oko

ȍko (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
ȍko (nominative singular)
ȍčesi (dual nominative)
očesà (nominative plural)
ȍčese (genitive singular)
očesù (dual genitive)
očèsъ (genitive plural)
ȍčesi (dative singular)
očesьmà (dative dual)
očèsьmъ (dative plural)
ȍko (accusative singular)
ȍčesi (accusative dual)
očesà (accusative plural)
ȍčesьmь (instrumental singular)
očesьmà (dual instrumental)
očesý (instrumental plural)
ȍčese (locative singular)
očesù (dual locative)
očèsьxъ (locative plural)
ȍko (singular vocative)
ȍčesi (dual vocative)
očesà (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
ȍko (nominative singular)
ȍcě (dual nominative)
okà (nominative plural)
ȍka (genitive singular)
okù (dual genitive)
òkъ (genitive plural)
ȍku (dative singular)
okomà (dative dual)
okòmъ (dative plural)
ȍko (accusative singular)
ȍcě (accusative dual)
okà (accusative plural)
ȍkъmь (instrumental singular)
ȍkomь (instrumental singular)
okomà (dual instrumental)
oký (instrumental plural)
ȍcě (locative singular)
okù (dual locative)
ocě̃xъ (locative plural)
ȍko (singular vocative)
ȍcě (dual vocative)
okà (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
ȍči (dual nominative)
očьjù (dual genitive)
očьmà (dative dual)
ȍči (accusative dual)
očьmà (dual instrumental)
očьjù (dual locative)
ȍči (dual vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: око (oko)
Old Ruthenian: о́ко (óko)
Belarusian: во́ка (vóka)
Carpathian Rusyn: о́ко (óko), во́ко (vóko)
Ukrainian: о́ко (óko), во́ко (vóko); го́ко (hóko) (dialectal)
Russian: о́ко (óko) (dated, archaic)

Old Novgorodian: око (oko)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: око (oko)

Glagolitic script: ⱁⰽⱁ (oko)

Bulgarian: око́ (okó); о́ко (óko), уко́ (ukó), о́ку (óku) (dialectal)

Macedonian: око (oko); о́ку (óku), уко́ту (ukótu) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏ко

Latin script: ȍko

Old Slovene: oko, okù

Slovene: okọ̑; wóq, oko, ạ̏ku, 'uko, voka, akuó, öku (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: oko
Czech: oko

Old Polish: oko
Polish: oko
Silesian: ôko

Old Slovak: oko

Slovak: oko; joko (dialectal)

Polabian: våťü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: òkò

Slovincian: wôkô

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: woko

Lower Sorbian: woko

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: Aka (toponym)

From Early Proto-Slavic *aka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ak-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).


-ja

-ja (nominative singular)
-ji (dual nominative)
-ję̇ (nominative plural)
-ję̇ (genitive singular)
-ju (dual genitive)
-jь (genitive plural)
-ji (dative singular)
-jama (dative dual)
-jamъ (dative plural)
-jǫ (accusative singular)
-ji (accusative dual)
-ję̇ (accusative plural)
-jejǫ (instrumental singular)
-jǫ (instrumental singular)
-jama (dual instrumental)
-jami (instrumental plural)
-ji (locative singular)
-ju (dual locative)
-jasъ (locative plural)
-jaxъ (locative plural)
-je (singular vocative)
-ji (dual vocative)
-ję̇ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian -ia and -ja.

sěťi (“to cut, mow, chop”) → *sěča (“chopping, cutting”)

žędati (“to be thirsty”) → *žęďa (“thirst”)

pręsti (“to spin”) → *pręďa (“yarn”)

nomina instrumenti
nomen instrumenti#English

Suffix creating feminine action nouns, usually concretized in nomina instrumenti and nomina acti.

loviti → *lovľa

grabiti → *grabľa

gorditi → *gorďa

xoditi → *xoďa

suxъ (“dry”) → *suša (“drought”)

gǫstъ (“dense”) → *gǫšča (“thicket; slurry, sludge; something dense or densely arranged”)

mok- (“wet”) → *moča (“wetness”)

světъ (“light, brightness”) → *svěťa (“candle”)

koza (“goat”) → *koža (“skin, leather”)

duxъ (“spirit”) → *duša (“soul”)

tьstь (“father in law”) → *tьšča (“mother in law”)

gospodь (“lord, master”) → *gospoďa (“lady, mistress”)

zemь → *zemľa


pizda

pīzdà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
pīzdà (nominative singular)
pĩzdě (dual nominative)
pīzdỳ (nominative plural)
pīzdỳ (genitive singular)
pīzdù (dual genitive)
pĩzdъ (genitive plural)
pīzdě̀ (dative singular)
pīzdàma (dative dual)
pīzdàmъ (dative plural)
pīzdǫ̀ (accusative singular)
pĩzdě (accusative dual)
pīzdỳ (accusative plural)
pīzdòjǫ (instrumental singular)
pĩzdǫ (instrumental singular)
pīzdàma (dual instrumental)
pīzdàmī (instrumental plural)
pīzdě̀ (locative singular)
pīzdù (dual locative)
pīzdàsъ (locative plural)
pīzdàxъ (locative plural)
pizdo (singular vocative)
pĩzdě (dual vocative)
pīzdỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: пизда (pizda)
Middle Russian: пизда́ (pizdá)
Russian: пизда́ (pizdá)
→ Mongolian: пизда (pizda)
→ Ukrainian: пізда́ (pizdá)
Old Ruthenian: *пизда́ (*pizdá)
Belarusian: пізда́ (pizdá)
Carpathian Rusyn: пизда́ (pyzdá)
Ukrainian: пизда́ (pyzdá)

Old Novgorodian: пиꙁда (pizda)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пизда (pizda) (dialectal)

Macedonian: пизда (pizda) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пи́зда

Latin script: pízda

Slovene: pīzda

→ Romanian: pizdă

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pizda

Czech: pizda

Old Polish: *pizda

Polish: pizda

Old Slovak: pizda

Slovak: pizda

Polabian: pai̯zdă, pai̯zďă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: ṕizda

Slovincian: pjyzda

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pizda

Upper Sorbian: pjeza

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pīˀsdāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *písdeh₂ (“vulva”), from *h₁epi (“upon, by”) + *sed- (“to sit”) + *-eh₂. Originally a euphemism meaning “what one sits on”. Compare *nisdós (“nest”) (see *gně̄zdò) < *h₁ni (“down”) + *sed- (“to sit”).
Cognate with Lithuanian pyzdà, Latvian pīzda (“vulva”), Old Prussian peisda (“ass”), Albanian pidh (“vagina; cunt”), Persian پیزی (pīzī, “ass, anus”).


molto

molto (nominative singular)
moltě (dual nominative)
molta (nominative plural)
molta (genitive singular)
moltu (dual genitive)
moltъ (genitive plural)
moltu (dative singular)
moltoma (dative dual)
moltomъ (dative plural)
molto (accusative singular)
moltě (accusative dual)
molta (accusative plural)
moltъmь (instrumental singular)
moltomь (instrumental singular)
moltoma (dual instrumental)
molty (instrumental plural)
moltě (locative singular)
moltu (dual locative)
moltěxъ (locative plural)
molto (singular vocative)
moltě (dual vocative)
molta (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: мо́лат m (mólat)

desc

⇒? Russian: мо́лодь (mólodʹ), молоди́зна (molodízna)

Ukrainian: мо́лот m (mólot)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: мо́лът m (mólǎt)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мла̏та f, мла́та f, мла̑т m or f, млато n

Latin script: mlȁta f, mláta f, mlȃt m or f, mlato n

Slovene: mláta, mlátọ

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mláto
Czech: mláto

Old Polish: młoto

Polish: młoto, młóto, młóta

Slovak: mláto

Unknown whether from the past passive participle of *melti (“to grind”) + *-o, respectively from *melti (“to grind”) + *-to—neuter form of *-tъ—, or borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *malt; but rather the latter, considering that the term is only strong in West Slavic and otherwise, though so only in Sorbian, one employs *soldъ.
See also Ancient Greek βύνη (búnē, “malt”), Iranian borrowing, and in recent modernity Arabic مَلْت (malt) and Persian مالت (mâlt) had to be borrowed from English for the concept—though, or corresponding to the circumstance, that most other Arabic terms for beer and wine are also of loan origin, to illustrate the prevalence of such occurrences.


kuna

kūnà (canonical)
kunà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
kūnà (nominative singular)
kũně (dual nominative)
kūnỳ (nominative plural)
kūnỳ (genitive singular)
kūnù (dual genitive)
kũnъ (genitive plural)
kūně̀ (dative singular)
kūnàma (dative dual)
kūnàmъ (dative plural)
kūnǫ̀ (accusative singular)
kũně (accusative dual)
kūnỳ (accusative plural)
kūnòjǫ (instrumental singular)
kũnǫ (instrumental singular)
kūnàma (dual instrumental)
kūnàmī (instrumental plural)
kūně̀ (locative singular)
kūnù (dual locative)
kūnàsъ (locative plural)
kūnàxъ (locative plural)
kuno (singular vocative)
kũně (dual vocative)
kūnỳ (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
kunà (nominative singular)
kȗně (dual nominative)
kȗny (nominative plural)
kuný (genitive singular)
kunù (dual genitive)
kũnъ (genitive plural)
kuně̀ (dative singular)
kunàma (dative dual)
kunàmъ (dative plural)
kȗnǫ (accusative singular)
kȗně (accusative dual)
kȗny (accusative plural)
kunojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
kunàma (dual instrumental)
kunàmi (instrumental plural)
kȗně (locative singular)
kunù (dual locative)
kunàsъ (locative plural)
kunàxъ (locative plural)
kuno (singular vocative)
kȗně (dual vocative)
kȗny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

⇒ Belarusian: куні́ца (kuníca)

⇒ Russian: куни́ца (kuníca)

⇒ Ukrainian: куни́ця (kunýcja)

⇒ Old Novgorodian: кꙋница (kunica)

South Slavic:

q

Bulgarian: ку́на (kúna) (dated, nomen appellativum бялка (bjalka) is used instead)

⇒ Bulgarian: куни́ца (kuníca)

Macedonian: ку́на (kúna)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: ку́на

Latin: kúna

Slovene: kúna (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kuna

Czech: kuna

Kashubian: kùna

Polish: kuna

Slovak: kuna

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kuna

Upper Sorbian: kuna

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kaunā́ˀ. Related, but not exactly cognate with Lithuanian kiáunė and Latvian caûna.
In some languages, the obsolete *kuna (“necklace, adornment, icon”), possibly borrowed from dialectal Ancient Greek κούνα (koúna), standard εἰκών (eikṓn, “image, icon”), is attested. Per Trubachev, a native formation from the devervial participle *kuti (“to forge”) + *-nа.


kudo

kudo (nominative singular)
kudesi (dual nominative)
kudesa (nominative plural)
kudese (genitive singular)
kudesu (dual genitive)
kudesъ (genitive plural)
kudesi (dative singular)
kudesьma (dative dual)
kudesьmъ (dative plural)
kudo (accusative singular)
kudesi (accusative dual)
kudesa (accusative plural)
kudesьmь (instrumental singular)
kudesьma (dual instrumental)
kudesy (instrumental plural)
kudese (locative singular)
kudesu (dual locative)
kudesьxъ (locative plural)
kudo (singular vocative)
kudesi (dual vocative)
kudesa (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: кудь m (kudĭ, “magic, sorcery”)

Russian: кудеса́ n (kudesá, “miracles performed through an evil force”) Npl. (dialectal), ку́десь f (kúdesʹ, “sorcery”) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Polish: kudyś m (“evil spirit, devil”) (dialectal)

Uncharacteristic o-grade s-stem, reflecting Proto-Indo-European *kówdos. Per Derksen, secondary formation from the e-grade Proto-Slavic *čudo (“wonder, miracle”). Akin to Proto-Germanic *huską, *huskaz.

