-iťь

-iťь (nominative singular)
-iťa (dual nominative)
-iťi (nominative plural)
-iťa (genitive singular)
-iťu (dual genitive)
-iťь (genitive plural)
-iťu (dative singular)
-iťema (dative dual)
-iťemъ (dative plural)
-iťь (accusative singular)
-iťa (accusative dual)
-iťę̇ (accusative plural)
-iťьmь (instrumental singular)
-iťemь (instrumental singular)
-iťema (dual instrumental)
-iťi (instrumental plural)
-iťi (locative singular)
-iťu (dual locative)
-iťixъ (locative plural)
-iťu (singular vocative)
-iťa (dual vocative)
-iťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ичь (-ičĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič)

Russian: -ич (-ič)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč)

Old Novgorodian: -иць (-icĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⱐ (-ištĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: -ищь (-ištĭ)

Bulgarian: -ич (-ič), -ичко (-ičko)

Macedonian: -иќ (-iḱ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ић

Latin script: -ić

Slovene: -ič

West Slavic:

Czech: -ic

Kashubian: -ëc

Old Polish: -ic, -yc

Polish: -ic, -yc

→ Yiddish: ־יץ (-its)

Slovak: -ic

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ic

Upper Sorbian: -ic

Balto-Slavic innovation. Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-īt-jas. Cognates include Lithuanian -ytis, Latvian -ītis.

inh+

kъrma, *kъrmľa (“fodder, breast milk”) → *kъrmiťь (“nursling”)

batę (“elder brother”), *baťa (“father”) → *baťiťь (“son who resembles his father”)

Denominal, forming masculine attributables from action or agent nouns.

kozьlъ (“billy goat”) → *kozьliťь (“kid goat”)

otrokъ (“boy”) → *otročiťь (“child”)

bogъ (“god”) → *božiťь (“juvenile god”)

pъta (“fowl”) → *pъtiťь (“birdie”)

Denominal, forming masculine diminutives from masculine nouns.

Slovene: Janež → Janežič

Denominal, forming patronyms and metronyms.

Russian: Москва (Moskva) → москвич (moskvič)

Slovene: Celovec → Celovčič, Podgora → Podgorčič

dręgy, *dręgъve (“swamp”) → Russian Дреговичи (Dregoviči) (East Slavic tribe)

obъ Odrě (“around Oder”) → *obodriťь (“Obotrites”)

golъ (“naked”) → *goliťь (“something naked”)

bělъ (“white”) → *běliťь (“something white”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of a property.

moldъ (“young”), *moldę (“youngling”) → *moldiťь (“youngling”)

(by extension) Denoting a carrier of a property but with a diminutive meaning through a parallel word formation from deadjectival nouns and adjectives.


děvica

děvìca (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
děvìca (nominative singular)
děvìci (dual nominative)
děvìcę̇ (nominative plural)
děvìcę̇ (genitive singular)
děvìcu (dual genitive)
děvìcь (genitive plural)
děvìcī (dative singular)
děvìcama (dative dual)
děvìcāmъ (dative plural)
děvìcǫ (accusative singular)
děvìci (accusative dual)
děvìcę̇ (accusative plural)
děvìcējǫ (instrumental singular)
děvìcǭ (instrumental singular)
děvìcama (dual instrumental)
děvìcāmī (instrumental plural)
děvìcī (locative singular)
děvìcu (dual locative)
děvìcāsъ (locative plural)
děvìce (singular vocative)
děvìci (dual vocative)
děvìcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: дѣви́ца (děvíca), диви́ца (divíca)

Belarusian: дзяві́ца (dzjavíca)

Russian: деви́ца (devíca), де́вица (dévica) (folklore, poetic)

Ukrainian: діви́ця (divýcja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дѣвица (děvica)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱑⰲⰹⱌⰰ (děvica)

Bulgarian: деви́ца (devíca)

Macedonian: де́вица (dévica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дѐвица, дјѐвица

Latin: dèvica, djèvica, divica

Slovene: devíca (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: děvicě

Czech: děvice

Polish: dziewica

Slovak: devica

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dzéwica

Slovincian: dzêwjica


-čь

-čь (nominative singular)
-ča (dual nominative)
-či (nominative plural)
-ča (genitive singular)
-ču (dual genitive)
-čь (genitive plural)
-ču (dative singular)
-čema (dative dual)
-čemъ (dative plural)
-čь (accusative singular)
-ča (accusative dual)
-čę̇ (accusative plural)
-čьmь (instrumental singular)
-čemь (instrumental singular)
-čema (dual instrumental)
-či (instrumental plural)
-či (locative singular)
-ču (dual locative)
-čixъ (locative plural)
-ču (singular vocative)
-ča (dual vocative)
-či (plural vocative)

After the loss of word-final jer, daughter languages have reinterpreted the thematic ending of the verb -i- and -a- as a part of the suffix itself.

In most of the daughters *-ačь merged with the reflex of *-čь which was preceded by the thematic vowel -a.

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -чь (-čĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Russian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč), -ач (-ač)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: -чь (-čĭ), -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: -ⱍⱐ (-čĭ), -ⰰⱍⱐ (-ačĭ)

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač); -ич (-ič) (rare)

Macedonian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: -ич, -ач

Serbo-Croatian: -ič, -ač

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: -ič, -ȉč, -áč (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -č, -ač, -áč

Kashubian: -ëcz, -ôcz

Polish: -icz, -acz

Slovak: -ič, -áč

Slovincian: -icz, -acz, -ocz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ič, -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ic, -ac

Underlyingly reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias, *-kis, from Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos, formed by agglutination of *-yos (Proto Slavic *-jь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ias) onto the element *-kъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian -kis and Latvian -ķis.

kopati (“to dig”) → *kopačь (“digger”)

kovati (“to forge”) → *kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)

běgati (“to run”) → *běgačь (“runner”)

jьgrati (“to play”) → *jьgračь (“player”)

vьrati (“to lie”) → *vьračь (“sorcerer, soothsayer, charlatan”)

pogoniti (“to pursue, observe”) → *pogoničь (“drover”)

roditi (“to give birth”) → *rodičь (“father”)

voditi (“to lead”) → *vodičь (“leader”)

badati\*bodati or *bodti > *bosti (“to sting, stab, butt”) → *bodačь (“that which stings, stabs, butts”)

biti (“to beat”) → *bičь (“whip”)

briti (“to shave, cut hair/beard”) → *bričь (“cutting tool, razor”)

nomina instrumenti
nomina instrumenti#English


potьběga

potьběga (nominative singular)
potьbědzě (dual nominative)
potьběgy (nominative plural)
potьběgy (genitive singular)
potьběgu (dual genitive)
potьběgъ (genitive plural)
potьbědzě (dative singular)
potьběgama (dative dual)
potьběgamъ (dative plural)
potьběgǫ (accusative singular)
potьbědzě (accusative dual)
potьběgy (accusative plural)
potьběgojǫ (instrumental singular)
potьběgǫ (instrumental singular)
potьběgama (dual instrumental)
potьběgami (instrumental plural)
potьbědzě (locative singular)
potьběgu (dual locative)
potьběgasъ (locative plural)
potьběgaxъ (locative plural)
potьběgo (singular vocative)
potьbědzě (dual vocative)
potьběgy (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: потьбѣга (potĭběga) (Russian)

East Slavic:

Russian: подпега (podpega)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: подъпѣга (podŭpěga), подъбѣга (podŭběga)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱁⰴⱏⱂⱑⰳⰰ (podŭpěga), ⱂⱁⰴⱏⰱⱑⰳⰰ (podŭběga)

Middle Bulgarian: потьбѣга (potʹběga), подьпѣга (podʹpěga)

Old Serbo-Croatian: потьпѣга

West Slavic:

Czech: podběha (dialectal)

Old Polish: poćbiega

Kashubian: pòcbiega (archaic)

Possibly a compound of otherwise unattested *potь (“husband”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *patis, from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master, husband”)) and *běga from *běgati (“to run away, flee”).


želězo

želě̀zo (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
želě̀zo (nominative singular)
želě̀zě (dual nominative)
želě̀za (nominative plural)
želě̀za (genitive singular)
želě̀zu (dual genitive)
želě̀zъ (genitive plural)
želě̀zu (dative singular)
želě̀zoma (dative dual)
želě̀zomъ (dative plural)
želě̀zo (accusative singular)
želě̀zě (accusative dual)
želě̀za (accusative plural)
želě̀zъmь (instrumental singular)
želě̀zomь (instrumental singular)
želě̀zoma (dual instrumental)
želě̀zȳ (instrumental plural)
želě̀zě (locative singular)
želě̀zu (dual locative)
želě̀zě̄xъ (locative plural)
želě̀zo (singular vocative)
želě̀zě (dual vocative)
želě̀za (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: желѣзо (želězo), железо (železo), жельзо (želĭzo)

Old Ruthenian: желѣзо (želězo)

Belarusian: жале́за (žaljéza)

Carpathian Rusyn: желї́зо (željízo)

Ukrainian: залі́зо (zalízo)

Russian: желе́зо (želézo); зеле́зо (zelézo), зяле́зо (zjalézo) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: желѣзо (želězo)

Glagolitic: ⰶⰵⰾⱑⰸⱁ (želězo)

Bulgarian: желя́зо (željázo); джелязо (dželjazo) (dialectal)

Macedonian: же́лезо (žélezo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жѐљезо, жѐлезо

Latin: žèljezo, žèlezo

Slovene: želẹ́zo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: železo
Czech: železo

Kashubian: żelazło

Polabian: ziľozü

desctree

Old Polish: żelazo
Polish: żelazo
Silesian: żelazo

Old Slovak: železo
Pannonian Rusyn: желєзо (željezo)
Slovak: železo

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: zelezo

Upper Sorbian: železo

Likely of Proto-Balto-Slavic origin, related to Lithuanian geležìs, Latvian dzèlzs and Old Prussian gelso, with no clear cognates in other Indo-European branches. The discrepancy of root vocalism between Slavic and Baltic is problematic and requires two different Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstructions, with short -*e- and long -*ē-. Thus, no common form can be reconstructed. Latvian and Old Prussian have syncopated the suffixal -e-.
Has been compared with Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós, “ore, copper, bronze”), but the connection cannot be established in terms of regular phonetic correspondences. However, both could be independent loanwords from a common eastern source, whence also possibly Hittite [script needed] ((ḫ)apalki, “iron”). Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qhleks (“(cast) iron”), though the direction and exact details of the borrowing are obscure.
Semantically also close to Latin galēna (“lead sulphide (mineral)”), Ancient Greek γαλήνη (galḗnē, “serenity, calmness; type of metal mineral”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂-es- (“glimmering, cheerful”).


