bedrьnьcь

bedrьnьcь (nominative singular)
bedrьnьca (dual nominative)
bedrьnьci (nominative plural)
bedrьnьca (genitive singular)
bedrьnьcu (dual genitive)
bedrьnьcь (genitive plural)
bedrьnьcu (dative singular)
bedrьnьcema (dative dual)
bedrьnьcemъ (dative plural)
bedrьnьcь (accusative singular)
bedrьnьca (accusative dual)
bedrьnьcę̇ (accusative plural)
bedrьnьcьmь (instrumental singular)
bedrьnьcemь (instrumental singular)
bedrьnьcema (dual instrumental)
bedrьnьci (instrumental plural)
bedrьnьci (locative singular)
bedrьnьcu (dual locative)
bedrьnьcixъ (locative plural)
bedrьnьče (singular vocative)
bedrьnьca (dual vocative)
bedrьnьci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: бядры́нец (bjadrýnjec), dialectally ядры́нец (jadrýnjec)

desc

Russian: бе́дрене́ц (bédrenéc), бедрине́ц (bedrinéc), бедря́нец (bedrjánec) — archaic, бе́дренецъ (bédrenec), бедрене́цъ (bedrenéc), бедрине́цъ (bedrinéc), бедря́нецъ (bedrjánec) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Ukrainian: бедри́нець (bedrýnecʹ), бедрене́ць (bedrenécʹ), бедріне́ць (bedrinécʹ), бедри́ч (bedrýč), бедре́ник (bedrényk), бедрець (bedrecʹ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бедреница (bedrenica)

Macedonian: бедреница (bedrenica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бе̏дринац, бедрѐника, бедреник, бедренац, бедрица, бедрница, бедриница, бедраница, бедреника

Latin script: bȅdrinac, bedrènika, bedrenik, bedrenac, bedrica, bedrnica, bedrinica, bedranica, bedrenika

Slovene: bedrẹ̑nəc (tonal orthography), recorded also bedrȋnec, bẹ́drenik, bẹ́drnik

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bedrník, vedrník

Czech: bedrník

Old Polish: biedrzeniec, biedrnik, wiedrzeniec, wiedrzan

Polish: biedrzeniec

Slovak: bedrovník, older bederník

By surface analysis, *bedrьnъ, *bedrenъ + *-ьcь. Exact meaning disputed:
* Trubačev, Holub & Kopečný: Ablauted from Proto-Slavic *bosti (“to prick”) (e-grade attested in Baltic) in reference to the pungent or tonic properties of the plant.
* Miklošič, Machek: From Proto-Slavic *bedro (“thigh”) due to some medicinal use for the legs or childbirth. Origin-wise, probably identical to the above etymology.
* Brückner, Goląb, Vasmer: From Proto-Slavic *bъdrъ (“cheerful, awake”) via metaphony, like in Russian ме́дленный (médlennyj) from Proto-Slavic *mъdьlьnъ. Phonetically dubious.
* Lunt: From otherwise lost Proto-Slavic *bedrъ (“healthful, beneficial”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰe(n)d- (“to improve”).
* Perhaps a distortion of Medieval Latin pipernella, pibinella, bipinella, a word with many variants among which: Old High German bibinella, German Bibernelle and ultimately English pimpernel.

cog

Pimpinella saxifraga
Pimpinella saxifraga

Pimpinella, especially Pimpinella saxifraga (burnet saxifrage)


bǫkъ

bǫkъ (nominative singular)
bǫka (dual nominative)
bǫci (nominative plural)
bǫka (genitive singular)
bǫku (dual genitive)
bǫkъ (genitive plural)
bǫku (dative singular)
bǫkoma (dative dual)
bǫkomъ (dative plural)
bǫkъ (accusative singular)
bǫka (accusative dual)
bǫky (accusative plural)
bǫkъmь (instrumental singular)
bǫkomь (instrumental singular)
bǫkoma (dual instrumental)
bǫky (instrumental plural)
bǫcě (locative singular)
bǫku (dual locative)
bǫcěxъ (locative plural)
bǫče (singular vocative)
bǫka (dual vocative)
bǫci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

⇒ Russian: бука́шка (bukáška, “bug, insect”) (colloquial); бука́ра (bukára)/буха́ра (buxára, “bumblebee”) (dialectal)

⇒ Ukrainian: бука́рка (bukárka, “bettle”)

South Slavic:

⇒? Bulgarian: бъ́кел (bǎ́kel, “clue”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̑к (“bang”)

Latin script: bȗk (“bang”)

West Slavic:

Czech: buok, búk

desctree

Old Polish: bąk
Polish: bąk
Silesian: bōnk

Slovak: buk (dialectal)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bąk

Slovincian: bõk

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: buk (“gadfly”) (archaic)

Of onomatopoeic origin, related to Proto-Slavic *bǫkati, *bukati (“to rattle, to bang”). Compare Proto-Slavic *žukъ (“bettle”) from *žužati (“to buzz”).


lilъ

lilъ (nominative singular)
lila (dual nominative)
lili (nominative plural)
lila (genitive singular)
lilu (dual genitive)
lilъ (genitive plural)
lilu (dative singular)
liloma (dative dual)
lilomъ (dative plural)
lilъ (accusative singular)
lila (accusative dual)
lily (accusative plural)
lilъmь (instrumental singular)
lilomь (instrumental singular)
liloma (dual instrumental)
lily (instrumental plural)
lilě (locative singular)
lilu (dual locative)
lilěxъ (locative plural)
lile (singular vocative)
lila (dual vocative)
lili (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лил (lil) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лѝла f

Latin script: lìla f

⇒ Slovene: lílek (“molten snakeskin”) (dialectal)

Probably substantivized adjective from Proto-Balto-Slavic *léilas (“thin, slim”), cognate with Lithuanian leĩlas (“slim, slender”), Latvian liẽls (“upright, high, great”). Further origin uncertain.
Compared by Berneker to Sanskrit लयते (láyate, “to melt, to dissolve”), ॡयति (līyati, “to stick, to cling to”) (root ली (lī)), Ancient Greek λειρός (leirós, “smooth, thin”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“to slip, to slide, to stick”).
Alternatively, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁y- (“to release, to disappear, to pour”) distantly akin to Proto-Germanic *lītilaz, *lūtilaz (“little”) and Ancient Greek λιτός (litós, “delicate”). In the later case, effectively equivalent to *liti (“to pour, to drift”) + *-lъ with semantics shifted from driven away → peeled → thin membrane.

der

thin membrane, bark (of plants), skin (of animals)


kadь

kȃdь (canonical feminine)
kadь (nominative singular)
kadi (dual nominative)
kadi (nominative plural)
kadi (genitive singular)
kadьju (dual genitive)
kadьjь (genitive plural)
kadi (dative singular)
kadьma (dative dual)
kadьmъ (dative plural)
kadь (accusative singular)
kadi (accusative dual)
kadi (accusative plural)
kadьjǫ (instrumental singular)
kadьma (dual instrumental)
kadьmi (instrumental plural)
kadi (locative singular)
kadьju (dual locative)
kadьxъ (locative plural)
kadi (singular vocative)
kadi (dual vocative)
kadi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: кадзь (kadzʹ), ка́дка (kádka)

Russian: кадь (kadʹ) (dialectal), ка́дка (kádka, “tub”)

Ukrainian: кадь (kadʹ, “measure of volume”) (historical)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: кадь (kadĭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰽⰰⰴⱐ (kadĭ)

Bulgarian: кад (kad) (dialectal), ка́ца (káca)

Macedonian: каца (kaca)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ка́да

Latin script: káda

Slovene: kȁd (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: kád, kádcě

Czech: káď

Old Polish: kadź

Polish: kadź

Slovak: kaďa

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: kadź

Lower Sorbian: kaź

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: kád

q

alternatively from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">cadus</i>

→ Romanian: cadă (possibly, alternatively from Latin cadus)

Probably borrowed from Ancient Greek κάδιον (kádion), a diminutive form of Ancient Greek κάδος (kádos, “bucket, jar”), of Semitic origin. Also borrowed in Latin cadus (“bottle, jar”), whence English cade.
Maček, Miklošič, and Trubachev do not exclude a native origin due to the slight semantic difference from the Greek term and also because of (sparse) evidence for alternative ū-stem forms such as dialectal Russian ка́довь (kádovʹ, “cask”) (generalized from gen. of Proto-Slavic *kady). Possible origin (per Machek) from Proto-Indo-European *kādʰ- (“convex shape”), with hypothetical cognate Ancient Greek κηθίς (kēthís, “urn”).


žužeľь

žùžeľь (canonical masculine)
žužeľь (nominative singular)
žužeľa (dual nominative)
žužeľi (nominative plural)
žužeľa (genitive singular)
žužeľu (dual genitive)
žužeľь (genitive plural)
žužeľu (dative singular)
žužeľema (dative dual)
žužeľemъ (dative plural)
žužeľь (accusative singular)
žužeľa (accusative dual)
žužeľę̇ (accusative plural)
žužeľьmь (instrumental singular)
žužeľemь (instrumental singular)
žužeľema (dual instrumental)
žužeľi (instrumental plural)
žužeľi (locative singular)
žužeľu (dual locative)
žužeľixъ (locative plural)
žužeľu (singular vocative)
žužeľa (dual vocative)
žužeľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: жужель (žuželĭ)

Belarusian: жу́жаль (žúžalʹ, “chafer”)

desc

⇒ Russian: жу́желица (žúželica, “chafer”) (dialectal)

⇒ Ukrainian: жу́желиця (žúželycja, “chafer”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жоужель (žuželĭ)

Bulgarian: жу́жел (žúžel, “cicada”)

Slovene: žúžel (dated)

⇒ Slovene: žužẹ̑lka (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: žúžela

Czech: žoužel (rare)

⇒ Czech: žížala

Polish: żużel (“slag”) (possibly)

Slovak: žúžel

Sorbian:

⇒ Upper Sorbian: žuželica

Non-Slavic:

→ Greek: ζούζουλον (zoúzoulon)

Of onomatopoeic origin, from *žužati (“to hum”) + *-eľь.

humming insect (particularly cicada, chafer)


lěkъ

lě̑kъ (canonical)
lěkъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
lěka (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
lěko (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
lěka (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
lěky (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
lěka (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
lěku (dative indefinite masculine singular)
lěcě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
lěku (dative indefinite neuter singular)
lěkъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
lěkǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
lěko (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
lěkomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
lěkojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
lěkomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
lěcě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
lěcě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
lěcě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
lěče (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
lěko (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
lěko (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
lěka (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
lěcě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
lěcě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
lěku (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
lěku (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
lěku (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
lěkoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
lěkama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
lěkoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
lěka (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
lěcě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
lěcě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
lěkoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
lěkama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
lěkoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
lěku (dual indefinite locative masculine)
lěku (dual feminine indefinite locative)
lěku (dual indefinite locative neuter)
lěka (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
lěcě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
lěcě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
lěci (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
lěky (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
lěka (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
lěkъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
lěkъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
lěkъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
lěkomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
lěkamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
lěkomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
lěky (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
lěky (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
lěka (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
lěky (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
lěkami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
lěky (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
lěcěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
lěkaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
lěcěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
lěci (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
lěky (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
lěka (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
lěkъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
lěkaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
lěkoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
lěkajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
lěkyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
lěkajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
lěkujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
lěcěji (dative definite feminine singular)
lěkujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
lěkъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
lěkǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
lěkoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
lěkyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
lěkǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
lěkyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
lěcějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
lěcěji (definite feminine locative singular)
lěcějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
lěkъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
lěkaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
lěkoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
lěkaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
lěcěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
lěcěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
lěkuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
lěkuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
lěkuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
lěkyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
lěkyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
lěkyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
lěkaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
lěcěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
lěcěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
lěkyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
lěkyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
lěkyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
lěkuju (definite dual locative masculine)
lěkuju (definite dual feminine locative)
lěkuju (definite dual locative neuter)
lěkaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
lěcěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
lěcěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
lěciji (definite masculine nominative plural)
lěkyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
lěkaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
lěkъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
lěkъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
lěkъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
lěkyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
lěkyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
lěkyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
lěkyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
lěkyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
lěkaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
lěkyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
lěkyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
lěkyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
lěkyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
lěkyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
lěkyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
lěciji (definite masculine plural vocative)
lěkyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
lěkaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *lěkъ (hard)

Definite declension of *lěkъ (hard)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: лѣкъ m (lěkŭ), лѣка f (lěka, “account, precise calculation”)

Russian: лек m (lek, “remainder”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: *лѣкъ (*lěkŭ) (attested in compounds)

