ględati

glę̀dati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględanьje (noun-from-verb)
ględati (infinitive)
ględatъ (supine)
ględalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględanъ (participle passive past)
ględajemъ (participle passive present)
ględavъ (active participle past)
ględaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
ględaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
ględa (aorist second-person singular)
ględa (aorist singular third-person)
ględajǫ (first-person present singular)
ględaješi (present second-person singular)
ględajetь (present singular third-person)
ględaxově (aorist dual first-person)
ględasta (aorist dual second-person)
ględaste (aorist dual third-person)
ględajevě (dual first-person present)
ględajeta (dual present second-person)
ględajete (dual present third-person)
ględaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
ględaste (aorist plural second-person)
ględašę (aorist plural third-person)
ględajemъ (first-person plural present)
ględajete (plural present second-person)
ględajǫtь (plural present third-person)
ględaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
ględaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
ględaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ględaji (imperative second-person singular)
ględaji (imperative singular third-person)
ględaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
ględaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
ględaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ględajivě (dual first-person imperative)
ględajita (dual imperative second-person)
ględaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
ględaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
ględaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ględajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ględajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глѧдати (11th century)

Russian: гля́дать (gljádatʹ) (dialectal), гляда́ть (gljadátʹ) (dialectal; Dal's dictionary)

Ukrainian: гляда́ти (hljadáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: глѧдати

Glagolitic script: ⰳⰾⱔⰴⰰⱅⰹ (ględati)

desc

Bulgarian: гле́дам (glédam), гле́ндам (gléndam) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гледа (gleda)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гле̏дати, гле́дати

Latin: glȅdati, glédati

Slovene: glẹ́dati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hlídat, hledat

Polabian: gľǫdăl (“dreamed”, past)

desctree

Old Polish: ględać
Middle Polish: ględać

Slovak: hľadať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: glědaś

Upper Sorbian: hladać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *glenˀd-, with acute through Winter's law from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlend-.


blěskъ

blě̑skъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
blě̑skъ (nominative singular)
blě̑ska (dual nominative)
blě̑sci (nominative plural)
blě̑ska (genitive singular)
blěskù (dual genitive)
blě̃skъ (genitive plural)
blě̑sku (dative singular)
blěskomà (dative dual)
blěskòmъ (dative plural)
blě̑skъ (accusative singular)
blě̑ska (accusative dual)
blě̑sky (accusative plural)
blě̑skъmь (instrumental singular)
blě̑skomь (instrumental singular)
blěskomà (dual instrumental)
blěský (instrumental plural)
blě̑scě (locative singular)
blěskù (dual locative)
blěscě̃xъ (locative plural)
blěšče (singular vocative)
blě̑ska (dual vocative)
blě̑sci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: блѣскъ (blěskŭ)

Belarusian: бляск (bljask)

Russian: блеск (blesk)

Ukrainian: блиск (blysk)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бльскъ (blĭskŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰾⱐⱄⰽⱏ (blĭskŭ)

Bulgarian: бля́сък (bljásǎk)

Macedonian: бле́сок (blésok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бле̑сак, бље̑сак

Latin script: blȇsak, bljȇsak

Slovene: blèsk

West Slavic:

Czech: blesk

Old Polish: blask

Polish: blask

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: blask

Slovak: blesk

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: blěsk

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: bleasc

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *blaiskas, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰloyǵ- + *-skъ. A direct cognate with Latvian blaiskums, blaizgums (“spot”) and related to Lithuanian blizgas (“glimmer”), akin to the 0-grade *blьskъ (< *bliskas). Outside of Balto-Slavic, related to Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“pale”) whence German Blitz (“lightning”).


glupavъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *glupavъ (hard)

Definite declension of *glupavъ (hard)

glupavъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
glupava (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
glupavo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
glupava (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
glupavy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
glupava (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
glupavu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
glupavě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
glupavu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
glupavъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
glupavǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
glupavo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
glupavomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
glupavojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
glupavomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
glupavě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
glupavě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
glupavě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
glupave (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
glupavo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
glupavo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
glupava (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
glupavě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
glupavě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
glupavu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
glupavu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
glupavu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
glupavoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
glupavama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
glupavoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
glupava (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
glupavě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
glupavě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
glupavoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
glupavama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
glupavoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
glupavu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
glupavu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
glupavu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
glupava (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
glupavě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
glupavě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
glupavi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
glupavy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
glupava (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
glupavъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
glupavъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
glupavъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
glupavomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
glupavamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
glupavomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
glupavy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
glupavy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
glupava (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
glupavy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
glupavami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
glupavy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
glupavěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
glupavaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
glupavěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
glupavi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
glupavy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
glupava (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
glupavъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
glupavaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
glupavoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
glupavajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
glupavyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
glupavajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
glupavujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
glupavěji (dative definite feminine singular)
glupavujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
glupavъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
glupavǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
glupavoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
glupavyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
glupavǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
glupavyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
glupavějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
glupavěji (definite feminine locative singular)
glupavějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
glupavъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
glupavaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
glupavoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
glupavaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
glupavěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
glupavěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
glupavuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
glupavuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
glupavuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
glupavyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
glupavyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
glupavyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
glupavaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
glupavěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
glupavěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
glupavyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
glupavyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
glupavyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
glupavuju (definite dual locative masculine)
glupavuju (definite dual feminine locative)
glupavuju (definite dual locative neuter)
glupavaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
glupavěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
glupavěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
glupaviji (definite masculine nominative plural)
glupavyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
glupavaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
glupavъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
glupavъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
glupavъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
glupavyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
glupavyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
glupavyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
glupavyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
glupavyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
glupavaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
glupavyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
glupavyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
glupavyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
glupavyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
glupavyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
glupavyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
glupaviji (definite masculine plural vocative)
glupavyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
glupavaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: глупа́вый (glupávyj) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: глу́пав (glúpav)

Macedonian: глу́пав (glúpav)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глу̏пав

Latin script: glȕpav

West Slavic:

Polish: głupawy


glupъ

glũpъ (canonical)
glupъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
glupa (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
glupo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
glupa (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
glupy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
glupa (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
glupu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
glupě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
glupu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
glupъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
glupǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
glupo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
glupomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
glupojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
glupomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
glupě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
glupě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
glupě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
glupe (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
glupo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
glupo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
glupa (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
glupě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
glupě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
glupu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
glupu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
glupu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
glupoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
glupama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
glupoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
glupa (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
glupě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
glupě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
glupoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
glupama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
glupoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
glupu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
glupu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
glupu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
glupa (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
glupě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
glupě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
glupi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
glupy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
glupa (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
glupъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
glupъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
glupъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
glupomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
glupamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
glupomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
glupy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
glupy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
glupa (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
glupy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
glupami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
glupy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
glupěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
glupaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
glupěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
glupi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
glupy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
glupa (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
glupъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
glupaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
glupoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
glupajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
glupyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
glupajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
glupujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
glupěji (dative definite feminine singular)
glupujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
glupъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
glupǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
glupoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
glupyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
glupǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
glupyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
glupějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
glupěji (definite feminine locative singular)
glupějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
glupъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
glupaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
glupoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
glupaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
glupěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
glupěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
glupuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
glupuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
glupuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
glupyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
glupyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
glupyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
glupaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
glupěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
glupěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
glupyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
glupyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
glupyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
glupuju (definite dual locative masculine)
glupuju (definite dual feminine locative)
glupuju (definite dual locative neuter)
glupaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
glupěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
glupěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
glupiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
glupyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
glupaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
glupъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
glupъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
glupъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
glupyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
glupyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
glupyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
glupyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
glupyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
glupaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
glupyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
glupyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
glupyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
glupyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
glupyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
glupyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
glupiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
glupyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
glupaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

Indefinite declension of *glupъ (hard)

Definite declension of *glupъ (hard)

Church Slavonic: глоупъ (glupŭ)

East Slavic:

Russian: глу́пый (glúpyj)

Ukrainian: глу́пий (hlúpyj) (rare)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: глуп (glup) (archaic, literary)

Macedonian: глуп (glup)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глу̑п

Latin script: glȗp

Slovene: glȗp (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hlúpý

Czech: hloupý

desctree

Old Polish: głupi
Polish: głupi
Silesian: gupi

Slovak: hlúpy

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: głupi

Slovincian: glúpy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hłupy

Lower Sorbian: głupy

From *gluxъ, by dropping medial -x- and inserting expressive -p-.


vysь

a (accent-paradigm)
vysь (nominative singular)
vỳsi (dual nominative)
vỳsi (nominative plural)
vỳsī (genitive singular)
vỳsьju (dual genitive)
vỳsьjь (genitive plural)
vỳsi (dative singular)
vỳsьma (dative dual)
vỳsьmъ (dative plural)
vysь (accusative singular)
vỳsi (accusative dual)
vỳsi (accusative plural)
vỳsьjǫ (instrumental singular)
vỳsьma (dual instrumental)
vỳsьmī (instrumental plural)
vỳsī (locative singular)
vỳsьju (dual locative)
vỳsьxъ (locative plural)
vysi (singular vocative)
vỳsi (dual vocative)
vỳsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: высь f (vysʹ)

Ukrainian: вись f (vysʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: вис f (vis)

Serbo-Croatian: вис

West Slavic:

Czech: výše f (noun)

Old Polish: wysza f
Polish: wyż

Formally comparable with Old Irish úas (“above”), Ancient Greek ὕψι (húpsi, “aloft”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-, but with problematic long grade in Slavic. Possibly further related to the adverb *upó (“above, over”).
Compare also Proto-Slavic *vъz- (“up-, super-”), *vy- (“out-, ex-”).


