aščerъ

aščerъ (nominative singular)
aščera (dual nominative)
aščeri (nominative plural)
aščera (genitive singular)
aščeru (dual genitive)
aščerъ (genitive plural)
aščeru (dative singular)
aščeroma (dative dual)
aščeromъ (dative plural)
aščerъ (accusative singular)
aščera (accusative dual)
aščery (accusative plural)
aščerъmь (instrumental singular)
aščeromь (instrumental singular)
aščeroma (dual instrumental)
aščery (instrumental plural)
aščerě (locative singular)
aščeru (dual locative)
aščerěxъ (locative plural)
aščere (singular vocative)
aščera (dual vocative)
aščeri (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗщеръ (jaščerŭ)

Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́щеръ (jáščer)

Belarusian: я́шчар (jáščar)

Ukrainian: я́щір (jáščir)

Russian: я́щер (jáščer)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: ащєръ m (ašterŭ), ащєра f (aštera)

Bulgarian: я́щер (jášter) (archaic)

Serbo-Croatian: (archaic, dialectal)

Cyrillic script: ја̏штер

Latin script: jȁšter

West Slavic:

Czech: ještěr

Kashubian: wieszczór

Polabian: vistăr

Polish: jaszczur

Old Slovak: jašter

Pannonian Rusyn: ящур (jaščur)

Slovak: jašter, (dialectal) jaśčur

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jašćeŕ

Perhaps from *a- (“no-”) + *ščerъ with second element possibly meaning:
* “agile, nimble” in reference to the reptilian locomotion of lizards. Akin to Proto-Slavic *skorъ (“speedy, quick”), possibly *xъrtъ (“hound”), *čьrtъ (“demon”). Further cognate with Lithuanian skėrỹs, skėrẽlis (“locust”), Latvian šķírgaîlis (“lizard”).
* “fur, pelt” in reference to the hairless skin of lizards. Akin to Proto-Slavic *skora (“hide”) and cognate with Albanian shqarr (“marten”). Similar meaning is attested in secondary Russian я́щер (jáščer, “rough leather”). A variation of this hypothesis (due to Potebnja) proposes that the prefix *a- is instead a clipping of unattested *aхъ (“prickly, scrubby”), cognate with Sanskrit आखु (ākhú, “mole”), possibly Ancient Greek σκίουρος (skíouros, “squirrel”).
In either case, possibly cognate with Sanskrit आश्चर्य (āścarya, “wonderful, marvelous”) (according to Machek).
Per Brückner, may alternatively reflect *askъ (“burrow, hollow”) + *-erъ in view of some rare forms with alternative ending (in *-elь, *-jurъ). Effectively meaning “burrow-dwelling animal” (even though lizards are not known to dig their lairs).

cog

(by extension) sort of skin inflammation (mycosis, scleroderma, aphtha, sore throat, etc.)


gasnǫti

gàsnǫti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
gasenьje (noun-from-verb)
gasnǫti (infinitive)
gasnǫtъ (supine)
gaslъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
gasenъ (participle passive past)
gasnomъ (participle passive present)
gasъ (active participle past)
gasny (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
gasъ (aorist first-person singular)
gasoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gase (aorist second-person singular)
gase (aorist singular third-person)
gasnǫ (first-person present singular)
gasneši (present second-person singular)
gasnetь (present singular third-person)
gasově (aorist dual first-person)
gasoxově (aorist dual first-person)
gaseta (aorist dual second-person)
gasosta (aorist dual second-person)
gasete (aorist dual third-person)
gasoste (aorist dual third-person)
gasnevě (dual first-person present)
gasneta (dual present second-person)
gasnete (dual present third-person)
gasomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gasoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gasete (aorist plural second-person)
gasoste (aorist plural second-person)
gasǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gasošę (aorist plural third-person)
gasnemъ (first-person plural present)
gasnete (plural present second-person)
gasnǫtь (plural present third-person)
gasněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gasněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gasněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gasni (imperative second-person singular)
gasni (imperative singular third-person)
gasněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gasněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gasněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gasněvě (dual first-person imperative)
gasněta (dual imperative second-person)
gasněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gasněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gasněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gasněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gasněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙋгаснꙋти (ugasnuti)

Belarusian: га́снуць (hásnucʹ)

Russian: га́снуть (gásnutʹ)

Ukrainian: га́снути (hásnuty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: га́сна (gásna)

Macedonian: гасне (gasne)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̏снути

Latin script: gȁsnuti

Slovene: gásniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: gasnąc

Old Czech: hasnúti

Czech: hasnout

Polish: gasnąć

Slovak: hasnúť

Slovincian: gasnõć

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hasnyć

Lower Sorbian: gasnuś

From the root of *gasìti + *-nǫti, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian gesýti (“to extinguish”), 1sg. gesaũ, gèsti (“to be extinguished, to go out”), 1sg. gestù, Latvian dzēst (“to extinguish”), dzist (“to be extinguished, to go out”). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit जसते (jásate, “to be extinguished”), जासयति (jāsáyati, “to extinguish, to exhaust”), Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi, “to extinguish”).


jьskra

jь̀skra (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
jь̀skra (nominative singular)
jь̀skrě (dual nominative)
jь̀skry (nominative plural)
jь̀skry (genitive singular)
jь̀skru (dual genitive)
jь̀skrъ (genitive plural)
jь̀skrě (dative singular)
jь̀skrama (dative dual)
jь̀skramъ (dative plural)
jь̀skrǫ (accusative singular)
jь̀skrě (accusative dual)
jь̀skry (accusative plural)
jь̀skrojǫ (instrumental singular)
jь̀skrǭ (instrumental singular)
jь̀skrama (dual instrumental)
jь̀skramī (instrumental plural)
jь̀skrě (locative singular)
jь̀skru (dual locative)
jь̀skrasъ (locative plural)
jь̀skraxъ (locative plural)
jь̀skro (singular vocative)
jь̀skrě (dual vocative)
jь̀skry (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: і́скра (ískra)

Russian: и́скра (ískra), искра́ (iskrá)

Ukrainian: і́скра (ískra)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: и́скра (ískra), искра́ (iskrá)

Macedonian: и́скра (ískra)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: и̏скра

Latin: ȉskra

Slovene: iskra

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jiskra

Czech: jiskra

Bohemian (Chod dialect): ískra

Kashubian: skra

Polabian: jåskră

Polish: iskra, skra, jaskra (“glaucoma”)

Slovak: iskra

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: škra

Lower Sorbian: škrja

→ Albanian: iskër

→ Hungarian: szikra

Nominalization of an adjective Proto-Slavic *jьskrъ (“bright, stark, vivid”) + *-a, a 0-grade doublet of Proto-Slavic *ěskrъ (whence Polish jaskry and Bulgarian Искър). Likely akin to Lithuanian ýškus (“bright, clear”). If right, then from an earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic *ī́ˀškrāˀ, *áiˀškrāˀ.
The exact Indo-European root is unclear. Comparisons have made with Proto-Germanic *aiskrōną (“to rage”) (whence Icelandic ískra (“to creak”)), Ancient Greek ἐσχάρᾱ (eskhárā, “hearth”) (doubted by Vasmer). Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to energize, to invigorate”) or *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite”).


gǫba

gǫ̀ba (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
gǫ̀ba (nominative singular)
gǫ̀bě (dual nominative)
gǫ̀by (nominative plural)
gǫ̀by (genitive singular)
gǫ̀bu (dual genitive)
gǫ̀bъ (genitive plural)
gǫ̀bě (dative singular)
gǫ̀bama (dative dual)
gǫ̀bamъ (dative plural)
gǫ̀bǫ (accusative singular)
gǫ̀bě (accusative dual)
gǫ̀by (accusative plural)
gǫ̀bojǫ (instrumental singular)
gǫ̀bǭ (instrumental singular)
gǫ̀bama (dual instrumental)
gǫ̀bamī (instrumental plural)
gǫ̀bě (locative singular)
gǫ̀bu (dual locative)
gǫ̀basъ (locative plural)
gǫ̀baxъ (locative plural)
gǫ̀bo (singular vocative)
gǫ̀bě (dual vocative)
gǫ̀by (plural vocative)

Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гѫ́ба (gǫ́ba)

Belarusian: губа́ (hubá)

Ukrainian: губа́ (hubá)

Middle Russian: гу́ба́ (gúbá)

Russian: губа́ (gubá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гѫба (gǫba)

desc

Bulgarian: гъ́ба (gǎ́ba), гъ́мба (gǎ́mba) (dialectal)

Macedonian: габа (gaba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гу̏ба

Latin script: gȕba

Slovene: gọ́ba (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: húba

Czech: houba (“sponge”), huba (“mouth”)

→ Polish: huba (“polypore”)

Polish: gęba (“mouth, mug”)

→ Ukrainian: ґе́мба (gémba)

Silesian: gymba

Slovak: huba

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: huba

→ Hungarian: gomba

→ Proto-Turkic: *kömbe

Probably substantivization of Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”) + *-a. Cognate with Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”) (with métatonie douce), gémbė (“nail”), Latvian gum̃ba (“tumor”). Further origin uncertain:
* An old hypothesis due to Pedersen, Berneker suggests possible relationship (through metathesis) with Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos, “fungus”), Latin fungus. Doubted by Vasmer, Trubačev, Derksen.
* Trubačev additionally draws comparison to Proto-Germanic *wambō (“womb”), Sanskrit गभ (gabhá, “vagina”) (which however requires a circumflex root). A more likely Germanic cognate is Norwegian kump (“lump, bulge”) (< *kumpaz).
The sense ‘lip, mouth’ is probably figurative and should not be separated from the sense ‘mushroom’. Some daughter languages exhibit accentual difference between the two meanings, as in the case of Czech houba (“sponge”) : huba (“mouth”).