⇒ Bulgarian: ле́чък (léčǎk) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ле̑к m (“a bit”)

Latin script: lȇk m (“a bit”)

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: lẹ̑k m (“little quantity”) (tonal orthography) (dialectal, substantivized)

From Proto-Indo-European *loykʷós, cognate with Ancient Greek λοιπός (loipós, “remaining”). Akin to Lithuanian laĩkas (“time”), Latvian laĩks (“time, weather”).
The only certain meaning is “remaining”. There are varying hypotheses regarding the secondary meanings attested in South Slavic dialects:
* Bezlaj: Derived from the titual etymology via semantic shift remaining → filtered → fine, delicate.
* Skok: Dialectal South Slavic innovation, derived from Etymology 2. Possibly related to Romanian oleacă (“a little”).
It is unclear if modern Bulgarian за́лека (záleka, “subtly, with attention to detail”) (possibly also и́злека (ízleka, “barely”), поле́ка (poléka, “steadily, gradually”)), Serbo-Croatian zȁlijek (“for a while, for a bit”) descend from *lěkъ or are recent corruptions of Proto-Slavic *lьgъkъ (“light”).

cog

(possibly) → fine, detailed

(perhaps) → delicate, subtle


lěkъ

lě̃kъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
lě̃kъ (nominative singular)
lě̄kà (dual nominative)
lě̄cì (nominative plural)
lě̄kà (genitive singular)
lě̄kù (dual genitive)
lě̃kъ (genitive plural)
lě̄kù (dative singular)
lě̄kòma (dative dual)
lě̄kòmъ (dative plural)
lě̃kъ (accusative singular)
lě̄kà (accusative dual)
lě̄kỳ (accusative plural)
lě̄kъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
lě̄kòmь (instrumental singular)
lě̄kòma (dual instrumental)
lě̃ky (instrumental plural)
lě̄cě̀ (locative singular)
lě̄kù (dual locative)
lě̃cěxъ (locative plural)
lěče (singular vocative)
lě̄kà (dual vocative)
lě̄cì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ле́кі pl (ljéki)

Russian: лека́ f (leká)

Ukrainian: лік m (lik), лі́ка f (líka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: лѣкъ (lěkŭ)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⱑⰽⱏ (lěkŭ)

Bulgarian: лек m (lek); (dialectal) лека́ f (leká)

Macedonian: лек (lek)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ле̑к m

Latin script: lijȇk, lȇk m

Slovene: lẹ̑k (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lék

Czech: lék

Polish: lek

Slovak: liek

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: lěk

Non-Slavic:

Romanian: leac

* Typically viewed as a Germanic loanword, either directly borrowed from Gothic *𐌻𐌴𐌺𐍃 (*lēks, “healer”) (< Proto-Germanic *lēkiz) or secondarily coined from *lěčiti (“to heal”) + *-ъ, itself derived from the aforementioned source. Further akin to Old Irish líaig (“healer”).
* Mladenov, Skok: Of inherited origin, originally conveying “enchantment, spell”, possibly akin to Ancient Greek ληκέω (lēkéō, “to make noise”).
* Bezlaj, Gołąb: Substantivized from Etymology 1, perhaps via residue → product, fine quantity (of brewing, preparation) → medicine.
Standard objection against the Germanic origin is that no Germanic language conveys the instrumental meaning “medicine”.

lěkařь

*lěkati, *lěkovati (“to alleviate, to heal”)


ščelь

ščelь (nominative singular)
ščeli (dual nominative)
ščeli (nominative plural)
ščeli (genitive singular)
ščelьju (dual genitive)
ščelьjь (genitive plural)
ščeli (dative singular)
ščelьma (dative dual)
ščelьmъ (dative plural)
ščelь (accusative singular)
ščeli (accusative dual)
ščeli (accusative plural)
ščelьjǫ (instrumental singular)
ščelьma (dual instrumental)
ščelьmi (instrumental plural)
ščeli (locative singular)
ščelьju (dual locative)
ščelьxъ (locative plural)
ščeli (singular vocative)
ščeli (dual vocative)
ščeli (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: шчэ́ль (ščélʹ)

Russian: щель (ščelʹ)

Ukrainian: щіль (ščilʹ)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cleave”). Akin to Proto-Germanic *skaljō (“shell”).


ščelina

ščelina (nominative singular)
ščelině (dual nominative)
ščeliny (nominative plural)
ščeliny (genitive singular)
ščelinu (dual genitive)
ščelinъ (genitive plural)
ščelině (dative singular)
ščelinama (dative dual)
ščelinamъ (dative plural)
ščelinǫ (accusative singular)
ščelině (accusative dual)
ščeliny (accusative plural)
ščelinojǫ (instrumental singular)
ščelinǫ (instrumental singular)
ščelinama (dual instrumental)
ščelinami (instrumental plural)
ščelině (locative singular)
ščelinu (dual locative)
ščelinasъ (locative plural)
ščelinaxъ (locative plural)
ščelino (singular vocative)
ščelině (dual vocative)
ščeliny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: шчы́ліна (ščýlina)

⇒ Russian: расще́лина (rasščélina)

desc

Ukrainian: щі́лина (ščílyna), щіли́на (ščilýna)

West Slavic:

Czech: štelina

Polish: szczelina


xava

Derived from a root with extended vocalism *xv- > *xov- > *xav- + *-a, from *xvòja (“needles or branches of a coniferous tree”).


kъtyrь

kъtyrь (nominative singular)
kъtyri (dual nominative)
kъtyrьje (nominative plural)
kъtyře (nominative plural)
kъtyri (genitive singular)
kъtyrьju (dual genitive)
kъtyřu (dual genitive)
kъtyrьjь (genitive plural)
kъtyri (genitive plural)
kъtyri (dative singular)
kъtyrьma (dative dual)
kъtyrьmъ (dative plural)
kъtyrь (accusative singular)
kъtyri (accusative dual)
kъtyri (accusative plural)
kъtyrьmь (instrumental singular)
kъtyrьma (dual instrumental)
kъtyrьmi (instrumental plural)
kъtyri (locative singular)
kъtyrьju (dual locative)
kъtyřu (dual locative)
kъtyrьxъ (locative plural)
kъtyri (singular vocative)
kъtyri (dual vocative)
kъtyrьje (plural vocative)
kъtyře (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ктырь (ktyrʹ)

Russian: ктырь (ktyrʹ)

Ukrainian: ктир (ktyr)

⇒ Translingual: Ktyr

Uncertain. Probably a derivative in *-yrь (“agentive suffix”) with unclear root.
Trubachev (ESSJa) compares it with Upper Sorbian kuntwora (“mosquito”), Lower Sorbian kuntwor (“mosquito”), possibly reflecting pre-Sorbian *kǫ- + *tvorъ (“creature”).

robber fly (or any predatory fly in general)


polxъ

pȏlxъ (canonical)
polxъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
polxa (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
polxo (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
polxa (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
polxy (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
polxa (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
polxu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
polśě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
polxu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
polxъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
polxǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
polxo (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
polxomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
polxojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
polxomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
polśě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
polśě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
polśě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
polše (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
polxo (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
polxo (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
polxa (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
polśě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
polśě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
polxu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
polxu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
polxu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
polxoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
polxama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
polxoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
polxa (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
polśě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
polśě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
polxoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
polxama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
polxoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
polxu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
polxu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
polxu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
polxa (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
polśě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
polśě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
polśi (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
polxy (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
polxa (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
polxъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
polxъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
polxъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
polxomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
polxamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
polxomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
polxy (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
polxy (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
polxa (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
polxy (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
polxami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
polxy (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
polśěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
polxaxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
polśěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
polśi (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
polxy (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
polxa (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
polxъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
polxaja (definite feminine nominative singular)
polxoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
polxajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
polxyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
polxajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
polxujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
polśěji (dative definite feminine singular)
polxujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
polxъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
polxǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
polxoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
polxyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
polxǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
polxyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
polśějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
polśěji (definite feminine locative singular)
polśějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
polxъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
polxaja (definite feminine singular vocative)
polxoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
polxaja (definite dual masculine nominative)
polśěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
polśěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
polxuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
polxuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
polxuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
polxyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
polxyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
polxyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
polxaja (accusative definite dual masculine)
polśěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
polśěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
polxyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
polxyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
polxyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
polxuju (definite dual locative masculine)
polxuju (definite dual feminine locative)
polxuju (definite dual locative neuter)
polxaja (definite dual masculine vocative)
polśěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
polśěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
polśiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
polxyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
polxaja (definite neuter nominative plural)
polxъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
polxъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
polxъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
polxyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
polxyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
polxyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
polxyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
polxyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
polxaja (accusative definite neuter plural)
polxyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
polxyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
polxyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
polxyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
polxyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
polxyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
polśiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
polxyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
polxaja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *polxъ (hard)

Definite declension of *polxъ (hard)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: плах (plah)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пла̏х (“hasty”)

Latin script: plȁh (“hasty”)

Slovene: plȃh (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: plachý

Czech: plachý

Polish: płochy (obsolete)

Slovak: plachý

Likely originally meaning “hasty, uneasy, anxious” from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (“to sway”) or Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂-, *pelHk- (“to get approached”) + *-xъ. Comparable with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌼𐌰 (usfilma, “scared”), Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to conceal, to hide”).

cog

плохи́й

Old East Slavic: плохъ (ploxŭ); Ukrainian

plochý

*ploxъ (“plain, simplistic, meek, frivolous”) (probably related to *polxъ via schwebeablaut)


polxъ

polxъ (nominative singular)
polxa (dual nominative)
polśi (nominative plural)
polxa (genitive singular)
polxu (dual genitive)
polxъ (genitive plural)
polxu (dative singular)
polxoma (dative dual)
polxomъ (dative plural)
polxъ (accusative singular)
polxa (accusative dual)
polxy (accusative plural)
polxъmь (instrumental singular)
polxomь (instrumental singular)
polxoma (dual instrumental)
polxy (instrumental plural)
polśě (locative singular)
polxu (dual locative)
polśěxъ (locative plural)
polše (singular vocative)
polxa (dual vocative)
polśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: по́лах (pólax, “horror”)

Russian: поло́х (polóx)

desc

Ukrainian: по́лох (pólox, “horror”), поло́х (polóx, “fear”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: плахъ (plaxŭ)

Bulgarian: плах (plah) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: у́плах (úplah, “scare”), запла́ха (zapláha, “danger”)


ovadъ

ovadъ (nominative singular)
ovada (dual nominative)
ovadi (nominative plural)
ovada (genitive singular)
ovadu (dual genitive)
ovadъ (genitive plural)
ovadu (dative singular)
ovadoma (dative dual)
ovadomъ (dative plural)
ovadъ (accusative singular)
ovada (accusative dual)
ovady (accusative plural)
ovadъmь (instrumental singular)
ovadomь (instrumental singular)
ovadoma (dual instrumental)
ovady (instrumental plural)
ovadě (locative singular)
ovadu (dual locative)
ovaděxъ (locative plural)
ovade (singular vocative)
ovada (dual vocative)
ovadi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: оводъ (ovodŭ)

Belarusian: авадзе́нь (avadzjénʹ, “warble fly”), ава́д (avád); вадзе́нь (vadzjénʹ) (dialectal)

Russian: о́вад (óvad), о́вод (óvod)

Ukrainian: о́вад (óvad), о́від (óvid)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: овадъ (ovadŭ), обадъ (obadŭ) (Serbian rendition)

Bulgarian: о́вад (óvad, “stable fly, hornet”) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏ба̄д

Latin script: ȍbād

Slovene: obȃd (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ovád (“horsefly”)

Czech: ovád (“horsefly”)

Bohemian (Chod dialect): hovád (“horsefly”)

Kashubian: òwôd

Polish: owad

Silesian: ôwada

Old Slovak: ovad

Slovak: ovad

Morphologically from *o(b)- + *(v)adъ. Proposed etymologies for the stem element:
* Miklošič, Brugmann, Zubatý: Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ṓˀdas (“biter, stinger”), either from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to bite”) or possibly an o-grade of *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Cognate with Lithuanian úodas (“mosquito”), Latvian uôds, ods (“gnat, mosquito”). Compare also dialectal Belarusian вадзе́нь (vadzjénʹ, “gadfly”) (earlier *(v)adьňь).
* Pokorny: From Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to shove, to push”), akin to Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to slay, to strike down”), Ancient Greek ὠθέω (ōthéō, “to push”).
* Machek: From a substrate language, possibly related to Latin tabānus (“gadfly”).
Trubachev alternatively interprets the word as a compound of *ov- (“sheep”) + *adъ (“eater, biter”), since warble flies (and related insects) usually attack livestock.