orzkrǫtiti

orzkrǫťenьje (noun-from-verb)
orzkrǫtiti (infinitive)
orzkrǫtitъ (supine)
orzkrǫtilъ (l-participle)
orzkrǫťenъ (participle passive past)
orzkrǫtimъ (participle passive present)
orzkrǫťь (active participle past)
orzkrǫtę (active participle present)
orzkrǫtixъ (aorist first-person singular)
orzkrǫti (aorist second-person singular)
orzkrǫti (aorist singular third-person)
orzkrǫťǫ (first-person present singular)
orzkrǫtiši (present second-person singular)
orzkrǫtitь (present singular third-person)
orzkrǫtixově (aorist dual first-person)
orzkrǫtista (aorist dual second-person)
orzkrǫtiste (aorist dual third-person)
orzkrǫtivě (dual first-person present)
orzkrǫtita (dual present second-person)
orzkrǫtite (dual present third-person)
orzkrǫtixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
orzkrǫtiste (aorist plural second-person)
orzkrǫtišę (aorist plural third-person)
orzkrǫtimъ (first-person plural present)
orzkrǫtite (plural present second-person)
orzkrǫtętь (plural present third-person)
orzkrǫťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
orzkrǫťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
orzkrǫťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
orzkrǫti (imperative second-person singular)
orzkrǫti (imperative singular third-person)
orzkrǫťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
orzkrǫťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
orzkrǫťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
orzkrǫtivě (dual first-person imperative)
orzkrǫtita (dual imperative second-person)
orzkrǫťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
orzkrǫťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
orzkrǫťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
orzkrǫtimъ (first-person imperative plural)
orzkrǫtite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: разкроутити (razkrutiti)

Belarusian: раскруціць (raskrucicʹ)

Russian: раскрутить (raskrutitʹ)

роскрутитися

розкрутитися

Ukrainian: роскрутити (roskrutyty), роскрутитися (roskrutytysja), розкрутити (rozkrutyty), розкрутитися (rozkrutytysja)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Cyrillic: раскрутити

Latin: raskrutiti

West Slavic:

Czech: rozkroutit

Polish: rozkręcić

Slovak: rozkrútiť


-slo

-slo (nominative singular)
-slě (dual nominative)
-sla (nominative plural)
-sla (genitive singular)
-slu (dual genitive)
-slъ (genitive plural)
-slu (dative singular)
-sloma (dative dual)
-slomъ (dative plural)
-slo (accusative singular)
-slě (accusative dual)
-sla (accusative plural)
-slъmь (instrumental singular)
-slomь (instrumental singular)
-sloma (dual instrumental)
-sly (instrumental plural)
-slě (locative singular)
-slu (dual locative)
-slěxъ (locative plural)
-slo (singular vocative)
-slě (dual vocative)
-sla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -сло (-slo)

Belarusian: -сло (-slo)

Russian: -сло (-slo)

Ukrainian: -сло (-slo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -сло (-slo)

Glagolitic script: -ⱄⰾⱁ (-slo)

Bulgarian: -сло (-slo)

Macedonian: -сло (-slo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -сло

Latin script: -slo

Slovene: -slo

West Slavic:

Czech: -slo

Polish: -sło

Slovak: -slo

Kashubian: -sło

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -sło

Lower Sorbian: -sło

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-sla(s). Probably from *(s)-tlo, from *(d/t/s/z)-tlo, from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom.
Inherited, but becoming productive only in Proto-Slavic. There are many direct cognates, e.g.
* *veslo (“oar, paddle”) = Latin vēlum (“sail”)
* *čerslo = Lithuanian ker̃slas (“tool for drawing blood”)
* *krěslo = Lithuanian krė́slas
Exact match to *-lo and *-slo are Lithuanian -las and -slas, forming instrument nouns as well as action nouns (> nomina acti).

vezti (“to lead, cart, convey”) → *veztlo/*vezslo > *veslo (“oar, paddle”)

mazati (“to smear, anoint”) → *maztlo/*mazslo > *maslo (“oil, ointment”)

Deverbal, forming nouns denoting a tool or instrument.

čitti > *čisti (“to read; respect”) → *čittlo/*čitslo > *čislo (“number”)

(rare) Deverbal, creating action nouns, usually becoming nomina acti.


bolь

bȍlь (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
bȍlь (nominative singular)
bȍli (dual nominative)
bȍli (nominative plural)
bolí (genitive singular)
bolьjù (dual genitive)
bolь̀jь (genitive plural)
bȍli (dative singular)
bolьmà (dative dual)
bȍlьmъ (dative plural)
bȍlь (accusative singular)
bȍli (accusative dual)
bȍli (accusative plural)
bolьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
bolьmà (dual instrumental)
bolьmì (instrumental plural)
bolí (locative singular)
bolьjù (dual locative)
bȍlьxъ (locative plural)
boli (singular vocative)
bȍli (dual vocative)
bȍli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: боль (bolĭ)

Old Belarusian: боль (bolʹ)

Belarusian: боль m (bolʹ)

Russian: боль f (bolʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: боль m (bolʹ)

Ukrainian: біль m (bilʹ)

→ Carpathian Rusyn: біль m (bilʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: боль f (bolĭ)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱁⰾⱐ f (bolĭ)

Bulgarian: бо́лка f (bólka), бол m (bol) (dialectal)

Macedonian: болка f (bolka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̑л f or m

Latin script: bȏl f or m

Slovene: ból f

West Slavic:

Czech: bol m

Polish: ból m

Old Slovak: bôľ m

Pannonian Rusyn: боль m (bolʹ)

Slovak: bôľ m

Polabian: *bül ?

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: ból m

Slovincian: ból m

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: ból f

Upper Sorbian: ból f

→ Romanian: boală

The only parallels exist in Germanic languages: compare Old English bealo (“evil”), Old Norse bǫl and Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (balweins, “torture”). Proto-Indo-European root is unclear. Derksen derives it from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol(H)-i- with Old Cornish bal (“illness”) as a further cognate.


-ikъ

-ikъ (nominative singular)
-ika (dual nominative)
-ici (nominative plural)
-ika (genitive singular)
-iku (dual genitive)
-ikъ (genitive plural)
-iku (dative singular)
-ikoma (dative dual)
-ikomъ (dative plural)
-ikъ (accusative singular)
-ika (accusative dual)
-iky (accusative plural)
-ikъmь (instrumental singular)
-ikomь (instrumental singular)
-ikoma (dual instrumental)
-iky (instrumental plural)
-icě (locative singular)
-iku (dual locative)
-icěxъ (locative plural)
-iče (singular vocative)
-ika (dual vocative)
-ici (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -икъ (-ikŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -икъ (-ik)

Belarusian: -ік (-ik)

Ukrainian: -ик (-yk)

Russian: -ик (-ik)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -икъ (-ikŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⰽⱏ (-ikŭ)

Bulgarian: -ик (-ik)

Macedonian: -ик (-ik)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ик

Latin script: -ik

Slovene: -ik

West Slavic:

Czech: -ík

Polish: -ik, -yk

Slovak: -ík

Slovincian: -ik

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ik

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-eikas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eykos. Cognate with Latvian -ieks (< -eikas). The *-i in *-ikъ thus reflects the Proto-Indo-European diphthong *ey, which explains the lack of the third palatalization. Lithuanian -ykas reflects earlier -inīkas, and is not a cognate. Probably not related to Sanskrit -ईक (-īká) and Latin -icō.

-nikъ

appended to the past participle of verbs in *-nъ

-ьnikъ

with *-ьn- element abstracted away from denominal derivations on *-ьnъ

nožь (“knife”) → *nožikъ (“a small knife”)

větrъ (“wind”) → *větrikъ (“breeze”)

listъ (“leaf”) → *listikъ (“a small leaf”)

bobъ (“broad bean”) → *bobikъ (“(a small) broad bean”)

zoltъ (“golden”) → *zoltikъ (“something golden”)

porzdьnъ (“empty”) → *porzdьnikъ (“feast, holiday, festival”)

moldъ (“young”) → *moldikъ (“something or somebody young”)

malъ (“small”) → *malikъ (“something or somebody small”)


břuxo

břȗxo (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
břȗxo (nominative singular)
břȗśě (dual nominative)
břuxà (nominative plural)
břȗxa (genitive singular)
břuxù (dual genitive)
břũxъ (genitive plural)
břȗxu (dative singular)
břuxomà (dative dual)
břuxòmъ (dative plural)
břȗxo (accusative singular)
břȗśě (accusative dual)
břuxà (accusative plural)
břȗxъmь (instrumental singular)
břȗxomь (instrumental singular)
břuxomà (dual instrumental)
břuxý (instrumental plural)
břȗśě (locative singular)
břuxù (dual locative)
břuśě̃xъ (locative plural)
břuxo (singular vocative)
břȗśě (dual vocative)
břuxà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: брюхо n (brjuxo), брюхъ m (brjuxŭ)

Old Ruthenian: брухо (bruxo), брюхо (brjuxo)

Belarusian: бру́ха (brúxa)

Carpathian Rusyn: бріх (brix)

Ukrainian: бру́хо (brúxo)

Russian: брю́хо (brjúxo)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: břuch m, břucho n

Czech: břich m, břicho n

Old Polish: brzuch
Polish: brzuch

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: brzëch

Slovincian: brzëch

Slovak: brucho

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: brjuch

Upper Sorbian: brjuch

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *brauša n, *braušas m, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewsom n, *bʰrewsos m, from *bʰrews-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *brusū.