vysь

a (accent-paradigm)
vysь (nominative singular)
vỳsi (dual nominative)
vỳsьjē (nominative plural)
vỳsī (genitive singular)
vỳsьju (dual genitive)
vỳsьjь (genitive plural)
vỳsi (dative singular)
vỳsьma (dative dual)
vỳsьmъ (dative plural)
vysь (accusative singular)
vỳsi (accusative dual)
vỳsi (accusative plural)
vỳsьmь (instrumental singular)
vỳsьma (dual instrumental)
vỳsьmī (instrumental plural)
vỳsī (locative singular)
vỳsьju (dual locative)
vỳsьxъ (locative plural)
vysi (singular vocative)
vỳsi (dual vocative)
vỳsьjē (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: вис m (vis, “summit”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ви̑с m

Latin script: vȋs m


brodъ

bròdъ (canonical)
brȍdъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
bròdъ (nominative singular)
brodà (dual nominative)
brodì (nominative plural)
brodà (genitive singular)
brodù (dual genitive)
bròdъ (genitive plural)
brodù (dative singular)
brodòma (dative dual)
brodòmъ (dative plural)
bròdъ (accusative singular)
brodà (accusative dual)
brodỳ (accusative plural)
brodъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
brodòmь (instrumental singular)
brodòma (dual instrumental)
bròdy (instrumental plural)
brodě̀ (locative singular)
brodù (dual locative)
bròděxъ (locative plural)
brode (singular vocative)
brodà (dual vocative)
brodì (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
brȍdъ (nominative singular)
brȍda (dual nominative)
brȍdi (nominative plural)
brȍda (genitive singular)
brodù (dual genitive)
bròdъ (genitive plural)
brȍdu (dative singular)
brodomà (dative dual)
brodòmъ (dative plural)
brȍdъ (accusative singular)
brȍda (accusative dual)
brȍdy (accusative plural)
brȍdъmь (instrumental singular)
brȍdomь (instrumental singular)
brodomà (dual instrumental)
brodý (instrumental plural)
brȍdě (locative singular)
brodù (dual locative)
brodě̃xъ (locative plural)
brode (singular vocative)
brȍda (dual vocative)
brȍdi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бродъ (brodŭ)

Old Belarusian: бродъ (brod)

Belarusian: брод (brod)

Russian: брод (brod)

Ukrainian: брід (brid)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: брод (brod)

Macedonian: брод (brod)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: бро̑д (“ship”)

Serbo-Croatian: brȏd

Slovene: brọ̑d (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brod

Czech: brod

Polish: bród

Slovak: brod

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bród

Lower Sorbian: brod

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brádas, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrodʰ-o-s, from *bʰredʰ- (“to wade”). Equivalent to *brestì + *-ъ.


gluxъ

glȗxъ (canonical)
gluxъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
gluxa (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
gluxo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
gluxa (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
gluxy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
gluxa (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
gluxu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
gluśě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
gluxu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
gluxъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
gluxǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
gluxo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
gluxomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
gluxojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
gluxomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
gluśě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
gluśě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
gluśě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
gluše (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
gluxo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
gluxo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
gluxa (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
gluśě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
gluśě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
gluxu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
gluxu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
gluxu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
gluxoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
gluxama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
gluxoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
gluxa (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
gluśě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
gluśě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
gluxoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
gluxama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
gluxoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
gluxu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
gluxu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
gluxu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
gluxa (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
gluśě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
gluśě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
gluśi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
gluxy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
gluxa (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
gluxъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
gluxъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
gluxъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
gluxomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
gluxamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
gluxomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
gluxy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
gluxy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
gluxa (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
gluxy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
gluxami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
gluxy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
gluśěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
gluxaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
gluśěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
gluśi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
gluxy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
gluxa (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
gluxъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
gluxaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
gluxoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
gluxajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
gluxyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
gluxajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
gluxujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
gluśěji (dative definite feminine singular)
gluxujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
gluxъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
gluxǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
gluxoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
gluxyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
gluxǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
gluxyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
gluśějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
gluśěji (definite feminine locative singular)
gluśějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
gluxъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
gluxaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
gluxoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
gluxaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
gluśěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
gluśěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
gluxuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
gluxuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
gluxuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
gluxyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
gluxyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
gluxyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
gluxaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
gluśěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
gluśěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
gluxyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
gluxyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
gluxyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
gluxuju (definite dual locative masculine)
gluxuju (definite dual feminine locative)
gluxuju (definite dual locative neuter)
gluxaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
gluśěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
gluśěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
gluśiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
gluxyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
gluxaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
gluxъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
gluxъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
gluxъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
gluxyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
gluxyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
gluxyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
gluxyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
gluxyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
gluxaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
gluxyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
gluxyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
gluxyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
gluxyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
gluxyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
gluxyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
gluśiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
gluxyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
gluxaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *gluxъ (hard)

Definite declension of *gluxъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глꙋхꙑи (gluxyi)

Belarusian: глухі́ (hluxí)

Russian: глухо́й (gluxój)

→ Skolt Sami: kluuǥǥai

Ukrainian: глухи́й (hluxýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: глоухъ (gluxŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⰾⱆⱈⱏ (gluxŭ)

Bulgarian: глух (gluh)

Macedonian: глув (gluv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: глу̑х, глу̑в

Latin: glȗh, glȗv

Slovene: glȗh (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hluchý

Czech: hluchý

Polish: głuchy

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: glëchji

Slovak: hluchý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: głuchy

Upper Sorbian: hłuchi

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *glaušas; also found as *glušas, as in cognate Lithuanian glùšas (“dumb”). Per Vasmer, also cognate with Lithuanian glusnùs, klusnùs (“obedient, attentive”), Samogitian dialectal klùsas (“muffled”), Latvian kluss (“quiet”), where the forms in *k are perhaps more ancient and the forms in *g due to "expressive transformation". If so, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to sound, to hear”). Possibly related to *glupъ (“stupid, foolish”).


Daďьbogъ

Daďьbogъ (nominative singular)
Daďьboga (genitive singular)
Daďьbogu (dative singular)
Daďьbogъ (accusative singular)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: Дажьбогъ (Dažĭbogŭ)

Russian: Дажьбог (Dažʹbog)

Ukrainian: Дажбог (Dažboh)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: Дажбог

West Slavic:

Old Polish: dadzibog

Polish: Dadźbog, Dadźbóg

A compound of *daďь, imperative form of *dati (“to give”), and *bogъ (“god”).


čędo

čę̀do (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
čę̀do (nominative singular)
čę̀dě (dual nominative)
čę̀da (nominative plural)
čę̀da (genitive singular)
čę̀du (dual genitive)
čę̀dъ (genitive plural)
čę̀du (dative singular)
čę̀doma (dative dual)
čę̀domъ (dative plural)
čę̀do (accusative singular)
čę̀dě (accusative dual)
čę̀da (accusative plural)
čę̀dъmь (instrumental singular)
čę̀domь (instrumental singular)
čę̀doma (dual instrumental)
čę̀dȳ (instrumental plural)
čę̀dě (locative singular)
čę̀du (dual locative)
čę̀dě̄xъ (locative plural)
čę̀do (singular vocative)
čę̀dě (dual vocative)
čę̀da (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: чадо (čado), чадь (čadĭ)

Belarusian: ча́да (čáda)

Russian: ча́до (čádo), dial. ча́да (čáda)

Carpathian Rusyn: ча́до (čádo)

Ukrainian: ча́до (čádo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чѧдо

Glagolitic script: ⱍⱔⰴⱁ (čędo)

Bulgarian: че́до (čédo); че́ндо (čéndo), ча́до (čádo) (dialectal)

Macedonian: чедо (čedo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: че̏до

Latin script: čȅdo, rare čed

Slovene: dial. čèh (possibly)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čad, čád

Czech: čáda, čado, čiado (obsolete)

Slovak: čado (dialectal)

Most likely of native origin:
* Equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *ken-do-, from *(s)ken- + *-do. Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek καινός (kainós, “new”), Latin recēns (“new, fresh”), Sanskrit कन्या (kanyā), Old Irish cenél (“race; people; kind”), Middle Welsh bachgen (“boy”). For the suffix, compare *stado (“herd, flock”) < *stati (“to stand, become”) + *-do.
* ESSJa: *čędъ, *čęda, *čędo originally were deverbal adjectives from *čęti + *-dъ, parallel to *čętъ, *čęta, *čęto. Trubačev compares the voicing to that in Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ : Lithuanian tvirtas.
* Martynov associates *čęd- with *čęstь (“part”), proposing original meaning “branch, descent” → “offspring”.
Another theory considers Proto-Slavic *čę̀do a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *kinþą / *kindą. This etymology, however, fails to explain related terms with s-mobile like Old East Slavic щадок (ščadok, “offspring”).


svekry

svekrỳ (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
svekrỳ (nominative singular)
svekrъ̀vi (dual nominative)
svekrъ̀vi (nominative plural)
svekrъ̀ve (genitive singular)
svekrъ̀vu (dual genitive)
svekrъ̀vъ (genitive plural)
svekrъ̀vi (dative singular)
svekrъ̀vьma (dative dual)
svekrъ̀vama (dative dual)
svekrъ̀vьmъ (dative plural)
svekrъ̀vamъ (dative plural)
svekrъ̀vь (accusative singular)
svekrъ̀vi (accusative dual)
svekrъ̀vi (accusative plural)
svekrъ̀vьjǫ (instrumental singular)
svekrъ̀vľǭ (instrumental singular)
svekrъ̀vьma (dual instrumental)
svekrъ̀vama (dual instrumental)
svekrъ̀vьmī (instrumental plural)
svekrъ̀vamī (instrumental plural)
svekrъ̀ve (locative singular)
svekrъ̀vu (dual locative)
svekrъ̀vьxъ (locative plural)
svekrъ̀vaxъ (locative plural)
svekrỳ (singular vocative)
svekrъ̀vi (dual vocative)
svekrъ̀vi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: свекрꙑ (svekry)

desc

Belarusian: свякро́ў (svjakróŭ), свякру́ха (svjakrúxa)

Russian: свекро́вь (svekróvʹ), свекру́ха (svekrúxa)

