôwac

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: ковац (kovac)

Slovak: kovať, kuť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kować

Lower Sorbian: kowaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂-, from the root *kewh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian káuti (“to hew, to beat, to murder”), Latvian kaût (“to fight”), Latin cūdere (“to forge, to beat, to grind”), Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew, to beat”), Old High German houwan (“to hew, to beat”), Old Irish cuad (“to beat, to fight”).


paliti

pālìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
paľenьje (noun-from-verb)
paliti (infinitive)
palitъ (supine)
palilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
paľenъ (participle passive past)
palimъ (participle passive present)
paľь (active participle past)
palę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
palixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pali (aorist second-person singular)
pali (aorist singular third-person)
paľǫ (first-person present singular)
pališi (present second-person singular)
palitь (present singular third-person)
palixově (aorist dual first-person)
palista (aorist dual second-person)
paliste (aorist dual third-person)
palivě (dual first-person present)
palita (dual present second-person)
palite (dual present third-person)
palixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
paliste (aorist plural second-person)
pališę (aorist plural third-person)
palimъ (first-person plural present)
palite (plural present second-person)
palętь (plural present third-person)
paľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
paľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
paľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pali (imperative second-person singular)
pali (imperative singular third-person)
paľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
paľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
paľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
palivě (dual first-person imperative)
palita (dual imperative second-person)
paľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
paľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
paľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
palimъ (first-person imperative plural)
palite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: палити (paliti) (accent paradigm b)

Belarusian: палі́ць (palícʹ)

Russian: пали́ть (palítʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: пали́ти (palýty)

Ukrainian: пали́ти (palýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: палити (paliti)

Glagolitic: ⱂⰰⰾⰻⱅⰻ (paliti)

Bulgarian: па́ля (pálja)

Macedonian: пали (pali)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па́лити

Latin script: páliti

Old Slovene: páliti

Slovene: páliti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: páliti

Czech: pálit

Kashubian: palëc

Old Polish: palić

Polish: palić

Silesian: pŏlić

Old Slovak: páliť

Slovak: páliť

Slovincian: palëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: palić

Lower Sorbian: paliś

→ Romanian: păli (“to burn, to strike”)

Iterative stem of *polti (“to set on fire”) + *-iti (whence dialectal Slovene pláti). Related to Lithuanian pelenaĩ (“ashes”), plė́nis (“speck, fine ashes”), Latvian plẽne (“white ashes on coals”), Old Prussian pelanne (“ashes”).
Further origin uncertain:
* Per Rix (LIV), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *pōl-eye-, a causative/iterative from the root *pel- (“to propel, to evolve, to fold”).
* Per Derksen from the root *pelh₁-, probably meaning “to stroke, to pound”, with a laryngeal due to the evidence of a Balto-Slavic acute. Cognate with Ancient Greek πάλλω (pállō, “to sway”), possibly Proto-West Germanic *fōlijan (“to feel”). Compare *pèlti.

podъpalъka

*palъkъ m (“burst”), *palъka f (“ignition”)


aga

àga (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
àga (nominative singular)
àdzě (dual nominative)
àgy (nominative plural)
àgy (genitive singular)
àgu (dual genitive)
àgъ (genitive plural)
àdzě (dative singular)
àgama (dative dual)
àgamъ (dative plural)
àgǫ (accusative singular)
àdzě (accusative dual)
àgy (accusative plural)
àgojǫ (instrumental singular)
àgǭ (instrumental singular)
àgama (dual instrumental)
àgamī (instrumental plural)
àdzě (locative singular)
àgu (dual locative)
àgasъ (locative plural)
àgaxъ (locative plural)
àgo (singular vocative)
àdzě (dual vocative)
àgy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀgāˀ, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂. Possible cognates include Proto-Celtic *agrinyos (“sloe, small plum, berry”), Tocharian B oko (“fruit”), Proto-Germanic *akraną (“fruit”).
Evidenced by derived term(s) only.

cog

berry, small fruit
→ (figuratively) cheek


nesti

nesenьje (noun-from-verb)
nesti (infinitive)
nestъ (supine)
neslъ (l-participle)
nesenъ (participle passive past)
nesomъ (participle passive present)
nesъ (active participle past)
nesy (active participle present)
nesъ (aorist first-person singular)
nesoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
nese (aorist second-person singular)
nese (aorist singular third-person)
nesǫ (first-person present singular)
neseši (present second-person singular)
nesetь (present singular third-person)
nesově (aorist dual first-person)
nesoxově (aorist dual first-person)
neseta (aorist dual second-person)
nesosta (aorist dual second-person)
nesete (aorist dual third-person)
nesoste (aorist dual third-person)
nesevě (dual first-person present)
neseta (dual present second-person)
nesete (dual present third-person)
nesomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nesoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
nesete (aorist plural second-person)
nesoste (aorist plural second-person)
nesǫ (aorist plural third-person)
nesošę (aorist plural third-person)
nesemъ (first-person plural present)
nesete (plural present second-person)
nesǫtь (plural present third-person)
nesěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
nesěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
nesěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
nesi (imperative second-person singular)
nesi (imperative singular third-person)
nesěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
nesěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
nesěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
nesěvě (dual first-person imperative)
nesěta (dual imperative second-person)
nesěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
nesěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
nesěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
nesěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
nesěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: нести (nesti)
Old Ruthenian: нести (nesti)
Belarusian: не́сці (njésci)
Carpathian Rusyn: не́сти (nésty)
Ukrainian: нести́ (nestý)
Russian: нести́ (nestí)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: нести (nesti)

Glagolitic: ⱀⰵⱄⱅⰻ (nesti)

Bulgarian: неса́ (nesá) (dialectal)

Macedonian: несе (nese)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̏сти

Latin script: nȅsti

Slovene: nésti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: nésti

Czech: nést

Old Polish: nieść

Polish: nieść

Silesian: niyś

Slovincian: njêsc

Slovak: niesť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: njesć

Lower Sorbian: njasć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *neśtei (“to carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁neḱ-. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἤνεγκα (ḗnenka, “I brought”) (aorist of φέρω (phérō)).