paranormal activity (e.g. sorcery, miracle, nearly impossible event)

in

Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4


pila

pĩlà (canonical)
pilà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
pīlà (nominative singular)
pĩlě (dual nominative)
pīlỳ (nominative plural)
pīlỳ (genitive singular)
pīlù (dual genitive)
pĩlъ (genitive plural)
pīlě̀ (dative singular)
pīlàma (dative dual)
pīlàmъ (dative plural)
pīlǫ̀ (accusative singular)
pĩlě (accusative dual)
pīlỳ (accusative plural)
pīlòjǫ (instrumental singular)
pĩlǫ (instrumental singular)
pīlàma (dual instrumental)
pīlàmī (instrumental plural)
pīlě̀ (locative singular)
pīlù (dual locative)
pīlàsъ (locative plural)
pīlàxъ (locative plural)
pilo (singular vocative)
pĩlě (dual vocative)
pīlỳ (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
pilà (nominative singular)
pȋlě (dual nominative)
pȋly (nominative plural)
pilý (genitive singular)
pilù (dual genitive)
pĩlъ (genitive plural)
pilě̀ (dative singular)
pilàma (dative dual)
pilàmъ (dative plural)
pȋlǫ (accusative singular)
pȋlě (accusative dual)
pȋly (accusative plural)
pilojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
pilàma (dual instrumental)
pilàmi (instrumental plural)
pȋlě (locative singular)
pilù (dual locative)
pilàsъ (locative plural)
pilàxъ (locative plural)
pilo (singular vocative)
pȋlě (dual vocative)
pȋly (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пила (pila)

Belarusian: піла́ (pilá)

Russian: пила́ (pilá)

Ukrainian: пила́ (pylá)

Carpathian Rusyn: пил'а (pylʺa)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пила (pila)

Bulgarian: пила́ (pilá); спила (spila) (dialectal)

Macedonian: пила (pila)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пи́ла

Latin script: píla

Slovene: píla (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pila

Polish: piła

Slovak: píla

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: piła

Upper Sorbian: piła

Probably borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *fį̄hlu or later Old Saxon fīla, from Proto-Germanic *finhlō.
Possibly related in some manner to Lithuanian peĩlis (“knife”), pielà (“file”), Old Prussian peile (“razor”):
* Būga, Endzelīns: Baltic terms borrowed from Slavic or both directly from Germanic.
* Fraenkel: Baltic and Slavic terms - cognates of Balto-Slavic origin, possibly akin to Latin pīlum (“javeline”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pey(s)-). At a later stage, semantically influenced by the Germanic terms.


duma

dùma (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
dùma (nominative singular)
dùmě (dual nominative)
dùmy (nominative plural)
dùmy (genitive singular)
dùmu (dual genitive)
dùmъ (genitive plural)
dùmě (dative singular)
dùmama (dative dual)
dùmamъ (dative plural)
dùmǫ (accusative singular)
dùmě (accusative dual)
dùmy (accusative plural)
dùmojǫ (instrumental singular)
dùmǭ (instrumental singular)
dùmama (dual instrumental)
dùmamī (instrumental plural)
dùmě (locative singular)
dùmu (dual locative)
dùmasъ (locative plural)
dùmaxъ (locative plural)
dùmo (singular vocative)
dùmě (dual vocative)
dùmy (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: дума (duma) (Russian)

East Slavic: дума (duma, “advice, council; thought, intention; like-minded persons”), Дума (Duma)

Belarusian: ду́ма (dúma, “thought”)

desctree

Russian: ду́ма (dúma, “thought”)
→ Bulgarian: дума (duma)
→ Buryat: дүүмэ (düüme)
→ Chinese: 杜馬／杜马 (dùmǎ)/杜马 (dùmɑ̌)
→ English: duma
→ Finnish: duuma
→ Finnish: tuuma
→ Macedonian: дума (duma)
⇒ Mongolian: дум (dum)
→ Romanian: dumă
→ Yakut: дума (duma)

desc

Ukrainian: ду́ма (dúma, “thought; epic song”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ду́ма (dúma, “word, thought”)

Macedonian: dial. дума (duma, “thought”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ду̏ма (“(secret) thought; speech; mind, reason, memory”)

Latin script: dȕma

West Slavic:

Polish: duma (“pride, self-esteem, arrogance”)

Slovak: duma (“thinking, reasoning”)

Non-Slavic:

→ Latvian: duõma (“thought”)

Traditionally viewed (per Miklošič, Ulhenbeck, Berneker) as a Germanic borrowing, ultimately from (some derivative of) Proto-Germanic *dōmaz (“judgement”), perhaps a deverbal of *dumati (“to think”).
Attempts for native etymology include:
* Mladenov, Stender-Petersen: From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow, to inflate”), *dymъ (“smoke”), perhaps originally meaning “breath, spirit”. Compare Ancient Greek θῡμός (thūmós, “soul, emotion”), occasionally also “thought, mind”.
* Vaillant: Contracted from hypothetical *douma < *do- + *umъ (“mind”) + *-a. Compare *douměti (“to comprehend”) (whence Russian надоу́мить (nadoúmitʹ, “to advise”)).
* Machek: From an inversion of root *mewHdʰ-, otherwise yielding Proto-Slavic *myslь (“thought”), Ancient Greek μῦθος (mûthos, “word, fable”).
Fick tentatively compares the Slavic word with Phrygian δουμος (doumos) (of dubious meaning), Ancient Greek θαῦμᾰ (thaûma, “wonder, miracle”) (< pre-Hellenic *dʰeh₂w-), based on phonetic similarities.


kuka

kùka (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
kùka (nominative singular)
kùcě (dual nominative)
kùky (nominative plural)
kùky (genitive singular)
kùku (dual genitive)
kùkъ (genitive plural)
kùcě (dative singular)
kùkama (dative dual)
kùkamъ (dative plural)
kùkǫ (accusative singular)
kùcě (accusative dual)
kùky (accusative plural)
kùkojǫ (instrumental singular)
kùkǭ (instrumental singular)
kùkama (dual instrumental)
kùkamī (instrumental plural)
kùcě (locative singular)
kùku (dual locative)
kùkasъ (locative plural)
kùkaxъ (locative plural)
kùko (singular vocative)
kùcě (dual vocative)
kùky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ку́ка (kúka)

Russian: ку́ка (kúka)

Ukrainian: ку́ка (kúka)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ку́ка (kúka)

Macedonian: кука (kuka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̏ка

Latin script: kȕka

West Slavic:

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kaukāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *kowk-eh₂, from *kewk-.


kuka

kuka (nominative singular)
kucě (dual nominative)
kuky (nominative plural)
kuky (genitive singular)
kuku (dual genitive)
kukъ (genitive plural)
kucě (dative singular)
kukama (dative dual)
kukamъ (dative plural)
kukǫ (accusative singular)
kucě (accusative dual)
kuky (accusative plural)
kukojǫ (instrumental singular)
kukǫ (instrumental singular)
kukama (dual instrumental)
kukami (instrumental plural)
kucě (locative singular)
kuku (dual locative)
kukasъ (locative plural)
kukaxъ (locative plural)
kuko (singular vocative)
kucě (dual vocative)
kuky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: ку́ка (kúka, “something terrible living in the dark”) (dialectal)

Russian: ку́ка (kúka, “wood-goblin”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: кук (kuk), кукура (kukura) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: кукер (kuker) (possibly)

Slovene: kuka (“insect, intestinal worm, pig”)

West Slavic:

Slovincian: kuka (“evil spirit”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kuka (“intestinal worm”)

Possibly etymologically identical with *kùka. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian kaũkas (“goblin”), Old Prussian cawx (“devil”).


sila

sìla (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
sìla (nominative singular)
sìlě (dual nominative)
sìly (nominative plural)
sìly (genitive singular)
sìlu (dual genitive)
sìlъ (genitive plural)
sìlě (dative singular)
sìlama (dative dual)
sìlamъ (dative plural)
sìlǫ (accusative singular)
sìlě (accusative dual)
sìly (accusative plural)
sìlojǫ (instrumental singular)
sìlǭ (instrumental singular)
sìlama (dual instrumental)
sìlamī (instrumental plural)
sìlě (locative singular)
sìlu (dual locative)
sìlasъ (locative plural)
sìlaxъ (locative plural)
sìlo (singular vocative)
sìlě (dual vocative)
sìly (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сила (sila)

Belarusian: сі́ла (síla)

Russian: си́ла (síla)

Ukrainian: си́ла (sýla)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: сила (sila)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰻⰾⰰ (sila)

Bulgarian: си́ла (síla)

Macedonian: сила (sila)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: си̏ла

Latin script: sȉla

Slovene: síla (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: sëła

Old Czech: síla
Czech: síla

desctree

Old Polish: siła
Polish: siła
Silesian: siyła

Slovak: sila

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: syła

Lower Sorbian: syła


nebo

nebò (canonical)
nȅbo (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
nebò (nominative singular)
nebèsi (dual nominative)
nebèsā (nominative plural)
nebèse (genitive singular)
nebèsu (dual genitive)
nebèsъ (genitive plural)
nebèsi (dative singular)
nebèsьma (dative dual)
nebèsьmъ (dative plural)
nebò (accusative singular)
nebèsi (accusative dual)
nebèsā (accusative plural)
nebèsьmь (instrumental singular)
nebèsьma (dual instrumental)
nebèsȳ (instrumental plural)
nebèse (locative singular)
nebèsu (dual locative)
nebèsьxъ (locative plural)
nebò (singular vocative)
nebèsi (dual vocative)
nebèsā (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
nȅbo (nominative singular)
nȅbesi (dual nominative)
nebesà (nominative plural)
nȅbese (genitive singular)
nebesù (dual genitive)
nebèsъ (genitive plural)
nȅbesi (dative singular)
nebesьmà (dative dual)
nebèsьmъ (dative plural)
nȅbo (accusative singular)
nȅbesi (accusative dual)
nebesà (accusative plural)
nȅbesьmь (instrumental singular)
nebesьmà (dual instrumental)
nebesý (instrumental plural)
nȅbese (locative singular)
nebesù (dual locative)
nebèsьxъ (locative plural)
nȅbo (singular vocative)
nȅbesi (dual vocative)
nebesà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: небо (nebo)

Old Ruthenian: небо (nebo)

Belarusian: нёба (njóba, “palate”)

desc

Carpathian Rusyn: не́бо (nébo, “sky”), нёбо (njobo, “palate”)

Ukrainian: не́бо (nébo)

Russian: нёбо (njóbo, “palate”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: небо (nebo)

Glagolitic: ⱀⰵⰱⱁ (nebo)

Bulgarian: небе́ (nebé), небó (nebó) (dialectal)

Macedonian: не́бо (nébo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: не̏бо

Latin: nȅbo

Slovene: nebọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: nebo

Czech: nebe

desctree

Old Polish: niebo
Polish: niebo
Silesian: niebo

Slovak: nebo

Polabian: nebü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: niebò

Slovincian: njêbô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: njebjo

Upper Sorbian: njebjo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *néba (“cloud; sky”), from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos (“cloud”).


bagno

bagnò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
bāgnò (nominative singular)
bãgně (dual nominative)
bāgnà (nominative plural)
bāgnà (genitive singular)
bāgnù (dual genitive)
bãgnъ (genitive plural)
bāgnù (dative singular)
bāgnòma (dative dual)
bāgnòmъ (dative plural)
bāgnò (accusative singular)
bãgně (accusative dual)
bāgnà (accusative plural)
bāgnъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
bāgnòmь (instrumental singular)
bāgnòma (dual instrumental)
bãgny (instrumental plural)
bāgně̀ (locative singular)
bāgnù (dual locative)
bãgněxъ (locative plural)
bāgnò (singular vocative)
bãgně (dual vocative)
bāgnà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: багъно (bagŭno, “peat”)

Old Ruthenian: багно (bahno)

Belarusian: ба́гна (báhna)

Ukrainian: багно (bahno)

Russian: багно́ (bagnó) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bahno

Czech: bahno

Bohemian (Chod dialect): behno

Polabian: bógnö

desctree

Old Polish: bagno
Silesian: bagno
Polish: bagno

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bagno

Slovincian: bagnô

Slovak: bahno

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bahno

Lower Sorbian: bagno

Cognate with Lithuanian bognà (“swamp”), either borrowed from Slavic or possibly from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bōgnás (as per Miklošič, Holub-Kopečný). Perhaps equivalent to *bagťi (“to ignite, to instigate”) + *-no, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₃g- (“to bake”). Proposed explanations:
* Brückner, Mladenov, Sławski: In association with the vibrant, auburn coloration of (some) marshes. Parallel to likely cognate Proto-Slavic *bagrъ (“hue”), whence Ukrainian багри́на (bahrýna, “swamp”), Slovak bahurina (“wetland”).
* Machek: In reference to the stagnant water in marshes. Similar to Latin stāgnum (“standing water, pond”).
* Kott: In reference to the odour of decaying vegetation in swamps and marshes, as in Czech bahnina (“marshy, peat odor”).
* Georgiev: Presumably generalized from an earlier meaning “hot spring”, indirectly attested in toponyms Bulgarian Банкя (Bankja), Багнище (Bagnište). Compare analogous toponym Thracian Γέρμων (Gérmon, “German”) (from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“to burn”)).
Derksen alternatively considers a substrate origin (from Pre-Slavic *bʰogʰ-), akin to Dutch bagger (“mud, filth”).
Classically compared with Proto-Germanic *bakiz (“beck, brook”) (alternatively reconstructed as *bakkiz, as in Old Norse bekkr, possibly a i-stem derivative of hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *bʰógʷr̥ (“running water”)). Usually dismissed since Slavic data points towards a standing body of water.


