stavati

stati (perfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
stavanьje (noun-from-verb)
stavati (infinitive)
stavatъ (supine)
stavalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
stavanъ (participle passive past)
stavajemъ (participle passive present)
stavavъ (active participle past)
stavaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
stavaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
stava (aorist second-person singular)
stava (aorist singular third-person)
stavajǫ (first-person present singular)
stavaješi (present second-person singular)
stavajetь (present singular third-person)
stavaxově (aorist dual first-person)
stavasta (aorist dual second-person)
stavaste (aorist dual third-person)
stavajevě (dual first-person present)
stavajeta (dual present second-person)
stavajete (dual present third-person)
stavaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stavaste (aorist plural second-person)
stavašę (aorist plural third-person)
stavajemъ (first-person plural present)
stavajete (plural present second-person)
stavajǫtь (plural present third-person)
stavaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stavaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stavaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
stavaji (imperative second-person singular)
stavaji (imperative singular third-person)
stavaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stavaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stavaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
stavajivě (dual first-person imperative)
stavajita (dual imperative second-person)
stavaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stavaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stavaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
stavajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
stavajite (imperative plural second-person)

A byform of *stati + *-vati, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian stovė́ti (“to stand”), Latvian stāvēt (“to stand”), Proto-Germanic *stōwōną (“to stow”).

Old Polish: stawaćPolish: stawaćSilesian: stŏwać


bujiti

buniti (perfective)
bujenьje (noun-from-verb)
bujiti (infinitive)
bujitъ (supine)
bujilъ (l-participle)
bujenъ (participle passive past)
bujimъ (participle passive present)
bujь (active participle past)
buję (active participle present)
bujixъ (aorist first-person singular)
buji (aorist second-person singular)
buji (aorist singular third-person)
bujǫ (first-person present singular)
bujiši (present second-person singular)
bujitь (present singular third-person)
bujixově (aorist dual first-person)
bujista (aorist dual second-person)
bujiste (aorist dual third-person)
bujivě (dual first-person present)
bujita (dual present second-person)
bujite (dual present third-person)
bujixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bujiste (aorist plural second-person)
bujišę (aorist plural third-person)
bujimъ (first-person plural present)
bujite (plural present second-person)
bujętь (plural present third-person)
bujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
buji (imperative second-person singular)
buji (imperative singular third-person)
bujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bujivě (dual first-person imperative)
bujita (dual imperative second-person)
bujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bujite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: обꙋити (obuiti)

Bulgarian: бу́я (búja), dial. бу́им (búim)

Macedonian: буи (bui)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу́јити

Latin script: bújiti

West Slavic:

Czech: bujit (dialectal)

Formed as *bujь (“vivid, outraged”) + *-iti, reflecting Proto-Indo-European *bʰowH-éye-ti ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to inflate, to grow”). May have been influenced by the onomatopoeric Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, to storm”) (compare Proto-Slavic *buřa (“storm”), Proto-Slavic *buševati (“to bluster, to storm”)).

cog

(intransitive) to grow, to spread rapidly


žigъ

žigъ (nominative singular)
žiga (dual nominative)
židzi (nominative plural)
žiga (genitive singular)
žigu (dual genitive)
žigъ (genitive plural)
žigu (dative singular)
žigoma (dative dual)
žigomъ (dative plural)
žigъ (accusative singular)
žiga (accusative dual)
žigy (accusative plural)
žigъmь (instrumental singular)
žigomь (instrumental singular)
žigoma (dual instrumental)
žigy (instrumental plural)
židzě (locative singular)
žigu (dual locative)
židzěxъ (locative plural)
žiže (singular vocative)
žiga (dual vocative)
židzi (plural vocative)
žigъ (nominative singular)
žigy (dual nominative)
žigove (nominative plural)
žigu (genitive singular)
žigovu (dual genitive)
žigovъ (genitive plural)
žigovi (dative singular)
žigъma (dative dual)
žigъmъ (dative plural)
žigъ (accusative singular)
žigy (accusative dual)
žigy (accusative plural)
žigъmь (instrumental singular)
žigъma (dual instrumental)
žigъmi (instrumental plural)
žigu (locative singular)
žigovu (dual locative)
žigъxъ (locative plural)
žigu (singular vocative)
žigy (dual vocative)
žigove (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Russian: вы́жиг (výžig)

⇒ Russian: вы́жига (výžiga, “wastrel”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жи́г (žíg)

Macedonian: жиг (žig)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жи̑г

Latin script: žȋg

Slovene: žȋg

Non-Slavic:

Romanian: jeg

Albanian: zhig

Action/result noun from Proto-Slavic *žьgati (“to burn, to brand”) via enlongation of the root vowel, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”). Akin to Proto-Celtic *degʷis (“flame, blaze”), Lithuanian dė̃gis (“burn scar”).


dǫbrava

c (accent-paradigm)
dǫbravà (nominative singular)
dǫ̑bravě (dual nominative)
dǫ̑bravy (nominative plural)
dǫbravý (genitive singular)
dǫbravù (dual genitive)
dǫbrãvъ (genitive plural)
dǫbravě̀ (dative singular)
dǫbravàma (dative dual)
dǫbravàmъ (dative plural)
dǫ̑bravǫ (accusative singular)
dǫ̑bravě (accusative dual)
dǫ̑bravy (accusative plural)
dǫbravojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
dǫbravàma (dual instrumental)
dǫbravàmi (instrumental plural)
dǫ̑bravě (locative singular)
dǫbravù (dual locative)
dǫbravàsъ (locative plural)
dǫbravàxъ (locative plural)
dǫbravo (singular vocative)
dǫ̑bravě (dual vocative)
dǫ̑bravy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: дꙋброва (dubrova), дꙋбрава (dubrava)

Belarusian: дубро́ва (dubróva)

Russian: дубро́ва (dubróva)

Ukrainian: дібро́ва (dibróva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дѫбрава (dǫbrava)

Russian Church Slavonic: дꙋбрава (dubrava), дꙋброва (dubrova)

Bulgarian: дъбра́ва (dǎbráva)

Macedonian: дабрава (dabrava)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ду̀брава

Latin script: dùbrava

Slovene: dobrȃva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dúbrava

Czech: doubrava

Polish: dąbrowa

Slovak: dúbrava

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: dubrawa

Upper Sorbian: dubrawa

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: dumbravă

Most likely containing *dǫ̑bъ (“oak”) via a *-rъ adjective *dǫbrъ. For the semantic development from “oak” to “forest”, compare Ottoman Turkish میشه (meşe) which developed just in the reverse direction from “forest” to “oak” in about half a millennium, however the suffix is uncertain and the derivation of the word for the oak too.


brěskъ

brěskъ (nominative singular)
brěska (dual nominative)
brěsci (nominative plural)
brěska (genitive singular)
brěsku (dual genitive)
brěskъ (genitive plural)
brěsku (dative singular)
brěskoma (dative dual)
brěskomъ (dative plural)
brěskъ (accusative singular)
brěska (accusative dual)
brěsky (accusative plural)
brěskъmь (instrumental singular)
brěskomь (instrumental singular)
brěskoma (dual instrumental)
brěsky (instrumental plural)
brěscě (locative singular)
brěsku (dual locative)
brěscěxъ (locative plural)
brěšče (singular vocative)
brěska (dual vocative)
brěsci (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Slovene: brẹ̑sk

West Slavic:

Czech: břesk

Polish: brzask

Slovak: bresk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁ḱ- (“to brighten”) + *-skъ. Cognate with Lithuanian brė́kšta (“dawn”).
Parallel to Proto-Slavic *brězgъ (“dawn, daybreak”). Compare also Proto-Slavic *blěskъ (“shining, glimmer”)


běkati

běknǫti (perfective)
běkatьje (noun-from-verb)
běkati (infinitive)
běkatъ (supine)
běkalъ (l-participle)
běkatъ (participle passive past)
běčomъ (participle passive present)
běkavъ (active participle past)
běčy (active participle present)
běkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běka (aorist second-person singular)
běka (aorist singular third-person)
běčǫ (first-person present singular)
běčeši (present second-person singular)
běčetь (present singular third-person)
běkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běkasta (aorist dual second-person)
běkaste (aorist dual third-person)
běčevě (dual first-person present)
běčeta (dual present second-person)
běčete (dual present third-person)
běkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běkaste (aorist plural second-person)
běkašę (aorist plural third-person)
běčemъ (first-person plural present)
běčete (plural present second-person)
běčǫtь (plural present third-person)
běčěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běčěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běčěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běči (imperative second-person singular)
běči (imperative singular third-person)
běčěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běčěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běčěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běčěvě (dual first-person imperative)
běčěta (dual imperative second-person)
běčěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běčěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běčěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běčěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
běčěte (imperative plural second-person)
běkanьje (noun-from-verb)
běkati (infinitive)
běkatъ (supine)
běkalъ (l-participle)
běkanъ (participle passive past)
běkajemъ (participle passive present)
běkavъ (active participle past)
běkaję (active participle present)
běkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běka (aorist second-person singular)
běka (aorist singular third-person)
běkajǫ (first-person present singular)
běkaješi (present second-person singular)
běkajetь (present singular third-person)
běkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běkasta (aorist dual second-person)
běkaste (aorist dual third-person)
běkajevě (dual first-person present)
běkajeta (dual present second-person)
běkajete (dual present third-person)
běkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běkaste (aorist plural second-person)
běkašę (aorist plural third-person)
běkajemъ (first-person plural present)
běkajete (plural present second-person)
běkajǫtь (plural present third-person)
běkaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běkaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běkaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běkaji (imperative second-person singular)
běkaji (imperative singular third-person)
běkaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běkaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běkaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běkajivě (dual first-person imperative)
běkajita (dual imperative second-person)
běkaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běkaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běkaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běkajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
běkajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бе́кать (békatʹ), dial. бекета́ть (beketátʹ)

Ukrainian: бегетати (behetaty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бе́ча (béča) (baby-word)

Macedonian: бека (beka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе́кати

Latin script: békati

Slovene: bekáti, begetáti

West Slavic:

Czech: bekati

Polish: bekać (“to burp”)

Of onomatopoeic origin, from the interjection *be-e-e (“baa”) + *-kati. Technically reflecting Proto-Indo-European *beh₁- (“to bleat”).


