cěsařь

cěsãřь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
cěsãřь (nominative singular)
cěsāřà (dual nominative)
cěsāřì (nominative plural)
cěsāřà (genitive singular)
cěsāřù (dual genitive)
cěsãřь (genitive plural)
cěsāřù (dative singular)
cěsāřèma (dative dual)
cěsãřemъ (dative plural)
cěsãřь (accusative singular)
cěsāřà (accusative dual)
cěsāřę̇̀ (accusative plural)
cěsāřь̀mь (instrumental singular)
cěsāřèmь (instrumental singular)
cěsāřèma (dual instrumental)
cěsãři (instrumental plural)
cěsāřì (locative singular)
cěsāřù (dual locative)
cěsãřixъ (locative plural)
cěsařu (singular vocative)
cěsāřà (dual vocative)
cěsāřì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: цѣсарь (cěsarĭ), цесарь (cesarĭ)

Belarusian: цэ́сар (césar)

Russian: це́сарь (césarʹ), царь (carʹ) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ukrainian: цар (car)

Ukrainian: цісар (cisar), цесар (cesar)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: цѣсар҄ь (cěsarʹĭ), цар҄ь (carʹĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱌⱑⱄⰰⱃ҄ⱐ, ⱌⰰⱃ҄ⱐ

Bulgarian: цар (car)

Macedonian: цар (car), цесар (cesar) (literary)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: це̏сар, ца̏р

Latin script: cȅsar, cȁr

Slovene: césar (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: césôrz, cysôrz, cesôrz

Old Czech: ciesař

Czech: císař

→ Slovak: cisár

Old Polish: cesarz

Polish: cesarz

Silesian: cysŏrz

→ Hungarian: császár

Ultimately from Latin Caesar, the name of Julius Caesar, whose name became part of the Roman emperor's title. The name was borrowed into Germanic separately as Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) and as Northwest Germanic *kaisaraz. Slavic in turn borrowed the word from Germanic, although the precise donor language is difficult to ascertain.
The most commonly regarded etymon cited in the literature is Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar), though such assignment is problematic. Old High German and Old Saxon forms with the suffix -ur are less plausible etymons. Formal mismatches with Gothic form include:
* Germanic short */a/ regularly yields */o/ in Common Slavic, and the reconstructions for the vowel suffix point to a short */a/. The regular suffix from the Gothic form would have been **-or.
* Even if we are dealing with analogical leveling to the productive agentive suffix *-āřь, this still doesn't fully explain the short vowel. The Slovene form points to a short suffixal vowel, since the accent retracted from short final vowels.
* If the short suffixal */-a-/ represents a late borrowing, after the Common Slavic rephonemicization of qualitative oppositions into quantitative ones, then this would exclude Gothic as the donor languages because the Goths lost their dominance in the Pontic region around the fifth century, well before such a process took place.
* the C sound has been palatalized.

cařь

< *csařь /tsːaːrʲi/; unaccented *ь dropped from *cьsařь /tsisaːrʲi/


zelenъ

zelènъ (canonical)
zelenъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
zelena (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
zeleno (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
zelena (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
zeleny (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
zelena (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
zelenu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
zeleně (dative feminine indefinite singular)
zelenu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
zelenъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
zelenǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
zeleno (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
zelenomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
zelenojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
zelenomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
zeleně (indefinite locative masculine singular)
zeleně (feminine indefinite locative singular)
zeleně (indefinite locative neuter singular)
zelene (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
zeleno (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
zeleno (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
zelena (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
zeleně (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
zeleně (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
zelenu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
zelenu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
zelenu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
zelenoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
zelenama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
zelenoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
zelena (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
zeleně (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
zeleně (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
zelenoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
zelenama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
zelenoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
zelenu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
zelenu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
zelenu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
zelena (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
zeleně (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
zeleně (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
zeleni (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
zeleny (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
zelena (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
zelenъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
zelenъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
zelenъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
zelenomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
zelenamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
zelenomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
zeleny (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
zeleny (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
zelena (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
zeleny (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
zelenami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
zeleny (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
zeleněxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
zelenaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
zeleněxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
zeleni (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
zeleny (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
zelena (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
zelenъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
zelenaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
zelenoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
zelenajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
zelenyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
zelenajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
zelenujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
zeleněji (dative definite feminine singular)
zelenujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
zelenъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
zelenǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
zelenoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
zelenyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
zelenǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
zelenyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
zelenějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
zeleněji (definite feminine locative singular)
zelenějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
zelenъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
zelenaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
zelenoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
zelenaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
zeleněji (definite dual feminine nominative)
zeleněji (definite dual neuter nominative)
zelenuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
zelenuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
zelenuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
zelenyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
zelenyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
zelenyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
zelenaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
zeleněji (accusative definite dual feminine)
zeleněji (accusative definite dual neuter)
zelenyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
zelenyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
zelenyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
zelenuju (definite dual locative masculine)
zelenuju (definite dual feminine locative)
zelenuju (definite dual locative neuter)
zelenaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
zeleněji (definite dual feminine vocative)
zeleněji (definite dual neuter vocative)
zeleniji (definite masculine nominative plural)
zelenyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
zelenaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
zelenъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
zelenъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
zelenъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
zelenyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
zelenyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
zelenyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
zelenyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
zelenyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
zelenaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
zelenyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
zelenyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
zelenyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
zelenyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
zelenyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
zelenyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
zeleniji (definite masculine plural vocative)
zelenyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
zelenaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *zelenъ (hard)

Definite declension of *zelenъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: зеленꙑи (zelenyi)

Old Ruthenian: зеле́ный (zelényj)

Belarusian: зялёны (zjaljóny)

Carpathian Rusyn: зеле́ный (zelénŷj)

Ukrainian: зеле́ний (zelényj)

Russian: зелёный (zeljónyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: зеленъ (zelenŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰵⰾⰵⱀⱏ (zelenŭ)

Bulgarian: зеле́н (zelén)

Macedonian: зелен (zelen)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зѐлен

Latin script: zèlen

Slovene: zelȅn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: zelony

Old Czech: zelený

Czech: zelený

Polish: zielony

Silesian: zielōny

Old Slovak: zelený

Pannonian Rusyn: желєни (željeni)

Slovak: zelený

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: zeleny

Lower Sorbian: zeleny

Apparently originally participle of verb **zelti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źelˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-. Morphologically *zel- + *-enъ.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian žélti (“to sprout”), žãlias (“green”), žel̃vas (“greenish”),
Latvian zelt (“to become green”), zaļš (“green”), Old Prussian saligan (“green”).
Indo-European cognates include
Sanskrit हरि (hari, “fallow, yellowish, greenish”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬥𐬫𐬀 (zaranya),
Latin helvus (“honey-yellow”), Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green, greenish yellow”),
Proto-Germanic *gelwaz (“yellow”).


čьrnъ

čь̀rnъ (canonical)
a (accent-paradigm)
čь̀rnъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
čь̀rna (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
čь̀rno (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
čь̀rna (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
čь̀rny (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
čь̀rna (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
čь̀rnu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
čь̀rně (dative feminine indefinite singular)
čь̀rnu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
čь̀rnъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
čь̀rnǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
čь̀rno (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
čь̀rnomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
čь̀rnojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
čь̀rnomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
čь̀rně (indefinite locative masculine singular)
čь̀rně (feminine indefinite locative singular)
čь̀rně (indefinite locative neuter singular)
čь̀rne (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
čь̀rno (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
čь̀rno (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
čь̀rna (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
čь̀rně (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
čь̀rně (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
čь̀rnu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
čь̀rnu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
čь̀rnu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
čь̀rnoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
čь̀rnama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
čь̀rnoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
čь̀rna (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
čь̀rně (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
čь̀rně (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
čь̀rnoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
čь̀rnama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
čь̀rnoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
čь̀rnu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
čь̀rnu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
čь̀rnu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
čь̀rna (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
čь̀rně (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
čь̀rně (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
čь̀rni (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
čь̀rny (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
čь̀rna (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
čь̀rnъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
čь̀rnъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
čь̀rnъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
čь̀rnomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
čь̀rnamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
čь̀rnomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
čь̀rny (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
čь̀rny (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
čь̀rna (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
čь̀rny (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
čь̀rnami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
čь̀rny (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
čь̀rněxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
čь̀rnaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
čь̀rněxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
čь̀rni (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
čь̀rny (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
čь̀rna (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
a (accent-paradigm)
čь̀rnъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
čь̀rnaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
čь̀rnoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
čь̀rnajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
čь̀rnyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
čь̀rnajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
čь̀rnujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
čь̀rněji (dative definite feminine singular)
čь̀rnujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
čь̀rnъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
čь̀rnǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
čь̀rnoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
čь̀rnyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
čь̀rnǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
čь̀rnyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
čь̀rnějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
čь̀rněji (definite feminine locative singular)
čь̀rnějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
čь̀rnъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
čь̀rnaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
čь̀rnoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
čь̀rnaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
čь̀rněji (definite dual feminine nominative)
čь̀rněji (definite dual neuter nominative)
čь̀rnuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
čь̀rnuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
čь̀rnuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
čь̀rnyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
čь̀rnyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
čь̀rnyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
čь̀rnaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
čь̀rněji (accusative definite dual feminine)
čь̀rněji (accusative definite dual neuter)
čь̀rnyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
čь̀rnyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
čь̀rnyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
čь̀rnuju (definite dual locative masculine)
čь̀rnuju (definite dual feminine locative)
čь̀rnuju (definite dual locative neuter)
čь̀rnaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
čь̀rněji (definite dual feminine vocative)
čь̀rněji (definite dual neuter vocative)
čь̀rniji (definite masculine nominative plural)
čь̀rnyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
čь̀rnaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
čь̀rnъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
čь̀rnъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
čь̀rnъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
čь̀rnyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
čь̀rnyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
čь̀rnyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
čь̀rnyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
čь̀rnyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
čь̀rnaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
čь̀rnyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
čь̀rnyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
čь̀rnyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
čь̀rnyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
čь̀rnyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
čь̀rnyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
čь̀rniji (definite masculine plural vocative)
čь̀rnyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
čь̀rnaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *čьrnъ (hard, accent paradigm a)