čerpъ

čȇrpъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
čȇrpъ (nominative singular)
čȇrpa (dual nominative)
čȇrpi (nominative plural)
čȇrpa (genitive singular)
čerpù (dual genitive)
čẽrpъ (genitive plural)
čȇrpu (dative singular)
čerpomà (dative dual)
čerpòmъ (dative plural)
čȇrpъ (accusative singular)
čȇrpa (accusative dual)
čȇrpy (accusative plural)
čȇrpъmь (instrumental singular)
čȇrpomь (instrumental singular)
čerpomà (dual instrumental)
čerpý (instrumental plural)
čȇrpě (locative singular)
čerpù (dual locative)
čerpě̃xъ (locative plural)
čerpe (singular vocative)
čȇrpa (dual vocative)
čȇrpi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: черепъ (čerepŭ)

Belarusian: чэ́рап (čérap)

Russian: че́реп (čérep)

→ Bulgarian: че́реп (čérep, “skull”)

→ Macedonian: череп (čerep, “skull”)

Ukrainian: че́реп (čérep)

→ Polish: czerep

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чрѣпъ (črěpŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⱃⱑⱂⱏ (črěpŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: чреп (črep), цреп (crep) (obsolete, dialectal)

Macedonian: цреп (crep, “broken piece of pottery”), црепна (crepna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: цре̑п, црије̑п

Latin script: crȇp, crijȇp

Slovene: črép

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čřěp

Czech: střep

Kashubian: czërzep

Polish: trzop, strzop

Slovak: črep

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: crjop

Upper Sorbian: črjop

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: cserép

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kerpas, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerpos (“shell, sharp object”) , from *(s)kerp-. The original meaning was "clay pot or vessel". For a semantic shift to "skull" compare Latin tēsta (“brick, tile”) > French tête (“head”). Alternatively, could have originated from *kʷerp- (“to whirl, to twist”).


lъgati

lъgàti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
lъganьje (noun-from-verb)
lъgati (infinitive)
lъgatъ (supine)
lъgalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
lъganъ (participle passive past)
lъžemъ (participle passive present)
lъgavъ (active participle past)
lъžę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
lъgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
lъga (aorist second-person singular)
lъga (aorist singular third-person)
lъžǫ (first-person present singular)
lъžeši (present second-person singular)
lъžetь (present singular third-person)
lъgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
lъgasta (aorist dual second-person)
lъgaste (aorist dual third-person)
lъževě (dual first-person present)
lъžeta (dual present second-person)
lъžete (dual present third-person)
lъgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
lъgaste (aorist plural second-person)
lъgašę (aorist plural third-person)
lъžemъ (first-person plural present)
lъžete (plural present second-person)
lъžǫtь (plural present third-person)
lъgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
lъgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
lъgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
lъži (imperative second-person singular)
lъži (imperative singular third-person)
lъgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
lъgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
lъgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
lъživě (dual first-person imperative)
lъžita (dual imperative second-person)
lъgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
lъgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
lъgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
lъžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
lъžite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: лъгати (lŭgati), лгати (lgati)

Belarusian: ілга́ць (ilhácʹ), лгаць (lhacʹ)

Russian: лгать (lgatʹ)

Ukrainian: лга́ти (lháty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лъгати (lŭgati)

Glagolitic: ⰾⱏⰳⰰⱅⰹ (lŭgati)

Bulgarian: лъ́жа (lǎ́ža)

Macedonian: ла́же (láže)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̀гати

Latin script: làgati

Slovene: lagáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lháti

Czech: lhát

Kashubian: łżec

Polabian: låzĕs (< *lъžešь)

Polish: łgać, łżeć

Slovak: luhať, lhať

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: łhaś

Upper Sorbian: łhać

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *lugtei, from Proto-Indo-European *lugʰ-yé-ti, ye-present of *lewgʰ- (“to lie, to tell falsehood”).
Cognate with Lithuanian lūgóti (“to request, bet”), Latvian lùgt (“to request, invite”).


govьno

govьnò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
govьnò (nominative singular)
govь̀ně (dual nominative)
govьnà (nominative plural)
govьnà (genitive singular)
govьnù (dual genitive)
govь̀nъ (genitive plural)
govьnù (dative singular)
govьnòma (dative dual)
govьnòmъ (dative plural)
govьnò (accusative singular)
govь̀ně (accusative dual)
govьnà (accusative plural)
govьnъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
govьnòmь (instrumental singular)
govьnòma (dual instrumental)
govь̀ny (instrumental plural)
govьně̀ (locative singular)
govьnù (dual locative)
govь̀něxъ (locative plural)
govьnò (singular vocative)
govь̀ně (dual vocative)
govьnà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: говьно (govĭno)

Belarusian: гаўно́ (haŭnó)

Russian: говно́ (govnó), гомно́ (gomnó)

Carpathian Rusyn: говно (hovno)

Ukrainian: гівно́ (hivnó), гімно́ (himnó)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: говно́ (govnó)

Macedonian: го́мно (gómno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: го́вно

Latin script: góvno

Slovene: góvno (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hovno

Old Polish: gówno

Polish: gówno

Silesian: gōwno

Polabian: ďünă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: gòwno

Slovincian: gównô

Slovak: hovno

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gowno

Upper Sorbian: howno

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawāˀ, of uncertain origin:
* Originally "cow dung", from *govьno (“cow's”) + some noun, from adjective *govьnъ, from *gov-, from *gʷṓws (“cow”). Compare Old Prussian aswinan (dadan) (“mare's milk”). Related to *govędo (“cattlehead”), *gumьno (“threshing floor”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *gʷewH-. Related to Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha, “feces”) and *gaviti (“to disgust”).


pьrstъ

pь̃rstъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
pь̃rstъ (nominative singular)
pьrstà (dual nominative)
pьrstì (nominative plural)
pьrstà (genitive singular)
pьrstù (dual genitive)
pь̃rstъ (genitive plural)
pьrstù (dative singular)
pьrstòma (dative dual)
pьrstòmъ (dative plural)
pь̃rstъ (accusative singular)
pьrstà (accusative dual)
pьrstỳ (accusative plural)
pьrstъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
pьrstòmь (instrumental singular)
pьrstòma (dual instrumental)
pь̃rsty (instrumental plural)
pьrstě̀ (locative singular)
pьrstù (dual locative)
pь̃rstěxъ (locative plural)
pьrste (singular vocative)
pьrstà (dual vocative)
pьrstì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьрстъ (pĭrstŭ)

Russian: перст (perst)

Ukrainian: перст (perst)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: прьстъ (prĭstŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱃⱐⱄⱅⱏ (prĭstŭ)

Bulgarian: пръ́ст (prǎ́st)

Macedonian: прст (prst)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пр̏ст

Latin script: pȑst

Slovene: pȓst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: prst

Czech: prst

Polish: parst

Slovak: prst

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: porst


červo

čȇrvo (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
čȇrvo (nominative singular)
čȇrvě (dual nominative)
červà (nominative plural)
čȇrva (genitive singular)
červù (dual genitive)
čẽrvъ (genitive plural)
čȇrvu (dative singular)
červomà (dative dual)
červòmъ (dative plural)
čȇrvo (accusative singular)
čȇrvě (accusative dual)
červà (accusative plural)
čȇrvъmь (instrumental singular)
čȇrvomь (instrumental singular)
červomà (dual instrumental)
červý (instrumental plural)
čȇrvě (locative singular)
červù (dual locative)
červě̃xъ (locative plural)
čȇrvo (singular vocative)
čȇrvě (dual vocative)
červà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: черево (čerevo)

Belarusian: чэ́рава (čérava)

Russian: черёво (čerjóvo) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: че́рево (čérevo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: чрѣво (črěvo)

Glagolitic: ⱍⱃⱑⰲⱁ (črěvo)

Bulgarian: черво́ (červó)

Macedonian: црево (crevo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: црије́во, цре́во

Latin: crijévo, crévo, crívo

Slovene: črevọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čřěvo

Czech: střevo

Polabian: crevü

desctree

Old Polish: trzewa
Polish: trzewa, trzewia
Silesian: strzewa

Slovak: črevo

Slovincian: trzêwô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: crjowo

Upper Sorbian: črjewo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-m/w-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”).
Cognate with Old Prussian kērmens (“body”) and Sanskrit चर्मन् (cárman, “skin, hide”).


gъrdlo

gъ̀rdlo (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
gъ̀rdlo (nominative singular)
gъ̀rdlě (dual nominative)
gъ̀rdla (nominative plural)
gъ̀rdla (genitive singular)
gъ̀rdlu (dual genitive)
gъ̀rdlъ (genitive plural)
gъ̀rdlu (dative singular)
gъ̀rdloma (dative dual)
gъ̀rdlomъ (dative plural)
gъ̀rdlo (accusative singular)
gъ̀rdlě (accusative dual)
gъ̀rdla (accusative plural)
gъ̀rdlъmь (instrumental singular)
gъ̀rdlomь (instrumental singular)
gъ̀rdloma (dual instrumental)
gъ̀rdlȳ (instrumental plural)
gъ̀rdlě (locative singular)
gъ̀rdlu (dual locative)
gъ̀rdlě̄xъ (locative plural)
gъ̀rdlo (singular vocative)
gъ̀rdlě (dual vocative)
gъ̀rdla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: гърло (gŭrlo), горло (gorlo)

Belarusian: го́рла (hórla)

Russian: го́рло (górlo)

Ukrainian: го́рло (hórlo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: гръло (grŭlo)

Bulgarian: гъ́рло (gǎ́rlo)

→ Romanian: gârlă

→ Ukrainian: ги́рло (hýrlo)

Macedonian: грло (grlo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гр̏ло

Latin script: gȑlo

Slovene: gŕlo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hrdlo

Czech: hrdlo

Kashubian: gardło

Polish: gardło

Slovak: hrdlo

Slovincian: garlô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: gjardło, gjarło

Upper Sorbian: hordło, horło

>? Proto-Slavic: *gъrdlačь

→ Albanian: gërlac

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúrˀtla, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₃-dʰlom. Morphologically parsable as *gъr- + *-dlo. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian gurklỹs (“crop”), gùrklis (“crop”), Old Prussian gurcle. Further akin to Proto-Germanic *kwerkō (“throat”), Latin gurges (“gorge”).