Ukrainian: свекру́ха (svekrúxa)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: свекрꙑ (svekry)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰲⰵⰽⱃⱏⰹ (svekry)

Bulgarian: свекъ́рва (svekǎ́rva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: све̏крва

Latin script: svȅkrva

Slovene: svẹ̑krva (tonal orthography), svẹ̑krv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: svekra, svekrev

Czech: svekra (obsolete), svekrev (obsolete)

desctree

Old Polish: świekra
Polish: (archaic) świekra

Slovak: svokra

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Indo-Iranian cognates include Sanskrit श्वश्रू (śvaśrū́) and Pashto خواښې (xwāśe, “mother-in-law”). Akin to Latin socrus (“mother-in-law”).

woman's mother-in-law (husband's mother)

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)


večerъ

vȅčerъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
vȅčerъ (nominative singular)
vȅčera (dual nominative)
vȅčeri (nominative plural)
vȅčera (genitive singular)
večerù (dual genitive)
večèrъ (genitive plural)
vȅčeru (dative singular)
večeromà (dative dual)
večeròmъ (dative plural)
vȅčerъ (accusative singular)
vȅčera (accusative dual)
vȅčery (accusative plural)
vȅčerъmь (instrumental singular)
vȅčeromь (instrumental singular)
večeromà (dual instrumental)
večerý (instrumental plural)
vȅčerě (locative singular)
večerù (dual locative)
večerě̃xъ (locative plural)
večere (singular vocative)
vȅčera (dual vocative)
vȅčeri (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вечеръ (večerŭ)

Old Ruthenian: вечеръ (večer)

Belarusian: ве́чар (vjéčar)

Carpathian Rusyn: ве́чур (véčur)

Ukrainian: ве́чір (véčir)

Russian: ве́чер (véčer)

Old Novgorodian: *вецере (*vecere)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: вечеръ (večerŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰵⱍⰵⱃⱏ (večerŭ)

Bulgarian: ве́чер (véčer)

Macedonian: вечер (večer)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве̏че̄р, ве̏че̄

Latin: vȅčēr, vȅčē

Slovene: večẹ̑r (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: večer
Czech: večer

Old Polish: wieczór
Polish: wieczór
Silesian: wieczōr

Slovak: večer

Polabian: vicer

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wieczór

Slovincian: wjêczór

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wjacor, jacor

Upper Sorbian: wječor

PIE word
 *wek(ʷ)speros
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wékeras (“evening”).


toviti

tovľenьje (noun-from-verb)
toviti (infinitive)
tovitъ (supine)
tovilъ (l-participle)
tovľenъ (participle passive past)
tovimъ (participle passive present)
tovľь (active participle past)
tovę (active participle present)
tovixъ (aorist first-person singular)
tovi (aorist second-person singular)
tovi (aorist singular third-person)
tovľǫ (first-person present singular)
toviši (present second-person singular)
tovitь (present singular third-person)
tovixově (aorist dual first-person)
tovista (aorist dual second-person)
toviste (aorist dual third-person)
tovivě (dual first-person present)
tovita (dual present second-person)
tovite (dual present third-person)
tovixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
toviste (aorist plural second-person)
tovišę (aorist plural third-person)
tovimъ (first-person plural present)
tovite (plural present second-person)
tovętь (plural present third-person)
tovľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tovľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tovľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tovi (imperative second-person singular)
tovi (imperative singular third-person)
tovľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tovľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tovľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tovivě (dual first-person imperative)
tovita (dual imperative second-person)
tovľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tovľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tovľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tovimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tovite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: то̀вити

Latin script: tòviti

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *táweitei, from Proto-Indo-European *towh₂-éye-ti, causative of *tewh₂- (“to crowd, swell”).

inh+

(transitive) to fatten (to cause (a person or animal) to be fat or fatter)


tratiti

tra̋titi (canonical imperfective)
traťenьje (noun-from-verb)
tratiti (infinitive)
tratitъ (supine)
tratilъ (l-participle)
traťenъ (participle passive past)
tratimъ (participle passive present)
traťь (active participle past)
tratę (active participle present)
tratixъ (aorist first-person singular)
trati (aorist second-person singular)
trati (aorist singular third-person)
traťǫ (first-person present singular)
tratiši (present second-person singular)
tratitь (present singular third-person)
tratixově (aorist dual first-person)
tratista (aorist dual second-person)
tratiste (aorist dual third-person)
trativě (dual first-person present)
tratita (dual present second-person)
tratite (dual present third-person)
tratixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tratiste (aorist plural second-person)
tratišę (aorist plural third-person)
tratimъ (first-person plural present)
tratite (plural present second-person)
tratętь (plural present third-person)
traťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
traťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
traťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
trati (imperative second-person singular)
trati (imperative singular third-person)
traťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
traťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
traťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
trativě (dual first-person imperative)
tratita (dual imperative second-person)
traťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
traťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
traťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tratimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tratite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: тра́ціць (trácicʹ)

Russian: тра́тить (trátitʹ)

Ukrainian: тра́тити (trátyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тратити (tratiti)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱃⰰⱅⰻⱅⰻ (tratiti)

Bulgarian: тра́тя (trátja) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра̏тити

Latin script: trȁtiti

Slovene: trátiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tratiti

Czech: tratit

Bohemian (Chod dialect): tratit

Moravian (Mistřice): traťit

Old Polish: tracić

Polish: tracić

Slovak: tratiť

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: trõtyti (“to waste”)

Causative from *trata + *-iti, likely akin to Lithuanian trótinti (“to tease, to agitate”), Samogitian trúotas (“grindstone”), Latvian trũots (“grindstone”). Outside of Balto-Slavic, perhaps cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þrōþjan, “to exercise”) (Proto-Germanic *þrōþijaną).
Commonly compared with *terti (“to rub”) from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, to twist”). Phonetically more compatible with Proto-Indo-European *treh₃- (“to harm, to gnaw”) (whence Ancient Greek τῐτρώσκω (titrṓskō, “to hurt”)).

cog

(perhaps originally) to shatter, to wreck, to crumble


gromъ

gròmъ (canonical)
grȍmъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
gròmъ (nominative singular)
gromà (dual nominative)
gromì (nominative plural)
gromà (genitive singular)
gromù (dual genitive)
gròmъ (genitive plural)
gromù (dative singular)
gromòma (dative dual)
gromòmъ (dative plural)
gròmъ (accusative singular)
gromà (accusative dual)
gromỳ (accusative plural)
gromъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
gromòmь (instrumental singular)
gromòma (dual instrumental)
gròmy (instrumental plural)
gromě̀ (locative singular)
gromù (dual locative)
gròměxъ (locative plural)
grome (singular vocative)
gromà (dual vocative)
gromì (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
grȍmъ (nominative singular)
grȍma (dual nominative)
grȍmi (nominative plural)
grȍma (genitive singular)
gromù (dual genitive)
gròmъ (genitive plural)
grȍmu (dative singular)
gromomà (dative dual)
gromòmъ (dative plural)
grȍmъ (accusative singular)
grȍma (accusative dual)
grȍmy (accusative plural)
grȍmъmь (instrumental singular)
grȍmomь (instrumental singular)
gromomà (dual instrumental)
gromý (instrumental plural)
grȍmě (locative singular)
gromù (dual locative)
gromě̃xъ (locative plural)
grome (singular vocative)
grȍma (dual vocative)
grȍmi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: громъ (gromŭ)

Belarusian: гром (hrom)

Russian: гром (grom)

Ukrainian: грім (hrim)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: громъ (gromŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⱁⰿⱏ (gromŭ)

Bulgarian: гром (grom) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гром (grom)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гро̑м, (dialectal) гро̏м

Latin: grȏm, (dialectal) grȍm

Slovene: grọ̑m (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrom

Czech: hrom

Polish: grom

Slovak: hrom

Slovincian: gróm

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrom

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrómos (“a roar, rumble; thunder”). Cognate with Ancient Greek χρόμος (khrómos, “crashing sound”), Proto-Germanic *grimmaz.


drugъ

drȗgъ (canonical)
drugъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
druga (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
drugo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
druga (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
drugy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
druga (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
drugu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
drudzě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
drugu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
drugъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
drugǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
drugo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
drugomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
drugojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
drugomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
drudzě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
drudzě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
drudzě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
druže (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
drugo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
drugo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
druga (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
drudzě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
drudzě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
drugu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
drugu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
drugu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
drugoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
drugama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
drugoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
druga (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
drudzě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
drudzě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
drugoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
drugama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
drugoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
drugu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
drugu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
drugu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
druga (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
drudzě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
drudzě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
drudzi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
drugy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
druga (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
drugъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
drugъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
drugъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
drugomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
drugamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
drugomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
drugy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
drugy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
druga (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
drugy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
drugami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
drugy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
drudzěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
drugaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
drudzěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
drudzi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
drugy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
druga (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
drugъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
drugaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
drugoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
drugajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
drugyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
drugajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
drugujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
drudzěji (dative definite feminine singular)
drugujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
drugъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
drugǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
drugoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
drugyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
drugǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
drugyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
drudzějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
drudzěji (definite feminine locative singular)
drudzějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
drugъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
drugaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
drugoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
drugaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
drudzěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
drudzěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
druguju (definite dual genitive masculine)
druguju (definite dual feminine genitive)
druguju (definite dual genitive neuter)
drugyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
drugyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
drugyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
drugaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
drudzěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
drudzěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
drugyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
drugyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
drugyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
druguju (definite dual locative masculine)
druguju (definite dual feminine locative)
druguju (definite dual locative neuter)
drugaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
drudzěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
drudzěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
drudziji (definite masculine nominative plural)
drugyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
drugaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
drugъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
drugъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
drugъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
drugyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
drugyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
drugyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
drugyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
drugyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
drugaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
drugyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
drugyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
drugyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
drugyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
drugyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
drugyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
drudziji (definite masculine plural vocative)
drugyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
drugaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *drugъ (hard)