Definite declension of *čьrnъ (hard, accent paradigm a)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: чьрнъ (čĭrnŭ)
Old Ruthenian: чо́рный (čórnyj)
Belarusian: чо́рны (čórny)
Carpathian Rusyn: чо́рный (čórnŷj)
Ukrainian: чо́рний (čórnyj)
Russian: чёрный (čórnyj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чрьнъ (črĭnŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⱃⱐⱀⱏ (črĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: черен (čeren)

Macedonian: црн (crn)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: цр̑н, чрн, чарн

Latin: cȓn, črn, čarn

Slovene: čŕn (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: črný
Czech: černý

Old Polish: czarny
Polish: czarny
Silesian: czŏrny

Old Slovak: čierny

Slovak: čierny

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: czôrny

Slovincian: czorny

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: carny

Upper Sorbian: čorny

From earlier *čьrxnъ < *kьršnъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kiršnas, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥snós (“black”). Cognates include Lithuanian kir̃snas (“black (about a horse)”), Old Prussian kirsnan (“black”), Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa, “black; dark”), Persian کرسنه (“dirty”).

cog

čь̀rnъ:

čь̀rna àgoda ― whortleberry, Vaccinium myrtillus

čь̀rna vodà

čь̀rnъ lě̑sъ

čь̀rna gorà

čь̀rna nòťь

čь̀rnъ xlě̀bъ

čь̀rna jьstъbà

čь̀rnъ bȍgъ

čь̀rnъ dь̏nь

čь̀rna bolestь

čь̀rna nemoťь

čь̀rna sъmьrtь


bělъ

bě̃lъ (canonical)
bělъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
běla (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
bělo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
běla (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
běly (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
běla (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
bělu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
bělě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
bělu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
bělъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
bělǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
bělo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
bělomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
bělojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
bělomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
bělě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
bělě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
bělě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
běle (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
bělo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
bělo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
běla (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
bělě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
bělě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
bělu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
bělu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
bělu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
běloma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
bělama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
běloma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
běla (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
bělě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
bělě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
běloma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
bělama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
běloma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
bělu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
bělu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
bělu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
běla (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
bělě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
bělě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
běli (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
běly (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
běla (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
bělъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
bělъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
bělъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
bělomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
bělamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
bělomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
běly (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
běly (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
běla (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
běly (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
bělami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
běly (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
bělěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
bělaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
bělěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
běli (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
běly (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
běla (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
bělъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
bělaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
běloje (definite neuter nominative singular)
bělajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
bělyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
bělajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
bělujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
bělěji (dative definite feminine singular)
bělujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
bělъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
bělǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
běloje (accusative definite neuter singular)
bělyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
bělǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
bělyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
bělějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
bělěji (definite feminine locative singular)
bělějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
bělъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
bělaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
běloje (definite neuter singular vocative)
bělaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
bělěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
bělěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
běluju (definite dual genitive masculine)
běluju (definite dual feminine genitive)
běluju (definite dual genitive neuter)
bělyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
bělyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
bělyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
bělaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
bělěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
bělěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
bělyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
bělyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
bělyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
běluju (definite dual locative masculine)
běluju (definite dual feminine locative)
běluju (definite dual locative neuter)
bělaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
bělěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
bělěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
běliji (definite masculine nominative plural)
bělyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
bělaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
bělъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
bělъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
bělъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
bělyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
bělyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
bělyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
bělyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
bělyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
bělaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
bělyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
bělyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
bělyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
bělyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
bělyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
bělyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
běliji (definite masculine plural vocative)
bělyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
bělaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *bělъ (hard)

Definite declension of *bělъ (hard)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: бѣлъ (bělŭ)
Old Ruthenian: бѣ́лый (bě́lyj)
Belarusian: бе́лы (bjély)
Carpathian Rusyn: білый (bilŷj)
Ukrainian: бі́лий (bílyj)
Russian: бе́лый (bélyj)

Old Novgorodian: бѣле (běle)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: бѣлъ (bělŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱑⰾⱏ (bělŭ)

Bulgarian: бял (bjal)

Macedonian: бел (bel)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̏о

Latin script: bȅo

Slovene: bẹ́ł (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bielý, biełý (alternative writing)
Czech: bílý

Old Polish: biały
Polish: biały
Silesian: bioły

Old Slovak: biely

Pannonian Rusyn: били (bili)

Slovak: biely

Polabian: b́olĕ

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: biôłi

Slovincian: bjoly

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: běły

Lower Sorbian: běły

→ Romanian: băl

From Proto-Indo-European root noun *bʰel- (“white surface or stain”). Cognate with Lithuanian bãlas (“white”), báltas (“white”) and Latvian bãls (“pale”), balts (“white”).

bě̃lъ bȍgъ

clear, clean
(figuratively) → good, favorable, happy

bě̃lъ dь̏nь


ablъko

àblъko (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
àblъko (nominative singular)
àblъcě (dual nominative)
àblъka (nominative plural)
àblъka (genitive singular)
àblъku (dual genitive)
àblъkъ (genitive plural)
àblъku (dative singular)
àblъkoma (dative dual)
àblъkomъ (dative plural)
àblъko (accusative singular)
àblъcě (accusative dual)
àblъka (accusative plural)
àblъkъmь (instrumental singular)
àblъkomь (instrumental singular)
àblъkoma (dual instrumental)
àblъkȳ (instrumental plural)
àblъcě (locative singular)
àblъku (dual locative)
àblъcě̄xъ (locative plural)
àblъko (singular vocative)
àblъcě (dual vocative)
àblъka (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗблъко (jablŭko)

desc

Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́блоко (jábloko), ꙗ́блуко (jábluko), ꙗ́блыко (jáblyko), ꙗ́блеко (jábleko)

Carpathian Rusyn: я́блоко (jábloko), я́бко (jábko)

Ukrainian: я́блуко (jábluko); я́блоко (jábloko), а́бко (ábko), я́блеко (jábleko) (dialectal)

Russian: я́блоко (jábloko) (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: аблъко (ablŭko)

Glagolitic script: ⰰⰱⰾⱏⰽⱁ (ablŭko)

Bulgarian: а́блъко (áblǎko), я́блъко (jáblǎko) (dialectal)

Macedonian: ја́болко (jábolko)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: јабуко

Latin script: jabuko

Slovene: jábołko (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jablko

Czech: jablko

Old Polish: jabłko, jebłko

Polish: jabłko

→ Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́блко (jáblko)

Old Slovak: jablko

Pannonian Rusyn: яблуко (jabluko)

Slovak: jablko, (dialectal) jabluko

Polabian: jobťü

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jabkò, jabłkò

Slovincian: jabkô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jabłuko

Upper Sorbian: jabłuko

From Early Proto-Slavic *ā́˙bluka. From *ablo (“apple”) + *-ъko.

(originally) diminutive of *ablo (“apple”)


agoda

àgoda (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
àgoda (nominative singular)
àgodě (dual nominative)
àgody (nominative plural)
àgody (genitive singular)
àgodu (dual genitive)
àgodъ (genitive plural)
àgodě (dative singular)
àgodama (dative dual)
àgodamъ (dative plural)
àgodǫ (accusative singular)
àgodě (accusative dual)
àgody (accusative plural)
àgodojǫ (instrumental singular)
àgodǭ (instrumental singular)
àgodama (dual instrumental)
àgodamī (instrumental plural)
àgodě (locative singular)
àgodu (dual locative)
àgodasъ (locative plural)
àgodaxъ (locative plural)
àgodo (singular vocative)
àgodě (dual vocative)
àgody (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ꙗгода (jagoda), агода (agoda)
Old Ruthenian: ꙗ҆́года (ja҆́hoda)
Belarusian: я́гада (jáhada)
Carpathian Rusyn: я́года (jáhoda)
Ukrainian: я́года (jáhoda)
Russian: я́года (jágoda)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: агода (agoda) (Sava's Book)

desc

Bulgarian: я́года (jágoda, “strawberry”)

Macedonian: ја́года (jágoda, “strawberry”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ја̏года (“strawberry”)

Latin script: jȁgoda (“strawberry”)

Slovene: jágoda (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jahoda (“strawberry”)

Czech: jahoda (“strawberry”)

Polabian: *joďödă

Old Polish: jagoda

Polish: jagoda

Old Slovak: jahoda

Pannonian Rusyn: ягода (jahoda, “mulberry”)

Slovak: jahoda (“strawberry”)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: jagòda

Slovincian: jagôda

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jahoda

Lower Sorbian: jagoda

From *àga (from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀgāˀ) + *-oda.

berry, small fruit
→ (figuratively) cheek


strěla

strěla (nominative singular)
strělě (dual nominative)
strěly (nominative plural)
strěly (genitive singular)
strělu (dual genitive)
strělъ (genitive plural)
strělě (dative singular)
strělama (dative dual)
strělamъ (dative plural)
strělǫ (accusative singular)
strělě (accusative dual)
strěly (accusative plural)
strělojǫ (instrumental singular)
strělǫ (instrumental singular)
strělama (dual instrumental)
strělami (instrumental plural)
strělě (locative singular)
strělu (dual locative)
strělasъ (locative plural)
strělaxъ (locative plural)
strělo (singular vocative)
strělě (dual vocative)
strěly (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: стрѣла (strěla)

Belarusian: страла́ (stralá)

Russian: стрела́ (strelá)

Ukrainian: стріла́ (strilá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: стрѣла (strěla)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱅⱃⱑⰾⰰ (strěla)

Bulgarian: стрела́ (strelá)

Macedonian: стрела (strela)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: стре́ла, стрије́ла

Latin: stréla, strijéla, strila

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: strẹ́la (“lightning bolt”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: střěla

Czech: střela

Old Polish: strzała

Polish: strzała

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: strzola

Slovak: strela

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: třěła

Lower Sorbian: stśěła

From Proto-Indo-European *strel-, *strēl-, *strēlā, from *ster- (“line, streak, stripe; jet, spurt; beam”).
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian strėlė̃, strėlà (“arrow; shoot, branch; rafter”), Latvian strēle (“arrow, dart”).
Indo-European cognates include Proto-West Germanic *strālu (“arrow”).