on-

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич

* Per Vasmer, Chernykh, Derksen: From Proto-Indo-European *h₁en.
*: Related to *vъ (“in/into”), *ǫtro, *ętro, *ędro.
*: Cognate with Lithuanian į, Old Prussian en (“in”), Ancient Greek ἐν (en), Proto-Italic *en (“in”), *ənter (“between”), Proto-Celtic *en, Proto-Germanic *in (“in/into”), *under.
* Per Vasmer, ?ESSJa: From Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.
*: Related to *na. Compare *po : *opakъ, *za.
*: Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (anu), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná) (ἀναβάλλω (anabállō), ἀναβολή (anabolḗ)), Proto-Germanic *ana (“on/onto”), and also possibly Latin an- (anhēlō, anhēlus, compare hālō, animus).

onuťa ⇐ **onuti ⇐ *uti

orǫdьje (possibly)

ǫtъkъ ⇐ *tъkъ, *tъkati

ǫvozъ ⇐ *vozъ, *vesti (> *vъvesti, *navesti, *navozъ)

ǫtorъ ⇐ *torъ, *terti

ǫdolь ⇐ *dolъ

From nouns (like *sъ/*sǫ-, *po/*pa-, *pro/*pra-)


pra-

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пра- (pra-)

Old Ruthenian: пра- (pra-)

Belarusian: пра- (pra-)

Ukrainian: пра- (pra-)

Russian: пра- (pra-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пра- (pra-)

Bulgarian: пра- (pra-)

Macedonian: пра- (pra-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра-

Latin script: pra-

Slovene: prȃ- (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pra-

Polish: pra-

Slovak: pra-

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pra-

From Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-. Related to *pro.


viti

vìti (canonical imperfective)
vitьje (noun-from-verb)
viti (infinitive)
vitъ (supine)
vilъ (l-participle)
vitъ (participle passive past)
vьjemъ (participle passive present)
vivъ (active participle past)
vьję (active participle present)
vixъ (aorist first-person singular)
vi (aorist second-person singular)
vitъ (aorist second-person singular)
vi (aorist singular third-person)
vitъ (aorist singular third-person)
vьjǫ (first-person present singular)
vьješi (present second-person singular)
vьjetь (present singular third-person)
vixově (aorist dual first-person)
vista (aorist dual second-person)
viste (aorist dual third-person)
vьjevě (dual first-person present)
vьjeta (dual present second-person)
vьjete (dual present third-person)
vixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
viste (aorist plural second-person)
višę (aorist plural third-person)
vьjemъ (first-person plural present)
vьjete (plural present second-person)
vьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
vьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vьji (imperative second-person singular)
vьji (imperative singular third-person)
vьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
vьjita (dual imperative second-person)
vьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vьjite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: вити (viti)

Old Ruthenian: вити (viti)

Old Belarusian: вити (viti)

Belarusian: віць (vicʹ)

Ukrainian: ви́ти (výty)

Russian: вить (vitʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: вити (viti)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰻⱅⰻ (viti)

Bulgarian: ви́я (víja)

Macedonian: ви́е (víe)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ви̏ти

Latin script: vȉti

Slovene: víti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: víti

Czech: vít

Old Polish: wić

Polish: wić

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wic

Slovak: viť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wiś

Upper Sorbian: wić

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y-. Cognates with Latvian vît, Lithuanian výti, Latin viere, Albanian vithe.


ovo

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ово (ovo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ово (ovo)

Glagolitic script: ⱁⰲⱁ (ovo)

West Slavic:

Polish: owo (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: how

Upper Sorbian: jow, jew, hew

neuter singular nominative of *ovъ: this new one


slava

slàva (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
slàva (nominative singular)
slàvě (dual nominative)
slàvy (nominative plural)
slàvy (genitive singular)
slàvu (dual genitive)
slàvъ (genitive plural)
slàvě (dative singular)
slàvama (dative dual)
slàvamъ (dative plural)
slàvǫ (accusative singular)
slàvě (accusative dual)
slàvy (accusative plural)
slàvojǫ (instrumental singular)
slàvǭ (instrumental singular)
slàvama (dual instrumental)
slàvamī (instrumental plural)
slàvě (locative singular)
slàvu (dual locative)
slàvasъ (locative plural)
slàvaxъ (locative plural)
slàvo (singular vocative)
slàvě (dual vocative)
slàvy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: слава (slava)

Old Ruthenian: сла́ва (sláva)

Belarusian: сла́ва (sláva)

Carpathian Rusyn: сла́ва (sláva)

Ukrainian: сла́ва (sláva)

Russian: сла́ва (sláva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: слава (slava)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰾⰰⰲⰰ (slava)

Bulgarian: сла́ва (sláva)

Macedonian: слава (slava)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сла̏ва

Latin script: slȁva

Slovene: sláva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sláva

Czech: sláva

Moravian (Mistřice): su̯áva

Polish: sława

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: sława, słôwa

Slovincian: slawa

Silesian: sława

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: слава (slava)

Slovak: sláva

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sława

Upper Sorbian: sława

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: slavă

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ślṓˀwāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-. Synchronically, perhaps a deverbal from *slyti (similar to *bava, *trava, possibly *-tava from *byti, *tryti, *tyti respectively).


dolina

dolina (nominative singular)
dolině (dual nominative)
doliny (nominative plural)
doliny (genitive singular)
dolinu (dual genitive)
dolinъ (genitive plural)
dolině (dative singular)
dolinama (dative dual)
dolinamъ (dative plural)
dolinǫ (accusative singular)
dolině (accusative dual)
doliny (accusative plural)
dolinojǫ (instrumental singular)
dolinǫ (instrumental singular)
dolinama (dual instrumental)
dolinami (instrumental plural)
dolině (locative singular)
dolinu (dual locative)
dolinasъ (locative plural)
dolinaxъ (locative plural)
dolino (singular vocative)
dolině (dual vocative)
doliny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: долина (dolina)

Belarusian: далі́на (dalína)

Russian: доли́на (dolína)

Carpathian Rusyn: доли́на (dolýna)

Ukrainian: доли́на (dolýna)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: доли́на (dolína)

Macedonian: долина (dolina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: долѝна

Latin script: dolìna

Slovene: dolína (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: dolina

Kashubian: dolëna, dolëzna

Polish: dolina

Slovak: dolina

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dolina

Lower Sorbian: dolina

Non-Slavic

→ Romanian: dolină


lisica

lisìca (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
lisìca (nominative singular)
lisìci (dual nominative)
lisìcę̇ (nominative plural)
lisìcę̇ (genitive singular)
lisìcu (dual genitive)
lisìcь (genitive plural)
lisìcī (dative singular)
lisìcama (dative dual)
lisìcāmъ (dative plural)
lisìcǫ (accusative singular)
lisìci (accusative dual)
lisìcę̇ (accusative plural)
lisìcējǫ (instrumental singular)
lisìcǭ (instrumental singular)
lisìcama (dual instrumental)
lisìcāmī (instrumental plural)
lisìcī (locative singular)
lisìcu (dual locative)
lisìcāsъ (locative plural)
lisìce (singular vocative)
lisìci (dual vocative)
lisìcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лисица (lisica)

Belarusian: лісі́ца (lisíca)

Russian: лиси́ца (lisíca)

Ukrainian: лиси́ця (lysýcja)

Old Novgorodian: лисица (lisica)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лисица (lisica)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: лисица (lisica)

Macedonian: лисица (lisica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лѝсица

Latin script: lìsica

Slovene: lisíca

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lisicě

Polabian: laisaićă

Polish: lisica

Slovincian: lësëca


radi

East Slavic:

Belarusian: зара́дзі (zarádzi)

Russian: ра́ди (rádi), зара́ди (zarádi)

desc

Ukrainian: ра́ди (rády), зара́ди (zarády)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ради (radi), радьма (radĭma)

Bulgarian: заради́ (zaradí), поради́ (poradí)

Macedonian: за́ради (záradi), по́ради (póradi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̏ди, за̏ради, за̏рад, по̏ради

Latin: rȁdi, zȁradi, zȁrad, pȍradi

Slovene: zarȃdi, zaràd, rȃdi

Probably an Iranian borrowing; compare Old Persian 𐎼𐎠𐎮𐎡𐎹 (r-a-di-i-y /rādiy/, “on the account of”). Descended from the Proto-Indo-European root *r̥ / *rō / *rō-dʰi, for (enclitic), "for the purpose of", Ved. r̥ and OCS ради.


lipa

lìpa (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
lìpa (nominative singular)
lìpě (dual nominative)
lìpy (nominative plural)
lìpy (genitive singular)
lìpu (dual genitive)
lìpъ (genitive plural)
lìpě (dative singular)
lìpama (dative dual)
lìpamъ (dative plural)
lìpǫ (accusative singular)
lìpě (accusative dual)
lìpy (accusative plural)
lìpojǫ (instrumental singular)
lìpǭ (instrumental singular)
lìpama (dual instrumental)
lìpamī (instrumental plural)
lìpě (locative singular)
lìpu (dual locative)
lìpasъ (locative plural)
lìpaxъ (locative plural)
lìpo (singular vocative)
lìpě (dual vocative)
lìpy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: липа (lipa)

Belarusian: лі́па (lípa)

Russian: ли́па (lípa)

Carpathian Rusyn: липа (lypa)

Ukrainian: ли́па (lýpa)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: липа (lipa)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: липа́ (lipá)

Macedonian: липа (lipa)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ли̏па

Latin script: lȉpa

Slovene: lípa (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lípa

Czech: lípa

Kashubian: lëpa

Polabian: laipo

Old Polish: lipa

Polish: lipa

Slovak: lipa

Slovincian: lëpa

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: lipa

Upper Sorbian: lipa


šaliti

šaľenьje (noun-from-verb)
šaliti (infinitive)
šalitъ (supine)
šalilъ (l-participle)
šaľenъ (participle passive past)
šalimъ (participle passive present)
šaľь (active participle past)
šalę (active participle present)
šalixъ (aorist first-person singular)
šali (aorist second-person singular)
šali (aorist singular third-person)
šaľǫ (first-person present singular)
šališi (present second-person singular)
šalitь (present singular third-person)
šalixově (aorist dual first-person)
šalista (aorist dual second-person)
šaliste (aorist dual third-person)
šalivě (dual first-person present)
šalita (dual present second-person)
šalite (dual present third-person)
šalixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
šaliste (aorist plural second-person)
šališę (aorist plural third-person)
šalimъ (first-person plural present)
šalite (plural present second-person)
šalętь (plural present third-person)
šaľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
šaľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
šaľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
šali (imperative second-person singular)
šali (imperative singular third-person)
šaľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
šaľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
šaľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
šalivě (dual first-person imperative)
šalita (dual imperative second-person)
šaľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
šaľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
šaľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
šalimъ (first-person imperative plural)
šalite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: шалíць (šalícʹ)

Russian: шали́ть (šalítʹ)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ша̏лити

Latin script: šȁliti

Slovene: šalíti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: šáliti

Czech: šálit

Polish: szalić

Slovak: šiаliť

By surface analysis, *šalъ + *-iti.
Possibly, related to *naxalъ (“an impudent or insolent person”).

to madden?, to rage?, to frolic?, to ramp?


cu

East Slavic:

desc

Ukrainian: цу-цу́ (cu-cú), цю-цю́ (cju-cjú)

Russian: цуцу́-цуцу́ (cucú-cucú)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

⇒ Cyrillic script: цу̏ки

⇒ Latin script: cȕki

West Slavic:

Polish: ciu, ciu-ciu, ciucia, a ciu, a cucu (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: tśu tśu