byvati

byvàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
byvanьje (noun-from-verb)
byvati (infinitive)
byvatъ (supine)
byvalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
byvanъ (participle passive past)
byvajemъ (participle passive present)
byvavъ (active participle past)
byvaję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
byvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byva (aorist second-person singular)
byva (aorist singular third-person)
byvajǫ (first-person present singular)
byvaješi (present second-person singular)
byvajetь (present singular third-person)
byvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byvasta (aorist dual second-person)
byvaste (aorist dual third-person)
byvajevě (dual first-person present)
byvajeta (dual present second-person)
byvajete (dual present third-person)
byvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byvaste (aorist plural second-person)
byvašę (aorist plural third-person)
byvajemъ (first-person plural present)
byvajete (plural present second-person)
byvajǫtь (plural present third-person)
byvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byvaji (imperative second-person singular)
byvaji (imperative singular third-person)
byvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byvajivě (dual first-person imperative)
byvajita (dual imperative second-person)
byvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byvajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byvajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: быва́ць (byvácʹ)

Russian: быва́ть (byvátʹ)

Ukrainian: бува́ти (buváty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бꙑвати (byvati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: би́вати

Latin script: bívati

Slovene: bívati

West Slavic:

Czech: bývat

desctree

Old Polish: bywać
Polish: bywać
Silesian: bywać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bëwac

Slovincian: bëwac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bywać

Lower Sorbian: bywaś

A byform of *byti + *-vati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, to become”). Cognate with dial. Lithuanian buvóti (“to be”).

der

to be (in iterative or habitual sense), to occur


běka

běka (nominative singular)
běcě (dual nominative)
běky (nominative plural)
běky (genitive singular)
běku (dual genitive)
běkъ (genitive plural)
běcě (dative singular)
běkama (dative dual)
běkamъ (dative plural)
běkǫ (accusative singular)
běcě (accusative dual)
běky (accusative plural)
běkojǫ (instrumental singular)
běkǫ (instrumental singular)
běkama (dual instrumental)
běkami (instrumental plural)
běcě (locative singular)
běku (dual locative)
běkasъ (locative plural)
běkaxъ (locative plural)
běko (singular vocative)
běcě (dual vocative)
běky (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бе́ка (béka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе́ка

Latin script: béka

desc

Slovene: béka (“plant/tree with long branches”)

Agent noun of the onomatopoeic Proto-Slavic *běkati (“to bleat”).

→ sedge (Carex)

→ hedgenettle (Stachys)


bukъvica

bukъvica (nominative singular)
bukъvici (dual nominative)
bukъvicę̇ (nominative plural)
bukъvicę̇ (genitive singular)
bukъvicu (dual genitive)
bukъvicь (genitive plural)
bukъvici (dative singular)
bukъvicama (dative dual)
bukъvicamъ (dative plural)
bukъvicǫ (accusative singular)
bukъvici (accusative dual)
bukъvicę̇ (accusative plural)
bukъvicejǫ (instrumental singular)
bukъvicǫ (instrumental singular)
bukъvicama (dual instrumental)
bukъvicami (instrumental plural)
bukъvici (locative singular)
bukъvicu (dual locative)
bukъvicasъ (locative plural)
bukъvicaxъ (locative plural)
bukъvice (singular vocative)
bukъvici (dual vocative)
bukъvicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: бу́квіца (búkvica)

Russian: бу́квица (búkvica)

Ukrainian: бу́квиця (búkvycja)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бу́квица (búkvica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̏квица

Latin script: bȕkvica

Slovene: bȗkvica

West Slavic:

Czech: bukvice

Old Polish: bukwica

Polish: bukwica

Slovak: bukvica

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bukwica

Upper Sorbian: bukwica

small letter, tiny representation of a sign in writing


bičati

bičanьje (noun-from-verb)
bičati (infinitive)
bičatъ (supine)
bičalъ (l-participle)
bičanъ (participle passive past)
bičimъ (participle passive present)
bičavъ (active participle past)
bičę (active participle present)
bičaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
biča (aorist second-person singular)
biča (aorist singular third-person)
bičǫ (first-person present singular)
bičiši (present second-person singular)
bičitь (present singular third-person)
bičaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bičasta (aorist dual second-person)
bičaste (aorist dual third-person)
bičivě (dual first-person present)
bičita (dual present second-person)
bičite (dual present third-person)
bičaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bičaste (aorist plural second-person)
bičašę (aorist plural third-person)
bičimъ (first-person plural present)
bičite (plural present second-person)
bičętь (plural present third-person)
bičaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bičaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bičaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
biči (imperative second-person singular)
biči (imperative singular third-person)
bičaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bičaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bičaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bičivě (dual first-person imperative)
bičita (dual imperative second-person)
bičaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bičaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bičaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bičimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bičite (imperative plural second-person)
bičanьje (noun-from-verb)
bičati (infinitive)
bičatъ (supine)
bičalъ (l-participle)
bičanъ (participle passive past)
bičajemъ (participle passive present)
bičavъ (active participle past)
bičaję (active participle present)
bičaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
biča (aorist second-person singular)
biča (aorist singular third-person)
bičajǫ (first-person present singular)
bičaješi (present second-person singular)
bičajetь (present singular third-person)
bičaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bičasta (aorist dual second-person)
bičaste (aorist dual third-person)
bičajevě (dual first-person present)
bičajeta (dual present second-person)
bičajete (dual present third-person)
bičaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bičaste (aorist plural second-person)
bičašę (aorist plural third-person)
bičajemъ (first-person plural present)
bičajete (plural present second-person)
bičajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bičaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bičaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bičaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bičaji (imperative second-person singular)
bičaji (imperative singular third-person)
bičaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bičaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bičaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bičajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bičajita (dual imperative second-person)
bičaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bičaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bičaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bičajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bičajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: би́ча (bíča, “to jab”) (dialectal, possibly)

q

Serbo-Croatian: (obsolete, superceded by бичевати, bičevati)

Cyrillic script: би̏чати

Latin script: bȉčati

Slovene: bīčati (“to scourge”)

Denominal from *bičь (“lash”) + *-ěti. In modern descendants, inchoative variant in *-ovati is more widely attested.
Onomatopoeic semantics is attested as secondary meaning of Slovene bīčati (“to squeak, to tweet”), Bulgarian би́цам (bícam, “to make noise with one's cheeks”).


byčati

byčanьje (noun-from-verb)
byčati (infinitive)
byčatъ (supine)
byčalъ (l-participle)
byčanъ (participle passive past)
byčimъ (participle passive present)
byčavъ (active participle past)
byčę (active participle present)
byčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byča (aorist second-person singular)
byča (aorist singular third-person)
byčǫ (first-person present singular)
byčiši (present second-person singular)
byčitь (present singular third-person)
byčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byčasta (aorist dual second-person)
byčaste (aorist dual third-person)
byčivě (dual first-person present)
byčita (dual present second-person)
byčite (dual present third-person)
byčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byčaste (aorist plural second-person)
byčašę (aorist plural third-person)
byčimъ (first-person plural present)
byčite (plural present second-person)
byčętь (plural present third-person)
byčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byči (imperative second-person singular)
byči (imperative singular third-person)
byčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byčivě (dual first-person imperative)
byčita (dual imperative second-person)
byčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byčite (imperative plural second-person)
byčanьje (noun-from-verb)
byčati (infinitive)
byčatъ (supine)
byčalъ (l-participle)
byčanъ (participle passive past)
byčajemъ (participle passive present)
byčavъ (active participle past)
byčaję (active participle present)
byčaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
byča (aorist second-person singular)
byča (aorist singular third-person)
byčajǫ (first-person present singular)
byčaješi (present second-person singular)
byčajetь (present singular third-person)
byčaxově (aorist dual first-person)
byčasta (aorist dual second-person)
byčaste (aorist dual third-person)
byčajevě (dual first-person present)
byčajeta (dual present second-person)
byčajete (dual present third-person)
byčaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
byčaste (aorist plural second-person)
byčašę (aorist plural third-person)
byčajemъ (first-person plural present)
byčajete (plural present second-person)
byčajǫtь (plural present third-person)
byčaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
byčaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
byčaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
byčaji (imperative second-person singular)
byčaji (imperative singular third-person)
byčaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
byčaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
byčaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
byčajivě (dual first-person imperative)
byčajita (dual imperative second-person)
byčaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
byčaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
byčaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
byčajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
byčajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Ukrainian: биць-биць (bycʹ-bycʹ), бинь-бинь (bynʹ-bynʹ, “cattle's call”)

⇒ Ukrainian: бинча́ти (bynčáty), би́нькати (býnʹkaty, “to neigh, moan”) (of animal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: би́ча (bíča), би́чкам (bíčkam, “to knock over, to trip”) (partially)

West Slavic:

Czech: byčet

Polish: byczeć (dialectal)

Onomatopoeic, parallel to *buka (“bang”), *bučati (“to roar”) with -u- vocalism and *bykati (Czech býkat, Bulgarian би́кам (bíkam)), *bykovati (Russian быкова́ть (bykovátʹ), Polish bykować) with -y- vocalism. Further akin to Lithuanian bucêt (“to sound, to buzz”), Latvian bùkti (“to neigh”).
Some of the meanings reflect denominative *bykъ (“bull”) + *-ěti = “to act as a bull” > “to ram, to jostle”.