gǫbavъ *gǫběstъ ()

infected by fungi, leprous; mushy, spongy


vędnǫti

vę̀dnǫti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
vędenьje (noun-from-verb)
vędnǫti (infinitive)
vędnǫtъ (supine)
vędlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
vędenъ (participle passive past)
vędnomъ (participle passive present)
vędъ (active participle past)
vędny (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
vędъ (aorist first-person singular)
vędoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vęde (aorist second-person singular)
vęde (aorist singular third-person)
vędnǫ (first-person present singular)
vędneši (present second-person singular)
vędnetь (present singular third-person)
vędově (aorist dual first-person)
vędoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vędeta (aorist dual second-person)
vędosta (aorist dual second-person)
vędete (aorist dual third-person)
vędoste (aorist dual third-person)
vędnevě (dual first-person present)
vędneta (dual present second-person)
vędnete (dual present third-person)
vędomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vędoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vędete (aorist plural second-person)
vędoste (aorist plural second-person)
vędǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vędošę (aorist plural third-person)
vędnemъ (first-person plural present)
vędnete (plural present second-person)
vędnǫtь (plural present third-person)
vędněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vędněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vędněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vędni (imperative second-person singular)
vędni (imperative singular third-person)
vędněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vędněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vędněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vędněvě (dual first-person imperative)
vędněta (dual imperative second-person)
vędněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vędněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vędněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vędněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vędněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вѧнѫти

Belarusian: вя́нуць (vjánucʹ)

Russian: вя́нуть (vjánutʹ)

Ukrainian: в'я́нути (vʺjánuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: compare оувѩдати

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ве́хна (véhna)

Macedonian: вене (vene)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве̏нути

Latin script: vȅnuti

Slovene: vẹ́niti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vadnúti

Czech: vadnout

Polish: więdnąć

Slovak: vädnúť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wjadnyć

Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)wendʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svędnǫti, Old High German swintan (“to shrink, to fade”), German schwinden (“to shrink, to fade”), Old English swindan (“to subside, to fade”).


baba ęga

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: Ба́ба Ѧга́ (Bába Ęgá), Ѧга́ Ба́ба (Ęgá Bába)

Old Ruthenian: Ба́ба Ѧга́ (Bába Jahá)

Belarusian: Ба́ба-Яга́ (Bába-Jahá)

Ukrainian: Ба́ба-Яга́ (Bába-Jahá); Язіба́ба (Jazibába) (dialectal)

Russian: Ба́ба-Яга́ (Bába-Jagá)

→ Bulgarian: Ба́ба Я́га (Bába Jága)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Баба Јага

Latin script: Baba Jaga

→ Slovene: Jaga baba

→ Polish: Baba Jaga, Baba-Jaga

South Slavic:

Macedonian: Баба Рога (Baba Roga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бабаро́га

Latin script: babaróga

West Slavic:

Czech: Baba Jaga; ježibaba

Kashubian: jãdzëbaba

Polish: Baba Jędza

Slovak: Baba Jaga; ježibaba; jedžibaba, jenzibaba, jendžibaba, jendžibaba (dialectal)

→ Ukrainian: инджиба́ба (yndžybába) (dialectal)

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: Baba Iaga


velьb(l)ǫdъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вельблѫдъ (velĭblǫdŭ)

Old Ruthenian: верблю́дъ (verbljúd)

Belarusian: вярблю́д (vjarbljúd)

Ukrainian: верблю́д (verbljúd)

Middle Russian: верблю́дъ (verbljúd)

Russian: верблю́д (verbljúd)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: вельбѫдъ (velĭbǫdŭ), вельблѫдъ (velĭblǫdŭ), вельблоудъ (velĭbludŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰵⰾⱐⰱⱘⰴⱏ (velĭbǫdŭ), ⰲⰵⰾⱐⰱⰾⱘⰴⱏ (velĭblǫdŭ), ⰲⰵⰾⱐⰱⰾⱆⰴⱏ (velĭbludŭ)

Bulgarian: велблю́д (velbljúd)

Slovene: velblód

West Slavic:

Czech: velbloud

Kashubian: wielbłąd

Old Polish: wielbłąd

Polish: wielbłąd

Slovak: veľblúd

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wjelbłud

Upper Sorbian: wjelbłud

From a Germanic language, most likely Gothic 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (ulbandus). Anlaut *velь- instead of more precise **vъl- probably due to contamination with *velьjь.
From early *vъlьb(l)ǫdъ < *vъlbǫdъ < *ulbandъ < *ulbandu, from Gothic 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (ulbandus).


ocьtъ

ocьtъ (nominative singular)
ocьta (dual nominative)
ocьti (nominative plural)
ocьta (genitive singular)
ocьtu (dual genitive)
ocьtъ (genitive plural)
ocьtu (dative singular)
ocьtoma (dative dual)
ocьtomъ (dative plural)
ocьtъ (accusative singular)
ocьta (accusative dual)
ocьty (accusative plural)
ocьtъmь (instrumental singular)
ocьtomь (instrumental singular)
ocьtoma (dual instrumental)
ocьty (instrumental plural)
ocьtě (locative singular)
ocьtu (dual locative)
ocьtěxъ (locative plural)
ocьte (singular vocative)
ocьta (dual vocative)
ocьti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: оцьтъ (ocĭtŭ)

Old Ruthenian: оцетъ (ocet), оцотъ (ocot)

Belarusian: во́цат (vócat)

Ukrainian: о́цет (ócet)

Russian: о́цет (ócet)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: оцьтъ (ocĭtŭ)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: оце́т (océt)

Macedonian: оцет (ocet)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̀цат

Latin script: òcat

Slovene: ócet

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ocet

Czech: ocet

Kashubian: òct

Old Polish: ocet

Polish: ocet, u̯ecet

Old Slovak: ocot, vocot, vocet

Slovak: ocot, ocet

Slovincian: wôct

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: oțet

→ Hungarian: ecet

From Gothic 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄 (akeit) or 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐍄 (akēt), ultimately from Latin acētum (“vinegar”), from aceō (“to be sour”). Compare Slovene kis (“vinegar”), Upper Sorbian kisało (“vinegar”) (see *kysati, *kysnǫti, *kysěti, *kyselъ).


vъpiti

vъpìti (canonical)
vъpitьje (noun-from-verb)
vъpiti (infinitive)
vъpitъ (supine)
vъpilъ (l-participle)
vъpitъ (participle passive past)
vъpijemъ (participle passive present)
vъpivъ (active participle past)
vъpiję (active participle present)
vъpixъ (aorist first-person singular)
vъpi (aorist second-person singular)
vъpi (aorist singular third-person)
vъpijǫ (first-person present singular)
vъpiješi (present second-person singular)
vъpijetь (present singular third-person)
vъpixově (aorist dual first-person)
vъpista (aorist dual second-person)
vъpiste (aorist dual third-person)
vъpijevě (dual first-person present)
vъpijeta (dual present second-person)
vъpijete (dual present third-person)
vъpixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vъpiste (aorist plural second-person)
vъpišę (aorist plural third-person)
vъpijemъ (first-person plural present)
vъpijete (plural present second-person)
vъpijǫtь (plural present third-person)
vъpijaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vъpijaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vъpijaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vъpiji (imperative second-person singular)
vъpiji (imperative singular third-person)
vъpijaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vъpijaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vъpijaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vъpijivě (dual first-person imperative)
vъpijita (dual imperative second-person)
vъpijaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vъpijaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vъpijaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vъpijimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vъpijite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: вопи́ть (vopítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: въпити (vŭpiti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: въпи́я (vǎpíja) (dated)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ва̀пити, у̀пити

Latin: vàpiti, ùpiti

Slovene: vpíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: úpiti

Czech: úpět

Slovak: upeť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *up-, from Proto-Indo-European *up-, from *wep-. Cognate with Latvian ūpêt (“to scream (of birds)”) (1sg. ūpẽju), ūpôt (“to howl”), Lithuanian ùpas (“echo”), Latvian ũpis (“owl”), Avestan 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬨𐬌 (ufiieimi, “to call out”), Old High German ūfo, ūvo (“night owl”), Old Norse úfr (“night owl”), Proto-Germanic *ubilaz (“bad spirit”). Sometimes compared with Russian ва́бить (vábitʹ, “to lure with a birdcall”), Gothic 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan, “to shout out”), although the root consonants don't quite align.


verteno

vertenò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
vērtenò (nominative singular)
vertèně (dual nominative)
vērtenà (nominative plural)
vērtenà (genitive singular)
vērtenù (dual genitive)
vertènъ (genitive plural)
vērtenù (dative singular)
vērtenòma (dative dual)
vērtenòmъ (dative plural)
vērtenò (accusative singular)
vertèně (accusative dual)
vērtenà (accusative plural)
vērtenъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
vērtenòmь (instrumental singular)
vērtenòma (dual instrumental)
vertèny (instrumental plural)
vērteně̀ (locative singular)
vērtenù (dual locative)
vertèněxъ (locative plural)
vērtenò (singular vocative)
vertèně (dual vocative)
vērtenà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: веретено (vereteno)
Old Ruthenian: веретено (vereteno)
Belarusian: верацяно́ (vjeracjanó)
Carpathian Rusyn: верете́но (vereténo)
Ukrainian: верете́но (vereténo)
Russian: веретено́ (veretenó)
→ Finnic:
Estonian: värten
Finnish: värttinä
Ingrian: värttänä
Livvi: värtin
Ludian: värtin
Veps: värtin
Votic: värttene

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: врѣтено (vrěteno)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⱃⱑⱅⰵⱀⱁ (vrěteno)

Bulgarian: врете́но (vreténo); (dialectal) връте́но (vrǎténo)

Macedonian: вретено (vreteno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вретѐно

Latin script: vretèno

Slovene: vreténo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vřěteno

Czech: vřeteno

Bohemian (Chod dialect): břeteno

Moravian (Mistřice): břeteno

Polabian: vritenĕ

Old Polish: wrzeciono

Polish: wrzeciono

Slovak: vreteno

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wrjećeno

Lower Sorbian: wrjeśeno

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wertenán, from Proto-Indo-European *wertenóm, equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, to rotate”) + *-eno. Cognate with Sanskrit वर्तन (vártana, “rotation, rolling, spindle”).


