-ati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ати (-ati)

Old Ruthenian: -ати (-ati), -ать (-atʹ)

Belarusian: -аць (-acʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ати (-aty)

Ukrainian: -ати (-aty)

Russian: -ать (-atʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: -ати (-ati)

Bulgarian: -ам (-am)

Macedonian: -а (-a)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ати

Latin script: -ati

Slovene: -ati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ati

Czech: -at

Old Polish: -ać

Polish: -ać

Silesian: -ać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ac

Slovincian: -ac

Old Slovak: -ať

Pannonian Rusyn: -ац (-ac)

Slovak: -ať

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *-(é)h₂ti. The present tense inflection is thematic, effectively continuing Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.
Cognates include Latin -āre (the whole first conjugation in the present in which -āre is the infinite) together with its Proto-Italic ancestor *-āō, Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), Proto-Celtic *-āti, -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit) and Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring again to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną).

cog

byvati ← *byti

jьmati ← *ęti (pres. *jьmǫ)

vykati ← *vyknǫti

badati ← *bosti

barati ← *borti

xaďati ← *xoditi

garati ← *gorěti

From imperfective verbs, forming iterative/durative

nadymati ← *nadǫti (pres. *nadъmǫ)

jьzděvati ← *jьzděti

jьzpadati ← *jьzpasti

narěkati/*narikati ← *nareťi

napajati ← *napojiti

From perfective verbs, forming imperfective

dělati ← *dělo


-iti

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ити (-iti)

Old Ruthenian: -ити (-iti), -ить (-itʹ)

Belarusian: -іць (-icʹ)

desc

Carpathian Rusyn: -ити (-yty), -иц (-yc)

Ukrainian: -ити (-yty)

Russian: -ить (-itʹ)

Old Novgorodian: -ити (-iti)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰺⱅⰺ (-iti)

Old Cyrillic script: -ити (-iti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ити

Latin script: -iti

Slovene: -iti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -iti

Czech: -it

Old Polish: -ić, -yć

Polish: -ić, -yć

Silesian:

Old Slovak: -iť

Pannonian Rusyn: -иц (-ic), -їц (-jic)

Slovak: -iť

Polabian: -ĕt

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ëc, -ic

Slovincian: -ëc, -ic

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -yś, -iś

Upper Sorbian: -yć, -ić

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-éiˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti.

laziti (“to crawl, creep”) ← *lě̀zti (“to crawl, climb”)

nositi (“to carry, bear”) ← *nesti (“to carry, bring”)

voziti (“cart, lead, convey”) ← *vezti (“cart, lead, convey”)

voditi (“to lead, conduct”) ← *vesti (“to lead, conduct”)

blǫditi (“to mislead, deceive”) ← *blęsti (“to err”)

ložiti (“to lay”) ← *leťi (“to lie down”), *ležati (“to lie”)

pojiti (“to water, give to drink”) ← *piti (“to drink”)

saditi (“to plant, set”) ← *sěsti (“to sit down”), *sěděti (“to sit”)

staviti (“to place, put”) ← *stati (“to stand, become”), *stojati (“to stand”)

čistiti (“to clean”) ← *čistъ (“clean”)

běliti (“to whiten, to bleach”) ← *bělъ (“white”)

cěliti (“to heal”) ← *cělъ (“whole”)

kъrmiti (“to feed”) ← *kъrmъ (“food”)

mьstiti (“to avenge”) ← *mьstь (“vengeance”)

miriti (“to reconsile”) ← *mirъ (“peace”)


jama

jàma (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
jàma (nominative singular)
jàmě (dual nominative)
jàmy (nominative plural)
jàmy (genitive singular)
jàmu (dual genitive)
jàmъ (genitive plural)
jàmě (dative singular)
jàmama (dative dual)
jàmamъ (dative plural)
jàmǫ (accusative singular)
jàmě (accusative dual)
jàmy (accusative plural)
jàmojǫ (instrumental singular)
jàmǭ (instrumental singular)
jàmama (dual instrumental)
jàmamī (instrumental plural)
jàmě (locative singular)
jàmu (dual locative)
jàmasъ (locative plural)
jàmaxъ (locative plural)
jàmo (singular vocative)
jàmě (dual vocative)
jàmy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗма (jama), ама (ama)

Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́ма (jáma)

Belarusian: я́ма (jáma)

Ukrainian: я́ма (jáma)

Russian: я́ма (jáma), няма (njama) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ꙗма (jama)

Glagolitic script: ⱑⰿⰰ (ěma)

Bulgarian: я́ма (jáma)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏ма

Latin script: jȁma

Slovene: jáma (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jáma

Czech: jáma

Moravian (Mistřice): jama

Polabian: jomo

Polish: jama

Slovak: jama

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jаmа

Upper Sorbian: jаmа

If related to Ancient Greek ἄμη (ámē, “shovel, water bucket”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *yā̆m- (“to dig”).


navada

navada (nominative singular)
navadě (dual nominative)
navady (nominative plural)
navady (genitive singular)
navadu (dual genitive)
navadъ (genitive plural)
navadě (dative singular)
navadama (dative dual)
navadamъ (dative plural)
navadǫ (accusative singular)
navadě (accusative dual)
navady (accusative plural)
navadojǫ (instrumental singular)
navadǫ (instrumental singular)
navadama (dual instrumental)
navadami (instrumental plural)
navadě (locative singular)
navadu (dual locative)
navadasъ (locative plural)
navadaxъ (locative plural)
navado (singular vocative)
navadě (dual vocative)
navady (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: навада (navada)

Russian: нава́да (naváda) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱀⰰⰲⰰⰴⰰ (navada)

Old Cyrillic script: навада (navada)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: на̑вада

Latin script: nȃvada

Slovene: navȃda (tonal orthography)

From *navaditi, derived from *vada (“conduct”).


město

mě̀sto (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
mě̀sto (nominative singular)
mě̀stě (dual nominative)
mě̀sta (nominative plural)
mě̀sta (genitive singular)
mě̀stu (dual genitive)
mě̀stъ (genitive plural)
mě̀stu (dative singular)
mě̀stoma (dative dual)
mě̀stomъ (dative plural)
mě̀sto (accusative singular)
mě̀stě (accusative dual)
mě̀sta (accusative plural)
mě̀stъmь (instrumental singular)
mě̀stomь (instrumental singular)
mě̀stoma (dual instrumental)
mě̀stȳ (instrumental plural)
mě̀stě (locative singular)
mě̀stu (dual locative)
mě̀stě̄xъ (locative plural)
mě̀sto (singular vocative)
mě̀stě (dual vocative)
mě̀sta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мѣсто (město, “place, location”)

Middle Russian: мѣ́сто (mě́sto)

Russian: ме́сто (mésto, “place”)

→ Finnish: mesta

Old Ruthenian: мѣ́сто (mě́sto, “city; place, location”)

Belarusian: ме́ста (mjésta, “city”) (semantic loan from Polish)

Carpathian Rusyn: мі́сто (místo, “city”) (regional, semantic loan from Polish)

Ukrainian: мі́сто (místo, “city”) (semantic loan from Polish)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: мѣсто (město)

Bulgarian: мя́сто (mjásto)

Macedonian: ме́сто (mésto)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мје̏сто, ме̏сто

Latin script: mjȅsto, mȅsto

Slovene: mẹ́sto (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: město, miesto
Czech: město
Czech: místo

Old Polish: miasto (“city”)
Polish: miasto
Silesian: miasto

desc

Slovak: mesto (“city”), miesto (“place, location”)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: miasto (“city”)

Slovincian: mjastô (“city”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: město (“city”)

Upper Sorbian: město (“city”)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *moyth₂- (“to change place”) + *-to, substantivized from an earlier adjective. Cognate with Pashto مېشت (mēšt, “settled”) (< *máištah). Likely not a direct cognate, but still possibly related to Lithuanian maĩstas (“nourishment, food”).
The secondary sense “city, urban center” is a calque of Old High German stat < Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“stead, place”).

cog

poměščenьje

*městiti (“to move, to change location”)

(secondary, in Northern Slavic) city, town, settlement


lastovica

lastovica (nominative singular)
lastovici (dual nominative)
lastovicę̇ (nominative plural)
lastovicę̇ (genitive singular)
lastovicu (dual genitive)
lastovicь (genitive plural)
lastovici (dative singular)
lastovicama (dative dual)
lastovicamъ (dative plural)
lastovicǫ (accusative singular)
lastovici (accusative dual)
lastovicę̇ (accusative plural)
lastovicejǫ (instrumental singular)
lastovicǫ (instrumental singular)
lastovicama (dual instrumental)
lastovicami (instrumental plural)
lastovici (locative singular)
lastovicu (dual locative)
lastovicasъ (locative plural)
lastovicaxъ (locative plural)
lastovice (singular vocative)
lastovici (dual vocative)
lastovicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ластовица (lastovica)

Old Ruthenian: ластовица (lastovica)

Ukrainian: ластови́ця (lastovýcja)

desc

Russian: ла́стовица (lástovica) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰾⰰⱄⱅⱁⰲⰻⱌⰰ (lastovica)

Old Cyrillic script: ластовица (lastovica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̏стовица

Latin script: lȁstovica

Old Slovene: lastovica

Slovene: lástovica (tonal orthography); lȃstḁi̭cḁ (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Czech: vlastovice, vlaštovice; laštovice (dialectal)

Old Slovak: lastovica, vlastovica

Slovak: lastovica (poetic)

Polabian: lostĕvaićă, lostovaićă

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: łastojca


kopyto

kopyto (nominative singular)
kopytě (dual nominative)
kopyta (nominative plural)
kopyta (genitive singular)
kopytu (dual genitive)
kopytъ (genitive plural)
kopytu (dative singular)
kopytoma (dative dual)
kopytomъ (dative plural)
kopyto (accusative singular)
kopytě (accusative dual)
kopyta (accusative plural)
kopytъmь (instrumental singular)
kopytomь (instrumental singular)
kopytoma (dual instrumental)
kopyty (instrumental plural)
kopytě (locative singular)
kopytu (dual locative)
kopytěxъ (locative plural)
kopyto (singular vocative)
kopytě (dual vocative)
kopyta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копыто (kopyto)

Old Ruthenian: копы́то (kopýto)

Belarusian: капы́та (kapýta)

Ukrainian: копи́то́ (kopýtó)

Russian: копы́то (kopýto)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: копи́то (kopíto)

Macedonian: копито (kopito)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀пито

Latin script: kòpito

Slovene: kopíto (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kopyto

Czech: kopyto

Old Polish: kopyto

Polish: kopyto

Slovak: kopyto

Slovincian: kôpëtô

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kopyto

Lower Sorbian: kopyto

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: copită

be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка


vapa

vapa (nominative singular)
vapě (dual nominative)
vapy (nominative plural)
vapy (genitive singular)
vapu (dual genitive)
vapъ (genitive plural)
vapě (dative singular)
vapama (dative dual)
vapamъ (dative plural)
vapǫ (accusative singular)
vapě (accusative dual)
vapy (accusative plural)
vapojǫ (instrumental singular)
vapǫ (instrumental singular)
vapama (dual instrumental)
vapami (instrumental plural)
vapě (locative singular)
vapu (dual locative)
vapasъ (locative plural)
vapaxъ (locative plural)
vapo (singular vocative)
vapě (dual vocative)
vapy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вапа (vapa)

Russian: ва́па (vápa, “lake”)

Ukrainian: ва́па (vápa, “boggy place”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)

Bulgarian: ва́па (vápa), въ́па (vǎ́pa, “depression, sinkhole”) (dialectal)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: vápa (“puddle”) (tonal orthography) (colloquial)

Disputed:
* Considered a loanword by early scholars, possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps (“water”) with prothetic *v- due to word-initial sandhi (similar to Proto-Slavic *vatra (“fire, torch”) < Proto-Iranian *HáHtr̥š (“fire”)). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, whence native Proto-Slavic *Opava (hydronym, attested as Opava in modern Czechia), Old Prussian apē (“river”), possibly also *opica (“monkey”).
* More likely inherited (Trautmann, Vasmer), cognate with Lithuanian ùpė (“river”), Latvian upe (“river”), Sudovian upa (“river”), perhaps from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wṓps ~ *upís. Further akin to Sanskrit वापी (vā́pī, “pond, pool”) and probably Hittite [script needed] (wappu-, “riverbank”) (attested predominantly in gen. wappuwaš). Zero grade froms attested in dialectal Bulgarian and in toponyms - cf. Russian Вопь (Vopʹ, “Vop river”) < *Vъpь. In view of the Anatolian data, PIE origin could be from tentative *wep- (“to cast, to pour, to permeate”) (per Pokorny), whence also Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”), Proto-Iranian *wafrah (“snow”). Mallory & Adams reconstruct instead Proto-Indo-European *weh₂p- for the Indo-Aryan data (formally incompatible with Hittite). On the later, Witczak suggests possible fossilized compound *h₂we- (“away, off”) + *h₂ep- originally conveying contrast: off + flowing water → stagnant water.
In either case, *vapa may have been a functional counterpart (originally, of common gender) to substantive *voda (originally, neuter).