sokъ

sȍkъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
sȍkъ (nominative singular)
sȍka (dual nominative)
sȍci (nominative plural)
sȍka (genitive singular)
sokù (dual genitive)
sòkъ (genitive plural)
sȍku (dative singular)
sokomà (dative dual)
sokòmъ (dative plural)
sȍkъ (accusative singular)
sȍka (accusative dual)
sȍky (accusative plural)
sȍkъmь (instrumental singular)
sȍkomь (instrumental singular)
sokomà (dual instrumental)
soký (instrumental plural)
sȍcě (locative singular)
sokù (dual locative)
socě̃xъ (locative plural)
soče (singular vocative)
sȍka (dual vocative)
sȍci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: сокъ (sokŭ)
Old Ruthenian: сокъ (sok)
Belarusian: сок (sok)
Carpathian Rusyn: сок (sok)
Ukrainian: сік (sik); сок (sok), соч (soč) (dialectal)
Russian: сок (sok), сокъ (sok) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Komi-Zyrian: сок (sok)
→ Yakut: сок (sok)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: сокъ (sokŭ)

Glagolitic: ⱄⱁⰽⱏ (sokŭ)

Bulgarian: сок (sok)

Macedonian: сок (sok)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̑к

Latin script: sȏk

Slovene: sọ̑k (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: sok (dialectal)

Old Polish: sok (“juice”)
Polish: sok

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: sok

Upper Sorbian: sok

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *sakás, from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷós.


sokъ

sokъ (nominative singular)
soka (dual nominative)
soci (nominative plural)
soka (genitive singular)
soku (dual genitive)
sokъ (genitive plural)
soku (dative singular)
sokoma (dative dual)
sokomъ (dative plural)
sokъ (accusative singular)
soka (accusative dual)
soky (accusative plural)
sokъmь (instrumental singular)
sokomь (instrumental singular)
sokoma (dual instrumental)
soky (instrumental plural)
socě (locative singular)
soku (dual locative)
socěxъ (locative plural)
soče (singular vocative)
soka (dual vocative)
soci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сокъ (sokŭ, “accuser”)

Russian: сок (sok, “plaintiff”)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: сокъ (sokŭ) (Russian recension)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: со̏к

Latin script: sȍk

West Slavic:

Old Czech: sok (“plaintiff”)

Czech: sok (“rival”)

Old Polish: sok (“slanderer”)

Slovak: sok (“rival”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-ó-s, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”).


olъ

ȍlъ (canonical masculine)
Slavic (East South)
c (accent-paradigm)
ȍlъ (nominative singular)
ȍlu (genitive singular)
ȍlovi (dative singular)
ȍlъ (accusative singular)
ȍlъmь (instrumental singular)
olú (locative singular)
olu (singular vocative)

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: олъ (olŭ)

Russian: ол (ol) (archaic, dialectal)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic олъ (olŭ)

Slovene: ọ̑l, ọ̑ł (tonal orthography)

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *álu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-. Displaced by Proto-Slavic *pȋvo.

Sławski, Franciszek
w:pl:Franciszek Sławski

originally; probably; originally; probably

(possibly; Slavic mythology) drink of immortality


xala

xàla (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
xala (nominative singular)
xàlě (dual nominative)
xàly (nominative plural)
xàly (genitive singular)
xàlu (dual genitive)
xàlъ (genitive plural)
xàlě (dative singular)
xàlama (dative dual)
xàlamъ (dative plural)
xàlǫ (accusative singular)
xàlě (accusative dual)
xàly (accusative plural)
xàlojǫ (instrumental singular)
xàlǭ (instrumental singular)
xàlama (dual instrumental)
xàlamī (instrumental plural)
xàlě (locative singular)
xàlu (dual locative)
xàlasъ (locative plural)
xàlaxъ (locative plural)
xàlo (singular vocative)
xàlě (dual vocative)
xàly (plural vocative)

East Slavic

Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)

desc

Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)

⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)

South Slavic:

>? Bulgarian: ха́лище (hálište, “rough fabric, mat”)

>? Macedonian: алишта pl (ališta, “clothing”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ха̏ља, ха̀љина

Latin script: hȁlja, hàljina

Slovene: hálja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polish: chała (dialectal)

⇒ Polish: chalka, halka (“overgarment”)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: chałë pl (“rags”)

Per Snoj and Trubačev, from Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂, *ksōlyeh₂, perhaps an action/resultant noun of *xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a or substantivized from the l-participle of Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”). Trubačev further identifies this term with Etymology 2.

cog

naxalъ

*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)


xala

xala (nominative singular)
xalě (dual nominative)
xaly (nominative plural)
xaly (genitive singular)
xalu (dual genitive)
xalъ (genitive plural)
xalě (dative singular)
xalama (dative dual)
xalamъ (dative plural)
xalǫ (accusative singular)
xalě (accusative dual)
xaly (accusative plural)
xalojǫ (instrumental singular)
xalǫ (instrumental singular)
xalama (dual instrumental)
xalami (instrumental plural)
xalě (locative singular)
xalu (dual locative)
xalasъ (locative plural)
xalaxъ (locative plural)
xalo (singular vocative)
xalě (dual vocative)
xaly (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal) (< *xala + *vějь)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ха́ла (hála)

>? Macedonian: ала (ala)

>? Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: а́ла, ха́ла

Latin script: ála, hála

West Slavic:

>? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”) (dialectal)

>? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”) (regional)

Unclear. Several proposed etymologies exist:
* Based on sense “hail, blizzard, tempest”:
** Borrowed origin: According to Iv. Georgieva, from some dialectal form of Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”), likely cognate with Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”).
** Native grammatical origin: Per Brückner, related to *xalěpa (“bad weather”) (of disputed origin), *xoľavъ (“murky, muddy”). Possibly akin to Etymology 1 + Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”) and further to Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”).
* Based on sense “typhon, calamity”:
** Native or borrowed expressive origin: Per M. Bjeletić, from *xaliti, *xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a or from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”) (whence Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)).
** Onomatopoeic origin: Per Iljinsky, possibly akin to semi-onomatopoeic *šalъ (“intemperate, naughty”), *šaliti (“to play pranks, to infuriate”). Favoured by Trubačev and Meljničuk (ESSJa).
** Substantivized origin: Perhaps from a substantivization of *xalavъ (“insatiable, gluttonous”), *xalъkъ (“insolent”), related to the above hypothesis.
* Based on sense “dragon” in Serbian and Macedonian:
** Recent borrowing from Ottoman Turkish: According to early Serbo-Croatian philologists, South Slavic term has developed from Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”), euphemistic for ییلان (yılan, “snake”). Correspondances in other branches are presumably coincidental. Disputed on phonetical basis by Trubačev, Brückner, and some Serbo-Croatian linguists.
Skok does not exclude contamination of various sources.

cog

(Slavic mythology) tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine or ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch


ǫžь

ǫ̃žь (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
ǫ̃žь (nominative singular)
ǭžà (dual nominative)
ǭžì (nominative plural)
ǭžà (genitive singular)
ǭžù (dual genitive)
ǫ̃žь (genitive plural)
ǭžù (dative singular)
ǭžèma (dative dual)
ǫ̃žemъ (dative plural)
ǫ̃žь (accusative singular)
ǭžà (accusative dual)
ǭžę̇̀ (accusative plural)
ǭžь̀mь (instrumental singular)
ǭžèmь (instrumental singular)
ǭžèma (dual instrumental)
ǫ̃ži (instrumental plural)
ǭžì (locative singular)
ǭžù (dual locative)
ǫ̃žixъ (locative plural)
ǫžu (singular vocative)
ǭžà (dual vocative)
ǭžì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ѫжь (ǫžĭ), ужь (užĭ)
Old Ruthenian: ужъ (už)
Belarusian: вуж (vuž)
Carpathian Rusyn: уж (už)
Ukrainian: вуж (vuž), уж (už)
Russian: уж (už)
→? Estonian: uss

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: въжек (vǎžek, “a kind of a grey non-venomous snake”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ужак (“a legless, snake-like lizard”), гуж (Shtokavian)

Latin script: u̯õš (“a kind of a black snake”) (Chakavian)

l/sl-tonal

Slovene: ọ́ž (“a grass snake”) (tonal orthography), vọ̑ž, gọ́ž (“snake”) (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

⇒ Czech: užovka

Kashubian: wąż

Old Polish: wąż

Polish: wąż

Silesian: wōnż

⇒ Slovak: užovka

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wuž, huž

Upper Sorbian: wuž

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ángis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éngʷʰis (“snake”). Baltic cognates include Old Prussian angis, Lithuanian angìs, Latvian odze. Indo-European cognates include Latin anguis, Old High German unc and Old Armenian աւձ (awj).


smaga

smàga (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
smàga (nominative singular)
smàdzě (dual nominative)
smàgy (nominative plural)
smàgy (genitive singular)
smàgu (dual genitive)
smàgъ (genitive plural)
smàdzě (dative singular)
smàgama (dative dual)
smàgamъ (dative plural)
smàgǫ (accusative singular)
smàdzě (accusative dual)
smàgy (accusative plural)
smàgojǫ (instrumental singular)
smàgǭ (instrumental singular)
smàgama (dual instrumental)
smàgamī (instrumental plural)
smàdzě (locative singular)
smàgu (dual locative)
smàgasъ (locative plural)
smàgaxъ (locative plural)
smàgo (singular vocative)
smàdzě (dual vocative)
smàgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: сма́га (smága)

Belarusian: сма́га (smáha)

Russian: сма́га (smága)

Ukrainian: сма́га (smáha)

South Slavic:

Slovene: smágа (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: smáhа, smahа (obsolete)

Polish: smaga

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: smaga

Upper Sorbian: smaha

By surface analysis, *smagati (“to whip”) + *-a, most likely akin to Lithuanian smõgti (“to strike, to sway”). Further origin unclear.
Has been tenatively compared with Ancient Greek σμήχω (smḗkhō, “to wipe off, to purge”).


blъxa

blъxà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
blъxà (nominative singular)
blъ̀śě (dual nominative)
blъxỳ (nominative plural)
blъxỳ (genitive singular)
blъxù (dual genitive)
blъ̀xъ (genitive plural)
blъśě̀ (dative singular)
blъxàma (dative dual)
blъxàmъ (dative plural)
blъxǫ̀ (accusative singular)
blъ̀śě (accusative dual)
blъxỳ (accusative plural)
blъxòjǫ (instrumental singular)
blъ̀xǫ (instrumental singular)
blъxàma (dual instrumental)
blъxàmī (instrumental plural)
blъśě̀ (locative singular)
blъxù (dual locative)
blъxàsъ (locative plural)
blъxàxъ (locative plural)
blъxo (singular vocative)
blъ̀śě (dual vocative)
blъxỳ (plural vocative)