bavьnъ

bàvьnъ (canonical)
bavьnъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
bavьna (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
bavьno (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
bavьna (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
bavьny (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
bavьna (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
bavьnu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
bavьně (dative feminine indefinite singular)
bavьnu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
bavьnъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
bavьnǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
bavьno (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
bavьnomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
bavьnojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
bavьnomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
bavьně (indefinite locative masculine singular)
bavьně (feminine indefinite locative singular)
bavьně (indefinite locative neuter singular)
bavьne (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
bavьno (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
bavьno (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
bavьna (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
bavьně (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
bavьně (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
bavьnu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
bavьnu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
bavьnu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
bavьnoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
bavьnama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
bavьnoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
bavьna (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
bavьně (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
bavьně (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
bavьnoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
bavьnama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
bavьnoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
bavьnu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
bavьnu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
bavьnu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
bavьna (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
bavьně (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
bavьně (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
bavьni (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
bavьny (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
bavьna (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
bavьnъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
bavьnъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
bavьnъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
bavьnomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
bavьnamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
bavьnomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
bavьny (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
bavьny (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
bavьna (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
bavьny (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
bavьnami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
bavьny (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
bavьněxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
bavьnaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
bavьněxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
bavьni (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
bavьny (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
bavьna (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
bavьnъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
bavьnaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
bavьnoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
bavьnajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
bavьnyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
bavьnajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
bavьnujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
bavьněji (dative definite feminine singular)
bavьnujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
bavьnъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
bavьnǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
bavьnoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
bavьnyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
bavьnǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
bavьnyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
bavьnějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
bavьněji (definite feminine locative singular)
bavьnějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
bavьnъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
bavьnaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
bavьnoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
bavьnaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
bavьněji (definite dual feminine nominative)
bavьněji (definite dual neuter nominative)
bavьnuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
bavьnuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
bavьnuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
bavьnyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
bavьnyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
bavьnyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
bavьnaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
bavьněji (accusative definite dual feminine)
bavьněji (accusative definite dual neuter)
bavьnyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
bavьnyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
bavьnyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
bavьnuju (definite dual locative masculine)
bavьnuju (definite dual feminine locative)
bavьnuju (definite dual locative neuter)
bavьnaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
bavьněji (definite dual feminine vocative)
bavьněji (definite dual neuter vocative)
bavьniji (definite masculine nominative plural)
bavьnyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
bavьnaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
bavьnъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
bavьnъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
bavьnъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
bavьnyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
bavьnyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
bavьnyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
bavьnyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
bavьnyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
bavьnaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
bavьnyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
bavьnyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
bavьnyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
bavьnyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
bavьnyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
bavьnyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
bavьniji (definite masculine plural vocative)
bavьnyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
bavьnaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *bavьnъ (hard)

Definite declension of *bavьnъ (hard)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́вен (báven)

Macedonian: бавен (baven)

West Slavic:

Czech: bavný

From *baviti (“to linger, to engage in”) + *-ьnъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, to appear”).


odьlgъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *odьlgъ (hard)

Definite declension of *odьlgъ (hard)

odьlgъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
odьlga (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
odьlgo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
odьlga (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
odьlgy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
odьlga (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
odьlgu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
odьldzě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
odьlgu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
odьlgъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
odьlgǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
odьlgo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
odьlgomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
odьlgojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
odьlgomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
odьldzě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
odьldzě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
odьldzě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
odьlže (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
odьlgo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
odьlgo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
odьlga (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
odьldzě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
odьldzě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
odьlgu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
odьlgu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
odьlgu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
odьlgoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
odьlgama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
odьlgoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
odьlga (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
odьldzě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
odьldzě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
odьlgoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
odьlgama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
odьlgoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
odьlgu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
odьlgu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
odьlgu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
odьlga (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
odьldzě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
odьldzě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
odьldzi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
odьlgy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
odьlga (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
odьlgъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
odьlgъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
odьlgъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
odьlgomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
odьlgamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
odьlgomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
odьlgy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
odьlgy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
odьlga (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
odьlgy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
odьlgami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
odьlgy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
odьldzěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
odьlgaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
odьldzěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
odьldzi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
odьlgy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
odьlga (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
odьlgъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
odьlgaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
odьlgoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
odьlgajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
odьlgyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
odьlgajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
odьlgujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
odьldzěji (dative definite feminine singular)
odьlgujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
odьlgъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
odьlgǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
odьlgoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
odьlgyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
odьlgǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
odьlgyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
odьldzějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
odьldzěji (definite feminine locative singular)
odьldzějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
odьlgъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
odьlgaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
odьlgoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
odьlgaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
odьldzěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
odьldzěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
odьlguju (definite dual genitive masculine)
odьlguju (definite dual feminine genitive)
odьlguju (definite dual genitive neuter)
odьlgyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
odьlgyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
odьlgyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
odьlgaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
odьldzěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
odьldzěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
odьlgyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
odьlgyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
odьlgyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
odьlguju (definite dual locative masculine)
odьlguju (definite dual feminine locative)
odьlguju (definite dual locative neuter)
odьlgaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
odьldzěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
odьldzěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
odьldziji (definite masculine nominative plural)
odьlgyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
odьlgaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
odьlgъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
odьlgъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
odьlgъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
odьlgyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
odьlgyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
odьlgyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
odьlgyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
odьlgyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
odьlgaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
odьlgyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
odьlgyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
odьlgyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
odьlgyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
odьlgyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
odьlgyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
odьldziji (definite masculine plural vocative)
odьlgyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
odьlgaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic: —

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: ȍdug

West Slavic:

Czech: obdlouhý

Lower Sorbian: hobdłujki

From *ob- (“somewhat”) + *dьlgъ (“long”).
Compare Lithuanian apýilgis (< apy- + ilgas), Latin oblongus (< ob- + longus).


rǫbežь

rǫbežь (nominative singular)
rǫbeža (dual nominative)
rǫbeži (nominative plural)
rǫbeža (genitive singular)
rǫbežu (dual genitive)
rǫbežь (genitive plural)
rǫbežu (dative singular)
rǫbežema (dative dual)
rǫbežemъ (dative plural)
rǫbežь (accusative singular)
rǫbeža (accusative dual)
rǫbežę̇ (accusative plural)
rǫbežьmь (instrumental singular)
rǫbežemь (instrumental singular)
rǫbežema (dual instrumental)
rǫbeži (instrumental plural)
rǫbeži (locative singular)
rǫbežu (dual locative)
rǫbežixъ (locative plural)
rǫbežu (singular vocative)
rǫbeža (dual vocative)
rǫbeži (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: рубежь (rubežĭ)

→ Russian: рубе́ж (rubéž)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рѫбежь (rǫbežĭ)

Belarusian: рубе́ж (rubjéž)

→ Polish: rubież

Russian: рубёж (rubjóž)

→ Bulgarian: рубеж (rubež)

Ukrainian: рубі́ж (rubíž)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ръбе́ж (rǎbéž, “edge”)

Macedonian: рабуш (rabuš)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: [Term?]

Latin: [Term?]

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Czech:

Polish: rąbież

Slovak:

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian:


nъ

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: нъ (nŭ), но (no)
Old Ruthenian: но (no)
Carpathian Rusyn: но (no)
Ukrainian: но (no)
Russian: но (no) (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: нъ (nŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱀⱏ (nŭ)

Bulgarian: нъ (nǎ) (archaic), но (no)

Macedonian: но (no)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: но

Latin script: no

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *nu, from Proto-Indo-European *nu; akin to Proto-Slavic *nyně (“now”). Parallel to Proto-Slavic *nu (“well, fine then”).
Probably originally an adverb, reformed into a conjunction similarly to Sanskrit नु (nu, “now then”) (typically meaning now, at once).

(West Slavic, Western South Slavic)


ně-

East Slavic:

Belarusian: не- (nje-)

Russian: не́- (né-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: нѣ- (ně-)

Bulgarian: ня- (nja-)

Macedonian: не- (ne-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̏-

Latin script: nȅ-, njȅ- (dialectal)

Slovene: ne-

West Slavic:

Czech: ně-

Slovak: nie-

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ně-

Lower Sorbian: ně-

Pronoun prefix with indefinite function. Apparently related to forms of Proto-Indo-European *ne, however, uncertainly how:
* One possibility is a direct descent from Proto-Indo-European *néh₁, cognate with Latin nē (“not”), Sanskrit ना (nā, “not”). The logic of this derivation is that *ně- originally reflected the meaning none particularly. In support of this hypothesis serves the rare autonomous form Proto-Slavic *ně (“none”) and analogous formations in Baltic: Lithuanian nėkas (“nobody particularly”), Lithuanian nekur̃s (“nowhere particularly”).
* Alternatively, according to F. Mikloshich, from the conflation of *ne (“not”) + *vě (“to know”). Effectively, then *ně- would stand for unknowing who/what/where/how/etc. Vasmer considers this derivation phonetically unsound.
* According to Trubachev, possibly from the conflation of *ne (“not”) + *je (“to be”). Similar to the dialectal *něměti (“not to have”) from Proto-Slavic *ne + *jьměti (“to have”).
Almost not used in Modern Polish. Old Polish did preserve niekako (“somehow”), etc. – in Modern Polish rarely used niejako, niejaki, etc.
Not used in Ukrainian.


bodъľь

bodъľь (nominative singular)
bodъľa (dual nominative)
bodъľi (nominative plural)
bodъľa (genitive singular)
bodъľu (dual genitive)
bodъľь (genitive plural)
bodъľu (dative singular)
bodъľema (dative dual)
bodъľemъ (dative plural)
bodъľь (accusative singular)
bodъľa (accusative dual)
bodъľę̇ (accusative plural)
bodъľьmь (instrumental singular)
bodъľemь (instrumental singular)
bodъľema (dual instrumental)
bodъľi (instrumental plural)
bodъľi (locative singular)
bodъľu (dual locative)
bodъľixъ (locative plural)
bodъľu (singular vocative)
bodъľa (dual vocative)
bodъľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бодль (bodlĭ)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: боде́л (bodél), бо́дъл (bódǎl), бàдлье n (bàdlje) (dialectal, obsolete)

⇒ Bulgarian: бодил (bodil) (from *bodylъ), pl. бодли (bodli) (standard)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̑даљ (“type of thorny grass”)

Latin script: bȏdalj (“type of thorny grass”)

Slovene: bȏdəlj (tonal orthography) (dialectal)

Of the same origin as *bosti (“to pierce, to stab”) + *-ъlъ + *-jь.


čermъša

čermъša (nominative singular)
čermъši (dual nominative)
čermъšę̇ (nominative plural)
čermъšę̇ (genitive singular)
čermъšu (dual genitive)
čermъšь (genitive plural)
čermъši (dative singular)
čermъšama (dative dual)
čermъšamъ (dative plural)
čermъšǫ (accusative singular)
čermъši (accusative dual)
čermъšę̇ (accusative plural)
čermъšejǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъšǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъšama (dual instrumental)
čermъšami (instrumental plural)
čermъši (locative singular)
čermъšu (dual locative)
čermъšasъ (locative plural)
čermъšaxъ (locative plural)
čermъše (singular vocative)
čermъši (dual vocative)
čermъšę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: чарамша́ (čaramšá)

Russian: черемша́ (čeremšá)

Ukrainian: черемша́ (čeremšá)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: чремош (čremoš) (obsolete) – pre-1945 чрѣмошъ (črěmoš)

Macedonian: сремуш (sremuš)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сре̑муш

Latin script: srȇmuš

Slovene: čẹ́maž

West Slavic:

Polish: trzemucha (archaic) – the form is *čermuxa but the meaning *čermъša

From *čermъxa (“hagberry”) because of the strong aroma. Also found in dialectal Lithuanian kermùšė (“ramson”), Proto-West Germanic *hramusō (“ramson”), Old Irish crem (“ramson”), Ancient Greek κρόμμῠον (krómmuon), κρόμυον (krómuon, “onion”), and borrowed from Iranian into Proto-Turkic *sarmïsak (“garlic”)..


