pǫditi

pǫďenьje (noun-from-verb)
pǫditi (infinitive)
pǫditъ (supine)
pǫdilъ (l-participle)
pǫďenъ (participle passive past)
pǫdimъ (participle passive present)
pǫďь (active participle past)
pǫdę (active participle present)
pǫdixъ (aorist first-person singular)
pǫdi (aorist second-person singular)
pǫdi (aorist singular third-person)
pǫďǫ (first-person present singular)
pǫdiši (present second-person singular)
pǫditь (present singular third-person)
pǫdixově (aorist dual first-person)
pǫdista (aorist dual second-person)
pǫdiste (aorist dual third-person)
pǫdivě (dual first-person present)
pǫdita (dual present second-person)
pǫdite (dual present third-person)
pǫdixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pǫdiste (aorist plural second-person)
pǫdišę (aorist plural third-person)
pǫdimъ (first-person plural present)
pǫdite (plural present second-person)
pǫdętь (plural present third-person)
pǫďaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pǫďaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pǫďaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
pǫdi (imperative second-person singular)
pǫdi (imperative singular third-person)
pǫďaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pǫďaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pǫďaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pǫdivě (dual first-person imperative)
pǫdita (dual imperative second-person)
pǫďaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pǫďaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pǫďaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pǫdimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pǫdite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пꙋдити (puditi)

Belarusian: пу́дзіць (púdzicʹ)

desc

Russian: пу́дить (púditʹ), пуди́ть (pudítʹ, “to scare, to chase”), пужать, пугать

Ukrainian: пу́дити (púdyty), 1sg. пу́джу (púdžu)

South Slavic:

Middle Bulgarian: пѫдити (pǫditi, “to push, to chase”) (14th century)

Bulgarian: пъ́дя (pǎ́dja)

Macedonian: пади (padi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пу́дити (“to chase”)

Latin script: púditi (“to chase”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: podíti (“to chase”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. podím (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pudit (“to induce, to impel”)

Polish: pędzić (“to chase”)

Slovak: pudiť

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pond-éye-ti, causative/iterative from *(s)pend- (“to stretch”). Cognate with Lithuanian spándyti (“to stretch”), German spannen (“to stretch”), Lithuanian spą́stas (“traps”), spę́sti (“to set traps”) (1sg. spéndžiu), Latvian spôsts (“trap, snare”).


pędь

pę̑dь (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
pę̑dь (nominative singular)
pę̑di (dual nominative)
pę̑di (nominative plural)
pędí (genitive singular)
pędьjù (dual genitive)
pędь̀jь (genitive plural)
pę̑di (dative singular)
pędьmà (dative dual)
pę̑dьmъ (dative plural)
pę̑dь (accusative singular)
pę̑di (accusative dual)
pę̑di (accusative plural)
pędьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
pędьmà (dual instrumental)
pędьmì (instrumental plural)
pędí (locative singular)
pędьjù (dual locative)
pę̑dьxъ (locative plural)
pędi (singular vocative)
pę̑di (dual vocative)
pę̑di (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: пядзя (pjadzja)

Russian: пядь (pjadʹ)

Ukrainian: п'ядь (pʺjadʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пѧдь

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱔⰴⱐ (pędĭ)

Bulgarian: педя (pedja), пенда (penda) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пе̑даљ

Latin script: pȇdalj

Slovene: pẹ̑d

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pied

Czech: píď

Moravian (Mistřice): píť

Polish: piędź

Slovak: piaď

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pénd-i-s, from *(s)pend- (“to stretch”).


xъrvatъ

xъrvatъ (nominative singular)
xъrvata (dual nominative)
xъrvati (nominative plural)
xъrvata (genitive singular)
xъrvatu (dual genitive)
xъrvatъ (genitive plural)
xъrvatu (dative singular)
xъrvatoma (dative dual)
xъrvatomъ (dative plural)
xъrvatъ (accusative singular)
xъrvata (accusative dual)
xъrvaty (accusative plural)
xъrvatъmь (instrumental singular)
xъrvatomь (instrumental singular)
xъrvatoma (dual instrumental)
xъrvaty (instrumental plural)
xъrvatě (locative singular)
xъrvatu (dual locative)
xъrvatěxъ (locative plural)
xъrvate (singular vocative)
xъrvata (dual vocative)
xъrvati (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хърватъ (xŭrvatŭ)

Belarusian: харва́т (xarvát)

Carpathian Rusyn: Горва́т (Horvát)

Russian: хорва́т (xorvát)

Ukrainian: хорва́т (xorvát)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

desc

хръватинъ (xrŭvatinŭ)

⇒ Church Slavonic: хръватинъ (xrŭvatinŭ)

⇒ Bulgarian: хърва́тин (hǎrvátin), хръва́тин (hrǎvátin)

Macedonian: Хрват (Hrvat)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Хр̀ва̄т

Latin script: Hr̀vāt

Slovene: hrvȁt (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: Chrvát

Czech: Charvát, Chorvát

Old Polish: charwat

Polish: Chorwat

Old Slovak: Chorvát

Pannonian Rusyn: Горват (Horvat)

Slovak: Chorvát

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: Chorwat

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: horvát

→ Romanian: arvat, croat

→ Latin: Croata

→ English: Croat

→ French: Croate

→ German: Kroate

Uncertain. Common theories from the 20th century derive it from an Iranian origin, the root word being a third-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos). See Etymology of Croatia on Wikipedia.

Name of Croatia#Etymology
Oleg Trubachyov


xvojь

xvojь (nominative singular)
xvoja (dual nominative)
xvoji (nominative plural)
xvoja (genitive singular)
xvoju (dual genitive)
xvojь (genitive plural)
xvoju (dative singular)
xvojema (dative dual)
xvojemъ (dative plural)
xvojь (accusative singular)
xvoja (accusative dual)
xvoję̇ (accusative plural)
xvojьmь (instrumental singular)
xvojemь (instrumental singular)
xvojema (dual instrumental)
xvoji (instrumental plural)
xvoji (locative singular)
xvoju (dual locative)
xvojixъ (locative plural)
xvoju (singular vocative)
xvoja (dual vocative)
xvoji (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

хвой m (xvoj, “coniferous forest; brushwood; twigs”) (dialectal, archaic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *skwajas, from Proto-Indo-European *skwoy-os, from *skwey- (“needle, prickle, thorn”).


kryšь

kryšь (nominative singular)
kryši (dual nominative)
kryši (nominative plural)
kryši (genitive singular)
kryšьju (dual genitive)
kryšьjь (genitive plural)
kryši (dative singular)
kryšьma (dative dual)
kryšьmъ (dative plural)
kryšь (accusative singular)
kryši (accusative dual)
kryši (accusative plural)
kryšьjǫ (instrumental singular)
kryšьma (dual instrumental)
kryšьmi (instrumental plural)
kryši (locative singular)
kryšьju (dual locative)
kryšьxъ (locative plural)
kryši (singular vocative)
kryši (dual vocative)
kryši (plural vocative)

Alternative form of *kryša (“roof, shelter”)


boľь

bȍľь (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
bȍľь (nominative singular)
bȍľi (dual nominative)
bȍľi (nominative plural)
boľí (genitive singular)
boľьjù (dual genitive)
boľь̀jь (genitive plural)
bȍľi (dative singular)
boľьmà (dative dual)
bȍľьmъ (dative plural)
bȍľь (accusative singular)
bȍľi (accusative dual)
bȍľi (accusative plural)
boľьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
boľьmà (dual instrumental)
boľьmì (instrumental plural)
boľí (locative singular)
boľьjù (dual locative)
bȍľьxъ (locative plural)
boľi (singular vocative)
bȍľi (dual vocative)
bȍľi (plural vocative)


mečь

mèčь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
mèčь (nominative singular)
mečà (dual nominative)
mečì (nominative plural)
mečà (genitive singular)
mečù (dual genitive)
mèčь (genitive plural)
mečù (dative singular)
mečèma (dative dual)
mèčemъ (dative plural)
mèčь (accusative singular)
mečà (accusative dual)
mečę̇̀ (accusative plural)
mečь̀mь (instrumental singular)
mečèmь (instrumental singular)
mečèma (dual instrumental)
mèči (instrumental plural)
mečì (locative singular)
mečù (dual locative)
mèčixъ (locative plural)
meču (singular vocative)
mečà (dual vocative)
mečì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мечь (mečĭ)

Belarusian: меч (mječ)

Russian: меч (meč)

Ukrainian: меч (meč); міч (mič) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: мечь (mečĭ)

Glagolitic: ⰿⰵⱍⱐ (mečĭ)

Bulgarian: меч (meč)

Macedonian: меч (meč)

Serbo-Croatian:

Chakavian Serbo-Croatian: meč

Slovene: mȅč (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: meč

Czech: meč

Kashubian: miecz

Old Polish: miecz

Polish: miecz

Slovak: meč

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mjac

Upper Sorbian: mječ

Unknown. In the past usually believed to be borrowed from Gothic 𐌼𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (mēkeis), from Proto-Germanic *mēkijaz. However, this idea is rejected by modern etymologists e.g. Pronk-Tiethoff, Boryś, ESSJa, because the vowels don't match (*měčь expected). Only Derksen recognizes the possibility of borrowing.
Relation with Georgian მახვილი (maxvili, “sword”), Udi мех (meχ, “sickle”), Lezgi мaх (maχ, “iron”) was also suggested, but vowels are still problematic. Relation with Tsez мачӏа (mač’a, “sword”) or Middle Persian [script needed] (magēn) is also unlikely.
Per Pronk-Tiethoff and Boryś: borrowing from unknown source. Per Petri Kallio Germanic and Slavic words are Wanderworts.
Per ESSJa: Slavic and Germanic words are borrowed from Celtic, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *mik-n- (“to sparkle, shine”) (cf. Proto-Celtic *mikneti > Old Irish domeiccethar (“to despise”), Welsh dirmygu (“to disdain, scorn, spurn”)), from Proto-Indo-European *meyk- (“to twinkle, blink”).
Other propositions include: back-formation from Proto-Slavic *metati (“to throw”), relation with Latin mactō (“to kill, slaughter”), or with Ancient Greek μᾰ́χη (mákhē, “battle, combat”), μάχαιρα (mákhaira, “large knife, short sword, dirk, dagger”).


peťь

pȅťь (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
pȅťь (nominative singular)
pȅťi (dual nominative)
pȅťi (nominative plural)
peťí (genitive singular)
peťьjù (dual genitive)
peťь̀jь (genitive plural)
pȅťi (dative singular)
peťьmà (dative dual)
pȅťьmъ (dative plural)
pȅťь (accusative singular)
pȅťi (accusative dual)
pȅťi (accusative plural)
peťьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
peťьmà (dual instrumental)
peťьmì (instrumental plural)
peťí (locative singular)
peťьjù (dual locative)
pȅťьxъ (locative plural)
peťi (singular vocative)
pȅťi (dual vocative)
pȅťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: печь (pečĭ)
Belarusian: печ (pječ)
Russian: печь (pečʹ) (see there for further descendants)
Carpathian Rusyn: піч (pič)
Ukrainian: піч (pič)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: пещ (pešt)