Church Slavonic: блъха (blŭxa) (Russian)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: блъха (blŭxa), блоха (bloxa), бълоха (bŭloxa)

Belarusian: блыха́ (blyxá)

Russian: блоха́ (bloxá)

Ukrainian: блоха́ (bloxá)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бълха́ (bǎlhá)

Macedonian: болва (bolva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̀ва

Latin script: bùha, bùva

Slovene: bółha (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: blcha

Czech: blecha

Polabian: blåxă

Polish: pchła

Silesian: błecha

Slovak: blcha

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: błëcha

Slovincian: pchla

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pcha, bcha

Upper Sorbian: tcha, (older) pcha

→ Hungarian: bolha

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *blúšāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlúseh₂.


bujati

buniti (perfective)
bujanьje (noun-from-verb)
bujati (infinitive)
bujatъ (supine)
bujalъ (l-participle)
bujanъ (participle passive past)
bujajemъ (participle passive present)
bujavъ (active participle past)
bujaję (active participle present)
bujaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
buja (aorist second-person singular)
buja (aorist singular third-person)
bujajǫ (first-person present singular)
bujaješi (present second-person singular)
bujajetь (present singular third-person)
bujaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bujasta (aorist dual second-person)
bujaste (aorist dual third-person)
bujajevě (dual first-person present)
bujajeta (dual present second-person)
bujajete (dual present third-person)
bujaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bujaste (aorist plural second-person)
bujašę (aorist plural third-person)
bujajemъ (first-person plural present)
bujajete (plural present second-person)
bujajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bujaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bujaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bujaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bujaji (imperative second-person singular)
bujaji (imperative singular third-person)
bujaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bujaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bujaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bujajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bujajita (dual imperative second-person)
bujaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bujaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bujaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bujajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bujajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: буя́ць (bujácʹ)

Russian: буя́ть (bujátʹ) (dialectic)

Ukrainian: буя́ти (bujáty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: бꙋꙗти (bujati)

Bulgarian: буяя (bujaja)

Macedonian: буи (bui) (i-stem derivative)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̀јати

Latin script: bùjati

Slovene:

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bujěti

Czech: bujet

Kashubian: bùjac

Old Polish: bujać

Polish: bujać

Slovak: bujať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian:

Formed as *bujь + *-ěti (or *-ati) from the eh₁-fientive *bʰowH-yeh₁-ti (or respectively the eh₂-causative *bʰowH-eh₂yé-ti), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to inflate, to grow”). The secondary meaning related to rampaging and aggressiveness may have been partially influenced by the onomatopoeic *bew- (“to howl, to blow”).


golgolъ

golgolъ (nominative singular)
golgola (dual nominative)
golgoli (nominative plural)
golgola (genitive singular)
golgolu (dual genitive)
golgolъ (genitive plural)
golgolu (dative singular)
golgoloma (dative dual)
golgolomъ (dative plural)
golgolъ (accusative singular)
golgola (accusative dual)
golgoly (accusative plural)
golgolъmь (instrumental singular)
golgolomь (instrumental singular)
golgoloma (dual instrumental)
golgoly (instrumental plural)
golgolě (locative singular)
golgolu (dual locative)
golgolěxъ (locative plural)
golgole (singular vocative)
golgola (dual vocative)
golgoli (plural vocative)

East Slavic: гологолъ (gologolŭ)

Russian: *гологол (> голого́лить (gologólitʹ))

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: глаголъ (glagolŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱏ (glagolŭ)

desc

Bulgarian: глаго́л (glagól, “verb”), глагул (glagul) (dialectal)

Macedonian: глагол (glagol, “speech, talk”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian: (archaic)

Cyrillic script: гла́гољ

Latin script: glágolj

Slovene: glágol (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: hlahol

Polish: Głogoły, Głogolice (place names)

Slovak: hlahol

By intensive reduplication from the onomatopoeic root *gol-, whence also *gȏlsъ (“voice”). Compare similar onomatopoetic formation in Sanskrit गर्गर (gargara, “a type of musical instrument”) and Proto-Slavic *kǫkoľь, *kolkolъ.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


listъ

lȋstъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
lȋstъ (nominative singular)
lȋsta (dual nominative)
lȋsti (nominative plural)
lȋsta (genitive singular)
listù (dual genitive)
lĩstъ (genitive plural)
lȋstu (dative singular)
listomà (dative dual)
listòmъ (dative plural)
lȋstъ (accusative singular)
lȋsta (accusative dual)
lȋsty (accusative plural)
lȋstъmь (instrumental singular)
lȋstomь (instrumental singular)
listomà (dual instrumental)
listý (instrumental plural)
lȋstě (locative singular)
listù (dual locative)
listě̃xъ (locative plural)
liste (singular vocative)
lȋsta (dual vocative)
lȋsti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: листъ (listŭ)

Old Ruthenian: листъ (list)

Belarusian: ліст (list)

Carpathian Rusyn: лист (lyst)

Ukrainian: лист (lyst)

Russian: лист (list)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: листъ (listŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⰹⱄⱅⱏ (listŭ)

Bulgarian: лист (list)

Macedonian: лист (list)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ли̑ст

Latin script: lȋst

Slovene: lȋst (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: list

desctree

Old Polish: list
Polish: list
Silesian: list

Old Slovak: list
Slovak: list

Polabian: laist

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: lëst

Slovincian: lëst

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: list

Lower Sorbian: list

Cognate with Lithuanian laĩškas, láiškas (“letter”), Latvian laiska (“leaf of a flax stalk”), laiksne (“white water-lily”), and Old Prussian lāiskas (“book”). Baltic forms require pre-form of Proto-Balto-Slavic *laiskas, while Slavic forms require *leistas. Ultimately possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leyd- (“to let”).


tęžьkъ

tęžьjь (comparative)
tęžьkъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
tęžьka (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
tęžьko (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
tęžьka (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
tęžьky (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
tęžьka (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
tęžьku (dative indefinite masculine singular)
tęžьcě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
tęžьku (dative indefinite neuter singular)
tęžьkъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
tęžьkǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
tęžьko (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
tęžьkomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
tęžьkojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
tęžьkomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
tęžьcě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
tęžьcě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
tęžьcě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
tęžьče (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
tęžьko (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
tęžьko (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
tęžьka (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
tęžьcě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
tęžьcě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
tęžьku (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
tęžьku (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
tęžьku (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
tęžьkoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
tęžьkama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
tęžьkoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
tęžьka (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
tęžьcě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
tęžьcě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
tęžьkoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
tęžьkama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
tęžьkoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
tęžьku (dual indefinite locative masculine)
tęžьku (dual feminine indefinite locative)
tęžьku (dual indefinite locative neuter)
tęžьka (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
tęžьcě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
tęžьcě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
tęžьci (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
tęžьky (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
tęžьka (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
tęžьkъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
tęžьkъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
tęžьkъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
tęžьkomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
tęžьkamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
tęžьkomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
tęžьky (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
tęžьky (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
tęžьka (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
tęžьky (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
tęžьkami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
tęžьky (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
tęžьcěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
tęžьkaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
tęžьcěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
tęžьci (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
tęžьky (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
tęžьka (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
tęžьkъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
tęžьkaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
tęžьkoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
tęžьkajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
tęžьkyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
tęžьkajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
tęžьkujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
tęžьcěji (dative definite feminine singular)
tęžьkujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
tęžьkъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
tęžьkǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
tęžьkoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
tęžьkyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
tęžьkǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
tęžьkyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
tęžьcějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
tęžьcěji (definite feminine locative singular)
tęžьcějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
tęžьkъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
tęžьkaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
tęžьkoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
tęžьkaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
tęžьcěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
tęžьcěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
tęžьkuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
tęžьkuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
tęžьkuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
tęžьkyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
tęžьkyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
tęžьkyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
tęžьkaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
tęžьcěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
tęžьcěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
tęžьkyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
tęžьkyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
tęžьkyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
tęžьkuju (definite dual locative masculine)
tęžьkuju (definite dual feminine locative)
tęžьkuju (definite dual locative neuter)
tęžьkaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
tęžьcěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
tęžьcěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
tęžьciji (definite masculine nominative plural)
tęžьkyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
tęžьkaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
tęžьkъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
tęžьkъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
tęžьkъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
tęžьkyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
tęžьkyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
tęžьkyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
tęžьkyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
tęžьkyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
tęžьkaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
tęžьkyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
tęžьkyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
tęžьkyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
tęžьkyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
tęžьkyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
tęžьkyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
tęžьciji (definite masculine plural vocative)
tęžьkyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
tęžьkaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)

Definite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: тѧжькъ
Belarusian: цяжкі́ (cjažkí)
Russian: тя́жкий (tjážkij)
Carpathian Rusyn: тяжкы́й (tjažkŷ́j)
Ukrainian: тяжки́й (tjažkýj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic тѧжькъ

Glagolitic: ⱅⱔⰶⱐⰽⱏ (tęžĭkŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: те́жак

Latin script: téžak

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: težȃk, téžek (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: těžký
Czech: těžký

desctree

Old Polish: ciężki
Polish: ciężki
Silesian: ciynżki

Old Slovak: cežký, ťažký, težký
Pannonian Rusyn: чежки (čežki)
Slovak: ťažký

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: cãżczi

Slovincian: cãżkjy

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: śěžki

Upper Sorbian: ćežki

From earlier *tę̑gъkъ, *tęgъka̍, *tę̑gъko (definite *tęgъkъ̀jь), with medial *-ž- taken from the comparative form *tęžьjь, from Early-Proto-Slavic *tingukas. The earlier u-stem based form is indirectly attested in the causative *otęgъčiti (“to burden”). Continues Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingús (mobile accent), from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-, morphologically equal to *tę̑gъ + *-ьkъ.
Directly cognate with Lithuanian tingùs (“lazy”) and Proto-Germanic *þunguz (whence Old Norse þungr (“heavy”)). Further akin to Proto-Iranian *θanǰáyati.