lapa

lapa (nominative singular)
lapě (dual nominative)
lapy (nominative plural)
lapy (genitive singular)
lapu (dual genitive)
lapъ (genitive plural)
lapě (dative singular)
lapama (dative dual)
lapamъ (dative plural)
lapǫ (accusative singular)
lapě (accusative dual)
lapy (accusative plural)
lapojǫ (instrumental singular)
lapǫ (instrumental singular)
lapama (dual instrumental)
lapami (instrumental plural)
lapě (locative singular)
lapu (dual locative)
lapasъ (locative plural)
lapaxъ (locative plural)
lapo (singular vocative)
lapě (dual vocative)
lapy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: ла́па (lápa)

Belarusian: ла́па (lápa)

Ukrainian: ла́па (lápa)

Russian: ла́па (lápa)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: лапа (lapa)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⰰⱂⰰ (lapa)

Bulgarian: ла́па (lápa)

Macedonian: лапа (lapa)

Slovene: lápa (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: tlapa

Polish: łapa; dłapa (dialectal)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *lāˀpāˀ. Cognate with Latvian lāpа, Lithuanian lopa, Proto-Germanic *lōfô. Related to *lopъ.


granica

granìca (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
granìca (nominative singular)
granìci (dual nominative)
granìcę̇ (nominative plural)
granìcę̇ (genitive singular)
granìcu (dual genitive)
granìcь (genitive plural)
granìcī (dative singular)
granìcama (dative dual)
granìcāmъ (dative plural)
granìcǫ (accusative singular)
granìci (accusative dual)
granìcę̇ (accusative plural)
granìcējǫ (instrumental singular)
granìcǭ (instrumental singular)
granìcama (dual instrumental)
granìcāmī (instrumental plural)
granìcī (locative singular)
granìcu (dual locative)
granìcāsъ (locative plural)
granìce (singular vocative)
granìci (dual vocative)
granìcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: граница (granica)

Belarusian: грані́ца (hraníca)

Russian: грани́ца (graníca)

Ukrainian: грани́ця (hranýcja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: граница (granica)

Bulgarian: гра́ница (gránica)

Macedonian: граница (granica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гра̀ница

Latin script: grànica

Slovene: grȃnica (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hranicě
Czech: hranice

Old Polish: granica, grańca
Polish: granica
Silesian: granica
→ Latin: granicia

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: grańca

Slovak: hranica

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: granica

Upper Sorbian: hranica

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: granë

→ Hungarian: gránic

desc

→ Middle High German: grenitze, granizze (from Polish and/or Sorbian)

German: Grenze

Yiddish: גרענעץ (grenets)

→ Middle Low German: grensze (from Polish and/or Polabian)

→ Danish: grænse

→ Dutch: grens

→ Swedish: gräns

→ Romanian: graniță

*grana, *granь (“branch; border”) + *-ica.

suffix

border, boundary, limit, a line that separates things or areas

sharp branch, sharp tip or twig of a plant, apex


vesti

vestì (canonical)
c (accent-paradigm)
vedenьje (noun-from-verb)
vesti (infinitive)
vestъ (supine)
vedlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
vedenъ (participle passive past)
vedomъ (participle passive present)
vedъ (active participle past)
vedy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
vedъ (aorist first-person singular)
vedoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vede (aorist second-person singular)
vede (aorist singular third-person)
vedǫ (first-person present singular)
vedeši (present second-person singular)
vedetь (present singular third-person)
vedově (aorist dual first-person)
vedoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vedeta (aorist dual second-person)
vedosta (aorist dual second-person)
vedete (aorist dual third-person)
vedoste (aorist dual third-person)
vedevě (dual first-person present)
vedeta (dual present second-person)
vedete (dual present third-person)
vedomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vedoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vedete (aorist plural second-person)
vedoste (aorist plural second-person)
vedǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vedošę (aorist plural third-person)
vedemъ (first-person plural present)
vedete (plural present second-person)
vedǫtь (plural present third-person)
veděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
veděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
veděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vedi (imperative second-person singular)
vedi (imperative singular third-person)
veděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
veděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
veděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
veděvě (dual first-person imperative)
veděta (dual imperative second-person)
veděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
veděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
veděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
veděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
veděte (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
vedenьje (noun-from-verb)
vesti (infinitive)
vestъ (supine)
vedlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
vedenъ (participle passive past)
vedomъ (participle passive present)
vedъ (active participle past)
vedy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
věsъ (aorist first-person singular)
vede (aorist second-person singular)
vede (aorist singular third-person)
vedǫ (first-person present singular)
vedeši (present second-person singular)
vedetь (present singular third-person)
věsově (aorist dual first-person)
věsta (aorist dual second-person)
věste (aorist dual third-person)
vedevě (dual first-person present)
vedeta (dual present second-person)
vedete (dual present third-person)
věsomъ (aorist first-person plural)
věste (aorist plural second-person)
věsę (aorist plural third-person)
vedemъ (first-person plural present)
vedete (plural present second-person)
vedǫtь (plural present third-person)
veděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
veděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
veděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vedi (imperative second-person singular)
vedi (imperative singular third-person)
veděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
veděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
veděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
veděvě (dual first-person imperative)
veděta (dual imperative second-person)
veděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
veděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
veděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
veděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
veděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: вести (vesti)
Old Ruthenian: вести (vesti)
Belarusian: ве́сці (vjésci)
Carpathian Rusyn: ве́сти (vésty)
Ukrainian: вести́ (vestý)
Russian: вести́ (vestí)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰵⱄⱅⰹ (vesti)

Old Cyrillic script: вести (vesti)

Bulgarian: веда́ (vedá)

Macedonian:

Slovene: vésti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vésti

Czech: vést

Old Polish: wieść

Polish: wieść

Slovak: viesť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wjesć

Lower Sorbian: wjasć

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *westéi, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ-.