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пещь (peštĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⰵⱋⱐ (peštĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пе̑ћ

Latin script: pȇć

Slovene: pẹ̑č (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pec

Czech: pec

Kashubian: piec

Polabian: pic

Old Polish: piec

Polish: piec m

→ Old Ruthenian: пецъ m (pecʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: пец m (pec) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: п'єц m (pʺjec) (dialectal)

Silesian: piyc

Slovak: pec

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pjac

Upper Sorbian: pěc

→ Proto-Finnic: *päcci

Finnish: pätsi

Karelian: päčči

Venda: päc

From earlier *pektь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pektis, from Proto-Indo-European *pékʷ-tis, from *pekʷ- (“to cook”). Equivalent to *peťi + *-tь.


drъvo

drъ̏vo (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
drъ̏vo (nominative singular)
drъ̏vě (dual nominative)
drъvà (nominative plural)
drъ̏va (genitive singular)
drъvù (dual genitive)
drъ̀vъ (genitive plural)
drъ̏vu (dative singular)
drъvomà (dative dual)
drъvòmъ (dative plural)
drъ̏vo (accusative singular)
drъ̏vě (accusative dual)
drъvà (accusative plural)
drъ̏vъmь (instrumental singular)
drъ̏vomь (instrumental singular)
drъvomà (dual instrumental)
drъvý (instrumental plural)
drъ̏vě (locative singular)
drъvù (dual locative)
drъvě̃xъ (locative plural)
drъvo (singular vocative)
drъ̏vě (dual vocative)
drъvà (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: дърво́ (dǎrvó); дръ́во (drǎ́vo) (dialectal)

Macedonian: дрво (drvo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: др̏во; дарво̏ (dialectal)

Latin script: dȑvo; darvȍ (dialectal)

Slovene: dŕvo

West Slavic:

Czech: drvo (dialectal)

Slovak: drvo

Polish: drwo

0-grade doublet of Proto-Slavic *dervo, from Proto-Indo-European *dr̥w-ó-m, from *dóru (“wood”). In some daughter languages, attested only as pl. tantum *drъva pl (see there for further descendants).


běžati

běžàti (canonical imperfective)
c (accent-paradigm)
běžanьje (noun-from-verb)
běžati (infinitive)
běžatъ (supine)
běžalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
běžanъ (participle passive past)
běžimъ (participle passive present)
běžavъ (active participle past)
běžę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
běžaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běža (aorist second-person singular)
běža (aorist singular third-person)
běžǫ (first-person present singular)
běžiši (present second-person singular)
běžitь (present singular third-person)
běžaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běžasta (aorist dual second-person)
běžaste (aorist dual third-person)
běživě (dual first-person present)
běžita (dual present second-person)
běžite (dual present third-person)
běžaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běžaste (aorist plural second-person)
běžašę (aorist plural third-person)
běžimъ (first-person plural present)
běžite (plural present second-person)
běžętь (plural present third-person)
běžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běži (imperative second-person singular)
běži (imperative singular third-person)
běžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běživě (dual first-person imperative)
běžita (dual imperative second-person)
běžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běžimъ (first-person imperative plural)
běžite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бежа́ть (bežátʹ)

Old Novgorodian: бѣжати (běžati)

Carpathian Rusyn: бігти (bihty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бѣжати (běžati)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱑⰶⰰⱅⰹ (běžati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бјѐжати, бѐжати

Latin script: bjèžati, bèžati

Chakavian: bižȁti, bežāt

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: bẹ́žati, bežáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: běžet

Kashubian: bieżec

Polabian: bezăt

Polish: bieżeć (archaic)

Slovak: bežať

Slovincian: bjêżec

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: băjenie

>? Proto-Finnic: *pästäk

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bēˀgjā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰégʷ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present), from *bʰegʷ- (“to flee, run”).


gъrba

gъrba (nominative singular)
gъrbě (dual nominative)
gъrby (nominative plural)
gъrby (genitive singular)
gъrbu (dual genitive)
gъrbъ (genitive plural)
gъrbě (dative singular)
gъrbama (dative dual)
gъrbamъ (dative plural)
gъrbǫ (accusative singular)
gъrbě (accusative dual)
gъrby (accusative plural)
gъrbojǫ (instrumental singular)
gъrbǫ (instrumental singular)
gъrbama (dual instrumental)
gъrbami (instrumental plural)
gъrbě (locative singular)
gъrbu (dual locative)
gъrbasъ (locative plural)
gъrbaxъ (locative plural)
gъrbo (singular vocative)
gъrbě (dual vocative)
gъrby (plural vocative)


babunъ

babunъ (nominative singular)
babuna (dual nominative)
babuni (nominative plural)
babuna (genitive singular)
babunu (dual genitive)
babunъ (genitive plural)
babunu (dative singular)
babunoma (dative dual)
babunomъ (dative plural)
babunъ (accusative singular)
babuna (accusative dual)
babuny (accusative plural)
babunъmь (instrumental singular)
babunomь (instrumental singular)
babunoma (dual instrumental)
babuny (instrumental plural)
babuně (locative singular)
babunu (dual locative)
babuněxъ (locative plural)
babune (singular vocative)
babuna (dual vocative)
babuni (plural vocative)

Alternative form of *babonъ (“superstition, superstitious person”)


krydla

krydla (nominative singular)
krydlě (dual nominative)
krydly (nominative plural)
krydly (genitive singular)
krydlu (dual genitive)
krydlъ (genitive plural)
krydlě (dative singular)
krydlama (dative dual)
krydlamъ (dative plural)
krydlǫ (accusative singular)
krydlě (accusative dual)
krydly (accusative plural)
krydlojǫ (instrumental singular)
krydlǫ (instrumental singular)
krydlama (dual instrumental)
krydlami (instrumental plural)
krydlě (locative singular)
krydlu (dual locative)
krydlasъ (locative plural)
krydlaxъ (locative plural)
krydlo (singular vocative)
krydlě (dual vocative)
krydly (plural vocative)

Alternative form of *krydlo (“covering, cover”)


ablъkъ

àblъkъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
àblъkъ (nominative singular)
àblъka (dual nominative)
àblъci (nominative plural)
àblъka (genitive singular)
àblъku (dual genitive)
àblъkъ (genitive plural)
àblъku (dative singular)
àblъkoma (dative dual)
àblъkomъ (dative plural)
àblъkъ (accusative singular)
àblъka (accusative dual)
àblъky (accusative plural)
àblъkъmь (instrumental singular)
àblъkomь (instrumental singular)
àblъkoma (dual instrumental)
àblъkȳ (instrumental plural)
àblъcě (locative singular)
àblъku (dual locative)
àblъcě̄xъ (locative plural)
àblъče (singular vocative)
àblъka (dual vocative)
àblъci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗблокъ (jablokŭ)

Belarusian: я́блык (jáblyk)

Russian: я́блок (jáblok) (dialectal)

(originally) diminutive of *ablo (“apple”)


ablъka

àblъka (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
àblъka (nominative singular)
àblъcě (dual nominative)
àblъky (nominative plural)
àblъky (genitive singular)
àblъku (dual genitive)
àblъkъ (genitive plural)
àblъcě (dative singular)
àblъkama (dative dual)
àblъkamъ (dative plural)
àblъkǫ (accusative singular)
àblъcě (accusative dual)
àblъky (accusative plural)
àblъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
àblъkǭ (instrumental singular)
àblъkama (dual instrumental)
àblъkamī (instrumental plural)
àblъcě (locative singular)
àblъku (dual locative)
àblъkasъ (locative plural)
àblъkaxъ (locative plural)
àblъko (singular vocative)
àblъcě (dual vocative)
àblъky (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: я́бълка (jábǎlka), а́бълка (ábǎlka); бъ́лка (bǎ́lka), йа́бока (jáboka), йа́бука (jábuka) (dialectal)

Macedonian: јаболка (jabolka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏бука

Latin script: jȁbuka

Slovene: jábolka (tonal orthography)


čudъ

čùdъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
čùdъ (nominative singular)
čùda (dual nominative)
čùdi (nominative plural)
čùda (genitive singular)
čùdu (dual genitive)
čùdъ (genitive plural)
čùdu (dative singular)
čùdoma (dative dual)
čùdomъ (dative plural)
čùdъ (accusative singular)
čùda (accusative dual)
čùdy (accusative plural)
čùdъmь (instrumental singular)
čùdomь (instrumental singular)
čùdoma (dual instrumental)
čùdȳ (instrumental plural)
čùdě (locative singular)
čùdu (dual locative)
čùdě̄xъ (locative plural)
čùde (singular vocative)
čùda (dual vocative)
čùdi (plural vocative)

Alternative form of *čùdo (“miracle, wonder”)


břuxъ

břȗxъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
břȗxъ (nominative singular)
břȗxa (dual nominative)
břȗśi (nominative plural)
břȗxa (genitive singular)
břuxù (dual genitive)
břũxъ (genitive plural)
břȗxu (dative singular)
břuxomà (dative dual)
břuxòmъ (dative plural)
břȗxъ (accusative singular)
břȗxa (accusative dual)
břȗxy (accusative plural)
břȗxъmь (instrumental singular)
břȗxomь (instrumental singular)
břuxomà (dual instrumental)
břuxý (instrumental plural)
břȗśě (locative singular)
břuxù (dual locative)
břuśě̃xъ (locative plural)
břuše (singular vocative)
břȗxa (dual vocative)
břȗśi (plural vocative)


smědъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *smědъ (hard)

Definite declension of *smědъ (hard)

smědъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
směda (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
smědo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
směda (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
smědy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
směda (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
smědu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
smědě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
smědu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
smědъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
smědǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
smědo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
smědomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
smědojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
smědomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
smědě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
smědě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
smědě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
směde (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
smědo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
smědo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
směda (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
smědě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
smědě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
smědu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
smědu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
smědu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
smědoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
smědama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
smědoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
směda (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
smědě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
smědě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
smědoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
smědama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
smědoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
smědu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
smědu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
smědu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
směda (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
smědě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
smědě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
smědi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
smědy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
směda (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
smědъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
smědъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
smědъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
smědomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
smědamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
smědomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
smědy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
smědy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
směda (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
smědy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
smědami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
smědy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
směděxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
smědaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
směděxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
smědi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
smědy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
směda (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
smědъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
smědaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
smědoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
smědajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
smědyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
smědajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
smědujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
směději (dative definite feminine singular)
smědujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
smědъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
smědǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
smědoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
smědyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
smědǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
smědyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
smědějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
směději (definite feminine locative singular)
smědějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
smědъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
smědaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
smědoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
smědaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
směději (definite dual feminine nominative)
směději (definite dual neuter nominative)
směduju (definite dual genitive masculine)
směduju (definite dual feminine genitive)
směduju (definite dual genitive neuter)
smědyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
smědyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
smědyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
smědaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
směději (accusative definite dual feminine)
směději (accusative definite dual neuter)
smědyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
smědyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
smědyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
směduju (definite dual locative masculine)
směduju (definite dual feminine locative)
směduju (definite dual locative neuter)
smědaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
směději (definite dual feminine vocative)
směději (definite dual neuter vocative)
smědiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
smědyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
smědaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
smědъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
smědъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
smědъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
smědyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
smědyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
smědyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
smědyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
smědyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
smědaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
smědyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
smědyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
smědyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
smědyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
smědyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
smědyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
smědiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
smědyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
smědaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: смѣдъ (smědŭ)

Bulgarian: смя́дов (smjádov) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: сме̏ђ

Latin script: smȅđ

Slovene: smẹ̑d (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: smědý

desc

Czech: smědý (earlier), snědý (“swarthy”)

Old Polish: śmiady, śniady

Polish: śmiady (earlier), śniady

Slovak: snedý

Suggested to be related with *mědь (“copper”), hence the Serbo-Croatian palatalized coda, or compare *rudъ (“red”) and *ryďь (“red”) for the variation.