Definite declension of *drugъ (hard)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: другъ (drugŭ), дру́гыи (drúgyi)

Old Ruthenian: дру́гїй (drúhij), дру́гый (drúhyj)

Belarusian: другі́ (druhí)

Carpathian Rusyn: дру́гый (drúhŷj)

Ukrainian: дру́гий (drúhyj)

Middle Russian: дру́гы́й (drúgýj)

Russian: друго́й (drugój), дру́гий (drúgij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дроугъ (drugŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱏ (drugŭ)

Bulgarian: друг (drug)

Macedonian: друг (drug)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дру̏гӣ

Latin script: drȕgī

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: drȗg (“other”) (tonal orthography); drūgi (“second”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: druhý
Czech: druhý

desctree

Old Polish: drugi
Polish: drugi
Silesian: drugi

Old Slovak: druhý
Slovak: druhý

Polabian: draug, drauďĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: drëdżi

Slovincian: drëgjy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: druhi

Lower Sorbian: drugi

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one's tribe”). Derksen considers the connection with Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) dubious.


drugъ

drȗgъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
drȗgъ (nominative singular)
drȗga (dual nominative)
drȗdzi (nominative plural)
drȗga (genitive singular)
drugù (dual genitive)
drũgъ (genitive plural)
drȗgu (dative singular)
drugomà (dative dual)
drugòmъ (dative plural)
drȗgъ (accusative singular)
drȗga (accusative dual)
drȗgy (accusative plural)
drȗgъmь (instrumental singular)
drȗgomь (instrumental singular)
drugomà (dual instrumental)
drugý (instrumental plural)
drȗdzě (locative singular)
drugù (dual locative)
drudzě̃xъ (locative plural)
druže (singular vocative)
drȗga (dual vocative)
drȗdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: другъ (drugŭ)

Old Ruthenian: другъ (druh)

Belarusian: друг (druh)

Ukrainian: друг (druh)

Russian: друг (drug)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дроугъ (drugŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱏ (drugŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: друг (drug) (dialectal, obsolete)

⇒ Bulgarian: друга́р (drugár)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дру̑г

Latin script: drȗg

Slovene: drȗg (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: druh

Czech: druh

Kashubian: drëch

Old Polish: drug
Polish: drug

Slovak: druh

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: drug

družьstvo

society, community, association, partnership, company


blǫdъ

blǫ̑dъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
blǫ̑dъ (nominative singular)
blǫ̑da (dual nominative)
blǫ̑di (nominative plural)
blǫ̑da (genitive singular)
blǫdù (dual genitive)
blǫ̃dъ (genitive plural)
blǫ̑du (dative singular)
blǫdomà (dative dual)
blǫdòmъ (dative plural)
blǫ̑dъ (accusative singular)
blǫ̑da (accusative dual)
blǫ̑dy (accusative plural)
blǫ̑dъmь (instrumental singular)
blǫ̑domь (instrumental singular)
blǫdomà (dual instrumental)
blǫdý (instrumental plural)
blǫ̑dě (locative singular)
blǫdù (dual locative)
blǫdě̃xъ (locative plural)
blǫde (singular vocative)
blǫ̑da (dual vocative)
blǫ̑di (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: блѫдъ (blǫdŭ), блудъ (bludŭ)
Old Ruthenian: блудъ (blud)
Belarusian: (dialectal) блуд (blud)
Carpathian Rusyn: блуд (blud)
Ukrainian: блуд (blud)
Russian: блуд (blud)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: блѫдъ (blǫdŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰾⱘⰴⱏ (blǫdŭ)

Bulgarian: блуд (blud) (archaic), блъ́ндва (blǎ́ndva, “noise, fuss”) (dialectal)

Macedonian: блуд (blud)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: блу̑д

Latin script: blȗd

Slovene: blód

West Slavic:

Old Czech: blud

Czech: blud, bloud

Slovak: blud

Old Polish: błąd

Polish: błąd

→ Ukrainian: бленд (blend) (obsolete)

Slovincian: blõd

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: błud

Lower Sorbian: błud

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: bolond

→ Romanian: bolând

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *blandas, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlendʰ- (“to wander; to see poorly; pale”).


ordlo

òrdlo (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
òrdlo (nominative singular)
òrdlě (dual nominative)
òrdla (nominative plural)
òrdla (genitive singular)
òrdlu (dual genitive)
òrdlъ (genitive plural)
òrdlu (dative singular)
òrdloma (dative dual)
òrdlomъ (dative plural)
òrdlo (accusative singular)
òrdlě (accusative dual)
òrdla (accusative plural)
òrdlъmь (instrumental singular)
òrdlomь (instrumental singular)
òrdloma (dual instrumental)
òrdlȳ (instrumental plural)
òrdlě (locative singular)
òrdlu (dual locative)
òrdlě̄xъ (locative plural)
òrdlo (singular vocative)
òrdlě (dual vocative)
òrdla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рало (ralo)

Belarusian: ра́ла (rála)

Russian: ра́ло (rálo)

Ukrainian: ра́ло (rálo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: рало (ralo)

Glagolitic: ⱃⰰⰾⱁ (ralo)

Bulgarian: ра́ло (rálo)

Macedonian: рало (ralo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̏ло

Latin script: rȁlo

Slovene: rálo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rádlo

Czech: rádlo

Polabian: rådlü, radlü

Polish: radło

Slovak: radlo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: redło

Slovincian: redlô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: radło

Upper Sorbian: radło

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *árˀtla, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃dʰlom. Equivalent to *orti + *-dlo.


-ťь

-ťь (nominative singular)
-ťi (dual nominative)
-ťi (nominative plural)
-ťi (genitive singular)
-ťьju (dual genitive)
-ťьjь (genitive plural)
-ťi (dative singular)
-ťьma (dative dual)
-ťьmъ (dative plural)
-ťь (accusative singular)
-ťi (accusative dual)
-ťi (accusative plural)
-ťьjǫ (instrumental singular)
-ťьma (dual instrumental)
-ťьmi (instrumental plural)
-ťi (locative singular)
-ťьju (dual locative)
-ťьxъ (locative plural)
-ťi (singular vocative)
-ťi (dual vocative)
-ťi (plural vocative)

(when the verbal root ends in velar consonant) Alternative form of *-tь


-ьca

-ьca (nominative singular)
-ьci (dual nominative)
-ьcę̇ (nominative plural)
-ьcę̇ (genitive singular)
-ьcu (dual genitive)
-ьcь (genitive plural)
-ьci (dative singular)
-ьcama (dative dual)
-ьcamъ (dative plural)
-ьcǫ (accusative singular)
-ьci (accusative dual)
-ьcę̇ (accusative plural)
-ьcejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcama (dual instrumental)
-ьcami (instrumental plural)
-ьci (locative singular)
-ьcu (dual locative)
-ьcasъ (locative plural)
-ьcaxъ (locative plural)
-ьce (singular vocative)
-ьci (dual vocative)
-ьcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Belarusian: -ца (-ca)

Russian: -ца (-ca)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ця (-cja)

Ukrainian: -ця́ (-cjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⱌⰰ (-ĭca)

Bulgarian: -ца́ (-cá)

Macedonian: -ца (-ca)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ца

Latin script: -ca

Slovene: -ca

West Slavic:

Czech: -ce

desctree

Old Polish: -ca
Polish: -ca
Silesian: -ca

Slovak: -ca

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ca

Upper Sorbian: -ca

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ca

Slovincian: -ca

From earlier *-ьka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ikāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-keh₂.

myšь (“mouse”) → *myšьca (“a small mouse; muscle”)

vьrvь (“rope”) → *vьrvьca (“cord, string”)

ubiti (“to kill”) → *ubьjьca (“killer”)

ědti > *ěsti (“to eat”) → *ědьca (“eater”)

Deverbal (from the stem), forms agent nouns.

ovьca (“sheep”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from.


-tva

-tva (nominative singular)
-tvě (dual nominative)
-tvy (nominative plural)
-tvy (genitive singular)
-tvu (dual genitive)
-tvъ (genitive plural)
-tvě (dative singular)
-tvama (dative dual)
-tvamъ (dative plural)
-tvǫ (accusative singular)
-tvě (accusative dual)
-tvy (accusative plural)
-tvojǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvama (dual instrumental)
-tvami (instrumental plural)
-tvě (locative singular)
-tvu (dual locative)
-tvasъ (locative plural)
-tvaxъ (locative plural)
-tvo (singular vocative)
-tvě (dual vocative)
-tvy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)

Belarusian: -тва (-tva)

Russian: -тва (-tva)

Ukrainian: -тва (-tva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -тва (-tva)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)

Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)

Macedonian: -тва (-tva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -тва

Latin script: -tva

Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -tva

Polish: -twa

Slovak: -tva

Slovincian: -tva

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -twa

Lower Sorbian: -twa

From a-extension of supine *-tъ (u-stem). Or from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂; compare Gothic -𐌸𐍅𐌰 (-þwa), -𐌸𐍅𐍉𐍃 (-þwōs) and Sanskrit -त्व (-tva), -त्वा (-tvā).
Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà .

pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)

klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)

orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)

modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)

sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)

žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.

briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.