cog

body of water (pool, pond, lake), standing water


vapa

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вапа (vapa)

Russian: ва́па (vápa)

Collective of *vapь (“dye”) + *-a. Possibly related to Etymology 1 (Preobražensky, Brückner, Snoj).


lajati

làjati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
lajanьje (noun-from-verb)
lajati (infinitive)
lajatъ (supine)
lajalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
lajanъ (participle passive past)
lajemъ (participle passive present)
lajavъ (active participle past)
laję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
lajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
laja (aorist second-person singular)
laja (aorist singular third-person)
lajǫ (first-person present singular)
laješi (present second-person singular)
lajetь (present singular third-person)
lajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
lajasta (aorist dual second-person)
lajaste (aorist dual third-person)
lajevě (dual first-person present)
lajeta (dual present second-person)
lajete (dual present third-person)
lajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lajaste (aorist plural second-person)
lajašę (aorist plural third-person)
lajemъ (first-person plural present)
lajete (plural present second-person)
lajǫtь (plural present third-person)
lajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
laji (imperative second-person singular)
laji (imperative singular third-person)
lajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lajivě (dual first-person imperative)
lajita (dual imperative second-person)
lajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лаꙗти (lajati)

Belarusian: ла́яць (lájacʹ)

Russian: ла́ять (lájatʹ)

Ukrainian: ла́яти (lájaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лаꙗти (lajati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ла́я (lája)

Macedonian: лае (lae)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̏јати

Latin script: lȁjati

Slovene: lȃjati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: láti

Czech: lát

Old Polish: łajać

Polish: łajać

Slovak: láť

Slovincian: lajac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łajaś

From earlier *lati, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *lā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂-. Indo-European cognates include Latin lātrō (“to bark”), and possibly Sanskrit रायटी (rā́yati, “to bark”).


lajati

lajanьje (noun-from-verb)
lajati (infinitive)
lajatъ (supine)
lajalъ (l-participle)
lajanъ (participle passive past)
lajemъ (participle passive present)
lajavъ (active participle past)
laję (active participle present)
lajaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
laja (aorist second-person singular)
laja (aorist singular third-person)
lajǫ (first-person present singular)
laješi (present second-person singular)
lajetь (present singular third-person)
lajaxově (aorist dual first-person)
lajasta (aorist dual second-person)
lajaste (aorist dual third-person)
lajevě (dual first-person present)
lajeta (dual present second-person)
lajete (dual present third-person)
lajaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lajaste (aorist plural second-person)
lajašę (aorist plural third-person)
lajemъ (first-person plural present)
lajete (plural present second-person)
lajǫtь (plural present third-person)
lajaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lajaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lajaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
laji (imperative second-person singular)
laji (imperative singular third-person)
lajaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lajaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lajaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lajivě (dual first-person imperative)
lajita (dual imperative second-person)
lajaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lajaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lajaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лаꙗти (lajati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лаꙗти (lajati)

* Derksen: From Proto-Indo-European *leh₂-. Cognates include Latin latēre (“to lie hidden”) and Ancient Greek λήθω (lḗthō, “to lie hidden”).
* Trubačev: Variant of *lakati.


kry

kry̑ (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
kry̑ (nominative singular)
krъ̏vi (dual nominative)
krъ̏vi (nominative plural)
krъ̏ve (genitive singular)
krъvù (dual genitive)
krъ̀vъ (genitive plural)
krъ̏vi (dative singular)
krъvьmà (dative dual)
krъvàma (dative dual)
krъ̏vьmъ (dative plural)
krъ̏vamъ (dative plural)
krъ̏vь (accusative singular)
krъ̏vi (accusative dual)
krъ̏vi (accusative plural)
krъvьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
krъvьmà (dual instrumental)
krъvàma (dual instrumental)
krъvьmì (instrumental plural)
krъvamì (instrumental plural)
krъ̏ve (locative singular)
krъvù (dual locative)
krъ̏vьxъ (locative plural)
krъ̏vaxъ (locative plural)
kry̑ (singular vocative)
krъ̏vi (dual vocative)
krъ̏vi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: крꙑ (kry)
Old Ruthenian: кровь (krovʹ)
Belarusian: кроў (kroŭ)
Ukrainian: кров (krov), крів (kriv) (dialectal)
Russian: кровь (krovʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: крꙑ (kry)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⱏⰺ (kry)

Bulgarian: кръв (krǎv)

Macedonian: крв (krv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кр̑в

Latin script: kȓv

Slovene: krȋ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: krev
Czech: krev

Polabian: kroj

Old Polish: krew
Polish: krew
Silesian: krew

Old Slovak: krev, kriv, krou, krú, krv

Pannonian Rusyn: крев (krev)

Slovak: krv

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: krew

Slovincian: kry

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kšej

Upper Sorbian: krej

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *krū́ˀs, from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s (“blood of a wound”). Cognate with Lithuanian kraũjas (“blood”), Old Prussian krawian (“blood”), Sanskrit क्रविस् (kravis, “raw meat”), Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas, “meat”), Latin cruor (“thickening, flowing blood from a wound”), Irish cró, Welsh crau (“blood”), Proto-Germanic *hrawaz (whence English raw, German roh, Old Norse hrár (“raw, uncooked”)).


otьcь

otь̀cь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
otь̀cь (nominative singular)
otьcà (dual nominative)
otьcì (nominative plural)
otьcà (genitive singular)
otьcù (dual genitive)
otь̀cь (genitive plural)
otьcù (dative singular)
otьcèma (dative dual)
otь̀cemъ (dative plural)
otь̀cь (accusative singular)
otьcà (accusative dual)
otьcę̇̀ (accusative plural)
otьcь̀mь (instrumental singular)
otьcèmь (instrumental singular)
otьcèma (dual instrumental)
otь̀ci (instrumental plural)
otьcì (locative singular)
otьcù (dual locative)
otь̀cixъ (locative plural)
otьče (singular vocative)
otьcà (dual vocative)
otьcì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: отьць (otĭcĭ), отець (otecĭ), отецъ (otecŭ)
Belarusian: аце́ц (acjéc)
Russian: оте́ц (otéc)
Carpathian Rusyn: оте́ць (otécʹ)
Ukrainian: оте́ць (otécʹ), (dialectal) оти́ць (otýcʹ), воти́ц (votýc), вуте́ц (vutéc), віте́ц (vitéc)

Old Novgorodian: *отьке (*otĭke)

Russian: отёк (otjók) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: отьць (otĭcĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱁⱅⱐⱌⱐ (otĭcĭ)

Bulgarian: оте́ц (otéc)

Macedonian: отец (otec)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̀тац

Latin script: òtac

Slovene: ótec (tonal orthography) (formal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: otec
Czech: otec

Old Polish: ociec
Polish: ojciec
Silesian: ôjciec

Slovak: otec, (dialectal) oťec

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: òjc

Slovincian: wôjc

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wóśc

Upper Sorbian: wótc, wóćec

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: oteț

Most probably an early agent noun from native *otъ (“father”) + *-ьcь.

otьkъ

prior to third palatalization, attested in Northern Russian dialects

otьčę

reanalyzed under the influence of the voc. *otьče

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)


skora

skorà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
skorà (nominative singular)
skòrě (dual nominative)
skorỳ (nominative plural)
skorỳ (genitive singular)
skorù (dual genitive)
skòrъ (genitive plural)
skorě̀ (dative singular)
skoràma (dative dual)
skoràmъ (dative plural)
skorǫ̀ (accusative singular)
skòrě (accusative dual)
skorỳ (accusative plural)
skoròjǫ (instrumental singular)
skòrǫ (instrumental singular)
skoràma (dual instrumental)
skoràmī (instrumental plural)
skorě̀ (locative singular)
skorù (dual locative)
skoràsъ (locative plural)
skoràxъ (locative plural)
skoro (singular vocative)
skòrě (dual vocative)
skorỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: скора (skora)

Russian: скора́ (skorá)

desc

Ukrainian: скі́ра (skíra), ско́ра (skóra)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: скора (skora)

Glagolitic: ⱄⰽⱁⱃⰰ (skora)

Slovene: skórja

West Slavic:

Czech: skora, skura, skůra, škára

Kashubian: skóra

Polabian: sťöră

Polish: skóra

→ Belarusian: шку́ра (škúra)

→ Russian: шку́ра (škúra)

→ Ukrainian: шку́ра (škúra), шкі́ра (škíra)

Silesian: skōra

Slovak: skura

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: skora

Lower Sorbian: skóra, škóra

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *skarā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kor-eh₂, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Doublet of *korà.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian skarà (“scrap”), Latvian skara (“scrap, curl, curly wool”), Lithuanian skìrti (“to divide”) (1st sg. skiriù), Latvian šk̨ir̃t (“to divide”).
Indo-European cognates include Proto-Germanic *skarō (whence English share), *skeraną, Latin scortum (“pelt”), Albanian harr (“to weed”), Albanian shker (“to rip up, to tear up”) (also shtjer).


koňь

kòňь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
kòňь (nominative singular)
koňà (dual nominative)
koňì (nominative plural)
koňà (genitive singular)
koňù (dual genitive)
kòňь (genitive plural)
koňù (dative singular)
koňèma (dative dual)
kòňemъ (dative plural)
kòňь (accusative singular)
koňà (accusative dual)
koňę̇̀ (accusative plural)
koňь̀mь (instrumental singular)
koňèmь (instrumental singular)
koňèma (dual instrumental)
kòňi (instrumental plural)
koňì (locative singular)
koňù (dual locative)
kòňixъ (locative plural)
koňu (singular vocative)
koňà (dual vocative)
koňì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: конь (konĭ)
Old Ruthenian: конь (konʹ)
Belarusian: конь (konʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: кӱнь (künʹ)
Ukrainian: кінь (kinʹ); кунь (kunʹ) (dialectal)
Russian: конь (konʹ)

Old Novgorodian: коне (kone)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кон҄ь (konʹĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⱀⱐ (konĭ)

Bulgarian: кон (kon)

Macedonian: коњ (konj)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̏њ

Latin script: kȍnj

Slovene: kȍnj (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kóň

Czech: kůň

Old Polish: koń
Polish: koń
Silesian: kōń

Slovak: kôň

Polabian: ťün

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kóń

Slovincian: kóń

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kóń

Upper Sorbian: kóń

There are two theories about its origin:
* (Vasmer, Skok, Długosz-Kurczabowa, Holub/Kopečný): from *komňь (cf. Old East Slavic комонь (komonĭ, “horse”)), from early *kobňь, akin to *kobyla (“mare”). Compare Latin caballus (“working horse”), Proto-Celtic *kapallos (> Old Irish capall).
* (Brückner, Długosz-Kurczabowa): from *komňь (cf. Old East Slavic комонь (komonĭ, “horse”)), related to Polish komosić (“make wild, enrage”) cognate with Lithuanian kumelė (“mare”), Old Prussian kamnet (“horse”). (Note, however, that komosić does not seem to exist in East or South Slavic and therefore probably is not very old and that Skok explains the similar verbs komešati (“stir, mix”) and kovitlati (“gyrate, form an eddy”) with a prefix *ko-.)


gǫsь

gǫ̑sь (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
gǫ̑sь (nominative singular)
gǫ̑si (dual nominative)
gǫ̑si (nominative plural)
gǫsí (genitive singular)
gǫsьjù (dual genitive)
gǫsь̀jь (genitive plural)
gǫ̑si (dative singular)
gǫsьmà (dative dual)
gǫ̑sьmъ (dative plural)
gǫ̑sь (accusative singular)
gǫ̑si (accusative dual)
gǫ̑si (accusative plural)
gǫsьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
gǫsьmà (dual instrumental)
gǫsьmì (instrumental plural)
gǫsí (locative singular)
gǫsьjù (dual locative)
gǫ̑sьxъ (locative plural)
gǫsi (singular vocative)
gǫ̑si (dual vocative)
gǫ̑si (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гѫсь (gǫsĭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: гусь (husʹ), кгусь (gusʹ)

Belarusian: гусь (husʹ)

⇒ Carpathian Rusyn: гу́ска (húska)

⇒ Ukrainian: гу́ска (húska)

Russian: гусь (gusʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: гѫсь (gǫsĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱘⱄⱐ (gǫsĭ)