čerda

čērdà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
čērdà (nominative singular)
čẽrdě (dual nominative)
čērdỳ (nominative plural)
čērdỳ (genitive singular)
čērdù (dual genitive)
čẽrdъ (genitive plural)
čērdě̀ (dative singular)
čērdàma (dative dual)
čērdàmъ (dative plural)
čērdǫ̀ (accusative singular)
čẽrdě (accusative dual)
čērdỳ (accusative plural)
čērdòjǫ (instrumental singular)
čẽrdǫ (instrumental singular)
čērdàma (dual instrumental)
čērdàmī (instrumental plural)
čērdě̀ (locative singular)
čērdù (dual locative)
čērdàsъ (locative plural)
čērdàxъ (locative plural)
čerdo (singular vocative)
čẽrdě (dual vocative)
čērdỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: череда (čereda)

Belarusian: чарада́ (čaradá)

Russian: череда́ (čeredá, “sequence, file, turn (obsolete), herd of cattle (dialectal)”), acc. череду́ (čeredú), че́реду (čéredu) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: череда́ (čeredá)

→ Polish: czereda

→ Yiddish: טשערעדע (tsherede)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: чрѣда (črěda)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: черда́ (čerdá, “herd of cattle”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чре́да (“turn, sequence”)

Latin script: čréda

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: črẹ́da (“herd, flock, row”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: čřieda

Czech: třída

Old Polish: trzoda
Polish: trzoda

Slovak: črieda (“herd”), trieda (“class”)

Slovincian: strzóda (“herd”)

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: črjóda (“multitude”)

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: cireadă

→ Hungarian: csorda

→ Romanian: ciurdă

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)kerdāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerdʰ-.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian ker̃džius (“shepherd”), sker̃džius (“shepherd”), Old Prussian kērdan (“time (acc. sg.)”).
Indo-European cognates include Proto-Germanic *herdō (“herd”), and possibly Sanskrit शर्ध m (śárdha, “host (of Maruts)”) and Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (sar^əδa, “kind, nature”).


lětь

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лѣть (lětĭ)

Belarusian: лець (ljecʹ)

Russian: леть (letʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: лѣть (lětĭ)

Glagolitic: ⰾⱑⱅⱐ (lětĭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: lijet

From Proto-Indo-European *leh₁-ti-, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁-.
Cognate with Lithuanian letas (“slow”), Latvian lets (“cheap”), Proto-Germanic *lētaną (“to let”).


jętry

jętry (nominative singular)
jętrъvi (dual nominative)
jętrъvi (nominative plural)
jętrъve (genitive singular)
jętrъvu (dual genitive)
jętrъvъ (genitive plural)
jętrъvi (dative singular)
jętrъvьma (dative dual)
jętrъvama (dative dual)
jętrъvьmъ (dative plural)
jętrъvamъ (dative plural)
jętrъvь (accusative singular)
jętrъvi (accusative dual)
jętrъvi (accusative plural)
jętrъvьjǫ (instrumental singular)
jętrъvľǫ (instrumental singular)
jętrъvьma (dual instrumental)
jętrъvama (dual instrumental)
jętrъvьmi (instrumental plural)
jętrъvami (instrumental plural)
jętrъve (locative singular)
jętrъvu (dual locative)
jętrъvьxъ (locative plural)
jętrъvaxъ (locative plural)
jętry (singular vocative)
jętrъvi (dual vocative)
jętrъvi (plural vocative)

Alternative form of *ętry (“husband's brother's wife”)


dъzďь

dъ̀zďь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
dъ̀zďь (nominative singular)
dъzďà (dual nominative)
dъzďì (nominative plural)
dъzďà (genitive singular)
dъzďù (dual genitive)
dъ̀zďь (genitive plural)
dъzďù (dative singular)
dъzďèma (dative dual)
dъ̀zďemъ (dative plural)
dъ̀zďь (accusative singular)
dъzďà (accusative dual)
dъzďę̇̀ (accusative plural)
dъzďь̀mь (instrumental singular)
dъzďèmь (instrumental singular)
dъzďèma (dual instrumental)
dъ̀zďi (instrumental plural)
dъzďì (locative singular)
dъzďù (dual locative)
dъ̀zďixъ (locative plural)
dъzďu (singular vocative)
dъzďà (dual vocative)
dъzďì (plural vocative)


edla

edlà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
edlà (nominative singular)
ȅdlě (dual nominative)
ȅdly (nominative plural)
edlý (genitive singular)
edlù (dual genitive)
èdlъ (genitive plural)
edlě̀ (dative singular)
edlàma (dative dual)
edlàmъ (dative plural)
ȅdlǫ (accusative singular)
ȅdlě (accusative dual)
ȅdly (accusative plural)
edlojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
edlàma (dual instrumental)
edlàmi (instrumental plural)
ȅdlě (locative singular)
edlù (dual locative)
edlàsъ (locative plural)
edlàxъ (locative plural)
edlo (singular vocative)
ȅdlě (dual vocative)
ȅdly (plural vocative)

Alternative form of *ȅdlь (“spruce, fir”)


bermę

bèrmę (canonical)
bȇrmę (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
bèrmę (nominative singular)
bèrmeni (dual nominative)
bèrmenā (nominative plural)
bèrmene (genitive singular)
bèrmenu (dual genitive)
bèrmenъ (genitive plural)
bèrmeni (dative singular)
bèrmenьma (dative dual)
bèrmenьmъ (dative plural)
bèrmę (accusative singular)
bèrmeni (accusative dual)
bèrmenā (accusative plural)
bèrmenьmь (instrumental singular)
bèrmenьma (dual instrumental)
bèrmenȳ (instrumental plural)
bèrmene (locative singular)
bèrmenu (dual locative)
bèrmenьxъ (locative plural)
bèrmę (singular vocative)
bèrmeni (dual vocative)
bèrmenā (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
bȇrmę (nominative singular)
bȇrmeni (dual nominative)
bermenà (nominative plural)
bȇrmene (genitive singular)
bermenù (dual genitive)
bermènъ (genitive plural)
bȇrmeni (dative singular)
bermenьmà (dative dual)
bermènьmъ (dative plural)
bȇrmę (accusative singular)
bȇrmeni (accusative dual)
bermenà (accusative plural)
bȇrmenьmь (instrumental singular)
bermenьmà (dual instrumental)
bermený (instrumental plural)
bȇrmene (locative singular)
bermenù (dual locative)
bermènьxъ (locative plural)
bȇrmę (singular vocative)
bȇrmeni (dual vocative)
bermenà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: беремѧ

Belarusian: бярэ́мя (bjarémja)

Russian: бере́мя (berémja) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: беремя (beremja)

South Slavic:

desctree

Old Church Slavonic: брѣмѧ
Bulgarian: бре́ме (bréme)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бреме, бриме, бримен
Latin script: breme, brime, bremen
→ Russian: бре́мя (brémja)

Macedonian: бреме (breme)

Slovene: bréme (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: břiemě

Czech: břímě, břemeno

Kashubian: brzemiã

Old Polish: brzemię

Polish: brzemię

Silesian: brzymiã

Slovak: bremeno, bremä (archaic)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: brěmje

Upper Sorbian: brěmjo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bérˀmin, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérHmn̥. Cognate with Sanskrit भरीमन् (bhárīman, “nourishment, subsistence”) and parallel to Ancient Greek φέρμα (phérma, “fetus, fruit in the womb”), Sanskrit भर्मन् (bhárman, “support, preservation”) (without -H-).


děliti

děľenьje (noun-from-verb)
děliti (infinitive)
dělitъ (supine)
dělilъ (l-participle)
děľenъ (participle passive past)
dělimъ (participle passive present)
děľь (active participle past)
dělę (active participle present)
dělixъ (aorist first-person singular)
děli (aorist second-person singular)
děli (aorist singular third-person)
děľǫ (first-person present singular)
děliši (present second-person singular)
dělitь (present singular third-person)
dělixově (aorist dual first-person)
dělista (aorist dual second-person)
děliste (aorist dual third-person)
dělivě (dual first-person present)
dělita (dual present second-person)
dělite (dual present third-person)
dělixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
děliste (aorist plural second-person)
dělišę (aorist plural third-person)
dělimъ (first-person plural present)
dělite (plural present second-person)
dělętь (plural present third-person)
děľaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
děľaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
děľaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
děli (imperative second-person singular)
děli (imperative singular third-person)
děľaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
děľaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
děľaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
dělivě (dual first-person imperative)
dělita (dual imperative second-person)
děľaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
děľaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
děľaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
dělimъ (first-person imperative plural)
dělite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дѣлити (děliti)

desc

Old Belarusian: дѣлити (děliti), делити (deliti)

Belarusian: дзялі́ць (dzjalícʹ)

Russian: дели́ть (delítʹ)

Ukrainian: діли́ти (dilýty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дѣлити (děliti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: деля́ (deljá)

Macedonian: дели (deli)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: де́лити, дијѐлити

Latin script: déliti, dijèliti

Slovene: delīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: děliti

Czech: dělit

Polabian: delĕ

Polish: dzielić

Slovak: deliť

Slovincian: dzêlëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: dźělić

Lower Sorbian: źěliś

From *dělъ + *-iti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *dail-. Cognate with Lithuanian dailýti, 3sg. daĩlo, Proto-Germanic *dailijaną.