-atъ

-а̀tъ (canonical masculine)
-atъ (nominative singular)
-ata (dual nominative)
-ati (nominative plural)
-ata (genitive singular)
-atu (dual genitive)
-atъ (genitive plural)
-atu (dative singular)
-atoma (dative dual)
-atomъ (dative plural)
-atъ (accusative singular)
-ata (accusative dual)
-aty (accusative plural)
-atъmь (instrumental singular)
-atomь (instrumental singular)
-atoma (dual instrumental)
-aty (instrumental plural)
-atě (locative singular)
-atu (dual locative)
-atěxъ (locative plural)
-ate (singular vocative)
-ata (dual vocative)
-ati (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. Technically, could also reflect Proto-Indo-European *-eh₃tós, though, this suffix is encountered only sporadically in lemmas of uncertain origin, e.g. Ancient Greek κῑβωτός (kībōtós, “coffer, wooden box, container”). See also athematic Ancient Greek -ής (-ḗs) (gen. -ῆτος (-êtos)), attested for instance in ἀργής (argḗs, “shiny”), πένης (pénēs, “poor”), βλής (blḗs, “thrown”).
In loanwords, reflects Latin -ātus, Ancient Greek -ᾰτος (-atos) or Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ātas as in demotic Church Slavonic креватъ (krevatŭ, “bed, coach”), borrowed from Ancient Greek κράββατος (krábbatos, “bed”), or Proto-Slavic *xorvatъ from a Scythian ethnonym, rendered as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos) in Ancient Greek.

cog

sǫpostatъ (“adversary, opponent”) ← *sъpostati (“to juxtapose, to оppose”)

kosatъ (“pigtail, dorsal fin (of fish, sharks or cetacea)”) ← *kosa (“hair”)

lopata f (“shovel, spade”) ← *lopъ (“sheet, leaf”)

Forms agent or instrument nouns from reanalyzed adjectives


-atъ

-àtъ (canonical)
-atъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
-ata (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
-ato (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
-ata (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
-aty (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
-ata (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
-atu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
-atě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
-atu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
-atъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
-atǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
-ato (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
-atomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
-atojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
-atomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
-atě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
-atě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
-atě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
-ate (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
-ato (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
-ato (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
-ata (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
-atě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
-atě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
-atu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
-atu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
-atu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
-atoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
-atama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
-atoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
-ata (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
-atě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
-atě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
-atoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
-atama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
-atoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
-atu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
-atu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
-atu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
-ata (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
-atě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
-atě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
-ati (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
-aty (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
-ata (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
-atъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
-atъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
-atъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
-atomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
-atamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
-atomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
-aty (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
-aty (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
-ata (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
-aty (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
-atami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
-aty (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
-atěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
-ataxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
-atěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
-ati (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
-aty (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
-ata (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
-atъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
-ataja (definite feminine nominative singular)
-atoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
-atajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
-atyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
-atajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
-atujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
-atěji (dative definite feminine singular)
-atujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
-atъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
-atoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
-atyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
-atyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
-atějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
-atěji (definite feminine locative singular)
-atějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
-atъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
-ataja (definite feminine singular vocative)
-atoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
-ataja (definite dual masculine nominative)
-atěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
-atěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
-atuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
-atuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
-atuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
-atyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
-atyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
-atyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
-ataja (accusative definite dual masculine)
-atěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
-atěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
-atyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
-atyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
-atyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
-atuju (definite dual locative masculine)
-atuju (definite dual feminine locative)
-atuju (definite dual locative neuter)
-ataja (definite dual masculine vocative)
-atěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
-atěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
-atiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
-atyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
-ataja (definite neuter nominative plural)
-atъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
-atъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
-atъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
-atyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
-ataja (accusative definite neuter plural)
-atyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
-atyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
-atyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
-atyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
-atyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
-atyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
-atiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
-atyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
-ataja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *-atъ (hard)

Definite declension of *-atъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -атъ (-atŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -атый (-atyj)

Belarusian: -а́ты (-áty)

Ukrainian: -а́тий (-átyj)

Russian: -а́тый (-átyj)

Old Novgorodian: -ате (-ate)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -а́т (-át)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ат

Latin script: -at

Slovene: -àt

West Slavic:

Czech: -atý

Polish: -aty

Slovak: -atý

Slovincian: -aty

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -aty

Lower Sorbian: -aty

bȏgъ (“wealth, share; god”) → *bogàtъ (“wealthy”)

mǫžь (“man”) → *(vъz)mǫžàtъ (“masculine, manly”)

From agents, creates adjectives denoting a property or characteristic, usually with hyperbolic connotation

kostь (“bone”) → *kostàtъ (“having prominent bones, bony”)

dȇrvo (“wood; tree”) → *dervàtъ (“abounding in trees, woody”)

ȃje (“egg”) → *ajàtъ (“ovate, egg-shaped”)

krьstъ (“crucifix”) → *krьstàtъ (“cross, transverse”)

From objects, creates adjectives denoting a characteristic or shape

bordà (“beard”) → *bordàtъ (“bearded”)

čelò (“forehead”) → *čelàtъ (“having large/prominent forehead”)

usta (“mouth”) → *ustàtъ (“having big mouth; figr. chatty, garrulous”)

uxo (“ear”) → *ušàtъ (“having prominent ears”)

From body parts, creates adjectives referring to the respective part

glupъ (“dumb, stupid”) → *glupovàtъ (“simple-minded”)
ostrъ (“acute, sharp”) → *ostrovàtъ (“pointy, relatively sharp”)

grozьnъ (“ugly, terrible”) → *grozьnovàtъ (“unpleasant, bad-tempered”)
pьlnъ (“full”) → *pьlnovàtъ (“tending towards fullness, relatively full”)

lьgъkъ (“light, not heavy”) → *lьgъkovàtъ (“lightweight, relatively light”)
mękъkъ (“soft”) → *mękъkovàtъ (“softish, relatively soft”)

From adjectives extended with *-ovъ, creates approximative doublets of the original adjective (somewhat like -ish in English). Equivalent to *-ovàtъ


-ežь

-ežь (nominative singular)
-eža (dual nominative)
-eži (nominative plural)
-eža (genitive singular)
-ežu (dual genitive)
-ežь (genitive plural)
-ežu (dative singular)
-ežema (dative dual)
-ežemъ (dative plural)
-ežь (accusative singular)
-eža (accusative dual)
-ežę̇ (accusative plural)
-ežьmь (instrumental singular)
-ežemь (instrumental singular)
-ežema (dual instrumental)
-eži (instrumental plural)
-eži (locative singular)
-ežu (dual locative)
-ežixъ (locative plural)
-ežu (singular vocative)
-eža (dual vocative)
-eži (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ежь (-ežĭ)

Belarusian: -еж (-jež), -ёж (-jož)

desc

Russian: -ёжь (-jóžʹ), -ёж (-jóž), -еж (-ež)

Ukrainian: -іж (-iž)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -єжь (-ežĭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰵⰶⱐ (-ežĭ)

Bulgarian: -еж (-ež)

Macedonian: -еж (-ež)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -еж

Latin script: -ež

Slovene: -ež

West Slavic:

Czech: -ež

Kashubian: -éż, -éżô, -ża

Polish: -eż

Slovak: -ež

Slovincian: -éż

According to Matasović, the origin of the suffix is unclear. He dismisses an old theory due to Vaillant for borrowing ultimately from Vulgar Latin -āgium, because there are not any loanwords in proto-Slavic which display this suffix.

/mętti/ > *męsti (“to mix”) → *mętežь (“chaos, confusion”)
sluti (“to utter”) → *slovežь (“utterance”)
orsti (“to grow, to rise”) → *orstežь (“growth”)

From verbs ending in -C- */padti/ > *pasti (“to fall”) → *padežь (“fall”)

paliti (“to ignite, to set on fire”) → *paležь (“arson”)

From verbs ending in -i- *grabiti (“to grab, to seize”) → *grabežь (“grabbing”)

čьrtati (“to draw”) → *čьrtežь (“sketch”)

From verbs ending in -a- *drapati (“to scratch”) → *drapežь (“plunder”)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldežь (“youth”)

Deadjectival, forming abstract or agent nouns.


-ъka

-ъka (nominative singular)
-ъcě (dual nominative)
-ъky (nominative plural)
-ъky (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъcě (dative singular)
-ъkama (dative dual)
-ъkamъ (dative plural)
-ъkǫ (accusative singular)
-ъcě (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkama (dual instrumental)
-ъkami (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъkasъ (locative plural)
-ъkaxъ (locative plural)
-ъko (singular vocative)
-ъcě (dual vocative)
-ъky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Old Ruthenian: -ка (-ka)

Belarusian: -ка (-ka)

Ukrainian: -ка (-ka)

Russian: -ка (-ka)

Solombala English: -ка (-ka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Glagolitic: -ⱏⰽⰰ (-ŭka)

Bulgarian: -ка (-ka)

Macedonian: -ка (-ka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ка

Latin script: -ka

Slovene: -ka

West Slavic:

Czech: -ka

Polish: -ka

Polabian: -kă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ka

Slovincian: -ka

Slovak: -ka

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ka

Lower Sorbian: -ka

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ, from extended version of Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂, appended to thematic roots. The suffix could be attached to any stem (o-, u-, i-, or consonant). Cognate with Sanskrit -क (-ka).

-jьka

when attached to roots ending in *-j- or some i-stems

, *-ъlа (with additional derogatory flair)

mati (“mother”) + *-ъka → *matьka (“mommy”)

teta (“aunt”) + *-ъka → *tetъka (“auntie”)

gora (“mountain”) + *-ъka → *gorъka (“small mountain, hill”)

pǫpъ (“belly button”) + *-ъka → *pǫpъka (“pimple”)

kotъ (“cat”) + *-ъka → *kotъka (“young cat”)

bylьje (“herb plant, medicine”) + *-ъka → *bylьka (“herb”)

lъga (“oval tool”) + *-ъka → *lyžьka (“spoon”) (along with *lъžica)

vidla (“pitchfork”) + *-ъka → *vidlъka (“fork”) (along with *vidlica)

pala (“stake, pole”) + *-ъka → *palъka (“cane, stick”) (along with *palica)

bělъ (“white”) + *-ъka → *bělъka (“something or somebody white”)

čьrnъ (“black”) + *-ъka → *čьrnъka (“something or somebody black”)

bolь (“painful”) + *-ъka → *bolъka (“acute pain”)

polъ (“half”) + *-ъka → *polъka (“one half; type of dance”)

-měrъ (“considerable, great”) + *-ъka → *měrъka (“measure, estimate”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property.

prositi (“to ask, to beg”) + *-ъka → *prošьka (“remission, pardon”)

dojiti (“to nurse, to give milk”) + *-ъka → *dojьka (“breast, wet-nurse”)

krojiti (“to cut, to shape”) + *-ъka → *krojьka (“embroidery, needlework”)

brojiti (“to count”) + *-ъka → *brojьka (“account, number”)

bьrati (“to gather, to pick”) + *-ъka → *sъbirъka (“gathering, assemblage”)

pьrati (“to propel”) + *-ъka → *perъka (“fin, propeller, vane (of a machine)”)

svirati (“to play a music instrument”) + *-ъka → *svirъka (“flute”)

Deverbal, denoting a (feminine) agent or a tool performing the specified action or a result from the action.

dъva (“two”) + *-ъka → *dvojьka (“pair”)

trьje (“three”) + *-ъka → *trojьka (“triple”)

četyre (“four”) + *-ъka → *četvorъka (“set of four”)

pętь (“five”) + *-ъka → *pętorъka (“set of five”)

desętь (“ten”) + *-ъka → *desętъka (“decade”)

From numerals, denoting a set of the respective number. For numerals between 4 and 8, the supplementary *-orъ is affixed.