mozgъ

mȍzgъ (canonical)
mòzgъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
mȍzgъ (nominative singular)
mȍzga (dual nominative)
mȍzdzi (nominative plural)
mȍzga (genitive singular)
mozgù (dual genitive)
mòzgъ (genitive plural)
mȍzgu (dative singular)
mozgomà (dative dual)
mozgòmъ (dative plural)
mȍzgъ (accusative singular)
mȍzga (accusative dual)
mȍzgy (accusative plural)
mȍzgъmь (instrumental singular)
mȍzgomь (instrumental singular)
mozgomà (dual instrumental)
mozgý (instrumental plural)
mȍzdzě (locative singular)
mozgù (dual locative)
mozdzě̃xъ (locative plural)
moždže (singular vocative)
mȍzga (dual vocative)
mȍzdzi (plural vocative)
b (accent-paradigm)
mòzgъ (nominative singular)
mozgà (dual nominative)
mozdzì (nominative plural)
mozgà (genitive singular)
mozgù (dual genitive)
mòzgъ (genitive plural)
mozgù (dative singular)
mozgòma (dative dual)
mozgòmъ (dative plural)
mòzgъ (accusative singular)
mozgà (accusative dual)
mozgỳ (accusative plural)
mozgъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
mozgòmь (instrumental singular)
mozgòma (dual instrumental)
mòzgy (instrumental plural)
mozdzě̀ (locative singular)
mozgù (dual locative)
mòzdzěxъ (locative plural)
moždže (singular vocative)
mozgà (dual vocative)
mozdzì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мозгъ (mozgŭ), мозъкъ (mozŭkŭ)

Old Ruthenian: мозгъ (mozh), мозокъ (mozok)

Belarusian: мо́зг (mózh), мо́заг (mózah); dial. мазга́ (mazhá) (genitive)

Carpathian Rusyn: мо́зоґ (mózog)

Ukrainian: мо́зок (mózok), dial. мо́зок (mózok), мoзка́ (mozká) (genitive)

Russian: мо́зг (mózg), dial. мoзга́ (mozgá) (genitive)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мозгъ (mozgŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰿⱁⰸⰳⱏ (mozgŭ)

Bulgarian: мо́зък (mózǎk)

Macedonian: мозок (mozok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̏зак

Latin script: mȍzak

Slovene: mọ̑zəg (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: mùsk, mùzg

Old Czech: mozk

Czech: mozek

Polabian: *müzg, müzďĕ (plural)

Polish: mózg

Old Slovak: mozog

Pannonian Rusyn: мозоґ (mozog)

Slovak: mozog

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mórzgi

Upper Sorbian: mozy

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *masgás (“marrow; brain”), from Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰós.


životъ

živòtъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
živòtъ (nominative singular)
životà (dual nominative)
životì (nominative plural)
životà (genitive singular)
životù (dual genitive)
živòtъ (genitive plural)
životù (dative singular)
životòma (dative dual)
životòmъ (dative plural)
živòtъ (accusative singular)
životà (accusative dual)
životỳ (accusative plural)
životъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
životòmь (instrumental singular)
životòma (dual instrumental)
živòty (instrumental plural)
životě̀ (locative singular)
životù (dual locative)
živòtěxъ (locative plural)
živote (singular vocative)
životà (dual vocative)
životì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: животъ (životŭ)
Old Ruthenian: животъ (život)
Belarusian: жыво́т (žyvót)
Carpathian Rusyn: живо́т (žyvót)
Ukrainian: живі́т (žyvít)
Russian: живо́т (živót)
→ Ingrian: siivotta

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: животъ (životŭ, “life; animal”)

Glagolitic: ⰶⰹⰲⱁⱅⱏ (životŭ, “life; animal”)

Bulgarian: живо́т (živót, “life”)

Macedonian: жи́вот (žívot, “life”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жѝвот (“life”)

Latin script: žìvot (“life, waist”)

Slovene: živòt (“life; body”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: život

Czech: život

Moravian (Mistřice): život

Kashubian: żót (“belly”), żëwòt (“life”)

Polabian: zaivăt (“life”)

Polish: żywot (“life, abdomen”)

Old Slovak: život

desc

Pannonian Rusyn: живот (život, “life, entrails, intestines”)

Slovak: život (“life, abdomen”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: žywot (“belly, body”)

Upper Sorbian: žiwot (“belly, body”)

Non-Slavic:

→ Karelian: šiivatta

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀwatás, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wotós. Morphologically as if *živъ (“alive”) + *-otъ.
Baltic cognates are Lithuanian gyvatà (“life”) and Old Prussian giwato (“life”).
Indo-European cognates are Latin vīta (from *gʷih₃woteh₂), Sanskrit जीवित (jīvitá, “life”) and Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos).


krivъ

krȋvъ (canonical)
krivъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
kriva (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
krivo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
kriva (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
krivy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
kriva (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
krivu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
krivě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
krivu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
krivъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
krivǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
krivo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
krivomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
krivojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
krivomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
krivě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
krivě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
krivě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
krive (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
krivo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
krivo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
kriva (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
krivě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
krivě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
krivu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
krivu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
krivu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
krivoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
krivama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
krivoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
kriva (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
krivě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
krivě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
krivoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
krivama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
krivoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
krivu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
krivu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
krivu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
kriva (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
krivě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
krivě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
krivi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
krivy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
kriva (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
krivъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
krivъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
krivъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
krivomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
krivamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
krivomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
krivy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
krivy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
kriva (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
krivy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
krivami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
krivy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
krivěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
krivaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
krivěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
krivi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
krivy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
kriva (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
krivъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
krivaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
krivoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
krivajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
krivyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
krivajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
krivujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
krivěji (dative definite feminine singular)
krivujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
krivъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
krivǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
krivoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
krivyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
krivǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
krivyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
krivějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
krivěji (definite feminine locative singular)
krivějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
krivъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
krivaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
krivoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
krivaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
krivěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
krivěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
krivuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
krivuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
krivuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
krivyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
krivyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
krivyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
krivaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
krivěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
krivěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
krivyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
krivyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
krivyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
krivuju (definite dual locative masculine)
krivuju (definite dual feminine locative)
krivuju (definite dual locative neuter)
krivaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
krivěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
krivěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
kriviji (definite masculine nominative plural)
krivyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
krivaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
krivъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
krivъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
krivъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
krivyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
krivyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
krivyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
krivyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
krivyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
krivaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
krivyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
krivyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
krivyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
krivyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
krivyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
krivyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
kriviji (definite masculine plural vocative)
krivyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
krivaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *krivъ (hard)

Definite declension of *krivъ (hard)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: кривъ (krivŭ), кривꙑи (krivyi)

Belarusian: крывы́ (kryvý)

Russian: криво́й (krivój)

Ukrainian: криви́й (kryvýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: кривъ (krivŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱃⰹⰲⱏ (krivŭ)

Bulgarian: крив (kriv)

Macedonian: крив (kriv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кри̑в

Latin script: krȋv

Slovene: krȋv (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: křivý

Czech: křivý

Polabian: kraivĕ

Polish: krzywy

Slovak: krivý

Slovincian: krzëwy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: křiwy

Lower Sorbian: kśiwy

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kréiwas, from Proto-Indo-European *kreywos. Cognate with Latvian krievs, Lithuanian kreivas, krivis, Latin curvus (from zero-grade) and indirectly Latvian krails, Old Irish cruind, and Ancient Greek κορωνός (korōnós).


sorka

sòrka (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
sòrka (nominative singular)
sòrcě (dual nominative)
sòrky (nominative plural)
sòrky (genitive singular)
sòrku (dual genitive)
sòrkъ (genitive plural)
sòrcě (dative singular)
sòrkama (dative dual)
sòrkamъ (dative plural)
sòrkǫ (accusative singular)
sòrcě (accusative dual)
sòrky (accusative plural)
sòrkojǫ (instrumental singular)
sòrkǭ (instrumental singular)
sòrkama (dual instrumental)
sòrkamī (instrumental plural)
sòrcě (locative singular)
sòrku (dual locative)
sòrkasъ (locative plural)
sòrkaxъ (locative plural)
sòrko (singular vocative)
sòrcě (dual vocative)
sòrky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сорока (soroka)

Belarusian: саро́ка (saróka)

Russian: соро́ка (soróka)

→ Skolt Sami: sorok

Carpathian Rusyn: сорока (soroka)

Ukrainian: соро́ка (soróka)

→ Yiddish: סאָראָקע (soroke) (from Ukrainian or Russian)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сврака (svraka)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰲⱃⰰⰽⰰ (svraka)

Macedonian: сврака (svraka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: свра̏ка

Latin script: svrȁka

Slovene: sráka

West Slavic:

Czech: straka

Kashubian: sroka

Polabian: svorko

Old Polish: sroka

Polish: sroka

Slovak: straka

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sroka

Upper Sorbian: sroka

→ Hungarian: szarka

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śárˀkāˀ. Cognate with Lithuanian šárka (“magpie”), Old Prussian sarke (“magpie”), Finnish harakka (“magpie”). Eventually connected with Russian со́рок (sórok, “forty”).
The original form was *sorka, with non-etymological *-v- in some daughters introduced by analogy from *svьrčati (“to whistle”), possibly in order to avoid confusion with the (reflex of the) verb *sьrati (“to defecate”).


sorka

sorka (nominative singular)
sorcě (dual nominative)
sorky (nominative plural)
sorky (genitive singular)
sorku (dual genitive)
sorkъ (genitive plural)
sorcě (dative singular)
sorkama (dative dual)
sorkamъ (dative plural)
sorkǫ (accusative singular)
sorcě (accusative dual)
sorky (accusative plural)
sorkojǫ (instrumental singular)
sorkǫ (instrumental singular)
sorkama (dual instrumental)
sorkami (instrumental plural)
sorcě (locative singular)
sorku (dual locative)
sorkasъ (locative plural)
sorkaxъ (locative plural)
sorko (singular vocative)
sorcě (dual vocative)
sorky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сорочька (soročĭka), сорочица (soročica)

Belarusian: саро́чка (saróčka)

Russian: соро́чка (soróčka); сорочи́ца (soročíca) (dialectal)