-ota

-otà (canonical feminine)
-ota (nominative singular)
-otě (dual nominative)
-oty (nominative plural)
-oty (genitive singular)
-otu (dual genitive)
-otъ (genitive plural)
-otě (dative singular)
-otama (dative dual)
-otamъ (dative plural)
-otǫ (accusative singular)
-otě (accusative dual)
-oty (accusative plural)
-otojǫ (instrumental singular)
-otǫ (instrumental singular)
-otama (dual instrumental)
-otami (instrumental plural)
-otě (locative singular)
-otu (dual locative)
-otasъ (locative plural)
-otaxъ (locative plural)
-oto (singular vocative)
-otě (dual vocative)
-oty (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: -ота (-ota)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ота (-ota)

Old Ruthenian: -ота́ (-otá)

Belarusian: -ата (-ata), -о́та (-óta)

Ukrainian: -о́та (-óta), -ота́ (-otá)

Russian: -ота́ (-otá)

Old Novgorodian: -ота (-ota)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ота (-ota)

Glagolitic script: ⱁⱅⰰ (ota)

Bulgarian: -ота́ (-otá)

Macedonian: -ота (-ota)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -о̀та

Latin script: -òta

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: -óta, -ọ̑ta (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ota

Czech: -ota

Old Polish: -ota

Polish: -ota

Polabian: -ötă

Slovak: -ota

Slovincian: -ôta

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ota

Lower Sorbian: -ota

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-atā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-otéh₂, encountered in Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrgha, “long”) : दीर्घता (dīrghatā, “length, longness”).

dьlgъ (“long”) → *dьlgota (“length”)

golъ (“bare, naked”) → *golotа (“nakedness”)

slěpъ (“blind”) → *slěpota (“blindness”)

bělъ (“white”) → *bělota (“whiteness”)

ostrъ (“sharp”) → *ostrota (“sharpness”)

Deadjectival, forming abstract nouns denoting the specified attribute; -ness

gǫstъ (“dense”) → *gǫstota (“density”)

čęstъ (“frequent”) → *čęstota (“frequency”)

širokъ (“wide”) → *širota (“width”)

teplъ (“warm, hot”) → *teplota (“heat, temperature”)

Deadjectival, forming gauge nouns measuring the specified attribute; -ity, -th

sirъ (“sorrow”) → *sirota (“orphan”)

junъ (“young”) → *junota (“youth”)

pěxъ (“pedestrian”) → *pěxota (“infantry”)

Deadjectival, forming agent nouns carrying the specified attribute

orbъ (“servant, slave”) → *orbota (“work”)

tъska (“melancholy, sorrow, grief”) → *tъščь (“hollow”) → *tъščeta (“damage”)

krasa (“beauty”) → *krasota (“beauty”)

sormъ (“shame”) → *sormota (“embarrassment, disgrace”)

Denominal, forming activities or abstractions


melko

melkò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
mēlkò (nominative singular)
mēlkà (genitive singular)
mēlkù (dative singular)
mēlkò (accusative singular)
mēlkъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
mēlkòmь (instrumental singular)
mēlcě̀ (locative singular)
mēlkò (singular vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: молоко (moloko)

Old Ruthenian: молоко́ (molokó)

Old Belarusian: малако́ (malakó)

Belarusian: малако́ (malakó)

Carpathian Rusyn: молоко́ (molokó)

Ukrainian: молоко́ (molokó)

desctree

Russian: молоко́ (molokó)
→ Yup'ik: muluk'uuq, malak'uuq

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: млѣко (mlěko)

Glagolitic: ⰿⰾⱑⰽⱁ (mlěko)

Bulgarian: мля́ко (mljáko)

Macedonian: мле́ко (mléko)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мле́ко, млије́ко, мли́ко

Latin: mléko, mlijéko, mlíko

Slovene: mlẹ́ko (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mléko

Czech: mléko

Bohemian (sla-pro, Common Czech): mlíko

Old Polish: mleko
Polish: mleko
Silesian: mlyko

Old Slovak: mlieko

Pannonian Rusyn: млєко (mljeko)

Slovak: mlieko

Polabian: mlåkă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mlékò

Slovincian: mlókô

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mloko

Lower Sorbian: mloko

Uncertain:
* Borrowed from either Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks, “milk”) or Proto-West Germanic *meluk (“milk”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”) with unexpected 'u' (cp. *melkaną (“to milk”)).
** Related to: *melzti (“to milk”), *melza, *melzivo and Tocharian A malke (“milk”), Tocharian B malkwer (“milk”), Old Irish melg n (“milk”), mlicht m (“milk”) : mligid (“to milk”), Welsh blith m (“milk”) and Proto-Samic *mielkkē (“milk”).
** (+) Proto-Indo-European palatovelar */ǵ/ is reflexed as centum and voiceless (inherited form would be **melzo or **melgo). See also Latin melca f, Ancient Greek μέλκᾱ f (mélkā).
** (∓) u > ъ is expected (per ESSJa: **mьlъcь, **mьlьčь). This would require an intermediary language that would drop the medial *-u- from Proto-Germanic word and thematicize the stem. But compare Old Church Slavonic срацини (sracini) : Latin Saracēnī.
** (–) Neuter gender of the Slavic word: loanwords rarely become neuter when they are borrowed into Proto-Slavic, and neuter donor words mainly become masculine or feminine.
** (–) per Oleg Trubačev: it belongs to the accent paradigm b. However, this argument is weak since the final stress goes back to earlier stem stress, which is not unlikely among the Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic.
* Per A. Brückner, Valentin Kiparsky: from Proto-Indo-European *melk- or *melḱ-.
** Related to 1: *molka, *molkyta (> Serbo-Croatian mlȁka/мла̏ка (“pool, puddle”), Old East Slavic молокита (molokita, “swamp”) and Romanian mlacă (“swamp, marsh”), mlaștină (“swamp”)) and Lithuanian mal̃kas (“swallow (gulp)”), Latvian màlks, màlka.
** Related to 2: Russian мо́лость (mólostʹ, “bad weather”)
** Related to 1/2: Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌼𐌰 (milhma, “cloud”), possibly Ancient Greek μέλκιον (mélkion), Latin mulceō
** This etymology has been criticized as semantically far-fetched.
Compare milk names:
* Old Prussian dadan (“milk”) : ?
* Lithuanian píenas m (“milk”) : mélžti (“to milk”), Sanskrit पयस् n (payas, “milk”) : ?, Proto-Finnic *piimä (“milk”) (also Proto-Finnic *maito (“milk”)).
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám n (“milk”) : ?, Albanian hirrë f (“whey”)
* Ancient Greek γάλα n (gála, “milk”), γάλακτος (gálaktos, Gsg.) : ἀμέλγω (amélgō, “I milk”), Latin lac n (“milk”), lactis (Gsg.) : mulgeō (“I milk”)
* Albanian tambël m (“milk, whey”) (< ëmbël (“sweet”)) : mjel (“I milk”). See also Proto-Indo-European *mélit n (“honey”), *médʰu n.