cog

biting insect (horsefly/stable fly/gadfly, hornet)


oxota

oxota (nominative singular)
oxotě (dual nominative)
oxoty (nominative plural)
oxoty (genitive singular)
oxotu (dual genitive)
oxotъ (genitive plural)
oxotě (dative singular)
oxotama (dative dual)
oxotamъ (dative plural)
oxotǫ (accusative singular)
oxotě (accusative dual)
oxoty (accusative plural)
oxotojǫ (instrumental singular)
oxotǫ (instrumental singular)
oxotama (dual instrumental)
oxotami (instrumental plural)
oxotě (locative singular)
oxotu (dual locative)
oxotasъ (locative plural)
oxotaxъ (locative plural)
oxoto (singular vocative)
oxotě (dual vocative)
oxoty (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: охота (oxota)

Russian: охо́та (oxóta)

Ukrainian: охо́та (oxóta) (formal)

Old East Slavic: охвота (oxvota)

Belarusian: ахво́та (axvóta)

Russian: охво́та (oxvóta)

Ukrainian: оxво́та (oxvóta)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: охота (oxota)

Bulgarian: охо́та (ohóta)

West Slavic:

Czech: ochota

Polish: ochota

Slovak: ochota

Action noun of *o- + *xotěti (“to wish”) + *-a.


xvěti

xvěnьje (noun-from-verb)
xvěti (infinitive)
xvětъ (supine)
xvělъ (l-participle)
xvěnъ (participle passive past)
xvějemъ (participle passive present)
xvěvъ (active participle past)
xvěję (active participle present)
xvěxъ (aorist first-person singular)
xvě (aorist second-person singular)
xvě (aorist singular third-person)
xvějǫ (first-person present singular)
xvěješi (present second-person singular)
xvějetь (present singular third-person)
xvěxově (aorist dual first-person)
xvěsta (aorist dual second-person)
xvěste (aorist dual third-person)
xvějevě (dual first-person present)
xvějeta (dual present second-person)
xvějete (dual present third-person)
xvěxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
xvěste (aorist plural second-person)
xvěšę (aorist plural third-person)
xvějemъ (first-person plural present)
xvějete (plural present second-person)
xvějǫtь (plural present third-person)
xvěaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
xvěaše (imperfect second-person singular)
xvěaše (imperfect singular third-person)
xvěji (imperative second-person singular)
xvěji (imperative singular third-person)
xvěaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
xvěašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
xvěašete (dual imperfect third-person)
xvějivě (dual first-person imperative)
xvějita (dual imperative second-person)
xvěaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
xvěašete (imperfect plural second-person)
xvěaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
xvějimъ (first-person imperative plural)
xvějite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: хвѣяти ся (xvějati sja)

Belarusian: хве́ицьца (xvjéicʹca)

Russian: хве́яться (xvéjatʹsja)

Ukrainian: хві́ятися (xvíjatysja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: хвѣꙗти сѧ

West Slavic:

Czech: chvěti, chvíti

Polish: chwiać, chwiejać

Slovak: сhvieť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chwjaś

Upper Sorbian: chwjeć

Proposed etymologies:
* From Proto-Indo-European *keh₁w- (“to wobble”) or *keh₂w- (“to waver, to pulsate”) (in 0-grade) + *-ěti, akin to Proto-Slavic *kyvati (“to nod”). Initial *x- in this case due to PIE *kh-. Discarded as unconvincing by Trubachev (ESSJa).
* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)weh₁- (“to sway”), akin to Lithuanian svajóti (“to dream, to hallucinate”), Sanskrit स्वजते (svájate, “to embrace”), Dutch Low Saxon sweuen (“to sway in the wind”) (further related to English sway). Initial *xv- in this case from an earlier *sv-.
* Possibly of expressive or onomatopoeic origin. Compare Proto-Slavic *svistati (“to whistle”) → *xvistati (“to batter, to thrash”).

cog

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to oscillate, to wobble (for inanimate objects); to hesitate (for people)


xvostъ

xvȍstъ (canonical masculine)
b (accent-paradigm)
xvòstъ (nominative singular)
xvostà (dual nominative)
xvostì (nominative plural)
xvostà (genitive singular)
xvostù (dual genitive)
xvòstъ (genitive plural)
xvostù (dative singular)
xvostòma (dative dual)
xvostòmъ (dative plural)
xvòstъ (accusative singular)
xvostà (accusative dual)
xvostỳ (accusative plural)
xvostъ̀mь (instrumental singular)
xvostòmь (instrumental singular)
xvostòma (dual instrumental)
xvòsty (instrumental plural)
xvostě̀ (locative singular)
xvostù (dual locative)
xvòstěxъ (locative plural)
xvoste (singular vocative)
xvostà (dual vocative)
xvostì (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хвостъ (xvostŭ)

Belarusian: хвост (xvost)

Russian: хвост (xvost)

Ukrainian: хвіст (xvist)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: хвостъ (xvostŭ) (Serbian recension)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хо̏ст, ху̑ст (dialectal)

Latin script: hȍst, hȗst (dialectal)

Slovene: hȏst (tonal orthography), hvọ̑st

⇒ Slovene: họ̑sta f

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chvost

Czech: chvost, chůst

Polish: chwost

Slovak: chvost

From a dubious root + *-stъ. Proposed etymologies include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to trim”), akin to Proto-Slavic *xusta (“neckpiece, headscarf”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂w- (“to waver, to flicker”), akin to Latin cauda (“tail”), possibly Lithuanian kuõdas (“tuft”). Favoured by Mladenov.
Sometimes compared with Proto-Germanic *kwastuz (“tassel”) (as per Machek, Sławski, Vaillant), even though formally incompatible.


poxotь

poxotь (nominative singular)
poxoti (dual nominative)
poxoti (nominative plural)
poxoti (genitive singular)
poxotьju (dual genitive)
poxotьjь (genitive plural)
poxoti (dative singular)
poxotьma (dative dual)
poxotьmъ (dative plural)
poxotь (accusative singular)
poxoti (accusative dual)
poxoti (accusative plural)
poxotьjǫ (instrumental singular)
poxotьma (dual instrumental)
poxotьmi (instrumental plural)
poxoti (locative singular)
poxotьju (dual locative)
poxotьxъ (locative plural)
poxoti (singular vocative)
poxoti (dual vocative)
poxoti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: похоть (poxotĭ)

Russian: по́хоть (póxotʹ)

Carpathian Rusyn: похоть (poxotʹ)

Ukrainian: по́хіть (póxitʹ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: похоть (poxotĭ)

desc

Bulgarian: по́хот (póhot), по́хта (póhta) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по̏хота

Latin script: pȍhota

Slovene: pohóta (tonal orthography)

*po- + *xоtь (likely an alternative vocalism of *xъtь, *xǫtь (“desire”))


bъrkati

bъrkàti (canonical imperfective)
bъrknǫti (perfective)
bъrkovati (perfective)
bъrkanьje (noun-from-verb)
bъrkati (infinitive)
bъrkatъ (supine)
bъrkalъ (l-participle)
bъrkanъ (participle passive past)
bъrčemъ (participle passive present)
bъrkavъ (active participle past)
bъrčę (active participle present)
bъrkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bъrka (aorist second-person singular)
bъrka (aorist singular third-person)
bъrčǫ (first-person present singular)
bъrčeši (present second-person singular)
bъrčetь (present singular third-person)
bъrkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bъrkasta (aorist dual second-person)
bъrkaste (aorist dual third-person)
bъrčevě (dual first-person present)
bъrčeta (dual present second-person)
bъrčete (dual present third-person)
bъrkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bъrkaste (aorist plural second-person)
bъrkašę (aorist plural third-person)
bъrčemъ (first-person plural present)
bъrčete (plural present second-person)
bъrčǫtь (plural present third-person)
bъrkaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bъrkaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bъrkaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bъrči (imperative second-person singular)
bъrči (imperative singular third-person)
bъrkaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bъrkaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bъrkaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bъrčivě (dual first-person imperative)
bъrčita (dual imperative second-person)
bъrkaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bъrkaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bъrkaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bъrčimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bъrčite (imperative plural second-person)
bъrkanьje (noun-from-verb)
bъrkati (infinitive)
bъrkatъ (supine)
bъrkalъ (l-participle)
bъrkanъ (participle passive past)
bъrkajemъ (participle passive present)
bъrkavъ (active participle past)
bъrkaję (active participle present)
bъrkaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
bъrka (aorist second-person singular)
bъrka (aorist singular third-person)
bъrkajǫ (first-person present singular)
bъrkaješi (present second-person singular)
bъrkajetь (present singular third-person)
bъrkaxově (aorist dual first-person)
bъrkasta (aorist dual second-person)
bъrkaste (aorist dual third-person)
bъrkajevě (dual first-person present)
bъrkajeta (dual present second-person)
bъrkajete (dual present third-person)
bъrkaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
bъrkaste (aorist plural second-person)
bъrkašę (aorist plural third-person)
bъrkajemъ (first-person plural present)
bъrkajete (plural present second-person)
bъrkajǫtь (plural present third-person)
bъrkaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
bъrkaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
bъrkaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
bъrkaji (imperative second-person singular)
bъrkaji (imperative singular third-person)
bъrkaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
bъrkaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
bъrkaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
bъrkajivě (dual first-person imperative)
bъrkajita (dual imperative second-person)
bъrkaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
bъrkaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
bъrkaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
bъrkajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
bъrkajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Russian: бо́ркать (bórkatʹ)

Ukrainian: бо́ркати (bórkaty, “to trim bird's feathers”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бъ́ркам (bǎ́rkam), бъ́рча (bǎ́rča)

Macedonian: брка (brka, “to chase”)

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Cyrillic script: бр̀кати (“to beat, to smack”)

Latin script: br̀kati (“to beat, to smack”)

Slovene: brkljáti (tonal orthography), bŕcati

West Slavic:

Czech: brkat, brchat

Old Polish: barkać

Slovak: bŕkať

Pomeranian:

>? Slovincian: barkac

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: barkaś

Upper Sorbian: barkać

Probably polygenetic. Proposed origins:
* Some of the meanings from *bъrkъ (“whisker, quill”) + *-ati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, to bore”).
* Onomatopoeic, akin to Proto-Slavic *bъrčati (“to buzz, to drone, to whizz”), *burkati (“to growl, to grumble”) and Lithuanian bur̃kti, bur̃kšti (“to bang, to rattle”).
Compare also Proto-Slavic *brъkati (“to shove, to mingle, to stir”).

noncog

to trim, to crop (feathers, beard) (in East Slavic)

to flatter (wings) → to whoosh, to hurl, to fly away (in West Slavic)

→ (by extension) to wrinkle, to curl

→ (figurative) to chase away


skobľь

skȍbľь (canonical masculine)
skobľь (nominative singular)
skobľa (dual nominative)
skobľi (nominative plural)
skobľa (genitive singular)
skobľu (dual genitive)
skobľь (genitive plural)
skobľu (dative singular)
skobľema (dative dual)
skobľemъ (dative plural)
skobľь (accusative singular)
skobľa (accusative dual)
skobľę̇ (accusative plural)
skobľьmь (instrumental singular)
skobľemь (instrumental singular)
skobľema (dual instrumental)
skobľi (instrumental plural)
skobľi (locative singular)
skobľu (dual locative)
skobľixъ (locative plural)
skobľu (singular vocative)
skobľa (dual vocative)
skobľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: скобль (skoblĭ)

Belarusian: ско́бля (skóblja)

Russian: ско́бель (skóbelʹ)

desc

Ukrainian: ско́бель (skóbelʹ), скобе́лка (skobélka)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ско́бел (skóbel) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ско̏бља

Latin script: skȍblja

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: skọ̄bəlj, skọ̑blja (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: skoble, škoble

Polish: skobla, skobel

Slovak: skobľa

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: scoabă (“chisel, adze”)

From Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to carve, to scrape”) + *-jь, related to Lithuanian skabýti (“to pluck, to delve”), skõbti (“to carve onto wood”), Latvian skabît (“to hew off”). Further akin with Ancient Greek σκᾰ́φος (skáphos, “hull of a ship”), σκάφη (skáphē, “bowl, tube”), Latin scobis (“wood chip”).
In other Indo-European languages, the same root yielded the meaning “to scratch, to scrub”, as in Latin scabō, Proto-Germanic *skabaną.
Possibly of the same origin as Proto-Slavic *skobà (“shackle, clasp”).