časъ

čàsъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
čàsъ (nominative singular)
čàsa (dual nominative)
čàsi (nominative plural)
čàsa (genitive singular)
čàsu (dual genitive)
čàsъ (genitive plural)
čàsu (dative singular)
čàsoma (dative dual)
čàsomъ (dative plural)
čàsъ (accusative singular)
čàsa (accusative dual)
čàsy (accusative plural)
čàsъmь (instrumental singular)
čàsomь (instrumental singular)
čàsoma (dual instrumental)
čàsȳ (instrumental plural)
čàsě (locative singular)
čàsu (dual locative)
čàsě̄xъ (locative plural)
čàse (singular vocative)
čàsa (dual vocative)
čàsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: часъ (časŭ)
Belarusian: час (čas)
Russian: час (čas)
→ Kildin Sami: ча̄сс (čāss, “hour, watch”)
→ Yakut: чаас (caas, “hour”)
Carpathian Rusyn: час (čas)
Ukrainian: час (čas)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰰⱄⱏ (časŭ)

Old Cyrillic script: часъ (časŭ)

Bulgarian: час (čas)

Macedonian: час (čas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: час

Latin script: čas

Slovene: čas

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čas

Czech: čas

Bohemian (Chod dialect): čas

Moravian (Mistřice): čas

Old Polish: czas
Polish: czas
Silesian: czas

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czas

Slovincian: czas

Old Slovak: čas

Pannonian Rusyn: час (čas)

Slovak: čas

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: cas

Upper Sorbian: čas

→ Romanian: ceas

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *keˀs-, probably from Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)eh₁s-. Cognate with Old Prussian kīsman (“time”) and Albanian kohë (“time”). Akin to *čajati (“to wait, expect”) and *čakati, with a semantic development similar to the one found between *godъ and *žьdati (“to wait”).
The other possibility is from the lengthened grade of Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to go”), with a semantic development similar to the one found in Latin annus (“year”) (< earlier *atnos < PIE *h₂et- (“to go”); compare Sanskrit अटति (átati, “to go”)).


sěťi

c (accent-paradigm)
sěčenьje (noun-from-verb)
sěťi (infinitive)
sěťь (supine)
sěklъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěčenъ (participle passive past)
sěkomъ (participle passive present)
sěkъ (active participle past)
sěky (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
sěkъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěkoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěče (aorist second-person singular)
sěče (aorist singular third-person)
sěkǫ (first-person present singular)
sěčeši (present second-person singular)
sěčetь (present singular third-person)
sěkově (aorist dual first-person)
sěkoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sěketa (aorist dual second-person)
sěkosta (aorist dual second-person)
sěkete (aorist dual third-person)
sěkoste (aorist dual third-person)
sěčevě (dual first-person present)
sěčeta (dual present second-person)
sěčete (dual present third-person)
sěkomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěkoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sěkete (aorist plural second-person)
sěkoste (aorist plural second-person)
sěkǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sěkošę (aorist plural third-person)
sěčemъ (first-person plural present)
sěčete (plural present second-person)
sěkǫtь (plural present third-person)
sěčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
sěčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
sěčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sěci (imperative second-person singular)
sěci (imperative singular third-person)
sěčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
sěčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
sěčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sěcěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sěcěta (dual imperative second-person)
sěčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
sěčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
sěčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sěcěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sěcěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣчи (sěči)

Belarusian: сячы́ (sjačý)

Russian: се́чь (séčʹ)

Ukrainian: сікти́ (siktý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сѣщи (sěšti)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱑⱋⰹ (sěšti)

Bulgarian: сека́ (seká)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏ћи, сје̏ћи

Latin: sȅći, sjȅći

Slovene: sẹ́či (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sieci

Czech: síci, síct

Polabian: sect

Polish: siec

Slovak: sekať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: syc

Lower Sorbian: sec

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sektei, from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), with unexplained -ě-. Cognate with Latin secō (“to cut, to mow”). Explanations for the -ě- vary:
* Rix (LIV) reconstructs an acrodynamic (Narten) present *sēk-. (In the Leiden school view of Derksen and Kortlandt, this would not yield the required acute vowel.)
* Kortlandt asserts that the vowel of *sěkti was lengthened to disambiguate the verb from the root preserved in Lithuanian sèkti (“to watch, to follow”), Proto-Slavic *sočiti (“to pursue, to indicate”) < Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-.
* Derksen notes that the short root vowel is preserved in секыра (sekyra, “axe”).


-ъkъ

-ъkъ (nominative singular)
-ъka (dual nominative)
-ъci (nominative plural)
-ъka (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъku (dative singular)
-ъkoma (dative dual)
-ъkomъ (dative plural)
-ъkъ (accusative singular)
-ъka (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental singular)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental)
-ъky (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъcěxъ (locative plural)
-ъče (singular vocative)
-ъka (dual vocative)
-ъci (plural vocative)

Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property. Compare Proto-Iranian *-akah and Sanskrit -अक (-aka) formed in the same way.

listъ (“leaf”) → *listъkъ (“leaflet, a small leaf”)

synъ (“son”) → *synъkъ (“boy, little son”)

bebrъ (“beaver”) → *bebrъkъ (“small beaver”)

medъ (“honey”) → *medъkъ (“honey product”)

pętъ (“fifth”) → *pętъkъ (“Friday”)

četvьrtъ (“fourth”) → *četvьrtъkъ (“Thursday”)

bělъ (“white”) → *bělъkъ (“albumen”)

žьltъ (“yellow”) → *žьltъkъ (“yolk”)

okrǫžьnъ (“circumferential”) → *krǫžьkъ (“circle, shape with circular form”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)

pěsъkъ (“sand”)

Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from

dobyti (“to extract”) → *dobytъ → *dobytъkъ (“stock”)

dati (“to give”) → *datъ → *datъkъ (“yield”)

zaperti (“to expire”) → *zapьrtъ → *zapъrtъkъ (“addle egg”)

začęti (“to conceive”) → *začętъ → *začętъkъ (“embryo, germ”)

Deverbal from the past participle in *-tъ, forms resultant nouns of the specified action

pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)

do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)

Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action

kyvati (“to knock, to hew”) → *kyvъkъ (“nod”)

telťì (“to shove, to pound”) → *tьlčьkъ (“push, impulse”)

mazati (“to anoint, to spread oil/paint”) → *mazъkъ (“dab, smear”)

glъtati (“to swallow”) → *glъtъkъ (“gulp”)

Deverbal, forms an instance of the specified action

strěľati (“to knock, to hew”) → *strělъkъ (“shooter”)

skrebti (“to scrape”) → *skrebъkъ (“scraper”)

gǫděti (“to buzz, to honk”) → *gǫdъkъ (“horn, buzzer”)

pьlzti (“to craw”) → dial. *pьlžьkъ (“slug”)

Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er

perdъ (“in front”) → *perdъkъ (“ancestor”)

po + *tomь (“later on, over there”) → *potomъkъ (“descendant”)

From propositions, forms an instance of the specified action


-ъkъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)

Definite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)

-ъkъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
-ъka (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
-ъko (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
-ъka (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
-ъky (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
-ъka (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
-ъku (dative indefinite masculine singular)
-ъcě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
-ъku (dative indefinite neuter singular)
-ъkъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
-ъkǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
-ъko (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
-ъkomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
-ъkojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
-ъkomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
-ъcě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
-ъcě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
-ъcě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
-ъče (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
-ъko (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
-ъko (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
-ъka (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
-ъcě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
-ъcě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
-ъku (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
-ъku (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
-ъku (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
-ъkoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
-ъkama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
-ъkoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
-ъka (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
-ъcě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
-ъcě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
-ъkoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
-ъkama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
-ъkoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
-ъku (dual indefinite locative masculine)
-ъku (dual feminine indefinite locative)
-ъku (dual indefinite locative neuter)
-ъka (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
-ъcě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
-ъcě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
-ъci (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
-ъky (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
-ъka (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
-ъkъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
-ъkъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
-ъkъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
-ъkomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
-ъkamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
-ъkomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
-ъky (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
-ъky (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
-ъka (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
-ъky (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
-ъkami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
-ъky (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
-ъcěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
-ъkaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
-ъcěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
-ъci (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
-ъky (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
-ъka (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
-ъkъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
-ъkaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
-ъkoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
-ъkajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
-ъkyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
-ъkajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
-ъkujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
-ъcěji (dative definite feminine singular)
-ъkujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
-ъkъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
-ъkǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
-ъkoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
-ъkyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
-ъkǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
-ъkyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
-ъcějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
-ъcěji (definite feminine locative singular)
-ъcějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
-ъkъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
-ъkaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
-ъkoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
-ъkaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
-ъcěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
-ъcěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
-ъkuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
-ъkuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
-ъkuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
-ъkyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
-ъkyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
-ъkyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
-ъkaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
-ъcěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
-ъcěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
-ъkyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
-ъkyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
-ъkyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
-ъkuju (definite dual locative masculine)
-ъkuju (definite dual feminine locative)
-ъkuju (definite dual locative neuter)
-ъkaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
-ъcěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
-ъcěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
-ъciji (definite masculine nominative plural)
-ъkyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
-ъkaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
-ъkъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
-ъkъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
-ъkъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
-ъkyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
-ъkyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
-ъkyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
-ъkaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
-ъkyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
-ъkyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
-ъkyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
-ъkyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
-ъkyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
-ъkyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
-ъciji (definite masculine plural vocative)
-ъkyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
-ъkaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Belarusian: -ок (-ok), -ак (-ak)

Russian: -ок (-ok)

Ukrainian: -ок (-ok)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏⰽⱏ (-ŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: -ък (-ǎk)

Macedonian: -ок (-ok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

Slovene: -ek

West Slavic:

Czech: -ek

Old Polish: -ek

Slovak: -ok

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -k

Slovincian: -k

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -k

Lower Sorbian: -k

Adjectival suffix with analogical origin as the nominal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz (when appended to u-stems) and Proto-Germanic *-agaz (to o-stems).
In rare case, both the original u-stem form (reanalyzed as an o-stem) and the extended *-ъkъ are attested: e.g. Old Church Slavonic крѣпъ (krěpŭ) : крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ).