nc

с<u>ра</u>цини

cog

Rick Derksen
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


dira

dìra (canonical feminine)
dira (nominative singular)
dirě (dual nominative)
diry (nominative plural)
diry (genitive singular)
diru (dual genitive)
dirъ (genitive plural)
dirě (dative singular)
dirama (dative dual)
diramъ (dative plural)
dirǫ (accusative singular)
dirě (accusative dual)
diry (accusative plural)
dirojǫ (instrumental singular)
dirǫ (instrumental singular)
dirama (dual instrumental)
dirami (instrumental plural)
dirě (locative singular)
diru (dual locative)
dirasъ (locative plural)
diraxъ (locative plural)
diro (singular vocative)
dirě (dual vocative)
diry (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дира (dira)

Old Ruthenian: дира́ (dirá)

Belarusian: дзіра́ (dzirá)

Russian: дира́ (dirá) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: дира (dira), дирꙗ (dirja)

Bulgarian: ди́ря (dírja), dial. ди́ра (díra)

Macedonian: дира (dira) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ди̏рa, ди̑ра

Latin script: dȉra, dȋra

Slovene: dírja (“trot”)

West Slavic:

Polabian: dară

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: dâră

From the intensive stem *dir- + *-a of Proto-Slavic *dьrati (“to tear”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”).
Derksen tentatively mentions a possible influence from Proto-Indo-European *deyH-r- (“to appear, to illuminate”), whence Lithuanian dyrėti (“to look for”).


dura

dura (nominative singular)
durě (dual nominative)
dury (nominative plural)
dury (genitive singular)
duru (dual genitive)
durъ (genitive plural)
durě (dative singular)
durama (dative dual)
duramъ (dative plural)
durǫ (accusative singular)
durě (accusative dual)
dury (accusative plural)
durojǫ (instrumental singular)
durǫ (instrumental singular)
durama (dual instrumental)
durami (instrumental plural)
durě (locative singular)
duru (dual locative)
durasъ (locative plural)
duraxъ (locative plural)
duro (singular vocative)
durě (dual vocative)
dury (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Czech: ďoura, ďúra, džura

Polish: dziura, dura (dialectal)

→ Old Ruthenian: дзюра (dzjura)

Belarusian: (dialectal) дзюра́ (dzjurá)

Ukrainian: (dialectal) дюра́ (djurá)

Slovincian: dzúra

, *ama


kaka

East Slavic:

Middle Russian: ка́ка (káka) (18ᵗʰ cent.)

Russian: ка́ка (káka)

Carpathian Rusyn: ка́ка (káka)

Ukrainian: ка́ка (káka), ка́ки (káky)

⇒ Ukrainian: ка́кало (kákalo) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: а́ко (áko)

Macedonian: кака (kaka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка́ка

Latin script: káka

West Slavic:

Slovak: kaka (children term)

⇒ Slovak: kakanica

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kākā, from Proto-Indo-European *kakka- (“to defecate”). Baltic cognates include Latvian kaka, Lithuanian kaka.


borda

bordà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
bordà (nominative singular)
bȏrdě (dual nominative)
bȏrdy (nominative plural)
bordý (genitive singular)
bordù (dual genitive)
bõrdъ (genitive plural)
bordě̀ (dative singular)
bordàma (dative dual)
bordàmъ (dative plural)
bȏrdǫ (accusative singular)
bȏrdě (accusative dual)
bȏrdy (accusative plural)
bordojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
bordàma (dual instrumental)
bordàmi (instrumental plural)
bȏrdě (locative singular)
bordù (dual locative)
bordàsъ (locative plural)
bordàxъ (locative plural)
bordo (singular vocative)
bȏrdě (dual vocative)
bȏrdy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: борода (boroda)
Old Ruthenian: борода́ (borodá)
Old Belarusian: борода (boroda)
Belarusian: барада́ (baradá)
Carpathian Rusyn: бо́рода (bóroda)
Ukrainian: борода́ (borodá)
Russian: борода́ (borodá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: брада (brada)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱃⰰⰴⰰ (brada)

Bulgarian: брада́ (bradá)

Macedonian: брада (brada)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бра́да, бра̏да

Latin script: bráda, brȁda

Slovene: bráda (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brada

Czech: brada

Kashubian: barda, broda

Polabian: brödă

Polish: broda

Slovak: brada

Slovincian: brôda

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: broda

Upper Sorbian: broda

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bardā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂.


ryba

rỳba (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
rỳba (nominative singular)
rỳbě (dual nominative)
rỳby (nominative plural)
rỳby (genitive singular)
rỳbu (dual genitive)
rỳbъ (genitive plural)
rỳbě (dative singular)
rỳbama (dative dual)
rỳbamъ (dative plural)
rỳbǫ (accusative singular)
rỳbě (accusative dual)
rỳby (accusative plural)
rỳbojǫ (instrumental singular)
rỳbǭ (instrumental singular)
rỳbama (dual instrumental)
rỳbamī (instrumental plural)
rỳbě (locative singular)
rỳbu (dual locative)
rỳbasъ (locative plural)
rỳbaxъ (locative plural)
rỳbo (singular vocative)
rỳbě (dual vocative)
rỳby (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рꙑба (ryba), риба (riba)
Old Ruthenian: рыба (ryba), риба (riba)
Belarusian: ры́ба (rýba)
Carpathian Rusyn: ры́ба (rŷ́ba)
Ukrainian: ри́ба (rýba)
Russian: ры́ба (rýba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: рꙑба (ryba)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⱏⰺⰱⰰ (ryba)

Bulgarian: ри́ба (ríba)

Macedonian: ри́ба (ríba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ри̏ба

Latin script: rȉba

Slovene: ríba (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ryba

Czech: ryba

Old Polish: ryba
Polish: ryba
Silesian: ryba

Old Slovak: ryba

Pannonian Rusyn: риба (riba)