Carpathian Rusyn: сорочка (soročka)

Ukrainian: соро́чка (soróčka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: срака (sraka), сракꙑ (sraky), срачица (sračica)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱃⰰⰽⰰ (sraka), ⱄⱃⰰⰽⱏⰹ (sraky), ⱄⱃⰰⱍⰺⱌⰰ (sračica)

Bulgarian: срака (sraka) (dialectal)

Slovene: srajca, sračica

→ Albanian: shark

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian šar̃kas, švar̃kas (“jacket, coat”), Latvian svā̀rks (“skirt”) (-v- possibly is influence of švarùs (“clean”))


vojevati

vojevanьje (noun-from-verb)
vojevati (infinitive)
vojevatъ (supine)
vojevalъ (l-participle)
vojevavъ (active participle past)
vojuję (active participle present)
vojevaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
vojeva (aorist second-person singular)
vojeva (aorist singular third-person)
vojujǫ (first-person present singular)
vojuješi (present second-person singular)
vojujetь (present singular third-person)
vojevaxově (aorist dual first-person)
vojevasta (aorist dual second-person)
vojevaste (aorist dual third-person)
vojujevě (dual first-person present)
vojujeta (dual present second-person)
vojujete (dual present third-person)
vojevaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vojevaste (aorist plural second-person)
vojevašę (aorist plural third-person)
vojujemъ (first-person plural present)
vojujete (plural present second-person)
vojujǫtь (plural present third-person)
vojevaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vojevaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vojevaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vojuji (imperative second-person singular)
vojuji (imperative singular third-person)
vojevaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vojevaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vojevaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vojujivě (dual first-person imperative)
vojujita (dual imperative second-person)
vojevaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vojevaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vojevaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vojujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vojujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воевати (voevati)

Old Ruthenian: воєва́ти (vojeváti), воюва́ти (vojuváti)

Belarusian: ваява́ць (vajavácʹ)

Ukrainian: воюва́ти (vojuváty)

Russian: воева́ть (vojevátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: воѥвати (vojevati)

Bulgarian: вою́вам (vojúvam)

Macedonian: војува (vojuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: војѐвати

Latin script: vojèvati

Slovene: vojeváti

West Slavic:

Polish: wojować

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wojować

Lower Sorbian: wójowaś

to fight, to war, to wage war, to be at war; to fight, to quarrel


zijati

zijanьje (noun-from-verb)
zijati (infinitive)
zijatъ (supine)
zijalъ (l-participle)
zijanъ (participle passive past)
zějemъ (participle passive present)
zijavъ (active participle past)
zěję (active participle present)
zijaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zija (aorist second-person singular)
zija (aorist singular third-person)
zějǫ (first-person present singular)
zěješi (present second-person singular)
zějetь (present singular third-person)
zijaxově (aorist dual first-person)
zijasta (aorist dual second-person)
zijaste (aorist dual third-person)
zějevě (dual first-person present)
zějeta (dual present second-person)
zějete (dual present third-person)
zijaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zijaste (aorist plural second-person)
zijašę (aorist plural third-person)
zějemъ (first-person plural present)
zějete (plural present second-person)
zějǫtь (plural present third-person)
zijaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zijaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zijaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zěji (imperative second-person singular)
zěji (imperative singular third-person)
zijaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zijaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zijaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zějivě (dual first-person imperative)
zějita (dual imperative second-person)
zijaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zijaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zijaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
zějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зиꙗти (zijati)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: зїꙗти (zijati)
Carpathian Rusyn: зия́ти (zyjáty)
Ukrainian: зя́яти (zjájaty), зія́ти (zijáty); зя́ти (zjáty) (dialectal)

Russian: зия́ть (zijátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: зиꙗти (zijati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зијати

Latin: zjȁti

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: zijáti, zȋjati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zieti

Czech: zet (literary), zát (obsolete)

Polish: ziać (“exhale”)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źiā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂i-éh₂-yeti (“to gape, be wide open”), ultimately from *ǵʰeh₂-. Cognates include Lithuanian žióti, Latin hiō, Ancient Greek χάσκω (kháskō), Tocharian A śew, Tocharian B kāyā, Sanskrit विजिहीते (vijihīte), and Proto-Germanic *gīnaną, *ganōną (English yawn).


brusiti

brūsìti (canonical perfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
brušenьje (noun-from-verb)
brusiti (infinitive)
brusitъ (supine)
brusilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
brušenъ (participle passive past)
brusimъ (participle passive present)
brušь (active participle past)
brusę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
brusixъ (aorist first-person singular)
brusi (aorist second-person singular)
brusi (aorist singular third-person)
brušǫ (first-person present singular)
brusiši (present second-person singular)
brusitь (present singular third-person)
brusixově (aorist dual first-person)
brusista (aorist dual second-person)
brusiste (aorist dual third-person)
brusivě (dual first-person present)
brusita (dual present second-person)
brusite (dual present third-person)
brusixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
brusiste (aorist plural second-person)
brusišę (aorist plural third-person)
brusimъ (first-person plural present)
brusite (plural present second-person)
brusętь (plural present third-person)
brušaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
brušaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
brušaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
brusi (imperative second-person singular)
brusi (imperative singular third-person)
brušaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
brušaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
brušaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
brusivě (dual first-person imperative)
brusita (dual imperative second-person)
brušaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
brušaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
brušaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
brusimъ (first-person imperative plural)
brusite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бруси́ть (brusítʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: бруси́ти (brusýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бру́ся (brúsja)

Macedonian: бруси (brusi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бру́сити

Latin script: brúsiti

Slovene: brúsiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: brúsiti

Czech: brousit

Polish: brusić

Silesian: brusić

Slovak: brúsiť

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *brauk-ei-, *brauś-ei-, iterative of the verb *brauk-, *brauś- (whence Latvian bràukt, Lithuanian braũkti), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrowḱ-. Cognate with Latvian braũcît, Lithuanian braukýti.


netopyřь

netopyřь (nominative singular)
netopyřa (dual nominative)
netopyři (nominative plural)
netopyřa (genitive singular)
netopyřu (dual genitive)
netopyřь (genitive plural)
netopyřu (dative singular)
netopyřema (dative dual)
netopyřemъ (dative plural)
netopyřь (accusative singular)
netopyřa (accusative dual)
netopyřę̇ (accusative plural)
netopyřьmь (instrumental singular)
netopyřemь (instrumental singular)
netopyřema (dual instrumental)
netopyři (instrumental plural)
netopyři (locative singular)
netopyřu (dual locative)
netopyřixъ (locative plural)
netopyřu (singular vocative)
netopyřa (dual vocative)
netopyři (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: нетопꙑрь (netopyrĭ), нопотꙑрь (nopotyrĭ)

Belarusian: нетапы́р (njetapýr)

Russian: нетопы́рь (netopýrʹ)

Ukrainian: нетопи́р (netopýr)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: нетопꙑрь (netopyrĭ), нопотꙑрь (nopotyrĭ), непьтꙑрь (nepĭtyrĭ), нептꙑрь (neptyrĭ)

Bulgarian: нетопи́р (netopír) (dated, dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̏топӣр

Latin script: nȅtopīr

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: netopír, netopȋr (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: netopýř

Czech: netopýr

Bohemian (Chod dialect): nedopyjr

Polabian: netüpar

Old Polish: nietopyrz

Polish: nietoperz

Slovak: netopier

Slovincian: njêtopérz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: njetopyr, njetopor

Lower Sorbian: njetopyŕ

Compounded term, with the first element *neto- possibly reflecting Proto-Indo-European *nekʷto-, oblique e-grade of *nókʷts (“night”). The second element is usually taken to be *pyřь (“flier”), from the lengthened zero grade of the same root also found in *pariti and *pьrati. Another theory states it is the result of folk etymology or taboo deformation, based on *lepetyřь, *lepotyřь from *lepetati, *lepotati (“to fly irregularly; to be noisy by being screamy”) + *-yřь.


čьstь

čь̏stь (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
čь̏stь (nominative singular)
čь̏sti (dual nominative)
čь̏sti (nominative plural)
čьstí (genitive singular)
čьstьjù (dual genitive)
čьsťu (dual genitive)
čьstь̀jь (genitive plural)
čь̏sti (dative singular)
čьstьmà (dative dual)
čь̏stьmъ (dative plural)
čь̏stь (accusative singular)
čь̏sti (accusative dual)
čь̏sti (accusative plural)
čьstьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
čьstьmà (dual instrumental)
čьstьmì (instrumental plural)
čьstí (locative singular)
čьstьjù (dual locative)
čьsťu (dual locative)
čь̏stьxъ (locative plural)
čьsti (singular vocative)
čь̏sti (dual vocative)
čь̏sti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чьсть (čĭstĭ)

Belarusian: чэсць (čescʹ)

Russian: честь (čestʹ)

Ukrainian: честь (čestʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: чьсть (čĭstĭ)

Glagolitic: ⱍⱐⱄⱅⱐ (čĭstĭ)

Bulgarian: чест (čest)

Macedonian: чест (čest)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ча̑ст

Latin script: čȃst

Slovene: čȃst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čest

Czech: čest

Polish: cześć

Slovak: česť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: cesć

Upper Sorbian: česć

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: cinste

→ Hungarian: tiszt

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kistis, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷit-tis from (s)kʷeyt-. Cognate with Sanskrit चित्ति (cítti, “thinking, understanding”) and Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cisti, “consciousness”).