babъka

babъka (nominative singular)
babъcě (dual nominative)
babъky (nominative plural)
babъky (genitive singular)
babъku (dual genitive)
babъkъ (genitive plural)
babъcě (dative singular)
babъkama (dative dual)
babъkamъ (dative plural)
babъkǫ (accusative singular)
babъcě (accusative dual)
babъky (accusative plural)
babъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
babъkǫ (instrumental singular)
babъkama (dual instrumental)
babъkami (instrumental plural)
babъcě (locative singular)
babъku (dual locative)
babъkasъ (locative plural)
babъkaxъ (locative plural)
babъko (singular vocative)
babъcě (dual vocative)
babъky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: ба́бка (bábka)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́бка (bábka)

Serbo-Croatian:

West Slavic:

Polabian: bopkă (“midwife”)

Old Polish: babka

Polish: babka

Old Slovak: babka

Pannonian Rusyn: бабка (babka, “doll”)

Slovak: babka


bьrlogъ

bьrlogъ (nominative singular)
bьrloga (dual nominative)
bьrlodzi (nominative plural)
bьrloga (genitive singular)
bьrlogu (dual genitive)
bьrlogъ (genitive plural)
bьrlogu (dative singular)
bьrlogoma (dative dual)
bьrlogomъ (dative plural)
bьrlogъ (accusative singular)
bьrloga (accusative dual)
bьrlogy (accusative plural)
bьrlogъmь (instrumental singular)
bьrlogomь (instrumental singular)
bьrlogoma (dual instrumental)
bьrlogy (instrumental plural)
bьrlodzě (locative singular)
bьrlogu (dual locative)
bьrlodzěxъ (locative plural)
bьrlože (singular vocative)
bьrloga (dual vocative)
bьrlodzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: берлога (berloga)

desc

Belarusian: бярло́г (bjarlóh), мярло́га (mjarlóha)

Russian: берло́га (berlóga), мерло́га (merlóga) (dialectal), мерлу́га (merlúga) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: берлога (berloha), барліг (barlih)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бърлога (bǎrloga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: брлог

Latin script: brlog

Slovene: brlog

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brloh

Czech: brloh

desctree

Old Polish: barłóg
Polish: barłóg
→ Low Prussian: Barlogg
Silesian: barłōg

Slovak: brloh

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: barłóg

Slovincian: barlóg

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: bërllog

→ Romanian: bârlog (“den”)

→ Hungarian: barlang (“cave, den”)

Uncertain. Possibly from *bьrlati (“to disturb, to burden”) + *-ogъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, to carry”). If correct, the original meaning of the term would have been an unnatural structure, perturbation (made by an animal). A similar semantic development is found in *bьrgъ (“landmark, heap”) → (“hut”) (also from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-).
A popular folk-etymology of the term derives it from German Bär (“bear”) + Slavic *logъ (“standpoint”); however, most scholars discard this hypothesis.


gǫstъ

gǫ̑stъ (canonical)
gǫstъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
gǫsta (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
gǫsto (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
gǫsta (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
gǫsty (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
gǫsta (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
gǫstu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
gǫstě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
gǫstu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
gǫstъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
gǫstǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
gǫsto (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
gǫstomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
gǫstojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
gǫstomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
gǫstě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
gǫstě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
gǫstě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
gǫste (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
gǫsto (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
gǫsto (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
gǫsta (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
gǫstě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
gǫstě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
gǫstu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
gǫstu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
gǫstu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
gǫstoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
gǫstama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
gǫstoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
gǫsta (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
gǫstě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
gǫstě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
gǫstoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
gǫstama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
gǫstoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
gǫstu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
gǫstu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
gǫstu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
gǫsta (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
gǫstě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
gǫstě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
gǫsti (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
gǫsty (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
gǫsta (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
gǫstъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
gǫstъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
gǫstъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
gǫstomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
gǫstamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
gǫstomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
gǫsty (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
gǫsty (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
gǫsta (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
gǫsty (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
gǫstami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
gǫsty (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
gǫstěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
gǫstaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
gǫstěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
gǫsti (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
gǫsty (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
gǫsta (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
gǫstъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
gǫstaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
gǫstoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
gǫstajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
gǫstyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
gǫstajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
gǫstujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
gǫstěji (dative definite feminine singular)
gǫstujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
gǫstъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
gǫstǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
gǫstoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
gǫstyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
gǫstǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
gǫstyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
gǫstějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
gǫstěji (definite feminine locative singular)
gǫstějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
gǫstъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
gǫstaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
gǫstoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
gǫstaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
gǫstěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
gǫstěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
gǫstuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
gǫstuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
gǫstuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
gǫstyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
gǫstyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
gǫstyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
gǫstaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
gǫstěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
gǫstěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
gǫstyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
gǫstyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
gǫstyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
gǫstuju (definite dual locative masculine)
gǫstuju (definite dual feminine locative)
gǫstuju (definite dual locative neuter)
gǫstaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
gǫstěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
gǫstěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
gǫstiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
gǫstyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
gǫstaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
gǫstъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
gǫstъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
gǫstъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
gǫstyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
gǫstyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
gǫstyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
gǫstyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
gǫstyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
gǫstaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
gǫstyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
gǫstyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
gǫstyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
gǫstyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
gǫstyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
gǫstyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
gǫstiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
gǫstyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
gǫstaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *gǫstъ (hard)

Definite declension of *gǫstъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: густꙑи (gustyi)

Belarusian: густы́ (hustý)

Russian: густо́й (gustój)

Ukrainian: густи́й (hustýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гѫстъ (gǫstŭ)

Bulgarian: гъст (gǎst)

Macedonian: густ (gust)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: густ

Latin: gȗst

Slovene: gọ̑st (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hustý

Czech: hustý

Polish: gęsty

Silesian: gynsty

Slovak: hustý

Lower Sorbian: gusty

Commonly derived from some enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *gem- (“to squeeze”). Proposed exact etymologies:
* Fraenkel: Possibly directly from *gom- + *-stъ, akin to Latvian guosts (“multitude”), Lithuanian gąstùs (“rich, wealthy”) (from an earlier ganstùs).
* Vasmer, Machek: From an earlier *gǫt- + *-tъ, related to the more rare Proto-Slavic *gǫtьnъ (“dense”) (whence Czech, Slovak hutný).
* Berneker: From an earlier *gn̥ĝ-to-, a perfect passive participle of Proto-Indo-European *genǵ- (“to lump”), akin to Proto-Slavic *gǫžь (“bundle”), Lithuanian gunžỹs (“clump of fodder”), Ancient Greek γογγύλος (gongúlos, “spherical”). Possibly further related to Lithuanian gùnga (“hump, hunchback, clump”), Albanian gungë (“hump”).


krovъ

kròvъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
kròvъ (nominative singular)
krovà (dual nominative)
krovì (nominative plural)
krovà (genitive singular)
krovù (dual genitive)
kròvъ (genitive plural)
krovù (dative singular)
krovòma (dative dual)
krovòmъ (dative plural)
kròvъ (accusative singular)
krovà (accusative dual)
krovỳ (accusative plural)
krovъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
krovòmь (instrumental singular)
krovòma (dual instrumental)
kròvy (instrumental plural)
krově̀ (locative singular)
krovù (dual locative)
kròvěxъ (locative plural)
krove (singular vocative)
krovà (dual vocative)
krovì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кровъ (krovŭ)

Belarusian: кров (krov) (obsolete)

Russian: кров (krov)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: кровъ (krovŭ)

Bulgarian: покрив (pokriv), кров (krov)

Macedonian: кров (krov)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кро̏в

Latin script: krȍv

Slovene: krȍv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: krov

Czech: krov

Slovak: krov

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: krow

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *krawas; equivalent to *kryti (“to cover, hide”) + *-ъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian krava (“heap, pile”)


běsъ

bě̑sъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
bě̑sъ (nominative singular)
bě̑sa (dual nominative)
bě̑si (nominative plural)
bě̑sa (genitive singular)
běsù (dual genitive)
bě̃sъ (genitive plural)
bě̑su (dative singular)
běsomà (dative dual)
běsòmъ (dative plural)
bě̑sъ (accusative singular)
bě̑sa (accusative dual)
bě̑sy (accusative plural)
bě̑sъmь (instrumental singular)
bě̑somь (instrumental singular)
běsomà (dual instrumental)
běsý (instrumental plural)
bě̑sě (locative singular)
běsù (dual locative)
běsě̃xъ (locative plural)
běse (singular vocative)
bě̑sa (dual vocative)
bě̑si (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бѣсъ (běsŭ)

Old Ruthenian: бѣсъ (běs)

Belarusian: бес (bjes)

Ukrainian: біс (bis)

→ Old Polish: bies, bis

Polish: bies, bis

→ Lithuanian: bíesas

Russian: бес (bes)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic: бѣсъ (běsŭ)

Bulgarian: бя́с (bjás)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̑с, бије̑с

Latin script: bȇs, bijȇs

Slovene: bẹ̑s (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: běs, bies, bís

Czech: běs

Kashubian: biés

⇒ Old Polish: Biasowice (toponym)

Polish: Biasowice

Slovak: bes

Sorbian:

Old Lower Sorbian: běs

Upper Sorbian: běs

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *baiˀsás (“someone frightening”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, be afraid”).


běsъ

běsъ (nominative singular)
běsa (dual nominative)
běsi (nominative plural)
běsa (genitive singular)
běsu (dual genitive)
běsъ (genitive plural)
běsu (dative singular)
běsoma (dative dual)
běsomъ (dative plural)
běsъ (accusative singular)
běsa (accusative dual)
běsy (accusative plural)
běsъmь (instrumental singular)
běsomь (instrumental singular)
běsoma (dual instrumental)
běsy (instrumental plural)
běsě (locative singular)
běsu (dual locative)
běsěxъ (locative plural)
běse (singular vocative)
běsa (dual vocative)
běsi (plural vocative)