Slovak: ryba

Polabian: råibo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: rëba

Slovincian: rëba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ryba

Lower Sorbian: ryba

Uncertain.
The central Indo-European word for "fish" *dʰǵʰu- (“fish”) (yielding Ancient Greek ἰχθύς (ikhthús), Lithuanian žuvìs, Old Armenian ձուկն (jukn)) would have given Proto-Slavic v-stem **zy (genitive **zъve, accusative **zъvь), and was, as the theory goes, avoided by fishermen due to taboo, or because it would have sounded too similar to the verb *zъvati (“to call”).
Some of the proposed etymologies include:
* Toporov: From Early Proto-Slavic *rų̄bā, which is then comparable to *rębъ (“speckled, motley, variegated”), with fish scales being the semantic connection. For a similar development compare *pьstry (“salmonid fish”), originally "the colorful/variegated one" < *pьstrъ (“variegated”).
* Loewenthal: From earlier *rų̄bā, but instead from Proto-Indo-European *wremb- (“to twist around”), akin to Proto-Germanic *wrimpaną (“to wince”), Ancient Greek ῥέμβω (rhémbō, “to roam, to turn in circles”). Doubted by Vasmer.
* Vaillant: Perhaps originally a collection/action noun from *ryti (“to dig, to snout”) + *-ba, initially referring to the process “fishing” and later (by abstraction) to the yield “fish”.
* Mladenov: Akin to Proto-Slavic *ruxъ (“movement, deformation”), *ryxlъ (“swift, quick”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rew- (“to hurry”).
* Jakobson, Schmalstieg, Snoj: From Proto-Balto-Slavic *jūˀr- (“water, swamp, pond”), whence Lithuanian jū́ra (“sea”), Latvian jūra (“sea”) and perhaps akin to Proto-Slavic *juriti (“to charge, to plunge”), *jurъkъ (“whisk, agile”), with a rare metathesis *ūr- > *rū- + the suffix *-ba for forming abstract nouns.
Early scholars (Uhlenbeck, Berneker, Mikkola, Walde-Hofmann) had tentatively compared the Slavic word with Old High German rūppa (“caterpillar”) or Latin rubēta (“bramble toad”), which nowadays are commonly viewed as unrelated.


pasmo

pàsmo (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
pasmo (nominative singular)
pàsmě (dual nominative)
pàsma (nominative plural)
pàsma (genitive singular)
pàsmu (dual genitive)
pàsmъ (genitive plural)
pàsmu (dative singular)
pàsmoma (dative dual)
pàsmomъ (dative plural)
pasmo (accusative singular)
pàsmě (accusative dual)
pàsma (accusative plural)
pàsmъmь (instrumental singular)
pàsmomь (instrumental singular)
pàsmoma (dual instrumental)
pàsmȳ (instrumental plural)
pàsmě (locative singular)
pàsmu (dual locative)
pàsmě̄xъ (locative plural)
pasmo (singular vocative)
pàsmě (dual vocative)
pàsma (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пасмо (pasmo)

Old Ruthenian: па́смо (pásmo)

Belarusian: па́сма (pásma)

Ukrainian: па́смо́ (pásmó)

desc

Russian: па́смо (pásmo), па́сьмо (pásʹmo)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: па́смо́ (pásmó)

Serbo-Croatian: (obsolete)

Cyrillic script: па̏смо

Latin script: pȁsmo

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: pásmo, pȃsma (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pásmo

Kashubian: pasmò

Old Polish: pasmo

Polish: pasmo

Slovak: pásmo (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pasmo

Upper Sorbian: pasmo

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: põsmas

Cognate with Latvian puõsms (“link”), formally reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *pṓˀsma. Endzelīns considers it a Balto-Slavic innovation.
Further origin is unclear. Has been compared with:
* Dutch vezel (“fibre”), German Faser (“fibre”), diminutives of an earlier Proto-West Germanic *fasō. Per Miklošič, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pes- (“to bulge”).
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *páćšma (“filament”), Proto-Germanic *fahsą (“hair”), from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck”).
Neither of these theories explains the acute in Balto-Slavic.


mimo

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мимо (mimo)

desc

Old Ruthenian: ми́мо (mímo), мы́мо (mýmo)

Belarusian: мі́ма (míma); мі́мо (mímo) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: ми́мо (mýmo)

Russian: ми́мо (mímo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мимо (mimo)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⰺⰿⱁ (mimo)

Bulgarian: ми́мо (mímo) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мимо, ми̏мо

Latin script: mimo, mȉmo

Slovene: mȋmo, mȇmo; mȋm (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mimo
Czech: mimo

desctree

Old Polish: mimo
Polish: mimo
Silesian: mimo

Old Slovak: mimo
Slovak: mimo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mimò

Polabian: maimü

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mimo

Upper Sorbian: nimo


jeti

Rick Derksen
ru:Аникин, Александр Евгеньевич

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ети (eti)
Middle Russian: ети (jeti)
Russian: ети́ (jetí), е́ть (jétʹ), е́ться (jétʹsja); ебти́ (jebtí), ебти́ся (jebtísja)
⇒ Russian: ети́ть (jetítʹ), ити́ть (itítʹ)
Old Ruthenian: *єти (*jeti)
Ukrainian: є́ти (jéty)

Old Novgorodian: ѥти (jeti)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: јѐпсти

Latin script: jèpsti

PIE word
 *h₃yébʰeti
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *jebtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃yébʰeti, from *h₃yebʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek οἴφω (oíphō), Sanskrit यभति (yábhati).


čelo

čelò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
čelò (nominative singular)
čèlě (dual nominative)
čelà (nominative plural)
čelà (genitive singular)
čelù (dual genitive)
čèlъ (genitive plural)
čelù (dative singular)
čelòma (dative dual)
čelòmъ (dative plural)
čelò (accusative singular)
čèlě (accusative dual)
čelà (accusative plural)
čelъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
čelòmь (instrumental singular)
čelòma (dual instrumental)
čèly (instrumental plural)
čelě̀ (locative singular)
čelù (dual locative)
čèlěxъ (locative plural)
čelò (singular vocative)
čèlě (dual vocative)
čelà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: чело (čelo), чоло (čolo)

Belarusian: чало́ (čaló)

Russian: чело́ (čeló)

Ukrainian: чоло́ (čoló)

Old Novgorodian: цоло (colo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чело (čelo)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰵⰾⱁ (čelo)

Bulgarian: чело́ (čeló)