mъrky

mъrkỳ (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
mъrkỳ (nominative singular)
mъrkъ̀vi (dual nominative)
mъrkъ̀vi (nominative plural)
mъrkъ̀ve (genitive singular)
mъrkъ̀vu (dual genitive)
mъrkъ̀vъ (genitive plural)
mъrkъ̀vi (dative singular)
mъrkъ̀vьma (dative dual)
mъrkъ̀vama (dative dual)
mъrkъ̀vьmъ (dative plural)
mъrkъ̀vamъ (dative plural)
mъrkъ̀vь (accusative singular)
mъrkъ̀vi (accusative dual)
mъrkъ̀vi (accusative plural)
mъrkъ̀vьjǫ (instrumental singular)
mъrkъ̀vľǭ (instrumental singular)
mъrkъ̀vьma (dual instrumental)
mъrkъ̀vama (dual instrumental)
mъrkъ̀vьmī (instrumental plural)
mъrkъ̀vamī (instrumental plural)
mъrkъ̀ve (locative singular)
mъrkъ̀vu (dual locative)
mъrkъ̀vьxъ (locative plural)
mъrkъ̀vaxъ (locative plural)
mъrkỳ (singular vocative)
mъrkъ̀vi (dual vocative)
mъrkъ̀vi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: мо́рква (mórkva)

desc

Russian: морко́вь (morkóvʹ), морко́вка (morkóvka) (colloquial), морква́ (morkvá) (dialectal), мо́рква (mórkva) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: мо́рква (mórkva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: мръкꙑ (mrŭky)

Bulgarian: мо́рков (mórkov)

Macedonian: мо́рков (mórkov)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мр̏ква

Latin script: mȑkva

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: mŕkəv, mŕkva (tonal orthography) (both dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mrkev, mrkva

Czech: mrkev

Kashubian: marchiew, marchew

Old Polish: marchew, marchwa

Polish: marchew, marchewka, morkwa (dialectal)

Old Slovak: mrkva, mrkev, mrkov

Pannonian Rusyn: мархва (marxva)

Slovak: mrkva

Slovincian: marchy

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: morchej

Lower Sorbian: marchwej

→ Crimean Tatar: markof

→ Lithuanian: morka

→ Romanian: morcov

→ Hungarian: murok (regional)

→ Southern Altai: моркоп (morkop)

→ Yakut: моркуоп (morkuop)

Of uncertain cognateship to Proto-Germanic *murhǭ (“wild carrot”).


kokošь

kȍkošь (canonical feminine)
c (accent-paradigm)
kȍkošь (nominative singular)
kȍkoši (dual nominative)
kȍkoši (nominative plural)
kokoší (genitive singular)
kokošьjù (dual genitive)
kokošь̀jь (genitive plural)
kȍkoši (dative singular)
kokošьmà (dative dual)
kȍkošьmъ (dative plural)
kȍkošь (accusative singular)
kȍkoši (accusative dual)
kȍkoši (accusative plural)
kokošьjǫ́ (instrumental singular)
kokošьmà (dual instrumental)
kokošьmì (instrumental plural)
kokoší (locative singular)
kokošьjù (dual locative)
kȍkošьxъ (locative plural)
kokoši (singular vocative)
kȍkoši (dual vocative)
kȍkoši (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: кокошь (kokošĭ)

Old Ruthenian: кокошъ (kokoš)

⇒ Belarusian: како́шка (kakóška)

Carpathian Rusyn: ко́кош (kókoš)

Ukrainian: ко́кош (kókoš)

Russian: ко́кошь (kókošʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кокошь (kokošĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⱁⰽⱁⱎⱐ (kokošĭ)

⇒ Bulgarian: коко́шка (kokóška)

⇒ Macedonian: кокошка (kokoška)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̏ко̄ш

Latin script: kȍkōš

Slovene: kokọ̑š (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: kokoš

Polish: kokosz

Slovak: kokoš

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kokoš

Upper Sorbian: kokoš

→ Albanian: kokosh

→ Hungarian: kakas

→ Romanian: cocoș

Of onomatopoeic origin; compare also *kurъ (“rooster”), *kura (“hen”). The masculine of this *kokotъ (“rooster”).


gospodь

gȍspodь (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
gȍspodь (nominative singular)
gȍspodi (dual nominative)
gȍspodьjē (nominative plural)
gospodí (genitive singular)
gospodьjù (dual genitive)
gospodь̀jь (genitive plural)
gȍspodi (dative singular)
gospodьmà (dative dual)
gȍspodьmъ (dative plural)
gȍspodь (accusative singular)
gȍspodi (accusative dual)
gȍspodi (accusative plural)
gȍspodьmь (instrumental singular)
gospodьmà (dual instrumental)
gospodьmì (instrumental plural)
gospodí (locative singular)
gospodьjù (dual locative)
gȍspodьxъ (locative plural)
gospodi (singular vocative)
gȍspodi (dual vocative)
gȍspodьjē (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: господь (gospodĭ)

desc

Belarusian: гаспо́дзь (haspódzʹ), го́спад (hóspad)

Russian: госпо́дь (gospódʹ)

Ukrainian: го́сподь (hóspodʹ), госпо́дь (hospódʹ), го́спідь (hóspidʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: господь (gospodĭ)

Glagolitic: ⰳⱁⱄⱂⱁⰴⱐ (gospodĭ)

Bulgarian: Го́спод (Góspod)

Macedonian: Господ (Gospod)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Го̏спод

Latin script: Gȍspod

Slovene: gospọ̑d (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hospod, hospodin

Czech: Hospodin

Polish: gospód (dialectal)

From earlier *gostьpodь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gástipatis (“host”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis, a compound of *gʰóstis and *pótis. Cognate with Latin hospes.

gospodь bogъ


čarъ

čarъ (nominative singular)
čara (dual nominative)
čari (nominative plural)
čara (genitive singular)
čaru (dual genitive)
čarъ (genitive plural)
čaru (dative singular)
čaroma (dative dual)
čaromъ (dative plural)
čarъ (accusative singular)
čara (accusative dual)
čary (accusative plural)
čarъmь (instrumental singular)
čaromь (instrumental singular)
čaroma (dual instrumental)
čary (instrumental plural)
čarě (locative singular)
čaru (dual locative)
čarěxъ (locative plural)
čare (singular vocative)
čara (dual vocative)
čari (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: чаръ (čarŭ)

Belarusian: ча́ры (čáry)

Russian: ча́ры (čáry)

Ukrainian: чар (čar)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: чаръ (čarŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⱍⰰⱃⱏ (čarŭ)

Bulgarian: чар (čar)

Macedonian: чар (čar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ча̑р

Latin script: čȃr

Slovene: čár

West Slavic:

Old Czech: čar

Czech: čár

Polish: czar

Pomeranian:

Slovincian: czary

Slovak: čar

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make, build”). Cognate with Sanskrit करोति (karóti), Lithuanian kùrti.
Slavic forms with *čar- presuppose a nominal lengthened-grade derivation, i.e. Proto-Balto-Slavic *kēr- (Lithuanian kẽras (“charm, magic”)). Serbo-Croatian feminine i-stem is probably an archaism—lengthened grade is expected in PIE root nouns which yield Balto-Slavic i-stems. The PIE root probably already had magical connotations, i.e. denoting remote action by magical means.


-ъ

-ъ (nominative singular)
-a (dual nominative)
-i (nominative plural)
-a (genitive singular)
-u (dual genitive)
-ъ (genitive plural)
-u (dative singular)
-oma (dative dual)
-omъ (dative plural)
-ъ (accusative singular)
-a (accusative dual)
-y (accusative plural)
-ъmь (instrumental singular)
-omь (instrumental singular)
-oma (dual instrumental)
-y (instrumental plural)
-ě (locative singular)
-u (dual locative)
-ěxъ (locative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
-a (dual vocative)
-i (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Since mid-19th century two scenarios for the development of Indo-European *-os in Slavic have been proposed, respectively deriving this desinence:
* immediately from Proto-Indo-European *-os with narrowing of the vowel in the final syllable.
* from the accusative, analogically after other stem classes (u- and i-stems), probably to avoid homonymy with the neuter ending *-o.
A variant of the former view first proposed by Zaliznyak, Dybo and Nikolayev holds that IE *-os became *-ə in Slavic, which developed into *-ъ in mainstream dialects but into -е (-e) in Old Novgorodian. In the latter view, the Old Novgorodian ending can be considered original, with generalisation of the front variant from the soft declension.
Some authors also speculated that *-os could have had both outcomes depending on some other factors, with subsequent generalisation of one or the other in different grammatical categories.

-o

ending for hypocoristic masculine names; real; argued to be the reflex of PIE *-os

(diachronic) Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems.

poteťi (“to elapse; start flowing”) → *potokъ (“brook, stream”)

teťi (“to flow (liquid); run (time) etc.”) → *tokъ (“flow, stream”)

gňiti (“to rot”) → *gnojь (“pus”)

vezti (“to drive, take, carry”) → *vozъ (“cart, wagon”)

(synchronic) Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ.


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Widely agreed to have been inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-om, itself composed from the thematic vowel *-o- and the accusative singular ending *-m. A small minority of researches instead argued for an extension of the u-stem ending.

Accusative singular desinence for masculine o-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *-us, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the nominative singular ending *-s.

Nominative singular desinence for masculine u-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *-um, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the accusative singular ending *-m.

Accusative singular desinence for masculine u-stems


-ъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Two sources have been proposed, depending on the reconstruction of the Indo-European ending:
* Proto-Indo-European *-ōm or *-oHom with some kind of shortening.
* Proto-Indo-European *-om, the supposed athematic genitive plural alongside thematic *-ōm < *-o-om. A variant of this view holds that also thematic stems had *-om without the thematic vowel in Proto-Indo-European.
Proponents of the former view have sometimes connected the neocircumflex intonation in Slovene, the stem short vowel in Czech and the Serbo-Croatian desinence -ā with the alleged Proto-Slavic length.