mękъkъ

mę̑kъkъ (canonical)
mękъkъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
mękъka (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
mękъko (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
mękъka (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
mękъky (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
mękъka (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
mękъku (dative indefinite masculine singular)
mękъcě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
mękъku (dative indefinite neuter singular)
mękъkъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
mękъkǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
mękъko (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
mękъkomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
mękъkojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
mękъkomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
mękъcě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
mękъcě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
mękъcě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
mękъče (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
mękъko (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
mękъko (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
mękъka (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
mękъcě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
mękъcě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
mękъku (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
mękъku (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
mękъku (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
mękъkoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
mękъkama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
mękъkoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
mękъka (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
mękъcě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
mękъcě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
mękъkoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
mękъkama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
mękъkoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
mękъku (dual indefinite locative masculine)
mękъku (dual feminine indefinite locative)
mękъku (dual indefinite locative neuter)
mękъka (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
mękъcě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
mękъcě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
mękъci (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
mękъky (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
mękъka (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
mękъkъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
mękъkъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
mękъkъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
mękъkomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
mękъkamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
mękъkomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
mękъky (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
mękъky (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
mękъka (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
mękъky (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
mękъkami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
mękъky (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
mękъcěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
mękъkaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
mękъcěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
mękъci (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
mękъky (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
mękъka (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
mękъkъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
mękъkaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
mękъkoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
mękъkajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
mękъkyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
mękъkajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
mękъkujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
mękъcěji (dative definite feminine singular)
mękъkujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
mękъkъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
mękъkǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
mękъkoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
mękъkyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
mękъkǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
mękъkyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
mękъcějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
mękъcěji (definite feminine locative singular)
mękъcějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
mękъkъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
mękъkaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
mękъkoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
mękъkaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
mękъcěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
mękъcěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
mękъkuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
mękъkuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
mękъkuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
mękъkyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
mękъkyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
mękъkyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
mękъkaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
mękъcěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
mękъcěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
mękъkyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
mękъkyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
mękъkyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
mękъkuju (definite dual locative masculine)
mękъkuju (definite dual feminine locative)
mękъkuju (definite dual locative neuter)
mękъkaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
mękъcěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
mękъcěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
mękъciji (definite masculine nominative plural)
mękъkyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
mękъkaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
mękъkъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
mękъkъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
mękъkъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
mękъkyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
mękъkyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
mękъkyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
mękъkyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
mękъkyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
mękъkaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
mękъkyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
mękъkyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
mękъkyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
mękъkyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
mękъkyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
mękъkyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
mękъciji (definite masculine plural vocative)
mękъkyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
mękъkaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *mękъkъ (hard)

Definite declension of *mękъkъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мѧкъкъ, мѧгъкъ

desctree

Old Ruthenian: мѧ́ккїй (mjákkij)
Belarusian: мя́ккі (mjákki); мя́кі́ (mjákí), м'я́ккі (mʺjákki), мя́ккій (mjákkij) (dialectal)
Carpathian Rusyn: мя́гкый (mjáhkŷj), мня́гкый (mnjáhkŷj)
Ukrainian: м'яки́й (mʺjakýj); м'ягки́й (mʺjahkýj), м'яхки́й (mʺjaxkýj), мняки́й (mnjakýj) (dialectal)

Russian: мя́гкий (mjáxkij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мѧкъкъ

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱔⰽⱏⰽⱏ (mękŭkŭ)

Bulgarian: мек (mek)

Macedonian: мек (mek)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ме̏к

Latin script: mȅk

Slovene: méhək (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: měkký

Czech: měkký

Bohemian (Chod dialect): mňekyj

Kashubian: mitczi

Old Polish: mięki, miękki

Polish: miękki

Silesian: miynki

Polabian: mąťĕ

Slovak: mäkký

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: mjechki

Lower Sorbian: měki

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *minˀkus (u-stem), from Proto-Indo-European *menk- (“to knead”), which may be a k-extension of Proto-Indo-European *menH- (“to trample, rumple”) (for which see Proto-Balto-Slavic *mínˀtei (“to trample”)). Equivalent to Proto-Balto-Slavic *minˀkas + *-ъkъ.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian mìnkštas (“soft”), Latvian mîksts (“soft”). Outside of Balto-Slavic, compare Proto-West Germanic *mangijan (“to mix”), as well as perhaps Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō, “to knead”).


slabъ

slàbъ (canonical)
slabъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
slaba (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
slabo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
slaba (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
slaby (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
slaba (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
slabu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
slabě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
slabu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
slabъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
slabǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
slabo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
slabomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
slabojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
slabomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
slabě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
slabě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
slabě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
slabe (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
slabo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
slabo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
slaba (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
slabě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
slabě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
slabu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
slabu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
slabu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
slaboma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
slabama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
slaboma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
slaba (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
slabě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
slabě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
slaboma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
slabama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
slaboma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
slabu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
slabu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
slabu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
slaba (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
slabě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
slabě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
slabi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
slaby (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
slaba (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
slabъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
slabъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
slabъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
slabomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
slabamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
slabomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
slaby (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
slaby (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
slaba (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
slaby (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
slabami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
slaby (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
slaběxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
slabaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
slaběxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
slabi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
slaby (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
slaba (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
slabъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
slabaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
slaboje (definite neuter nominative singular)
slabajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
slabyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
slabajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
slabujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
slaběji (dative definite feminine singular)
slabujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
slabъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
slabǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
slaboje (accusative definite neuter singular)
slabyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
slabǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
slabyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
slabějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
slaběji (definite feminine locative singular)
slabějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
slabъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
slabaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
slaboje (definite neuter singular vocative)
slabaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
slaběji (definite dual feminine nominative)
slaběji (definite dual neuter nominative)
slabuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
slabuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
slabuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
slabyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
slabyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
slabyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
slabaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
slaběji (accusative definite dual feminine)
slaběji (accusative definite dual neuter)
slabyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
slabyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
slabyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
slabuju (definite dual locative masculine)
slabuju (definite dual feminine locative)
slabuju (definite dual locative neuter)
slabaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
slaběji (definite dual feminine vocative)
slaběji (definite dual neuter vocative)
slabiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
slabyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
slabaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
slabъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
slabъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
slabъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
slabyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
slabyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
slabyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
slabyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
slabyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
slabaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
slabyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
slabyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
slabyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
slabyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
slabyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
slabyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
slabiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
slabyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
slabaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *slabъ (hard)

Definite declension of *slabъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: сла́бы (sláby)

Russian: сла́бый (slábyj)

Ukrainian: слаби́й (slabýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: слабъ (slabŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰾⰰⰱⱏ (slabŭ)

Bulgarian: слаб (slab)

Macedonian: слаб (slab)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: слаб

Latin script: slab

Slovene: slȁb (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: slabý

Czech: slabý

desctree

Old Polish: słaby
Polish: słaby
Silesian: słaby

Slovak: slabý

Polabian: *slobĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: słabi

Slovincian: slaby

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: słaby

Upper Sorbian: słaby

Non-Slavic:

→ Aromanian: slab

→ Romanian: slab

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₂b- (“to be weak, limp, languid”). Cognate with Latin lābor (“to slip, sink down”), labō (“to totter, waver”).


dęsna

dę̄snà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
dę̄snà (nominative singular)
dę̃sně (dual nominative)
dę̄snỳ (nominative plural)
dę̄snỳ (genitive singular)
dę̄snù (dual genitive)
dę̃snъ (genitive plural)
dę̄sně̀ (dative singular)
dę̄snàma (dative dual)
dę̄snàmъ (dative plural)
dę̄snǫ̀ (accusative singular)
dę̃sně (accusative dual)
dę̄snỳ (accusative plural)
dę̄snòjǫ (instrumental singular)
dę̃snǫ (instrumental singular)
dę̄snàma (dual instrumental)
dę̄snàmī (instrumental plural)
dę̄sně̀ (locative singular)
dę̄snù (dual locative)
dę̄snàsъ (locative plural)
dę̄snàxъ (locative plural)
dęsno (singular vocative)
dę̃sně (dual vocative)
dę̄snỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дѧсна́

Belarusian: дзясна́ (dzjasná)

Russian: десна́ (desná), десла́ (deslá) (Pskov dialect)

Ukrainian: я́сна (jásna)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: де́сна (désna) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: де̑сни

Latin script: dȇsni

Slovene: dlesen

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dásno, dásň, dáseň

Czech: dáseň

Bohemian (Chod dialect): dásno

Moravian (Mistřice): jásno

Kashubian: dąsło, dąsno, dąsna

Polabian: ďǫsnă

Old Polish: dziąsno

Polish: dziąsło

Slovak: ďasno

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dźasno

Lower Sorbian: źěsna n pl

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *déntsnāˀ, from *dantís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts.


kľuka

kľùka (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
kľùka (nominative singular)
kľùcě (dual nominative)
kľùky (nominative plural)
kľùky (genitive singular)
kľùku (dual genitive)
kľùkъ (genitive plural)
kľùcě (dative singular)
kľùkama (dative dual)
kľùkamъ (dative plural)
kľùkǫ (accusative singular)
kľùcě (accusative dual)
kľùky (accusative plural)
kľùkojǫ (instrumental singular)
kľùkǭ (instrumental singular)
kľùkama (dual instrumental)
kľùkamī (instrumental plural)
kľùcě (locative singular)
kľùku (dual locative)
kľùkasъ (locative plural)
kľùkaxъ (locative plural)
kľùko (singular vocative)
kľùcě (dual vocative)
kľùky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: клюка (kljuka)

Russian: клюка́ (kljuká)

Ukrainian: клю́ка (kljúka)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: kljȕka

Cyrillic script: кљу̏ка (kljȕka)

Slovene: kljúka

West Slavic:

Czech: klika

Old Polish: kluka

Slovak: kľuka

Slovincian: klëka

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kljaukāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *klewk-eh₂, from *kle(h₂)uk-, an extended form of *(s)kleh₂w- (“hook, crook, peg”).


jьmati

jьmàti (canonical imperfective)
jьmanьje (noun-from-verb)
jьmati (infinitive)
jьmatъ (supine)
jьmalъ (l-participle)
jьmanъ (participle passive past)
emľemъ (participle passive present)
jьmavъ (active participle past)
emľę (active participle present)
jьmaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jьma (aorist second-person singular)
jьma (aorist singular third-person)
emľǫ (first-person present singular)
emľeši (present second-person singular)
emľetь (present singular third-person)
jьmaxově (aorist dual first-person)
jьmasta (aorist dual second-person)
jьmaste (aorist dual third-person)
emľevě (dual first-person present)
emľeta (dual present second-person)
emľete (dual present third-person)
jьmaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jьmaste (aorist plural second-person)
jьmašę (aorist plural third-person)
emľemъ (first-person plural present)
emľete (plural present second-person)
emľǫtь (plural present third-person)
jьmaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jьmaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jьmaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
emľi (imperative second-person singular)
emľi (imperative singular third-person)
jьmaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jьmaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jьmaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
emľivě (dual first-person imperative)
emľita (dual imperative second-person)
jьmaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jьmaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jьmaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
emľimъ (first-person imperative plural)
emľite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: имати (imati)

Russian: има́ть (imátʹ) (archaic)

Ukrainian: ма́ти (máty)

Old Novgorodian: ѥмати (jemati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: имати (imati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: и́мам (ímam)

Macedonian: има (ima)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ѝмати, јѐмати

Latin script: ìmati, jìmati, jèmati

Slovene: jemáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jímati

Czech: jímat

Kashubian: jëmac

Polabian: jéimat

Old Polish: imać

Polish: imać (obsolete, literary)

Slovak: mať, jímať

Slovincian: jimac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jimać

Lower Sorbian: jimaś

From *jьmǫ + *-ati, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁em-.