Macedonian: че́ло (čélo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чѐло

Latin script: čèlo

Slovene: čélo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čelo

Czech: čelo

desctree

Old Polish: czoło
Polish: czoło
Silesian: czoło

Slovak: čelo

Polabian: celü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czoło (rare)

Slovincian: czôlô (“face”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: čoło

Lower Sorbian: coło

From Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“lift”) + *-o. From the same Indo-European root as *xъlmъ (“hill”).


vorta

vōrtà (canonical)
vortà (canonical neuter plural)
b (accent-paradigm)
vōrtà (nominative plural)
võrtъ (genitive plural)
vōrtòmъ (dative plural)
vōrtà (accusative plural)
võrty (instrumental plural)
võrtěxъ (locative plural)
vōrtà (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
vortà (nominative plural)
võrtъ (genitive plural)
vortòmъ (dative plural)
vortà (accusative plural)
vortý (instrumental plural)
vortě̃xъ (locative plural)
vortà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ворота (vorota)

Old Ruthenian: ворота (vorota)

Old Belarusian: ворота (vorota)

Belarusian: варо́ты (varóty)

Ukrainian: воро́та (voróta)

Russian: воро́та (voróta)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: врата (vrata)

→ Russian: врата́ (vratá)

Bulgarian: врата́ (vratá)

Macedonian: врата (vrata)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вра́та

Latin script: vráta

Slovene: vráta

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrata

Czech: vrata

Kashubian: wrota

Polabian: vortă

Old Polish: wrota

Polish: wrota

Slovak: vráta

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wrota, rota

Fossilized plural form of Proto-Balto-Slavic *wárta n (possibly *warˀtá n), cognate with Old Prussian warto pl (“house door”). Attested as masc. gender in Lithuanian var̃tai pl (“house gates”), Latvian vàrti pl (“house gates”) (technically from an earlier *wártas m). Formally resembles Proto-Slavic *vortъ (“turn, rotational element”) (a derivative of *vьrtěti (“to rotate”)), but probably ultimately from the root of Proto-Slavic *verti (“to shove, to enclose”).


slušati

slùšati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
slušanьje (noun-from-verb)
slušati (infinitive)
slušatъ (supine)
slušalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
slušanъ (participle passive past)
slušajemъ (participle passive present)
slušavъ (active participle past)
slušaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
slušaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sluša (aorist second-person singular)
sluša (aorist singular third-person)
slušajǫ (first-person present singular)
slušaješi (present second-person singular)
slušajetь (present singular third-person)
slušaxově (aorist dual first-person)
slušasta (aorist dual second-person)
slušaste (aorist dual third-person)
slušajevě (dual first-person present)
slušajeta (dual present second-person)
slušajete (dual present third-person)
slušaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
slušaste (aorist plural second-person)
slušašę (aorist plural third-person)
slušajemъ (first-person plural present)
slušajete (plural present second-person)
slušajǫtь (plural present third-person)
slušaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
slušaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
slušaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
slušaji (imperative second-person singular)
slušaji (imperative singular third-person)
slušaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
slušaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
slušaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
slušajivě (dual first-person imperative)
slušajita (dual imperative second-person)
slušaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
slušaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
slušaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
slušajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
slušajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: слушати (slušati)

Russian: слу́шать (slúšatʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: слоушати (slušati)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: слу́шам (slúšam)

Macedonian: слуша (sluša)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: слу̏шати

Latin script: slȕšati

Slovene: slúšati (tonal orthography) (archaic)

desc/sl-tonal

⇒ Slovene: poslúšati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: slušěti

Czech: slušet

Old Polish: słuszać

Slovak: slušať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: słušeć

Lower Sorbian: słušaś

From earlier *sluxěti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *klauˀs-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlows-, from *ḱlew-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian kláusti (“to ask”), klausýti (“to listen”), 3sg. klaũso, Old Prussian klausiton (“to hear”), klausēmai (“I listen”). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit श्रोषति (śróṣati, “to listen, to obey”), Old Irish clúas (“hearing, ear”), Old High German hlosēn (“to listen”), English listen, loud, etc. Derksen asserts that the initial *s- (vs. Baltic initial *k-) was adopted from related words with e-grade vocalism, where it would be expected.


čuti

čùti (canonical imperfective perfective)

Old East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чути (čuti)

Belarusian: чуць (čucʹ)

Russian: чуть (čutʹ), чу́ять (čújatʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: чу́ти (čúty), чу́яти (čújaty)

Old Novgorodian: цоути (cuti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чоути (čuti)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⱆⱅⰻ (čuti)

Bulgarian: чу́я (čúja)

Macedonian: чуе (čue)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чу̏ти

Latin script: čȕti

Slovene: čúti (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čúti
Czech: čít

desctree

Old Polish: czuć
Polish: czuć
Silesian: czuć

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: чуц (čuc)

Slovak: čuť

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czëc

Slovincian: czùc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: čuć

Lower Sorbian: cuś

Seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kéwh₁-ye-ti, from *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive”). LIV presumes an original s-aorist (of Narten type) with secondary ye-present.
Descendants do not show agreement regarding the aspect:
* Eastern South Slavic (including Old Church Slavonic) evinces for perfective aspect.
* West and East Slavic point towards imperfective.
* Western South Slavic admits both.


-o-

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -о- (-o-)

Middle Russian: -о- (-o-)

Russian: -о- (-o-)

Old Ruthenian: -о- (-o-)

desc

Belarusian: (stressed) -о- (-o-), (unstressed) -а- (-a-)

Carpathian Rusyn: -о- (-o-)

Ukrainian: -о- (-o-)

Old Novgorodian: -о- (-o-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -о- (-o-)

Glagolitic script: -ⱁ- (-o-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -о-