cog

crafting or carving tool (spokeshave, chisel, gouge)

skobeľь

reanalyzed at a later time in some descendants


pъtiťь

pъtìťь (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
pъtìťь (nominative singular)
pъtìťa (dual nominative)
pъtìťi (nominative plural)
pъtìťa (genitive singular)
pъtìťu (dual genitive)
pъtìťь (genitive plural)
pъtìťu (dative singular)
pъtìťema (dative dual)
pъtìťēmъ (dative plural)
pъtìťь (accusative singular)
pъtìťa (accusative dual)
pъtìťę̇ (accusative plural)
pъtìťьmь (instrumental singular)
pъtìťemь (instrumental singular)
pъtìťema (dual instrumental)
pъtìťī (instrumental plural)
pъtìťi (locative singular)
pъtìťu (dual locative)
pъtìťīxъ (locative plural)
pъtìťu (singular vocative)
pъtìťa (dual vocative)
pъtìťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: пъти́чь (pŭtíčĭ, “birds”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: пътищь (pŭtištĭ, “birdie; young bird”)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱏⱅⰻⱋⱐ (pŭtištĭ, “birdie; young bird”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пти̏ћ

Latin script: ptȉć

Slovene: ptȉč (tonal orthography)


božiťь

božìťь (canonical masculine)
božiťь (nominative singular)
božiťa (dual nominative)
božiťi (nominative plural)
božiťa (genitive singular)
božiťu (dual genitive)
božiťь (genitive plural)
božiťu (dative singular)
božiťema (dative dual)
božiťemъ (dative plural)
božiťь (accusative singular)
božiťa (accusative dual)
božiťę̇ (accusative plural)
božiťьmь (instrumental singular)
božiťemь (instrumental singular)
božiťema (dual instrumental)
božiťi (instrumental plural)
božiťi (locative singular)
božiťu (dual locative)
božiťixъ (locative plural)
božiťu (singular vocative)
božiťa (dual vocative)
božiťi (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: Бо́жич (Bóžič, “Christmas”) (dialectal)

⇒ Bulgarian: бо́жичко (bóžičko) (diminutive)

Macedonian: Божиќ (Božiḱ, “Christmas”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Бо̀жић (“Christmas”)

Latin script: Bòžić (“Christmas”)

Slovene: bóžič (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: božic

Old Polish: Bożyc

From *bogъ (“god”) + *-iťь (diminutive suffix). Later generalized as the name for Christmas among South Slavs.

affix

→ God's son


čьvati

čьvanьje (noun-from-verb)
čьvati (infinitive)
čьvatъ (supine)
čьvalъ (l-participle)
čьvanъ (participle passive past)
čьvajemъ (participle passive present)
čьvavъ (active participle past)
čьvaję (active participle present)
čьvaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čьva (aorist second-person singular)
čьva (aorist singular third-person)
čьvajǫ (first-person present singular)
čьvaješi (present second-person singular)
čьvajetь (present singular third-person)
čьvaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čьvasta (aorist dual second-person)
čьvaste (aorist dual third-person)
čьvajevě (dual first-person present)
čьvajeta (dual present second-person)
čьvajete (dual present third-person)
čьvaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čьvaste (aorist plural second-person)
čьvašę (aorist plural third-person)
čьvajemъ (first-person plural present)
čьvajete (plural present second-person)
čьvajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čьvaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čьvaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čьvaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čьvaji (imperative second-person singular)
čьvaji (imperative singular third-person)
čьvaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čьvaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čьvaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čьvajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čьvajita (dual imperative second-person)
čьvaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čьvaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čьvaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čьvajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čьvajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: чва́ти (čváty)

West Slavic:

Czech: čvat (dialectal)

From an earlier onomatopoeic *čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati. Probably reflects a s-mobile root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, which yielded as well synonymous Proto-Slavic *ščuti, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”) (attested in Slovene ščúti / ščúvati, Polish szczuć / szczwać, Czech štvát).

čьvaniti

*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)


čuxъ

čuxъ (nominative singular)
čuxa (dual nominative)
čuśi (nominative plural)
čuxa (genitive singular)
čuxu (dual genitive)
čuxъ (genitive plural)
čuxu (dative singular)
čuxoma (dative dual)
čuxomъ (dative plural)
čuxъ (accusative singular)
čuxa (accusative dual)
čuxy (accusative plural)
čuxъmь (instrumental singular)
čuxomь (instrumental singular)
čuxoma (dual instrumental)
čuxy (instrumental plural)
čuśě (locative singular)
čuxu (dual locative)
čuśěxъ (locative plural)
čuše (singular vocative)
čuxa (dual vocative)
čuśi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: чух (čux), цух (cux) (interjection)

Ukrainian: чух (čux), шуф (šuf)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: чух (čuh), probably also кюх (kjuh), кюф (kjuf) (dialectal)

Slovene: čȗh (“puff, pant”)

Onomatopoeic, seemingly related to Proto-Slavic *čukъ (“knock, clatter”), *cukъ (“tick, tock”). Probably derived from a non-attested *čuti (“to growl, to bark”) + *-xъ attested as extended *čьvati. Compare further Proto-Indo-European *kew- (“to howl, to wail”), *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”).
For the suffix, compare Proto-Slavic *kyxъ (“cough”), *ťuxъ (“wail”), *buxъ (“woo, cough”), *puxъ (“pant”).

cog

growl, grouch, bark (low, rumbling sound)

puff, sniffle (action that produces rumbling noise)


čuxъ

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: чух (čux, “stench”)

South Slavic:

Slovene: čȗh (“stench”)

East Slavic:

Czech: čich

Polish: czuch, cuch

Slovak: čuch

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: čuch

Upper Sorbian: čuch

From *čuti (“to sense, to feel”) + *-xъ.


čuxati

čuxnǫti (perfective)
čuxanьje (noun-from-verb)
čuxati (infinitive)
čuxatъ (supine)
čuxalъ (l-participle)
čuxanъ (participle passive past)
čuxajemъ (participle passive present)
čuxavъ (active participle past)
čuxaję (active participle present)
čuxaxъ (aorist first-person singular)
čuxa (aorist second-person singular)
čuxa (aorist singular third-person)
čuxajǫ (first-person present singular)
čuxaješi (present second-person singular)
čuxajetь (present singular third-person)
čuxaxově (aorist dual first-person)
čuxasta (aorist dual second-person)
čuxaste (aorist dual third-person)
čuxajevě (dual first-person present)
čuxajeta (dual present second-person)
čuxajete (dual present third-person)
čuxaxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
čuxaste (aorist plural second-person)
čuxašę (aorist plural third-person)
čuxajemъ (first-person plural present)
čuxajete (plural present second-person)
čuxajǫtь (plural present third-person)
čuxaaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
čuxaaše (imperfect second-person singular)
čuxaaše (imperfect singular third-person)
čuxaji (imperative second-person singular)
čuxaji (imperative singular third-person)
čuxaaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
čuxaašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
čuxaašete (dual imperfect third-person)
čuxajivě (dual first-person imperative)
čuxajita (dual imperative second-person)
čuxaaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
čuxaašete (imperfect plural second-person)
čuxaaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
čuxajimъ (first-person imperative plural)
čuxajite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: чу́хать (čúxatʹ, “to shoo, to drive away”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: чу́хам (čúham), probably кю́хам (kjúham, “to growl, to bark”) (dialectal)

Slovene: čúhati (“to blow, to woo”) (dialectal)

Onomatopoeic, from *čuxъ (“growl, puff”) + *-ati. Possibly reflecting a s-mobile root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, akin to Proto-West Germanic *skiuhijan (“to dread, to shun”).
According to Bezlaj, possibly overlapping with Proto-Slavic *ťuxati (“to pant, to wail”).

cog

to growl, to grouch, to bark (for animal, person)


čuxati

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: чу́хать (čúxatʹ, “to comprehend”), чу́хаться (čúxatʹsja)

South Slavic:

Slovene: čȗhati (“to feel”), čóhati (“to stink”)

East Slavic:

Czech: čichat, čuchat

Slovak: čuchať

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: čuchać

From *čuxъ (“feeling, scent”) + *-ati, an s-extension of Proto-Slavic *čuti (“to sense, to hear”).
Traditionally compared by early scholars with Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną (“to hear”), Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “to hear”) (nowadays commonly derived from unrelated Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”)).


xula

xulà (canonical feminine)
b (accent-paradigm)
xūlà (nominative singular)
xũlě (dual nominative)
xūlỳ (nominative plural)
xūlỳ (genitive singular)
xūlù (dual genitive)
xũlъ (genitive plural)
xūlě̀ (dative singular)
xūlàma (dative dual)
xūlàmъ (dative plural)
xūlǫ̀ (accusative singular)
xũlě (accusative dual)
xūlỳ (accusative plural)
xūlòjǫ (instrumental singular)
xũlǫ (instrumental singular)
xūlàma (dual instrumental)
xūlàmī (instrumental plural)
xūlě̀ (locative singular)
xūlù (dual locative)
xūlàsъ (locative plural)
xūlàxъ (locative plural)
xulo (singular vocative)
xũlě (dual vocative)
xūlỳ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хула (xula)

Old Ruthenian: хула́ (xulá)

Belarusian: хула́ (xulá) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: хула́ (xulá)

Russian: хула́ (xulá) (dated, literary)

Belarusian: ху́ла (xúla, “scolding”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: хоула (xula)

Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰾⰰ (xula)

Bulgarian: ху́ла (húla)

Macedonian: хула (hula) (literary)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ху̏ла (dialectal)

Latin script: hȕla (dialectal)

Slovene: húla (poetic)

Main lines of reasoning:
* Of onomatopoeic or expressive origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”), originally meaning “taunt”. Related to Proto-Slavic *čьvati, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to harass”).
* Of physical nature, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to injure”), originally meaning “physical attack, offend”. Related to Proto-Slavic *xudъ (“injured, weak”), possibly Proto-Slavic *xytiti (“to assault”).

der

unjust vilification, verbal offence → blasphemy (in religion)


xъrtъ

xъ̀rtъ (canonical)
xъ̑rtъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
xъrtъ (nominative singular)
xъ̀rta (dual nominative)
xъ̀rti (nominative plural)
xъ̀rta (genitive singular)
xъ̀rtu (dual genitive)
xъ̀rtъ (genitive plural)
xъ̀rtu (dative singular)
xъ̀rtoma (dative dual)
xъ̀rtomъ (dative plural)
xъrtъ (accusative singular)
xъ̀rta (accusative dual)
xъ̀rty (accusative plural)
xъ̀rtъmь (instrumental singular)
xъ̀rtomь (instrumental singular)
xъ̀rtoma (dual instrumental)
xъ̀rtȳ (instrumental plural)
xъ̀rtě (locative singular)
xъ̀rtu (dual locative)
xъ̀rtě̄xъ (locative plural)
xъ̀rte (singular vocative)
xъ̀rta (dual vocative)
xъ̀rti (plural vocative)
c (accent-paradigm)
xъ̑rtъ (nominative singular)
xъ̑rta (dual nominative)
xъ̑rti (nominative plural)
xъ̑rta (genitive singular)
xъrtù (dual genitive)
xъ̃rtъ (genitive plural)
xъ̑rtu (dative singular)
xъrtomà (dative dual)
xъrtòmъ (dative plural)
xъ̑rtъ (accusative singular)
xъ̑rta (accusative dual)
xъ̑rty (accusative plural)
xъ̑rtъmь (instrumental singular)
xъ̑rtomь (instrumental singular)
xъrtomà (dual instrumental)
xъrtý (instrumental plural)
xъ̑rtě (locative singular)
xъrtù (dual locative)
xъrtě̃xъ (locative plural)
xъrte (singular vocative)
xъ̑rta (dual vocative)
xъ̑rti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хъртъ (xŭrtŭ)

Belarusian: хорт (xort)

Russian: хорт (xort)

→ Finnish: hurtta

Ukrainian: хорт (xort)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: хрътъ (xrŭtŭ) (Serbian rendition)

Bulgarian: хърт (hǎrt), хрът (hrǎt) (dialectal) (standard: хръ́тка f (hrǎ́tka))

Macedonian: 'рт ('rt)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хр̏т

Latin script: hȑt

Slovene: hȓt

West Slavic:

Czech: chrt

Kashubian: chart

Polish: chart

Slovak: chrt

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chart

Upper Sorbian: chort

Related to Lithuanian kùrtas (“hound”), Latvian kur̃ts (“greyhound”), but unclear if cognate or loaned into.
According to majority viewpoint (Berneker, Brückner, Mladenov, Kopečný), a substantivized participle from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to swing, to skip, to frisk”) + *-tъ, akin to Proto-Slavic *skorъ (“quick, sudden”), *čьrstvъ (“agile”) and genetic cognate with the Baltic terms. Attested in adjectival function in dialectal Russian хо́ртый пёс (xórtyj pjos). Possibly also related to Proto-Slavic *čьrtъ (“demon”), Lithuanian skėrỹs (“locust”), and further Ancient Greek σκάρος (skáros, “parrotfish”).
Alternative proposals:
* Machek: From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewr- (“to run”), akin to Proto-Slavic *ščurьcь (“rat, cricket”) and possibly Proto-Slavic *kurъ m (“rooster”), *kurica f (“hen”). Without s-mobile: cognate with the Baltic terms for hound and dialectal Lithuanian kùrti (“to run, to move quickly”).
* Trubačev, Vasmer: Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“faint”), akin to Russian мухо́ртый (muxórtyj, “speckled with gray spots”), тьмохо́ртый (tʹmoxórtyj, “dirty green”) and Lithuanian sar̃tas (“light bay”).
* Hirt: Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hruþjô (“snot; dog”) (whence German Rüde (“foxhound”)). Dismissed by most Slavists.

cog

хрълъ

*xъrlъ (“quick”) (possibly *xъrtlъ); Old Church Slavonic


batь

batь (nominative singular)
bati (dual nominative)
batьje (nominative plural)
bati (genitive singular)
batьju (dual genitive)
batьjь (genitive plural)
bati (dative singular)
batьma (dative dual)
batьmъ (dative plural)
batь (accusative singular)
bati (accusative dual)
bati (accusative plural)
batьmь (instrumental singular)
batьma (dual instrumental)
batьmi (instrumental plural)
bati (locative singular)
batьju (dual locative)
batьxъ (locative plural)
bati (singular vocative)
bati (dual vocative)
batьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: бат (bat) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: бат (bat) (honorific)

Usually viewed as a baby-word or a borrowing:
* Berneker, Machek: Baby-talk modification of *bratrъ (“brother”).
* Sobolevsky: Ultimately of Iranian origin, probably from Proto-Iranian *pHtā́ (“father”). According to Miklošič, possibly borrowed via an intermediate Turkic language (compare Proto-Turkic *bāča (“elder relative”) or the title of Bat Bayan, an Oghur-Bulghar prince).
* Orel: From a Paleo-Balkan substrate, possibly cognate with Albanian bacë (“elder relative”) (honorific), Romanian baci (“main shepherd”). May be further akin to Ancient Greek φώς (phṓs, “man, hero”) (gen. φωτός (phōtós)).
Morphologically resembles kin terms in *-tь, including *zętь (“son-in-law”), *tьstь (“father-in-law”), *netь(jь) (“nephew”).
Compare also Hungarian bátya (“big brother”), Moksha патя (paťa, “elder sibling”), Komi-Permyak бать (bať). Further reminiscent of Turkish baba, dial. Tatar aba, Hungarian apa, Ket баат (“patriarch, old man”), Proto-Mongolic *aba, Korean 아빠 (appa).

ętry

sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)

elder relative or respected acquaintance (as a honorific)


gъmyzъ

gъmyzъ (nominative singular)
gъmyza (dual nominative)
gъmyzi (nominative plural)
gъmyza (genitive singular)
gъmyzu (dual genitive)
gъmyzъ (genitive plural)
gъmyzu (dative singular)
gъmyzoma (dative dual)
gъmyzomъ (dative plural)
gъmyzъ (accusative singular)
gъmyza (accusative dual)
gъmyzy (accusative plural)
gъmyzъmь (instrumental singular)
gъmyzomь (instrumental singular)
gъmyzoma (dual instrumental)
gъmyzy (instrumental plural)
gъmyzě (locative singular)
gъmyzu (dual locative)
gъmyzěxъ (locative plural)
gъmyze (singular vocative)
gъmyza (dual vocative)
gъmyzi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: гмыз (hmyz)

Russian: гмы́за f (gmýza, “swarm”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гми̑з m, гми́за f (“pearl”)

Latin script: gmȋz m, gmíza f (“pearl”)

Slovene: gmíza f (“pearl”)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: hmyz

Czech: hmyz

Old Slovak: hmyz

Slovak: hmyz

Likely from the same root as Proto-Slavic *gъmъza (“clump”), *gъmota (“matter”), *gomola (“clump, heap”), but unclear beyond that. Possibly akin to Proto-Slavic *žęti (“to squeeze”).


sъvъkupiti

sъvъkupìti (canonical perfective)
sъvъkupľavati (imperfective)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъvъkupľenьje (noun-from-verb)
sъvъkupiti (infinitive)
sъvъkupitъ (supine)
sъvъkupilъ (l-participle)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъvъkupľenъ (participle passive past)
sъvъkupľь (active participle past)
b (accent-paradigm)
sъvъkupixъ (aorist first-person singular)
sъvъkupi (aorist second-person singular)
sъvъkupi (aorist singular third-person)
sъvъkupľǫ (first-person present singular)
sъvъkupiši (present second-person singular)
sъvъkupitь (present singular third-person)
sъvъkupixově (aorist dual first-person)
sъvъkupista (aorist dual second-person)
sъvъkupiste (aorist dual third-person)
sъvъkupivě (dual first-person present)
sъvъkupita (dual present second-person)
sъvъkupite (dual present third-person)
sъvъkupixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
sъvъkupiste (aorist plural second-person)
sъvъkupišę (aorist plural third-person)
sъvъkupimъ (first-person plural present)
sъvъkupite (plural present second-person)
sъvъkupętь (plural present third-person)
sъvъkupi (imperative second-person singular)
sъvъkupi (imperative singular third-person)
sъvъkupivě (dual first-person imperative)
sъvъkupita (dual imperative second-person)
sъvъkupimъ (first-person imperative plural)
sъvъkupite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

desc

совокупи́ться

Russian: совокупи́ть (sovokupítʹ), совокупи́ться (sovokupítʹsja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: съвъкоупити (sŭvŭkupiti)

съвъку́пя се

съвоку́пя се

съвкупля́вам се

съвъкупля́вам се

съвокупля́вам се

Bulgarian: съвъку́пя се pf (sǎvǎkúpja se), съвоку́пя се pf (sǎvokúpja se), съвкупля́вам се impf (sǎvkupljávam se), съвъкупля́вам се impf (sǎvǎkupljávam se), съвокупля́вам се impf (sǎvokupljávam se)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: савку̏пити

Latin script: savkȕpiti

*sъ(n)- + *vъ(n)- + *kupiti (“to gather, to pile”)

prefix

(reflexive, figurative) (+ *sę) to intercourse


xopiti

xopľenьje (noun-from-verb)
xopiti (infinitive)
xopitъ (supine)
xopilъ (l-participle)
xopľenъ (participle passive past)
xopľь (active participle past)
xopixъ (aorist first-person singular)
xopi (aorist second-person singular)
xopi (aorist singular third-person)
xopľǫ (first-person present singular)
xopiši (present second-person singular)
xopitь (present singular third-person)
xopixově (aorist dual first-person)
xopista (aorist dual second-person)
xopiste (aorist dual third-person)
xopivě (dual first-person present)
xopita (dual present second-person)
xopite (dual present third-person)
xopixomъ (aorist first-person plural)
xopiste (aorist plural second-person)
xopišę (aorist plural third-person)
xopimъ (first-person plural present)
xopite (plural present second-person)
xopętь (plural present third-person)
xopi (imperative second-person singular)
xopi (imperative singular third-person)
xopivě (dual first-person imperative)
xopita (dual imperative second-person)
xopimъ (first-person imperative plural)
xopite (imperative plural second-person)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: хопити (xopiti)

desc

Belarusian: хапі́ць (xapícʹ), хапі́цца (xapícca)

Russian: хопи́ть (xopítʹ), хопи́ться (xopítʹsja)

Ukrainian: хопи́ти (xopýty), хопи́тися (xopýtysja)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: chopiti sě

Czech: chopit (“to grasp, to comprehend”), chopit se

Old Polish: chopić

Slovak: chopiť

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: chopiś (“to begin”)

Upper Sorbian: khopić (“to initiate, to begin”)

Probably of expressive origin, comparable with Proto-Slavic *xapati (“to bite”), Old Church Slavonic хѫпити (xǫpiti, “to snatch”). Compare further dial. Bulgarian хо́пам (hópam, “to skip, to frisk”), Polish chopnąć (“to clap, to push”) of onomatopoeic or interjectal origin.
Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ep- (“to grab, to have”), if presumably PIE *kH- could yield Proto-Slavic *x-. According to Uhlenbeck, may alternatively be a borrowing from Middle Low German happen (“to take a bite”); usually dismissed by other Slavists.

onomatopoeic

expressive

cog

(reflexive) (+ *sę) to undertake, to handle


vьrtъpъ

vьrtъpъ (nominative singular)
vьrtъpa (dual nominative)
vьrtъpi (nominative plural)
vьrtъpa (genitive singular)
vьrtъpu (dual genitive)
vьrtъpъ (genitive plural)
vьrtъpu (dative singular)
vьrtъpoma (dative dual)
vьrtъpomъ (dative plural)
vьrtъpъ (accusative singular)
vьrtъpa (accusative dual)
vьrtъpy (accusative plural)
vьrtъpъmь (instrumental singular)
vьrtъpomь (instrumental singular)
vьrtъpoma (dual instrumental)
vьrtъpy (instrumental plural)
vьrtъpě (locative singular)
vьrtъpu (dual locative)
vьrtъpěxъ (locative plural)
vьrtъpe (singular vocative)
vьrtъpa (dual vocative)
vьrtъpi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: вьртьпъ (vĭrtĭpŭ), вертебъ (vertebŭ)

Russian: верте́п (vertép)

Ukrainian: верте́п (vertép), ве́ртіп (vértip)/ве́ртіб (vértib)

→ Polish: wertep

Belarusian: вя́рцеп (vjárcjep) (reanalyzed)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: врьтопъ (vrĭtopŭ), врътопъ (vrŭtopŭ)

Bulgarian: върто́п (vǎrtóp), връто́п (vrǎtóp) (dialectal)

→ Romanian: vârtop (“hole carved out of water”)

Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal, limited to Eastern Serbian)

Cyrillic script: вртоп

Slovene: vrtȅp (tonal orthography)

According to Georgiev (BER), probably an ancient compound word from *vьrtěti + the descendant of Proto-Balto-Slavic *upas, *upis (“flowing water”) (cf. Russian Упа (Upa, “r. Upa”) (hydronym), Вопь (Vopʹ, “r. Vop”) (hydronym), Lithuanian ùpė (“river”), Latvian upe (“spring, water”)). This etymology however fails to explain the additional meanings “garden” and “cave, depression”.
Per Vasmer, cognate with Lithuanian veriù, vérti (“close, lock up”)

cog

cave, depression (in East Slavic, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian)


vьrtъ

vьrtъ (nominative singular)
vьrta (dual nominative)
vьrti (nominative plural)
vьrta (genitive singular)
vьrtu (dual genitive)
vьrtъ (genitive plural)
vьrtu (dative singular)
vьrtoma (dative dual)
vьrtomъ (dative plural)
vьrtъ (accusative singular)
vьrta (accusative dual)
vьrty (accusative plural)
vьrtъmь (instrumental singular)
vьrtomь (instrumental singular)
vьrtoma (dual instrumental)
vьrty (instrumental plural)
vьrtě (locative singular)
vьrtu (dual locative)
vьrtěxъ (locative plural)
vьrte (singular vocative)
vьrta (dual vocative)
vьrti (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

⇒ Russian: кругове́рть f (krugovértʹ)

South Slavic:

desc

Bulgarian: врът (vrǎt), връц (vrǎc), връ́тка (vrǎ́tka)

⇒ Macedonian: вртка (vrtka)

⇒ Slovene: vŕtec (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polish: wart

Instance noun of Proto-Slavic *vьrtěti (“to rotate, to turn”), parallel to the o-grade form *vortъ. Cognate with Latin vertex, vortex.


vьrtъ

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: врьтъ (vrĭtŭ), врътъ (vrŭtŭ)

Bulgarian: врът (vrǎt), ворт (vort) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: вр̏т

Latin script: vȑt

Slovene: vȓt (tonal orthography)

desc/sl-tonal

⇒ Slovene: vȓtek, vrtȉč, vrtáča (tonal orthography)

Most likely from Etymology 1 via semantic shift revolution → enclosure → garden, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, to rotate”). Cognate with Tocharian B warto (“garden, enclosure, groove”).
Alternatively, per Brandt, possibly a back-formation from Proto-Germanic *wurtigardiz (whence Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards), Old English ortġeard), with first element from the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root, plant”). Usually dismissed since corresponding East Slavic descendants exhibit reflexes of Proto-Slavic *vьrtogordъ with root -ь- (rather than expected -ъ-).