South Slavic

Bulgarian: бяс (bjas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бије̑с

Latin script: bijȇs

Slovene: bès (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: běs

Slovak: bes


bezimenьnъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *bezimenьnъ (hard)

Definite declension of *bezimenьnъ (hard)

bezimenьnъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
bezimenьna (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
bezimenьno (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
bezimenьna (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
bezimenьny (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
bezimenьna (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
bezimenьnu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
bezimenьně (dative feminine indefinite singular)
bezimenьnu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
bezimenьnъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
bezimenьnǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
bezimenьno (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
bezimenьnomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
bezimenьnojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
bezimenьnomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
bezimenьně (indefinite locative masculine singular)
bezimenьně (feminine indefinite locative singular)
bezimenьně (indefinite locative neuter singular)
bezimenьne (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
bezimenьno (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
bezimenьno (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
bezimenьna (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
bezimenьně (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
bezimenьně (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
bezimenьnu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
bezimenьnu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
bezimenьnu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
bezimenьnoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
bezimenьnama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
bezimenьnoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
bezimenьna (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
bezimenьně (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
bezimenьně (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
bezimenьnoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
bezimenьnama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
bezimenьnoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
bezimenьnu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
bezimenьnu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
bezimenьnu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
bezimenьna (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
bezimenьně (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
bezimenьně (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
bezimenьni (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
bezimenьny (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
bezimenьna (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
bezimenьnъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
bezimenьnъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
bezimenьnъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
bezimenьnomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
bezimenьnamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
bezimenьnomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
bezimenьny (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
bezimenьny (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
bezimenьna (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
bezimenьny (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
bezimenьnami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
bezimenьny (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
bezimenьněxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
bezimenьnaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
bezimenьněxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
bezimenьni (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
bezimenьny (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
bezimenьna (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
bezimenьnъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
bezimenьnaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
bezimenьnoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
bezimenьnajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
bezimenьnyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
bezimenьnajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
bezimenьnujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
bezimenьněji (dative definite feminine singular)
bezimenьnujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
bezimenьnъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
bezimenьnǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
bezimenьnoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
bezimenьnyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
bezimenьnǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
bezimenьnyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
bezimenьnějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
bezimenьněji (definite feminine locative singular)
bezimenьnějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
bezimenьnъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
bezimenьnaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
bezimenьnoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
bezimenьnaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
bezimenьněji (definite dual feminine nominative)
bezimenьněji (definite dual neuter nominative)
bezimenьnuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
bezimenьnuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
bezimenьnuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
bezimenьnyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
bezimenьnyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
bezimenьnyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
bezimenьnaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
bezimenьněji (accusative definite dual feminine)
bezimenьněji (accusative definite dual neuter)
bezimenьnyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
bezimenьnyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
bezimenьnyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
bezimenьnuju (definite dual locative masculine)
bezimenьnuju (definite dual feminine locative)
bezimenьnuju (definite dual locative neuter)
bezimenьnaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
bezimenьněji (definite dual feminine vocative)
bezimenьněji (definite dual neuter vocative)
bezimenьniji (definite masculine nominative plural)
bezimenьnyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
bezimenьnaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
bezimenьnъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
bezimenьnъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
bezimenьnъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
bezimenьnyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
bezimenьnyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
bezimenьnyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
bezimenьnyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
bezimenьnyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
bezimenьnaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
bezimenьnyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
bezimenьnyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
bezimenьnyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
bezimenьnyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
bezimenьnyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
bezimenьnyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
bezimenьniji (definite masculine plural vocative)
bezimenьnyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
bezimenьnaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: безименьнъ (bezimenĭnŭ)

Belarusian: безыме́нны (bjezymjénny)

Russian: безымённый (bezymjónnyj), безымя́нный (bezymjánnyj) (with paradigm leveling)

Ukrainian: безіме́нний (beziménnyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: безименьнъ (bezimenĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: бези́менен (bezímenen)

Macedonian: бе́зимен (bézimen)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бѐзимен

Latin script: bèzimen

Slovene: brezímen (tonal orthography)

West Slavic

Czech: bezejmenný

Polish: bezimienny

Slovak: bezmenný


vidimъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *vidimъ (hard)

Definite declension of *vidimъ (hard)

vidimъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
vidima (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
vidimo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
vidima (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
vidimy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
vidima (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
vidimu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
vidimě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
vidimu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
vidimъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
vidimǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
vidimo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
vidimomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
vidimojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
vidimomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
vidimě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
vidimě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
vidimě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
vidime (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
vidimo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
vidimo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
vidima (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
vidimě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
vidimě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
vidimu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
vidimu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
vidimu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
vidimoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
vidimama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
vidimoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
vidima (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
vidimě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
vidimě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
vidimoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
vidimama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
vidimoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
vidimu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
vidimu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
vidimu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
vidima (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
vidimě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
vidimě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
vidimi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
vidimy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
vidima (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
vidimъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
vidimъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
vidimъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
vidimomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
vidimamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
vidimomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
vidimy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
vidimy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
vidima (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
vidimy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
vidimami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
vidimy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
vidiměxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
vidimaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
vidiměxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
vidimi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
vidimy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
vidima (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
vidimъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
vidimaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
vidimoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
vidimajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
vidimyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
vidimajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
vidimujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
vidiměji (dative definite feminine singular)
vidimujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
vidimъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
vidimǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
vidimoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
vidimyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
vidimǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
vidimyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
vidimějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
vidiměji (definite feminine locative singular)
vidimějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
vidimъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
vidimaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
vidimoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
vidimaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
vidiměji (definite dual feminine nominative)
vidiměji (definite dual neuter nominative)
vidimuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
vidimuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
vidimuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
vidimyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
vidimyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
vidimyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
vidimaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
vidiměji (accusative definite dual feminine)
vidiměji (accusative definite dual neuter)
vidimyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
vidimyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
vidimyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
vidimuju (definite dual locative masculine)
vidimuju (definite dual feminine locative)
vidimuju (definite dual locative neuter)
vidimaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
vidiměji (definite dual feminine vocative)
vidiměji (definite dual neuter vocative)
vidimiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
vidimyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
vidimaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
vidimъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
vidimъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
vidimъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
vidimyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
vidimyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
vidimyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
vidimyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
vidimyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
vidimaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
vidimyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
vidimyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
vidimyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
vidimyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
vidimyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
vidimyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
vidimiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
vidimyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
vidimaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: видимъ (vidimŭ)

Belarusian: видимый (vidimyj)

Russian: ви́димый (vídimyj)

Ukrainian: ви́димий (výdymyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: видимъ (vidimŭ)

Bulgarian: ви́дим (vídim)

Present passive participle of *viděti (“to see, observe”) + *-imъ. Compare also Russian видóмый (vidómyj), Czech vidomý, Polish widomy apparently from Proto-Slavic *vidomъ.


babušьka

babušьka (nominative singular)
babušьcě (dual nominative)
babušьky (nominative plural)
babušьky (genitive singular)
babušьku (dual genitive)
babušьkъ (genitive plural)
babušьcě (dative singular)
babušьkama (dative dual)
babušьkamъ (dative plural)
babušьkǫ (accusative singular)
babušьcě (accusative dual)
babušьky (accusative plural)
babušьkojǫ (instrumental singular)
babušьkǫ (instrumental singular)
babušьkama (dual instrumental)
babušьkami (instrumental plural)
babušьcě (locative singular)
babušьku (dual locative)
babušьkasъ (locative plural)
babušьkaxъ (locative plural)
babušьko (singular vocative)
babušьcě (dual vocative)
babušьky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: ба́бушка (bábuška)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́бушка (bábuška)

Macedonian: ба́бушка (bábuška)

diminutive of *baba (“grandmother”): granny


tęgnǫti

b (accent-paradigm)
tęgnovenьje (noun-from-verb)
tęgnǫti (infinitive)
tęgnǫtъ (supine)
tęgnǫlъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
tęgnovenъ (participle passive past)
tęgnomъ (participle passive present)
tęgnǫvъ (active participle past)
tęgny (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
tęgnǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęgnǫ (aorist second-person singular)
tęgnǫ (aorist singular third-person)
tęgnǫ (first-person present singular)
tęgneši (present second-person singular)
tęgnetь (present singular third-person)
tęgnǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgnǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgnǫste (aorist dual third-person)
tęgnevě (dual first-person present)
tęgneta (dual present second-person)
tęgnete (dual present third-person)
tęgnǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgnǫste (aorist plural second-person)
tęgnǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
tęgnemъ (first-person plural present)
tęgnete (plural present second-person)
tęgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
tęgněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tęgněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tęgněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tęgni (imperative second-person singular)
tęgni (imperative singular third-person)
tęgněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tęgněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tęgněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tęgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
tęgněta (dual imperative second-person)
tęgněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tęgněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tęgněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tęgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęgněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: тꙗгнꙋти (tjagnuti), тꙗнꙋти (tjanuti)

Belarusian: цягну́ць (cjahnúcʹ)

Russian: тяну́ть (tjanútʹ), 1sg. тяну́ (tjanú), 3sg. тя́нет (tjánet)

Ukrainian: тягну́ти (tjahnúty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: тѧгнѫти, 1sg. тѧгнѫ

Bulgarian: те́гна (tégna)

Macedonian: тегне (tegne)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tė́gniti (“to provide, to stretch”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tėgnem (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: cygnąc