čermъxa

čermъxa (nominative singular)
čermъśě (dual nominative)
čermъxy (nominative plural)
čermъxy (genitive singular)
čermъxu (dual genitive)
čermъxъ (genitive plural)
čermъśě (dative singular)
čermъxama (dative dual)
čermъxamъ (dative plural)
čermъxǫ (accusative singular)
čermъśě (accusative dual)
čermъxy (accusative plural)
čermъxojǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъxǫ (instrumental singular)
čermъxama (dual instrumental)
čermъxami (instrumental plural)
čermъśě (locative singular)
čermъxu (dual locative)
čermъxasъ (locative plural)
čermъxaxъ (locative plural)
čermъxo (singular vocative)
čermъśě (dual vocative)
čermъxy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: черемъха (čeremŭxa)

Belarusian: чаро́мха (čarómxa), dialectally чаро́муха (čarómuxa)

Russian: черёмха (čerjómxa) now displaced by черёмуха (čerjómuxa)

Ukrainian: чере́мха (čerémxa), dialectally чере́муха (čerémuxa)

→ Polish: czeremcha (from 17ᵗʰ century)

South Slavic:

desc

Macedonian: цремша (cremša), черемуша (čeremuša, “Prunus mahaleb”) (regional)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сре̏мза, dialectally цре̏мза, цре̏мжа, цре̏мша, сре̏мжа, сре̏мса, сре̏мша and also meaning Prunus mahaleb

Latin script: srȅmza, dialectally crȅmza, crȅmža, crȅmša, srȅmža, srȅmsa, srȅmša and also meaning Prunus mahaleb

Slovene: črȇmsa, obsoletely dialectally also črȇmha, crẹ̑nsa

West Slavic:

Old Czech: třěmcha

Czech: střemcha, dialectally also třemcha, čermucha, černucha

Polish: trzemcha (“hagberry”), trzemucha (“ramson”) (both displaced)

Slovak: čremcha

Cognate with Lithuanian šermukšnis (“rowan, mountain ash”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kermušā, *śermušā. From Proto-Indo-European *ḱremuseh₂; compare Proto-West Germanic *hramusō (“ramson”), Old Irish crem (“dog's leek, buckrams”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon, “onion”).
The reason for limited attestation in Macedonia and Bulgaria, or with the meaning Prunus mahaleb in Serbia and Macedonia, is the range of the plant ending there.

cog

hagberry (fruit, tree, or wood) (Prunus padus)


vějь

vějь (nominative singular)
věja (dual nominative)
věji (nominative plural)
věja (genitive singular)
věju (dual genitive)
vějь (genitive plural)
věju (dative singular)
vějema (dative dual)
vějemъ (dative plural)
vějь (accusative singular)
věja (accusative dual)
věję̇ (accusative plural)
vějьmь (instrumental singular)
vějemь (instrumental singular)
vějema (dual instrumental)
věji (instrumental plural)
věji (locative singular)
věju (dual locative)
vějixъ (locative plural)
věju (singular vocative)
věja (dual vocative)
věji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Russian: сухове́й (suxovéj, “dry, hot wind”)

→ Serbo-Croatian: sȕhovej

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -вей (-vej)

⇒ Bulgarian: по́вей (póvej)

⇒ Bulgarian: на́вей (návej)

⇒ Bulgarian: при́вей (prívej)

⇒ Macedonian: повеј (povej)

West Slavic:

⇒ Czech: navěj

⇒ Slovak: navej

Action noun, from *vějati + *-ъ or from *věti (“to wind, to blow wind”) + *-jь, attested indirectly in derivatives. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Technically reflects Proto-Balto-Slavic *wḗˀjas (“wind”) with cognates Lithuanian vė́jas, Latvian vẽjš, however, it is hard to tell if the Slavic descendants directly continue the Balto-Slavic lemma or were formed afterwards. Further akin to Sanskrit वायु (vāyu, “wind, air”).

der

Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House


bъgati

bъganьje (noun-from-verb)
bъgati (infinitive)
bъgatъ (supine)
bъgalъ (l-participle)
bъganъ (participle passive past)
bъgajemъ (participle passive present)
bъgavъ (active participle past)
bъgaję (active participle present)
bъgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bъga (aorist second-person singular)
bъga (aorist singular third-person)
bъgajǫ (first-person present singular)
bъgaješi (present second-person singular)
bъgajetь (present singular third-person)
bъgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bъgasta (aorist dual second-person)
bъgaste (aorist dual third-person)
bъgajevě (dual first-person present)
bъgajeta (dual present second-person)
bъgajete (dual present third-person)
bъgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bъgaste (aorist plural second-person)
bъgašę (aorist plural third-person)
bъgajemъ (first-person plural present)
bъgajete (plural present second-person)
bъgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bъgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bъgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bъgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bъgaji (imperative second-person singular)
bъgaji (imperative singular third-person)
bъgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bъgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bъgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bъgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bъgajita (dual imperative second-person)
bъgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bъgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bъgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bъgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bъgajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: бгаць (bhacʹ, “to poke”)

Russian: бгать (bgatʹ) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: бга́ти (bháty)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend, to bow”), related to Proto-Germanic *beuganą (“to bow”). Likely akin to Proto-Slavic *gubiti (“to destroy, to wreck”), Proto-Slavic *gъbnǫ̀ti (“to bend”) via metathesis. Further related to Lithuanian baũgurs (“highland”).
Formally resembling Lithuanian baugùs (“fearful”).


stojiti

stojati (imperfective)
stojenьje (noun-from-verb)
stojiti (infinitive)
stojitъ (supine)
stojilъ (l-participle)
stojenъ (participle passive past)
stojь (active participle past)
stojixъ (aorist first-person singular)
stoji (aorist second-person singular)
stoji (aorist singular third-person)
stojǫ (first-person present singular)
stojiši (present second-person singular)
stojitь (present singular third-person)
stojixově (aorist dual first-person)
stojista (aorist dual second-person)
stojiste (aorist dual third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person present)
stojita (dual present second-person)
stojite (dual present third-person)
stojixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stojiste (aorist plural second-person)
stojišę (aorist plural third-person)
stojimъ (first-person plural present)
stojite (plural present second-person)
stojętь (plural present third-person)
stoji (imperative second-person singular)
stoji (imperative singular third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person imperative)
stojita (dual imperative second-person)
stojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
stojite (imperative plural second-person)
stojenьje (noun-from-verb)
stojiti (infinitive)
stojitъ (supine)
stojilъ (l-participle)
stojenъ (participle passive past)
stojimъ (participle passive present)
stojь (active participle past)
stoję (active participle present)
stojixъ (aorist first-person singular)
stoji (aorist second-person singular)
stoji (aorist singular third-person)
stojǫ (first-person present singular)
stojiši (present second-person singular)
stojitь (present singular third-person)
stojixově (aorist dual first-person)
stojista (aorist dual second-person)
stojiste (aorist dual third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person present)
stojita (dual present second-person)
stojite (dual present third-person)
stojixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stojiste (aorist plural second-person)
stojišę (aorist plural third-person)
stojimъ (first-person plural present)
stojite (plural present second-person)
stojętь (plural present third-person)
stojaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
stojaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
stojaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
stoji (imperative second-person singular)
stoji (imperative singular third-person)
stojaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
stojaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
stojaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
stojivě (dual first-person imperative)
stojita (dual imperative second-person)
stojaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
stojaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
stojaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
stojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
stojite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: сто́ить (stóitʹ, “to cost, to be worth”)

Ukrainian: сто́ïти (stóïty, “to cost, to be worth”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: стоя́ (stojá), сто́вам (stóvam, “to get involved, to become”) (rare, dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: съ́стоя (sǎ́stoja, “to take place”), застоя́ (zastojá, “to fixate, to immobilize”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стоити (rare)

Latin script: stojiti (rare)

Denominal from Proto-Slavic *stojь + *-iti.
The South Slavic descendants are used in parallel to the imperfective Proto-Slavic *stojati to denote punctual events. The East Slavic forms have been reinterpreted as imperfective around 18 cent., probably under the influence of Polish stać (“to cost, to be worth”), a calque of German kosten.