žęděti

žęděnьje (noun-from-verb)
žęděti (infinitive)
žędětъ (supine)
žędělъ (l-participle)
žęděnъ (participle passive past)
žędimъ (participle passive present)
žęděvъ (active participle past)
žędę (active participle present)
žęděxъ (aorist first-person singular)
žędě (aorist second-person singular)
žędě (aorist singular third-person)
žęďǫ (first-person present singular)
žędiši (present second-person singular)
žęditь (present singular third-person)
žęděxově (aorist dual first-person)
žęděsta (aorist dual second-person)
žęděste (aorist dual third-person)
žędivě (dual first-person present)
žędita (dual present second-person)
žędite (dual present third-person)
žęděxomъ (aorist first-person plural)
žęděste (aorist plural second-person)
žęděšę (aorist plural third-person)
žędimъ (first-person plural present)
žędite (plural present second-person)
žędętь (plural present third-person)
žęděaxъ (first-person imperfect singular)
žęděaše (imperfect second-person singular)
žęděaše (imperfect singular third-person)
žędi (imperative second-person singular)
žędi (imperative singular third-person)
žęděaxově (dual first-person imperfect)
žęděašeta (dual imperfect second-person)
žęděašete (dual imperfect third-person)
žędivě (dual first-person imperative)
žędita (dual imperative second-person)
žęděaxomъ (first-person imperfect plural)
žęděašete (imperfect plural second-person)
žęděaxǫ (imperfect plural third-person)
žędimъ (first-person imperative plural)
žędite (imperative plural second-person)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: жѧдѣти

desc

Bulgarian: же́дя (žédja), жаждя́ (žaždjá) (dialectal)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gedḗˀtei, an essive of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to yearn, to pray for”). Nasal infix apparently influenced by synonymous *žędati. Cognate with Lithuanian gedė́ti (“to mourn”).


torpъ

tȏrpъ (canonical masculine)
c (accent-paradigm)
tȏrpъ (nominative singular)
tȏrpa (dual nominative)
tȏrpi (nominative plural)
tȏrpa (genitive singular)
torpù (dual genitive)
tõrpъ (genitive plural)
tȏrpu (dative singular)
torpomà (dative dual)
torpòmъ (dative plural)
tȏrpъ (accusative singular)
tȏrpa (accusative dual)
tȏrpy (accusative plural)
tȏrpъmь (instrumental singular)
tȏrpomь (instrumental singular)
torpomà (dual instrumental)
torpý (instrumental plural)
tȏrpě (locative singular)
torpù (dual locative)
torpě̃xъ (locative plural)
torpe (singular vocative)
tȏrpa (dual vocative)
tȏrpi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: то́рап (tórap, “terror”)

Russian: то́роп (tórop, “haste”)

desc

⇒ Russian: торо́па m (torópa), торопы́га m (toropýga, “hectic person”) (colloquial)

Ukrainian: торо́па m (torópa, “annoying person”) (colloquial)

South Slavic:

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: trȁp, trápa (“pillock, fool”) (tonal orthography)

⇒ Slovene: trȃpec (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: trap (“trot”)

Agent/action noun from *torpěti, *torpiti (“to push, to enforce, to bother”) + *-ъ. Cognate with Latvian tar̃pa (“force, capacity”), Lithuanian tarpà (“growth”).

affix

то́ропіт

*torpotъ (“hindrance, horror”); Ukrainian

(figurative) pillock, wazzock (fatuous, dull or hectic person)


torpъ

torpъ (nominative singular)
torpa (dual nominative)
torpi (nominative plural)
torpa (genitive singular)
torpu (dual genitive)
torpъ (genitive plural)
torpu (dative singular)
torpoma (dative dual)
torpomъ (dative plural)
torpъ (accusative singular)
torpa (accusative dual)
torpy (accusative plural)
torpъmь (instrumental singular)
torpomь (instrumental singular)
torpoma (dual instrumental)
torpy (instrumental plural)
torpě (locative singular)
torpu (dual locative)
torpěxъ (locative plural)
torpe (singular vocative)
torpa (dual vocative)
torpi (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: трапъ (trapŭ)

Bulgarian: трап (trap)

Macedonian: трап (trap)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тра̏п

Latin script: trȁp

Probably from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tárˀpas along with Lithuanian tárpas (“space, interval”), possibly Latvian tārps (“invertebrate”). Likely further cognate with Tocharian A tarp (“pond”). Relation to Etymology 1 not excluded, in case the acute is due to metatony.


tlaka

tlàka (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
tlàka (nominative singular)
tlàcě (dual nominative)
tlàky (nominative plural)
tlàky (genitive singular)
tlàku (dual genitive)
tlàkъ (genitive plural)
tlàcě (dative singular)
tlàkama (dative dual)
tlàkamъ (dative plural)
tlàkǫ (accusative singular)
tlàcě (accusative dual)
tlàky (accusative plural)
tlàkojǫ (instrumental singular)
tlàkǭ (instrumental singular)
tlàkama (dual instrumental)
tlàkamī (instrumental plural)
tlàcě (locative singular)
tlàku (dual locative)
tlàkasъ (locative plural)
tlàkaxъ (locative plural)
tlàko (singular vocative)
tlàcě (dual vocative)
tlàky (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: tlaka


vъnъ

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: вънъ (vŭnŭ), вонъ (vonŭ)

Russian: вон (von), вонки (vonki) (dialectal)

→ Polish: won

Ukrainian: вон (von, “get out!”) (interjection), вонка (vonka)

Belarusian: звонку (zvónku, “outside”) (from з- + *вонку)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: вънъ (vŭnŭ), вьнъ (vĭnŭ)

Bulgarian: вън (vǎn), вънка (vǎnka), вонка (vonka)

Macedonian: вон (von), вонка (vonka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ва̏н

Latin script: vȁn

Slovene: və́n (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: ven

Czech: ven

Kashubian: wen

Old Polish: wen

Slovak: von

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wen

Upper Sorbian: won

Disputed:
* Meillet, Mladenov: From an amalgamation of Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out”) + *h₂nu (“on, at”), nearly exact cognate with Proto-Germanic *ūtanē (“outside of”). First element akin with Proto-Slavic *vy(d) (“out”), second with Proto-Slavic *na (“on”).
* Vasmer, Zubatý: From reanalysis of Proto-Indo-European *wónm̥ (“alien, external space”), cognate with Sanskrit वन (vána, “wood”).
* Trautmann, Snoj: Related to Proto-Slavic *voňь (“smell, odour”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breath”) or from a nasal infix of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow wind”), via semantic development odour → air, athmosphere → open/unbounded space, outside. Cognate with Old Prussian winna (“air”).


emela

emela (nominative singular)
emelě (dual nominative)
emely (nominative plural)
emely (genitive singular)
emelu (dual genitive)
emelъ (genitive plural)
emelě (dative singular)
emelama (dative dual)
emelamъ (dative plural)
emelǫ (accusative singular)
emelě (accusative dual)
emely (accusative plural)
emelojǫ (instrumental singular)
emelǫ (instrumental singular)
emelama (dual instrumental)
emelami (instrumental plural)
emelě (locative singular)
emelu (dual locative)
emelasъ (locative plural)
emelaxъ (locative plural)
emelo (singular vocative)
emelě (dual vocative)
emely (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: омела (omela), имела (imela)

Belarusian: аме́ла́ (amjélá)

Russian: оме́ла (oméla)

Ukrainian: оме́ла́ (omélá), іме́ла (iméla), вимела (vymela), гемела (hemela), гемело (hemelo), вомена (vomena), обмила (obmyla), оміла (omila), помело (pomelo), єлим (jelym), єлом (jelom), ямела (jamela) — dialectal

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: имела (imela)

Bulgarian: и́мел (ímel), и́мело (ímelo), и́мела (ímela), и́мала (ímala)

Macedonian: имела (imela)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ѝмела, имѐла, мѐла

Latin script: ìmela, imèla, mèla

Chakavian Serbo-Croatian: òmela

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: oméla, imȇla, méla (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: jmelé, jmela

desc

Czech: jmelí, jmélí, jimelí, omelí, melí, mélí, jmel, jmela, jemela, jemelo, jamel

Old Polish: jemioła f, jemioł m

Polish: jemioła f, jemiel m, jamioła f, imioła f

Slovak: imelo, omelo, jemalo, jemelo, emalo, jamelo

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: jemjel

Lower Sorbian: jemjoł

From a Proto-Balto-Slavic term with uncertain vowels and ending, reflected as Old Prussian emelno f, Lithuanian ãmalas, ẽmalas, Latvian āmulis, āmuls, amuls, āmals, amùolis, amuols, ȩmuols, and by toponymy for other Baltic languages as well as Dacian *amalas (“mistletoe”); of obscure origin, speculated a borrowing from such a Trümmersprache.

unk

obscure


guščerъ

gùščerъ (canonical masculine)
guščerъ (nominative singular)
guščera (dual nominative)
guščeri (nominative plural)
guščera (genitive singular)
guščeru (dual genitive)
guščerъ (genitive plural)
guščeru (dative singular)
guščeroma (dative dual)
guščeromъ (dative plural)
guščerъ (accusative singular)
guščera (accusative dual)
guščery (accusative plural)
guščerъmь (instrumental singular)
guščeromь (instrumental singular)
guščeroma (dual instrumental)
guščery (instrumental plural)
guščerě (locative singular)
guščeru (dual locative)
guščerěxъ (locative plural)
guščere (singular vocative)
guščera (dual vocative)
guščeri (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: гу́щер (gúšter)

Macedonian: гуштер (gušter)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: гу̏штер

Latin script: gȕšter

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: gúščer, kuščar (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Polabian: gä́ustar

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: gușter

→ Aromanian: guștir, guștur

→ Greek: γουσκέρα (gouskéra)

Most likely a compound of *gu- (“serpentile”) + *ščerъ with uncertain meaning of second element. See standard *aščerъ for further discussion.


aščerica

aščerica (nominative singular)
aščerici (dual nominative)
aščericę̇ (nominative plural)
aščericę̇ (genitive singular)
aščericu (dual genitive)
aščericь (genitive plural)
aščerici (dative singular)
aščericama (dative dual)
aščericamъ (dative plural)
aščericǫ (accusative singular)
aščerici (accusative dual)
aščericę̇ (accusative plural)
aščericejǫ (instrumental singular)
aščericǫ (instrumental singular)
aščericama (dual instrumental)
aščericami (instrumental plural)
aščerici (locative singular)
aščericu (dual locative)
aščericasъ (locative plural)
aščericaxъ (locative plural)
aščerice (singular vocative)
aščerici (dual vocative)
aščericę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ꙗщерица (jaščerica)

Russian: я́щерица (jáščerica)

Ukrainian: ящури́ця (jaščurýcja)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: аштерица (ašterica)

Serbo-Croatian: (rare)

Cyrillic script: jа̏штерица

Latin script: jȁšterica

Chakavian (Vrgada): jȁšćerica

Slovene: jȃščerica (tonal orthography) (rare)

West Slavic:

Czech: ještěřice

Kashubian: wieszczerzëca

Polabian: vistăraićă

Old Polish: jeszczerzyca

Slovak: jašterica

Slovincian: jeszczêrëca

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: jašćeŕca

Upper Sorbian: ješćelca

feminine of *aščerъ (“lizard, salamander”)


kovaľь

kovàľь (canonical masculine)
kovaľь (nominative singular)
kovaľa (dual nominative)
kovaľi (nominative plural)
kovaľa (genitive singular)
kovaľu (dual genitive)
kovaľь (genitive plural)
kovaľu (dative singular)
kovaľema (dative dual)
kovaľemъ (dative plural)
kovaľь (accusative singular)
kovaľa (accusative dual)
kovaľę̇ (accusative plural)
kovaľьmь (instrumental singular)
kovaľemь (instrumental singular)
kovaľema (dual instrumental)
kovaľi (instrumental plural)
kovaľi (locative singular)
kovaľu (dual locative)
kovaľixъ (locative plural)
kovaľu (singular vocative)
kovaľa (dual vocative)
kovaľi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: коваль (kovalĭ)