⇒ Lower Sorbian: tśuko tśuko

Upper Sorbian: ću ću

Onomatopoeic. Compare Lithuanian cū, čiú čiú, ćiuciũ, Latvian cu, ciũ, German zschu.


rota

rotà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
rotà (nominative singular)
rȍtě (dual nominative)
rȍty (nominative plural)
rotý (genitive singular)
rotù (dual genitive)
ròtъ (genitive plural)
rotě̀ (dative singular)
rotàma (dative dual)
rotàmъ (dative plural)
rȍtǫ (accusative singular)
rȍtě (accusative dual)
rȍty (accusative plural)
rotojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
rotàma (dual instrumental)
rotàmi (instrumental plural)
rȍtě (locative singular)
rotù (dual locative)
rotàsъ (locative plural)
rotàxъ (locative plural)
roto (singular vocative)
rȍtě (dual vocative)
rȍty (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: рота (rota)

Old Ruthenian: рота (rota)

Russian: рота (rota)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ро̀та

Latin script: ròta

Slovene: rota (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Polish: rota

Possibly:
* from an earlier *wrotā, from Proto-Indo-European *werh₁-, cognate with Sanskrit व्रत (vratám), Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀 (urvāta), Ancient Greek ῥητός (rhētós). From the same root is also Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”).
* from an earlier *roktā, from *reťi + *-ta.


raditi

raďenьje (noun-from-verb)
raditi (infinitive)
raditъ (supine)
radilъ (l-participle)
raďenъ (participle passive past)
radimъ (participle passive present)
raďь (active participle past)
radę (active participle present)
radixъ (aorist first-person singular)
radi (aorist second-person singular)
radi (aorist singular third-person)
raďǫ (first-person present singular)
radiši (present second-person singular)
raditь (present singular third-person)
radixově (aorist dual first-person)
radista (aorist dual second-person)
radiste (aorist dual third-person)
radivě (dual first-person present)
radita (dual present second-person)
radite (dual present third-person)
radixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
radiste (aorist plural second-person)
radišę (aorist plural third-person)
radimъ (first-person plural present)
radite (plural present second-person)
radętь (plural present third-person)
raďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
raďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
raďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
radi (imperative second-person singular)
radi (imperative singular third-person)
raďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
raďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
raďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
radivě (dual first-person imperative)
radita (dual imperative second-person)
raďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
raďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
raďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
radimъ (first-person imperative plural)
radite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: радити (raditi, “to care about”)

Belarusian: радзе́ць (radzjécʹ, “to carry out a rite”)

Russian: раде́ть (radétʹ, “to take care of, to carry out a rite”), ради́ть (radítʹ, “to take care of”) (Vologda dialectal), ра́дить (ráditʹ, “to advise”) (Pskov dialectal)

Ukrainian: ра́дити (rádyty, “to advise”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: радити (raditi, “to care about”)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⰰⰴⰹⱅⰹ (raditi)

Bulgarian: раде́я (radéja, “to care about, to attempt”) (literary), радя́ (radjá) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра́дити (“to work, to do”)

Latin script: ráditi (“to work, to do”)

West Slavic:

Czech: radit (“to advise, confer, consult”)

Kashubian: radzëc (“to advise, cope, deal with, remedy, consult”)

Old Polish: radzić (“to advise”)

Polish: radzić (“to advise, cope, deal with, remedy, consult”)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rā́ˀdīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂roh₁dʰéyeti, from *h₂reh₁-dʰh₁- (“to think about, ponder; to put in order, arrange”).
Per Vasmer, cognate with Sanskrit राध्यति (rā́dhyati), राध्नोति (rādhnóti, “to succeed, to cope”), राध्यते (rā́dhyate, “to succeed”), राधयति (rādhayati, “to commit”), Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāδaⁱti, “to correct”), 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (rāda, “trustee”), Ossetian рад (rad, “order, row”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (garēdan, “to foresee”), Old Saxon rādan (“to advise, to plan”), English read, as well as Gothic 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rōdjan, “to speak”), Lithuanian ródyti (“to show”), Old Irish imm·rádim (“to ponder”).


jebati

jebàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
jebanьje (noun-from-verb)
jebati (infinitive)
jebatъ (supine)
jebalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
jebanъ (participle passive past)
jebomъ (participle passive present)
jebavъ (active participle past)
jeby (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
jebaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jeba (aorist second-person singular)
jeba (aorist singular third-person)
jebǫ (first-person present singular)
jebeši (present second-person singular)
jebetь (present singular third-person)
jebaxově (aorist dual first-person)
jebasta (aorist dual second-person)
jebaste (aorist dual third-person)
jebevě (dual first-person present)
jebeta (dual present second-person)
jebete (dual present third-person)
jebaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jebaste (aorist plural second-person)
jebašę (aorist plural third-person)
jebemъ (first-person plural present)
jebete (plural present second-person)
jebǫtь (plural present third-person)
jebaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jebaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jebaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
jebi (imperative second-person singular)
jebi (imperative singular third-person)
jebaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jebaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jebaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
jeběvě (dual first-person imperative)
jeběta (dual imperative second-person)
jebaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jebaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jebaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
jeběmъ (first-person imperative plural)
jeběte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *ѥбати (*jebati)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: *єбати (*jebati)
Belarusian: яба́ць (jabácʹ), еба́ць (jebácʹ)
Ukrainian: їба́ти (jibáty), єба́ти (jebáty)

desc

Russian: еба́ть (jebátʹ), еба́ться (jebátʹsja); ёбать (jóbatʹ) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: ѥбати (jebati)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: еба́ (ebá)

Macedonian: ебе (ebe); ја́ба (jába) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

је̑бати (dated)

Cyrillic script: јѐбати; је̑бати (dated)

Latin script: jèbati; jȇbati (dated)

Slovene: jẹ̑bati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jebati

Czech: jebat

Old Slovak: jebať

Slovak: jebať

Polish: jebać

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jôbac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jebaś

Upper Sorbian: jebać


glodati

glodàti (canonical)
glodanьje (noun-from-verb)
glodati (infinitive)
glodatъ (supine)
glodalъ (l-participle)
glodanъ (participle passive past)
gloďemъ (participle passive present)
glodavъ (active participle past)
gloďę (active participle present)
glodaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gloda (aorist second-person singular)
gloda (aorist singular third-person)
gloďǫ (first-person present singular)
gloďeši (present second-person singular)
gloďetь (present singular third-person)
glodaxově (aorist dual first-person)
glodasta (aorist dual second-person)
glodaste (aorist dual third-person)
gloďevě (dual first-person present)
gloďeta (dual present second-person)
gloďete (dual present third-person)
glodaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
glodaste (aorist plural second-person)
glodašę (aorist plural third-person)
gloďemъ (first-person plural present)
gloďete (plural present second-person)
gloďǫtь (plural present third-person)
glodaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
glodaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
glodaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gloďi (imperative second-person singular)
gloďi (imperative singular third-person)
glodaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
glodaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
glodaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gloďivě (dual first-person imperative)
gloďita (dual imperative second-person)
glodaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
glodaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
glodaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gloďimъ (first-person imperative plural)
gloďite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: глодати (glodati)

Russian: глода́ть (glodátʹ)

Ukrainian: глода́ти (hlodáty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гло́ждя (glóždja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гло̀дати

Latin script: glòdati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: glọ́dati, glódati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hlodati

Czech: hlodat

Polish: głodać

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hłodać

Lower Sorbian: głodaś (“to scratch”)


otava

otàva (canonical feminine)
otava (nominative singular)
otavě (dual nominative)
otavy (nominative plural)
otavy (genitive singular)
otavu (dual genitive)
otavъ (genitive plural)
otavě (dative singular)
otavama (dative dual)
otavamъ (dative plural)
otavǫ (accusative singular)
otavě (accusative dual)
otavy (accusative plural)
otavojǫ (instrumental singular)
otavǫ (instrumental singular)
otavama (dual instrumental)
otavami (instrumental plural)
otavě (locative singular)
otavu (dual locative)
otavasъ (locative plural)
otavaxъ (locative plural)
otavo (singular vocative)
otavě (dual vocative)
otavy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ата́ва (atáva)

Russian: ота́ва (otáva)

Ukrainian: ота́ва (otáva)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ота́ва (otáva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̀тава

Latin script: òtava

Slovene: otȃva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: otava

Czech: otava

Polish: otawa

Slovak: otava

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wótawa

Upper Sorbian: wotawa

Eastern Romance:

Romanian: otavă

Uncertain. Proposed etymologies include:
* Perhaps from Proto-Balto-Slavic *atōw-, *atōl-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et- (“grass”). Cognate with Lithuanian atolas, Old Prussian attolis, Latvian atals.
* Vasmer, Trubachev, Georgiev: Derived or akin to Proto-Slavic *otaviti (“to regather strength”) (> Czech otaviti (“to restore strength, to take a breath”), Slovene otáviti (“to strengthen, to refresh”)), formed as Proto-Slavic *ob- (“off, around”) + *tyti (“to fatten”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell, to bulk”). Analogous to Proto-Slavic *zabava (“performance, fun”) from Proto-Slavic *byti (“to become”).
* Machek, Snoj: Deverbial from Proto-Slavic *otaviti (“to reappear”), formed as
Proto-Slavic *ot- (“out of”) + *(j)aviti (“to appear”).
* Mladenov: Possibly influenced or derived from Proto-Turkic *ot (“grass”). Nowadays dismissed due to the wide spread of the lemma.

noncog

aftergrass, aftermath; grass that comes up after mowing


pivo

pȋvo (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
pȋvo (nominative singular)
pȋvě (dual nominative)
pivà (nominative plural)
pȋva (genitive singular)
pivù (dual genitive)
pĩvъ (genitive plural)
pȋvu (dative singular)
pivomà (dative dual)
pivòmъ (dative plural)
pȋvo (accusative singular)
pȋvě (accusative dual)
pivà (accusative plural)
pȋvъmь (instrumental singular)
pȋvomь (instrumental singular)
pivomà (dual instrumental)
pivý (instrumental plural)
pȋvě (locative singular)
pivù (dual locative)
pivě̃xъ (locative plural)
pivo (singular vocative)
pȋvě (dual vocative)
pivà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пиво (pivo)

Old Ruthenian: пи́во (pívo)

Belarusian: пі́ва (píva)

Carpathian Rusyn: пи́во (pývo)

Ukrainian: пи́во (pývo)

Russian: пи́во (pívo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пиво (pivo)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⰻⰲⱁ (pivo)

Bulgarian: пи́во (pívo)

Macedonian: пи́во (pívo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пи̑во

Latin script: pȋvo

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: pívo (“beverage”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pivo

Czech: pivo

→ Slovene: pívo (“beer”) (tonal orthography)

desctree

Old Polish: piwo
Polish: piwo
Silesian: piwo

Old Slovak: pivo

Pannonian Rusyn: пиво (pivo)

Slovak: pivo

Polabian: paivü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: piwò

Slovincian: pjywô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: piwo

Upper Sorbian: piwo


ne-

South Slavic:

Croatian: ne-

Slovene: ne-

West Slavic:

Czech: ne-, ně-

Polish: nie-

Slovak: ne-

(Late Common-Slavic or post-Common-Slavic) none


runo

rūnò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
rūnò (nominative singular)
rũně (dual nominative)
rūnà (nominative plural)
rūnà (genitive singular)
rūnù (dual genitive)
rũnъ (genitive plural)
rūnù (dative singular)
rūnòma (dative dual)
rūnòmъ (dative plural)
rūnò (accusative singular)
rũně (accusative dual)
rūnà (accusative plural)
rūnъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
rūnòmь (instrumental singular)
rūnòma (dual instrumental)
rũny (instrumental plural)
rūně̀ (locative singular)
rūnù (dual locative)
rũněxъ (locative plural)
rūnò (singular vocative)
rũně (dual vocative)
rūnà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: руно (runo)

Belarusian: ру́но (rúno)

Russian: руно́ (runó)

Ukrainian: ру́но (rúno)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: руно (runo)

Glagolitic script: rⱆⱀⱁ (runo)

Bulgarian: ру́но (rúno)

Macedonian: руно (runo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ру̑но

Latin script: rȗno

Slovene: rúno (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rúno

Czech: rouno

Polish: runo

Slovak: rúno

Formed as *ruti (“to delve, to pluck”) + *-no, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)row-(m)no-, from *Hrew- (“to tear, to dig”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hráwma.