Old Czech: táhnúti

Czech: táhnout

Polabian: tągnǫt

Polish: ciągnąć

Silesian: ciōngnōńć

Slovak: tiahnuť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ćahnyć

Lower Sorbian: śěgnuś

From the root of *tęťi (“to pull”) + *-nǫti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ting-, *teng-, from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian tìngti (“to become slow”) (3sg. tìngsta), tingė́ti (“to be lazy”) (3sg. tìngi).
Indo-European cognates include
Old Norse þyngja (“burden”), þīsl (“drawbar, shaft”),
Old High German dīhsala (“drawbar, shaft”),
Latin tēmō (“drawbar, shaft”) < *tenk-smō.


vojьna

vojьna (nominative singular)
vojьně (dual nominative)
vojьny (nominative plural)
vojьny (genitive singular)
vojьnu (dual genitive)
vojьnъ (genitive plural)
vojьně (dative singular)
vojьnama (dative dual)
vojьnamъ (dative plural)
vojьnǫ (accusative singular)
vojьně (accusative dual)
vojьny (accusative plural)
vojьnojǫ (instrumental singular)
vojьnǫ (instrumental singular)
vojьnama (dual instrumental)
vojьnami (instrumental plural)
vojьně (locative singular)
vojьnu (dual locative)
vojьnasъ (locative plural)
vojьnaxъ (locative plural)
vojьno (singular vocative)
vojьně (dual vocative)
vojьny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воина (voina)

Old Ruthenian: война (vojna)

Belarusian: вайна́ (vajná)

Carpathian Rusyn: вṓйна (vṓjna)

Ukrainian: війна́ (vijná)

Russian: война́ (vojná)

→ Skolt Sami: väinn

Old Novgorodian: воина (voina)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: воина (voina)

Bulgarian: война (vojna)

Macedonian: војна (vojna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: во̑јна

Latin script: vȏjna

Slovene: vojna

West Slavic:

Kashubian:

Old Czech: vojna
Czech: vojna

desctree

Old Polish: wojna
Polish: wojna
Silesian: wojna

Slovak: vojna

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wòjna

Slovincian: wôjna

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wójna

Upper Sorbian: wójna


-aľь

-aľь (nominative singular)
-aľa (dual nominative)
-aľi (nominative plural)
-aľa (genitive singular)
-aľu (dual genitive)
-aľь (genitive plural)
-aľu (dative singular)
-aľema (dative dual)
-aľemъ (dative plural)
-aľь (accusative singular)
-aľa (accusative dual)
-aľę̇ (accusative plural)
-aľьmь (instrumental singular)
-aľemь (instrumental singular)
-aľema (dual instrumental)
-aľi (instrumental plural)
-aľi (locative singular)
-aľu (dual locative)
-aľixъ (locative plural)
-aľu (singular vocative)
-aľa (dual vocative)
-aľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -аль (-alĭ)

Belarusian: -а́ль (-álʹ)

Russian: -аль (-alʹ), -а́ль (-álʹ)

Ukrainian: -а́ль (-álʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: —

Bulgarian: —

Macedonian: —

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -аљ

Latin script: -alj

Slovene: -ar

West Slavic:

Czech: -al, -ál, -áľ

Old Polish: -al

Polish: -al

Slovak: -al, -ál, -áľ

Slovincian: -ol

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -al

Cognate with Lithuanian -lỹs in pirklỹs (< pir̃kti), piršlỹs (< pir̃šti).

kovati (“to forge”) → *kovaľь (“blacksmith”)

kopati (“to dig”) → *kopaľь (“digger”)

xaxati → *xaxaľь

obьrtati → *obьrtaľь (compare *obьrtalъ, *obьrtelъ)

gora (“mountain”) → *goraľь (“mountain dweller”) (compare *gorakъ, *gorěnъ / *gorěninъ)

nosъ (“nose”) → *nosaľь (“human with big nose”) (compare *nosačь, *nosakъ, *nosanъ, *nosařь)

lysъ (“bald”) → *lysaľь (compare *lysačь, *lysakъ, *lysanъ)

(added to verbs)
(added to nouns)
(added to adjectives)


lyžьka

lyžьka (nominative singular)
lyžьcě (dual nominative)
lyžьky (nominative plural)
lyžьky (genitive singular)
lyžьku (dual genitive)
lyžьkъ (genitive plural)
lyžьcě (dative singular)
lyžьkama (dative dual)
lyžьkamъ (dative plural)
lyžьkǫ (accusative singular)
lyžьcě (accusative dual)
lyžьky (accusative plural)
lyžьkojǫ (instrumental singular)
lyžьkǫ (instrumental singular)
lyžьkama (dual instrumental)
lyžьkami (instrumental plural)
lyžьcě (locative singular)
lyžьku (dual locative)
lyžьkasъ (locative plural)
lyžьkaxъ (locative plural)
lyžьko (singular vocative)
lyžьcě (dual vocative)
lyžьky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: лъ́жька (lŭ́žĭka), ло́жька (lóžĭka)

Old Ruthenian: ло́жка (lóžka)

Belarusian: лы́жка (lýžka)

Ukrainian: ло́жка (lóžka)

Russian: ло́жка (lóžka)

Russian: ло́жечка (lóžečka, “teaspoon”)

→ Finnish: lusikka

→ Estonian: lusikas

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лижка

Latin script: ližka

West Slavic:

Kashubian: łëżka

desctree

Old Polish: łyżka
Polish: łyżka
Silesian: łyżka

Slovak: lyžička (“teaspoon”)

From an earlier *lъga (“bending”) + *-ъka, reanalyzed to have a soft -ž- under the influence of *lъžica. For comparison, consider *vidlъka (“fork”) and *vidlica (“id”).


blizьnьcь

blizьnьcь (nominative singular)
blizьnьca (dual nominative)
blizьnьci (nominative plural)
blizьnьca (genitive singular)
blizьnьcu (dual genitive)
blizьnьcь (genitive plural)
blizьnьcu (dative singular)
blizьnьcema (dative dual)
blizьnьcemъ (dative plural)
blizьnьcь (accusative singular)
blizьnьca (accusative dual)
blizьnьcę̇ (accusative plural)
blizьnьcьmь (instrumental singular)
blizьnьcemь (instrumental singular)
blizьnьcema (dual instrumental)
blizьnьci (instrumental plural)
blizьnьci (locative singular)
blizьnьcu (dual locative)
blizьnьcixъ (locative plural)
blizьnьče (singular vocative)
blizьnьca (dual vocative)
blizьnьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: блізню́к (bliznjúk), блізня (bliznja), блізнё (bliznjó)

Russian: близне́ц (bliznéc)

Carpathian Rusyn: близнець (blyznecʹ)

Ukrainian: близню́к (blyznjúk), близня́ (blyznjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: близньць (bliznĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: близна́к (bliznák)

Macedonian: бли́знак (blíznak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: близанац

Latin script: blizanac

→? Albanian: binjak

→? Aromanian: biznat

West Slavic:

Polish: bliźniak, bliźnię

From *blizьnъ (“near, fellow”) + *-ьcь. The Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Polish forms are formed with the affix *-(j)akъ. Belarusian and Ukrainian forms represent a contamination between the two versions.


vьrba

vьrba (nominative singular)
vьrbě (dual nominative)
vьrby (nominative plural)
vьrby (genitive singular)
vьrbu (dual genitive)
vьrbъ (genitive plural)
vьrbě (dative singular)
vьrbama (dative dual)
vьrbamъ (dative plural)
vьrbǫ (accusative singular)
vьrbě (accusative dual)
vьrby (accusative plural)
vьrbojǫ (instrumental singular)
vьrbǫ (instrumental singular)
vьrbama (dual instrumental)
vьrbami (instrumental plural)
vьrbě (locative singular)
vьrbu (dual locative)
vьrbasъ (locative plural)
vьrbaxъ (locative plural)
vьrbo (singular vocative)
vьrbě (dual vocative)
vьrby (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вьрба (vĭrba)

Old Ruthenian: верба́ (verbá)

Belarusian: вярба́ (vjarbá); вэрба́ (verbá) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: верба́ (verbá)

Russian: ве́рба (vérba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вьрба (vĭrba)

Bulgarian: върба́ (vǎrbá)

Macedonian: врба (vrba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр́ба

Latin script: vŕba

Slovene: vŕba

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrba

Czech: vrba

Moravian (Mistřice): vŕba

Polabian: varbă

Old Polish: wierzba

Polish: wierzba

Silesian: wiyrba

Slovak: vŕba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wjerba

Lower Sorbian: wjerba

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wirb-. Cognate with Lithuanian vir̃bas, Latvian vir̂bs, virba, Ancient Greek ῥᾰ́βδος (rhábdos), Latin verbēna, verber, Proto-Germanic *warpą.


tьlěti

tьlěnьje (noun-from-verb)
tьlěti (infinitive)
tьlětъ (supine)
tьlělъ (l-participle)
tьlěvъ (active participle past)
tьlěję (active participle present)
tьlěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьlě (aorist second-person singular)
tьlě (aorist singular third-person)
tьlějǫ (first-person present singular)
tьlěješi (present second-person singular)
tьlějetь (present singular third-person)
tьlěxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьlěsta (aorist dual second-person)
tьlěste (aorist dual third-person)
tьlějevě (dual first-person present)
tьlějeta (dual present second-person)
tьlějete (dual present third-person)
tьlěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьlěste (aorist plural second-person)
tьlěšę (aorist plural third-person)
tьlějemъ (first-person plural present)
tьlějete (plural present second-person)
tьlějǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьlěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьlěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьlěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьlěji (imperative second-person singular)
tьlěji (imperative singular third-person)
tьlěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьlěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьlěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьlějivě (dual first-person imperative)
tьlějita (dual imperative second-person)
tьlěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьlěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьlěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьlějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьlějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тьлѣти (tĭlěti, “to rot”), 1sg. тьлѣю (tĭlěju)

Belarusian: тлець (tljecʹ)

Russian: тлеть (tletʹ, “to rot, to decay, to smolder”), 1sg. тле́ю (tléju)