Latin script: -o-

Slovene: -o-

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -o-

Czech: -o-

Old Polish: -o-

Polish: -o-

Silesian: -o-

Polabian: -ü-

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -o-

Slovincian: -ô-

Slovak: -o-

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -o-

Upper Sorbian: -o-

čьrnъ (“black”) + *-o- + *bylь (“plant, herb”) → *čьrnobylь (“mugwort”)

bělъ (“white”) + *-o- + *golvъ (“headed”) → *bělogolvъ (“white headed”)

dobrъ (“good”) + *-o- + *mirъ (“peace”) → *Dobromirъ (given name)


loviti

lovìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
lovľenьje (noun-from-verb)
loviti (infinitive)
lovitъ (supine)
lovilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
lovľenъ (participle passive past)
lovimъ (participle passive present)
lovľь (active participle past)
lovę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
lovixъ (aorist first-person singular)
lovi (aorist second-person singular)
lovi (aorist singular third-person)
lovľǫ (first-person present singular)
loviši (present second-person singular)
lovitь (present singular third-person)
lovixově (aorist dual first-person)
lovista (aorist dual second-person)
loviste (aorist dual third-person)
lovivě (dual first-person present)
lovita (dual present second-person)
lovite (dual present third-person)
lovixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
loviste (aorist plural second-person)
lovišę (aorist plural third-person)
lovimъ (first-person plural present)
lovite (plural present second-person)
lovętь (plural present third-person)
lovľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lovľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lovľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lovi (imperative second-person singular)
lovi (imperative singular third-person)
lovľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lovľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lovľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lovivě (dual first-person imperative)
lovita (dual imperative second-person)
lovľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lovľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lovľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lovimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lovite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ловити (loviti) (accent paradigm c)

Belarusian: лаві́ць (lavícʹ)

Russian: лови́ть (lovítʹ)

Ukrainian: лови́ти (lovýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: ловити (loviti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ловя́ (lovjá)

Macedonian: лови (lovi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ло̀вити

Latin script: lòviti

Slovene: lovīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: loviti

Czech: lovit

Old Polish: łowić

Polish: łowić

Kashubian: łowic

Slovak: loviť

Slovincian: lôvjic

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: łojić

Lower Sorbian: łoiś

Non-Slavic:

Megleno-Romanian: luves

Romanian: lovi

From *lȏvъ (“hunting, hunt”) + *-iti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *law-. Cognate with Lithuanian lavùs (“adroit, clever”), lãvyti, lãvinti (“to train, to develop”), Latvian lavît (“to catch”), although per Derksen the latter verb is probably a Slavic borrowing. Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to capture, enjoy”) (e.g., see Vasmer). Per Derksen, no clear cognates outside of Balto-Slavic.

der

(transitive, intransitive) to chase, pursue


žito

žìto (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
žìto (nominative singular)
žìtě (dual nominative)
žìta (nominative plural)
žìta (genitive singular)
žìtu (dual genitive)
žìtъ (genitive plural)
žìtu (dative singular)
žìtoma (dative dual)
žìtomъ (dative plural)
žìto (accusative singular)
žìtě (accusative dual)
žìta (accusative plural)
žìtъmь (instrumental singular)
žìtomь (instrumental singular)
žìtoma (dual instrumental)
žìtȳ (instrumental plural)
žìtě (locative singular)
žìtu (dual locative)
žìtě̄xъ (locative plural)
žìto (singular vocative)
žìtě (dual vocative)
žìta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: жы́та (žýta)

Russian: жи́то (žíto)

Old Ukrainian: жито (žito)

Ukrainian: жи́то (žýto)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жито (žito)

Bulgarian: жи́то (žíto)

Macedonian: жи́то (žíto)

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: žȉto

Cyrillic script: жи̏то

Slovene: žito

West Slavic:

Old Czech: žito

Czech: žito (“rye”)

Moravian (Mistřice): žito (“wheat”)

Kashubian: żëto

Polabian: zaitü

Old Polish: żyto

Polish: żyto

Slovak: žito

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: žito

Lower Sorbian: žyto

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *géiˀta, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃tom, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-.
Baltic cognates include Old Prussian geytye, geits (“bread”).
Indo-European cognates include Irish biathaim, Welsh bwyd (“food, meat”).


moře

mořè (canonical)
mȍře (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
mořè (nominative singular)
mòři (dual nominative)
mòřa (nominative plural)
mořà (genitive singular)
mořu (dual genitive)
mòřь (genitive plural)
mořù (dative singular)
mořema (dative dual)
mòřemъ (dative plural)
mořè (accusative singular)
mòři (accusative dual)
mòřa (accusative plural)
mořь̀mь (instrumental singular)
mořèmь (instrumental singular)
mořema (dual instrumental)
mòři (instrumental plural)
mořì (locative singular)
mořu (dual locative)
mòřixъ (locative plural)
mořè (singular vocative)
mòři (dual vocative)
mòřa (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
mȍře (nominative singular)
mȍři (dual nominative)
mořà (nominative plural)
mȍřa (genitive singular)
mořù (dual genitive)
mòřь (genitive plural)
mȍřu (dative singular)
mořemà (dative dual)
mořémъ (dative plural)
mȍře (accusative singular)
mȍři (accusative dual)
mořà (accusative plural)
mȍřьmь (instrumental singular)
mȍřemь (instrumental singular)
mořemà (dual instrumental)
moří (instrumental plural)
mȍři (locative singular)
mořù (dual locative)
moříxъ (locative plural)
mȍře (singular vocative)
mȍři (dual vocative)
mořà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: море (more)
Old Ruthenian: мо́ре (móre), мо́рє (mórje)
Belarusian: мо́ра (móra)
Carpathian Rusyn: мо́ре (móre)
Ukrainian: мо́ре (móre)
Russian: мо́ре (móre) (see there for further descendants)
Taimyr Pidgin Russian: море (more), моря (morja)

Old Novgorodian: море (more)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

Old Cyrillic script: морѥ (morje), мор҄е (morʹe)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱁⱃⰵ (more)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̑ре

Latin script: mȏre

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: mȏrje, morjẹ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: moře
Czech: moře

desctree

Old Polish: morze
Polish: morze
Silesian: morze

Old Slovak: more

desc

Pannonian Rusyn: морйо (morjo), морє (morje)

Slovak: more

Polabian: *müri

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mòrze, mòrzé

Slovincian: môrzê

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: morjo

Lower Sorbian: mórjo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *mári (“sea”), from Proto-Indo-European *móri n (“sea”).
Modern Bulgarian and Macedonian technically reflect *morę, probably a later reanalyzed byform.