selo

selò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
selò (nominative singular)
sèlě (dual nominative)
selà (nominative plural)
selà (genitive singular)
selù (dual genitive)
sèlъ (genitive plural)
selù (dative singular)
selòma (dative dual)
selòmъ (dative plural)
selò (accusative singular)
sèlě (accusative dual)
selà (accusative plural)
selъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
selòmь (instrumental singular)
selòma (dual instrumental)
sèly (instrumental plural)
selě̀ (locative singular)
selù (dual locative)
sèlěxъ (locative plural)
selò (singular vocative)
sèlě (dual vocative)
selà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: село (selo)

Belarusian: сяло́ (sjaló)

Russian: село́ (seló)

Carpathian Rusyn: село́ (seló)

Ukrainian: село́ (seló)

Old Novgorodian: село (selo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: село (selo)

Glagolitic script: ⱄⰵⰾⱁ (selo)

Bulgarian: се́ло (sélo); село́ (seló) (dialectal)

Macedonian: село (selo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сѐло

Latin script: sèlo

Slovene: sélo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: selo

Polish: sioło (poetic)

Probably akin to Lithuanian selė́ti (“to scroll, to skid”), salà (“isle; countryside”), Latgalian sola (“rural area”) within Balto-Slavic; Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, dwelling; hall, room”), Latin solum (“base, foundation; sole of the foot”) in other Indo-European dialects. Further origin is left unspecified within the literature. Some of the proposed related terms have been tentatively linked to Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to drive, to meander”) (per Smoczyński, Būga).
Compare also Hittite [script needed] (šēli-, “granary”), Armenian շեղջ (šeġǰ, “rick, stack”) (speculated to be an Anatolian borrowing).

sedlo

settlement; homophonous with the current term in East, South Slavic

arable land, rural area, acre (agricultural administrative unit)

village (in East, South Slavic merged with *sēdlò (“settlement”))

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: въсел҄енаꙗ

calque of Ancient Greek οἰκουμένη (oikouménē; )


pri

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: при (pri)

Belarusian: пры (pry)

Russian: при (pri)

Ukrainian: при (pry)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: при (pri)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱃⰻ (pri)

Bulgarian: при (pri)

Macedonian: при (pri)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: при

Latin script: pri

Slovene: pri (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: při
Czech: při

desctree

Old Polish: przy
Polish: przy
Silesian: przi

Slovak: pri

Polabian: prei

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: przë

Slovincian: przë

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: při

Lower Sorbian: pśi

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei, from Proto-Indo-European *préy.


praviti

pràviti (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
pravľenьje (noun-from-verb)
praviti (infinitive)
pravitъ (supine)
pravilъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
pravľenъ (participle passive past)
pravimъ (participle passive present)
pravľь (active participle past)
pravę (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
pravixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pravi (aorist second-person singular)
pravi (aorist singular third-person)
pravľǫ (first-person present singular)
praviši (present second-person singular)
pravitь (present singular third-person)
pravixově (aorist dual first-person)
pravista (aorist dual second-person)
praviste (aorist dual third-person)
pravivě (dual first-person present)
pravita (dual present second-person)
pravite (dual present third-person)
pravixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
praviste (aorist plural second-person)
pravišę (aorist plural third-person)
pravimъ (first-person plural present)
pravite (plural present second-person)
pravętь (plural present third-person)
pravľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pravľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pravľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pravi (imperative second-person singular)
pravi (imperative singular third-person)
pravľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pravľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pravľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pravivě (dual first-person imperative)
pravita (dual imperative second-person)
pravľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pravľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pravľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pravimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pravite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: правити (praviti)
Old Ruthenian: пра́вити (práviti)
Belarusian: пра́віць (právicʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: пра́вити (právyty)
Ukrainian: пра́вити (právyty)
Russian: пра́вить (právitʹ)

South Slavic

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: правити (praviti)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰰⰲⰻⱅⰻ (praviti)

Bulgarian: пра́вя (právja)

Macedonian: прави (pravi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра̏вити

Latin script: prȁviti

Slovene: práviti (tonal orthography)

(Črni vrh, Idrija): prȃi̯ť

West Slavic

Old Czech: praviti

Czech: pravit

Moravian (Mistřice): pravit

Old Polish: prawić

Polish: prawić

Slovincian: prawjic

Slovak: praviť

From *pravъ (“right, straight”) + *-iti.

(transitive) to straighten, to order, to adjust (to set or make straight, right, level, correct)

→ to rule, to control, to lead, to be in charge (possibly a calque of Latin regō or Ancient Greek ἄρχω (árkhō))

(transitive, intransitive) to tell, to discourse, to convey (to pass information, opinion, orders, verdicts)

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to pretend, to comply


jaro

jȃro (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
jȃro (nominative singular)
jȃrě (dual nominative)
jarà (nominative plural)
jȃra (genitive singular)
jarù (dual genitive)
jãrъ (genitive plural)
jȃru (dative singular)
jaromà (dative dual)
jaròmъ (dative plural)
jȃro (accusative singular)
jȃrě (accusative dual)
jarà (accusative plural)
jȃrъmь (instrumental singular)
jȃromь (instrumental singular)
jaromà (dual instrumental)
jarý (instrumental plural)
jȃrě (locative singular)
jarù (dual locative)
jarě̃xъ (locative plural)
jaro (singular vocative)
jȃrě (dual vocative)
jarà (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Czech: jaro

Polish: jaro (dated)

Slovak: jaro

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jaro (dated)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *jeˀro-, from Proto-Indo-European *yōro- or *yēro- (“year”).
Cognate with Lithuanian jė́ras (“lamb”), Latvian ję̃rs (“lamb”), Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬭- (yār-, “year”), Ancient Greek ὥρᾱ (hṓrā, “any defined period of time, season, year”), Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”), Latin hōrnus (“of this year”).


porti

b (accent-paradigm)
portьje (noun-from-verb)
porti (infinitive)
portъ (supine)
porlъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
portъ (participle passive past)
pořemъ (participle passive present)
porvъ (active participle past)
pořę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
porxъ (aorist first-person singular)
por (aorist second-person singular)
por (aorist singular third-person)
pořǫ (first-person present singular)
pořeši (present second-person singular)
pořetь (present singular third-person)
porxově (aorist dual first-person)
porsta (aorist dual second-person)
porste (aorist dual third-person)
pořevě (dual first-person present)
pořeta (dual present second-person)
pořete (dual present third-person)
porxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
porste (aorist plural second-person)
poršę (aorist plural third-person)
pořemъ (first-person plural present)
pořete (plural present second-person)
pořǫtь (plural present third-person)
pořaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pořaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pořaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
poři (imperative second-person singular)
poři (imperative singular third-person)
pořaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pořaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pořaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pořivě (dual first-person imperative)
pořita (dual imperative second-person)
pořaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pořaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pořaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pořimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pořite (imperative plural second-person)
pořenьje (noun-from-verb)
poriti (infinitive)
poritъ (supine)
porilъ (l-participle)
pořenъ (participle passive past)
porimъ (participle passive present)
pořь (active participle past)
porę (active participle present)
porixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pori (aorist second-person singular)
pori (aorist singular third-person)
pořǫ (first-person present singular)
poriši (present second-person singular)
poritь (present singular third-person)
porixově (aorist dual first-person)
porista (aorist dual second-person)
poriste (aorist dual third-person)
porivě (dual first-person present)
porita (dual present second-person)
porite (dual present third-person)
porixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
poriste (aorist plural second-person)
porišę (aorist plural third-person)
porimъ (first-person plural present)
porite (plural present second-person)
porętь (plural present third-person)
pořaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pořaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pořaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pori (imperative second-person singular)
pori (imperative singular third-person)
pořaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pořaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pořaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
porivě (dual first-person imperative)
porita (dual imperative second-person)
pořaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pořaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pořaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
porimъ (first-person imperative plural)
porite (imperative plural second-person)

Church Slavonic: прати (prati, “to cut”)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пороти (poroti)

Belarusian: паро́ць (parócʹ)

Russian: поро́ть (porótʹ)

Ukrainian: поро́ти (poróty)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: по́ря (pórja)

Macedonian: *пори (*pori)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̀рити

Latin script: pòriti, porȉti

Slovene: práti (tonal orthography) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: pòrc

Polish: próć (obsolete), pruć

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: próć

Lower Sorbian: projś

From Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognate with Ancient Greek πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”), πόρος (póros).
* Черных: also περάω (peráō), Sanskrit पिपर्ति (píparti, “to overcome, to resist, to bring across”)
* Vasmer: also ἔπαρον (éparon), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran, “to travel”) and related to Russian Church Slavonic напери (naperi), разперу (razperu)=разпорѭ (razporjǫ) (and *perti, *pьrtь, *pariti, *pero, *porporъ)


trava

trāvà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
trāvà (nominative singular)
trãvě (dual nominative)
trāvỳ (nominative plural)
trāvỳ (genitive singular)
trāvù (dual genitive)
trãvъ (genitive plural)
trāvě̀ (dative singular)
trāvàma (dative dual)
trāvàmъ (dative plural)
trāvǫ̀ (accusative singular)
trãvě (accusative dual)
trāvỳ (accusative plural)
trāvòjǫ (instrumental singular)
trãvǫ (instrumental singular)
trāvàma (dual instrumental)
trāvàmī (instrumental plural)
trāvě̀ (locative singular)
trāvù (dual locative)
trāvàsъ (locative plural)
trāvàxъ (locative plural)
travo (singular vocative)
trãvě (dual vocative)
trāvỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: трава (trava)

Belarusian: трава́ (travá)

Russian: трава́ (travá)

Carpathian Rusyn: трава́ (travá)

Ukrainian: трава́ (travá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: трава (trava)

Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⰰⰲⰰ (trava)

Bulgarian: трава́ (travá) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра́ва

Latin script: tráva

Slovene: tráva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tráva

Czech: tráva

Moravian (Mistřice): tráva

Kashubian: trôwa

desctree

Old Polish: trawa
Polish: trawa
Silesian: trŏwa

Slovak: tráva

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: trawa

Lower Sorbian: tšawa

Probably from Proto-Balto-Slavic *trāˀwā́ˀ.
Of uncertain origin, with no analogues outside of Slavic. Apparently related to Proto-Slavic *traviti (“to chew, to gnaw, to poison”), however, not certain in what manner.
Possibly from the same root as Proto-Slavic *tryti (“to rub, to crush”), Proto-Slavic *truti (“to consume, to poison”), which are believed to continue Proto-Indo-European *trewH-. For similar vṛddhi-like construction, compare Proto-Slavic *slava (“fame”) from Proto-Slavic *sluti (“to utter”). If correct, then likely akin to Ancient Greek τρῡ́ω (trū́ō, “to exhaust”), Ancient Greek τραῦμα (traûma, “wound, damage”), Ancient Greek τρώγω (trṓgō, “to chew, to gnaw”), and Proto-Germanic *þrēaną (“to twist, to throw”).
See *traviti for further discussion.


struja

strujà (canonical feminine)
strujà (nominative singular)
struji (dual nominative)
struję̇ (nominative plural)
struję̇ (genitive singular)
struju (dual genitive)
strujь (genitive plural)
struji (dative singular)
strujama (dative dual)
strujamъ (dative plural)
strujǫ (accusative singular)
struji (accusative dual)
struję̇ (accusative plural)
strujejǫ (instrumental singular)
strujǫ (instrumental singular)
strujama (dual instrumental)
strujami (instrumental plural)
struji (locative singular)
struju (dual locative)
strujasъ (locative plural)
strujaxъ (locative plural)
struje (singular vocative)
struji (dual vocative)
struję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic: струя (struja)

Russian: струя́ (strujá)

Ukrainian: струя́ (strujá) (rare, obsolete)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: строуꙗ (struja)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: стру́я (strúja)

Macedonian: струја (struja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стру́ја

Latin script: strúja

Slovene: strúja

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *straujāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow”).
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian sraujà,
Latvian strauja,
Lithuanian sraũjas,
Latvian stràujš, stràujа
Indo-European cognates include
Thracian Στραῦος (Straῦos),
Old High German Stroua, Streua,
German Streu
Cf.
Ancient Greek ῥόος (rhóos, “stream”),
Proto-Germanic *straumaz (“stream, current, river”)


koliko

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ко́лькі (kólʹki)

Russian: ско́лько (skólʹko)

Carpathian Rusyn: кі́лько (kílʹko)

Ukrainian: скі́льки (skílʹky), Ukrainian: кі́льки (kílʹky), Ukrainian: кі́лько (kílʹko)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: колико (koliko)