(intransitive) to transpire, to take place/effect

(transitive) to adjust, to bring in position

(reflexive) to bring oneself under some condition


gavati

gavnǫti (perfective)
gavanьje (noun-from-verb)
gavati (infinitive)
gavatъ (supine)
gavalъ (l-participle)
gavanъ (participle passive past)
gavajemъ (participle passive present)
gavavъ (active participle past)
gavaję (active participle present)
gavaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gava (aorist second-person singular)
gava (aorist singular third-person)
gavajǫ (first-person present singular)
gavaješi (present second-person singular)
gavajetь (present singular third-person)
gavaxově (aorist dual first-person)
gavasta (aorist dual second-person)
gavaste (aorist dual third-person)
gavajevě (dual first-person present)
gavajeta (dual present second-person)
gavajete (dual present third-person)
gavaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gavaste (aorist plural second-person)
gavašę (aorist plural third-person)
gavajemъ (first-person plural present)
gavajete (plural present second-person)
gavajǫtь (plural present third-person)
gavaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gavaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gavaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gavaji (imperative second-person singular)
gavaji (imperative singular third-person)
gavaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gavaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gavaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gavajivě (dual first-person imperative)
gavajita (dual imperative second-person)
gavaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gavaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gavaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gavajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gavajite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: га́вам (gávam, “to bamboozle”) (dialectal)

Macedonian: гава (gava, “to make fool of, to bamboozle”) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: havati (“to grumble”)

Czech: havat (dialectal)

Onomatopoeic, from the call ga! + *-vati. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *gajati (“to caw”), Proto-Slavic *gakati (“to croak, to shout”). The colloquial word for “crow” in some regions of Russia and Ukraine is from the same stem: Russian га́вка (gávka), Ukrainian га́ва (háva).
Compare English caw, Lithuanian kóvas (“rook”).

cog

→ to bark, to snarl (for mammals, typically dogs)

→ to caw (for birds, typically corvids)

→ to clack (for inanimate objects)

→ (figurative) to groan, to grumble (for person)

(figurative) (+ *sę) to wrangle, to quarrel, to bicker (usually with *sъ(n) + gen.)

gavědь

*gaviti (“to vex, to cause retching”) (possibly)


kobьcь

kobь̀cь (canonical masculine)
kobьcь (nominative singular)
kobьca (dual nominative)
kobьci (nominative plural)
kobьca (genitive singular)
kobьcu (dual genitive)
kobьcь (genitive plural)
kobьcu (dative singular)
kobьcema (dative dual)
kobьcemъ (dative plural)
kobьcь (accusative singular)
kobьca (accusative dual)
kobьcę̇ (accusative plural)
kobьcьmь (instrumental singular)
kobьcemь (instrumental singular)
kobьcema (dual instrumental)
kobьci (instrumental plural)
kobьci (locative singular)
kobьcu (dual locative)
kobьcixъ (locative plural)
kobьče (singular vocative)
kobьca (dual vocative)
kobьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кобецъ (kobecŭ)

Russian: ко́бец (kóbec)

⇒ Russian: ко́бчик (kóbčik)

Ukrainian: кі́бець (kíbecʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: кобе́ц (kobéc), dial. кобъ́ц (kobǎ́c) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀бац

Latin script: kòbac

Slovene: skóbec

West Slavic:

q

in the compound <i class="Latn mention" lang="pl">sokół kobiec</i> (“Eurasian hobby”)

Polish: kobiec (archaic, in the compound sokół kobiec (“Eurasian hobby”))

Slovak: kobec

Sorbian:

⇒ Upper Sorbian: kobčik

Uncertain. Possibly from the sparsely attested Proto-Slavic *kobti (“to grasp, to forecast”), *kobati (“to compete”) + *-ьcь, of expressive nature from Proto-Indo-European *kabʰ- (“to seize, to hold”). Resembles Proto-Germanic *habukaz (“hawk”), Albanian gabonjë (“eagle”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


lěpidlo

lěpìdlo (canonical neuter)
lěpidlo (nominative singular)
lěpidlě (dual nominative)
lěpidla (nominative plural)
lěpidla (genitive singular)
lěpidlu (dual genitive)
lěpidlъ (genitive plural)
lěpidlu (dative singular)
lěpidloma (dative dual)
lěpidlomъ (dative plural)
lěpidlo (accusative singular)
lěpidlě (accusative dual)
lěpidla (accusative plural)
lěpidlъmь (instrumental singular)
lěpidlomь (instrumental singular)
lěpidloma (dual instrumental)
lěpidly (instrumental plural)
lěpidlě (locative singular)
lěpidlu (dual locative)
lěpidlěxъ (locative plural)
lěpidlo (singular vocative)
lěpidlě (dual vocative)
lěpidla (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лепи́ло (lepílo)

Macedonian: ле́пило (lépilo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лѐпило

Latin script: lèpilo

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lepidlo

Czech: lepidlo

Old Polish: lepidło

Slovak: lepidlo

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: lěpidło

From *lěpiti (“to stick, to smear”) + *-dlo.

glue (orig. mash of resin, flour, or starch used as a glue)


kopanica

kopanica (nominative singular)
kopanici (dual nominative)
kopanicę̇ (nominative plural)
kopanicę̇ (genitive singular)
kopanicu (dual genitive)
kopanicь (genitive plural)
kopanici (dative singular)
kopanicama (dative dual)
kopanicamъ (dative plural)
kopanicǫ (accusative singular)
kopanici (accusative dual)
kopanicę̇ (accusative plural)
kopanicejǫ (instrumental singular)
kopanicǫ (instrumental singular)
kopanicama (dual instrumental)
kopanicami (instrumental plural)
kopanici (locative singular)
kopanicu (dual locative)
kopanicasъ (locative plural)
kopanicaxъ (locative plural)
kopanice (singular vocative)
kopanici (dual vocative)
kopanicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: капані́ца (kapaníca)

Russian: копани́ца (kopaníca) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: копани́ця (kopanýcja)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: ко́паница (kópanica, “type of dance resembling digging”)

Macedonian: копаница (kopanica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀паница

Latin script: kòpanica

West Slavic:

Czech: kopanica (“heap”) (dialectal)

Slovak: Kopaňice (plural, in toponyms)

Non-Slavic:

→ German: Köpenick (suburb of Berlin)


rozga

rozga (nominative singular)
rozdzě (dual nominative)
rozgy (nominative plural)
rozgy (genitive singular)
rozgu (dual genitive)
rozgъ (genitive plural)
rozdzě (dative singular)
rozgama (dative dual)
rozgamъ (dative plural)
rozgǫ (accusative singular)
rozdzě (accusative dual)
rozgy (accusative plural)
rozgojǫ (instrumental singular)
rozgǫ (instrumental singular)
rozgama (dual instrumental)
rozgami (instrumental plural)
rozdzě (locative singular)
rozgu (dual locative)
rozgasъ (locative plural)
rozgaxъ (locative plural)
rozgo (singular vocative)
rozdzě (dual vocative)
rozgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ро́ска (róska)

Russian: ро́зга (rózga)

Ukrainian: рі́зка (rízka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: розга (rozga)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⱁⰸⰳⰰ (rozga)

Bulgarian: розга́ (rozgá) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ро̏зга

Latin script: rozga

Slovene: rọ̑zga (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rózha

Czech: růzhа

Polabian: rǘzga

Polish: rózga

Slovak: rázga

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: rozga

From Proto-Indo-European *(H)resg- (“to weave, to plait”). Cognates include Latin restis.


skopiti

c (accent-paradigm)
skopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
skopiti (infinitive)
skopitъ (supine)
skopilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
skopľenъ (participle passive past)
skopimъ (participle passive present)
skopľь (active participle past)
skopę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
skopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
skopi (aorist second-person singular)
skopi (aorist singular third-person)
skopľǫ (first-person present singular)
skopiši (present second-person singular)
skopitь (present singular third-person)
skopixově (aorist dual first-person)
skopista (aorist dual second-person)
skopiste (aorist dual third-person)
skopivě (dual first-person present)
skopita (dual present second-person)
skopite (dual present third-person)
skopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
skopiste (aorist plural second-person)
skopišę (aorist plural third-person)
skopimъ (first-person plural present)
skopite (plural present second-person)
skopętь (plural present third-person)
skopľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
skopľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
skopľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
skopi (imperative second-person singular)
skopi (imperative singular third-person)
skopľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
skopľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
skopľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
skopivě (dual first-person imperative)
skopita (dual imperative second-person)
skopľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
skopľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
skopľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
skopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
skopite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: скопи́ть (skopítʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: шкопи́ц (škopýc)

Ukrainian: скопи́ти (skopýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: скопити (skopiti)

→ Romanian: scopi

Bulgarian: скопя́ (skopjá)

Macedonian: скопи (skopi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ско̀пити

Latin script: škòpiti

Slovene: skopīti

West Slavic:

Czech: skopiti

Polish: skopić

Slovak: skopiť

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: shkopis

From Proto-Indo-European *skop- (“to grave, to cut, to strike”) + *-iti. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *kopati (“to dig, to grave”). Possibly of expressive origin, comparable with Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to shave, to shear”) > Proto-Germanic *skabaną.
Seems to be related to Lithuanian skõpti (“to cut, to grave”), however, the root grades do not match.

onomatopoeic

expressive


tęžati

c (accent-paradigm)
tęžanьje (noun-from-verb)
tęžati (infinitive)
tęžatъ (supine)
tęžalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
tęžanъ (participle passive past)
tęžimъ (participle passive present)
tęžavъ (active participle past)
tęžę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
tęžaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęža (aorist second-person singular)
tęža (aorist singular third-person)
tęžǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžiši (present second-person singular)
tęžitь (present singular third-person)
tęžaxově (aorist dual first-person)
tęžasta (aorist dual second-person)
tęžaste (aorist dual third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person present)
tęžita (dual present second-person)
tęžite (dual present third-person)
tęžaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęžaste (aorist plural second-person)
tęžašę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person plural present)
tęžite (plural present second-person)
tęžętь (plural present third-person)
tęžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tęži (imperative second-person singular)
tęži (imperative singular third-person)
tęžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tęžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tęžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person imperative)
tęžita (dual imperative second-person)
tęžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tęžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tęžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęžite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: сътѧжати

Bulgarian: те́жа (téža) (partially)

Macedonian: тежи (teži) (partially)

From the remodelled stative (so-called "essive" in LIV) Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingēˀtei, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ- (“to pull, to burden”). Cognate with Lithuanian tingė́ti (“to be lazy”). In most daughter languages, this verb has been superseded by the similar denominal causative Proto-Slavic *tęžiti (“to weigh”).
Survives in derivatives like Proto-Slavic *sъtęžati (“to gain”), Proto-Slavic *otęžati (“to wrap, to fasten”), Proto-Slavic *protęžati (“to span”).


kopiti

a (accent-paradigm)
kopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
kopiti (infinitive)
kopitъ (supine)
kopilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopľenъ (participle passive past)
kopimъ (participle passive present)
kopľь (active participle past)
kopę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
kopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopi (aorist second-person singular)
kopi (aorist singular third-person)
kopľǫ (first-person present singular)
kopiši (present second-person singular)
kopitь (present singular third-person)
kopixově (aorist dual first-person)
kopista (aorist dual second-person)
kopiste (aorist dual third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person present)
kopita (dual present second-person)
kopite (dual present third-person)
kopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopiste (aorist plural second-person)
kopišę (aorist plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person plural present)
kopite (plural present second-person)
kopętь (plural present third-person)
kopľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopi (imperative second-person singular)
kopi (imperative singular third-person)
kopľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopita (dual imperative second-person)
kopľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

desc

⇒ Bulgarian: копя́ (kopjá, “to castrate”) (possibly, archaic)