-ьkъ

when attached to yu-stems or spread from the ancient comparative in *-jьš-

kortъ (“piece, bit”) → *kortъkъ (“short”)

nizъ (“down, below”) → *nizъkъ (“nether, low”)

slizъ (“slime”) → *slizъkъ (“slippery”)

goře(stь) (“sorrow, woe, tribulation”) → *gorьkъ (“bitter”)

tęžе(stь) (“weight”) → *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)

From nouns or adverbs, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y

plyti (“to float”) → *plytъ (“sunk”) → *plytъkъ (“shallow”)

pry(g)ti (“to spring, to jump”) → *prytъ (“sprung”) → *prytъkъ (“agile, nimble”)

viti (“to curve, to wind”) → *vitъ (“curved”) → *vitъkъ (“curvу, twisty”)

biti (“to beat, to fight”) → *bitъ (“beaten”) → *bitъkъ (“feisty, military”)

Deverbial from the past participle, forms adjectives which approximate the meaning of the participle: -ly (rare)

gladъ → *gladъkъ (“smooth, plain”)

dьrzъ → *dьrzъkъ (“daring, bald”)

krěpъ → *krěpъkъ (“solid, firm”)

krěxъ → *krěxъkъ (“soft, mild”)

lьgъ → *lьgъkъ (“light”)

mělъ → *mělъkъ (“small, finely ground”)

tьnъ → *tьnъkъ (“thin”)

(Extension) From former u-stem adjective (some of them surviving as re-analyzed o-stems), forms their doublets


-nьje

-nьje (nominative singular)
-nьji (dual nominative)
-nьja (nominative plural)
-nьja (genitive singular)
-nьju (dual genitive)
-nьjь (genitive plural)
-nьju (dative singular)
-nьjema (dative dual)
-nьjemъ (dative plural)
-nьje (accusative singular)
-nьji (accusative dual)
-nьja (accusative plural)
-nьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-nьjemь (instrumental singular)
-nьjema (dual instrumental)
-nьji (instrumental plural)
-nьji (locative singular)
-nьju (dual locative)
-nьjixъ (locative plural)
-nьje (singular vocative)
-nьji (dual vocative)
-nьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ние (-nie)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: -нье (-nʹje)
Belarusian: -нне (-nnje), -ннё (-nnjo)
Carpathian Rusyn: -ня (-nja)
Ukrainian: -ння (-nnja); -нє (-nje) (Western dialects)

desc

Russian: -ние (-nije), -нье (-nʹje), -ньё (-nʹjó)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ньѥ (-nĭje)

Glagolitic: -ⱀⱐⰵ (-nĭe)

Bulgarian: -ние (-nie), -не (-ne)

Macedonian: -ње (-nje), -ние (-nie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ње

Latin script: -nje

Slovene: -nje

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -nie

Czech: -ní

Kashubian: -nié

Polabian: -nĕ

Old Polish: -enie

Polish: -enie

Slovak: -nie

Slovincian: -njé

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ńe, -nje

Compounded from the past participle suffix *-n- and *-ьje. Originally it is therefore a deadjectival variant of *-ьje, denoting a state, condition, or property.

dělati (“to do, act”) → *dělanьje (“work”)

pьsati (“to write”) → *pьsanьje (“writing; that which is written”)


-tьje

-tьje (nominative singular)
-tьji (dual nominative)
-tьja (nominative plural)
-tьja (genitive singular)
-tьju (dual genitive)
-tьjь (genitive plural)
-tьju (dative singular)
-tьjema (dative dual)
-tьjemъ (dative plural)
-tьje (accusative singular)
-tьji (accusative dual)
-tьja (accusative plural)
-tьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-tьjemь (instrumental singular)
-tьjema (dual instrumental)
-tьji (instrumental plural)
-tьji (locative singular)
-tьju (dual locative)
-tьjixъ (locative plural)
-tьje (singular vocative)
-tьji (dual vocative)
-tьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -тие (-tie), -тиѥ (-tije)

Belarusian: -ццё (-ccjo), -цце (-ccje), -це (-cje)

Russian: -тие (-tije), -тье (-tʹje), -тьё (-tʹjó)

Ukrainian: -ття (-ttja), -тя (-tja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -тиѥ (-tije)

Glagolitic: -ⱅⰹⱑ (-tiě)

Bulgarian: -тие (-tie)

Macedonian: -тие (-tie)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ће

Latin script: -će

Slovene: -tje

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -tie

Czech: -tí

Kashubian: -cié

Polish: -cie

Slovak: -tie

Slovincian: -cé

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -śe

Upper Sorbian: -će

Compounded from the past participle suffix *-t- and *-ьje. Originally it is therefore a deadjectival variant of *-ьje, denoting a state, condition, or property.

žiti (“to live”) → *žitьje (“life”)

byti (“to be”) → *bytьje (“being”)

bez (“witout”) + *sъmerti (“to die naturally”) → *bezsъmьrtьje (“immortality”)

ěsti (“to eat”) → *ěstьje (“dish, food”)

dati (“to give”) → *datьje (“task, assignment”)

začęti (“to beget”) → *začętьje (“conception”)


-išče

-išče (nominative singular)
-išči (dual nominative)
-išča (nominative plural)
-išča (genitive singular)
-išču (dual genitive)
-iščь (genitive plural)
-išču (dative singular)
-iščema (dative dual)
-iščemъ (dative plural)
-išče (accusative singular)
-išči (accusative dual)
-išča (accusative plural)
-iščьmь (instrumental singular)
-iščemь (instrumental singular)
-iščema (dual instrumental)
-išči (instrumental plural)
-išči (locative singular)
-išču (dual locative)
-iščixъ (locative plural)
-išče (singular vocative)
-išči (dual vocative)
-išča (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ище (-išče)

Belarusian: -ішча (-išča), -ышча (-yšča)

Russian: -ище (-išče)

Carpathian Rusyn: -іще (-išče)

Ukrainian: -ище (-yšče)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ище (-ište)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⰵ (-ište)

Bulgarian: -ище (-ište)

Macedonian: -иште (-ište)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -иште

Latin script: -ište, -išče, -išće

Slovene: -išče

West Slavic:

Czech: -iště

Polabian: -istě

Polish: -yszcze, -iszcze

Slovak: -ište, -iščo (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -išćo

Upper Sorbian: -išćo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -iszcze, -ëszcze

Slovincian: -iszczô

From earlier *isk-je. Originally it was probably used exclusively denominally for forming augmentatives, and later a semantic shift to place names occurred. E.g. *bolto (“mud”) → *boltišče (“large mud, a lot of mud”) > "there where is muddy". Deverbal formations from verbs on *-iti are a late innovation.

-isko

West Slavic, partially Belarusian and Ukrainian

gnojь (“manure, pus, dung”) → *gnojišče (“midden, cesspool, manure pile”)

ogňь (“fire”) → *ogňišče (“fireplace”)

sǫdъ (“judgement, trial”) → *sǫdišče (“court”)

lovъ (“hunting, hunt”) → *lovišče (“hunting area/ground”)

dvorъ (“court, courtyard”) → *dvorišče (“yard”)

tъrgъ (“commodity, wares; market”) → *tъržišče (“market, fairground”)

Denominal, forming augmentatives, denoting increase or growth of quality.

baba (“old woman”) → *babišče (“hag”)

čudo (“wonder”) → *čudovišče (“monster”)

Denominal, forming emotionally colored nouns, mostly augmentatives (usually with pejorative connotation), rarely diminutives.

kosa (“scythe”) → *kosišče (“scythe handle”)

toporъ (“axe, hatchet”) → *toporišče (“axe handle”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a handle of a tool.