Ukrainian: тлі́ти (tlíty, “to decay, to rot”), 1sg. тлі́ю (tlíju)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: тьлѣти (tĭlěti, “to decay”), 1sg. тьлѣѭ (tĭlějǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тле́я (tléja, “to smolder”)

Macedonian: тлее (tlee, “to glow”)

Serbo-Croatian: tinjati (“to smolder”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tlẹ́ti (“to smolder”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tlím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desc

Czech: tlít (“to rot, to decay, to mold”)

Polish: tleć (“smolder”), 1sg. tleję

Slovak: tlieť (“to smolder”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: tłać (“to decay, to rot”)

Lower Sorbian: tłaś (“to decay, to rot”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *til- or *tilˀ-. Cognate with Latvian til̂t (“to become soft or retted”) (West Latvian dialect, where the broken and falling tones merge). Possibly cognate with *utoliti (“to quench, to relieve”) and/or Lithuanian tylė́ti (“to soothe, to be silent”), tìlti (“to be silent”). Vasmer suggests a possible additional connection with Ancient Greek τέλμα (télma, “marsh, puddle”), τελμίς (telmís, “rot, slime”) (gen. τελμῖνος (telmînos)), Old Armenian տիղմ (tiłm, “mud”). Chernykh adds Old Irish tulid, tuilid (“to sleep”).


gvozdь

gvȍzdь (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
gvȍzdь (nominative singular)
gvȍzdi (dual nominative)
gvȍzdьjē (nominative plural)
gvozdí (genitive singular)
gvozdьjù (dual genitive)
gvozdь̀jь (genitive plural)
gvȍzdi (dative singular)
gvozdьmà (dative dual)
gvȍzdьmъ (dative plural)
gvȍzdь (accusative singular)
gvȍzdi (accusative dual)
gvȍzdi (accusative plural)
gvȍzdьmь (instrumental singular)
gvozdьmà (dual instrumental)
gvozdьmì (instrumental plural)
gvozdí (locative singular)
gvozdьjù (dual locative)
gvȍzdьxъ (locative plural)
gvozdi (singular vocative)
gvȍzdi (dual vocative)
gvȍzdьjē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ)
Old Ruthenian: гвоздь (hvozdʹ), гвоздъ (hvozd)
Belarusian: гвозд (hvozd)
Carpathian Rusyn: гвузд (hvuzd)
Ukrainian: гвоздь (hvozdʹ) (rare), гвіздь (hvizdʹ) (dialectal)
Russian: гвоздь (gvozdʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ)

Bulgarian: гво́зд (gvózd) (dialectal, o-stem)

⇒ Bulgarian: гво́здей (gvózdej) (standard)

Macedonian: гос (gos) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Cyrillic script: гво̑зд (“iron spike”)

Latin script: gvȏzd (“iron spike”)

West Slavic:

Polish: gwóźdź

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gózdź

Upper Sorbian: hózdź

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: gozhdë

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gwesd- (“dense, compact, clumped”). Possibly akin to o-stem Proto-Celtic *bozdos (whence Middle Irish bot (“tail, penis”), Welsh both (“hub, nave”)).


žędati

žę̄dàti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanьje (noun-from-verb)
žędati (infinitive)
žędatъ (supine)
žędalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanъ (participle passive past)
žęďemъ (participle passive present)
žędavъ (active participle past)
žęďę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žęda (aorist second-person singular)
žęda (aorist singular third-person)
žęďǫ (first-person present singular)
žęďeši (present second-person singular)
žęďetь (present singular third-person)
žędaxově (aorist dual first-person)
žędasta (aorist dual second-person)
žędaste (aorist dual third-person)
žęďevě (dual first-person present)
žęďeta (dual present second-person)
žęďete (dual present third-person)
žędaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žędaste (aorist plural second-person)
žędašę (aorist plural third-person)
žęďemъ (first-person plural present)
žęďete (plural present second-person)
žęďǫtь (plural present third-person)
žędaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žędaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žędaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žęďi (imperative second-person singular)
žęďi (imperative singular third-person)
žędaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žędaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žędaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žęďivě (dual first-person imperative)
žęďita (dual imperative second-person)
žędaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žędaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žędaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žęďimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žęďite (imperative plural second-person)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanьje (noun-from-verb)
žędati (infinitive)
žędatъ (supine)
žędalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędanъ (participle passive past)
žędajemъ (participle passive present)
žędavъ (active participle past)
žędaję (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
žędaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žęda (aorist second-person singular)
žęda (aorist singular third-person)
žędajǫ (first-person present singular)
žędaješi (present second-person singular)
žędajetь (present singular third-person)
žędaxově (aorist dual first-person)
žędasta (aorist dual second-person)
žędaste (aorist dual third-person)
žędajevě (dual first-person present)
žędajeta (dual present second-person)
žędajete (dual present third-person)
žędaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žędaste (aorist plural second-person)
žędašę (aorist plural third-person)
žędajemъ (first-person plural present)
žędajete (plural present second-person)
žędajǫtь (plural present third-person)
žędaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žędaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žędaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žędaji (imperative second-person singular)
žędaji (imperative singular third-person)
žędaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žędaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žędaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žędajivě (dual first-person imperative)
žędajita (dual imperative second-person)
žędaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žędaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žędaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žędajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žędajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: жѧдати, жадати (žadati)

Old Ruthenian: жада́ти (žadáti); жеда́ти (žedáti), жода́ти (žodáti) (dialectal)

Belarusian: жада́ць (žadácʹ)

Ukrainian: жада́ти (žadáty); жєда́ти (žjedáty) (dialectal)

Russian: жада́ть (žadátʹ, “to thirst for”) (archaic or dialectal); cf. modern жа́ждать (žáždatʹ, “to crave”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жѧдати

Bulgarian: же́дам (žédam) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: žádat

Old Polish: żędać
Polish: żądać

Slovak: žiadať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: žadać

Lower Sorbian: žedaś

Non-Slavic

→ Romanian: jindui

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gendātei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥dʰéti, from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to yearn, to pray for”) with a nasal infix. Cognate with Lithuanian pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù), further akin to Lithuanian gedáuti (“to desire, to yearn”), gedė́ti (“to mourn”).

cog

to wish (in cardinal sense), to long for, to crave (in South, East Slavic)


vьrgnǫti

vьrženьje (noun-from-verb)
vьrgnǫti (infinitive)
vьrgnǫtъ (supine)
vьrglъ (l-participle)
vьrženъ (participle passive past)
vьrgъ (active participle past)
vьrgъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vьrže (aorist second-person singular)
vьrže (aorist singular third-person)
vьrgnǫ (first-person present singular)
vьrgneši (present second-person singular)
vьrgnetь (present singular third-person)
vьrgově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vьrgeta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrgosta (aorist dual second-person)
vьrgete (aorist dual third-person)
vьrgoste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrgnevě (dual first-person present)
vьrgneta (dual present second-person)
vьrgnete (dual present third-person)
vьrgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vьrgete (aorist plural second-person)
vьrgoste (aorist plural second-person)
vьrgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vьrgošę (aorist plural third-person)
vьrgnemъ (first-person plural present)
vьrgnete (plural present second-person)
vьrgnǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьrgni (imperative second-person singular)
vьrgni (imperative singular third-person)
vьrgněvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьrgněta (dual imperative second-person)
vьrgněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьrgněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вьргнути (vĭrgnuti)

Russian: -ве́ргнуть (-vérgnutʹ), e.g. отве́ргнуть (otvérgnutʹ)

Ukrainian: ве́ргнути (vérhnuty)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: врьгнѫти (vrĭgnǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏гнути

Latin script: vȑgnuti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrhnúti

Czech: vrhnout

Moravian (Mistřice): vrhnút

Old Polish: wierzgnąć

Polish: wierzgnąć, wiergnąć

Slovak: vrhnúť


zęti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zęti (infinitive)
zętъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębenъ (participle passive past)
zębomъ (participle passive present)
zębъ (active participle past)
zęby (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębǫ (first-person present singular)
zębeši (present second-person singular)
zębetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębevě (dual first-person present)
zębeta (dual present second-person)
zębete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębemъ (first-person plural present)
zębete (plural present second-person)
zębǫtь (plural present third-person)
zęběaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zęběaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zęběaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębi (imperative second-person singular)
zębi (imperative singular third-person)
zęběaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zęběašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zęběašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zęběvě (dual first-person imperative)
zęběta (dual imperative second-person)
zęběaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zęběašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zęběaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zęběmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zęběte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: зябци́ (zjabcí)

Russian: зябти́ (zjabtí) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зѧбоми (nom. masc. pl. pres. pasv. part.)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зе̑псти

Latin script: zȇpsti

Slovene: zẹ́bsti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ziebsti

Czech: zábst

Slovak: ziabsť

Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemb-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ-, and cognate with Lithuanian žem̃bti (“to sharpen, to cut slantwise”), Sanskrit जम्भते (jámbhate, “to snatch”), जम्भयति (jámbhayati, “to crush”). Suggested semantic development is cut > bite > frostbite > freeze. Vasmer generally agrees, and adds Albanian dhëmp (“painful”) as a cognate. Derksen further suggests a possible connection with *zǫbъ (“tooth”), in which case many other words are cognate, e.g. Sanskrit जम्भ (jámbha, “tooth”), Ancient Greek γόμφος (gómphos, “pin, nail”), English comb.


zinǫti

zìnǫti (canonical perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinovenьje (noun-from-verb)
zinǫti (infinitive)
zinǫtъ (supine)
zinǫlъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinovenъ (participle passive past)
zinǫvъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
zinǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zinǫ (aorist second-person singular)
zinǫ (aorist singular third-person)
zinǫ (first-person present singular)
zineši (present second-person singular)
zinetь (present singular third-person)
zinǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
zinǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
zinǫste (aorist dual third-person)
zinevě (dual first-person present)
zineta (dual present second-person)
zinete (dual present third-person)
zinǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zinǫste (aorist plural second-person)
zinǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
zinemъ (first-person plural present)
zinete (plural present second-person)
zinǫtь (plural present third-person)
zini (imperative second-person singular)
zini (imperative singular third-person)
ziněvě (dual first-person imperative)
ziněta (dual imperative second-person)
ziněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
ziněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: зинѫти (zinǫti), зинути (zinuti)