Bulgarian: ко́лко (kólko)

Macedonian: ко́лку (kólku)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: колѝко

Latin script: kolìko

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kọ́liko, kọ̑liko (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: koliko
Czech: kolik

desctree

Old Polish: kilko
Polish: kilka
Silesian: kilka

Slovak: koľko

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kùlkò, kùli, kùle

Slovincian: kùlkô

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kelko

(with noun in genitive) how much, how many


kako

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: како (kako), какъ (kakŭ)

Russian: как (kak)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: как (kak)

Macedonian: ка́ко (káko)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка̏ко, ка̏о

Latin script: kȁko, kȁo

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kakọ́, kakọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kako, kak

Old Polish: kak, kako

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kak

Lower Sorbian: kak

(interrogative, relative) how, in which way


bara

bàra (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
bara (nominative singular)
bàrě (dual nominative)
bàry (nominative plural)
bàry (genitive singular)
bàru (dual genitive)
bàrъ (genitive plural)
bàrě (dative singular)
bàrama (dative dual)
bàramъ (dative plural)
bàrǫ (accusative singular)
bàrě (accusative dual)
bàry (accusative plural)
bàrojǫ (instrumental singular)
bàrǭ (instrumental singular)
bàrama (dual instrumental)
bàramī (instrumental plural)
bàrě (locative singular)
bàru (dual locative)
bàrasъ (locative plural)
bàraxъ (locative plural)
bàro (singular vocative)
bàrě (dual vocative)
bàry (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: бара (bara)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́ра (bára)

Macedonian: бара (bara)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̏ра

Latin script: bȁra

Slovene: bára, bȃrje

West Slavic:

Czech: bara (dialectal)

Polabian: poro

Polish: bary pl

Slovak: bara (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: para

Upper Sorbian: bara

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from a substrate language, or perhaps from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bāˀrāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-reh₂ (“shiny; something shiny”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”); compare Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp”), traditionally derived from *bʰel- (“shiny, white”), as also *bělь (“swampy meadow”), though also likely of substrate origin instead. The p- forms in Lower Sorbian and Polabian are closer to the Lithuanian pur̃vas (“mud”) and Latvian pùrvs (“bog”), Sudovian puro (“swamp”).


a

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: а (a)
Old Ruthenian: а (a)
Belarusian: а (a)
Carpathian Rusyn: а (a)
Ukrainian: а (a)
Russian: а (a) (see there for further descendants)

Old Novgorodian: а (a)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: а (a)

Glagolitic script: ⰰ (a)

Macedonian: а (a)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: а

Latin script: a

Slovene: a

West Slavic:

Old Czech: a
Czech: a

Old Polish: a
Polish: a
Silesian: a

Polabian: ă

Slovak: a

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: a

Slovincian: a

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: a

Lower Sorbian: a

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō. According to the usual doctrine, the initial form was *h₁ōd, ablative singular of the PIE demonstrative pronoun *éy, h₁e. However, that demonstrative has no such ablative singular attested in any of the daughter languages, so that hypothesis remains unprovable.
The same PIE proto-form could have also yielded Sanskrit आत् (ā́t, “so, then, afterwards”) and Avestan 𐬁𐬀𐬝 (āat̰, “afterwards, then”).


a

East Slavic:

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: а (a)

Glagolitic script: ⰰ (a)

Bulgarian: а (a)

Macedonian: а (a)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: а

Latin script: a

Slovene: a

West Slavic:

Old Czech: a
Czech: a

Old Polish: a
Polish: a
Silesian: a

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: a

Slovincian: a

Slovak: a

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: a

Lower Sorbian: a

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ā, from Proto-Indo-European *ā, ultimately a natural expression. Compare Lithuanian à, Latin ā, Ancient Greek ἆ (â), Sanskrit अ (a). Although the Proto-Indo-European form is reconstructed, this interjection could arise at any stage.

onomatopoeic

natural expression

Used to express emotions like surprise, pain, displeasure, disapproval; ah!


kolo

kȍlo (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
kȍlo (nominative singular)
kȍlesi (dual nominative)
kolesà (nominative plural)
kȍlese (genitive singular)
kolesù (dual genitive)
kolèsъ (genitive plural)
kȍlesi (dative singular)
kolesьmà (dative dual)
kolèsьmъ (dative plural)
kȍlo (accusative singular)
kȍlesi (accusative dual)
kolesà (accusative plural)
kȍlesьmь (instrumental singular)
kolesьmà (dual instrumental)
kolesý (instrumental plural)
kȍlese (locative singular)
kolesù (dual locative)
kolèsьxъ (locative plural)
kȍlo (singular vocative)
kȍlesi (dual vocative)
kolesà (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
kȍlo (nominative singular)
kȍlě (dual nominative)
kolà (nominative plural)
kȍla (genitive singular)
kolù (dual genitive)
kòlъ (genitive plural)
kȍlu (dative singular)
kolomà (dative dual)
kolòmъ (dative plural)
kȍlo (accusative singular)
kȍlě (accusative dual)
kolà (accusative plural)
kȍlъmь (instrumental singular)
kȍlomь (instrumental singular)
kolomà (dual instrumental)
kolý (instrumental plural)
kȍlě (locative singular)
kolù (dual locative)
kolě̃xъ (locative plural)
kȍlo (singular vocative)
kȍlě (dual vocative)
kolà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: коло (kolo)

Belarusian: ко́ла (kóla)

Russian: ко́ло (kólo) (archaic)

Carpathian Rusyn: коло (kolo)

Ukrainian: ко́ло (kólo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: коло (kolo)

Bulgarian: ко́ло (kólo) (archaic)

⇒ Bulgarian: колело́ (koleló)

⇒ Bulgarian: кола́ f (kolá, “car”)

desc

Macedonian: ко́ло (kólo), ко́лце (kólce), ко́ла (kóla)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̏ло

Latin script: kȍlo

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: kolọ̑, kọ̑lo (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kolo
Czech: kolo

desctree

Old Polish: koło
Polish: koło
Silesian: koło

Old Slovak: kolo
Slovak: kolo

Polabian: ťölü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kòło

Slovincian: kôlô

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: koło

→ Lower Sorbian: koło

East Slavic

Russian: колесо́ sg (kolesó)
→ Kildin Sami: коалес (kåljes)
→ Skolt Sami: kååʹlez
→ Yakut: көлөһө (kölöhö)

Ukrainian: ко́лесо sg (kóleso)

West Slavic

Czech: koleso sg

Slovak: koleso sg

Sorbian

Lower Sorbian: kólaso sg

Upper Sorbian: koleso sg

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kálas, cognate with Old Prussian kelan (“wheel”). Formally from Proto-Indo-European *kʷól-os ~ *kʷól-es-, from *kʷel- (“to turn”). Related to reduplicated o-stem *kʷékʷlos, whence Lithuanian kãklas (“neck”), Latvian kakls (“neck”).
Meillet explains the o-grade, which is uncommon in s-stem nouns, with the influence of a parallel o-grade instrumental noun reflected in Ancient Greek πόλος (pólos, “pole, axis”).


diva

divъ (masculine)
diva (nominative singular)
divě (dual nominative)
divy (nominative plural)
divy (genitive singular)
divu (dual genitive)
divъ (genitive plural)
divě (dative singular)
divama (dative dual)
divamъ (dative plural)
divǫ (accusative singular)
divě (accusative dual)
divy (accusative plural)
divojǫ (instrumental singular)
divǫ (instrumental singular)
divama (dual instrumental)
divami (instrumental plural)
divě (locative singular)
divu (dual locative)
divasъ (locative plural)
divaxъ (locative plural)
divo (singular vocative)
divě (dual vocative)
divy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дива (diva)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: (dialectal) ди́ва (díva)

desc

дива-самодива

⇒ Bulgarian: (dialectal) дива-самодива (diva-samodiva), самоди́ва (samodíva)

Macedonian: самодива (samodiva)

West Slavic:

Sorbian:

⇒? Upper Sorbian: dźiwica

From *divъ (“some kind of a demon”) + *-a.

female equivalent of *divъ (“some kind of a demon”).


čaša

čàša (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
čàša (nominative singular)
čàši (dual nominative)
čàšę̇ (nominative plural)
čàšę̇ (genitive singular)
čàšu (dual genitive)
čàšь (genitive plural)
čàšī (dative singular)
čàšama (dative dual)
čàšāmъ (dative plural)
čàšǫ (accusative singular)
čàši (accusative dual)
čàšę̇ (accusative plural)
čàšējǫ (instrumental singular)
čàšǭ (instrumental singular)
čàšama (dual instrumental)
čàšāmī (instrumental plural)
čàšī (locative singular)
čàšu (dual locative)
čàšāsъ (locative plural)
čàše (singular vocative)
čàši (dual vocative)
čàšę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: чаша (čaša)
Belarusian: ча́ша (čáša)
Russian: ча́ша (čáša)
Ukrainian: чаша (čaša)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чаша (čaša)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰰⱎⰰ (čaša)

Bulgarian: ча́ша (čáša)

Macedonian: чаша (čaša)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ча̏ша

Latin script: čȁša

Slovene: čáša (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polabian: coso

Old Czech: čiešě

Czech: číše

Old Polish: czasza
Polish: czasza

Slovak: čaša

→ Romanian: ceașcă (diminutive)

→ Hungarian: csésze

Probably from the same root as in *česati (“to scratch, comb”). Akin to Old Prussian kiosi (“cup”).
The Slavic term also resembles Proto-Indo-Iranian *čaš- (“to feed, to taste”) (cf Persian چشیدن (češidan, “to taste”), Sanskrit चष् (caṣ, “to eat”)) which gave Sanskrit चषक (caṣaka, “cup”) and Old Armenian ճաշակ (čašak, “drinking vessel”). This similarity suggests a possible borrowing from Scythian.

cog

bowl, cup, mug (vessel made out of hollowed wood)


duša

dušà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
dušà (nominative singular)
dȗši (dual nominative)
dȗšę̇ (nominative plural)
dušę̇́ (genitive singular)
dušù (dual genitive)
dũšь (genitive plural)
dušì (dative singular)
dušàma (dative dual)
dušàmъ (dative plural)
dȗšǫ (accusative singular)
dȗši (accusative dual)
dȗšę̇ (accusative plural)
dušejǫ́ (instrumental singular)
dušàma (dual instrumental)
dušàmi (instrumental plural)
dȗšī (locative singular)
dušù (dual locative)
dušàsъ (locative plural)
dušàxъ (locative plural)
duše (singular vocative)
dȗši (dual vocative)
dȗšę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: доуша (duša)

Belarusian: душа́ (dušá)

Russian: душа́ (dušá)

Ukrainian: душа́ (dušá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: доуша (duša)

Glagolitic script: ⰴⱆⱎⰰ (duša)

Bulgarian: душа (duša)

Macedonian: душа (duša)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ду́ша

Latin script: dúša

Slovene: dúša (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dušě

Czech: duše

Bohemian (Chod dialect): duše

Moravian (Mistřice): duša

Kashubian: dësza, dusza

Polabian: dausă

Polish: dusza

Slovak: duša

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: duša

Lower Sorbian: duša

Perhaps from Proto-Balto-Slavic *dáuṣjāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰowsyeh₂, from *dʰews- + *-yeh₂. Equivalent to *duxъ (“spirit”) + *-ja.
Compare Lithuanian daũsios f pl (“air; empyrean, paradise”), Gaulish dusios (“phantasm”).


uti

ùti (canonical perfective)
uvati (imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
utьje (noun-from-verb)
uti (infinitive)
utъ (supine)
ulъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
utъ (participle passive past)
uvъ (active participle past)
a (accent-paradigm)
uxъ (aorist first-person singular)
u (aorist second-person singular)
u (aorist singular third-person)
ujǫ (first-person present singular)
uješi (present second-person singular)
ujetь (present singular third-person)
uxově (aorist dual first-person)
usta (aorist dual second-person)
uste (aorist dual third-person)
ujevě (dual first-person present)
ujeta (dual present second-person)
ujete (dual present third-person)
uxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
uste (aorist plural second-person)
ušę (aorist plural third-person)
ujemъ (first-person plural present)
ujete (plural present second-person)
ujǫtь (plural present third-person)
uji (imperative second-person singular)
uji (imperative singular third-person)
ujivě (dual first-person imperative)
ujita (dual imperative second-person)
ujimъ (first-person imperative plural)
ujite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: -у́ть (-útʹ)