Rick Derksen
be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі


jěxati

jě̀xati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
jěxanьje (noun-from-verb)
jěxati (infinitive)
jěxatъ (supine)
jěxalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
jěxanъ (participle passive past)
ědomъ (participle passive present)
jěxavъ (active participle past)
ědy (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
jěxaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
jěxa (aorist second-person singular)
jěxa (aorist singular third-person)
ědǫ (first-person present singular)
ědeši (present second-person singular)
ědetь (present singular third-person)
jěxaxově (aorist dual first-person)
jěxasta (aorist dual second-person)
jěxaste (aorist dual third-person)
ědevě (dual first-person present)
ědeta (dual present second-person)
ědete (dual present third-person)
jěxaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
jěxaste (aorist plural second-person)
jěxašę (aorist plural third-person)
ědemъ (first-person plural present)
ědete (plural present second-person)
ědǫtь (plural present third-person)
jěxaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
jěxaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
jěxaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ědi (imperative second-person singular)
ědi (imperative singular third-person)
jěxaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
jěxaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
jěxaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ěděvě (dual first-person imperative)
ěděta (dual imperative second-person)
jěxaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
jěxaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
jěxaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ěděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
ěděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ѣхати (jěxati), ꙗхати (jaxati)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: ѣ́хати (jě́xati)
Belarusian: е́хаць (jéxacʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: ї́хати (jíxaty) (rare)
Ukrainian: ї́хати (jíxaty)

Russian: е́хать (jéxatʹ)

Old Novgorodian: ѣхати (jěxati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: ꙗхати (jaxati)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: я́хам (jáham)

Macedonian: јава (java)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏хати

Latin script: jȁhati

Slovene: jāhati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: jechat

Old Polish: jechać
Polish: jechać
Silesian: jechać

Old Slovak: jachať

Slovak: jachať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jachac

Slovincian: jachac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jěchać

Lower Sorbian: jěś

Derived from *jěti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *jā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian jóti (“to ride”), Latvian jât (“to ride”). Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit याति (yāti), Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yāⁱti), Hittite [script needed] (iya-), Tocharian B yā-.


ętro

ę̄trò (canonical neuter)
b (accent-paradigm)
ę̄trò (nominative singular)
ę̃trě (dual nominative)
ę̄trà (nominative plural)
ę̄trà (genitive singular)
ę̄trù (dual genitive)
ę̃trъ (genitive plural)
ę̄trù (dative singular)
ę̄tròma (dative dual)
ę̄tròmъ (dative plural)
ę̄trò (accusative singular)
ę̃trě (accusative dual)
ę̄trà (accusative plural)
ę̄trъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
ę̄tròmь (instrumental singular)
ę̄tròma (dual instrumental)
ę̃try (instrumental plural)
ę̄trě̀ (locative singular)
ę̄trù (dual locative)
ę̃trěxъ (locative plural)
ę̄trò (singular vocative)
ę̃trě (dual vocative)
ę̄trà (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: ꙗтро (jatro) (Russian)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: ꙗтро (jatro, “liver, (pl.) entrails”)

Russian: я́тро (játro), ятро́ (jatró, “entrails, eggs”), pl. я́тра (játra)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ятро́ (jatró)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: је̏тра; је̑тра (Dubrovnik)

Latin: jȅtra (pl.); jȇtra (Dubrovnik)

Slovene: jẹ́tra (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: játry

Czech: játra

Polabian: jǫtră

Old Polish: jętry

Slovak: jatrá

Slovincian: jitrza

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jatra, jětro

Lower Sorbian: jětša, jětšo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *entrá, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entrom.
Baltic cognates include Old Prussian instran (“fat”).
Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit आन्त्र n (āntrá, “intestine”), Ancient Greek ἔντερα n (éntera, “entrails”, pl.).


ľudьje

ľȗdьje (canonical masculine plural)
c (accent-paradigm)
ľȗdьjē (nominative plural)
ľudь̀jь (genitive plural)
ľȗdьmъ (dative plural)
ľȗdi (accusative plural)
ľudьmì (instrumental plural)
ľȗdьxъ (locative plural)
ľȗdьjē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: людиѥ (ljudije), люди (ljudi)

Old Ruthenian: лю́ди (ljúdi), лу́ди (lúdi), лю́дїе (ljúdije), лу́дїе (lúdije)

Old Belarusian: лю́дзи (ljúdzi)

Belarusian: лю́дзі (ljúdzi)

Ukrainian: лю́ди (ljúdy); лю́де (ljúde) (dialectal)

Russian: лю́ди (ljúdi)

→ Ludian: lüüdi

→ Finnish: lyydi

→ English: Ludic

→ Livvi: livvi

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: людиѥ (ljudije)

Glagolitic: ⰾⱓⰴⰻⰵ (ljudie)

Bulgarian: лю́де (ljúde), лю́ди (ljúdi)

Macedonian: луѓе (luǵe)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: љу̑ди

Latin script: ljȗdi

Slovene: ljudjẹ̑ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ľudie
Czech: lidé

desctree

Old Polish: ludzie
Polish: ludzie
Silesian: ludzie

Old Slovak: ludzie

Pannonian Rusyn: людзе (ljudze)

Slovak: ľudia

Polabian: ľaudai, ľaudi

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: lëdze

Slovincian: lëdze

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ludźo

Lower Sorbian: luźe

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ljaudejes, nominative plural of *ljaudis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰis.


ľudъ

ľȗdъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
ľȗdъ (nominative singular)
ľȗda (dual nominative)
ľȗdi (nominative plural)
ľȗda (genitive singular)
ľudù (dual genitive)
ľũdъ (genitive plural)
ľȗdu (dative singular)
ľudomà (dative dual)
ľudòmъ (dative plural)
ľȗdъ (accusative singular)
ľȗda (accusative dual)
ľȗdy (accusative plural)
ľȗdъmь (instrumental singular)
ľȗdomь (instrumental singular)
ľudomà (dual instrumental)
ľudý (instrumental plural)
ľȗdě (locative singular)
ľudù (dual locative)
ľudě̃xъ (locative plural)
ľude (singular vocative)
ľȗda (dual vocative)
ľȗdi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: *людъ (*ljudŭ)

Old Ruthenian: людъ (ljud)

Belarusian: люд (ljud)

Carpathian Rusyn: люд (ljud)

Ukrainian: люд (ljud)

Russian: люд (ljud)

Old Novgorodian: людъ (ljudŭ)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: людъ (ljudŭ)

Bulgarian: люд (ljud) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: људ (dialectal)

Latin script: ljud (dialectal)

Slovene: ljȗd (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ľud

Czech: lid

Old Polish: lud

Polish: lud

Old Slovak: ľud, lid

Slovak: ľud

Polabian: ľai̯dai̯ pl

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: lud

Slovincian: lúd

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: lud

Lower Sorbian: lud

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ-o-s. Compare Proto-Germanic *liudaz (Old High German liut), possibly Albanian lirë.

inh+

people (body of persons of the same ethnic group or speaking the same language)


divъ

dȋvъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
dȋvъ (nominative singular)
dȋva (dual nominative)
dȋvi (nominative plural)
dȋva (genitive singular)
divù (dual genitive)
dĩvъ (genitive plural)
dȋvu (dative singular)
divomà (dative dual)
divòmъ (dative plural)
dȋvъ (accusative singular)
dȋva (accusative dual)
dȋvy (accusative plural)
dȋvъmь (instrumental singular)
dȋvomь (instrumental singular)
divomà (dual instrumental)
divý (instrumental plural)
dȋvě (locative singular)
divù (dual locative)
divě̃xъ (locative plural)
dive (singular vocative)
dȋva (dual vocative)
dȋvi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дивъ (divŭ)

Belarusian: див (div) (dialectal)

→ Lithuanian: dỹvas

Ukrainian: див (dyv) (rare)

Russian: див (div) (archaic or dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: дивъ (divŭ)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: div

Czech: div

Old Polish: dziw

Polish: dziw

Old Slovak: div

Slovak: div

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dzyw

Slovincian: dzyw

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: źiw

Upper Sorbian: dźiw

* Per Derksen: cognate with Sanskrit धी (dhī, “thought, prayer”), suggesting Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyH-wo-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyh₂- (“mind, thought”).
* Per Słownik prasłowiański: deverbal from *diviti, relation with Sanskrit धी is unlikely.

der

that which causes delight; wonder, miracle


divъ

head

*divъ m (feminine *diva, adjective *divьskъ)

diva (feminine)
divьskъ (adjective)
divъ (nominative singular)
diva (dual nominative)
divi (nominative plural)
diva (genitive singular)
divu (dual genitive)
divъ (genitive plural)
divu (dative singular)
divoma (dative dual)
divomъ (dative plural)
divъ (accusative singular)
diva (accusative dual)
divy (accusative plural)
divъmь (instrumental singular)
divomь (instrumental singular)
divoma (dual instrumental)
divy (instrumental plural)
divě (locative singular)
divu (dual locative)
divěxъ (locative plural)
dive (singular vocative)
diva (dual vocative)
divi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: дивъ (divŭ)

Ukrainian: див (dyv) (rare)

South Slavic:

>? Bulgarian: див (div)

>? Macedonian: див (div)

>? Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: dȉv

Cyrillic script: ди̏в

West Slavic:

>? Polish: dziw

Unclear. The material is poorly attested:
* South Slavic forms are probably borrowings from Ottoman Turkish دیو (div), adopted into South Slavic folklore during the Ottoman reign;
* Polish dziw is attested since 1845, probably from East Slavic;
Usually believed to be derived from *divъ (“that which causes delight”). Less likely demonized Early Slavic *Divъ (“sky god”) or *divъ (“god”) during Slavic-Iranian contacts. The demonization was to come under Iranian influence, where the old Iranian deities were demonized as a result of the introduction of Zoroastrianism (compare Sanskrit देव (deva, “god”) vs Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (daēuua, “demon”)).

some kind of a demon (supernatural being)


divъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *divъ (hard)

Definite declension of *divъ (hard)

divъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
diva (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
divo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
diva (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
divy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
diva (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
divu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
divě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
divu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
divъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
divǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
divo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
divomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
divojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
divomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
divě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
divě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
divě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
dive (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
divo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
divo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
diva (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
divě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
divě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
divu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
divu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
divu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
divoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
divama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
divoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
diva (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
divě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
divě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
divoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
divama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
divoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
divu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
divu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
divu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
diva (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
divě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
divě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
divi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
divy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
diva (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
divъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
divъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
divъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
divomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
divamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
divomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
divy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
divy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
diva (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
divy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
divami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
divy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
divěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
divaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
divěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
divi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
divy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
diva (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
divъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
divaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
divoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
divajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
divyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
divajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
divujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
divěji (dative definite feminine singular)
divujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
divъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
divǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
divoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
divyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
divǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
divyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
divějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
divěji (definite feminine locative singular)
divějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
divъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
divaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
divoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
divaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
divěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
divěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
divuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
divuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
divuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
divyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
divyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
divyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
divaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
divěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
divěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
divyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
divyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
divyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
divuju (definite dual locative masculine)
divuju (definite dual feminine locative)
divuju (definite dual locative neuter)
divaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
divěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
divěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
diviji (definite masculine nominative plural)
divyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
divaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
divъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
divъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
divъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
divyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
divyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
divyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
divyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
divyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
divaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
divyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
divyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
divyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
divyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
divyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
divyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
diviji (definite masculine plural vocative)
divyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
divaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Old East Slavic: дивии (divii)

Belarusian: дзивый (dzivyj) (dialectal)

Russian: ди́вый (dívyj) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

desc

⇒ Bulgarian: див огън (div ogǎn, “fire”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: див

Latin script: div

⇒ Slovene: dívji

⇒ Slovene: dívji mož (“faun, satyr”), dívji ogenj (“fire”)

West Slavic:

Czech: divý

⇒ Czech: divý muž m (“faun”), divá žena f (“rusalka”), divoženka f (“rusalka”)