⇒ Bulgarian: гъ́ска (gǎ́ska)

→ Romanian: gâscă

Macedonian: гуска (guska)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: гу̏ска

Latin: gȕska

Slovene: gọ̑s (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hus

Czech: husa

Kashubian: gãs

Polabian: gǫs

Polish: gęś, gąska

Slovak: hus

Slovincian: gãs

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gus

Upper Sorbian: hus, huso

Etymology disputed. Two theories:
* From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gansís (the presence of *-s- at the root blocks satemization), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns.
: A direct inheritance from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gansís, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns, citing the accentuation matching (i-stem with mobile accentuation) with that of the Baltic equivalent as well as the formal match between *gǫserъ (“gander”) with Latin ānser.
* Alternatively, borrowed from unattested Gothic *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*gans) (due to its apparent "centum" character), from Proto-Germanic *gans, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns.


ežь

ežь (nominative singular)
eža (dual nominative)
eži (nominative plural)
eža (genitive singular)
ežu (dual genitive)
ežь (genitive plural)
ežu (dative singular)
ežema (dative dual)
ežemъ (dative plural)
ežь (accusative singular)
eža (accusative dual)
ežę̇ (accusative plural)
ežьmь (instrumental singular)
ežemь (instrumental singular)
ežema (dual instrumental)
eži (instrumental plural)
eži (locative singular)
ežu (dual locative)
ežixъ (locative plural)
ežu (singular vocative)
eža (dual vocative)
eži (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ежь (ežĭ), ожь (ožĭ)
Old Ruthenian: єжъ (jež)
Carpathian Rusyn: ї́жо (jížo)
Ukrainian: їж (již), їжо́ (jižó), іж (iž), іжо́ (ižó), ож (ož) (dialectal)
Middle Russian: ежъ (jež), ожъ (ož)
Russian: ёж (jož); еж (jež) (dialectal); іож (iož), йож (jož), иож (iož), ежь (ježʹ) (dated)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: ѥжь (ježĭ) (Serbian)

Bulgarian: еж (ež); еш (eš) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: таралеж (taralež)

Macedonian: еж (ež)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: је̑ж; је̑жа (dialectal)

Latin script: jȇž; jȇža (dialectal)

Slovene: jẹ̄ž

West Slavic:

Czech: jež (dialectal)

Kashubian: jéż

Polabian: jiz

Old Polish: jeż

Polish: jeż; wież, wjiż (dialectal)

Old Slovak: jež

Pannonian Rusyn: їж (již)

Slovak: jež, jiš (dialectal)

Slovincian: jéż

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jaž, jež

Upper Sorbian: jěž

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *eźis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰis (“hedgehog”). Compare with *ǵʰḗr.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian ežys, regional ẽżis and Latvian ezis. Other Indo-European cognates include Phrygian ἔξις (éxis) (read ἔζις (ézis)), Ancient Greek ἐχῖνος (ekhînos), Old English igil (English ile), Old High German igil (German Igel), Old Armenian ոզնի (ozni), Old Norse ígull, Ossetian уызын (wyzyn), Albanian eshk.


čьrvь

čь̃rvь (canonical)
čь̑rvь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
čь̃rvь (nominative singular)
čьrvì (dual nominative)
čь̃rvьjē (nominative plural)
čь̃rvľē (nominative plural)
čь̃rvi (genitive singular)
čь̃rvьju (dual genitive)
čьrvľu (dual genitive)
čьrvь̀jь (genitive plural)
čь̃rvi (genitive plural)
čьrvì (dative singular)
čь̃rvьma (dative dual)
čьrvь̀mъ (dative plural)
čь̃rvь (accusative singular)
čьrvì (accusative dual)
čьrvì (accusative plural)
čьrvь̀mь (instrumental singular)
čь̃rvьma (dual instrumental)
čь̃rvьmī (instrumental plural)
čь̃rvi (locative singular)
čь̃rvьju (dual locative)
čьrvľu (dual locative)
čьrvь̀xъ (locative plural)
čьrvi (singular vocative)
čьrvì (dual vocative)
čь̃rvьjē (plural vocative)
čь̃rvľē (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
čь̑rvь (nominative singular)
čь̑rvi (dual nominative)
čь̑rvьjē (nominative plural)
čь̑rvľē (nominative plural)
čьrví (genitive singular)
čьrvьjù (dual genitive)
čьrvľu (dual genitive)
čьrvь̀jь (genitive plural)
čь̑rvi (dative singular)
čьrvьmà (dative dual)
čь̑rvьmъ (dative plural)
čь̑rvь (accusative singular)
čь̑rvi (accusative dual)
čь̑rvi (accusative plural)
čь̑rvьmь (instrumental singular)
čьrvьmà (dual instrumental)
čьrvьmì (instrumental plural)
čьrví (locative singular)
čьrvьjù (dual locative)
čьrvľu (dual locative)
čь̑rvьxъ (locative plural)
čьrvi (singular vocative)
čь̑rvi (dual vocative)
čь̑rvьjē (plural vocative)
čь̑rvľē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: чьрвь (čĭrvĭ), червь (červĭ)

Old Ruthenian: червъ (červ), червь (červʹ)

Ukrainian: черв (červ), (dialectal) чер (čer)

Russian: червь (červʹ), (dialectal) че́рев (čérev), черь (čerʹ), це́рва f (cérva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: чрьвь (črĭvĭ)

Glagolitic: ⱍⱃⱐⰲⱐ (črĭvĭ)

Bulgarian: че́рвей (čérvej)

Macedonian: црв (crv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: цр̑в

Latin: cȓv

Slovene: čȓv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: črv

Czech: červ

Old Polish: czyrw
Polish: czerw

Polabian: carv

Slovak: červ

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: čerw

Lower Sorbian: cerw

PIE word
 *kʷŕ̥mis
From Pre-Slavic *kírwis, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kírmis, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis (“worm”).

Polish cochineal#Linguistics
Rick Derksen


bьčela

bьčelà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
bьčelà (nominative singular)
bьčèlě (dual nominative)
bьčelỳ (nominative plural)
bьčelỳ (genitive singular)
bьčelù (dual genitive)
bьčèlъ (genitive plural)
bьčelě̀ (dative singular)
bьčelàma (dative dual)
bьčelàmъ (dative plural)
bьčelǫ̀ (accusative singular)
bьčèlě (accusative dual)
bьčelỳ (accusative plural)
bьčelòjǫ (instrumental singular)
bьčèlǫ (instrumental singular)
bьčelàma (dual instrumental)
bьčelàmī (instrumental plural)
bьčelě̀ (locative singular)
bьčelù (dual locative)
bьčelàsъ (locative plural)
bьčelàxъ (locative plural)
bьčelo (singular vocative)
bьčèlě (dual vocative)
bьčelỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бьчела (bĭčela), бъчела (bŭčela), бчела (bčela), пъчела (pŭčela), пчела (pčela)

Old Ruthenian: бчола́ (bčolá), бжола́ (bžolá), бчела́ (bčelá), пчола́ (pčolá), пчела́ (pčelá), пщола́ (pščolá)

Belarusian: пчала́ (pčalá); пчола́ (pčolá), пшчала́ (pščalá), пшчо́ла (pščóla) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: пчола́ (pčolá)

Ukrainian: бджола́ (bdžolá); бжола́ (bžolá), пчола́ (pčolá), пщола́ (pščolá) (dialectal)

→ Russian: бджела́ (bdželá), бжела́ (bželá) (dialectal)

Russian: пчела́ (pčelá); бчела́ (bčelá), мчела́ (mčelá), мцела́ (mcelá), чо́ла (čóla) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: бьцела (bĭcela)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бьчела (bĭčela), бъчела (bŭčela), пъчела (pŭčela)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱐⱍⰵⰾⰰ (bĭčela), ⰱⱏⱍⰵⰾⰰ (bŭčela), ⱂⱏⱍⰵⰾⰰ (pŭčela)

Bulgarian: пчела́ (pčelá); вчела́ (včelá), чела́ (čelá) (dialectal)

Macedonian: пчела (pčela); пшела (pšela) (dialectal)

Old Serbo-Croatian: пшела (pšela) (17ᵗʰ c.)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пчѐла, чѐла

Latin script: pčèla, čèla

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: čebẹ̑la, čbẹ̑la, čẹ̑la, bčẹ̑la, bečẹ̑la (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: včela

Czech: včela; včala, fčela, čela, ščela (dialectal)

Bohemian (Chod dialect): včala, včela

Old Polish: pszczoła
Polish: pszczoła

Polabian: celă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pszczoła

Slovincian: pszczôla

desc

Slovak: včela; fčela, fčola, pčola, pčela, pščeu̯a, pčou̯a, ščela, pšela, čela (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: coła; pcoła (archaic, dialectal)

Upper Sorbian: pčoła, wčoła

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bikelāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-k-el-eh₂, from *bʰey- (“bee”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *bikos (< *bʰi-k-os), Latin fūcus (< *bʰoy-k-os), Proto-Germanic *bijǭ. Baltic cognates (Latvian bite, Lithuanian bìtė, Old Prussian bitte) would in that case render the Proto-Balto-Slavic forms as *bikelē and *bitē.
The Psalterium Sinaiticum contains the only Old Church Slavonic instance of бьчела (bĭčela) but since the form бъчела (bŭčela) is just as rare, it is impossible to precisely reconstruct the late Proto-Slavic form of this word on the basis of Old Church Slavonic. Since this Proto-Slavic word was an oxytone, none of the descendant languages retain a reflex of the medial weak jer.
Alternatively (obsolete) explained as a deverbative of *bučati (“to make noise, roar”) and reconstructed as *bъčela. A bee is, therefore, the one that makes noise.

inh+

Oleg Trubachyov
Psalterium Sinaiticum
Rick Derksen


golǫbь

gȍlǭbь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
golǫ̃bь (nominative singular)
golǭbì (dual nominative)
golǫ̃bьjē (nominative plural)
golǫ̃bi (genitive singular)
golǫ̃bьju (dual genitive)
golǭbь̀jь (genitive plural)
golǭbì (dative singular)
golǫ̃bьma (dative dual)
golǭbь̀mъ (dative plural)
golǫ̃bь (accusative singular)
golǭbì (accusative dual)
golǭbì (accusative plural)
golǭbь̀mь (instrumental singular)
golǫ̃bьma (dual instrumental)
golǫ̃bьmī (instrumental plural)
golǫ̃bi (locative singular)
golǫ̃bьju (dual locative)
golǭbь̀xъ (locative plural)
golǫbi (singular vocative)
golǭbì (dual vocative)
golǫ̃bьjē (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
gȍlǫbь (nominative singular)
gȍlǫbi (dual nominative)
gȍlǫbьjē (nominative plural)
golǫbí (genitive singular)
golǫbьjù (dual genitive)
golǫbь̀jь (genitive plural)
gȍlǫbi (dative singular)
golǫbьmà (dative dual)
gȍlǫbьmъ (dative plural)
gȍlǫbь (accusative singular)
gȍlǫbi (accusative dual)
gȍlǫbi (accusative plural)
gȍlǫbьmь (instrumental singular)
golǫbьmà (dual instrumental)
golǫbьmì (instrumental plural)
golǫbí (locative singular)
golǫbьjù (dual locative)
gȍlǫbьxъ (locative plural)
golǫbi (singular vocative)
gȍlǫbi (dual vocative)
gȍlǫbьjē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: голѫбь (golǫbĭ), голубь (golubĭ), голобь (golobĭ)

Old Ruthenian: го́лубъ (hólub)

Belarusian: го́луб (hólub)

Carpathian Rusyn: го́луб (hólub)

Ukrainian: го́луб (hólub)

Russian: го́лубь (gólubʹ); го́луб (gólub) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: голѫбь (golǫbĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰳⱁⰾⱘⰱⱐ (golǫbĭ)

Bulgarian: гъ́лъб (gǎ́lǎb); го́лаб (gólab), го́луб (gólub), го́лъмб (gólǎmb) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гулаб (gulab), голаб (golab); галаб (galab) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

гу̏лӯб, го̏лоб (dialectal)

Cyrillic script: го̏лӯб; гу̏лӯб, го̏лоб (dialectal)

Latin script: gȍlūb; gȕlūb, gȍlob (dialectal)

Slovene: golọ̑b (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: holub

Czech: holub

Kashubian: gòłąb

Polabian: ďölǫb

Old Polish: gołąb

Polish: gołąb; gou̯omp (dialectal)

Slovak: holub

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gołub; gołb, gołyb (dialectal)

Upper Sorbian: hołb

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: galamb

→ Romanian: hulub

Borrowed from a Vulgar Latin version of Latin columbus.