Genitive plural desinence for hard stems of all classes.


běgati

bě̀gati (canonical imperfective)
a (accent-paradigm)
běganьje (noun-from-verb)
běgati (infinitive)
běgatъ (supine)
běgalъ (l-participle)
a (accent-paradigm)
běganъ (participle passive past)
běgajemъ (participle passive present)
běgavъ (active participle past)
běgaję (active participle present)
a (accent-paradigm)
běgaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
běga (aorist second-person singular)
běga (aorist singular third-person)
běgajǫ (first-person present singular)
běgaješi (present second-person singular)
běgajetь (present singular third-person)
běgaxově (aorist dual first-person)
běgasta (aorist dual second-person)
běgaste (aorist dual third-person)
běgajevě (dual first-person present)
běgajeta (dual present second-person)
běgajete (dual present third-person)
běgaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
běgaste (aorist plural second-person)
běgašę (aorist plural third-person)
běgajemъ (first-person plural present)
běgajete (plural present second-person)
běgajǫtь (plural present third-person)
běgaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
běgaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
běgaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
běgaji (imperative second-person singular)
běgaji (imperative singular third-person)
běgaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
běgaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
běgaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
běgajivě (dual first-person imperative)
běgajita (dual imperative second-person)
běgaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
běgaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
běgaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
běgajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
běgajite (imperative plural second-person)

desctree

Old East Slavic: бѣгати (běgati)
Old Ruthenian: бѣ́гати (bě́hati)
Belarusian: бе́гаць (bjéhacʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: бі́гати (bíhaty)
Ukrainian: бі́гати (bíhaty)
Russian: бе́гать (bégatʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бѣгати (běgati)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱑⰳⰰⱅⰹ (běgati)

Bulgarian: бя́гам (bjágam)

Macedonian: бе́га (béga)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̏гати, бје̏гати

Latin: bȅgati, bjȅgati

Slovene: bẹ̑gati (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: běhati

Czech: běhat

Old Polish: biegać

Polish: biegać

Slovak: behať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: biegac

Slovincian: bjêgac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: běhać

Lower Sorbian: běgaś

From thematizing of earlier *běťi, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bḗˀgtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰegʷ-.


darъ

dȃrъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
dȃrъ (nominative singular)
dȃry (dual nominative)
dȃrove (nominative plural)
dȃru (genitive singular)
darovù (dual genitive)
daròvъ (genitive plural)
dȃrovi (dative singular)
darъmà (dative dual)
dȃrъmъ (dative plural)
dȃrъ (accusative singular)
dȃry (accusative dual)
dȃry (accusative plural)
dȃrъmь (instrumental singular)
darъmà (dual instrumental)
darъmì (instrumental plural)
darú (locative singular)
darovù (dual locative)
dȃrъxъ (locative plural)
daru (singular vocative)
dȃry (dual vocative)
dȃrove (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: даръ (darŭ)

Belarusian: дар (dar)

Russian: дар (dar)

Ukrainian: дар (dar)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: даръ (darŭ)

Glagolitic: ⰴⰰⱃⱏ (darŭ)

Bulgarian: дар (dar)

Macedonian: дар (dar)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: да̑р

Latin script: dȃr

Slovene: dȃr (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: dar

Czech: dar

Polish: dar

Slovak: dar

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: dôr

Slovincian: dor

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: dar

Upper Sorbian: dar

Non-Slavic:

→ Albanian: dari, darit, daris

→ Romanian: dar

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dōˀra, from an earlier *dōˀran, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃rom (“gift”), from the root *deh₃- (“to give”), turning masculine by Illič-Svityč's rule.
Direct cognates are Ancient Greek δῶρον (dôron, “gift”), Old Armenian տուր (tur). Indirect cognates (with the suffix -no) are Latin dōnum (“gift”), Sanskrit दान (dāná, “gift”).

darъmь/*daromь

dati darъmь/*daromь

vъ darъ dati

božьjь darъ

(in the plural) ceremonial gifts offered to the bride and groom during a wedding or exchanged during the wedding between the closest relatives and newlyweds


banъ

bãnъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
bãnъ (nominative singular)
bānà (dual nominative)
bānì (nominative plural)
bānà (genitive singular)
bānù (dual genitive)
bãnъ (genitive plural)
bānù (dative singular)
bānòma (dative dual)
bānòmъ (dative plural)
bãnъ (accusative singular)
bānà (accusative dual)
bānỳ (accusative plural)
bānъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
bānòmь (instrumental singular)
bānòma (dual instrumental)
bãny (instrumental plural)
bāně̀ (locative singular)
bānù (dual locative)
bãněxъ (locative plural)
bane (singular vocative)
bānà (dual vocative)
bānì (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бан (ban)

Macedonian: бан (ban)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ба̑н

Latin script: bȃn

Slovene: bán

→ Romanian: ban (“money”)

From earlier *bojan- (compare Byzantine Greek βοάνος (boános), attested in the 10th century, and Proto-Mongolic *bayan (“rich”) which is also borrowed from Turkic), a borrowing from a Turkic language, probably from Pannonian Avar bajan (“ruler of the horde”), the title of the Avars' khagan misinterpreted as a name (compare similar development in *voďь), from Proto-Turkic *bāy (“rich, noble”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás.

(South Slavic) master, ruler, lord, ban (title)


pěti

c (accent-paradigm)
pětьje (noun-from-verb)
pěti (infinitive)
pětъ (supine)
pělъ (l-participle)
c (accent-paradigm)
pětъ (participle passive past)
pojemъ (participle passive present)
pěvъ (active participle past)
poję (active participle present)
c (accent-paradigm)
pěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pě (aorist second-person singular)
pě (aorist singular third-person)
pojǫ (first-person present singular)
poješi (present second-person singular)
pojetь (present singular third-person)
pěxově (aorist dual first-person)
pěsta (aorist dual second-person)
pěste (aorist dual third-person)
pojevě (dual first-person present)
pojeta (dual present second-person)
pojete (dual present third-person)
pěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pěste (aorist plural second-person)
pěšę (aorist plural third-person)
pojemъ (first-person plural present)
pojete (plural present second-person)
pojǫtь (plural present third-person)
pojaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pojaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pojaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
poji (imperative second-person singular)
poji (imperative singular third-person)
pojaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pojaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pojaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pojivě (dual first-person imperative)
pojita (dual imperative second-person)
pojaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pojaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pojaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pojimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pojite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пѣти (pěti)

Belarusian: пець (pjecʹ)

Russian: петь (petʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: (dated) пі́ти (píty), пі́яти (píjaty)

⇒ Ukrainian: співати (spivaty)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пѣти (pěti)

Bulgarian: поя́ (pojá) (dialectal), пе́я (péja)

Macedonian: пее (pee)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̀јати, пе̏ти (dialectal, poetic)

Latin: pòjati, pȅti (dialectal, poetic)

Slovene: pẹ́ti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pět (dated)

Kashubian: piôc

Old Polish: piać
Polish: piać

Polabian: ṕot

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *paitei.
* Per Derksen, from Proto-Indo-European *poyH-, from the root *peyH-. Cognate with Tocharian B pi- (“to sing, to make sing”).
* Per Vasmer, connections outside of Slavic are unreliable. Possibly connected with Ancient Greek παιάν (paián), παιών (paiṓn), Ionic παιήων (paiḗōn, “paean, hymn in honor of Apollo”); sometimes also compared with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (faian, “to blame, to condemn”), Ancient Greek ἔμπαιος (émpaios, “knowledgeable, intelligent”).
* Per Trubachev, possibly originating as a causative of *piti (“to drink”), with the semantic change drink > sing going back to the pagan rite of sacrificial libation.
* A derivation from Proto-Indo-European *pey- (“to adore”) is also possible despite lacking direct semantic basis. If so, cognates include Latin pius (“pious, devout”) and Old English fǣle (“faithful, trusty, good; dear, beloved”)
The alternating Proto-Slavic stems *pě- and *poj- are regular outcomes of the original Proto-Balto-Slavic *pai- before consonants and vowels respectively.


pьsati

pьsanьje (noun-from-verb)
pьsati (infinitive)
pьsatъ (supine)
pьsalъ (l-participle)
pьsanъ (participle passive past)
pišemъ (participle passive present)
pьsavъ (active participle past)
pišę (active participle present)
pьsaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
pьsa (aorist second-person singular)
pьsa (aorist singular third-person)
pišǫ (first-person present singular)
pišeši (present second-person singular)
pišetь (present singular third-person)
pьsaxově (aorist dual first-person)
pьsasta (aorist dual second-person)
pьsaste (aorist dual third-person)
piševě (dual first-person present)
pišeta (dual present second-person)
pišete (dual present third-person)
pьsaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
pьsaste (aorist plural second-person)
pьsašę (aorist plural third-person)
pišemъ (first-person plural present)
pišete (plural present second-person)
pišǫtь (plural present third-person)
pьsaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
pьsaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
pьsaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
piši (imperative second-person singular)
piši (imperative singular third-person)
pьsaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
pьsaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
pьsaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
pišivě (dual first-person imperative)
pišita (dual imperative second-person)
pьsaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
pьsaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
pьsaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
pišimъ (first-person imperative plural)
pišite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьсати (pĭsati)

Belarusian: піса́ць (pisácʹ)

Russian: писа́ть (pisátʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: писа́ти (pysáty)

Ukrainian: писа́ти (pysáty)

desc

Old Novgorodian: пьсати (pĭsati), писати (pisati)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: пьсати (pĭsati)

Old Church Slavonic: ⱂⱐⱄⰰⱅⰹ (pĭsati)

Bulgarian: пи́ша (píša)

Macedonian: пишува (pišuva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: пи́сати

Serbo-Croatian: písati

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: písati, pisáti (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: psáti
Czech: psát

desctree

Old Polish: pisać
Polish: pisać
Silesian: pisać

Slovak: písať

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pisac

Slovincian: pjisac

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pisać

Lower Sorbian: pisaś

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *peiśtei or *peiśātei, from Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to mark, color, paint, decorate, embroider”).
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian piẽšti (piešiù), paišýti (paišaũ),
Old Prussian peisāi, (peisāton).