Polish: dziwy (rare)

⇒ Slovak: divý muž m (“mythical creature”), divá žienka f (“mythical creature”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (“to be bright”) + *-ъ.


divъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *divъ (hard)

Definite declension of *divъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: дивый (divyj)

Ukrainian: (dialectal) ди́вий (dývyj)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: див (div)

Macedonian: див (div)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: (dialectal) ди̏в, ди̂в

Latin script: (dialectal) dȉv, dîv

West Slavic:

Czech: divý

Polabian: dai̯vĕ

Polish: dziwy (obsolete)

Silesian: dziwy

Old Slovak: divý

Slovak: divý

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dzëwi

Slovincian: dzëwy

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: źiwy

Upper Sorbian: dźiwy (dialectal)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwas (“wild”). By surface analysis, Proto-Indo-European *dʰi- + *-vъ. Cognate Latvian dievs (“wild”).
It was also suggested that the lemma derives from Early Slavic *Divъ (“sky god”) or *divъ (“god”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwás (“god”). According to that theory, Proto-Slavic *divъ zvě̑rь (“wild animal”), Latvian dieva zuosis (“wild geese”), dieva vērši (“wild oxen”) etc., are similar to Hittite [script needed] (šiunaš ḫuitar, “wild animals, literally, godly animals”) from 𒅆𒍑 (ši-uš, “god”).

cog

divъ zvě̑rь

divъ veprь

diva svinьja

diva koza

divъ golǫbь

diva gǫ̑sь

diva bьčela

divo zelьje

divъ mȅdъ

empty, unpopulated, uncultivated (about land)

(figuratively) savage, fierce, unrestrained, outrageous, barbarous (about people or behaviour)


divъ

West Slavic:

Czech: div

Polish: dziw

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: źiw

Upper Sorbian: dźiw

Onomatopoeic. Secondarily associated with *diviti. Compare similar Bulgarian джив-джив (dživ-dživ), Macedonian џив-џив (dživ-dživ).

(West Slavic) tweet, chirp (sound of a sparrow)


divъ

Expected reflex of Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwás (“god”), from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Displaced by *bȍgъ during Slavic-Iranian contacts (see there for further information).


ętry

ętry (nominative singular)
ętrъvi (dual nominative)
ętrъvi (nominative plural)
ętrъve (genitive singular)
ętrъvu (dual genitive)
ętrъvъ (genitive plural)
ętrъvi (dative singular)
ętrъvьma (dative dual)
ętrъvama (dative dual)
ętrъvьmъ (dative plural)
ętrъvamъ (dative plural)
ętrъvь (accusative singular)
ętrъvi (accusative dual)
ętrъvi (accusative plural)
ętrъvьjǫ (instrumental singular)
ętrъvľǫ (instrumental singular)
ętrъvьma (dual instrumental)
ętrъvama (dual instrumental)
ętrъvьmi (instrumental plural)
ętrъvami (instrumental plural)
ętrъve (locative singular)
ętrъvu (dual locative)
ętrъvьxъ (locative plural)
ętrъvaxъ (locative plural)
ętry (singular vocative)
ętrъvi (dual vocative)
ętrъvi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗтрꙑ (jatry), gen. ꙗтръве (jatrŭve)

Belarusian: ятро́ўка (jatróŭka)

Russian: я́тровь (játrovʹ) (dialectal)

desc

Ukrainian: ятрі́вка (jatrívka), ятро́вка (jatróvka)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: (Gerov) ятръ́ва (jatrǎ́va), етръ́ва (etrǎ́va), етъ́рва (etǎ́rva), ентръ́ва (entrǎ́va) (dialectal)

Church Slavonic: ѩтрꙑ, gen. ѩтръве

Macedonian: јатрва (jatrva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: је̑трва, је̏трва, је́трва

Latin: jȇtrva, jȅtrva, jétrva

Slovene: jẹ̑trva (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jatrev

Old Polish: jątry, jątrew

Polish: jątrew (archaic), gen. jątrwi

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *jenˀtē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yenh₂tēr. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian jéntė (17th century), ìntė (Eastern dialectal), Latvian ìetere, iẽtaļa. Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek ἐνάτηρ (enátēr), Latin janitrīcēs, Sanskrit यातृ (yātṛ), and Old Armenian ներ (ner).

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)


zěvati

zěvàti (canonical)
zěvanьje (noun-from-verb)
zěvati (infinitive)
zěvatъ (supine)
zěvalъ (l-participle)
zěvanъ (participle passive past)
zěvajemъ (participle passive present)
zěvavъ (active participle past)
zěvaję (active participle present)
zěvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zěva (aorist second-person singular)
zěva (aorist singular third-person)
zěvajǫ (first-person present singular)
zěvaješi (present second-person singular)
zěvajetь (present singular third-person)
zěvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
zěvasta (aorist dual second-person)
zěvaste (aorist dual third-person)
zěvajevě (dual first-person present)
zěvajeta (dual present second-person)
zěvajete (dual present third-person)
zěvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zěvaste (aorist plural second-person)
zěvašę (aorist plural third-person)
zěvajemъ (first-person plural present)
zěvajete (plural present second-person)
zěvajǫtь (plural present third-person)
zěvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zěvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zěvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zěvaji (imperative second-person singular)
zěvaji (imperative singular third-person)
zěvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zěvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zěvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zěvajivě (dual first-person imperative)
zěvajita (dual imperative second-person)
zěvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zěvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zěvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zěvajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
zěvajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зѣвати (zěvati)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: зѣва́ти (zěváti)
Belarusian: зява́ць (zjavácʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: зїва́ти (zjiváty)
Ukrainian: зіва́ти (ziváty)

Russian: зева́ть (zevátʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: зѣвати (zěvati)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зѐвати

Latin: zèvati

Slovene: zẹ́vati (tonal orthography), 1sg. zẹ́vam (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: zewiac

Old Czech: zievati

Czech: zívat

Old Polish: dziewać, ziewać

Polish: ziewać

Silesian: ziywać

desc

Polabian: *zevăt (attested in 3sg. "zevă" or "zevĕ")

Slovak: zívať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zywać

Cognates include Lithuanian žióvauti, Latvian žàvât, Old High German giwēn, gewōn. See *zijati for more cognates.


zъvati

c (accent-paradigm)
zъvanьje (noun-from-verb)
zъvati (infinitive)
zъvatъ (supine)
zъvalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
zъvanъ (participle passive past)
zovomъ (participle passive present)
zъvavъ (active participle past)
zovy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
zъvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
zъva (aorist second-person singular)
zъva (aorist singular third-person)
zovǫ (first-person present singular)
zoveši (present second-person singular)
zovetь (present singular third-person)
zъvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
zъvasta (aorist dual second-person)
zъvaste (aorist dual third-person)
zovevě (dual first-person present)
zoveta (dual present second-person)
zovete (dual present third-person)
zъvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
zъvaste (aorist plural second-person)
zъvašę (aorist plural third-person)
zovemъ (first-person plural present)
zovete (plural present second-person)
zovǫtь (plural present third-person)
zъvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
zъvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
zъvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
zovi (imperative second-person singular)
zovi (imperative singular third-person)
zъvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
zъvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
zъvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
zověvě (dual first-person imperative)
zověta (dual imperative second-person)
zъvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
zъvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
zъvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
zověmъ (first-person imperative plural)
zověte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зъвати (zŭvati)

Belarusian: зваць (zvacʹ)

Russian: звать (zvatʹ)

Ukrainian: зва́ти (zváty)

Old Novgorodian: звати (zvati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: зъвати (zŭvati)

Glagolitic script: ⰸⱏⰲⰰⱅⰻ (zŭvati)

Bulgarian: зова́ (zová)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зва̏ти

Latin script: zvȁti

Slovene: zváti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: zváti

Czech: zvát

Kashubian: zwac

Polabian: züvĕ (3rd singular)

Old Polish: zwać

Polish: zwać (literary)

Slovak: zvať

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewH- (“to call, invoke”). Cognate with Lithuanian žavė́ti (“to fascinate, to charm”), Latvian zavêt (“to cast a spell”), Sanskrit हवते (hávate, “to call, invoke”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zauuaⁱti, “to call”), Old Armenian ձաւնեմ (jawnem, “to dedicate”), Ancient Greek καυχάομαι (kaukháomai, “to boast”), Irish guth (“voice”).


dǫti

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: дѫти (dǫti), дꙋти (duti)

Belarusian: дуць (ducʹ), дзьмуць (dzʹmucʹ)

Russian: дуть (dutʹ)

Ukrainian: ду́ти (dúty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: дѫти (dǫti)

Glagolitic: ⰴⱘⱅⰻ (dǫti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ду̏ти

Latin script: dȕti

Slovene: dúti (tonal orthography) (archaic)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dúti

Czech: dout (literary)

Kashubian: dic, dąc

Polabian: dåmĕ (3sg.)

Polish: dąć

Slovak: dmuť

Slovincian: dyc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: duć

Lower Sorbian: duś

From *nadǫti

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: на̀дути

Latin script: nàduti

Slovene: nadọ́ti (tonal orthography)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dúmˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰemH-.


vortiti

vōrtìti (canonical)
b (accent-paradigm)
vorťenьje (noun-from-verb)
vortiti (infinitive)
vortitъ (supine)
vortilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
vorťenъ (participle passive past)
vortimъ (participle passive present)
vorťь (active participle past)
vortę (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
vortixъ (aorist first-person singular)
vorti (aorist second-person singular)
vorti (aorist singular third-person)
vorťǫ (first-person present singular)
vortiši (present second-person singular)
vortitь (present singular third-person)
vortixově (aorist dual first-person)
vortista (aorist dual second-person)
vortiste (aorist dual third-person)
vortivě (dual first-person present)
vortita (dual present second-person)
vortite (dual present third-person)
vortixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
vortiste (aorist plural second-person)
vortišę (aorist plural third-person)
vortimъ (first-person plural present)
vortite (plural present second-person)
vortętь (plural present third-person)
vorťaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
vorťaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
vorťaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
vorti (imperative second-person singular)
vorti (imperative singular third-person)
vorťaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
vorťaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
vorťaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
vortivě (dual first-person imperative)
vortita (dual imperative second-person)
vorťaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
vorťaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
vorťaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
vortimъ (first-person imperative plural)
vortite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: воротити (vorotiti)

Old Ruthenian: воротити (vorotiti)

Russian: вороти́ть (vorotítʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: вратити (vratiti)

Bulgarian: вра́тя (vrátja) (dialectal)

Macedonian: вра́ти (vráti)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вра́тити

Latin script: vrátiti

Slovene: vrátiti

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vrátiti
Czech: vrátit

Polabian: vortait

desctree

Old Polish: wrócić
Polish: wrócić
Silesian: wrōcić

Old Slovak: vrátiť
Slovak: vrátiť

Polabian: vortăt

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: wrócëc

Slovincian: wrôcëc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wróćić

Lower Sorbian: wrośiś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wártīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *wortéyeti, from the root *wert-.