Old Ruthenian: коваль (kovalʹ), ковалъ (koval)

Belarusian: кава́ль (kaválʹ)

Ukrainian: кова́ль (koválʹ)

→ Bulgarian: кова́ль (koválʹ) (dialectal, archaic)

Russian: ко́ва́ль (kóválʹ) (dialectal, regional)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: *koval

Czech: koval (dialectal)

Old Polish: *kowal

Polish: kowal

Silesian: kowŏl

Old Slovak: kovaľ

Pannonian Rusyn: коваль (kovalʹ)

Slovak: kováľ (dialectal)

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: kòwôl

Slovincian: kôwól

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: kowal

From *kovàti (“to hew, to forge”) + *-aľь (“deverbal”).


mězgyrь

mězgyrь (nominative singular)
mězgyri (dual nominative)
mězgyrьje (nominative plural)
mězgyri (genitive singular)
mězgyrьju (dual genitive)
mězgyrьjь (genitive plural)
mězgyri (dative singular)
mězgyrьma (dative dual)
mězgyrьmъ (dative plural)
mězgyrь (accusative singular)
mězgyri (accusative dual)
mězgyri (accusative plural)
mězgyrьmь (instrumental singular)
mězgyrьma (dual instrumental)
mězgyrьmi (instrumental plural)
mězgyri (locative singular)
mězgyrьju (dual locative)
mězgyrьxъ (locative plural)
mězgyri (singular vocative)
mězgyri (dual vocative)
mězgyrьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мѣзгирь (mězgirĭ), мизгирь (mizgirĭ)

Russian: мизги́рь (mizgírʹ), мызги́рь (myzgírʹ), музги́рь (muzgírʹ), музгы́рь (muzgýrʹ), мозгирь (mozgirʹ), ма́згарь (mázgarʹ) — dialectal

Ukrainian: мизги́рь (myzhýrʹ), мизги́р (myzhýr)

Apparently suffixed + *-yrь (“agentive suffix”) from Proto-Balto-Slavic *mezgti (“to twist, to weave, to sew, to entangle etc.”) (Latvian mežģīt, Lithuanian mègzti), a Proto-Indo-European stem from which notably also Proto-Germanic *maskwǭ (“loop, knot; mesh”) derives, possibly also Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰós (“marrow; brain”).


měxyrь

měxyrь (nominative singular)
měxyri (dual nominative)
měxyrьje (nominative plural)
měxyri (genitive singular)
měxyrьju (dual genitive)
měxyrьjь (genitive plural)
měxyri (dative singular)
měxyrьma (dative dual)
měxyrьmъ (dative plural)
měxyrь (accusative singular)
měxyri (accusative dual)
měxyri (accusative plural)
měxyrьmь (instrumental singular)
měxyrьma (dual instrumental)
měxyrьmi (instrumental plural)
měxyri (locative singular)
měxyrьju (dual locative)
měxyrьxъ (locative plural)
měxyri (singular vocative)
měxyri (dual vocative)
měxyrьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Old East Slavic: мѣхирь (měxirĭ), мѣхиръ (měxirŭ)

Russian: михи́рь (mixírʹ) (obsolete, regional)

Ukrainian: міху́р (mixúr), міхи́р (mixýr)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: мѣхꙑръ (měxyrŭ)

Bulgarian: меху́р (mehúr)

Macedonian: меур (meur)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мје̏хӯр

Latin script: mjȅhūr

Slovene: mẹhúr, mẹhír, mẹhér

West Slavic:

Old Czech: měchýř

Czech: měchýř

Old Polish: męchyrz

Polish: mecherz, mechierz, męcherz, męchierz, męchyrz, miechierz, miecherz, miechór (obsolete)

→ Belarusian: міхіе́р (mixijér)

Slovak: mechúr

*měxъ (“a skin, a bag”) + *-yrь (agentive suffix)

affix

anything blown up in shape, bladder, blob


pastyrь

pastyrь (nominative singular)
pastyri (dual nominative)
pastyrьje (nominative plural)
pastyri (genitive singular)
pastyrьju (dual genitive)
pastyrьjь (genitive plural)
pastyri (dative singular)
pastyrьma (dative dual)
pastyrьmъ (dative plural)
pastyrь (accusative singular)
pastyri (accusative dual)
pastyri (accusative plural)
pastyrьmь (instrumental singular)
pastyrьma (dual instrumental)
pastyrьmi (instrumental plural)
pastyri (locative singular)
pastyrьju (dual locative)
pastyrьxъ (locative plural)
pastyri (singular vocative)
pastyri (dual vocative)
pastyrьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Belarusian: па́стыр (pástyr)

desc

Russian: па́стырь (pástyrʹ), па́стирь (pástirʹ)

Ukrainian: па́стир (pástyr, “pastor”)

Carpathian Rusyn: пастыр (pastŷr)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пастꙑрь (pastyrĭ)

Bulgarian: пасти́р (pastír), arch. па́стир (pástir, “pastor”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: па̀сти̑р, па̀стијер

Latin script: pàstȋr, pàstijer

Slovene: pastír (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: pastýř

Czech: pastýř

Kashubian: pasturz

Polish: pastyrz, pasterz

Silesian: pastyrz

Slovak: pastier

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: pastyŕ

Upper Sorbian: pastyŕ

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: pásztor

Etymologically from *pasti (“to graze”) + *-yrь. In later times, a secondary meaning cleric has been attached in some daughter languages, under the influence of Latin pāstor.


mъlinъ

mъlinъ (nominative singular)
mъlina (dual nominative)
mъlini (nominative plural)
mъlina (genitive singular)
mъlinu (dual genitive)
mъlinъ (genitive plural)
mъlinu (dative singular)
mъlinoma (dative dual)
mъlinomъ (dative plural)
mъlinъ (accusative singular)
mъlina (accusative dual)
mъliny (accusative plural)
mъlinъmь (instrumental singular)
mъlinomь (instrumental singular)
mъlinoma (dual instrumental)
mъliny (instrumental plural)
mъlině (locative singular)
mъlinu (dual locative)
mъliněxъ (locative plural)
mъline (singular vocative)
mъlina (dual vocative)
mъlini (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Church Slavonic: мълинъ (mŭlinŭ) (Serbian recension)

Macedonian: млин (mlin) (dialectal)

Old Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: mlin, malin, melin

Cyrillic script: млин, малин, мелин

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: mlȋn, málin (tonal orthography)

→ Hungarian: malom

West Slavic:

Czech: mlýn

Kashubian: młin

Old Polish: młyn

Polish: młyn

→? Old East Slavic: млинъ (mlinŭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: млынъ (mlyn), млинъ (mlin)

Belarusian: млын (mlyn), млін (mlin)

Ukrainian: млин (mlyn)

Russian: (dialectal) млин (mlin)

→? Old Prussian: malunis

→? Old Lithuanian: malū̃nas

Slovak: mlyn

Slovincian: mlyn

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: młyn

Upper Sorbian: młyn

Borrowed from Old High German mulīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu, from Late Latin molīna, molīnum.
The word might be a post-Proto-Slavic borrowing.


pǫxyrь

pǫxyrь (nominative singular)
pǫxyri (dual nominative)
pǫxyrьje (nominative plural)
pǫxyri (genitive singular)
pǫxyrьju (dual genitive)
pǫxyrьjь (genitive plural)
pǫxyri (dative singular)
pǫxyrьma (dative dual)
pǫxyrьmъ (dative plural)
pǫxyrь (accusative singular)
pǫxyri (accusative dual)
pǫxyri (accusative plural)
pǫxyrьmь (instrumental singular)
pǫxyrьma (dual instrumental)
pǫxyrьmi (instrumental plural)
pǫxyri (locative singular)
pǫxyrьju (dual locative)
pǫxyrьxъ (locative plural)
pǫxyri (singular vocative)
pǫxyri (dual vocative)
pǫxyrьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: пухи́р (puxýr)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: puchr, separating the meaning “stomach” as bachoř apparently influenced by *baxoriti (“to conconct”)

Czech: puchýř, puchor, pucher, puchr; bachor

→ Polish: bachor

Kashubian: pąchérz, pąchãrz

Polish: pęcherz

Slovak: puchor; bachor

→? Bulgarian: ба́ху́р (báhúr) (dialectal)

→? Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)

Latin script: bȁhor, bȁor

Cyrillic script: ба̏хор, ба̏ор

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: puchoŕ

Upper Sorbian: pucheŕ, now written pucher

*puxъ (“something inflated, blister”) + *-yrь

affix

baxurь influenced by *baxoriti if already ere Czech-Slovak


uklěja

uklěja (nominative singular)
uklěji (dual nominative)
uklěję̇ (nominative plural)
uklěję̇ (genitive singular)
uklěju (dual genitive)
uklějь (genitive plural)
uklěji (dative singular)
uklějama (dative dual)
uklějamъ (dative plural)
uklějǫ (accusative singular)
uklěji (accusative dual)
uklěję̇ (accusative plural)
uklějejǫ (instrumental singular)
uklějǫ (instrumental singular)
uklějama (dual instrumental)
uklějami (instrumental plural)
uklěji (locative singular)
uklěju (dual locative)
uklějasъ (locative plural)
uklějaxъ (locative plural)
uklěje (singular vocative)
uklěji (dual vocative)
uklěję̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: уклейка (ukljejka), укле́я́ (ukljéjá), вукляя́ (vukljajá), оклейка (ókljejka), оклея (ókljeja), клі́я (klíja), оклі́я (oklíja), уклия (uklija), уклія́ (uklijá) (dialectal only)

Russian: укле́йка (ukléjka), укле́я́ (ukléjá), sometimes still укле́й (ukléj) and see there for remoter forms. Generally, but sometimes, one did not write this fish-name with ѣ (jě) pre-1918.

Ukrainian: уклі́й (uklíj), оклі́й (oklíj), оклійка (oklijka), оклі́я́ (oklíjá), оклея (okleja), гуклея (hukleja), клия (klyja), вуклія (vuklija), вуклі́йка (vuklíjka), уклейка (uklejka), уклева (ukleva), уклея (ukleja) (dialectal only)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: о́кле́й (ókléj), укли́я (uklíja), укле́йка (ukléjka) (dialectal)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у̀клија, у̀кљева, dialectally уклеја, уклица, укља, укљива, клејчица, клеја

Latin script: ùklija, ùkljeva, dialectally ukleja, uklica, uklja, ukljiva, klejčica, kleja

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: klẹ́ja, klejca (tonal orthography) (only dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: úklejě

Czech: ouklej, still in the 19th century úkleje, else úklej, in Moravian dialect then úkłajka, okłajka

Polish: ukleja

Slovak: ukleja, uklia (dialectal only)

Sorbian: *ukleja

Lower Sorbian: huklej, hukleja, wuklica

Upper Sorbian: wuklija, wuklica

→ Middle High German: uklei

desc

German: Ukelei, Uklei, Uckelei, Ucklei, Okelei, Oklei, Ockelei, Ocklei, Ikelei, Iklei, Ickelei, Icklei, Ükelei, Üklei, Ückelei, Ücklei

→ Middle Low German: uklei

German Low German: Üklei, Ückel etc.

Unknown. Synonym to today’s standard Lithuanian aukšlė̃ and Latvian aûsleja, also auslēja, auslejs. The formal discrepancy may be the effect of parallel borrowing from a substrate, after having shared the name with a similar fish, perhaps *klenь, *klěnь, but this looks like the same word.


svorga

svorga (nominative singular)
svordzě (dual nominative)
svorgy (nominative plural)
svorgy (genitive singular)
svorgu (dual genitive)
svorgъ (genitive plural)
svordzě (dative singular)
svorgama (dative dual)
svorgamъ (dative plural)
svorgǫ (accusative singular)
svordzě (accusative dual)
svorgy (accusative plural)
svorgojǫ (instrumental singular)
svorgǫ (instrumental singular)
svorgama (dual instrumental)
svorgami (instrumental plural)
svordzě (locative singular)
svorgu (dual locative)
svorgasъ (locative plural)
svorgaxъ (locative plural)
svorgo (singular vocative)
svordzě (dual vocative)
svorgy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: соро́га (soróga)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: срага (sraga)

→ Old East Slavic: срагъ (sragŭ)

Bulgarian: сра́га (srága, “terrible fate, misfortune”) (archaic, in folklore)

From Proto-Indo-European *swergʰ-, probably a g-extension of *swer- (“to ache, to prickle, to itch”). Akin to Lithuanian sérgti (“to be sick”), Proto-Germanic *surgō (“worry, sorrow”).