pьstrъ

pь̀strъ (canonical)
pьstrъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
pьstra (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
pьstro (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
pьstra (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
pьstry (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
pьstra (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
pьstru (dative indefinite masculine singular)
pьstrě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
pьstru (dative indefinite neuter singular)
pьstrъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
pьstrǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
pьstro (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
pьstromь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
pьstrojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
pьstromь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
pьstrě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
pьstrě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
pьstrě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
pьstre (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
pьstro (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
pьstro (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
pьstra (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
pьstrě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
pьstrě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
pьstru (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
pьstru (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
pьstru (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
pьstroma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
pьstrama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
pьstroma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
pьstra (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
pьstrě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
pьstrě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
pьstroma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
pьstrama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
pьstroma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
pьstru (dual indefinite locative masculine)
pьstru (dual feminine indefinite locative)
pьstru (dual indefinite locative neuter)
pьstra (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
pьstrě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
pьstrě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
pьstri (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
pьstry (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
pьstra (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
pьstrъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
pьstrъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
pьstrъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
pьstromъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
pьstramъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
pьstromъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
pьstry (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
pьstry (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
pьstra (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
pьstry (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
pьstrami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
pьstry (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
pьstrěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
pьstraxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
pьstrěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
pьstri (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
pьstry (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
pьstra (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
pьstrъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
pьstraja (definite feminine nominative singular)
pьstroje (definite neuter nominative singular)
pьstrajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
pьstryję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
pьstrajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
pьstrujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
pьstrěji (dative definite feminine singular)
pьstrujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
pьstrъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
pьstrǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
pьstroje (accusative definite neuter singular)
pьstryjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
pьstrǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
pьstryjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
pьstrějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
pьstrěji (definite feminine locative singular)
pьstrějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
pьstrъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
pьstraja (definite feminine singular vocative)
pьstroje (definite neuter singular vocative)
pьstraja (definite dual masculine nominative)
pьstrěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
pьstrěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
pьstruju (definite dual genitive masculine)
pьstruju (definite dual feminine genitive)
pьstruju (definite dual genitive neuter)
pьstryjima (dative definite dual masculine)
pьstryjima (dative definite dual feminine)
pьstryjima (dative definite dual neuter)
pьstraja (accusative definite dual masculine)
pьstrěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
pьstrěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
pьstryjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
pьstryjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
pьstryjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
pьstruju (definite dual locative masculine)
pьstruju (definite dual feminine locative)
pьstruju (definite dual locative neuter)
pьstraja (definite dual masculine vocative)
pьstrěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
pьstrěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
pьstriji (definite masculine nominative plural)
pьstryję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
pьstraja (definite neuter nominative plural)
pьstrъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
pьstrъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
pьstrъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
pьstryjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
pьstryjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
pьstryjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
pьstryję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
pьstryję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
pьstraja (accusative definite neuter plural)
pьstryjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
pьstryjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
pьstryjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
pьstryjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
pьstryjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
pьstryjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
pьstriji (definite masculine plural vocative)
pьstryję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
pьstraja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *pьstrъ (hard)

Definite declension of *pьstrъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пьстръ (pĭstrŭ)

Russian: пёстрый (pjóstryj)

Ukrainian: пе́стрий (péstryj)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пьстрꙑ (pĭstry),

Bulgarian: пъ́стър (pǎ́stǎr)

Slovene: pẹ́stər (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pstrý

Czech: pestrý

Polish: pstry

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bestri

Slovak: pestrý

Non-Slavic:

Romanian: pestriț

From earlier *pьsrъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *piś-ras, from Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós, from the root *peyḱ- (“to mark, paint”). Morphologically *pьsati + *-rъ.
Direct cognate is Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”). Semantically close to Ancient Greek ποικίλος (poikílos), Proto-Germanic *faihaz.


volsь

vȏlsь (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
vȏlsь (nominative singular)
vȏlsi (dual nominative)
vȏlsьjē (nominative plural)
volsí (genitive singular)
volsьjù (dual genitive)
volsь̀jь (genitive plural)
vȏlsi (dative singular)
volsьmà (dative dual)
vȏlsьmъ (dative plural)
vȏlsь (accusative singular)
vȏlsi (accusative dual)
vȏlsi (accusative plural)
vȏlsьmь (instrumental singular)
volsьmà (dual instrumental)
volsьmì (instrumental plural)
volsí (locative singular)
volsьjù (dual locative)
vȏlsьxъ (locative plural)
volsi (singular vocative)
vȏlsi (dual vocative)
vȏlsьjē (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вла̑с f

Latin script: vlȃs f

Slovene: lasjé m pl


-kati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -кати (-kati)

Belarusian: -каць (-kacʹ)

Russian: -кать (-katʹ)

Ukrainian: -кати (-katy)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -кати (-kati)

Glagolitic: -ⰽⰰⱅⰹ (-kati)

Bulgarian: -кам (-kam)

Macedonian: -ка- (-ka-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -кати

Latin script: -kati

Slovene: -kati

West Slavic:

Czech: -kat

Polish: -kać

Slovak: -kať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -kać

Lower Sorbian: -kaś

In Proto-Slavic, and probably Proto-Indo-European, many onomatopoeic sounds ended in */k/; for example:
* *bьlkъ! → *bьlkati, *bьlčǫ/bьlkajǫ (“to sound like a blazing fire or boiling water; to babble, chatter”)
* post-PIE *plāk- (“to beat, whip”) → *plakati, *plačǫ (sę) (“to beat, whip (oneself), cry, lament”)
This caused the suffix *-k- to be reinterpreted as having expressive/onomatopoeic meaning.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ke-, -kėti, Latin -ic- (as in e.g. fod-ic-ō) and Ancient Greek -κα- (-ka-). Similar to Proto-Germanic *-kōną (and from there with English -k, German -chen, etc) even though technically not cognates.

-čati

parallel formation with the same meaning

ble! → *blekati, *blečǫ/*blekajǫ (“to sound like a sheep”)

kra! → *krakati, *kračǫ (“to sound like a crow”)

kva! → *kvakati, *kvačǫ/*kvakajǫ (“to sound like a frog, crow or duck”)

Creates onomatopoeic verbs denoting an action of mimicking a sound in the root.

bakati, *bakajǫ (“to shout, scold, chatter”) : *bajati (“to speak, order, bewitch”)

blǫkati, *blǫkajǫ (“to loiter, wander”) : *blǫditi (“id.”)

brukati, *brukajǫ (“to soil, pollute”) : *bruditi (“id.”)

čakati, *čakajǫ (“to wait”) : *čajati/*čati, *čajǫ (“id.”)

Creates expressive and emotionally colored verbs.

běžati (“to run, quickly move”) → *běžьkati, *běžьkajǫ (“to walk, run”) (of children)

bosti, bodǫ (“prickle, prick”) → *bodьcati, *bodьcajǫ (“to often lightly poke”)

(by extension, from the previous meaning) Creates hypocoristic and diminutive verbs.


volsъ

vȏlsъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
vȏlsъ (nominative singular)
vȏlsa (dual nominative)
vȏlsi (nominative plural)
vȏlsa (genitive singular)
volsù (dual genitive)
võlsъ (genitive plural)
vȏlsu (dative singular)
volsomà (dative dual)
volsòmъ (dative plural)
vȏlsъ (accusative singular)
vȏlsa (accusative dual)
vȏlsy (accusative plural)
vȏlsъmь (instrumental singular)
vȏlsomь (instrumental singular)
volsomà (dual instrumental)
volsý (instrumental plural)
vȏlsě (locative singular)
volsù (dual locative)
volsě̃xъ (locative plural)
volse (singular vocative)
vȏlsa (dual vocative)
vȏlsi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: волосъ (volosŭ)

Old Ruthenian: волосъ (volos)

Belarusian: во́лас (vólas)

Ukrainian: во́лос (vólos)

Russian: во́лос (vólos)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: власъ (vlasŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰲⰾⰰⱄⱏ (vlasŭ)

Bulgarian: влас (vlas) (archaic)

Macedonian: влас (vlas)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вла̑с

Latin script: vlȃs

Slovene: lȃs (tonal orthography) (singular and dual only)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: vlas

Czech: vlas

Bohemian (Chod dialect): vlas

Kashubian: włos

Old Polish: włos

Polish: włos

Old Slovak: vlas m

Pannonian Rusyn: власа f (vlasa)

Slovak: vlas m

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: włós

Lower Sorbian: włos

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wálśas, *wálśis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wolh₁ḱos, *h₂wolh₁ḱis, from the root *h₂welh₁- (“hair; wool”). Cognate with Sanskrit वल्श (válśa, “twig, sprout”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (var^əsa, “hair (on the head)”), Old Persian [script needed] (vars), Persian گرس (gors, “curled hair”), Northern Kurdish pirç (“hair”) and Lithuanian valaĩ. Akin to Old Armenian վարս (vars), an Iranian borrowing.


kolěno

kolě̀no (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
kolě̀no (nominative singular)
kolě̀ně (dual nominative)
kolě̀na (nominative plural)
kolě̀na (genitive singular)
kolě̀nu (dual genitive)
kolě̀nъ (genitive plural)
kolě̀nu (dative singular)
kolě̀noma (dative dual)
kolě̀nomъ (dative plural)
kolě̀no (accusative singular)
kolě̀ně (accusative dual)
kolě̀na (accusative plural)
kolě̀nъmь (instrumental singular)
kolě̀nomь (instrumental singular)
kolě̀noma (dual instrumental)
kolě̀nȳ (instrumental plural)
kolě̀ně (locative singular)
kolě̀nu (dual locative)
kolě̀ně̄xъ (locative plural)
kolě̀no (singular vocative)
kolě̀ně (dual vocative)
kolě̀na (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: колѣно (kolěno)

Belarusian: кале́на (kaljéna)

Russian: коле́но (koléno)

Ukrainian: колі́но (kolíno)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: колѣно (kolěno)

Glagolitic: ⰽⱁⰾⱑⱀⱁ (kolěno)

Bulgarian: коля́но (koljáno)

Macedonian: колено (koleno)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀лено, ко̀љено, колино