gъnǫti

gъbenьje (noun-from-verb)
gъnǫti (infinitive)
gъnǫtъ (supine)
gъblъ (l-participle)
gъbenъ (participle passive past)
gъnomъ (participle passive present)
gъbъ (active participle past)
gъny (active participle present)
gъbъ (aorist first-person singular)
gъboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gъbe (aorist second-person singular)
gъbe (aorist singular third-person)
gъnǫ (first-person present singular)
gъneši (present second-person singular)
gъnetь (present singular third-person)
gъbově (aorist dual first-person)
gъboxově (aorist dual first-person)
gъbeta (aorist dual second-person)
gъbosta (aorist dual second-person)
gъbete (aorist dual third-person)
gъboste (aorist dual third-person)
gъnevě (dual first-person present)
gъneta (dual present second-person)
gъnete (dual present third-person)
gъbomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gъboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gъbete (aorist plural second-person)
gъboste (aorist plural second-person)
gъbǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gъbošę (aorist plural third-person)
gъnemъ (first-person plural present)
gъnete (plural present second-person)
gъnǫtь (plural present third-person)
gъněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gъněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gъněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gъni (imperative second-person singular)
gъni (imperative singular third-person)
gъněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gъněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gъněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gъněvě (dual first-person imperative)
gъněta (dual imperative second-person)
gъněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gъněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gъněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gъněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gъněte (imperative plural second-person)

Alternative form of *gъbnǫti (“to bend”)


xoldъ

xȏldъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
xȏldъ (nominative singular)
xȏlda (dual nominative)
xȏldi (nominative plural)
xȏlda (genitive singular)
xoldù (dual genitive)
xõldъ (genitive plural)
xȏldu (dative singular)
xoldomà (dative dual)
xoldòmъ (dative plural)
xȏldъ (accusative singular)
xȏlda (accusative dual)
xȏldy (accusative plural)
xȏldъmь (instrumental singular)
xȏldomь (instrumental singular)
xoldomà (dual instrumental)
xoldý (instrumental plural)
xȏldě (locative singular)
xoldù (dual locative)
xoldě̃xъ (locative plural)
xolde (singular vocative)
xȏlda (dual vocative)
xȏldi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: хо́лад (xólad)

Russian: хо́лод (xólod)

Ukrainian: хо́лод (xólod)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: хладъ (xladŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱈⰾⰰⰴⱏ (xladŭ)

Bulgarian: хлад (hlad)

Macedonian: лад (lad)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хла̑д

Latin script: hlȃd

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: hlȃd (“coolness”) (tonal orthography); dialectal hlad (“shadow”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chlad

Czech: chlad

Kashubian: chłód

Polabian: xlåd

Polish: chłód

Slovak: chlad

Slovincian: chlôd

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: chłód, gen. chłoda

desc

Lower Sorbian: chłodk (“coolness, shade”)

Unclear.
* Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (reconstructed by Illich-Svitych as *(s)gel- in order to accommodate the Slavic data), in which case it is cognate with Latin gelidus (“cool, icy”), English cold, Sanskrit जड (jaḍa), but initial *x- is hard to explain.
* Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelH-, in which case it is cognate with Lithuanian šáltas (“cold”), Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (sar^əta), Persian سرد (sard), Ossetian салд (sald), but initial *x- is likewise hard to explain.


jugъ

jùgъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
jùgъ (nominative singular)
jùga (dual nominative)
jùdzi (nominative plural)
jùga (genitive singular)
jùgu (dual genitive)
jùgъ (genitive plural)
jùgu (dative singular)
jùgoma (dative dual)
jùgomъ (dative plural)
jùgъ (accusative singular)
jùga (accusative dual)
jùgy (accusative plural)
jùgъmь (instrumental singular)
jùgomь (instrumental singular)
jùgoma (dual instrumental)
jùgȳ (instrumental plural)
jùdzě (locative singular)
jùgu (dual locative)
jùdzě̄xъ (locative plural)
jùže (singular vocative)
jùga (dual vocative)
jùdzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: угъ (ugŭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: югъ (jugŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱓⰳⱏ (jugŭ)

Bulgarian: юг (jug)

Macedonian: југ (jug)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ју̏г

Latin script: jȕg, jȕgo (Chakavian)

Slovene: jȕg

West Slavic:

Old Czech: juh

Czech: jih

Kashubian: jug, jig (dialectal)

Polish: jug (“thaw”) (dialectal)

Slovak: juh

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jug

Upper Sorbian: juh

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: jug

Unclear:
* Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“sunlight, sunbeam”), thereby cognate with Ancient Greek αὐγή (augḗ, “light, beam”) and perhaps Albanian ag (“daybreak, dawn, beginning; twilight, dusk”) and agój (“to dawn”) and thus from Proto-Balto-Slavic *aug-. (For a parallel semantic development, cf. Proto-Germanic *sunþraz.)
* Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *yowH- (“to mix, to knead”).


znamę

znàmę (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
znàmę (nominative singular)
znàmeni (dual nominative)
znàmenā (nominative plural)
znàmene (genitive singular)
znàmenu (dual genitive)
znàmenъ (genitive plural)
znàmeni (dative singular)
znàmenьma (dative dual)
znàmenьmъ (dative plural)
znàmę (accusative singular)
znàmeni (accusative dual)
znàmenā (accusative plural)
znàmenьmь (instrumental singular)
znàmenьma (dual instrumental)
znàmenȳ (instrumental plural)
znàmene (locative singular)
znàmenu (dual locative)
znàmenьxъ (locative plural)
znàmę (singular vocative)
znàmeni (dual vocative)
znàmenā (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: знамꙗ (znamja)

Russian: зна́мя (známja, “banner”)

Ukrainian: зна́м'я (známʺja), знаме́но (znaméno)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: знамѧ

Glagolitic script: ⰸⱀⰰⰿⱔ (znamę)

Bulgarian: зна́ме (známe)

Macedonian: знаме (zname)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зна̏ме̄н

Latin script: znȁmēn

West Slavic:

Old Polish: znamię

Polish: znamię

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: znamjo

Lower Sorbian: znamje

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-men. By surface analysis, *znati + *-mę. Cognate with Ancient Greek γνῶμα (gnôma, “sign, symptom”).


gъnati

gъnàti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
gъnanьje (noun-from-verb)
gъnati (infinitive)
gъnatъ (supine)
gъnalъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
gъnanъ (participle passive past)
ženomъ (participle passive present)
gъnavъ (active participle past)
ženy (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
gъnaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gъna (aorist second-person singular)
gъna (aorist singular third-person)
ženǫ (first-person present singular)
ženeši (present second-person singular)
ženetь (present singular third-person)
gъnaxově (aorist dual first-person)
gъnasta (aorist dual second-person)
gъnaste (aorist dual third-person)
ženevě (dual first-person present)
ženeta (dual present second-person)
ženete (dual present third-person)
gъnaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gъnaste (aorist plural second-person)
gъnašę (aorist plural third-person)
ženemъ (first-person plural present)
ženete (plural present second-person)
ženǫtь (plural present third-person)
gъnaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gъnaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gъnaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ženi (imperative second-person singular)
ženi (imperative singular third-person)
gъnaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gъnaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gъnaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ženěvě (dual first-person imperative)
ženěta (dual imperative second-person)
gъnaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gъnaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gъnaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ženěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
ženěte (imperative plural second-person)
c (accent-paradigm)
gъnanьje (noun-from-verb)
gъnati (infinitive)
gъnatъ (supine)
gъnalъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
gъnanъ (participle passive past)
ženomъ (participle passive present)
gъnavъ (active participle past)
ženy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
gъnaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gъna (aorist second-person singular)
gъna (aorist singular third-person)
ženǫ (first-person present singular)
ženeši (present second-person singular)
ženetь (present singular third-person)
gъnaxově (aorist dual first-person)
gъnasta (aorist dual second-person)
gъnaste (aorist dual third-person)
ženevě (dual first-person present)
ženeta (dual present second-person)
ženete (dual present third-person)
gъnaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gъnaste (aorist plural second-person)
gъnašę (aorist plural third-person)
ženemъ (first-person plural present)
ženete (plural present second-person)
ženǫtь (plural present third-person)
gъnaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gъnaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gъnaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
ženi (imperative second-person singular)
ženi (imperative singular third-person)
gъnaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gъnaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gъnaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
ženěvě (dual first-person imperative)
ženěta (dual imperative second-person)
gъnaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gъnaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gъnaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
ženěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
ženěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: гънати (gŭnati)

Belarusian: гнаць (hnacʹ), 1sg. pres. ганю́ (hanjú)

Russian: гнать (gnatʹ), 1sg. pres. гоню́ (gonjú)

Ukrainian: гна́ти (hnáty), 1sg. pres. жену́ (ženú)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: гънати (gŭnati) (Russian)

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: гънати (gŭnati)

Glagolitic script: [Term?]

Bulgarian: го́ня (gónja)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гна̏ти

Latin script: gnȁti

Slovene: gnáti (tonal orthography), 1sg. pres. žénem

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hnáti

Czech: hnát, 1sg. pres. ženu

Kashubian: gnac

Polabian: zinĕ

Old Polish: gnać

Polish: gnać, 1sg. pres. gnam

Slovak: hnať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hnać

Lower Sorbian: gnaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúntei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰénti.


grьměti

grьmě̀ti (canonical imperfective)
grimàti (frequentative)
c (accent-paradigm)
grьměnьje (noun-from-verb)
grьměti (infinitive)
grьmětъ (supine)
grьmělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
grьměvъ (active participle past)
grьmę (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
grьměxъ (aorist first-person singular)
grьmě (aorist second-person singular)
grьmě (aorist singular third-person)
grьmľǫ (first-person present singular)
grьmiši (present second-person singular)
grьmitь (present singular third-person)
grьměxově (aorist dual first-person)
grьměsta (aorist dual second-person)
grьměste (aorist dual third-person)
grьmivě (dual first-person present)
grьmita (dual present second-person)
grьmite (dual present third-person)
grьměxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
grьměste (aorist plural second-person)
grьměšę (aorist plural third-person)
grьmimъ (first-person plural present)
grьmite (plural present second-person)
grьmętь (plural present third-person)
grьměaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
grьměaše (imperfect second-person singular)
grьměaše (imperfect singular third-person)
grьmi (imperative second-person singular)
grьmi (imperative singular third-person)
grьměaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
grьměašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
grьměašete (dual imperfect third-person)
grьmivě (dual first-person imperative)
grьmita (dual imperative second-person)
grьměaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
grьměašete (imperfect plural second-person)
grьměaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
grьmimъ (first-person imperative plural)
grьmite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: грьмѣти (grĭměti), гремѣти (greměti)

Belarusian: грыме́ць (hrymjécʹ)

Russian: греме́ть (gremétʹ)

Ukrainian: гремі́ти (hremíty), гримі́ти (hrymíty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: грьмѣти (grĭměti)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⱐⰿⱑⱅⰻ (grĭměti)

Bulgarian: гърмя́ (gǎrmjá)

Macedonian: грми (grmi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гр̀мљети, гр̀мети