bratrъ

bràtrъ (canonical)
bràtъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
bràtrъ (nominative singular)
bràtra (dual nominative)
bràtri (nominative plural)
bràtra (genitive singular)
bràtru (dual genitive)
bràtrъ (genitive plural)
bràtru (dative singular)
bràtroma (dative dual)
bràtromъ (dative plural)
bràtrъ (accusative singular)
bràtra (accusative dual)
bràtry (accusative plural)
bràtrъmь (instrumental singular)
bràtromь (instrumental singular)
bràtroma (dual instrumental)
bràtrȳ (instrumental plural)
bràtrě (locative singular)
bràtru (dual locative)
bràtrě̄xъ (locative plural)
bràtre (singular vocative)
bràtra (dual vocative)
bràtri (plural vocative)

East Slavic

desctree

Old East Slavic: братъ (bratŭ)
Old Ruthenian: братъ (brat)
Belarusian: брат (brat)
Carpathian Rusyn: брат (brat)
Ukrainian: брат (brat)
Russian: брат (brat) (see there for further descendants)

Old Novgorodian: брате (brate)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: братръ (bratrŭ), братъ (bratŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱃⰰⱅⱃⱏ (bratrŭ)

Bulgarian: брат (brat)

Macedonian: брат (brat)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бра̏т

Latin script: brȁt

Slovene: brȁt (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bratr
Czech: bratr

Old Polish: brat
Polish: brat
Silesian: brat

Old Slovak: brat
Slovak: brat

Polabian: brot

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: brat

Slovincian: brat

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bratš

Upper Sorbian: bratr

→ Hungarian: barát
→ Romanian: bărat

→ Romanian: brat

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *brā́ˀtē, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.


borzda

bōrzdà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
bōrzdà (nominative singular)
bõrzdě (dual nominative)
bōrzdỳ (nominative plural)
bōrzdỳ (genitive singular)
bōrzdù (dual genitive)
bõrzdъ (genitive plural)
bōrzdě̀ (dative singular)
bōrzdàma (dative dual)
bōrzdàmъ (dative plural)
bōrzdǫ̀ (accusative singular)
bõrzdě (accusative dual)
bōrzdỳ (accusative plural)
bōrzdòjǫ (instrumental singular)
bõrzdǫ (instrumental singular)
bōrzdàma (dual instrumental)
bōrzdàmī (instrumental plural)
bōrzdě̀ (locative singular)
bōrzdù (dual locative)
bōrzdàsъ (locative plural)
bōrzdàxъ (locative plural)
borzdo (singular vocative)
bõrzdě (dual vocative)
bōrzdỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: борозда (borozda)

desc

Old Ruthenian: борозна́ (borozná), борозда́ (borozdá)

Belarusian: баразна́ (barazná)

Ukrainian: борозна́ (borozná), борозда́ (borozdá)

Russian: борозда́ (borozdá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бразда (brazda)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱃⰰⰸⰴⰰ (brazda)

Bulgarian: бразда́ (brazdá)

Macedonian: бразда (brazda)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бра́зда

Latin script: brázda

Slovene: brázda (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brázda

Czech: brázda

Moravian (Mistřice): brázda

Kashubian: barzda, brózda

Polabian: bordźă

Old Polish: brózda

Polish: bruzda

Slovak: brázda

Slovincian: barzda

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: brózda

Lower Sorbian: brozda

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: brazdë

→ Aromanian: brazdã

→ Hungarian: barázda

→ Istro-Romanian: bråzda

→ Megleno-Romanian: brazdă

→ Romanian: brazdă

Probably derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰors- (“to point, to mark”) + *-da (positional particle), related to Sanskrit भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭi, “point, top”) (< *bʰr̥štíš), Proto-Germanic *barzdaz (“edge, brim”). Perhaps further akin to Lithuanian biržìs / bir̃žė (“furrow”), Latvian bìrze (“furrow”), which possibly reflect *bʰerH- (“to pierce”) instead. See references for further discussion.


borna

bōrnà (canonical)
bornà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
bōrnà (nominative singular)
bõrně (dual nominative)
bōrnỳ (nominative plural)
bōrnỳ (genitive singular)
bōrnù (dual genitive)
bõrnъ (genitive plural)
bōrně̀ (dative singular)
bōrnàma (dative dual)
bōrnàmъ (dative plural)
bōrnǫ̀ (accusative singular)
bõrně (accusative dual)
bōrnỳ (accusative plural)
bōrnòjǫ (instrumental singular)
bõrnǫ (instrumental singular)
bōrnàma (dual instrumental)
bōrnàmī (instrumental plural)
bōrně̀ (locative singular)
bōrnù (dual locative)
bōrnàsъ (locative plural)
bōrnàxъ (locative plural)
borno (singular vocative)
bõrně (dual vocative)
bōrnỳ (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
bornà (nominative singular)
bȏrně (dual nominative)
bȏrny (nominative plural)
borný (genitive singular)
bornù (dual genitive)
bõrnъ (genitive plural)
borně̀ (dative singular)
bornàma (dative dual)
bornàmъ (dative plural)
bȏrnǫ (accusative singular)
bȏrně (accusative dual)
bȏrny (accusative plural)
bornojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
bornàma (dual instrumental)
bornàmi (instrumental plural)
bȏrně (locative singular)
bornù (dual locative)
bornàsъ (locative plural)
bornàxъ (locative plural)
borno (singular vocative)
bȏrně (dual vocative)
bȏrny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: борона (borona)

Belarusian: барана́ (baraná)

Russian: борона́ (boroná)

⇒ Russian: боро́нка (borónka) (dialectal)

Old Ukrainian: борона́ (boroná)

Carpathian Rusyn: борона́ (boroná)

desc

Ukrainian: боро́на (boróna), борона́ (boroná)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бра́на (brána); брана́ (braná) (dialectal)

Macedonian: брана (brana)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бра́на; бра̑на (dialectal)

Latin script: brána; brȃna (dialectal)

Slovene: brána

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brána

Czech: brána, brány pl

→ Polish: brama

→ Belarusian: бра́ма (bráma)

→ Ukrainian: бра́ма (bráma)

Polabian: bornă

Old Polish: brona

Polish: brona

Slovak: brána, brány pl; brani pl (dialectal)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: barna, bróna

Slovincian: borna

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: brona

Upper Sorbian: bróna

→ Hungarian: borona

ESSJa treats it as as a single headword, Derksen as two (separating meanings "harrow" and "guarded entrance, barrier"), and Sławski as three ("harrow", "defended/defending object" and "membrane").
The meaning "harrow" is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorh₃neh₂, o-grade derivation from *bʰerh₃- (“to hit with a sharp instrument”). Cognates include Latin forō (“to bore, pierce”), Old Norse bora (“to bore, drill”) and Ancient Greek φάρω (phárō), φάρος (pháros). From the same root also Common Slavic *bьrdo (“weaving comb, reed”), *boriti sę (“to fight”), and *borzda (“furrow”).
Sławski derives the set of meanings "protection, guard, defense; object of protecting, defending, gate, dam, barrier, fortification" as an action noun of the verb *borniti (“to guard, protect, defend”). Derksen legitimizes separate treatment due to the semantic difficulties of connecting Common Slavic *borti (“to fight, conquer”) as well as other Indo-European cognates (Latin feriō (“to hit, strike”), Old Norse berja (“to beat, hit”)) with the root *bʰerh₃- (“to hit with a sharp instrument”).
The third separate meaning "membrane" (on the basis of Czech bránice (“membrane, diaphragm”), Slovak branica (“membrane”) and Slovene brána, bránica (“membrane”) is with uncertainty reconstructed by Sławski, with various explanations of origin.
Note that Ukrainian distinguishes борона́ (boroná, “harrow”) from боро́на (boróna, “defense”).

guarded entrance, protection, barrier, defense

(by extension) the object being defended/restrained or defending/restraining, especially fortified gate, dam, dike etc.


kapati

kàpati (canonical imperfective)
kapnǫti (perfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
kapanьje (noun-from-verb)
kapati (infinitive)
kapatъ (supine)
kapalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kapanъ (participle passive past)
kapľemъ (participle passive present)
kapavъ (active participle past)
kapľę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kapaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kapa (aorist second-person singular)
kapa (aorist singular third-person)
kapľǫ (first-person present singular)
kapľeši (present second-person singular)
kapľetь (present singular third-person)
kapaxově (aorist dual first-person)
kapasta (aorist dual second-person)
kapaste (aorist dual third-person)
kapľevě (dual first-person present)
kapľeta (dual present second-person)
kapľete (dual present third-person)
kapaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kapaste (aorist plural second-person)
kapašę (aorist plural third-person)
kapľemъ (first-person plural present)
kapľete (plural present second-person)
kapľǫtь (plural present third-person)
kapaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kapaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kapaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kapľi (imperative second-person singular)
kapľi (imperative singular third-person)
kapaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kapaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kapaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kapľivě (dual first-person imperative)
kapľita (dual imperative second-person)
kapaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kapaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kapaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kapľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kapľite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ка́паць (kápacʹ)

Russian: ка́пать (kápatʹ)

Ukrainian: ка́пати (kápaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: капати (kapati)

Bulgarian: ка́пя (kápja)

Macedonian: капе (kape)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̏пати

Latin script: kȁpati

Slovene: kápati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kapat

Kashubian: kapac

Polish: kapać

Either of onomatopaeic origin (from the sound made by dripping water cap!) or an enlonged grade of Proto-Slavic *kopati (“to dig, to ditch”), akin to Lithuanian kapóti (“to hack, to chop”), Latvian kapât (“to chop”), and Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to strike, to shake”). Often compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian *kapʰas (“phlegm, mucus”), which however may be from non-Indo-European substratum.


noťь

nòťь (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
nòťь (nominative singular)
noťì (dual nominative)
noťì (nominative plural)
nòťi (genitive singular)
nòťьju (dual genitive)
noťь̀jь (genitive plural)
noťì (dative singular)
nòťьma (dative dual)
noťь̀mъ (dative plural)
nòťь (accusative singular)
noťì (accusative dual)
noťì (accusative plural)
nòťьjǫ (instrumental singular)
nòťьma (dual instrumental)
nòťьmī (instrumental plural)
nòťi (locative singular)
nòťьju (dual locative)
noťь̀xъ (locative plural)
noťi (singular vocative)
noťì (dual vocative)
noťì (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
nȍťь (nominative singular)
nȍťi (dual nominative)
nȍťi (nominative plural)
noťí (genitive singular)
noťьjù (dual genitive)
noťь̀jь (genitive plural)
nȍťi (dative singular)
noťьmà (dative dual)
nȍťьmъ (dative plural)
nȍťь (accusative singular)
nȍťi (accusative dual)
nȍťi (accusative plural)
noťьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
noťьmà (dual instrumental)
noťьmì (instrumental plural)
noťí (locative singular)
noťьjù (dual locative)
nȍťьxъ (locative plural)
noťi (singular vocative)
nȍťi (dual vocative)
nȍťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ночь (nočĭ)
Belarusian: ноч (noč)
Russian: ночь (nočʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: нуч (nuč)
Ukrainian: ніч (nič)

Old Pskovian: ноць (nocĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: нощь (noštĭ)

Glagolitic: ⱀⱁⱋⱐ (noštĭ)

Bulgarian: нощ (nošt)

Macedonian: ноќ (noḱ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: но̑ћ

Latin script: nȏć

Slovene: nọ̑č (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: noc

Czech: noc

Old Polish: noc
Polish: noc
Silesian: noc

Old Slovak: noc

Pannonian Rusyn: ноц (noc)

Slovak: noc

Polabian: nüc

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: noc

Slovincian: nôc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: nóc

Lower Sorbian: noc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *náktis, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts.