-ьje

-ьje (nominative singular)
-ьji (dual nominative)
-ьja (nominative plural)
-ьja (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьju (dative singular)
-ьjema (dative dual)
-ьjemъ (dative plural)
-ьje (accusative singular)
-ьji (accusative dual)
-ьja (accusative plural)
-ьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental singular)
-ьjema (dual instrumental)
-ьji (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjixъ (locative plural)
-ьje (singular vocative)
-ьji (dual vocative)
-ьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ие (-ie)

Belarusian: -е (-je), -а (-a)

Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a), -я (-ja)

Russian: -ьё (-ʹjó), -ие (-ije), -ье (-ʹje)

Ukrainian: -я (-ja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьѥ (-ĭje), -иѥ (-ije)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⰵ (-ĭe), -ⰻⰵ (-ie)

Macedonian: -ие (-ie), -је (-je)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -је; allomorphic: -ће (<* -t-ьje), -шће (<* -st-ьje) -ње (< *-n-ьje), -ље (< *-l-ьje)

Latin: -je; allomorphic: -će (<* -t-ьje), -šće (<* -st-ьje) -nje (< *-n-ьje), -lje (< *-l-ьje)

Slovene: -je

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ie

Czech: -í

Kashubian: -ié

Polish: -e, -ė, -ie

Slovak: -ie

Slovincian: -é

From the neuter form of *-ьjь (See Etymology 2), from *-ь + *-jь.
Akin to deverbal suffixes *-nьje and *-tьje. However, comparison with other Indo-European languages indicates archaicity of denominal formations, which are most likely substantivized adjectives. Compare
* Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “dream”) → ἐνύπνιον (enúpnion, “dreaming”) = Common Slavic *sъnъ → *sъnьje
* Latin ōs, ōris (“mouth”) → ōstium (“estuary, river mouth”) = Common Slavic *usta → *ustьje

-nьje

deverbal, with a *-n- suffix taken from past passive participle

-tьje

deverbal, with a *-t- suffix taken from past passive participle

ostrovъ (“island”) → *ostrovьje (“archipelago”)

jedla (“spruce, fir”) → *jedlьje (“fir forest”)

dǫbъ (“oak”) → *dǫbьje (“oaks”)

kamy, *kamene- (“stone”) → *kamenьje (“stones, rocks”)

dati → *datъ / *danъ → *datьje / *danьje

(*obrětti >) *obrěsti → *obrětenъ → *obrětenьje

kovati → *kovanъ → *kovanьje

kъrmiti → *kъrmljenъ → *kъrmljenьje

(*ostojěti >) *ostojati → *ostojanъ → *ostojanьje

Deverbal (from past participle), forming action nouns

usta (“mouth”) → *ustьje (“mouth”)

sъnъ (“sleep”) → *sъnьje (“dream”)

na- + *rěčь (“speech”) → *narěčьje (“adverb”)

na- + *sila (“force”) → *nasilьje (“violence”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting various concepts

zna-mę, *zna-men- (“sign, signal, mark”) → *znamenьje (“signs, signals, marks”)

obilъ (“abundant”) → *obilьje (“abundance”)

sъdorvъ (“healthy”) → *sъdorvьje (“health”)

veselъ (“happy”) → *veselьje (“joy, happiness”)

Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a property, state or condition

po- + *rěka (“river”) → *porěčьje (“region near, along a river”)

za- + *gora (“forest, mountain”) → *zagorьje (“region nearby a mountain”)

krajь- + *bergъ (“coast”) → *krajьberžьje (“coastline”)

nadъ- + *věsъ (“screen, curtain”) → *nadъvěsьje (“arch, dome, sth hanging over”)

bez- + *vermę (“time”) → *bezvermьje (“timelessness”)

na- + *večerъ (“eve”) → *navečerьje (“evening, time before dawn”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting location or time


-ьba

-ьba (nominative singular)
-ьbě (dual nominative)
-ьby (nominative plural)
-ьby (genitive singular)
-ьbu (dual genitive)
-ьbъ (genitive plural)
-ьbě (dative singular)
-ьbama (dative dual)
-ьbamъ (dative plural)
-ьbǫ (accusative singular)
-ьbě (accusative dual)
-ьby (accusative plural)
-ьbojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbama (dual instrumental)
-ьbami (instrumental plural)
-ьbě (locative singular)
-ьbu (dual locative)
-ьbasъ (locative plural)
-ьbaxъ (locative plural)
-ьbo (singular vocative)
-ьbě (dual vocative)
-ьby (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьба (-ĭba)

Belarusian: -ба (-ba)

Russian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

Ukrainian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьба (-ĭba)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⰱⰰ (-ĭba)

Bulgarian: -ба (-ba)

Macedonian: -ба (-ba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ба

Latin script: -ba

Slovene: -ba

West Slavic:

Czech: -ba

Polish: -ba

Slovak: -ba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ba

Lower Sorbian: -ba

Originally the suffix proper is *-ba, with *-ь and *-o abstracted from i- and o-stem basewords, respectively. Sometimes the original abstract noun in *-ь is still preserved, e.g.
* *bornь (“defense; fight; dispute”) → *bornьba
* *rězь (“cut, cutting”) → *rězьba
Further, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ba, from Proto-Indo-European *-bʰo-, *-bʰeh₂ found in nouns and adjectives.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ýba, -ỹbė and Latvian -ība.

družьba (“company”) ⇐ *družiti sę (“to socialize, get together”) ⇐ *drugъ

služьba (“service, serving”) ⇐ *služiti (“to serve”) ⇐ *sluga

gǫdьba (“band”) ⇐ *gǫsti (“to play a string instrument”) < *gǫdti

-ьda

in *pravьda; *prěmьda, *krivьda, *voržьda, *bajьda


-jakъ

-jakъ (nominative singular)
-jaka (dual nominative)
-jaci (nominative plural)
-jaka (genitive singular)
-jaku (dual genitive)
-jakъ (genitive plural)
-jaku (dative singular)
-jakoma (dative dual)
-jakomъ (dative plural)
-jakъ (accusative singular)
-jaka (accusative dual)
-jaky (accusative plural)
-jakъmь (instrumental singular)
-jakomь (instrumental singular)
-jakoma (dual instrumental)
-jaky (instrumental plural)
-jacě (locative singular)
-jaku (dual locative)
-jacěxъ (locative plural)
-jače (singular vocative)
-jaka (dual vocative)
-jaci (plural vocative)

(causing iotation of the preceding consonant) Alternative form of *-akъ


-akъ

-akъ (nominative singular)
-aka (dual nominative)
-aci (nominative plural)
-aka (genitive singular)
-aku (dual genitive)
-akъ (genitive plural)
-aku (dative singular)
-akoma (dative dual)
-akomъ (dative plural)
-akъ (accusative singular)
-aka (accusative dual)
-aky (accusative plural)
-akъmь (instrumental singular)
-akomь (instrumental singular)
-akoma (dual instrumental)
-aky (instrumental plural)
-acě (locative singular)
-aku (dual locative)
-acěxъ (locative plural)
-ače (singular vocative)
-aka (dual vocative)
-aci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -акъ (-akŭ)

Belarusian: -ак (-ak)

Russian: -ак (-ak)

Ukrainian: -ак (-ak)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -акъ (-akŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰰⰽⱏ (-akŭ)

Bulgarian: -ак (-ak)

Macedonian: -ак (-ak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

Slovene: -ak

West Slavic:

Czech: -ák, -ak

Kashubian: -ôk

Polish: -ak

Slovak: -ák, -ak

Slovincian: -ók, -ok

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ak

Lower Sorbian: -ak

Yiddish:

Yiddish: ־אַק (-ak)

Deverbal derivations are easily secondary, motivated by parallel formations, e.g.
* North Slavic *ědakъ (“greedy man”) ← *est < *ed-ti (“to eat”) : *ěda (“food”).
Comparison with cognates in other Indo-European languages indicates antiquity of deadjectival formations:
* Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new, young”) → νέᾱξ (néāx), νέᾱκος (néākos, “young man”) : Slavic *novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)
* Lithuanian naũjas (“new”) → naujõkas (“novice”)
Cognate with Proto-Celtic *-ākos (see Etymology 2).

-jakъ

causing iotation of the preceding consonant

junъ (“young”) → *junakъ (“a young man”)

novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)

lěvъ (“left”) → *lěvakъ (“left-handed man”)

svojь (“one's own”) → *svojakъ (“relative, cousin”)

Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.

rodъ (“kin”) → *roďakъ (“relative, cousin”)

kory (“root”) → *koreňakъ (“native, one from the root”)

moře (“sea”) → *mořakъ (“sailor”)

ryba (“fish”) → *rybakъ (“fisher”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting something connected in meaning to the base-word.

gǫsь (“goose”) → *gǫsakъ (“gander”)

Denominal, forming masculine counterparts of feminine nouns.

prositi (“to ask; beg”) → *prosjakъ >*prošakъ (“beggar; asker”)

Deverbal, from the root, forming agent nouns.


-ačь

-ačь (nominative singular)
-ača (dual nominative)
-ači (nominative plural)
-ača (genitive singular)
-aču (dual genitive)
-ačь (genitive plural)
-aču (dative singular)
-ačema (dative dual)
-ačemъ (dative plural)
-ačь (accusative singular)
-ača (accusative dual)
-ačę̇ (accusative plural)
-ačьmь (instrumental singular)
-ačemь (instrumental singular)
-ačema (dual instrumental)
-ači (instrumental plural)
-ači (locative singular)
-aču (dual locative)
-ačixъ (locative plural)
-aču (singular vocative)
-ača (dual vocative)
-ači (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ачъ (-ač), -ачь (-ačʹ)

Belarusian: -а́ч (-áč)

Ukrainian: -а́ч (-áč)

Russian: -а́ч (-áč)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Macedonian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Serbo-Croatian: (rare?)

Cyrillic script: -а̄ч

Latin script: -ȃč

Slovene: -áč

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -áč

Czech: -áč, -ač

Kashubian: -ôcz

Polabian: -ăc

Old Polish: -acz

Polish: -acz

Slovak: -ocz

Slovak: -áč

Slovincian: -ócz, -ocz, -acz, -acz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ac

* Morphologically possibly from reinterpreting of some deverbal agent nouns (e.g. *kovačь ← *kovati + *-čь : *kovъ + *-ačь). Synchronically it is an independent suffix.
* Semantically it's close to denominal suffix *-atъ. But in this case form **-aťь is expected, though compare *porťa : *porkъ.

kolo (“wheel”) → *kolačь (“cake”)

bogъ (“wealth, fortune”) → *bogačь (“a wealthy man”) (compare *bogatъ (“wealthy”))

borda (“beard”) → *bordačь (“a bearded man”) (compare *bordatъ (“bearded”))

golva (“head”) → *golvačь (“one having a big head”) (compare *golvatъ)

rogъ (“horn”) → *rogačь (“horned animal”) (compare *rogatъ (“horned”))

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.