morěnъ

dim, dark; of animals/plants and in toponyms


tělo

tě̑lo (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
tě̑lo (nominative singular)
tě̑lesi (dual nominative)
tělesà (nominative plural)
tě̑lese (genitive singular)
tělesù (dual genitive)
tělèsъ (genitive plural)
tě̑lesi (dative singular)
tělesьmà (dative dual)
tělèsьmъ (dative plural)
tě̑lo (accusative singular)
tě̑lesi (accusative dual)
tělesà (accusative plural)
tě̑lesьmь (instrumental singular)
tělesьmà (dual instrumental)
tělesý (instrumental plural)
tě̑lese (locative singular)
tělesù (dual locative)
tělèsьxъ (locative plural)
tě̑lo (singular vocative)
tě̑lesi (dual vocative)
tělesà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тѣло (tělo)

Old Ruthenian: тѣ́ло (tě́lo), ти́ло (tílo)

Belarusian: це́ла (cjéla)

Ukrainian: ті́ло (tílo)

Russian: те́ло (télo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тѣло (tělo)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱑⰾⱁ (tělo)

Bulgarian: тя́ло (tjálo)

Macedonian: тело (telo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: те̑ло, тије̑ло, тило

Latin script: tȇlo, tijȇlo, tilo

Slovene: telọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tělo

Czech: tělo

desctree

Old Polish: ciało
Polish: ciało
Silesian: ciało

Slovak: telo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: cało

Slovincian: calô

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ćělo

Lower Sorbian: śělo

Unclear. Sayenko links this word with *tьlěti (“to decay; to smolder”). Vasmer lists some other explanations (which he finds unsatisfactory).


stopa

stōpà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
stopà (nominative singular)
stòpě (dual nominative)
stopỳ (nominative plural)
stopỳ (genitive singular)
stopù (dual genitive)
stòpъ (genitive plural)
stopě̀ (dative singular)
stopàma (dative dual)
stopàmъ (dative plural)
stopǫ̀ (accusative singular)
stòpě (accusative dual)
stopỳ (accusative plural)
stopòjǫ (instrumental singular)
stòpǫ (instrumental singular)
stopàma (dual instrumental)
stopàmī (instrumental plural)
stopě̀ (locative singular)
stopù (dual locative)
stopàsъ (locative plural)
stopàxъ (locative plural)
stopo (singular vocative)
stòpě (dual vocative)
stopỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стопа (stopa)

Russian: стопа́ (stopá)

Ukrainian: стопа́ (stopá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: стопа (stopa)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱅⱁⱂⰰ (stopa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сто̀па

Latin script: stòpa

Slovene: stópa (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: stopa

Czech: stopa

Kashubian: stopa

Old Polish: stopa

Polish: stopa

Slovak: stopa

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: stopa

Upper Sorbian: stopa

Unclear; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tep- (“to trample”) (whence also *tepti (“to beat”), *stepь (“steppe”)) or *(s)temp- (“to stamp”) (whence *stǫpa (“piston, mortar”)) with irregular loss of nasalization.
Vasmer, Ivanov additionally consider potential relation to Sanskrit स्थापयति (sthāpayati, “to uphold, to set up”) (< *sth₂- + *-op-), which has been alternatively compared with South Slavic *stopanъ (“landlord”), Lithuanian pãstapas (“column, stand”), stapýti (“to stand still”).


skula

skùla (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
skùla (nominative singular)
skùlě (dual nominative)
skùly (nominative plural)
skùly (genitive singular)
skùlu (dual genitive)
skùlъ (genitive plural)
skùlě (dative singular)
skùlama (dative dual)
skùlamъ (dative plural)
skùlǫ (accusative singular)
skùlě (accusative dual)
skùly (accusative plural)
skùlojǫ (instrumental singular)
skùlǭ (instrumental singular)
skùlama (dual instrumental)
skùlamī (instrumental plural)
skùlě (locative singular)
skùlu (dual locative)
skùlasъ (locative plural)
skùlaxъ (locative plural)
skùlo (singular vocative)
skùlě (dual vocative)
skùly (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)

Russian: скула́ (skulá)

→ Polish: skuła

Ukrainian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: скула (skula)

Bulgarian: ску́ла (skúla)

Slovene: skȗlа (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: skulina (“cleft”) (with *-ina extension)

Slovak: skulinа (“injury”) (with *-ina extension)

Uncertain. It is not even certain if all meanings of the word descend from the same source, especially given that not all descendants agree on the place of the stress.
The meaning cheekbone is likely derived from a s-mobile variant of Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”), which also gave Lithuanian káulas and Latvian kauls. These Slavic form differs in grammatical gender from the Baltic lemmas, however, this can be explained with the broad shape of the cheek bone (conveyed via the collective marker *-h₂), in contrast to the generic meaning of the Baltic forms.
The other meanings, conveying cleft or injury/blister, are most likely belongs to the same proto-root as *xyliti, the s-mobile counterpart of *kyla.


struna

strùna (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
strùna (nominative singular)
strùně (dual nominative)
strùny (nominative plural)
strùny (genitive singular)
strùnu (dual genitive)
strùnъ (genitive plural)
strùně (dative singular)
strùnama (dative dual)
strùnamъ (dative plural)
strùnǫ (accusative singular)
strùně (accusative dual)
strùny (accusative plural)
strùnojǫ (instrumental singular)
strùnǭ (instrumental singular)
strùnama (dual instrumental)
strùnamī (instrumental plural)
strùně (locative singular)
strùnu (dual locative)
strùnasъ (locative plural)
strùnaxъ (locative plural)
strùno (singular vocative)
strùně (dual vocative)
strùny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: струна (struna)

Belarusian: струна́ (struná)

Russian: струна́ (struná)

Ukrainian: струна́ (struná)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: строуна (struna)

Bulgarian: стру́на́ (strúná)

Macedonian: струна (struna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: стру̏на

Latin: strȕna

Slovene: strúna (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: struna

Czech: struna

Polish: struna

Slovak: struna

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: tšuna

Upper Sorbian: truna

→ Yiddish: סטרונע (strune) (from an indeterminate Slavic language)

Uncertain. The two main hypotheses are:
* From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₁- (“to streak, to strip”), akin to *strěla (“arrow”), possibly from an unattested *-uti derivative *struti (“to strain”) + *-nъ + *-a. If correct, then the Slavic lemma would be a cognate with Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow, to stream”) (possibly *strew- (“to strew”)), akin to Proto-Slavic *struja, *struga (“stream”), either via the earlier form *strugna or (according to Vasmer) *strugsna. Neither form is phonetically satisfactory.