Latin script: kòleno, kòljeno, kolino

Slovene: kolẹ́no (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: koleno

Czech: koleno

Polabian: ťüľonĕ

Polish: kolano

Slovak: koleno

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kòlano

Slovincian: kôlanô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kóleno

Upper Sorbian: koleno

Formed as **kol- + *-ěno, of disputed origin. Proposed etymologies include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn, rotate”) or *kʷelh₁- (“to revolve”). Possibly, via s-extension, the origin of Latin collum (“neck”), Proto-Germanic *halsaz (“neck”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, raise, lift”), often claimed as the origin of Proto-Slavic *čelo (“forehead”) and (first part of) *čeľustь (“jaw”).
* Occassionally compared to Ancient Greek σκέλος (skélos, “leg”), of disputed descent. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to bend, crook”).
Akin to Lithuanian kẽlis (“knee”), kelė́nas (“knee joint”) and Latvian celis (“knee”). Arguably, further related to Ancient Greek κῶλον (kôlon, “member, body part”), Ancient Greek κυλλός (kullós, “crooked, deformed”).
Secondary meaning “lineage” is sometimes considered unrelated, commonly linked with *čeľadь (“offsprings”) (collective) of uncertain origin. According to some interpretations, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷel- (“to rally (a group), to crowd”) (whence Proto-Germanic *skulō (“crowd, multitude”)).


bělovolsъ

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *bělovolsъ (hard)

Definite declension of *bělovolsъ (hard)

bělovolsъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
bělovolsa (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
bělovolso (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
bělovolsa (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
bělovolsy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
bělovolsa (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
bělovolsu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
bělovolsě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
bělovolsu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
bělovolsъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
bělovolsǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
bělovolso (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
bělovolsomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
bělovolsojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
bělovolsomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
bělovolsě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
bělovolsě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
bělovolsě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
bělovolse (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
bělovolso (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
bělovolso (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
bělovolsa (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
bělovolsě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
bělovolsě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
bělovolsu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
bělovolsu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
bělovolsu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
bělovolsoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
bělovolsama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
bělovolsoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
bělovolsa (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
bělovolsě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
bělovolsě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
bělovolsoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
bělovolsama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
bělovolsoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
bělovolsu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
bělovolsu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
bělovolsu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
bělovolsa (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
bělovolsě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
bělovolsě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
bělovolsi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
bělovolsy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
bělovolsa (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
bělovolsъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
bělovolsъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
bělovolsъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
bělovolsomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
bělovolsamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
bělovolsomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
bělovolsy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
bělovolsy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
bělovolsa (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
bělovolsy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
bělovolsami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
bělovolsy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
bělovolsěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
bělovolsaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
bělovolsěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
bělovolsi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
bělovolsy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
bělovolsa (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
bělovolsъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
bělovolsaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
bělovolsoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
bělovolsajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
bělovolsyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
bělovolsajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
bělovolsujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
bělovolsěji (dative definite feminine singular)
bělovolsujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
bělovolsъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
bělovolsǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
bělovolsoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
bělovolsyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
bělovolsǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
bělovolsyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
bělovolsějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
bělovolsěji (definite feminine locative singular)
bělovolsějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
bělovolsъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
bělovolsaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
bělovolsoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
bělovolsaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
bělovolsěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
bělovolsěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
bělovolsuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
bělovolsuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
bělovolsuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
bělovolsyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
bělovolsyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
bělovolsyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
bělovolsaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
bělovolsěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
bělovolsěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
bělovolsyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
bělovolsyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
bělovolsyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
bělovolsuju (definite dual locative masculine)
bělovolsuju (definite dual feminine locative)
bělovolsuju (definite dual locative neuter)
bělovolsaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
bělovolsěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
bělovolsěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
bělovolsiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
bělovolsyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
bělovolsaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
bělovolsъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
bělovolsъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
bělovolsъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
bělovolsyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
bělovolsyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
bělovolsyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
bělovolsyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
bělovolsyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
bělovolsaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
bělovolsyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
bělovolsyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
bělovolsyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
bělovolsyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
bělovolsyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
bělovolsyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
bělovolsiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
bělovolsyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
bělovolsaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: белавало́сы (bjelavalósy)

desc

беловоло́сый

Russian: беловоло́сый (belovolósyj)

біловоло́сий

Ukrainian: біловоло́сий (bilovolósyj)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: беловла́с (belovlás)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бјело̀влас, бело̀влас

Latin: bjelòvlas, belòvlas

Slovene: belolás

West Slavic:

Czech: bělovlasy

Polish: białowłosy

Slovak: bielovlasý

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: běłowłosaty

Upper Sorbian: běłowłosaty, běłowłosny

*bělъ (“white”) + *-o- + *volsъ (“hair”)


bergъ

bȇrgъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
bȇrgъ (nominative singular)
bȇrga (dual nominative)
bȇrdzi (nominative plural)
bȇrga (genitive singular)
bergù (dual genitive)
bẽrgъ (genitive plural)
bȇrgu (dative singular)
bergomà (dative dual)
bergòmъ (dative plural)
bȇrgъ (accusative singular)
bȇrga (accusative dual)
bȇrgy (accusative plural)
bȇrgъmь (instrumental singular)
bȇrgomь (instrumental singular)
bergomà (dual instrumental)
bergý (instrumental plural)
bȇrdzě (locative singular)
bergù (dual locative)
berdzě̃xъ (locative plural)
berže (singular vocative)
bȇrga (dual vocative)
bȇrdzi (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
bȇrgъ (nominative singular)
bȇrgy (dual nominative)
bȇrgove (nominative plural)
bȇrgu (genitive singular)
bergovù (dual genitive)
bergòvъ (genitive plural)
bȇrgovi (dative singular)
bergъmà (dative dual)
bȇrgъmъ (dative plural)
bȇrgъ (accusative singular)
bȇrgy (accusative dual)
bȇrgy (accusative plural)
bȇrgъmь (instrumental singular)
bergъmà (dual instrumental)
bergъmì (instrumental plural)
bergú (locative singular)
bergovù (dual locative)
bȇrgъxъ (locative plural)
bergu (singular vocative)
bȇrgy (dual vocative)
bȇrgove (plural vocative)

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: берегъ (beregŭ)
Old Ruthenian: бе́регъ (béreh)
Belarusian: бе́раг (bjérah)
Carpathian Rusyn: бе́рег (béreh)
Ukrainian: бе́ріг (bérih), бе́рег (béreh)
Russian: бе́рег (béreg)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: брѣгъ (brěgŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰱⱃⱑⰳⱏ (brěgŭ)

Bulgarian: бряг (brjag)

Macedonian: брег (breg)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: брије̑г, бре̑г, бриг

Latin script: brijȇg, brȇg, brig

Slovene: brẹ̑g (tonal orthography)

→ Albanian: breg

West Slavic:

Old Czech: břěh

Czech: břeh

Old Polish: brzeg
Polish: brzeg
→ Yiddish: ברעג (breg)
Silesian: brzyg

Slovak: breh

Polabian: brig

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: brzég

Slovincian: brzég

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: brjóh

Lower Sorbian: brjog

Most linguists derive the word from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰos (“hill”), from *bʰerǵʰ-, with Proto-Germanic *bergaz as the exact cognate. Close cognates include Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬵 (bar^əzah), and Old Armenian բերձ (berj). PIE ǵʰ is expected to give PS z, not g. Vasmer suggested that there existed a variant of the *bʰerǵʰ- root with a depalatalised stem-final velar.
Because of this unexpected form, some scholars consider it a borrowing from Germanic, e.g. Old High German berg, or from a Venetic-Illyrian language. Per Derksen, this is possible but it lacks a solid basis.


bolto

bòlto (canonical neuter)
a (accent-paradigm)
bòlto (nominative singular)
bòltě (dual nominative)
bòlta (nominative plural)
bòlta (genitive singular)
bòltu (dual genitive)
bòltъ (genitive plural)
bòltu (dative singular)
bòltoma (dative dual)
bòltomъ (dative plural)
bòlto (accusative singular)
bòltě (accusative dual)
bòlta (accusative plural)
bòltъmь (instrumental singular)
bòltomь (instrumental singular)
bòltoma (dual instrumental)
bòltȳ (instrumental plural)
bòltě (locative singular)
bòltu (dual locative)
bòltě̄xъ (locative plural)
bòlto (singular vocative)
bòltě (dual vocative)
bòlta (plural vocative)

Eriophorum scheuchzeri
Marko Snoj
Rick Derksen

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: болото (boloto)

Old Ruthenian: болото (boloto)

Belarusian: бало́та (balóta)

Carpathian Rusyn: болото (boloto)

Ukrainian: боло́то (bolóto)

Russian: боло́то (bolóto)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: блато (blato)

Glagolitic: ⰱⰾⰰⱅⱁ (blato)

Bulgarian: бла́то (bláto)

Macedonian: бла́то (bláto)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бла̏то

Latin script: blȁto

Slovene: bláto (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bláto

Czech: bláto

Bohemian (Chod dialect): bláto

Moravian (Mistřice): bu̯ato

Kashubian: błoto

Old Polish: błoto

Polish: błoto

Slovak: blato

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: błoto

Upper Sorbian: błóto

Non-Slavic:

q

from derivative <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*boltьno</i>

⇒ Hungarian: Balaton (from derivative *boltьno)

→ Yiddish: בלאָטע (blote)

Most likely substantivized from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bálˀtas (“faint, white”). Cognate with Lithuanian báltas (“white”), balà (“swamp”), Latvian balts (“white”), and the second part of Old Prussian placename Namuyn-balt.
The semantic connection between "white" and "swamp, mud" is not obvious, but has been attested in many languages. Beside the mentioned Lithuanian, also in e.g., Old Polish biel (“mud, swamp”) (< *bělь, from *bělъ (“white”)). This is probably due to the widespread presence of the marsh grass called cottongrass (genus Eriophorum), whose the white fluffy seed heads are white, or the color of the dried clay taking light hue, depending on soil.
Though formally and semantically derivable from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelH- (“white”), with cognates such as Albanian baltë (“mud”), Romanian baltă (“mud, swamp”) and Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp”), it is often considered an Illyrian substratum word (or from another, unidentified substrate language; cf. Proto-Slavic *bala (“marsh”)) due to the fact that most of the cognates are restricted to the Balkan peninsula, or its surroundings. However, these can also be borrowings from early Slavic; indirect evidence shows that the Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony happened well after the spread of Slavic to the Balkans and the word must have been pronounced as *balta or *bolto as recently as the late 8th century.