čistiti

čìstiti (canonical)
a (accent-paradigm)
čìsťenьje (noun-from-verb)
čistiti (infinitive)
čistitъ (supine)
čìstilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
čìsťenъ (participle passive past)
čìstimъ (participle passive present)
čìsťь (active participle past)
čìstę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
čìstixъ (aorist first-person singular)
čìsti (aorist second-person singular)
čìsti (aorist singular third-person)
čìsťǫ (first-person present singular)
čìstiši (present second-person singular)
čìstitь (present singular third-person)
čìstixově (aorist dual first-person)
čìstista (aorist dual second-person)
čìstiste (aorist dual third-person)
čìstivě (dual first-person present)
čìstita (dual present second-person)
čìstite (dual present third-person)
čìstixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čìstiste (aorist plural second-person)
čìstišę (aorist plural third-person)
čìstimъ (first-person plural present)
čìstite (plural present second-person)
čìstętь (plural present third-person)
čìsťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čìsťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čìsťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čìsti (imperative second-person singular)
čìsti (imperative singular third-person)
čìsťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čìsťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čìsťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čìstivě (dual first-person imperative)
čìstita (dual imperative second-person)
čìsťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čìsťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čìsťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čìstimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čìstite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: чы́сціць (čýscicʹ)

Russian: чи́стить (čístitʹ)
→ Kildin Sami: чисстэ (čisste)
→ Skolt Sami: čiistâd

Ukrainian: чи́стити (čýstyty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чистити (čistiti)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰻⱄⱅⰻⱅⰻ (čistiti)

Bulgarian: чи́стя (čístja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чи̏стити

Latin script: čȉstiti

Slovene: čístiti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čistiti

Czech: čistit

Polish: czyścić

Slovak: čistiť


počivati

počinǫti (perfective)
počivatьje (noun-from-verb)
počivati (infinitive)
počivatъ (supine)
počivalъ (l-participle)
počivatъ (participle passive past)
počivajemъ (participle passive present)
počivavъ (active participle past)
počivaję (active participle present)
počivaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
počiva (aorist second-person singular)
počiva (aorist singular third-person)
počivajǫ (first-person present singular)
počivaješi (present second-person singular)
počivajetь (present singular third-person)
počivaxově (aorist dual first-person)
počivasta (aorist dual second-person)
počivaste (aorist dual third-person)
počivajevě (dual first-person present)
počivajeta (dual present second-person)
počivajete (dual present third-person)
počivaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
počivaste (aorist plural second-person)
počivašę (aorist plural third-person)
počivajemъ (first-person plural present)
počivajete (plural present second-person)
počivajǫtь (plural present third-person)
počivaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
počivaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
počivaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
počivaji (imperative second-person singular)
počivaji (imperative singular third-person)
počivaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
počivaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
počivaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
počivajivě (dual first-person imperative)
počivajita (dual imperative second-person)
počivaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
počivaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
počivaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
počivajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
počivajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: почива́ть (počivátʹ)

Ukrainian: почива́ти (počyváty)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: почивати (počivati)

Bulgarian: почи́вам (počívam)

Macedonian: почива (počiva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: почѝвати

Latin script: počìvati

Slovene: počívati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: poczywać

Polish: odpoczywać

Slovak: odpočívať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wótpočywaś

Upper Sorbian: wotpočować

Iterative of *počiti (“to rest”) + *-vati, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁-. Probably originally meaning to repose, to stay still - a meaning attested in Indo-European cognates such as Latin quiēscō (“to repose, to rest”), Proto-Germanic *hwīlāną (“to pause for a while”).


groziti

grozìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
groženьje (noun-from-verb)
groziti (infinitive)
grozitъ (supine)
grozilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
groženъ (participle passive past)
grozimъ (participle passive present)
grožь (active participle past)
grozę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
grozixъ (aorist first-person singular)
grozi (aorist second-person singular)
grozi (aorist singular third-person)
grožǫ (first-person present singular)
groziši (present second-person singular)
grozitь (present singular third-person)
grozixově (aorist dual first-person)
grozista (aorist dual second-person)
groziste (aorist dual third-person)
grozivě (dual first-person present)
grozita (dual present second-person)
grozite (dual present third-person)
grozixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
groziste (aorist plural second-person)
grozišę (aorist plural third-person)
grozimъ (first-person plural present)
grozite (plural present second-person)
grozętь (plural present third-person)
grožaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
grožaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
grožaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
grozi (imperative second-person singular)
grozi (imperative singular third-person)
grožaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
grožaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
grožaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
grozivě (dual first-person imperative)
grozita (dual imperative second-person)
grožaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
grožaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
grožaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
grozimъ (first-person imperative plural)
grozite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: грозити (groziti) (10th century)

Belarusian: гразі́ць (hrazícʹ)

Russian: грози́ть (grozítʹ)

Ukrainian: грози́ти (hrozýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: грозя́ (grozjá)

Macedonian: грози (grozi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гро̀зити, гро́зити

Latin: gròziti, gróziti

Slovene: grozīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hrozit

Polish: grozić

Slovak: hroziť

Slovincian: grôzëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrozyć

Lower Sorbian: grozyś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *graź-. Cognate with Lithuanian gražóti (“to threaten”), Latvian gręzôt (“to threaten”). Vasmer adds as possible candidates Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “terrible”), Γοργώ (Gorgṓ, “gorgon”), Irish garg, gargg (“harsh, wild”), gráin (“disgrace”) < *gragnis; however, Derksen rejects the comparison with γοργός (gorgós) as "formally impossible". Chernykh notes that Lithuanian grasà (“threat”), grasùs (“threatening”), grasìnti (“to threaten”) are often given as cognates, but the comparison is difficult because of the mismatch between Lithuanian s and Slavic *z.


kaditi

kadìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
kaďenьje (noun-from-verb)
kaditi (infinitive)
kaditъ (supine)
kadilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
kaďenъ (participle passive past)
kadimъ (participle passive present)
kaďь (active participle past)
kadę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
kadixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kadi (aorist second-person singular)
kadi (aorist singular third-person)
kaďǫ (first-person present singular)
kadiši (present second-person singular)
kaditь (present singular third-person)
kadixově (aorist dual first-person)
kadista (aorist dual second-person)
kadiste (aorist dual third-person)
kadivě (dual first-person present)
kadita (dual present second-person)
kadite (dual present third-person)
kadixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kadiste (aorist plural second-person)
kadišę (aorist plural third-person)
kadimъ (first-person plural present)
kadite (plural present second-person)
kadętь (plural present third-person)
kaďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kaďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kaďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kadi (imperative second-person singular)
kadi (imperative singular third-person)
kaďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kaďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kaďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kadivě (dual first-person imperative)
kadita (dual imperative second-person)
kaďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kaďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kaďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kadimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kadite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кадити (kaditi)

Old Ruthenian: кадити (kaditi)

Belarusian: кадзі́ць (kadzícʹ)

Ukrainian: кади́ти (kadýty)

Russian: кади́ть (kadítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⰽⰰⰴⰻⱅⰻ (kaditi)

Old Cyrillic script: кадити (kaditi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка́дити

Latin script: káditi

Slovene: kadīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kaditi

desc

Czech: kadit (“to defecate”) (colloquial)

Old Polish: kadzić

Polish: kadzić

Slovak: kadiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kadźić

Lower Sorbian: kaźiś

* Per Derksen, unclear. Derksen reconstructs a putative Proto-Indo-European form *kōd- or *kʷōd- based on Slavic evidence alone.
* Vasmer suggests as cognates Old Prussian accodis (“chimney”), as well as possibly Lithuanian kadagỹs (“juniper”), Old Prussian kadegis (“juniper”), Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros, “cedar”), Albanian ḱem (“soot”), but other origins are also suggested for these words (e.g. the Baltic words may be borrowed from Finno-Ugric).


těsto

tě̑sto (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
tě̑sto (nominative singular)
tě̑stě (dual nominative)
těstà (nominative plural)
tě̑sta (genitive singular)
těstù (dual genitive)
tě̃stъ (genitive plural)
tě̑stu (dative singular)
těstomà (dative dual)
těstòmъ (dative plural)
tě̑sto (accusative singular)
tě̑stě (accusative dual)
těstà (accusative plural)
tě̑stъmь (instrumental singular)
tě̑stomь (instrumental singular)
těstomà (dual instrumental)
těstý (instrumental plural)
tě̑stě (locative singular)
těstù (dual locative)
těstě̃xъ (locative plural)
tě̑sto (singular vocative)
tě̑stě (dual vocative)
těstà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тѣсто (těsto)

Old Ruthenian: тѣ́сто (tě́sto)

Belarusian: це́ста (cjésta)

Ukrainian: ті́сто (tísto); кі́сто (kísto) (dialectal)

Russian: те́сто (tésto)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тѣсто (těsto)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱑⱄⱅⱁ (těsto)

Bulgarian: тесто́ (testó)

Macedonian: тесто (testo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: те̑сто, тије̑сто

Latin script: tȇsto, tijȇsto

Slovene: testọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: těsto

Czech: těsto

Polabian: ťostü

Polish: ciasto

Slovak: cesto

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: śěsto

Upper Sorbian: ćěsto

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: tészta

Possibly related to *tìskati. According to Beekes, linked to Ancient Greek σταῖς (staîs, “dough”) (gen. σταιτός (staitós)). Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *th₂ei-s-tóm, cognates include Old High German theismo, deismo, Old Irish taís (“dough”), and Welsh toes.


onamo

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: онамо (onamo, “thereto; there”)

Belarusian: гэнам (henam, “there”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: онамо (onamo, “thereto”)

Bulgarian: она́мо (onámo, “there”)

Macedonian: онаму (onamu, “there, thereto”)

Serbo-Croatian: onamo (“thereto; there; then”), онам

West Slavic:

Old Czech: onamo (“thereto”), onam

archaic, nowadays occurs only in few phrases with the word <i class="Latn mention" lang="cs">tam</i>, such as "tam i onam" meaning "here and there"

Czech: onamo (“thereto”) (obsolete), onam (archaic, nowadays occurs only in few phrases with the word tam, such as "tam i onam" meaning "here and there")

Polabian: vånom (“thereto”)

Old Polish: onam (“thereto”)

Slovak: onam (“to another place, thereto; in another place”)


toliko

East Slavic:

Belarusian: то́лькі (tólʹki)

Russian: то́лько (tólʹko), толи́ка (tolíka)

Ukrainian: ті́льки (tílʹky), ті́лько (tílʹko), ті́вко (tívko), тіль (tilʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: толико (toliko)

Bulgarian: толко (tolko)/толкова (tolkova)

Macedonian: то́лку (tólku)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: толѝко

Latin script: tolìko

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: tọ́liko, tọ̑liko (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: toliko
Czech: toliko (literary)

Old Polish: tylko
Polish: tylko
Silesian: tylko

Slovak: toľko

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: tëlkò

Slovincian: tëlkô


davati

dāvàti (canonical imperfective)
dati (perfective)
davanьje (noun-from-verb)
davati (infinitive)
davatъ (supine)
davalъ (l-participle)
davanъ (participle passive past)
davajemъ (participle passive present)
davavъ (active participle past)
davaję (active participle present)
davaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dava (aorist second-person singular)
dava (aorist singular third-person)
davajǫ (first-person present singular)
davaješi (present second-person singular)
davajetь (present singular third-person)
davaxově (aorist dual first-person)
davasta (aorist dual second-person)
davaste (aorist dual third-person)
davajevě (dual first-person present)
davajeta (dual present second-person)
davajete (dual present third-person)
davaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
davaste (aorist plural second-person)
davašę (aorist plural third-person)
davajemъ (first-person plural present)
davajete (plural present second-person)
davajǫtь (plural present third-person)
davaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
davaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
davaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
davaji (imperative second-person singular)
davaji (imperative singular third-person)
davaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
davaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
davaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
davajivě (dual first-person imperative)
davajita (dual imperative second-person)
davaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
davaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
davaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
davajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
davajite (imperative plural second-person)
davanьje (noun-from-verb)
davati (infinitive)
davatъ (supine)
davalъ (l-participle)
davanъ (participle passive past)
dajemъ (participle passive present)
davavъ (active participle past)
daję (active participle present)
davaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
dava (aorist second-person singular)
dava (aorist singular third-person)
dajǫ (first-person present singular)
daješi (present second-person singular)
dajetь (present singular third-person)
davaxově (aorist dual first-person)
davasta (aorist dual second-person)
davaste (aorist dual third-person)
dajevě (dual first-person present)
dajeta (dual present second-person)
dajete (dual present third-person)
davaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
davaste (aorist plural second-person)
davašę (aorist plural third-person)
dajemъ (first-person plural present)
dajete (plural present second-person)
dajǫtь (plural present third-person)
davaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
davaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
davaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
daji (imperative second-person singular)
daji (imperative singular third-person)
davaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
davaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
davaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dajivě (dual first-person imperative)
dajita (dual imperative second-person)
davaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
davaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
davaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: давати (davati)

Belarusian: дава́ць (davácʹ)

Russian: дава́ть (davátʹ)

Ukrainian: дава́ти (daváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: давати (davati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: да́вам (dávam)

Macedonian: дава (dava)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: да́вати

Latin script: dávati (Southwest dialect)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dávati