-ovati

-ovanьje (noun-from-verb)
-ovati (infinitive)
-ovatъ (supine)
-ovalъ (l-participle)
-ovanъ (participle passive past)
-ujemъ (participle passive present)
-ovavъ (active participle past)
-uję (active participle present)
-ovaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
-ova (aorist second-person singular)
-ova (aorist singular third-person)
-ujǫ (first-person present singular)
-uješi (present second-person singular)
-ujetь (present singular third-person)
-ovaxově (aorist dual first-person)
-ovasta (aorist dual second-person)
-ovaste (aorist dual third-person)
-ujevě (dual first-person present)
-ujeta (dual present second-person)
-ujete (dual present third-person)
-ovaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
-ovaste (aorist plural second-person)
-ovašę (aorist plural third-person)
-ujemъ (first-person plural present)
-ujete (plural present second-person)
-ujǫtь (plural present third-person)
-ovaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
-ovaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
-ovaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
-uji (imperative second-person singular)
-uji (imperative singular third-person)
-ovaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
-ovaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
-ovaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
-ujivě (dual first-person imperative)
-ujita (dual imperative second-person)
-ovaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
-ovaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
-ovaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
-ujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
-ujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -овати (-ovati)

Old Ruthenian: -овати (-ovati)

Belarusian: -аваць (-avacʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: -овати (-ovaty)

Ukrainian: -увати (-uvaty)

desc

Middle Russian: -овати (-ovati), -овать (-ovatʹ)

Russian: -овать (-ovatʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -овати (-ovati)

Bulgarian: -вам (-vam), -увам (-uvam), -овам (-ovam)

Macedonian: -ува (-uva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -овати

Latin script: -ovati

Slovene: -ovati

West Slavic:

Czech: -ovat

Old Polish: -ować
Polish: -ować

Slovak: -ovať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -owac

Slovincian: -ac, -ôwac

Lower Sorbian: -owaś

Upper Sorbian: -ować

Cognate with Lithuanian -áuti, Old Prussian -aut. Possibly also with Lithuanian -úoti, Latvian -uot, although Svensson rejects the plausibility of the "uo" sound change.

Creates verbs out of nouns and adjectives


skorupa

skorupa (nominative singular)
skorupě (dual nominative)
skorupy (nominative plural)
skorupy (genitive singular)
skorupu (dual genitive)
skorupъ (genitive plural)
skorupě (dative singular)
skorupama (dative dual)
skorupamъ (dative plural)
skorupǫ (accusative singular)
skorupě (accusative dual)
skorupy (accusative plural)
skorupojǫ (instrumental singular)
skorupǫ (instrumental singular)
skorupama (dual instrumental)
skorupami (instrumental plural)
skorupě (locative singular)
skorupu (dual locative)
skorupasъ (locative plural)
skorupaxъ (locative plural)
skorupo (singular vocative)
skorupě (dual vocative)
skorupy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: скоролупа (skorolupa), скоролупля (skoroluplja), скоролуща (skorolušča)

Belarusian: шкарлупа́ (škarlupá), скару́па (skarúpa)

Russian: скорлупа́ (skorlupá)

Ukrainian: шкору́па (škorúpa)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: скралупа (skralupa), скралупля (skraluplja), скралуща (skralušta)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ско̏рӯп m

Latin script: skȍrūp m

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: skralûp, skorlûp, skorlúpa, škorlûp, škorlúpa (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: skořupina

Czech: skořápka, škraloup

Polish: skorupa

Slovak: škrupina

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: škórpa m, škórр


měxъ

mě̑xъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
mě̑xъ (nominative singular)
mě̑xa (dual nominative)
mě̑śi (nominative plural)
mě̑xa (genitive singular)
měxù (dual genitive)
mě̃xъ (genitive plural)
mě̑xu (dative singular)
měxomà (dative dual)
měxòmъ (dative plural)
mě̑xъ (accusative singular)
mě̑xa (accusative dual)
mě̑xy (accusative plural)
mě̑xъmь (instrumental singular)
mě̑xomь (instrumental singular)
měxomà (dual instrumental)
měxý (instrumental plural)
mě̑śě (locative singular)
měxù (dual locative)
měśě̃xъ (locative plural)
měše (singular vocative)
mě̑xa (dual vocative)
mě̑śi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мѣхъ (měxŭ)

Belarusian: мех (mjex)

Russian: мех (mex)

Ukrainian: міх (mix)

Old Novgorodian: мѣхе (měxe)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мѣхъ (měxŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱑⱈⱏ (měxŭ)

Bulgarian: мях (mjah), мех (meh)

Macedonian: мев (mev)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ме̑х, мије̑х

Latin: mȇh, mijȇh

Slovene: mẹ̑h (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: miech

Old Czech: měch

Czech: měch

Polish: miech

Slovak: mech

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: měch

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *maišás, from Proto-Indo-European *moysós. Cognate with Lithuanian maĩšas (“bag, sack”), Latvian màiss (“bag”), Old Prussian moasis (“bellows”), Sanskrit मेष m (meṣá, “ram, sheep”), Classical Persian میش (mēš, “sheep, ewe”), Old Norse meiss m (“basket”), Old High German meisa m (“pannier”).


tьma

tьmà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
tьmà (nominative singular)
tь̀mě (dual nominative)
tьmỳ (nominative plural)
tьmỳ (genitive singular)
tьmù (dual genitive)
tь̀mъ (genitive plural)
tьmě̀ (dative singular)
tьmàma (dative dual)
tьmàmъ (dative plural)
tьmǫ̀ (accusative singular)
tь̀mě (accusative dual)
tьmỳ (accusative plural)
tьmòjǫ (instrumental singular)
tь̀mǫ (instrumental singular)
tьmàma (dual instrumental)
tьmàmī (instrumental plural)
tьmě̀ (locative singular)
tьmù (dual locative)
tьmàsъ (locative plural)
tьmàxъ (locative plural)
tьmo (singular vocative)
tь̀mě (dual vocative)
tьmỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)

Belarusian: цьма (cʹma)

Russian: тьма (tʹma)

Ukrainian: тьма (tʹma)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тьма (tĭma)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱐⰿⰰ (tĭma)

Bulgarian: тъма (tǎma)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: та́ма

Latin script: táma

Slovene: təmȁ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: tma

Moravian (Mistřice): tma

Kashubian: cma

Polabian: ťåmă

Polish: ćma

Slovak: tma

Slovincian: cma

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ćma

Lower Sorbian: śma

(Schleifer dialect): ćma

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.


tьma

tьma (nominative singular)
tьmě (dual nominative)
tьmy (nominative plural)
tьmy (genitive singular)
tьmu (dual genitive)
tьmъ (genitive plural)
tьmě (dative singular)
tьmama (dative dual)
tьmamъ (dative plural)
tьmǫ (accusative singular)
tьmě (accusative dual)
tьmy (accusative plural)
tьmojǫ (instrumental singular)
tьmǫ (instrumental singular)
tьmama (dual instrumental)
tьmami (instrumental plural)
tьmě (locative singular)
tьmu (dual locative)
tьmasъ (locative plural)
tьmaxъ (locative plural)
tьmo (singular vocative)
tьmě (dual vocative)
tьmy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)

Belarusian: цьма (cʹma)

Ukrainian: тьма (tʹma)

Russian: тьма (tʹma)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: тьма (tĭma); тъма (tŭma) (hapax)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⱐⰿⰰ (tĭma)

Slovene: təmà (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: ćma

Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Turkish tümän, Kyrgyz түмөн (tümön).


solnina

solnina (nominative singular)
solnině (dual nominative)
solniny (nominative plural)
solniny (genitive singular)
solninu (dual genitive)
solninъ (genitive plural)
solnině (dative singular)
solninama (dative dual)
solninamъ (dative plural)
solninǫ (accusative singular)
solnině (accusative dual)
solniny (accusative plural)
solninojǫ (instrumental singular)
solninǫ (instrumental singular)
solninama (dual instrumental)
solninami (instrumental plural)
solnině (locative singular)
solninu (dual locative)
solninasъ (locative plural)
solninaxъ (locative plural)
solnino (singular vocative)
solnině (dual vocative)
solniny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: салані́на (salanína)

Russian: солони́на (solonína)

Ukrainian: солонина (solonyna)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: сланина (slanina)

Macedonian: сланина (slanina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сланина

Latin script: slanina

Slovene: slanína (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: slanina

Polish: słonina

Slovak: slanina

Other:

Hungarian: szalonna

Romanian: slănină


solnъ

sȏlnъ (canonical)
solnъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
solna (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
solno (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
solna (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
solny (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
solna (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
solnu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
solně (dative feminine indefinite singular)
solnu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
solnъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
solnǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
solno (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
solnomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
solnojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
solnomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
solně (indefinite locative masculine singular)
solně (feminine indefinite locative singular)
solně (indefinite locative neuter singular)
solne (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
solno (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
solno (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
solna (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
solně (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
solně (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
solnu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
solnu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
solnu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
solnoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
solnama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
solnoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
solna (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
solně (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
solně (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
solnoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
solnama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
solnoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
solnu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
solnu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
solnu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
solna (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
solně (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
solně (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
solni (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
solny (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
solna (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
solnъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
solnъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
solnъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
solnomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
solnamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
solnomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
solny (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
solny (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
solna (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
solny (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
solnami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
solny (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
solněxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
solnaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
solněxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
solni (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
solny (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
solna (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
solnъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
solnaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
solnoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
solnajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
solnyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
solnajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
solnujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
solněji (dative definite feminine singular)
solnujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
solnъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
solnǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
solnoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
solnyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
solnǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
solnyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
solnějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
solněji (definite feminine locative singular)
solnějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
solnъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
solnaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
solnoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
solnaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
solněji (definite dual feminine nominative)
solněji (definite dual neuter nominative)
solnuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
solnuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
solnuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
solnyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
solnyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
solnyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
solnaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
solněji (accusative definite dual feminine)
solněji (accusative definite dual neuter)
solnyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
solnyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
solnyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
solnuju (definite dual locative masculine)
solnuju (definite dual feminine locative)
solnuju (definite dual locative neuter)
solnaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
solněji (definite dual feminine vocative)
solněji (definite dual neuter vocative)
solniji (definite masculine nominative plural)
solnyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
solnaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
solnъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
solnъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
solnъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
solnyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
solnyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
solnyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
solnyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
solnyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
solnaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
solnyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
solnyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
solnyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
solnyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
solnyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
solnyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
solniji (definite masculine plural vocative)
solnyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
solnaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *solnъ (hard)

Definite declension of *solnъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: солоныи (solonyi)

Russian: со́лоный (sólonyj) (dialectal) (standard: солёный (soljónyj))

Ukrainian: соло́ний (solónyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: сланъ (slanŭ)

Bulgarian: слан (slan) (dialectal) (standard: соле́н (solén))

Macedonian: слан (slan)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сла̑н

Latin script: slȃn

Slovene: slȃn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: slaný

Czech: slaný

Polabian: slånĕ

Polish: słony

Slovak: slaný

Lower Sorbian: solony, słony

Upper Sorbian: sólny


siňь

Indefinite declension of *siňь (soft)

Definite declension of *siňь (soft)

siňь (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
siňa (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
siňe (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
siňa (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
siňę̇ (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
siňa (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
siňu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
siňi (dative feminine indefinite singular)
siňu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
siňь (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
siňǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
siňe (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
siňemь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
siňejǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
siňemь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
siňi (indefinite locative masculine singular)
siňi (feminine indefinite locative singular)
siňi (indefinite locative neuter singular)
siňu (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
siňe (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
siňe (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
siňa (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
siňi (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
siňi (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
siňu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
siňu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
siňu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
siňema (dative dual indefinite masculine)
siňama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
siňema (dative dual indefinite neuter)
siňa (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
siňi (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
siňi (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
siňema (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
siňama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
siňema (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
siňu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
siňu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
siňu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
siňa (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
siňi (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
siňi (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
siňi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
siňę̇ (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
siňa (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
siňь (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
siňь (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
siňь (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
siňemъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
siňamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
siňemъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
siňę̇ (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
siňę̇ (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
siňa (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
siňi (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
siňami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
siňi (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
siňixъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
siňaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
siňixъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
siňi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
siňę̇ (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
siňa (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
siňьjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
siňaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
siňeje (definite neuter nominative singular)
siňajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
siňę̇ję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
siňajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
siňujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
siňiji (dative definite feminine singular)
siňujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
siňьjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
siňǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
siňeje (accusative definite neuter singular)
siňijimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
siňǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
siňijimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
siňijemь (definite locative masculine singular)
siňiji (definite feminine locative singular)
siňijemь (definite locative neuter singular)
siňьjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
siňaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
siňeje (definite neuter singular vocative)
siňaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
siňiji (definite dual feminine nominative)
siňiji (definite dual neuter nominative)
siňuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
siňuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
siňuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
siňijima (dative definite dual masculine)
siňijima (dative definite dual feminine)
siňijima (dative definite dual neuter)
siňaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
siňiji (accusative definite dual feminine)
siňiji (accusative definite dual neuter)
siňijima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
siňijima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
siňijima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
siňuju (definite dual locative masculine)
siňuju (definite dual feminine locative)
siňuju (definite dual locative neuter)
siňaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
siňiji (definite dual feminine vocative)
siňiji (definite dual neuter vocative)
siňiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
siňę̇ję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
siňaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
siňьjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
siňьjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
siňьjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
siňijimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
siňijimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
siňijimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
siňę̇ję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
siňę̇ję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
siňaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
siňijimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
siňijimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
siňijimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
siňijixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
siňijixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
siňijixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
siňiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
siňę̇ję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
siňaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: синии (sinii)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: синїй (sinij)
Belarusian: сі́ні (síni)
Carpathian Rusyn: си́нїй (sýnjij), си́ный (sýnŷj)
Ukrainian: си́ній (sýnij)

Russian: си́ний (sínij)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: син҄ь (sinʹĭ)

Unspecified script:

Bulgarian: син (sin)

Macedonian: син (sin), сињ (sinj)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: си̑њӣ

Latin script: sȋnjī

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: sínji, sȋnji (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: siný

Polish: siny

Slovak: siný

Akin to *sinica (“titmouse”). According to some, the stem *sin- is also found in *prosinьcь (“December”), due to the darkness of December nights.
Further, the stem *sin- has been connected with the verb *sijati (“to shine”) and the adjective *sivъ (“gray”), with *sinъ reflecting Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱHi-nós from *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shimmer”) or *(s)ḱeh₃y- (“to shade”). The yo-stem declension probably has spread from the ancient comparative in Proto-Indo-European *-yós, similar to Proto-Slavic *tęžьkъ (from an earlier *tęgъ(kъ)).


ťuďь

ťȗďь (canonical)
ťuďь (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
ťuďa (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
ťuďe (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
ťuďa (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
ťuďę̇ (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
ťuďa (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
ťuďu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
ťuďi (dative feminine indefinite singular)
ťuďu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
ťuďь (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
ťuďǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
ťuďe (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
ťuďemь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
ťuďejǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
ťuďemь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
ťuďi (indefinite locative masculine singular)
ťuďi (feminine indefinite locative singular)
ťuďi (indefinite locative neuter singular)
ťuďu (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
ťuďe (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
ťuďe (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
ťuďa (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
ťuďi (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
ťuďi (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
ťuďu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
ťuďu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
ťuďu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
ťuďema (dative dual indefinite masculine)
ťuďama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
ťuďema (dative dual indefinite neuter)
ťuďa (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
ťuďi (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
ťuďi (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
ťuďema (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
ťuďama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
ťuďema (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
ťuďu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
ťuďu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
ťuďu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
ťuďa (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
ťuďi (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
ťuďi (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
ťuďi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
ťuďę̇ (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
ťuďa (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
ťuďь (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
ťuďь (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
ťuďь (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
ťuďemъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
ťuďamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
ťuďemъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
ťuďę̇ (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
ťuďę̇ (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
ťuďa (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
ťuďi (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
ťuďami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
ťuďi (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
ťuďixъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
ťuďaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
ťuďixъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
ťuďi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
ťuďę̇ (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
ťuďa (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
ťuďьjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
ťuďaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
ťuďeje (definite neuter nominative singular)
ťuďajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
ťuďę̇ję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
ťuďajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
ťuďujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
ťuďiji (dative definite feminine singular)
ťuďujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
ťuďьjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
ťuďǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
ťuďeje (accusative definite neuter singular)
ťuďijimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
ťuďǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
ťuďijimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
ťuďijemь (definite locative masculine singular)
ťuďiji (definite feminine locative singular)
ťuďijemь (definite locative neuter singular)
ťuďьjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
ťuďaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
ťuďeje (definite neuter singular vocative)
ťuďaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
ťuďiji (definite dual feminine nominative)
ťuďiji (definite dual neuter nominative)
ťuďuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
ťuďuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
ťuďuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
ťuďijima (dative definite dual masculine)
ťuďijima (dative definite dual feminine)
ťuďijima (dative definite dual neuter)
ťuďaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
ťuďiji (accusative definite dual feminine)
ťuďiji (accusative definite dual neuter)
ťuďijima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
ťuďijima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
ťuďijima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
ťuďuju (definite dual locative masculine)
ťuďuju (definite dual feminine locative)
ťuďuju (definite dual locative neuter)
ťuďaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
ťuďiji (definite dual feminine vocative)
ťuďiji (definite dual neuter vocative)
ťuďiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
ťuďę̇ję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
ťuďaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
ťuďьjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
ťuďьjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
ťuďьjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
ťuďijimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
ťuďijimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
ťuďijimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
ťuďę̇ję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
ťuďę̇ję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
ťuďaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
ťuďijimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
ťuďijimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
ťuďijimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
ťuďijixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
ťuďijixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
ťuďijixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
ťuďiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
ťuďę̇ję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
ťuďaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *ťuďь (soft)

Definite declension of *ťuďь (soft)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: чужы́ (čužý)

Russian: чужо́й (čužój)

Carpathian Rusyn: чуджи́й (čudžýj)

Ukrainian: чужи́й (čužýj)

Old Novgorodian: цюже (cjuže)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: щоуждь (štuždĭ), тоуждь (tuždĭ), стоуждь (stuždĭ)

Church Slavonic: чуждь (čuždĭ) (Serbian)

Bulgarian: чужд (čužd), чузд (čuzd)

→ Russian: чу́ждый (čúždyj)

Macedonian: туѓ (tuǵ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ту̏ђ

Latin script: tȕđ

Slovene: túj

West Slavic:

Kashubian: cëzy

Old Czech: cuzí

Czech: cizí

Polabian: ceudzi

Polish: cudzy (“someone else's”)

Slovak: cudzí

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: cuzy

Lower Sorbian: cuzy

From *ťudь (“foreign people”) + *-jь (attested in Old East Slavic чудь (čudĭ, “Chud people”), an exonym for Baltic Finns), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”) via:
* Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda, “people”), from Proto-Germanic *þeudō, or
* Fluctuation/dissimilation of *ťut- (compare Slavic *tvьrdъ : Lithuanian tvìrtas)
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tautà (“people”), Latvian tàuta (“people”), tauto (“people”). Probably also cognate with Hungarian tót (“Slavic person (Slovak, Croat)”).
For the meaning compare *ľudьskъ (“foreign”) (< *ľudъ/*ľudь (“people”)), Polish obcy (“unfamiliar”) (< *obьťь (“common”)) and also Tocharian A lyutan (“loca externa”)