Old Ruthenian: зинути (zinuti)

Russian: зи́нуть (zínutʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰻⱀⱘⱅⰻ (zinǫti)

Old Cyrillic script: зинѫти (zinǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зи̏нути

Latin script: zȉnuti

Slovene: zíniti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

⇒ Old Czech: pozinúti (“to swallow up”)

Polish: zionąć

Per Rix (LIV), from a nasal-infix form Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi-né-h₁- with metathesis from the root *ǵʰeh₁y-, with analogical lengthening of the vowel to *-ī- from the metathesized zero-grade *ǵʰih₁-. Derksen is unconvinced of the nasal-infix explanation, but agrees on the root involved. Cognate with Old Norse gína (“to yap, to yawn”), gina (“to yawn”), gine (“to be wide open”), Old High German ginēn (“to be wide open”). More distantly cognate with Lithuanian žióvauti (“to yawn”), Latvian žàvât (“to yawn”) (East Latvian dialectal, where the sustained and falling tones have merged), Lithuanian žióti (“to open one's mouth”), Latin hiō (“to yawn”).


verťi

vèrťi (canonical imperfective)
vьrgnǫti (perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
verženьje (noun-from-verb)
verťi (infinitive)
verťь (supine)
verglъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
verženъ (participle passive past)
vьrgomъ (participle passive present)
vergъ (active participle past)
vьrgy (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
vergъ (aorist first-person singular)
vergoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
verže (aorist second-person singular)
verže (aorist singular third-person)
vьrgǫ (first-person present singular)
vьržeši (present second-person singular)
vьržetь (present singular third-person)
vergově (aorist dual first-person)
vergoxově (aorist dual first-person)
vergeta (aorist dual second-person)
vergosta (aorist dual second-person)
vergete (aorist dual third-person)
vergoste (aorist dual third-person)
vьrževě (dual first-person present)
vьržeta (dual present second-person)
vьržete (dual present third-person)
vergomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vergoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vergete (aorist plural second-person)
vergoste (aorist plural second-person)
vergǫ (aorist plural third-person)
vergošę (aorist plural third-person)
vьržemъ (first-person plural present)
vьržete (plural present second-person)
vьrgǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьržaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьržaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьržaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьrdzi (imperative second-person singular)
vьrdzi (imperative singular third-person)
vьržaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьržaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьržaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьrdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
vьrdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
vьržaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьržaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьržaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьrdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьrdzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

q

formal variants of <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="uk">ве́рга́ти</i> (vérháty)

Ukrainian: вере́чи (veréčy), ве́ргти (vérhty) (formal variants of ве́рга́ти (vérháty))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: врѣщи (vrěšti)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⱃⱑⱎⱅⰹ (vrěšti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏ћи

Latin script: vȑći

Slovene: vrẹ́či (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrci

* Derksen, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *wergʷ- (Derksen) or *wer(H)gʷ- (Snoj). Possibly cognate (per LIV) with Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw”), presummably from an earlier *werkwaną with assimilation *w-kw > *w-p.
* Vasmer (favoured by BER in regard to Bulgarian въргам (vǎrgam)): Related to Sanskrit वर्जति (várjati, “to turn”), Latin vergō (“to bow, to turn”), perhaps from a g-extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer(H)- (“to twist, to turn, to thread”) or *h₂wer- (“to inflict, to subjugate”).
False friend with Lithuanian vérgti (“to enslave”), pavìrgti (“to give up, to submit”).

der

(transitive) to throw, to cast, to fling

(reflexive) to leap, to jump, to propel oneself energetically

voržiti

*vorgъ (“gorge, gully; casting of lots”)


věťati

věťanьje (noun-from-verb)
věťati (infinitive)
věťatъ (supine)
věťalъ (l-participle)
věťanъ (participle passive past)
věťajemъ (participle passive present)
věťavъ (active participle past)
věťaję (active participle present)
věťaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
věťa (aorist second-person singular)
věťa (aorist singular third-person)
věťajǫ (first-person present singular)
věťaješi (present second-person singular)
věťajetь (present singular third-person)
věťaxově (aorist dual first-person)
věťasta (aorist dual second-person)
věťaste (aorist dual third-person)
věťajevě (dual first-person present)
věťajeta (dual present second-person)
věťajete (dual present third-person)
věťaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
věťaste (aorist plural second-person)
věťašę (aorist plural third-person)
věťajemъ (first-person plural present)
věťajete (plural present second-person)
věťajǫtь (plural present third-person)
věťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
věťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
věťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
věťaji (imperative second-person singular)
věťaji (imperative singular third-person)
věťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
věťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
věťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
věťajivě (dual first-person imperative)
věťajita (dual imperative second-person)
věťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
věťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
věťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
věťajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
věťajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: Pskov dialectal веча́ть (večátʹ, “to shout”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: вѣщати (věštati, “to say”), 1sg. вѣщаѭ (věštajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

desc

Bulgarian: веща́я (veštája, “to proclaim”) (archaic)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ве́ћати

Latin script: véćati

Slovene: vẹ̄čati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: *věcěti

Old Polish: wiecać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *waitjāˀtei. Equivalent to *větiti + *-jati, from *větъ + *-iti. Cognate with Old Prussian waitiāt (“to say”). Connections outside of Balto-Slavic unclear. Possibly related to Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬀- (aēθa-, “to verdict”).
In most descendants, this verb merged with Proto-Slavic *věščati (“to prophesy”), from *věščь (“proficient”).


zębnǫti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zębnǫti (infinitive)
zębnǫtъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębъ (active participle past)
zębny (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębnǫ (first-person present singular)
zębneši (present second-person singular)
zębnetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębnevě (dual first-person present)
zębneta (dual present second-person)
zębnete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębnemъ (first-person plural present)
zębnete (plural present second-person)
zębnǫtь (plural present third-person)
zębněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zębněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zębněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębni (imperative second-person singular)
zębni (imperative singular third-person)
zębněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zębněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zębněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zębněvě (dual first-person imperative)
zębněta (dual imperative second-person)
zębněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zębněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zębněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zębněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zębněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зꙗбнꙋти (zjabnuti)

Belarusian: зя́бнуць (zjábnucʹ)

Russian: зя́бнуть (zjábnutʹ), 1sg. зя́бну (zjábnu)

Ukrainian: зя́бнути (zjábnuty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зѧбнѫти

Glagolitic: ⰸⱔⰱⱀⱘⱅⰻ (zębnǫti)

Bulgarian: зе́бна (zébna) (obsolete)

Macedonian: ѕемне (dzemne)

West Slavic:

Czech: zábnout

Polish: ziębnąć

Slovak: ziabnuť


zębnǫti

zębenьje (noun-from-verb)
zębnǫti (infinitive)
zębnǫtъ (supine)
zęblъ (l-participle)
zębenъ (participle passive past)
zębnomъ (participle passive present)
zębъ (active participle past)
zębny (active participle present)
zębъ (aorist first-person singular)
zęboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zębe (aorist second-person singular)
zębe (aorist singular third-person)
zębnǫ (first-person present singular)
zębneši (present second-person singular)
zębnetь (present singular third-person)
zębově (aorist dual first-person)
zęboxově (aorist dual first-person)
zębeta (aorist dual second-person)
zębosta (aorist dual second-person)
zębete (aorist dual third-person)
zęboste (aorist dual third-person)
zębnevě (dual first-person present)
zębneta (dual present second-person)
zębnete (dual present third-person)
zębomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zęboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zębete (aorist plural second-person)
zęboste (aorist plural second-person)
zębǫ (aorist plural third-person)
zębošę (aorist plural third-person)
zębnemъ (first-person plural present)
zębnete (plural present second-person)
zębnǫtь (plural present third-person)
zębněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zębněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zębněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zębni (imperative second-person singular)
zębni (imperative singular third-person)
zębněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zębněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zębněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zębněvě (dual first-person imperative)
zębněta (dual imperative second-person)
zębněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zębněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zębněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zębněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zębněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зꙗбнꙋти (zjabnuti)

⇒ Russian: прозя́бнуть (prozjábnutʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: прозѧбнѫти

Glagolitic: ⱂⱃⱁⰸⱔⰱⱀⱘⱅⰻ (prozębnǫti)

West Slavic: —

Cognate with Lithuanian žémbėti (“to germinate, to sprout”). Per Derksen, also cognate with Latin gemma (“bud, gem”) (whence English gem), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵemb-; however, Derksen notes that this root structure is impossible for a Proto-Indo-European root.


tęťi

tęgati (imperfective)
tęženьje (noun-from-verb)
tęťi (infinitive)
tęťь (supine)
tęglъ (l-participle)
tęženъ (participle passive past)
tęgъ (active participle past)
tęgъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęže (aorist second-person singular)
tęže (aorist singular third-person)
tęgǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžeši (present second-person singular)
tęžetь (present singular third-person)
tęgově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
tęgeta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgosta (aorist dual second-person)
tęgete (aorist dual third-person)
tęgoste (aorist dual third-person)
tęževě (dual first-person present)
tęžeta (dual present second-person)
tęžete (dual present third-person)
tęgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęgete (aorist plural second-person)
tęgoste (aorist plural second-person)
tęgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
tęgošę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžemъ (first-person plural present)
tęžete (plural present second-person)
tęgǫtь (plural present third-person)
tędzi (imperative second-person singular)
tędzi (imperative singular third-person)
tędzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
tędzěta (dual imperative second-person)
tędzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
tędzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: тягти́ (tjahtý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: растѧщи (1p. растѧгѫ)