Old Polish: dawać
Polish: dawać
Silesian: dŏwać

Slovak: dávať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dawac

Slovincian: dawac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dawać

Lower Sorbian: dawaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dōˀwāˀtei, iterative of *dṓˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-. Constructed as if *da(ti) + *-vati, with the same suffix found in iterative (later imperfective) *stavati (“to stand”), *-znavati (“to know”), etc. Compare Latvian dãvât (“to give (iterative)”), Lithuanian daviaũ (“I gave”, past), Ancient Greek δοϝέναι (dowénai, “to give (iterative)”) (Cypriot dialect), Sanskrit दावने (dāváne).
In Lithuanian, the cognate of this verb is employed in the construction of the (indicative) past frequentative tense.
Per Derksen, the 1sg. *dajǫ is built off the aorist stem.


krasiti

krašenьje (noun-from-verb)
krasiti (infinitive)
krasitъ (supine)
krasilъ (l-participle)
krašenъ (participle passive past)
krasimъ (participle passive present)
krašь (active participle past)
krasę (active participle present)
krasixъ (aorist first-person singular)
krasi (aorist second-person singular)
krasi (aorist singular third-person)
krašǫ (first-person present singular)
krasiši (present second-person singular)
krasitь (present singular third-person)
krasixově (aorist dual first-person)
krasista (aorist dual second-person)
krasiste (aorist dual third-person)
krasivě (dual first-person present)
krasita (dual present second-person)
krasite (dual present third-person)
krasixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
krasiste (aorist plural second-person)
krasišę (aorist plural third-person)
krasimъ (first-person plural present)
krasite (plural present second-person)
krasętь (plural present third-person)
krašaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
krašaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
krašaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
krasi (imperative second-person singular)
krasi (imperative singular third-person)
krašaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
krašaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
krašaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
krasivě (dual first-person imperative)
krasita (dual imperative second-person)
krašaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
krašaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
krašaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
krasimъ (first-person imperative plural)
krasite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: красити (krasiti)

Old Ruthenian: красити (krasiti)

Belarusian: красі́ць (krasícʹ)

Ukrainian: кра́си́ти (krásýty)

Russian: кра́сить (krásitʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: красити (krasiti)

Bulgarian: крася́ (krasjá)

Macedonian: краси (krasi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кра́сити

Latin script: krásiti

West Slavic:

Czech: krášlit, krásiti

Polish: krasić

Slovak: krásiť


čekati

čekanьje (noun-from-verb)
čekati (infinitive)
čekatъ (supine)
čekalъ (l-participle)
čekanъ (participle passive past)
čekajemъ (participle passive present)
čekavъ (active participle past)
čekaję (active participle present)
čekaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čeka (aorist second-person singular)
čeka (aorist singular third-person)
čekajǫ (first-person present singular)
čekaješi (present second-person singular)
čekajetь (present singular third-person)
čekaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čekasta (aorist dual second-person)
čekaste (aorist dual third-person)
čekajevě (dual first-person present)
čekajeta (dual present second-person)
čekajete (dual present third-person)
čekaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čekaste (aorist plural second-person)
čekašę (aorist plural third-person)
čekajemъ (first-person plural present)
čekajete (plural present second-person)
čekajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čekaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čekaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čekaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čekaji (imperative second-person singular)
čekaji (imperative singular third-person)
čekaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čekaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čekaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čekajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čekajita (dual imperative second-person)
čekaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čekaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čekaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čekajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čekajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: чака́ць (čakácʹ)

Russian: чека́ть (čekátʹ) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: че́кати (čékaty)

Ukrainian: чека́ти (čekáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чекати (čekati)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰵⰽⰰⱅⰻ (čekati)

Bulgarian: че́кам (čékam) (dialectal)

Macedonian: чека (čeka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: че̏кати

Latin script: čȅkati

West Slavic:

Kashubian: czekac

Old Czech: čekati

Czech: čekat

desctree

Old Polish: czekać
Polish: czekać
Silesian: czekać

Old Slovak: čakať, čekať

Pannonian Rusyn: чекац (čekac)

Slovak: čakať

Traditionally considered an alternative form of *čakati, which Vasmer considers a reduplicative formation from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂- (“to desire; to wish”). Derksen mentions this possibility, but favors Stang's derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *kʷek- (“to expect”), which he compares to Old Prussian kackint (“to attain”) and Lithuanian kàkti (“to be sufficient”) (though no non-Balto-Slavic cognates have been deduced). Note the latter root's similarity in form and meaning to Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”), though the relation between the two, if any, is unclear.


kamo

Church Slavonic: камо (kamo), камоу (kamu) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: камо (kamo)

Old Belarusian: камо (kamo)

Russian: камода́ (kamodá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: камо (kamo)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: ка́мо (kámo), кам (kam)

Macedonian: камо (kamo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̏мо, кам

Latin script: kȁmo, kam

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kám, kȃm, kámo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kamo, kam

desc

Czech: kam, kamo (obsolete), kamy (dialectal)

Polabian: kom

Old Polish: kamo, kam

Slovak: kam

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kam

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷō- + *-mo, instrumental singular of *kʷo-.
Compare Ancient Greek πῆμος (pêmos, “when”) (< *kʷā-mo).


bičevati

bičevanьje (noun-from-verb)
bičevati (infinitive)
bičevatъ (supine)
bičevalъ (l-participle)
bičevanъ (participle passive past)
bičujemъ (participle passive present)
bičevavъ (active participle past)
bičuję (active participle present)
bičevaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bičeva (aorist second-person singular)
bičeva (aorist singular third-person)
bičujǫ (first-person present singular)
bičuješi (present second-person singular)
bičujetь (present singular third-person)
bičevaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bičevasta (aorist dual second-person)
bičevaste (aorist dual third-person)
bičujevě (dual first-person present)
bičujeta (dual present second-person)
bičujete (dual present third-person)
bičevaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bičevaste (aorist plural second-person)
bičevašę (aorist plural third-person)
bičujemъ (first-person plural present)
bičujete (plural present second-person)
bičujǫtь (plural present third-person)
bičevaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bičevaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bičevaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bičuji (imperative second-person singular)
bičuji (imperative singular third-person)
bičevaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bičevaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bičevaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bičujivě (dual first-person imperative)
bičujita (dual imperative second-person)
bičevaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bičevaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bičevaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bičujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bičujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бичева́ть (bičevátʹ)

Ukrainian: бичува́ти (byčuváty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бичу́вам (bičúvam)

Macedonian: бичува (bičuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: би̏чевати

Latin script: bȉčevati

Slovene: bičeváti (rare, more commonly bīčati)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bičěvati

Czech: bičovat

Polish: biczować

Slovak: bičovať


esi

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: еси (esi)

Russian: еси́ (jesí)

Ukrainian: єси́ (jesý)

Old Novgorodian: еси (esi)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ѥси (jesi)

Bulgarian: си (si)

Macedonian: си (si)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: јѐси, си

Latin script: jèsi, si

Old Slovene: iezi

Slovene: si

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jsi

Czech: jsi

Old Polish: jeś

Polish: -ś

⇒ Old Polish: jest jeś, jesteś, jeś jest

Polish: jesteś

Slovak: si

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sy

Lower Sorbian: sy

From Proto-Balto-Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ési, verb form of *h₁ésti.
Cognate with
Lithuanian esì,
Latvian esi,
Old Prussian essei.
Further
Sanskrit असि (ási),
Avestan 𐬀𐬵𐬌 (ahi),
Old Armenian ես (es),
Ancient Greek ἐσσί (essí),
Latin es.


babona

babona (nominative singular)
baboně (dual nominative)
babony (nominative plural)
babony (genitive singular)
babonu (dual genitive)
babonъ (genitive plural)
baboně (dative singular)
babonama (dative dual)
babonamъ (dative plural)
babonǫ (accusative singular)
baboně (accusative dual)
babony (accusative plural)
babonojǫ (instrumental singular)
babonǫ (instrumental singular)
babonama (dual instrumental)
babonami (instrumental plural)
baboně (locative singular)
babonu (dual locative)
babonasъ (locative plural)
babonaxъ (locative plural)
babono (singular vocative)
baboně (dual vocative)
babony (plural vocative)

Alternative form of *babonъ (“superstition, superstitious person”)


golva

golvà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
golvà (nominative singular)
gȏlvě (dual nominative)
gȏlvy (nominative plural)
golvý (genitive singular)
golvù (dual genitive)
gõlvъ (genitive plural)
golvě̀ (dative singular)
golvàma (dative dual)
golvàmъ (dative plural)
gȏlvǫ (accusative singular)
gȏlvě (accusative dual)
gȏlvy (accusative plural)
golvojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
golvàma (dual instrumental)
golvàmi (instrumental plural)
gȏlvě (locative singular)
golvù (dual locative)
golvàsъ (locative plural)
golvàxъ (locative plural)
golvo (singular vocative)
gȏlvě (dual vocative)
gȏlvy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: голова (golova, “head, killed person”)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: голова (holova)
Belarusian: галава́ (halavá)
Carpathian Rusyn: го́лова (hólova)
Ukrainian: голова́ (holová)

Russian: голова́ (golová)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: глава (glava)
Bulgarian: глава́ (glavá)
Macedonian: гла́ва (gláva)
→ Old East Slavic: глава (glava)
Old Ruthenian: глава (hlava)
Carpathian Rusyn: глава́ (hlavá)
Ukrainian: глава́ (hlavá)
Russian: глава́ (glavá)

Serbo-Croatian: гла́ва, gláva

Slovene: gláva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hlava, hłava (alternative writing)
Czech: hlava

Old Polish: głowa
Polish: głowa
Silesian: gowa
→ Old Ruthenian: кглова (glova), глова (hlova)

Polabian: glåvă

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: глава (hlava)

Slovak: hlava

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: głowa

Slovincian: glôwa

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hłowa

Lower Sorbian: głowa

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *galˀwā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *gelH-.

(dialectal, North Slavic) murder, killed person


věno

vě̑no (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
vě̑no (nominative singular)
vě̑ně (dual nominative)
věnà (nominative plural)
vě̑na (genitive singular)
věnù (dual genitive)
vě̃nъ (genitive plural)
vě̑nu (dative singular)
věnomà (dative dual)
věnòmъ (dative plural)
vě̑no (accusative singular)
vě̑ně (accusative dual)
věnà (accusative plural)
vě̑nъmь (instrumental singular)
vě̑nomь (instrumental singular)
věnomà (dual instrumental)
věný (instrumental plural)
vě̑ně (locative singular)
věnù (dual locative)
věně̃xъ (locative plural)
vě̑no (singular vocative)
vě̑ně (dual vocative)
věnà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вѣно (věno)

Old Ruthenian: вѣно (věno)

Belarusian: ве́на (vjéna)

Ukrainian: віно́ (vinó)

Russian: ве́но (véno)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: вено́ (venó), ве́но (véno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вѐно, вијѐно

Latin script: vèno, vijèno

West Slavic:

Old Czech: věno

Czech: věno

Old Polish: wieno

Polish: wiano

Slovak: veno

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wěno

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wēˀdná, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wed-no-m, from *h₁wed- (“dowry”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕδνον (hédnon), Proto-Germanic *wetmô.
Traditionally also compared (per Vasmer, Brückner, Meillet) with Latin vēnum (“sale”), Sanskrit वस्न (vasná, “price”) from Proto-Indo-European *wesno-, but phonetically problematic - the expected outcome from this root would be Proto-Slavic **vesno, as in Proto-Slavic *vesna (“spring”) from Proto-Indo-European *wésr̥.


jьgo

jь̏go (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
jь̏go (nominative singular)
jь̏dzě (dual nominative)
jьgà (nominative plural)
jь̏ga (genitive singular)
jьgù (dual genitive)
jь̀gъ (genitive plural)
jь̏gu (dative singular)
jьgomà (dative dual)
jьgòmъ (dative plural)
jь̏go (accusative singular)
jь̏dzě (accusative dual)
jьgà (accusative plural)
jь̏gъmь (instrumental singular)
jь̏gomь (instrumental singular)
jьgomà (dual instrumental)
jьgý (instrumental plural)
jь̏dzě (locative singular)
jьgù (dual locative)
jьdzě̃xъ (locative plural)
jь̏go (singular vocative)
jь̏dzě (dual vocative)
jьgà (plural vocative)
jь̏go (nominative singular)
jьžesi (dual nominative)
jьžesa (nominative plural)
jьžese (genitive singular)
jьžesu (dual genitive)
jьžesъ (genitive plural)
jьžesi (dative singular)
jьžesьma (dative dual)
jьžesьmъ (dative plural)
jь̏go (accusative singular)
jьžesi (accusative dual)
jьžesa (accusative plural)
jьžesьmь (instrumental singular)
jьžesьma (dual instrumental)
jьžesy (instrumental plural)
jьžese (locative singular)
jьžesu (dual locative)
jьžesьxъ (locative plural)
jь̏go (singular vocative)
jьžesi (dual vocative)
jьžesa (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: иго (igo)