Latin: gr̀mljeti, gr̀meti

Slovene: grmẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hřmieti

Czech: hřmít, hřmět

Polabian: gramăt

Old Polish: grzmieć

Polish: grzmieć

Slovak: hrmieť

Slovincian: grzmjêc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *grimēˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥m-eh₁-. Cognate with Lithuanian grumė́ti (“to thunder, to roar”), gruménti (“to roar”), Latvian gremt (“to mutter”), Old Prussian grumins (“thunder”), Proto-Germanic *grimmaną (“to rage”), *gramjaną (“to provoke, anger”), and possibly Ancient Greek χρεμετῐ́ζω (khremetízō, “to neigh”).


orsti

c (accent-paradigm)
orstenьje (noun-from-verb)
orsti (infinitive)
orstъ (supine)
orstlъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
orstenъ (participle passive past)
orstomъ (participle passive present)
orstъ (active participle past)
orsty (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
orstъ (aorist first-person singular)
orstoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
orste (aorist second-person singular)
orste (aorist singular third-person)
orstǫ (first-person present singular)
orsteši (present second-person singular)
orstetь (present singular third-person)
orstově (aorist dual first-person)
orstoxově (aorist dual first-person)
orsteta (aorist dual second-person)
orstosta (aorist dual second-person)
orstete (aorist dual third-person)
orstoste (aorist dual third-person)
orstevě (dual first-person present)
orsteta (dual present second-person)
orstete (dual present third-person)
orstomъ (aorist first-person plural)
orstoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
orstete (aorist plural second-person)
orstoste (aorist plural second-person)
orstǫ (aorist plural third-person)
orstošę (aorist plural third-person)
orstemъ (first-person plural present)
orstete (plural present second-person)
orstǫtь (plural present third-person)
orstěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
orstěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
orstěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
orsti (imperative second-person singular)
orsti (imperative singular third-person)
orstěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
orstěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
orstěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
orstěvě (dual first-person imperative)
orstěta (dual imperative second-person)
orstěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
orstěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
orstěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
orstěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
orstěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: расти (rasti), рости (rosti), рость (rostĭ)

Belarusian: расці́ (rascí)

Russian: расти́ (rastí) (spelling influenced by Church Slavic)

Ukrainian: рости́ (rostý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: расти (rasti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Bulgarian: раста́ (rastá)

Macedonian: расте (raste)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра́сти

Latin script: rásti

Slovene: rásti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: rósti

Czech: růst

Polabian: rüst

Old Polish: róść

Polish: róść (obsolete)

Silesian: roś

Slovak: rásť

Slovincian: rôsc

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: rosć

Lower Sorbian: rosć

Unclear. Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to rise”) (cf. Latin orior).

(intransitive) to grow (to become larger, to undergo growth)


męti

mę̀ti (canonical imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
mьnenьje (noun-from-verb)
męti (infinitive)
mętъ (supine)
mьnlъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
mьnenъ (participle passive past)
mьnomъ (participle passive present)
mьnъ (active participle past)
mьny (active participle present)
b (accent-paradigm)
mьnъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьnoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
mьne (aorist second-person singular)
mьne (aorist singular third-person)
mьnǫ (first-person present singular)
mьneši (present second-person singular)
mьnetь (present singular third-person)
mьnově (aorist dual first-person)
mьnoxově (aorist dual first-person)
mьneta (aorist dual second-person)
mьnosta (aorist dual second-person)
mьnete (aorist dual third-person)
mьnoste (aorist dual third-person)
mьnevě (dual first-person present)
mьneta (dual present second-person)
mьnete (dual present third-person)
mьnomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьnoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
mьnete (aorist plural second-person)
mьnoste (aorist plural second-person)
mьnǫ (aorist plural third-person)
mьnošę (aorist plural third-person)
mьnemъ (first-person plural present)
mьnete (plural present second-person)
mьnǫtь (plural present third-person)
mьněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
mьněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
mьněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
mьni (imperative second-person singular)
mьni (imperative singular third-person)
mьněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
mьněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
mьněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
mьněvě (dual first-person imperative)
mьněta (dual imperative second-person)
mьněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
mьněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
mьněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
mьněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
mьněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мяти (mjati)

Belarusian: мяць (mjacʹ)

Russian: мять (mjatʹ)

Ukrainian: м'яти (mʺjaty), мня́ти (mnjáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мѧти

Glagolitic script: ⰿⱔⱅⰻ (męti)

Bulgarian: мъ́на (mǎ́na)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мети (only in Belostenec's dictionary)

Latin: meti

Slovene: mẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mieti

Czech: mnout (dated)

Old Polish: miąć

Polish: miąć

Slovak: mäť

Slovincian: mjyc

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *mínˀtei.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian mìnti (“to trample, to scutch”), Latvian mĩt (“to trample, to scutch”). Further cognates unclear:
* Derksen says "doubtful whether there are any cognates outside of Balto-Slavic".
* Trubačev proposes Ancient Greek ματέω (matéō, “to trample, to tread”) from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-tew-oh₂.
* Shansky additionally proposes Irish men (“flour”).


gъbnǫti

gъbnǫ̀ti (canonical imperfective)
gъbenьje (noun-from-verb)
gъbnǫti (infinitive)
gъbnǫtъ (supine)
gъblъ (l-participle)
gъbenъ (participle passive past)
gъbnomъ (participle passive present)
gъbъ (active participle past)
gъbny (active participle present)
gъbъ (aorist first-person singular)
gъboxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gъbe (aorist second-person singular)
gъbe (aorist singular third-person)
gъbnǫ (first-person present singular)
gъbneši (present second-person singular)
gъbnetь (present singular third-person)
gъbově (aorist dual first-person)
gъboxově (aorist dual first-person)
gъbeta (aorist dual second-person)
gъbosta (aorist dual second-person)
gъbete (aorist dual third-person)
gъboste (aorist dual third-person)
gъbnevě (dual first-person present)
gъbneta (dual present second-person)
gъbnete (dual present third-person)
gъbomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gъboxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gъbete (aorist plural second-person)
gъboste (aorist plural second-person)
gъbǫ (aorist plural third-person)
gъbošę (aorist plural third-person)
gъbnemъ (first-person plural present)
gъbnete (plural present second-person)
gъbnǫtь (plural present third-person)
gъbněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gъbněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gъbněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gъbni (imperative second-person singular)
gъbni (imperative singular third-person)
gъbněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gъbněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gъbněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gъbněvě (dual first-person imperative)
gъbněta (dual imperative second-person)
gъbněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gъbněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gъbněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gъbněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gъbněte (imperative plural second-person)
gъbnovenьje (noun-from-verb)
gъbnǫti (infinitive)
gъbnǫtъ (supine)
gъbnǫlъ (l-participle)
gъbnovenъ (participle passive past)
gъbnomъ (participle passive present)
gъbnǫvъ (active participle past)
gъbny (active participle present)
gъbnǫxъ (aorist first-person singular)
gъbnǫ (aorist second-person singular)
gъbnǫ (aorist singular third-person)
gъbnǫ (first-person present singular)
gъbneši (present second-person singular)
gъbnetь (present singular third-person)
gъbnǫxově (aorist dual first-person)
gъbnǫsta (aorist dual second-person)
gъbnǫste (aorist dual third-person)
gъbnevě (dual first-person present)
gъbneta (dual present second-person)
gъbnete (dual present third-person)
gъbnǫxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
gъbnǫste (aorist plural second-person)
gъbnǫšę (aorist plural third-person)
gъbnemъ (first-person plural present)
gъbnete (plural present second-person)
gъbnǫtь (plural present third-person)
gъbněaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
gъbněaše (imperfect second-person singular)
gъbněaše (imperfect singular third-person)
gъbni (imperative second-person singular)
gъbni (imperative singular third-person)
gъbněaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
gъbněašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
gъbněašete (dual imperfect third-person)
gъbněvě (dual first-person imperative)
gъbněta (dual imperative second-person)
gъbněaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
gъbněašete (imperfect plural second-person)
gъbněaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
gъbněmъ (first-person imperative plural)
gъbněte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: гъбнѫти (gŭbnǫti), гънѫти (gŭnǫti)

Belarusian: гнуць (hnucʹ)

Russian: гнуть (gnutʹ)

Ukrainian: гну́ти (hnúty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: *гънѫти (*gŭnǫti)

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: съгънѫти (sŭgŭnǫti, “to fold”)

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: разгънѫти (razgŭnǫti, “to unfold”)

Bulgarian: гъ́на (gǎ́na)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: га̀нути

Latin script: gànuti

⇒ Slovene: ganīti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hnúti

Czech: hnout

Polish: giąć

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: gjyc

Slovak: hnúť, dialectal gebnúť

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hnuć

Lower Sorbian: gnuś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúbtei + *-nǫti.

(transitive) to bend, to fold, to dimple


Mokošь

Mokošь (nominative singular)
Mokoši (genitive singular)
Mokoši (dative singular)
Mokošь (accusative singular)
Mokoši (locative singular)
Mokoši (singular vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: Мокошь (Mokošĭ), Мокашь (Mokašĭ, “Mokosh”)

Russian: мокош (mokoš), мокуш (mokuš), Мокошь (Mokošʹ), макеш (makeš, “demon, helpful spirit, mythical being”) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: мо́куша (mókuša), мокуша́ (mokušá), мокоша́ (mokošá), мокуша (mokuša) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: Макешь (Makešʹ), Макош (Makoš) (dialectal?)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Мокош, Мокошка (personal name)

Latin script: Mokoš, Mokoška (personal name)

West Slavic:

>? Czech: Mokošín (toponym)

Moravian: >? mokeš (“nickname”)

Old Polabian: *Mokos

→ Latin: Mukus, Mukes (learned)

Literally, “she who is wet”. From *moky (“wetland”) + *-ošь.