Pre-Slavic, reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *kа́p(je)tei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Cognate with Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to beat, to hit”). Superseded by Proto-Slavic *kopati by time of Late Common Slavic.


kopiti

kopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
kopiti (infinitive)
kopitъ (supine)
kopilъ (l-participle)
kopľenъ (participle passive past)
kopimъ (participle passive present)
kopľь (active participle past)
kopę (active participle present)
kopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopi (aorist second-person singular)
kopi (aorist singular third-person)
kopľǫ (first-person present singular)
kopiši (present second-person singular)
kopitь (present singular third-person)
kopixově (aorist dual first-person)
kopista (aorist dual second-person)
kopiste (aorist dual third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person present)
kopita (dual present second-person)
kopite (dual present third-person)
kopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopiste (aorist plural second-person)
kopišę (aorist plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person plural present)
kopite (plural present second-person)
kopętь (plural present third-person)
kopľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopi (imperative second-person singular)
kopi (imperative singular third-person)
kopľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopita (dual imperative second-person)
kopľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копити (kopiti)

Belarusian: капі́ць (kapícʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: копи́ть (kopítʹ)

Ukrainian: копи́ти (kopýty)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: копя́ (kopjá, “to amass”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀пити

Latin script: kòpiti

Slovene: kopiti (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Czech: kopiti

Polish: kopić (dialectal)

Slovincian: kôpic

Slovak: kopiť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kopić

Lower Sorbian: kopiś

Denominal causative from *kopa (“pile, bulk”) + *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to grave, to strike”).


dobь

dobь (nominative singular)
dobi (dual nominative)
dobi (nominative plural)
dobi (genitive singular)
dobьju (dual genitive)
dobьjь (genitive plural)
dobi (dative singular)
dobьma (dative dual)
dobьmъ (dative plural)
dobь (accusative singular)
dobi (accusative dual)
dobi (accusative plural)
dobьjǫ (instrumental singular)
dobьma (dual instrumental)
dobьmi (instrumental plural)
dobi (locative singular)
dobьju (dual locative)
dobьxъ (locative plural)
dobi (singular vocative)
dobi (dual vocative)
dobi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: дiб (dib) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: до̑б

Latin script: dȏb

Slovene: dȏb (tonal orthography) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Polish: dob

Middle Polish: dob (16-17ᵗʰ c.)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


tęžiti

tęžìti (canonical)
tęženьje (noun-from-verb)
tęžiti (infinitive)
tęžitъ (supine)
tęžilъ (l-participle)
tęženъ (participle passive past)
tęžь (active participle past)
tęžixъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęži (aorist second-person singular)
tęži (aorist singular third-person)
tęžǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžiši (present second-person singular)
tęžitь (present singular third-person)
tęžixově (aorist dual first-person)
tęžista (aorist dual second-person)
tęžiste (aorist dual third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person present)
tęžita (dual present second-person)
tęžite (dual present third-person)
tęžixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęžiste (aorist plural second-person)
tęžišę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person plural present)
tęžite (plural present second-person)
tęžętь (plural present third-person)
tęži (imperative second-person singular)
tęži (imperative singular third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person imperative)
tęžita (dual imperative second-person)
tęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęžite (imperative plural second-person)
tęženьje (noun-from-verb)
tęžiti (infinitive)
tęžitъ (supine)
tęžilъ (l-participle)
tęženъ (participle passive past)
tęžimъ (participle passive present)
tęžь (active participle past)
tęžę (active participle present)
tęžixъ (aorist first-person singular)
tęži (aorist second-person singular)
tęži (aorist singular third-person)
tęžǫ (first-person present singular)
tęžiši (present second-person singular)
tęžitь (present singular third-person)
tęžixově (aorist dual first-person)
tęžista (aorist dual second-person)
tęžiste (aorist dual third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person present)
tęžita (dual present second-person)
tęžite (dual present third-person)
tęžixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
tęžiste (aorist plural second-person)
tęžišę (aorist plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person plural present)
tęžite (plural present second-person)
tęžętь (plural present third-person)
tęžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
tęžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
tęži (imperative second-person singular)
tęži (imperative singular third-person)
tęžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
tęžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
tęžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
tęživě (dual first-person imperative)
tęžita (dual imperative second-person)
tęžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
tęžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
tęžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
tęžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
tęžite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: тяжи́ти (tjažýty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: те́жа (téža) (partially, rare)

Macedonian: тежи (teži) (partially, rare)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: те́жити

Latin script: téžiti

Slovene: težīti

West Slavic:

Czech: těžit (“to mine”)

Polish: ciążyć

Slovak: ťažiť

Denominal causative from *tęgъ (“traction”) + *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ- (“to pull”). Doublet of *tǫžiti, an inherited form.
In Bulgarian and Macedonian, this verb specifically covers telic actions, the atelic being reflected by the mixed ě/i-conjugation Proto-Slavic *tęžati (their present stems are identical). In the remaining languages, the verb is impefective.


galъka

galъka (nominative singular)
galъcě (dual nominative)
galъky (nominative plural)
galъky (genitive singular)
galъku (dual genitive)
galъkъ (genitive plural)
galъcě (dative singular)
galъkama (dative dual)
galъkamъ (dative plural)
galъkǫ (accusative singular)
galъcě (accusative dual)
galъky (accusative plural)
galъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
galъkǫ (instrumental singular)
galъkama (dual instrumental)
galъkami (instrumental plural)
galъcě (locative singular)
galъku (dual locative)
galъkasъ (locative plural)
galъkaxъ (locative plural)
galъko (singular vocative)
galъcě (dual vocative)
galъky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: галъка (galŭka)

desc

Belarusian: га́лка (hálka, “Eurasian jackdaw”), dial. га́ліца (hálica)

Russian: га́лка (gálka), га́лька (gálʹka, “Eurasian jackdaw”), dial. га́лица (hályca)

Ukrainian: галка (halka, “Eurasian jackdaw”), dial. га́лиця (hálycja)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: галка (galka, “daw”) (Eastern Bulgaria), галица (galica, “daw”) (North-Western Bulgaria), галун m (galun, “crow”)

Macedonian: галица (galica, “crow”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̑лка (“daw”), га̏лица (“any black bird”) (dialectal)

Latin script: gȃlka (“daw”), gȁlica (“any black bird”) (dialectal)

Related or derived from *galъ (“dark, murky”) + *-ъka, possible of onomatopoeic nature.


galiti

gaľenьje (noun-from-verb)
galiti (infinitive)
galitъ (supine)
galilъ (l-participle)
gaľenъ (participle passive past)
galimъ (participle passive present)
gaľь (active participle past)
galę (active participle present)
galixъ (aorist first-person singular)
gali (aorist second-person singular)
gali (aorist singular third-person)
gaľǫ (first-person present singular)
gališi (present second-person singular)
galitь (present singular third-person)
galixově (aorist dual first-person)
galista (aorist dual second-person)
galiste (aorist dual third-person)
galivě (dual first-person present)
galita (dual present second-person)
galite (dual present third-person)
galixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
galiste (aorist plural second-person)
gališę (aorist plural third-person)
galimъ (first-person plural present)
galite (plural present second-person)
galętь (plural present third-person)
gaľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gaľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gaľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gali (imperative second-person singular)
gali (imperative singular third-person)
gaľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gaľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gaľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
galivě (dual first-person imperative)
galita (dual imperative second-person)
gaľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gaľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gaľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
galimъ (first-person imperative plural)
galite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: галити (galiti)

Russian: гали́ть (galítʹ, “to act up, to be capricious (for child, animal)”), гали́ться (galítʹsja, “to laugh”)

Ukrainian: гали́ти (halýty)

⇒ Belarusian: га́лицьца (hálicʹca, “to greed for, to desire strongly”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: галити (galiti)

Bulgarian: га́ля (gálja)

Macedonian: гали (gali)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га́лити (“to refresh”)

Latin script: gáliti (“to refresh”)

q

alternatively an expressive form of Proto-Slavic <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*goliti</i> (“to strip, to uncover, to get naked”)

Slovene: gáliti (“to reveal, to expose”) (possibly, alternatively an expressive form of Proto-Slavic *goliti (“to strip, to uncover, to get naked”))

West Slavic:

Czech: haliti

Old Polish: galić

Slovak: haliť

Possibly cognate with Proto-Germanic *gōlijaną (“to greet, to soothe”), from an unusual (Narten-type?) ō-grade causative Proto-Indo-European *gʰōl-éye-ti (“to calm, to soothe”). Akin to Proto-Germanic *galaną (“to charm, to gale”), Proto-Germanic *gellaną (“to yell”).
May not reflect a single semantic core. According to ESSJa, some of the meanings may have been influenced by Proto-Slavic *guľati (“to celebrate, to feast”). Other authors draw connection with Proto-Slavic *žalь (“sorrow”), Proto-Slavic *želěti (“to desire”).
A third semantic nuance may come from Proto-Slavic *golъ (“bare, naked”). Compare Sanskrit गालयति (gālayati, “to cause to go off, to liquify”).
Semantically close to Ancient Greek γαλήνος (galḗnos, “calm, serene”), where the late Christian names Old Church Slavonic Галинъ (Galinŭ), Галина (Galina) originate from. Genetic relation, however, is unlikely. The later is probably cognate with Proto-Slavic *želězo (“iron”), Latin galēna (“lead sulphide”).

cog

to fondle, to caress (South, East Slavic)


žezlъ

žèzlъ (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
žèzlъ (nominative singular)
žezlà (dual nominative)
žezlì (nominative plural)
žezlà (genitive singular)
žezlù (dual genitive)
žèzlъ (genitive plural)
žezlù (dative singular)
žezlòma (dative dual)
žezlòmъ (dative plural)
žèzlъ (accusative singular)
žezlà (accusative dual)
žezlỳ (accusative plural)
žezlъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
žezlòmь (instrumental singular)
žezlòma (dual instrumental)
žèzly (instrumental plural)
žezlě̀ (locative singular)
žezlù (dual locative)
žèzlěxъ (locative plural)
žezle (singular vocative)
žezlà (dual vocative)
žezlì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: жезл (žezl), жезе́л (žezél) (folkloric, rare)