Bulgarian: тега́ (tegá) (obsolete, archaic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingtei , from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-. Akin to Lithuanian tìngti (“to become slow”) (3sg. tìngsta), tingė́ti (“to be lazy”) (3sg. tìngi), Old Norse þyngja (“burden”), Old High German dīhsala (“drawbar, shaft”), Old Norse þīsl (“drawbar, shaft”), and possibly Latin tēmō (“drawbar, shaft”) < *tenk-smō.
Attested mainly in telic sense, reflecting an ancient root aorist in the past tense and thematic root "imperfective" in present. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *tęgati, Proto-Slavic *tęgnǫti which convey atelic nuances.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


traviti

trāvìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
travľenьje (noun-from-verb)
traviti (infinitive)
travitъ (supine)
travilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
travľenъ (participle passive past)
travimъ (participle passive present)
travľь (active participle past)
travę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
travixъ (aorist first-person singular)
travi (aorist second-person singular)
travi (aorist singular third-person)
travľǫ (first-person present singular)
traviši (present second-person singular)
travitь (present singular third-person)
travixově (aorist dual first-person)
travista (aorist dual second-person)
traviste (aorist dual third-person)
travivě (dual first-person present)
travita (dual present second-person)
travite (dual present third-person)
travixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
traviste (aorist plural second-person)
travišę (aorist plural third-person)
travimъ (first-person plural present)
travite (plural present second-person)
travętь (plural present third-person)
travľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
travľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
travľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
travi (imperative second-person singular)
travi (imperative singular third-person)
travľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
travľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
travľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
travivě (dual first-person imperative)
travita (dual imperative second-person)
travľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
travľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
travľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
travimъ (first-person imperative plural)
travite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: траві́ць (travícʹ)

Russian: трави́ть (travítʹ)

Ukrainian: трави́ти (travýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

i

erroneous form, should be <i class="Cyrs mention" lang="cu">травѧщиимъ</i>

Cyrillic: травѧщиима (masc. dat. pl. pres. act. part.) (erroneous form, should be травѧщиимъ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тро́вя (tróvja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра́вити

Latin script: tráviti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tráviti

Czech: trávit

Old Polish: trawić

Polish: trawić

Slovak: tráviť

* Per Derksen, a denominative verb derived from *trāvà (“grass”).
* According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub”). This is supported by Vasmer, citing it as cognate with Ancient Greek τρώω (trṓō, “to hurt”), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō, “to hurt”), τρῡ́ω (trū́ō, “to destroy, to exhaust”), Old High German drawa (“threat”), drōа (“threat”), Old English þrēа (“threat, punishment”). More distantly related to Proto-Slavic *terti (“to rub”), as well as *trāvà (“grass”).
* Per Trubachev, *trāvìti is the causative of *truti (“to feed? to consume? to poison?”), and *trāvà is derived from the verb, not the other way around.


tъrgati

a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganьje (noun-from-verb)
tъrgati (infinitive)
tъrgatъ (supine)
tъrgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganъ (participle passive past)
tъržemъ (participle passive present)
tъrgavъ (active participle past)
tъržę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tъrga (aorist second-person singular)
tъrga (aorist singular third-person)
tъržǫ (first-person present singular)
tъržeši (present second-person singular)
tъržetь (present singular third-person)
tъrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tъrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
tъrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
tъrževě (dual first-person present)
tъržeta (dual present second-person)
tъržete (dual present third-person)
tъrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tъrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
tъrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
tъržemъ (first-person plural present)
tъržete (plural present second-person)
tъržǫtь (plural present third-person)
tъrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tъrži (imperative second-person singular)
tъrži (imperative singular third-person)
tъrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tъrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tъrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tъrživě (dual first-person imperative)
tъržita (dual imperative second-person)
tъrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tъrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tъrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tъržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tъržite (imperative plural second-person)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganьje (noun-from-verb)
tъrgati (infinitive)
tъrgatъ (supine)
tъrgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrganъ (participle passive past)
tъrgajemъ (participle passive present)
tъrgavъ (active participle past)
tъrgaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
tъrgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tъrga (aorist second-person singular)
tъrga (aorist singular third-person)
tъrgajǫ (first-person present singular)
tъrgaješi (present second-person singular)
tъrgajetь (present singular third-person)
tъrgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tъrgasta (aorist dual second-person)
tъrgaste (aorist dual third-person)
tъrgajevě (dual first-person present)
tъrgajeta (dual present second-person)
tъrgajete (dual present third-person)
tъrgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tъrgaste (aorist plural second-person)
tъrgašę (aorist plural third-person)
tъrgajemъ (first-person plural present)
tъrgajete (plural present second-person)
tъrgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tъrgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tъrgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tъrgaji (imperative second-person singular)
tъrgaji (imperative singular third-person)
tъrgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tъrgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tъrgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tъrgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tъrgajita (dual imperative second-person)
tъrgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tъrgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tъrgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tъrgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tъrgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: търгати (tŭrgati)

desc

⇒ Russian: отторга́ть (ottorgátʹ), расторга́ть (rastorgátʹ)

Ukrainian: то́ргати (tórhaty, “to tear, to pull”)

South Slavic:

⇒ Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тръгнѫти (trŭgnǫti)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱃⱏⰳⱀⱘⱅⰻ (trŭgnǫti)

Bulgarian: тъ́ргам (tǎ́rgam, “to tear, to pull”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тр̏гати

Latin script: tȑgati

Slovene: tŕgati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: trhati

Czech: trhat

Polish: targać

Slovak: trhať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: torhać

Lower Sorbian: tergać

The exact etymology is unclear. The dominant standpoints are:
* Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Latin tergō (“to wipe”), with semantic distortion by influence of *dьrgati (“to tear”).
* Per Vasmer, connected with Sanskrit स्तृहति (stṛháti, “to crush”), तृणेढि (tṛṇéḍhi, “shattered, broken”), perfect ततर्ह (tatarha), perf. pass. part. तृढ (tṛḍhá). Doubtfully connected with Latin trahō (“to drag”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 (þairkō, “hole”).
* Per Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *tergʰ-, extended version of *ter- (“to rub”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *terti, Latin terō.
Over time, the term has undergone a semantic drift in certain thematic environments, giving rise to figurative terms such as Russian трогать (trogatʹ, “to affect, to arouse emotionally”) and Bulgarian тръгвам (trǎgvam), Macedonian тргне (trgne, “to depart”). The later semantic development is analogous with Italian partire (“to go away”), French partir (“to depart”) which descend from Latin partīre (“to separate”).


tьrzati

tьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
tьrzati (infinitive)
tьrzatъ (supine)
tьrzalъ (l-participle)
tьrzanъ (participle passive past)
tьržemъ (participle passive present)
tьrzavъ (active participle past)
tьržę (active participle present)
tьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьrza (aorist second-person singular)
tьrza (aorist singular third-person)
tьržǫ (first-person present singular)
tьržeši (present second-person singular)
tьržetь (present singular third-person)
tьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
tьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
tьrževě (dual first-person present)
tьržeta (dual present second-person)
tьržete (dual present third-person)
tьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
tьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
tьržemъ (first-person plural present)
tьržete (plural present second-person)
tьržǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьrži (imperative second-person singular)
tьrži (imperative singular third-person)
tьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьrživě (dual first-person imperative)
tьržita (dual imperative second-person)
tьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьržimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьržite (imperative plural second-person)
tьrzanьje (noun-from-verb)
tьrzati (infinitive)
tьrzatъ (supine)
tьrzalъ (l-participle)
tьrzanъ (participle passive past)
tьrzajemъ (participle passive present)
tьrzavъ (active participle past)
tьrzaję (active participle present)
tьrzaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tьrza (aorist second-person singular)
tьrza (aorist singular third-person)
tьrzajǫ (first-person present singular)
tьrzaješi (present second-person singular)
tьrzajetь (present singular third-person)
tьrzaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tьrzasta (aorist dual second-person)
tьrzaste (aorist dual third-person)
tьrzajevě (dual first-person present)
tьrzajeta (dual present second-person)
tьrzajete (dual present third-person)
tьrzaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tьrzaste (aorist plural second-person)
tьrzašę (aorist plural third-person)
tьrzajemъ (first-person plural present)
tьrzajete (plural present second-person)
tьrzajǫtь (plural present third-person)
tьrzaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tьrzaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tьrzaji (imperative second-person singular)
tьrzaji (imperative singular third-person)
tьrzaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tьrzaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tьrzaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tьrzajivě (dual first-person imperative)
tьrzajita (dual imperative second-person)
tьrzaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tьrzaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tьrzaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tьrzajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tьrzajite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: истръзати (istrŭzati) (Serbian)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: тьрзати (tĭrzati, “to tear”) (literary, 12th century)

Russian: терза́ть (terzátʹ, “to tear apart, to torment”), 1sg. терза́ю (terzáju)

→ Bulgarian: терза́я (terzája)

Ukrainian: терза́ти (terzáty, “to torment”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: трьзати (trĭzati, “to tear, to pull”), 1sg. трѣжѫ (trěžǫ), трьзаѭ (trĭzajǫ)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: тъ́рзам (tǎ́rzam) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тр̏зати (“to pull”), 1sg. тр̏же̄м

Latin: tȑzati (“to pull”), 1sg. tȑžēm

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tŕzati (“to tear, to pluck”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. tȓzam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic: —

* Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Latin tergō (“to wipe”), with semantic distortion by influence of *dьrgati (“to tear”).
* Per Vasmer, connected with Sanskrit स्तृहति (stṛháti, “to crush”), तृणेढि (tṛṇéḍhi, “shattered, broken”), perfect ततर्ह (tatarha), perf. pass. part. तृढ (tṛḍhá). Doubtfully connected with Latin trahō (“to drag”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 (þairkō, “hole”).
* Per Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *terǵʰ-, extended version of *ter- (“to rub”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *terti, Latin terō.