Belarusian: і́га (íha)

Russian: и́го (ígo)

Ukrainian: і́го (ího)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: иго (igo)

Glagolitic script: ⰹⰳⱁ (igo)

Bulgarian: и́го (ígo), dial. юго (jugo), иг m (ig)

⇒ Bulgarian: и́жица (ížica, “wedge”)

desc

⇒ Bulgarian: юга́вица (jugávica, “water springtail”) (possibly)

Macedonian: иго (igo)

Serbo-Croatian: (archaic)

Cyrillic script: и́го

Latin script: ígo

Slovene: igọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jho

Czech: jho, juhana (possibly)

Kashubian: jigò, jugò, jigoe, jigø

Polabian: jaiďü

Polish: igo, Igołomia

Old Slovak: jho

Slovak: jho

Slovincian: vjigô

Non-Slavic:

→ Proto-Finnic: *iges

Estonian: ike

Finnish: ies

From earlier *jiga, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *jū́ˀga, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm. Cognate with Latin iugum, Proto-Germanic *juką, and Sanskrit युग (yuga).
Snoj attributes secondary s-stem declension as reanalyzed under the influence of semantically related s-stem Proto-Slavic *oje (“shaft, thill”).


slonъ

slȍnъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
slȍnъ (nominative singular)
slȍna (dual nominative)
slȍni (nominative plural)
slȍna (genitive singular)
slonù (dual genitive)
slònъ (genitive plural)
slȍnu (dative singular)
slonomà (dative dual)
slonòmъ (dative plural)
slȍnъ (accusative singular)
slȍna (accusative dual)
slȍny (accusative plural)
slȍnъmь (instrumental singular)
slȍnomь (instrumental singular)
slonomà (dual instrumental)
sloný (instrumental plural)
slȍně (locative singular)
slonù (dual locative)
sloně̃xъ (locative plural)
slone (singular vocative)
slȍna (dual vocative)
slȍni (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: слонъ (slonŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: слонъ (slon)
Belarusian: слон (slon)
Carpathian Rusyn: слон (slon)
Ukrainian: слон (slon); слін (slin) (archaic)

Russian: слон (slon), слонъ (slon) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Ingrian: slona
→ Kildin Sami: слонн (slonn)
→ Komi-Zyrian: слӧн (slön)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: слонь (slonĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰾⱁⱀⱐ (slonĭ)

Macedonian: слон (slon)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сло̏н

Latin script: slȍn

Slovene: slȍn

West Slavic:

Czech: slon

Kashubian: słóń, słón

Polish: słoń

→ Old Ruthenian: слонь (slonʹ)

Ukrainian: слонь (slonʹ) (archaic)

Slovak: slon

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: słon
→? Lower Sorbian: słon

Most likely related to Turkish aslan (“lion”); Witczak (2013) cites many parallel cases of semantic spread between different exotic animals in Indo-European. Compare Abkhaz а́слан (áslan, “elephant”). If not, perhaps a deverbative from *sloniti (“to lean against”), relating to the medieval story of an elephant sleeping leaning on a tree.
Vovin (2011) proposes that Slavic slonъ reflects Old Chinese 象 (*ljaŋʔ /*slaŋ/, “elephant”), an etymology previously suggested by Ivanov (1977: 156–57) with a then-current Old Chinese reconstruction *sðaŋ. As Vovin notes, contact between Slavic and Old Chinese is out of the question, so the solution might arise from an intermediary source. Ivanov (1977:154) believes that the Chuvash forms слон (slon), сӑлан (sălan, “elephant”) are Russian loans, with the latter being called into question by Vovin on phonetic grounds. According to him, Russian /o/ (phonetically a diphthong [uo] with a mid-high syllabic element [o]) is unlikely to be borrowed as Chuvash low vowel /a/. The reverse, namely the borrowing of Bulgar slightly labialised /a/ as Slavic /o/ is more than likely. Chuvash сӑлан (sălan, “elephant”) is exactly the expected outcome of the Old Chinese *slaŋ with the insertion of ⟨ă⟩ break-ing the OC initial cluster /sl-/ and typical Bulghar shift of PT *ŋ to /n/. The presence of this word in Chuvash places proto-Bulghar speakers in the vicinity of Northern China no later than the first century BCE, because approximately after that date the initial clusters in Old Chinese underwent the process of simplification.


slonъ

slonъ (nominative singular)
slona (dual nominative)
sloni (nominative plural)
slona (genitive singular)
slonu (dual genitive)
slonъ (genitive plural)
slonu (dative singular)
slonoma (dative dual)
slonomъ (dative plural)
slonъ (accusative singular)
slona (accusative dual)
slony (accusative plural)
slonъmь (instrumental singular)
slonomь (instrumental singular)
slonoma (dual instrumental)
slony (instrumental plural)
sloně (locative singular)
slonu (dual locative)
sloněxъ (locative plural)
slone (singular vocative)
slona (dual vocative)
sloni (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: слон (slon) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Sorbian: (+ *-ъka)

⇒ Lower Sorbian: słоńka

⇒ Upper Sorbian: słónka

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to lean”) or *(s)ḱel- (“to bend”) + n-infix. Morphological formation similar to *klonъ (“slope”).


rǫka

rǫkà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
rǫkà (nominative singular)
rǫ̑cě (dual nominative)
rǫ̑ky (nominative plural)
rǫký (genitive singular)
rǫkù (dual genitive)
rǫ̃kъ (genitive plural)
rǫcě̀ (dative singular)
rǫkàma (dative dual)
rǫkàmъ (dative plural)
rǫ̑kǫ (accusative singular)
rǫ̑cě (accusative dual)
rǫ̑ky (accusative plural)
rǫkojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
rǫkàma (dual instrumental)
rǫkàmi (instrumental plural)
rǫ̑cě (locative singular)
rǫkù (dual locative)
rǫkàsъ (locative plural)
rǫkàxъ (locative plural)
rǫko (singular vocative)
rǫ̑cě (dual vocative)
rǫ̑ky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: рѫка (rǫka), рука (ruka)

Old Ruthenian: рука́ (ruká)

Belarusian: рука́ (ruká)

Carpathian Rusyn: рука́ (ruká)

Ukrainian: рука́ (ruká)

Russian: рука́ (ruká)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: рѫка (rǫka)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⱘⰽⰰ (rǫka)

Bulgarian: ръка́ (rǎká), (dialectal) ръ́нка (rǎ́nka)

Macedonian: рака (raka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ру́ка

Latin script: rúka

Slovene: róka (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ruka
Czech: ruka

desctree

Old Polish: ręka
Polish: ręka
Silesian: rynka

Slovak: ruka

Polabian: rǫkă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: rãka

Slovincian: rãka

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ruka

Lower Sorbian: ruka

porǫčenьje

*porǫčiti, *zarǫčiti (“to hand to, to leave to somebody, to order to someone”)


veriga

veriga (nominative singular)
veridzě (dual nominative)
verigy (nominative plural)
verigy (genitive singular)
verigu (dual genitive)
verigъ (genitive plural)
veridzě (dative singular)
verigama (dative dual)
verigamъ (dative plural)
verigǫ (accusative singular)
veridzě (accusative dual)
verigy (accusative plural)
verigojǫ (instrumental singular)
verigǫ (instrumental singular)
verigama (dual instrumental)
verigami (instrumental plural)
veridzě (locative singular)
verigu (dual locative)
verigasъ (locative plural)
verigaxъ (locative plural)
verigo (singular vocative)
veridzě (dual vocative)
verigy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: верига (veriga)

Russian: вери́га (veríga)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: верига (veriga)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰵⱃⰻⰳⰰ (veriga)

Bulgarian: вери́га (veríga)

Macedonian: ве́рига (vériga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вѐрига

Latin script: vèriga

Slovene: veríga (tonal orthography)

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: verigë

→ Romanian: verigă

By surface analysis, *verti (“to thread”) + *-iga.


duplo

duplò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
dūplò (nominative singular)
dũplě (dual nominative)
dūplà (nominative plural)
dūplà (genitive singular)
dūplù (dual genitive)
dũplъ (genitive plural)
dūplù (dative singular)
dūplòma (dative dual)
dūplòmъ (dative plural)
dūplò (accusative singular)
dũplě (accusative dual)
dūplà (accusative plural)
dūplъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
dūplòmь (instrumental singular)
dūplòma (dual instrumental)
dũply (instrumental plural)
dūplě̀ (locative singular)
dūplù (dual locative)
dũplěxъ (locative plural)
dūplò (singular vocative)
dũplě (dual vocative)
dūplà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дупло (duplo)

Old Ruthenian: дупло́ (dupló)

Ukrainian: дупло́ (dupló)

Russian: дупло́ (dupló)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ду́пло (dúplo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ду́пло

Latin script: dúplo

Slovene: dúplo

West Slavic:

Polish: dziupło


rogъ

rȍgъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
rȍgъ (nominative singular)
rȍga (dual nominative)
rȍdzi (nominative plural)
rȍga (genitive singular)
rogù (dual genitive)
rògъ (genitive plural)
rȍgu (dative singular)
rogomà (dative dual)
rogòmъ (dative plural)
rȍgъ (accusative singular)
rȍga (accusative dual)
rȍgy (accusative plural)
rȍgъmь (instrumental singular)
rȍgomь (instrumental singular)
rogomà (dual instrumental)
rogý (instrumental plural)
rȍdzě (locative singular)
rogù (dual locative)
rodzě̃xъ (locative plural)
rože (singular vocative)
rȍga (dual vocative)
rȍdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рогъ (rogŭ)

Old Belarusian: рогъ (roh)

Belarusian: рог (roh)

Russian: рог (rog)

Ukrainian: ріг (rih)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: рогъ (rogŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⱁⰳⱏ (rogŭ)

Bulgarian: рог (rog)

Macedonian: рог (rog)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ро̑г

Latin script: rȏg

Slovene: rọ̑g (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: roh

Czech: roh

Kashubian: róg

Polabian: rüg

Polish: róg

Silesian: rōg

Slovak: roh

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: rog

Upper Sorbian: róh

→ Yiddish: ראָג (rog), ראָגל (rogl)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas, with the mobile accent due to Illič-Svityč's law.


sьrdьce

sь̑rdьce (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
sьrdьcè (nominative singular)
sьrdь̀ci (dual nominative)
sьrdь̀ca (nominative plural)
sьrdьcà (genitive singular)
sьrdьcu (dual genitive)
sьrdь̀cь (genitive plural)
sьrdьcù (dative singular)
sьrdьcema (dative dual)
sьrdь̀cemъ (dative plural)
sьrdьcè (accusative singular)
sьrdь̀ci (accusative dual)
sьrdь̀ca (accusative plural)
sьrdьcь̀mь (instrumental singular)
sьrdьcèmь (instrumental singular)
sьrdьcema (dual instrumental)
sьrdь̀ci (instrumental plural)
sьrdьcì (locative singular)
sьrdьcu (dual locative)
sьrdь̀cixъ (locative plural)
sьrdьcè (singular vocative)
sьrdь̀ci (dual vocative)
sьrdь̀ca (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
sь̑rdьce (nominative singular)
sь̑rdьci (dual nominative)
sьrdьcà (nominative plural)
sь̑rdьca (genitive singular)
sьrdьcù (dual genitive)
sьrdь̀cь (genitive plural)
sь̑rdьcu (dative singular)
sьrdьcemà (dative dual)
sьrdьcémъ (dative plural)
sь̑rdьce (accusative singular)
sь̑rdьci (accusative dual)
sьrdьcà (accusative plural)
sь̑rdьcьmь (instrumental singular)
sь̑rdьcemь (instrumental singular)
sьrdьcemà (dual instrumental)
sьrdьcí (instrumental plural)
sь̑rdьci (locative singular)
sьrdьcù (dual locative)
sьrdьcíxъ (locative plural)
sь̑rdьce (singular vocative)
sь̑rdьci (dual vocative)
sьrdьcà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: сь́рдьце́ (sĭ́rdĭcé)
Old Ruthenian: се́рдце (sérdce)
Belarusian: сэ́рца (sérca); се́рца (sjérca) (dialectal)
Carpathian Rusyn: се́рдце (sérdce)
Ukrainian: се́рце (sérce)
Russian: се́рдце (sérdce); се́реце (sérece) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: сердьце (serdĭce)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: срьдьце (srĭdĭce)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱃⱐⰴⱐⱌⰵ (srĭdĭce)

Bulgarian: сърце (sǎrce) (pre 1945 orthography сърдцe)

Macedonian: срце (srce)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ср̏це

Latin script: sȑce

Slovene: srcẹ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: srdce
Czech: srdce

Old Polish: serce
Polish: serce
Silesian: serce

Old Slovak: srdce

Slovak: srdce

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: serce

Slovincian: serdcê

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: serce

From earlier *sьrdь + *-ьce, an extension of Proto-Balto-Slavic *śḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.