→ Latvian: zizls (“stick”)

Ukrainian: жезл (žezl)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жьзлъ (žĭzlŭ)

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: жьзлиѥ (žĭzlije)

Bulgarian: же́зъл (žézǎl)

Macedonian: жезол (žezol)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: же́жељ, жѐзло

Latin script: žéželj, žèzlo

West Slavic:

Czech: žezlo

→ Belarusian: жазло́ (žazló)

→ Slovene: žézlo

Slovak: žezlo

Uncertain. Potential etymologies include:
* Pedersen, Mladenov (tentatively considered by Derksen, Vasmer): Cognate with Old High German kegil (“stake”), perhaps from reduplication of hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel-. See also Lithuanian žalgà (“long stake”), Proto-Germanic *galgô (“gallow”), Old Armenian ձաղկ (jałk, “rod, twig”), possibly of substrate origin.
* Trubačev, Machek, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *gʷislóm, cognate with Old Armenian ճիւղ (čiwł, “branch, twig”), possibly Old Norse kvísl (“fork”) (which however exhibits long -ī-) and akin to Proto-Slavic *žila (“sinew”), Proto-Slavic *žica (“thread”). Within this hypothesis, -z- in Slavic is problematic.
* Georgiev: Possibly from an earlier Proto-Slavic *žeglъ (“branding needle, rod”), from *žeg- (“to heat”) + *-lъ (instrumental suffix), with progressive assimilation of *-g- > *-z- or -ž- (in Serbo-Croatian) after *ž-. Such a lemma is attested in dialectal Bulgarian же́гъл (žégǎl), же́гла (žégla).
See references for further discussion.


žuboriti

žubořenьje (noun-from-verb)
žuboriti (infinitive)
žuboritъ (supine)
žuborilъ (l-participle)
žubořenъ (participle passive past)
žuborimъ (participle passive present)
žubořь (active participle past)
žuborę (active participle present)
žuborixъ (aorist first-person singular)
žubori (aorist second-person singular)
žubori (aorist singular third-person)
žubořǫ (first-person present singular)
žuboriši (present second-person singular)
žuboritь (present singular third-person)
žuborixově (aorist dual first-person)
žuborista (aorist dual second-person)
žuboriste (aorist dual third-person)
žuborivě (dual first-person present)
žuborita (dual present second-person)
žuborite (dual present third-person)
žuborixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žuboriste (aorist plural second-person)
žuborišę (aorist plural third-person)
žuborimъ (first-person plural present)
žuborite (plural present second-person)
žuborętь (plural present third-person)
žubořaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žubořaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žubořaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žubori (imperative second-person singular)
žubori (imperative singular third-person)
žubořaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žubořaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žubořaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žuborivě (dual first-person imperative)
žuborita (dual imperative second-person)
žubořaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žubořaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žubořaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žuborimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žuborite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: жу́борить (žúboritʹ), dial. жубрить (žubritʹ), жу́бреть (žúbretʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жубо́ря (žubórja) (colloquial)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: жубо̀рити

Latin script: žubòriti

From an unattested *žuba + *-oriti, likely an expressive extension of Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-. Cognate (expect for the inflection type) with Lithuanian žiaũberoti (“to chew”).


žuka

žuka (nominative singular)
žucě (dual nominative)
žuky (nominative plural)
žuky (genitive singular)
žuku (dual genitive)
žukъ (genitive plural)
žucě (dative singular)
žukama (dative dual)
žukamъ (dative plural)
žukǫ (accusative singular)
žucě (accusative dual)
žuky (accusative plural)
žukojǫ (instrumental singular)
žukǫ (instrumental singular)
žukama (dual instrumental)
žukami (instrumental plural)
žucě (locative singular)
žuku (dual locative)
žukasъ (locative plural)
žukaxъ (locative plural)
žuko (singular vocative)
žucě (dual vocative)
žuky (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: жука (žuka), dial джука (džuka) (dialectal)

⇒ Macedonian: џока (džoka, “to gulp”) (colloquial)

desc

⇒ Macedonian: џокало (džokalo, “mouth, buccal cavity”) (colloquial)

Formed as *žuti (“to chew”) + *-ka, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”).


galъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *galъ (hard)

Definite declension of *galъ (hard)

galъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
gala (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
galo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
gala (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
galy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
gala (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
galu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
galě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
galu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
galъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
galǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
galo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
galomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
galojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
galomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
galě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
galě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
galě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
gale (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
galo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
galo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
gala (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
galě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
galě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
galu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
galu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
galu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
galoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
galama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
galoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
gala (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
galě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
galě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
galoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
galama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
galoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
galu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
galu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
galu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
gala (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
galě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
galě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
gali (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
galy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
gala (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
galъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
galъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
galъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
galomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
galamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
galomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
galy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
galy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
gala (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
galy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
galami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
galy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
galěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
galaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
galěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
gali (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
galy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
gala (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
galъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
galaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
galoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
galajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
galyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
galajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
galujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
galěji (dative definite feminine singular)
galujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
galъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
galǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
galoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
galyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
galǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
galyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
galějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
galěji (definite feminine locative singular)
galějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
galъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
galaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
galoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
galaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
galěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
galěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
galuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
galuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
galuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
galyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
galyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
galyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
galaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
galěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
galěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
galyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
galyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
galyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
galuju (definite dual locative masculine)
galuju (definite dual feminine locative)
galuju (definite dual locative neuter)
galaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
galěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
galěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
galiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
galyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
galaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
galъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
galъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
galъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
galyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
galyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
galyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
galyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
galyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
galaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
galyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
galyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
galyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
galyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
galyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
galyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
galiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
galyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
galaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Ukrainian: галь (halʹ, “herd of jays”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: галъ (galŭ)

Bulgarian: гал m (gal, “jackdaw”)

Галатски рид

Галова падина

⇒ Bulgarian: Галиче (Galiče), Галатски рид (Galatski rid), Галовo (Galovo), Галова падина (Galova padina) (toponyms)

Macedonian: гал (gal) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̏о, га̑л (dialectal, dated)

Latin script: gȁo, gȃl (dialectal, dated)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian: gala (“bird with black coloration”) (Croatian, archaic)

Slovene: gàl

West Slavic:

Czech: gał (“pitch”) (dialectal)

Uncertain. Sparsely attested, mainly in toponyms and derived terms.
If the color association is derived from the name of the jay, jackdow bird (and not vice versa), it is possible that the root is of onomatopoeic nature, related to *gavati (“to bark”), *gajati (“to croak”), *gakati (“to caw”). Compare regional *gaga (“jay”).


galъ

galъ (nominative singular)
gala (dual nominative)
gali (nominative plural)
gala (genitive singular)
galu (dual genitive)
galъ (genitive plural)
galu (dative singular)
galoma (dative dual)
galomъ (dative plural)
galъ (accusative singular)
gala (accusative dual)
galy (accusative plural)
galъmь (instrumental singular)
galomь (instrumental singular)
galoma (dual instrumental)
galy (instrumental plural)
galě (locative singular)
galu (dual locative)
galěxъ (locative plural)
gale (singular vocative)
gala (dual vocative)
gali (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Russian: галде́ть (galdétʹ), га́лда́ (gáldá), га́литься (gálitʹsja)

⇒ Ukrainian: галді́ти (haldíty), гала́й (haláj), гала́кати (halákaty)

desctree

⇒ Ukrainian: га́лас (hálas)
→ Polish: hałas
→ Czech: halas
→ Slovak: halas

⇒ Belarusian: га́лас (hálas)

West Slavic:

⇒ Polish: gałda, gałuszyć

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, cry”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *galaną.


kopъtъ

kopъtъ (nominative singular)
kopъta (dual nominative)
kopъti (nominative plural)
kopъta (genitive singular)
kopъtu (dual genitive)
kopъtъ (genitive plural)
kopъtu (dative singular)
kopъtoma (dative dual)
kopъtomъ (dative plural)
kopъtъ (accusative singular)
kopъta (accusative dual)
kopъty (accusative plural)
kopъtъmь (instrumental singular)
kopъtomь (instrumental singular)
kopъtoma (dual instrumental)
kopъty (instrumental plural)
kopъtě (locative singular)
kopъtu (dual locative)
kopъtěxъ (locative plural)
kopъte (singular vocative)
kopъta (dual vocative)
kopъti (plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- ~ *kʷap- (“to steam, to boil, to stink”) + *-ъtъ.


konopь

konòpь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
konòpь (nominative singular)
konopì (dual nominative)
konòpьjē (nominative plural)
konòpi (genitive singular)
konòpьju (dual genitive)
konopь̀jь (genitive plural)
konopì (dative singular)
konòpьma (dative dual)
konopь̀mъ (dative plural)
konòpь (accusative singular)
konopì (accusative dual)
konopì (accusative plural)
konopь̀mь (instrumental singular)
konòpьma (dual instrumental)
konòpьmī (instrumental plural)
konòpi (locative singular)
konòpьju (dual locative)
konopь̀xъ (locative plural)
konopi (singular vocative)
konopì (dual vocative)
konòpьjē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: коноплꙗ (konoplja), конопли pl (konopli)

Belarusian: кано́плі m pl (kanópli)

Russian: конопля́ f (konopljá), dialectal also коно́пь (konópʹ), коно́пля (konóplja) and as a pluraletantum

Ukrainian: коно́плі f pl (konópli)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: конопь (konopĭ)

Bulgarian: коно́п m (konóp)

Macedonian: коноп m (konop)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀ноп m, ко̀нопља f

Latin script: kònop m, kònoplja f

Slovene: konôplja m

→ Albanian: konopi

West Slavic:

Old Czech: konopě f

Czech: konopí n, dialectally konopě f

Polish: konop f (archaic), konopia f, konopie pl

Kashubian: kònop f kònopl f kònopla f kònopia f

Slovak: konope f

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kónopje, kónop, kónoṕ, kónopej (dialectal), kónoṕe, konopje (superseded)

Upper Sorbian: konop f, konoṕ, konopej

A Kulturwort of unknown ultimate origin. See Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis) for more concrete relations.