Attested in derivatives. Formally reflects Proto-Balto-Slavic *áutei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ew-. Cognate with Lithuanian aũti, Latvian àut.

navuťa

with a prothetic v, for a similar change compare *navykъ


tropa

tropa (nominative singular)
tropě (dual nominative)
tropy (nominative plural)
tropy (genitive singular)
tropu (dual genitive)
tropъ (genitive plural)
tropě (dative singular)
tropama (dative dual)
tropamъ (dative plural)
tropǫ (accusative singular)
tropě (accusative dual)
tropy (accusative plural)
tropojǫ (instrumental singular)
tropǫ (instrumental singular)
tropama (dual instrumental)
tropami (instrumental plural)
tropě (locative singular)
tropu (dual locative)
tropasъ (locative plural)
tropaxъ (locative plural)
tropo (singular vocative)
tropě (dual vocative)
tropy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тропа (tropa)

Russian: тропа́ (tropá)

Ukrainian: тропа́ (tropá)

Per Vasmer, related to *trepati, *tropati. Compare Latvian trара, Albanian trap, Ancient Greek ἀτραπός (atrapós).


vada

vada (nominative singular)
vadě (dual nominative)
vady (nominative plural)
vady (genitive singular)
vadu (dual genitive)
vadъ (genitive plural)
vadě (dative singular)
vadama (dative dual)
vadamъ (dative plural)
vadǫ (accusative singular)
vadě (accusative dual)
vady (accusative plural)
vadojǫ (instrumental singular)
vadǫ (instrumental singular)
vadama (dual instrumental)
vadami (instrumental plural)
vadě (locative singular)
vadu (dual locative)
vadasъ (locative plural)
vadaxъ (locative plural)
vado (singular vocative)
vadě (dual vocative)
vady (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old Belarusian: вада (vada, “slander”)

Belarusian: ва́да (váda, “defect”)

desc

⇒ Belarusian: ва́дка (vádka, “scuffle, brawl”)

Russian: ва́да (váda, “scuffle”)

⇒ Russian: ва́дьба (vádʹba, “accusation”)

Carpathian Rusyn: сва́да (sváda, “argument, quarrel, scuffle”)

Ukrainian: ва́да (váda, “defect”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вада (vada, “accusation”)

West Slavic:

Czech: vada, váda

Polish: wada

Slovak: vada

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wada

Action noun of *vaditi (“to argue, to accuse, to hamper”) + *-a.
West Slavic meaning is derived from the figurative “slander, defamation” → “flaw”. Similar semantic shift is observed with synonymous *porokъ (in East, South Slavic).

affix

(figurative, abstract) accusation, slander

(by extension) defect, flaw (West Slavic)


vada

vàda (canonical feminine)
vada (nominative singular)
vadě (dual nominative)
vady (nominative plural)
vady (genitive singular)
vadu (dual genitive)
vadъ (genitive plural)
vadě (dative singular)
vadama (dative dual)
vadamъ (dative plural)
vadǫ (accusative singular)
vadě (accusative dual)
vady (accusative plural)
vadojǫ (instrumental singular)
vadǫ (instrumental singular)
vadama (dual instrumental)
vadami (instrumental plural)
vadě (locative singular)
vadu (dual locative)
vadasъ (locative plural)
vadaxъ (locative plural)
vado (singular vocative)
vadě (dual vocative)
vady (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: ва́да (váda), пова́дка (povádka, “habit”)

South Slavic:

Slovene: váda, vája (tonal orthography)

Action noun of *vaditi (“to pull, to tug”) + *-a.


vada

East Slavic:

Russian: ва́да (váda, “puddle, body of water”) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: ва́дега (vádega), ва́дига (vádiga)

Ukrainian: ва́да (váda, “groove”) (possibly from Romanian)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ва́да (váda)

Macedonian: вада (vada)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: ва̏да

Serbo-Croatian: vȁda

Unclear:
* Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *voda (“water”), from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (with acute and lengthening due to Winter's law). Perhaps parallel to Russian ва́дья (vádʹja, “puddle”), Belarusian ва́дкі (vádki, “watery”).
* Identical to Etymology 2 (per BER), analogous to Latvian vads (“pipe, conduction line”).
* Borrowed or cognate with Latin vadum (“ford”) (whence Romanian vad), Proto-Germanic *wadą (“shallow water”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ- (“to pass, to wade”). Favoured by Melnychuk for the Ukrainian descendant.


bala

bala (nominative singular)
balě (dual nominative)
baly (nominative plural)
baly (genitive singular)
balu (dual genitive)
balъ (genitive plural)
balě (dative singular)
balama (dative dual)
balamъ (dative plural)
balǫ (accusative singular)
balě (accusative dual)
baly (accusative plural)
balojǫ (instrumental singular)
balǫ (instrumental singular)
balama (dual instrumental)
balami (instrumental plural)
balě (locative singular)
balu (dual locative)
balasъ (locative plural)
balaxъ (locative plural)
balo (singular vocative)
balě (dual vocative)
baly (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

desc

⇒ Kajkavian Serbo-Croatian: bala, balka (“feather grass”) (dial. Croatian)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: ба́лище (bályšče, “depression, drainage”) (dialectal)

Uncertain:
* Most likely a cognate of Proto-Germanic *pōlaz (“pool”), possibly Sanskrit जम्बाल (jambāla, “clay”); perhaps from a substrate language. May be related to Proto-Turkic *balkas (“tussock in a swamp”), whence the name of lake Balkaš.
* In the past, has been compared to Lithuanian balà (“swamp”), balùtė (“puddle”), Latvian bala (“loamy meadow, marsh”), Sudovian bala (attested in toponyms) typically linked to Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp, mud”), from formally unrelated Proto-Indo-European *bʰelH- (“to shine”). Dismissed as potential cognates by Smoczyński.
* Marusenko (in regard to the Russian/Ukrainian descendants) proposes native back-formation from Proto-Slavic *obaliti (“to submerge, to collapse”) < *ob-valiti.
Compare also superficial homophone Ukrainian ба́ла (bála, “enchanting”) (< *badla), related to Proto-Slavic *balagovati (“to mumble”), *balakati (“to babble, to make noise”) (whence dial. Bulgarian бала́кам (balákam, “to play in water”)).


teta

tetà (canonical feminine)
teta (nominative singular)
tetě (dual nominative)
tety (nominative plural)
tety (genitive singular)
tetu (dual genitive)
tetъ (genitive plural)
tetě (dative singular)
tetama (dative dual)
tetamъ (dative plural)
tetǫ (accusative singular)
tetě (accusative dual)
tety (accusative plural)
tetojǫ (instrumental singular)
tetǫ (instrumental singular)
tetama (dual instrumental)
tetami (instrumental plural)
tetě (locative singular)
tetu (dual locative)
tetasъ (locative plural)
tetaxъ (locative plural)
teto (singular vocative)
tetě (dual vocative)
tety (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: тета (teta)

⇒ Belarusian: цётка (cjótka)

Russian: тётя (tjótja), ⇒ тётка (tjótka)

⇒ Carpathian Rusyn: тю̈тка (tjütka)

⇒ Ukrainian: тітка (titka)

→ Livvi: tʹouta

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

⇒ Bulgarian: тетка (tetka)

⇒ Macedonian: тетка (tetka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: те̏та

Latin script: tȅta

Slovene: téta (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: teta

⇒ Kashubian: cotka

Polabian: tetă

Polish: ciocia

Slovak: teta

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ćeta

Lower Sorbian: śota

→ Latgalian: cjoce

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)


mora

morà (canonical feminine)
mora (nominative singular)
morě (dual nominative)
mory (nominative plural)
mory (genitive singular)
moru (dual genitive)
morъ (genitive plural)
morě (dative singular)
morama (dative dual)
moramъ (dative plural)
morǫ (accusative singular)
morě (accusative dual)
mory (accusative plural)
morojǫ (instrumental singular)
morǫ (instrumental singular)
morama (dual instrumental)
morami (instrumental plural)
morě (locative singular)
moru (dual locative)
morasъ (locative plural)
moraxъ (locative plural)
moro (singular vocative)
morě (dual vocative)
mory (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: мо́ра (móra, “mythological female creature, ghost, darkness”) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: кики́мора (kikímora)

Ukrainian: мо́ра (móra, “nightmare, house-spirit”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мора (mora)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: мора (mora, “nightmare”)

Macedonian: мо́ра (móra, “nightmare”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мо̏ра (“nightmare”)

Latin script: mȍra

Slovene: móra (“nightmare, owl”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: móra (“nightmare, mythological creature that suffocates people in their sleep”), mora (“moth”)

Czech: můra (“nightmare, mythological creature that suffocates people in their sleep, moth”)

Polish: mora (“nightly spirit that attacks people and horses in their sleep, nightly apparition, nightmare”) (dialectal)

Slovak: mora, mura (“demonical creature that torments people in their sleep”)

From Proto-Indo-European *mor- (“malicious female spirit”), possibly from *mor-, *mer- (“to die”), see also Old Irish Morrígan (“phantom queen”), English nightmare.


piti

pìti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
pitьje (noun-from-verb)
piti (infinitive)
pitъ (supine)
pilъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pitъ (participle passive past)
pьjemъ (participle passive present)
pivъ (active participle past)
pьję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pi (aorist second-person singular)
pitъ (aorist second-person singular)
pi (aorist singular third-person)
pitъ (aorist singular third-person)
pьjǫ (first-person present singular)
pьješi (present second-person singular)
pьjetь (present singular third-person)
pixově (aorist dual first-person)
pista (aorist dual second-person)
piste (aorist dual third-person)
pьjevě (dual first-person present)
pьjeta (dual present second-person)
pьjete (dual present third-person)
pixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
piste (aorist plural second-person)
pišę (aorist plural third-person)
pьjemъ (first-person plural present)
pьjete (plural present second-person)
pьjǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьjaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьjaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьjaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pьji (imperative second-person singular)
pьji (imperative singular third-person)
pьjaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьjaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьjaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pьjivě (dual first-person imperative)
pьjita (dual imperative second-person)
pьjaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьjaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьjaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pьjimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pьjite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пити (piti)

Old Ruthenian: пи́ти (píti)

Belarusian: піць (picʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: пи́ти (pýty)

Ukrainian: пи́ти (pýty)

Russian: пить (pitʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пити (piti)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⰻⱅⰻ (piti)

Bulgarian: пи́я (píja)

Macedonian: пи́е (píe)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пи̏ти

Latin script: pȉti

Slovene: píti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: píti

Czech: pít

Polabian: pait

Polish: pić

→ German: pitschen

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pic

Old Slovak:

Pannonian Rusyn: пиц (pic)

Slovak: piť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pić

Lower Sorbian: piś

Ultimately from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pītei, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-, with differing explanations:
* Derksen: *ph₃i-
* Černyx: *pō(y)- : *pī- (“to drink”)
* Vasmer: related to *pōy- : *pī-
Cognates include Lithuanian puotà (“drinking spree, wassail”), Old Prussian pōuton (“to drink”), poieiti (“drink (imperative)”), Sanskrit पाति (pāti, “he drinks”), पाययति (pāyayati, “to give to drink”), Sanskrit पिबति (pibati, “he drinks”), पीत (pīta, “drunk”), Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis, “the act of drinking”), πίνω (pínō, “I drink”), πώνω (pṓnō, “I drink”), Latin pōtus (“drunk, having been drunk”), and (from reduplicated present stem), Latin bibō (“I drink”) (earlier *pibō), Albanian pi (“I drink”), Old Irish ibid (“to drink”).


ova

From the determiner *ovъ. Possibly related to the interjection *uvy.

feminine singular nominative of *ovъ: this new one


ova

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: ов (ov), оу (ou)

Ukrainian: овва́ (ovvá)

⇒ Ukrainian: оввакало (ovvakalo)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏во, е̏во

Latin script: ȍvo, ȅvo

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ova

⇒ Old Czech: ova tu, ova neb(o)

Czech: ouve

⇒ Czech: ouvech, ouvej, ovej, ovaj

Old Polish: owa

Polish: owwa; owo, ow (obsolete); owa (dialectal)

Old Slovak: óvi

Slovak: óvi

Used to emphasize or draw attention to something, often with a notch of disappointment: aw! oy!