žica

žìca (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
žìca (nominative singular)
žìci (dual nominative)
žìcę̇ (nominative plural)
žìcę̇ (genitive singular)
žìcu (dual genitive)
žìcь (genitive plural)
žìcī (dative singular)
žìcama (dative dual)
žìcāmъ (dative plural)
žìcǫ (accusative singular)
žìci (accusative dual)
žìcę̇ (accusative plural)
žìcējǫ (instrumental singular)
žìcǭ (instrumental singular)
žìcama (dual instrumental)
žìcāmī (instrumental plural)
žìcī (locative singular)
žìcu (dual locative)
žìcāsъ (locative plural)
žìce (singular vocative)
žìci (dual vocative)
žìcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: жи́ца (žíca)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жи́ца (žíca)

Macedonian: жица (žica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жи̏ца

Latin script: žȉca

Slovene: žíca (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

⇒ Czech: žičica

Mostly likely from Proto-Indo-European *gʷiH- + *-ka (unless contracted from an earlier *žitьca). Akin to Lithuanian gijà (“thread (in warp)”), Latvian dzija (“thread”) within Balto-Slavic and further related to Sanskrit जिया (jiyā), ज्या (jyā, “bowstring”), Avestan 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁 (jiiā), Old Persian [script needed] (ǰiyā), Welsh giau (“nerves, sinew”), Ancient Greek βιός (biós, “bowstring”).


sěmę

sě̀mę (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
sě̀mę (nominative singular)
sě̀meni (dual nominative)
sě̀menā (nominative plural)
sě̀mene (genitive singular)
sě̀menu (dual genitive)
sě̀menъ (genitive plural)
sě̀meni (dative singular)
sě̀menьma (dative dual)
sě̀menьmъ (dative plural)
sě̀mę (accusative singular)
sě̀meni (accusative dual)
sě̀menā (accusative plural)
sě̀menьmь (instrumental singular)
sě̀menьma (dual instrumental)
sě̀menȳ (instrumental plural)
sě̀mene (locative singular)
sě̀menu (dual locative)
sě̀menьxъ (locative plural)
sě̀mę (singular vocative)
sě̀meni (dual vocative)
sě̀menā (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣмѧ

desc

Old Ruthenian: сѣмѧ (sěmja), сѣмє (sěmje)

Belarusian: се́мя (sjémja)

Ukrainian: сі́м'я (símʺja)

Russian: се́мя (sémja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱑⰿⱔ (sěmę)

Old Cyrillic script: сѣмѧ

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏ме

Latin script: sȅme

Slovene: sẹ́me (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: semiã

Old Czech: siemě

Czech: semeno

Polabian: semą

Polish: siemię

Slovak: semeno

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: semje

Upper Sorbian: symjo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sḗˀmen, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₁mn̥. Cognates include Lithuanian sė́muo and Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌸𐍃 (manasēþs, “human flock, literally: human seed”).


soja

sòja (canonical feminine)
soja (nominative singular)
soji (dual nominative)
soję̇ (nominative plural)
soję̇ (genitive singular)
soju (dual genitive)
sojь (genitive plural)
soji (dative singular)
sojama (dative dual)
sojamъ (dative plural)
sojǫ (accusative singular)
soji (accusative dual)
soję̇ (accusative plural)
sojejǫ (instrumental singular)
sojǫ (instrumental singular)
sojama (dual instrumental)
sojami (instrumental plural)
soji (locative singular)
soju (dual locative)
sojasъ (locative plural)
sojaxъ (locative plural)
soje (singular vocative)
soji (dual vocative)
soję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: соя (soja)

Belarusian: со́я (sója)

Russian: со́я (sója)

Ukrainian: со́я (sója)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: со́а (sóa) (dialectal, from an earlier *соя)

Slovene: šọ́ja

West Slavic:

Czech: sоjа (dialectal)

Polish: sоjа (dialectal)

Slovak: sоjа (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: soja

Lower Sorbian: soja

From *sojь (“shaded; blue”) + *-а, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *śájas, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱéh₃-yo-s, from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“shadow”) + *-yós, cognate with Proto-Celtic *skātos (“shadow”), Proto-Germanic *hēwijaz (“dark blue”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).


mazivo

mazivo (nominative singular)
mazivě (dual nominative)
maziva (nominative plural)
maziva (genitive singular)
mazivu (dual genitive)
mazivъ (genitive plural)
mazivu (dative singular)
mazivoma (dative dual)
mazivomъ (dative plural)
mazivo (accusative singular)
mazivě (accusative dual)
maziva (accusative plural)
mazivъmь (instrumental singular)
mazivomь (instrumental singular)
mazivoma (dual instrumental)
mazivy (instrumental plural)
mazivě (locative singular)
mazivu (dual locative)
mazivěxъ (locative plural)
mazivo (singular vocative)
mazivě (dual vocative)
maziva (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: ма́зиво (mázivo), ма́зево n (mázevo), ма́зива f (máziva)

South Slavic:

Macedonian: мазиво (mazivo)

Serbo-Croatian: ма̏зиво

West Slavic:

Czech: mazivo

Slovak: mazivo


orьlъ

orь̀lъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
orь̀lъ (nominative singular)
orьlà (dual nominative)
orьlì (nominative plural)
orьlà (genitive singular)
orьlù (dual genitive)
orь̀lъ (genitive plural)
orьlù (dative singular)
orьlòma (dative dual)
orьlòmъ (dative plural)
orь̀lъ (accusative singular)
orьlà (accusative dual)
orьlỳ (accusative plural)
orьlъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
orьlòmь (instrumental singular)
orьlòma (dual instrumental)
orь̀ly (instrumental plural)
orьlě̀ (locative singular)
orьlù (dual locative)
orь̀lěxъ (locative plural)
orьle (singular vocative)
orьlà (dual vocative)
orьlì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: аро́л (aról)

Russian: орёл (orjól)

Ukrainian: оре́л (orél)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: орьлъ (orĭlŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱁⱃⱐⰾⱏ (orĭlŭ)

Bulgarian: оре́л (orél)

Macedonian: орел (orel)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: о̀рао

Latin: òrao

Slovene: órəł (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: orel

Czech: orel

Polabian: viŕål

Polish: orzeł

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: òrzéł

Silesian: oreł

Old Slovak: orol, orel

Pannonian Rusyn: орел (orel)

Slovak: orol

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jerjeł

Upper Sorbian: worjoł

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *erélis, *arélis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō.
Cognate with Lithuanian erẽlis (“eagle”), arẽlis (dialectal), Latvian ērglis (“eagle”) and Old Prussian arelie (“eagle”).
The Proto-Slavic form comes from a Proto-Balto-Slavic *arélis (cf. Lithuanian arẽlis (“eagle”) (dialectal), Old Prussian arelie (“eagle”)) from the earlier and original *erélis.


sykora

West Slavic:

Czech: sýkora

Polish: sikora

Slovak: sýkora

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sykora

Upper Sorbian: sykora


sinica

sinìca (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
sinìca (nominative singular)
sinìci (dual nominative)
sinìcę̇ (nominative plural)
sinìcę̇ (genitive singular)
sinìcu (dual genitive)
sinìcь (genitive plural)
sinìcī (dative singular)
sinìcama (dative dual)
sinìcāmъ (dative plural)
sinìcǫ (accusative singular)
sinìci (accusative dual)
sinìcę̇ (accusative plural)
sinìcējǫ (instrumental singular)
sinìcǭ (instrumental singular)
sinìcama (dual instrumental)
sinìcāmī (instrumental plural)
sinìcī (locative singular)
sinìcu (dual locative)
sinìcāsъ (locative plural)
sinìce (singular vocative)
sinìci (dual vocative)
sinìcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: синица (sinica)

Belarusian: сініца (sinica)

Russian: сини́ца (siníca)

Ukrainian: сини́ця (synýcja)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: синигер (siniger) (related)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сјѐница

Latin script: sjènica

Slovene: siníca (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: sinice

Polish: sinica

(West Slavic) blue-green algae, cyanobacteria


zabava

zabava (nominative singular)
zabavě (dual nominative)
zabavy (nominative plural)
zabavy (genitive singular)
zabavu (dual genitive)
zabavъ (genitive plural)
zabavě (dative singular)
zabavama (dative dual)
zabavamъ (dative plural)
zabavǫ (accusative singular)
zabavě (accusative dual)
zabavy (accusative plural)
zabavojǫ (instrumental singular)
zabavǫ (instrumental singular)
zabavama (dual instrumental)
zabavami (instrumental plural)
zabavě (locative singular)
zabavu (dual locative)
zabavasъ (locative plural)
zabavaxъ (locative plural)
zabavo (singular vocative)
zabavě (dual vocative)
zabavy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: заба́ва (zabáva)

Old Ruthenian: заба́ва (zabáva)

Belarusian: заба́ва (zabáva)

Russian: заба́ва (zabáva)

Ukrainian: заба́ва (zabáva)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: заба́ва (zabáva)

Macedonian: забава (zabava)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: за̑бава

Latin script: zȃbava

Slovene: zabava

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zábava

Czech: zábava

desctree

Old Polish: zabawa
Polish: zabawa
Silesian: zabawa

Slovak: zábava

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: zabawa

Slovincian: zobawa

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zabawa

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: zăbavă, zăbovi

Deverbal from *zabaviti, from *za- + *baviti.

amusement, diversion, distraction, pastime, merry-making, fun


koryto

korỳto (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
korỳto (nominative singular)
korỳtě (dual nominative)
korỳta (nominative plural)
korỳta (genitive singular)
korỳtu (dual genitive)
korỳtъ (genitive plural)
korỳtu (dative singular)
korỳtoma (dative dual)
korỳtomъ (dative plural)
korỳto (accusative singular)
korỳtě (accusative dual)
korỳta (accusative plural)
korỳtъmь (instrumental singular)
korỳtomь (instrumental singular)
korỳtoma (dual instrumental)
korỳtȳ (instrumental plural)
korỳtě (locative singular)
korỳtu (dual locative)
korỳtě̄xъ (locative plural)
korỳto (singular vocative)
korỳtě (dual vocative)
korỳta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: кары́та (karýta)

Russian: коры́то (korýto)

Ukrainian: кори́то (korýto)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Church Slavonic: корꙑто (koryto)

Bulgarian: кори́то (koríto)

Macedonian: корито (korito)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀рито

Latin script: kòrito

Slovene: koríto (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: koryto

Czech: koryto

Moravian (Mistřice): korito

Polish: koryto

Polabian: ťöråitĕ

Slovak: koryto

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: korto

Lower Sorbian: kóryto

Other:

→ Romanian: corită

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kor-, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”) + *-yto, compare Lithuanian prãkartas (“manger, trough”), Old Prussian pracartis (“trough”), from the root *(s)kort- an extension of *(s)kor-, and *kopyto with the same suffix.


mьčь

mь̀čь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
mь̀čь (nominative singular)
mьčà (dual nominative)
mьčì (nominative plural)
mьčà (genitive singular)
mьčù (dual genitive)
mь̀čь (genitive plural)
mьčù (dative singular)
mьčèma (dative dual)
mь̀čemъ (dative plural)
mь̀čь (accusative singular)
mьčà (accusative dual)
mьčę̇̀ (accusative plural)
mьčь̀mь (instrumental singular)
mьčèmь (instrumental singular)
mьčèma (dual instrumental)
mь̀či (instrumental plural)
mьčì (locative singular)
mьčù (dual locative)
mь̀čixъ (locative plural)
mьču (singular vocative)
mьčà (dual vocative)
mьčì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мь́чь (mĭ́čĭ) (in The Tale of Igor's Campaign)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мьчь (mĭčĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ма̏ч

Latin script: mȁč

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
The Tale of Igor's Campaign


-mo

Compare
Latvian tām, nuo tām (“therefrom”),
Ancient Greek τῆμος (têmos, “there, then, at that time”) (< *teh₂-mo- (“at the time, then”)), πῆμος (pêmos, “when”)

cog

kъ- (“who”) → *kamo (“whereto”)

jь (“he”) → *jamo (“whereto”)

jьnъ (“other, another”) → *jьnamo (“elsewhere (to other place)”)

onъ → *onamo (“thereto; there”)

ovъ → *ovamo

sь (“this”) → *sěmo (“here; hereto”)

tъ (“that”) → *tamo (“there; thereto”)

vьśь (“all”) → *vьśěmo (“everywhere”)