Mokosh (Slavic goddess of earth and fate)

močadь

*moča / *močь (“wetness, puddle, urine”)

mokrědina

*mokrědь / *mokrjadь / *mokrěda / *mokrjada


sěsti

sědenьje (noun-from-verb)
sěsti (infinitive)
sěstъ (supine)
sědlъ (l-participle)
sědъ (active participle past)
sědъ (aorist first-person singular)
sědoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sěde (aorist second-person singular)
sěde (aorist singular third-person)
sędǫ (first-person present singular)
sędeši (present second-person singular)
sędetь (present singular third-person)
sědově (aorist dual first-person)
sědoxově (aorist dual first-person)
sědeta (aorist dual second-person)
sědosta (aorist dual second-person)
sědete (aorist dual third-person)
sědoste (aorist dual third-person)
sędevě (dual first-person present)
sędeta (dual present second-person)
sędete (dual present third-person)
sědomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sědoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sědete (aorist plural second-person)
sědoste (aorist plural second-person)
sědǫ (aorist plural third-person)
sědošę (aorist plural third-person)
sędemъ (first-person plural present)
sędete (plural present second-person)
sędǫtь (plural present third-person)
sędi (imperative second-person singular)
sędi (imperative singular third-person)
sęděvě (dual first-person imperative)
sęděta (dual imperative second-person)
sęděmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sęděte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣсти (sěsti)

Belarusian: се́сці (sjésci)

Russian: сесть (sestʹ)

Ukrainian: сі́сти (sísty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сѣсти (sěsti)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱑⱄⱅⰻ (sěsti)

Bulgarian: ся́дам (sjádam)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏сти

Latin: sȅsti

Slovene: sẹ́sti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: siesti

Old Polish: sieść

Polish: siąść

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sḗˀstei, from an earlier *sēˀdtei, from pre-Indo-European *sedti, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- from by (Winter's law).
Baltic cognates include Latvian sēsties,
Lithuanian sė́sti, 3sg. sė́da, Old Prussian sindants (“sitting”). (apparently reformed as a nasal-infix present)
Indo-European cognates include Proto-Italic *sedēō, Proto-Germanic *sitjaną, Proto-Indo-Iranian *síždati, Ancient Greek ἕζομαι (hézomai, “to sit down”),


sěverъ

sě̀verъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
sěverъ (nominative singular)
sěvera (dual nominative)
sěveri (nominative plural)
sěvera (genitive singular)
sěveru (dual genitive)
sěverъ (genitive plural)
sěveru (dative singular)
sěveroma (dative dual)
sěveromъ (dative plural)
sěverъ (accusative singular)
sěvera (accusative dual)
sěvery (accusative plural)
sěverъmь (instrumental singular)
sěveromь (instrumental singular)
sěveroma (dual instrumental)
sěverȳ (instrumental plural)
sěverě (locative singular)
sěveru (dual locative)
sěverě̄xъ (locative plural)
sěvere (singular vocative)
sěvera (dual vocative)
sěveri (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сѣверъ (sěverŭ)

desctree

Old Ruthenian: сѣ́веръ (sě́ver)
Belarusian: се́вер (sjévjer), сі́вер (sívjer)
Carpathian Rusyn: сї́вер (sjíver)
Ukrainian: сі́вер (síver)

Russian: се́вер (séver)

Old Novgorodian: *сивере (*sivere)

desc

→ Russian: си́вер (síver, “north wind”) (Arkhangelsk dialect)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: ⱄⱑⰲⰵⱃⱏ (sěverŭ)

Old Cyrillic script: сѣверъ (sěverŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: се̏ве̄р, сје̏ве̄р

Latin script: sȅvēr, sjȅvēr

Slovene: sẹ́ver (tonal orthography); sẹvər (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sěver

Czech: sever

→ Upper Sorbian: sewjer (“north”)

→ Lower Sorbian: sewjer (“north”)

Polish: siewier, Siewiór

Slovak: sever

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: sowjer (“high-altitude haze”)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *śḗˀweras／*śjáuˀrias. Derksen derives it from *ḱeh₁wer-o-s, Dybo from *(s)ḱyeh₂w- ~ *(s)ḱih₂w- (“north; north wind”). Cognate with Lithuanian šiaurỹs (“north wind”), šiáurė (“north”), šiū́ra (dialectal).


bičь

bičь (nominative singular)
biča (dual nominative)
biči (nominative plural)
biča (genitive singular)
biču (dual genitive)
bičь (genitive plural)
biču (dative singular)
bičema (dative dual)
bičemъ (dative plural)
bičь (accusative singular)
biča (accusative dual)
bičę̇ (accusative plural)
bičьmь (instrumental singular)
bičemь (instrumental singular)
bičema (dual instrumental)
biči (instrumental plural)
biči (locative singular)
biču (dual locative)
bičixъ (locative plural)
biču (singular vocative)
biča (dual vocative)
biči (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бичь (bičĭ)

Belarusian: біч (bič)

Russian: бич (bič)

Carpathian Rusyn: бич (byč)

Ukrainian: бич (byč)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бичь (bičĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⰻⱍⱐ (bičĭ)

Bulgarian: бич (bič)

Macedonian: бич (bič)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: би̏ч

Latin script: bȉč

Slovene: bìč

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bič

Czech: bič

Bohemian (Chod dialect): bjič

Kashubian: bicz

Old Polish: bicz

Polish: bicz

Kashubian: bicz

Slovak: bič

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bič

Lower Sorbian: bic

Non-Slavic:

→ German: Peitsche

→ Danish: pisk

Norwegian Bokmål: pisk

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: pisk

→ Polish: pejcz

→ Swedish: piska

→ Romanian: bici


pęta

pętà (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
pętà (nominative singular)
pę̑tě (dual nominative)
pę̑ty (nominative plural)
pętý (genitive singular)
pętù (dual genitive)
pę̃tъ (genitive plural)
pętě̀ (dative singular)
pętàma (dative dual)
pętàmъ (dative plural)
pę̑tǫ (accusative singular)
pę̑tě (accusative dual)
pę̑ty (accusative plural)
pętojǫ́ (instrumental singular)
pętàma (dual instrumental)
pętàmi (instrumental plural)
pę̑tě (locative singular)
pętù (dual locative)
pętàsъ (locative plural)
pętàxъ (locative plural)
pęto (singular vocative)
pę̑tě (dual vocative)
pę̑ty (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old Ruthenian: пѧта (pjata), пета (peta), пѩта (pjata)

Ukrainian: п'ята́ (pʺjatá)

⇒ Belarusian: пя́тка (pjátka)

Russian: пята́ (pjatá)

→ Yiddish: פּיאַטע (pyate)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пѧта

Bulgarian: пета́ (petá), пе́нта (pénta) (dialectal)

Macedonian: пета (peta)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пе́та

Latin script: péta

Slovene: péta

West Slavic:

Old Czech:

Czech: pata

Knaanic: פטא

Kashubian: piãta

Polabian: ṕǫtă

Polish: pięta

Silesian: piynta

Slovak: päta

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pěta

Upper Sorbian: pjata

Most likely cognate with Lithuanian péntis, ùžpentis (“heel, spur”), Old Prussian pentis (“spur”), Latvian piête (all i-stems), therefore, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *penˀtā́ˀ. Further origin probably from *pęti (“to stretch”) + *-ta, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to span, to spin”). Favoured by Derksen.
Alternatively, related to Proto-Slavic *vъzpętь (“backwards”), *opętь (“again”) and further Pashto پونده (punda) from *penth₂- (“to propagate”). Favoured by Snoj.


běťi

běženьje (noun-from-verb)
běťi (infinitive)
běťь (supine)
běglъ (l-participle)
běženъ (participle passive past)
běgomъ (participle passive present)
běgъ (active participle past)
běgy (active participle present)
běgъ (aorist first-person singular)
běgoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běže (aorist second-person singular)
běže (aorist singular third-person)
běgǫ (first-person present singular)
běžeši (present second-person singular)
běžetь (present singular third-person)
běgově (aorist dual first-person)
běgoxově (aorist dual first-person)
běgeta (aorist dual second-person)
běgosta (aorist dual second-person)
běgete (aorist dual third-person)
běgoste (aorist dual third-person)
běževě (dual first-person present)
běžeta (dual present second-person)
běžete (dual present third-person)
běgomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běgoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běgete (aorist plural second-person)
běgoste (aorist plural second-person)
běgǫ (aorist plural third-person)
běgošę (aorist plural third-person)
běžemъ (first-person plural present)
běžete (plural present second-person)
běgǫtь (plural present third-person)
běžaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běžaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běžaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bědzi (imperative second-person singular)
bědzi (imperative singular third-person)
běžaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běžaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běžaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bědzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
bědzěta (dual imperative second-person)
běžaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běžaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běžaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bědzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
bědzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic

Belarusian: бегчы (bjehčy)

Russian: бечь (bečʹ)

Ukrainian: бігти (bihty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бѣщи (běšti)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱑⱋⰹ (běšti)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̀бећи

Latin script: pòbeći

West Slavic

Kashubian: biec

Old Polish: biec
Polish: biec

běgti

earlier, unassimilated form, as in Derksen, Chernykh, Vasmer

běgťi

earlier, partly assimilated form, as in Trubachev


esetrъ

East Slavic:

Belarusian: асётр (asjótr)

Russian: осётр (osjótr)

Ukrainian: осетер (oseter)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: есетра (esetra)

Macedonian: есетра (esetra)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: јѐсетра

Latin script: jèsetra

Slovene: jesệter

West Slavic:

Czech: jeseter

Polish: jesiotr

Slovak: jeseter

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jesotr

Upper Sorbian: jasotr

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *eśetras. Cognate with Lithuanian ašėtras (“sturgeon”), ešketras (“whale”), Old Prussian esketres (“sturgeon”). Also related (with different vocalism) to Lithuanian ešerỹs, ašerỹs (“perch”), and (under the influence of erškė̃tis (“bramble”)) erškėtras, erškẽtas, arškẽtas (“sturgeon”).


sterťi

c (accent-paradigm)
sterženьje (noun-from-verb)
sterťi (infinitive)
sterťь (supine)
sterglъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
sterženъ (participle passive past)
stergomъ (participle passive present)
stergъ (active participle past)
stergy (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
stergъ (aorist first-person singular)
stergoxъ (aorist first-person singular)
sterže (aorist second-person singular)
sterže (aorist singular third-person)
stergǫ (first-person present singular)
steržeši (present second-person singular)
steržetь (present singular third-person)
stergově (aorist dual first-person)
stergoxově (aorist dual first-person)
stergeta (aorist dual second-person)
stergosta (aorist dual second-person)
stergete (aorist dual third-person)
stergoste (aorist dual third-person)
sterževě (dual first-person present)
steržeta (dual present second-person)
steržete (dual present third-person)
stergomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stergoxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
stergete (aorist plural second-person)
stergoste (aorist plural second-person)
stergǫ (aorist plural third-person)
stergošę (aorist plural third-person)
steržemъ (first-person plural present)
steržete (plural present second-person)
stergǫtь (plural present third-person)
steržaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
steržaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
steržaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
sterdzi (imperative second-person singular)
sterdzi (imperative singular third-person)
steržaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
steržaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
steržaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
sterdzěvě (dual first-person imperative)
sterdzěta (dual imperative second-person)
steržaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
steržaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
steržaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
sterdzěmъ (first-person imperative plural)
sterdzěte (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стеречи (stereči)

Belarusian: сцерагчы́ (scjerahčý)

Russian: стере́чь (steréčʹ)

Ukrainian: стеречи́ (sterečý)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: стрѣщи (strěšti)

Glagolitic: [Term?]

Slovene: strẹ́či (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: střieci

Czech: stříci (archaic)

Polish: strzec

* Derksen: From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sterˀg-, from Proto-Indo-European *sterg-. Cognate with Ancient Greek στέργω (stérgō, “to love”) and with Lithuanian sérgėti (“to guard”), 3sg. sérgi, 3sg. past sérgėjo (Old Lithuanian sérgmi, athematic), Lithuanian sárgas (“guard”), Latvian sar̂gs (“guard”), with unexplained loss of -t-.
* Vasmer: Contamination of two separate roots, represented respectively by Ancient Greek στέργω (stérgō, “to love”) and Lithuanian sérgėti (“to guard”). The latter is cognate with Latin servō (“to save”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (haraⁱti), 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬌 (haᵘruuati, “to protect”).