ova

ova (nominative singular)
ově (dual nominative)
ovy (nominative plural)
ovy (genitive singular)
ovu (dual genitive)
ovъ (genitive plural)
ově (dative singular)
ovama (dative dual)
ovamъ (dative plural)
ovǫ (accusative singular)
ově (accusative dual)
ovy (accusative plural)
ovojǫ (instrumental singular)
ovǫ (instrumental singular)
ovama (dual instrumental)
ovami (instrumental plural)
ově (locative singular)
ovu (dual locative)
ovasъ (locative plural)
ovaxъ (locative plural)
ovo (singular vocative)
ově (dual vocative)
ovy (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wowa

⇒ Upper Sorbian: wowka (“grandmother”), wowcyny (“grandmother's”)

Lower Sorbian: wówa (“grandmother”)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂s. Compare Latin ava (“maternal aunt; wife of uncle”), avus (“grandfather”), avia (“grandmother”), Old Armenian հաւ (haw, “grandfather”), Proto-Germanic *awǭ (> Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐍉 (awō, “grandmother”)).


kuga

kùga (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
kuga (nominative singular)
kùdzě (dual nominative)
kùgy (nominative plural)
kùgy (genitive singular)
kùgu (dual genitive)
kùgъ (genitive plural)
kùdzě (dative singular)
kùgama (dative dual)
kùgamъ (dative plural)
kùgǫ (accusative singular)
kùdzě (accusative dual)
kùgy (accusative plural)
kùgojǫ (instrumental singular)
kùgǭ (instrumental singular)
kùgama (dual instrumental)
kùgamī (instrumental plural)
kùdzě (locative singular)
kùgu (dual locative)
kùgasъ (locative plural)
kùgaxъ (locative plural)
kùgo (singular vocative)
kùdzě (dual vocative)
kùgy (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ку́га (kúga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̏га

Latin script: kȕga

Slovene: kúga

⇒ Slovene: kužba (“contagion”)

Per Trubachev, of onomatopoeic origin, probably from a semantic kernel like *kujati (“to caw, to cry”) + *-ga. Analogical to Proto-Germanic *kuhōną (“to cough, to gasp”).
Per Snoj, a borrowing from Old High German koge (“infection”) (specifically Bawarian dialects) is suggested, however, that lemma is too young to have been reflected with *-u- in Slavic (compare Serbo-Croatian кугла (“ball”) < German Kugel : Serbo-Croatian корпа (“box, basket”) < German Korb). Rejected by Trubachev.


lata

lata (nominative singular)
latě (dual nominative)
laty (nominative plural)
laty (genitive singular)
latu (dual genitive)
latъ (genitive plural)
latě (dative singular)
latama (dative dual)
latamъ (dative plural)
latǫ (accusative singular)
latě (accusative dual)
laty (accusative plural)
latojǫ (instrumental singular)
latǫ (instrumental singular)
latama (dual instrumental)
latami (instrumental plural)
latě (locative singular)
latu (dual locative)
latasъ (locative plural)
lataxъ (locative plural)
lato (singular vocative)
latě (dual vocative)
laty (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ла́та (láta)

Russian: ла́та (láta)

Ukrainian: ла́та (láta)

South Slavic:

t

а́лтица (áltica)

Macedonian: ла́тица (lática), а́лтица (áltica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ла̏тица

Latin script: lȁtica

West Slavic:

Czech: lata

Polish: łata

Slovak: lаtа, lаttа᾽


glista

glīstà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
glīstà (nominative singular)
glĩstě (dual nominative)
glīstỳ (nominative plural)
glīstỳ (genitive singular)
glīstù (dual genitive)
glĩstъ (genitive plural)
glīstě̀ (dative singular)
glīstàma (dative dual)
glīstàmъ (dative plural)
glīstǫ̀ (accusative singular)
glĩstě (accusative dual)
glīstỳ (accusative plural)
glīstòjǫ (instrumental singular)
glĩstǫ (instrumental singular)
glīstàma (dual instrumental)
glīstàmī (instrumental plural)
glīstě̀ (locative singular)
glīstù (dual locative)
glīstàsъ (locative plural)
glīstàxъ (locative plural)
glisto (singular vocative)
glĩstě (dual vocative)
glīstỳ (plural vocative)


noga

nogà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
nogà (nominative singular)
nȍdzě (dual nominative)
nȍgy (nominative plural)
nogý (genitive singular)
nogù (dual genitive)
nògъ (genitive plural)
nodzě̀ (dative singular)
nogàma (dative dual)
nogàmъ (dative plural)
nȍgǫ (accusative singular)
nȍdzě (accusative dual)
nȍgy (accusative plural)
nogojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
nogàma (dual instrumental)
nogàmi (instrumental plural)
nȍdzě (locative singular)
nogù (dual locative)
nogàsъ (locative plural)
nogàxъ (locative plural)
nogo (singular vocative)
nȍdzě (dual vocative)
nȍgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: нога (noga)
Belarusian: нага́ (nahá)
Russian: нога́ (nogá)
Carpathian Rusyn: нога́ (nohá)
Ukrainian: нога́ (nohá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: нога (noga), ⱀⱁⰳⰰ (noga) — Glagolitic
Bulgarian: нога́ (nogá)
Macedonian: нога (noga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: но̀га

Serbo-Croatian: nòga
Slavomolisano: noga

Slovene: nóga (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: noha
Czech: noha

Old Polish: noga
Polish: noga
Silesian: noga

Old Slovak: noha
Slovak: noha

Polabian: nügă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: noga

Slovincian: nôga

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: noga

Upper Sorbian: noha

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *nagā́ˀ (“claw, nail”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs. Cognate with Latgalian nogs, Latvian nags, Lithuanian nagas, naga, Old Prussian nage.


per-

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пере- (pere-)

Old Ruthenian: пере- (pere-)

Belarusian: пера- (pjera-)

Ukrainian: пере- (pere-)

Russian: пере- (pere-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

Old Cyrillic script: пре- (pre-), прѣ- (prě-)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰵ- (pre-), ⱂⱃⱑ- (prě-)

Bulgarian: пре- (pre-)

Macedonian: пре- (pre-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пре-, прије-

Latin script: pre-, prije-

Slovene: pre-

West Slavic:

Czech: pře-

desctree

partially from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*pro-</i>

Old Polish: prze- (partially from *pro-)
Polish: prze-
Silesian: prze-

Slovak: pre-

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pśe-

Upper Sorbian: pře-

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: prze-

Slovincian: przê-

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: prea-

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.


tako

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: тако (tako), такъ (takŭ)

Belarusian: так (tak, “so, thus; yes”)

Russian: так (tak, “so, thus”)

Ukrainian: так (tak, “so, thus; yes”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: тако (tako)

Bulgarian: така́ (taká, “so, thus”)

Macedonian: така (taka, “so, thus”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: та̀ко̄

Latin script: tàkō

Slovene: takọ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: tak

desctree

Old Polish: tak (“so, thus; yes”)
Polish: tak
Silesian: tak

Slovak: tak

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: tak

Slovincian: tak


golsъ

gȏlsъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
gȏlsъ (nominative singular)
gȏlsa (dual nominative)
gȏlsi (nominative plural)
gȏlsa (genitive singular)
golsù (dual genitive)
gõlsъ (genitive plural)
gȏlsu (dative singular)
golsomà (dative dual)
golsòmъ (dative plural)
gȏlsъ (accusative singular)
gȏlsa (accusative dual)
gȏlsy (accusative plural)
gȏlsъmь (instrumental singular)
gȏlsomь (instrumental singular)
golsomà (dual instrumental)
golsý (instrumental plural)
gȏlsě (locative singular)
golsù (dual locative)
golsě̃xъ (locative plural)
golse (singular vocative)
gȏlsa (dual vocative)
gȏlsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: голосъ (golosŭ)
Belarusian: го́лас (hólas)
Russian: го́лос (gólos)
Carpathian Rusyn: голос (holos)
Ukrainian: го́лос (hólos)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: гласъ (glasŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱏ (glasŭ)

Bulgarian: глас (glas)

Macedonian: глас (glas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гла̑с

Latin script: glȃs

Slovene: glȃs (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hlas, hłas (alternative writing)
Czech: hlas

Old Polish: głos
Polish: głos
Silesian: głos

Slovak: hlas

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: głos

Slovincian: glôs

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hłós

Lower Sorbian: głos

→ Romanian: glas

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *galsás, from Proto-Indo-European *golH-so-s. Morphologically from *gelH- (“to call”) + *-sъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian gãlsas (“echo”) and further akin to Latin gallus (“cock”), probably Proto-Germanic *kalzōną (“to call”), Proto-Brythonic *gėlwɨd (“to call”). For the suffix, compare Proto-Slavic *xolsъ (“trance”), *časъ (“hour”) and Lithuanian bal̃sas (“voice”), gar̃sas (“noise”).

golšatajь

*golšati (“to evoke, to summon with a call”)


bogъ

bȍgъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
bȍgъ (nominative singular)
bȍga (dual nominative)
bȍdzi (nominative plural)
bȍga (genitive singular)
bogù (dual genitive)
bògъ (genitive plural)
bȍgu (dative singular)
bogomà (dative dual)
bogòmъ (dative plural)
bȍgъ (accusative singular)
bȍga (accusative dual)
bȍgy (accusative plural)
bȍgъmь (instrumental singular)
bȍgomь (instrumental singular)
bogomà (dual instrumental)
bogý (instrumental plural)
bȍdzě (locative singular)
bogù (dual locative)
bodzě̃xъ (locative plural)
bože (singular vocative)
bȍga (dual vocative)
bȍdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

за прости богъ

⇒ Old Ruthenian: за прости богъ (za prosti boh, “free of charge, for free”)

за мали́м бо́гом

⇒ Ukrainian: за мали́м бо́гом (za malým bóhom, “almost”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

⇒ Bulgarian: да бога (da boga, “abundantly, in abundance, very”)

⇒ Macedonian: да бога (da boga, “abundantly, in abundance, very”) (dialectal)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

до (зла) бога

Cyrillic script: до (зла) бога (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)

Latin script: do (zla) boga (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)

⇒ Slovene: zlego boga uživa (“he's doing badly”) (dialectal)

West Slavic:

⇒ Czech: do boha (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)

⇒ Moravian: na ty bohy (“fortunately”)

⇒ Old Polish: do boga (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bog (“Christmas gift”)

Non-Slavic:

→ Lithuanian: bagà (“property, treasure”)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide”).
Cognates include Sanskrit भग (bhaga, “happiness, welfare, prosperity”), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬔𐬀 (baga, “share”), Tocharian A pāk (“part, portion, share”). The following meanings have been displaced by Etymology 2 and are attested mainly in compounds and derived terms. Doublet of *banъ.

cog

čь̀rnъ bȍgъ

bě̃lъ bȍgъ


bogъ

bȍgъ (canonical masculine)
božę (diminutive)
božьcь (diminutive)
božьkъ (diminutive)
c (accent-paradigm)
bȍgъ (nominative singular)
bȍga (dual nominative)
bȍdzi (nominative plural)
bȍga (genitive singular)
bogù (dual genitive)
bògъ (genitive plural)
bȍgu (dative singular)
bogomà (dative dual)
bogòmъ (dative plural)
bȍgъ (accusative singular)
bȍga (accusative dual)
bȍgy (accusative plural)
bȍgъmь (instrumental singular)
bȍgomь (instrumental singular)
bogomà (dual instrumental)
bogý (instrumental plural)
bȍdzě (locative singular)
bogù (dual locative)
bodzě̃xъ (locative plural)
bože (singular vocative)
bȍga (dual vocative)
bȍdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: богъ (bogŭ)
Old Ruthenian: богъ (boh)
Belarusian: бог (boh)
Carpathian Rusyn: бог (boh), буг (buh)
Ukrainian: бог (boh), біг (bih), бі (bi)
Russian: бог (bog)

Old Novgorodian: бого (bogo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: богъ (bogŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱁⰳⱏ (bogŭ)

Bulgarian: бог (bog)

Macedonian: бог (bog)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̑г

Latin script: bȏg

Slovene: bọ̑g (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bóh
Czech: bůh

Old Polish: bóg
Polish: bóg
Silesian: bōg

Polabian: büg

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bóg

Slovincian: bóg

Slovak: boh

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bog

Upper Sorbian: bóh

]
Identical with Etymology 1. According to consensus, a semantic loan from Scythian languages. Displaced earlier *divъ.
Semantic cognates include Old Persian 𐏎 (BG /baga/, “god”), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬖𐬀 (baγa, “god”).

dàďь bože!

bȍgъ dàďь!

ne dàďь bože!

o bože!