unk

unknown


kopъtь

kopъtь (nominative singular)
kopъti (dual nominative)
kopъti (nominative plural)
kopъti (genitive singular)
kopъtьju (dual genitive)
kopъťu (dual genitive)
kopъtьjь (genitive plural)
kopъti (genitive plural)
kopъti (dative singular)
kopъtьma (dative dual)
kopъtьmъ (dative plural)
kopъtь (accusative singular)
kopъti (accusative dual)
kopъti (accusative plural)
kopъtьjǫ (instrumental singular)
kopъťǫ (instrumental singular)
kopъtьma (dual instrumental)
kopъtьmi (instrumental plural)
kopъti (locative singular)
kopъtьju (dual locative)
kopъťu (dual locative)
kopъtьxъ (locative plural)
kopъti (singular vocative)
kopъti (dual vocative)
kopъti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: копоть f (kopotĭ)

Belarusian: ко́паць f (kópacʹ)

Russian: ко́поть f (kópotʹ)

Ukrainian: кі́поть m (kípotʹ)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kopet m

Czech: kopt

Polish: kopeć m

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kорć m

Lower Sorbian: kopś m

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- ~ *kʷap- (“to steam, to boil, to stink”) + *-ъtь, akin to Lithuanian kvãpas (“aroma”) and possibly Ancient Greek κάπυς (kápus, “fume”), Latin vapor, Sanskrit कपि (kapi, “murky, aromatic”).

steam, fume, smoke (usually thick and dark)


ručьjь

ručьjь (nominative singular)
ručьja (dual nominative)
ručьji (nominative plural)
ručьja (genitive singular)
ručьju (dual genitive)
ručьjь (genitive plural)
ručьju (dative singular)
ručьjema (dative dual)
ručьjemъ (dative plural)
ručьjь (accusative singular)
ručьja (accusative dual)
ručьję̇ (accusative plural)
ručьjьmь (instrumental singular)
ručьjemь (instrumental singular)
ručьjema (dual instrumental)
ručьji (instrumental plural)
ručьji (locative singular)
ručьju (dual locative)
ručьjixъ (locative plural)
ručьju (singular vocative)
ručьja (dual vocative)
ručьji (plural vocative)

From an earlier *ručь (“rumbling”) + *-ьjь.


kopněti

kopněnьje (noun-from-verb)
kopněti (infinitive)
kopnětъ (supine)
kopnělъ (l-participle)
kopněnъ (participle passive past)
kopnějemъ (participle passive present)
kopněvъ (active participle past)
kopněję (active participle present)
kopněxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopně (aorist second-person singular)
kopně (aorist singular third-person)
kopnějǫ (first-person present singular)
kopněješi (present second-person singular)
kopnějetь (present singular third-person)
kopněxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopněsta (aorist dual second-person)
kopněste (aorist dual third-person)
kopnějevě (dual first-person present)
kopnějeta (dual present second-person)
kopnějete (dual present third-person)
kopněxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopněste (aorist plural second-person)
kopněšę (aorist plural third-person)
kopnějemъ (first-person plural present)
kopnějete (plural present second-person)
kopnějǫtь (plural present third-person)
kopněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopněji (imperative second-person singular)
kopněji (imperative singular third-person)
kopněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopnějivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopnějita (dual imperative second-person)
kopněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopnějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopnějite (imperative plural second-person)
kopněnьje (noun-from-verb)
kopněti (infinitive)
kopnětъ (supine)
kopnělъ (l-participle)
kopněnъ (participle passive past)
kopnimъ (participle passive present)
kopněvъ (active participle past)
kopnę (active participle present)
kopněxъ (aorist first-person singular)
kopně (aorist second-person singular)
kopně (aorist singular third-person)
kopňǫ (first-person present singular)
kopniši (present second-person singular)
kopnitь (present singular third-person)
kopněxově (aorist dual first-person)
kopněsta (aorist dual second-person)
kopněste (aorist dual third-person)
kopnivě (dual first-person present)
kopnita (dual present second-person)
kopnite (dual present third-person)
kopněxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
kopněste (aorist plural second-person)
kopněšę (aorist plural third-person)
kopnimъ (first-person plural present)
kopnite (plural present second-person)
kopnętь (plural present third-person)
kopněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
kopněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
kopněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
kopni (imperative second-person singular)
kopni (imperative singular third-person)
kopněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
kopněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
kopněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
kopnivě (dual first-person imperative)
kopnita (dual imperative second-person)
kopněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
kopněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
kopněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
kopnimъ (first-person imperative plural)
kopnite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: кіпніти (kipnity)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: копне́я (kopnéja)

Macedonian: копнее (kopnee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀пнети, 1p. ко́пнӣм

Latin script: kòpneti, 1p. kópnīm

Slovene: kopnẹ́ti (possibly)

West Slavic:

Czech: kopňat, kopňet (dialectal)

Slovak: kopnieť (dialectal)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- ~ *kʷap- (“to boil, to steam, to stink”), related to Latin cupiō (“to desire”) and Lithuanian kvapas (“aroma”). Possibly akin to Ancient Greek καπνός (kapnós, “smoke”), Latin vapor. Schrijver reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₂wep- in order to explain the broken tone in Lithuanian kûpt (“to smoke, to steam”), which according to Derksen could alternatively be a result of the sta-present conjugation.
Trubachev reconstructs *kopьněti as if from *kopьna (“heap, pile”) + *-ěti, which is semantically dubious. The later is akin to Proto-Slavic *kopati (“to dig”).


-ajь

-ajь (nominative singular)
-aja (dual nominative)
-aji (nominative plural)
-aja (genitive singular)
-aju (dual genitive)
-ajь (genitive plural)
-aju (dative singular)
-ajema (dative dual)
-ajemъ (dative plural)
-ajь (accusative singular)
-aja (accusative dual)
-aję̇ (accusative plural)
-ajьmь (instrumental singular)
-ajemь (instrumental singular)
-ajema (dual instrumental)
-aji (instrumental plural)
-aji (locative singular)
-aju (dual locative)
-ajixъ (locative plural)
-aju (singular vocative)
-aja (dual vocative)
-aji (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀjas, derived from factive verb stems Proto-Slavic *-ati + *-ъ.
Cognate with Latvian -ājs, Lithuanian -ojas in giedótajas (“singer”) (< giedóti), darýtojas (< darýti).

ortajь (“peon, servant”) ← *ortati (“to struggle”)

xodatajь (“solicitor”) ← *xodatati (“to mediate”)

golšatajь (“herald, announcer”) ← *golšatati (“to utter”)

Deverbal from factive verbs inflecting in *-ati. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:


-ějь

-ějь (nominative singular)
-ěja (dual nominative)
-ěji (nominative plural)
-ěja (genitive singular)
-ěju (dual genitive)
-ějь (genitive plural)
-ěju (dative singular)
-ějema (dative dual)
-ějemъ (dative plural)
-ějь (accusative singular)
-ěja (accusative dual)
-ěję̇ (accusative plural)
-ějьmь (instrumental singular)
-ějemь (instrumental singular)
-ějema (dual instrumental)
-ěji (instrumental plural)
-ěji (locative singular)
-ěju (dual locative)
-ějixъ (locative plural)
-ěju (singular vocative)
-ěja (dual vocative)
-ěji (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ēˀjas, derived from stative/essive verb stems Proto-Slavic *-ěti + *-ъ.
Cognate with Latvian -ējs, Lithuanian -ėjas.

zъlodějь (“evil-doer”) ← *zъlъ (“bad, evil”) + *děti (“to do”)

Deverbal from stative verbs inflecting in *-ěti. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:

sъlučajь (“occasion”) ← *sъlučati (“to happen”)

Deverbal from essive verbs inflecting in *-jati. Similar in sense to -er, -ant:


ručajь

ručajь (nominative singular)
ručaja (dual nominative)
ručaji (nominative plural)
ručaja (genitive singular)
ručaju (dual genitive)
ručajь (genitive plural)
ručaju (dative singular)
ručajema (dative dual)
ručajemъ (dative plural)
ručajь (accusative singular)
ručaja (accusative dual)
ručaję̇ (accusative plural)
ručajьmь (instrumental singular)
ručajemь (instrumental singular)
ručajema (dual instrumental)
ručaji (instrumental plural)
ručaji (locative singular)
ručaju (dual locative)
ručajixъ (locative plural)
ručaju (singular vocative)
ručaja (dual vocative)
ručaji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ручаи (ručai)

Belarusian: руча́й (ručáj)

Ukrainian: руча́й (ručáj)

West Slavic:

Czech: ručej

Polish: ruczaj

Slovak: ručaj

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ручии (ručii)

Russian: руче́й (ručéj)

Old Novgorodian: роуцьи (rucĭi)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ру́чей (rúčej)

West Slavic:

Slovak: ručej

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ručej

From *ručati (“to drone, to rattle”) + *-ějь.


korvajь

korvajь (nominative singular)
korvaja (dual nominative)
korvaji (nominative plural)
korvaja (genitive singular)
korvaju (dual genitive)
korvajь (genitive plural)
korvaju (dative singular)
korvajema (dative dual)
korvajemъ (dative plural)
korvajь (accusative singular)
korvaja (accusative dual)
korvaję̇ (accusative plural)
korvajьmь (instrumental singular)
korvajemь (instrumental singular)
korvajema (dual instrumental)
korvaji (instrumental plural)
korvaji (locative singular)
korvaju (dual locative)
korvajixъ (locative plural)
korvaju (singular vocative)
korvaja (dual vocative)
korvaji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: короваи (korovai)

Old Ruthenian: корова́й (korováj)

Ukrainian: корова́й (korováj)

→ Polish: korowaj

Russian: карава́й (karaváj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: краваи (kravai)

Bulgarian: крава́й (kraváj)

Macedonian: кравај (kravaj)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кра̀ва̄ј

Latin script: kràvāj

Slovene: kravȃj, krávaj

West Slavic:

Slovak: krajec

Either from *korva (“cow”) + *-jь or less likely from Pre-Slavic *korvъ (“curved”) + *-ajь, effectively cognate with Latin curvus. The lemma is found mainly throughout East and South Slavic. West Slavic only employs the synonym Proto-Slavic *kolačь.
The etymology from *korva is based on the assumption that kravais are given to the bride during wedding as a symbol of fertility (associated with cows).