→ cause of misery (plague, famine, scarcity, etc.)

(figurative) wretch (unfortunate person)


zanovětь

zanovětь (nominative singular)
zanověti (dual nominative)
zanovětьje (nominative plural)
zanověti (genitive singular)
zanovětьju (dual genitive)
zanovětьjь (genitive plural)
zanověti (dative singular)
zanovětьma (dative dual)
zanovětьmъ (dative plural)
zanovětь (accusative singular)
zanověti (accusative dual)
zanověti (accusative plural)
zanovětьmь (instrumental singular)
zanovětьma (dual instrumental)
zanovětьmi (instrumental plural)
zanověti (locative singular)
zanovětьju (dual locative)
zanovětьxъ (locative plural)
zanověti (singular vocative)
zanověti (dual vocative)
zanovětьje (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Russian: зановец (zanovec), зановица (zanovica), зановит (zanovit), зановат (zanovat), зеноват (zenovat) (obsolete, Ukraine)

Ukrainian: зі́но́вать (zínóvatʹ), жарновець (žarnovecʹ) are standard, other forms include за́новать (zánovatʹ), за́новіть (zánovitʹ), зановить (zanovytʹ), зиновать (zynovatʹ), зиновник (zynovnyk), зіновник (zinovnyk), зіновка (zinovka), зановат (zanovat), зановец (zanovec), зановит (zanovyt)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: за́новец (zánovec)

Macedonian: зановет (zanovet), занофит (zanofit)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: за̏нове̄т

Latin script: zȁnovēt

Slovene: zánovet

West Slavic:

Old Czech: janovít, janofít, janobít, janosít, janosiet, jinosít

Czech: janovec, žanovec, dialectally zanovec

Old Polish: zanowiec, zanowięć, żarnowiec, sianowiec, janosiet, janobyt, sianożęć, żnisiano

Polish: janowiec

→ Belarusian: зяно́вец (zjanóvjec)

Slovak: žanovec, zanovec, zanovit, zánovec – notably for Galega officinalis and Melilotus officinalis

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: janowjeś, nowjeś, zanowjeś, zanowiś

Upper Sorbian: žanowc

Non-Slavic:

→ Hungarian: zanót

Unclear. While formally and by the main meaning strain of Genisteae tribe plants closer to *za- + *noviti (“to renew”) + *-ětь, because cleaning the house with besoms from Cytisus scoparia makes the house appear new, or for some magical reason of starting a new month or the like, it may actually be *za- + *navь (“dead man, corpse; evil spectre”) + *-ětь, as broomrape is usually named as a death-bringer, see the translations of broomrape, occurring together with brooms because of parasitizing them and then possibly named together; though the meaning of broomrape is missing in the descendants of *zanovětь, this derivation also works with the noxious weed restharrow (Ononis). But in view of Finnish näive (“broomrape”) there may be a phono-semantic matching of Uralic. In either case, if originally *zanavětь, possibly reinterpreted as from *novъ (“new”) after the original referent stepped aside in favour of a new one.

unk

Unclear

affix

broom (especially Cytisus); restharrow (Ononis)


čaja

čàja (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
čaja (nominative singular)
čàji (dual nominative)
čàję̇ (nominative plural)
čàję̇ (genitive singular)
čàju (dual genitive)
čàjь (genitive plural)
čàjī (dative singular)
čàjama (dative dual)
čàjāmъ (dative plural)
čàjǫ (accusative singular)
čàji (accusative dual)
čàję̇ (accusative plural)
čàjējǫ (instrumental singular)
čàjǭ (instrumental singular)
čàjama (dual instrumental)
čàjāmī (instrumental plural)
čàjī (locative singular)
čàju (dual locative)
čàjāsъ (locative plural)
čàje (singular vocative)
čàji (dual vocative)
čàję̇ (plural vocative)

West Slavic:

Czech: čaja ⁽ᵈⁱᵃˡᵉᶜᵗᵃˡ⁾

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kḗˀjāˀ (“gull, lapwing”), from onomatopoeia of cry *kḗˀ-kḗˀ.


čajica

čàjica (canonical feminine)
a (accent-paradigm)
čajica (nominative singular)
čajici (dual nominative)
čajicę̇ (nominative plural)
čajicę̇ (genitive singular)
čajicu (dual genitive)
čajicь (genitive plural)
čajicī (dative singular)
čajicama (dative dual)
čajicāmъ (dative plural)
čajicǫ (accusative singular)
čajici (accusative dual)
čajicę̇ (accusative plural)
čajicējǫ (instrumental singular)
čajicǭ (instrumental singular)
čajicama (dual instrumental)
čajicāmī (instrumental plural)
čajicī (locative singular)
čajicu (dual locative)
čajicāsъ (locative plural)
čajice (singular vocative)
čajici (dual vocative)
čajicę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ча́ица (čáica)

Russian: ча́йца (čájca) ⁽ᴬʳᵏʰᵃⁿᵍᵉˡˢᵏ⁾, це́ица (céica) ⁽ᴼˡᵒⁿᵉᵗˢ⁾, ча́ица (čáica, “lapwing”) ^((Smolensk))

The Tale of Igor’s Campaign: ча́ицами (čáicami)

South Slavic:

Slovene: čájca (tonal orthography) ⁽ᵈⁱᵃˡᵉᶜᵗᵃˡ⁾


bagra

bagra (nominative singular)
bagrě (dual nominative)
bagry (nominative plural)
bagry (genitive singular)
bagru (dual genitive)
bagrъ (genitive plural)
bagrě (dative singular)
bagrama (dative dual)
bagramъ (dative plural)
bagrǫ (accusative singular)
bagrě (accusative dual)
bagry (accusative plural)
bagrojǫ (instrumental singular)
bagrǫ (instrumental singular)
bagrama (dual instrumental)
bagrami (instrumental plural)
bagrě (locative singular)
bagru (dual locative)
bagrasъ (locative plural)
bagraxъ (locative plural)
bagro (singular vocative)
bagrě (dual vocative)
bagry (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Belarusian: ба́гра (báhra, “purple paint”) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ба́гра (bágra, “color”)

Macedonian: багра (bagra, “purple”)

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: bàgra (“red paint, obtained from pine bark; purple”)

Cyrillic script: ба̀гра


bagy

bagy (nominative singular)
bagъvi (dual nominative)
bagъvi (nominative plural)
bagъve (genitive singular)
bagъvu (dual genitive)
bagъvъ (genitive plural)
bagъvi (dative singular)
bagъvьma (dative dual)
bagъvama (dative dual)
bagъvьmъ (dative plural)
bagъvamъ (dative plural)
bagъvь (accusative singular)
bagъvi (accusative dual)
bagъvi (accusative plural)
bagъvьjǫ (instrumental singular)
bagъvľǫ (instrumental singular)
bagъvьma (dual instrumental)
bagъvama (dual instrumental)
bagъvьmi (instrumental plural)
bagъvami (instrumental plural)
bagъve (locative singular)
bagъvu (dual locative)
bagъvьxъ (locative plural)
bagъvaxъ (locative plural)
bagy (singular vocative)
bagъvi (dual vocative)
bagъvi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Ukrainian: багва́ (bahvá)

→ Russian: Багва́ (Bagvá) (toponym)

West Slavic:

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: bagi pl (“heatlands”)

v-stem counterpart of Proto-Slavic *bagno (“marsh, swamp; peat”).


lędo

lę̑do (canonical neuter)
c (accent-paradigm)
lę̑do (nominative singular)
lę̑dě (dual nominative)
lędà (nominative plural)
lę̑da (genitive singular)
lędù (dual genitive)
lę̃dъ (genitive plural)
lę̑du (dative singular)
lędomà (dative dual)
lędòmъ (dative plural)
lę̑do (accusative singular)
lę̑dě (accusative dual)
lędà (accusative plural)
lę̑dъmь (instrumental singular)
lę̑domь (instrumental singular)
lędomà (dual instrumental)
lędý (instrumental plural)
lę̑dě (locative singular)
lędù (dual locative)
lędě̃xъ (locative plural)
lędo (singular vocative)
lę̑dě (dual vocative)
lędà (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лѧдо

Belarusian: ля́до (ljádo)

Russian: ля́до (ljádo) (dialectal)

desc

Ukrainian: ля́до (ljádo, “meadow within forest”)

Russian: ляд m (ljad, “aridity, dearth”) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: лѧдь f (“heathland”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: ле́да (léda), ля́да (ljáda) (archaic, dialectal)

Old Croatian: leđ (“arid, unfruitful land”) (obsolete)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: lado
Czech: lado

Polabian: ľǫdü

>? Polish: ląd m (“land”) (more likely a German loanword)

Slovak: ladom (instrumental, only in: ležať ladom)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: lědo

Upper Sorbian: lado

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *lindá, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“heath, land”). Cognate with Old Prussian lindan (“valley”).


cělina

cělina (nominative singular)
cělině (dual nominative)
cěliny (nominative plural)
cěliny (genitive singular)
cělinu (dual genitive)
cělinъ (genitive plural)
cělině (dative singular)
cělinama (dative dual)
cělinamъ (dative plural)
cělinǫ (accusative singular)
cělině (accusative dual)
cěliny (accusative plural)
cělinojǫ (instrumental singular)
cělinǫ (instrumental singular)
cělinama (dual instrumental)
cělinami (instrumental plural)
cělině (locative singular)
cělinu (dual locative)
cělinasъ (locative plural)
cělinaxъ (locative plural)
cělino (singular vocative)
cělině (dual vocative)
cěliny (plural vocative)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: целина́ (celiná) (formal, rare)

Macedonian: целина (celina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: целѝна, цјелѝна

Latin script: celìna, cjelìna

Slovene: celína (tonal orthography) (formal, rare)

West Slavic:

Czech: celina

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: cylina

Abstract noun of *cělъ (“whole”) + *-ina.


cělina

East Slavic:

Belarusian: цаліна́ (caliná)

Russian: целина́ (celiná)

Belarusian: цілина́ (ciliná)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: целина́ (celiná) (dialectal)

→ Romanian: țelină

Slovene: celína (tonal orthography) (standard)

West Slavic:

Slovak: celina

Collective noun from *cělěti (“to mend, to preserve”) + *-ina, homomorphous with Etymology 1.

affix

цѣлизна

*cělizna (“untilled land”); Old Church Slavonic


mědęnikъ

mě̀dęnīkъ (canonical masculine)
a (accent-paradigm)
mě̀dęnīkъ (nominative singular)
mě̀dęnīka (dual nominative)
mě̀dęnīci (nominative plural)
mě̀dęnīka (genitive singular)
mě̀dęnīku (dual genitive)
mě̀dęnīkъ (genitive plural)
mě̀dęnīku (dative singular)
mě̀dęnīkoma (dative dual)
mě̀dęnīkomъ (dative plural)
mě̀dęnīkъ (accusative singular)
mě̀dęnīka (accusative dual)
mě̀dęnīky (accusative plural)
mě̀dęnīkъmь (instrumental singular)
mě̀dęnīkomь (instrumental singular)
mě̀dęnīkoma (dual instrumental)
mě̀dęnīkȳ (instrumental plural)
mě̀dęnīcě (locative singular)
mě̀dęnīku (dual locative)
mě̀dęnīcě̄xъ (locative plural)
mě̀dęnīče (singular vocative)
mě̀dęnīka (dual vocative)
mě̀dęnīci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Russian: мѣ́дя́ни́къ (mě́djáník)

Russian: мѣ́дя́ни́къ (mě́djáník)

South Slavic:

Old Serbo-Croatian: Ми́дєник


lędina

lędìna (canonical feminine)
lędina (nominative singular)
lędině (dual nominative)
lędiny (nominative plural)
lędiny (genitive singular)
lędinu (dual genitive)
lędinъ (genitive plural)
lędině (dative singular)
lędinama (dative dual)
lędinamъ (dative plural)
lędinǫ (accusative singular)
lędině (accusative dual)
lędiny (accusative plural)
lędinojǫ (instrumental singular)
lędinǫ (instrumental singular)
lędinama (dual instrumental)
lędinami (instrumental plural)
lędině (locative singular)
lędinu (dual locative)
lędinasъ (locative plural)
lędinaxъ (locative plural)
lędino (singular vocative)
lędině (dual vocative)
lędiny (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: лѧдина

Russian: ля́ди́на (ljádína) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: ля́дина (ljádyna, “grove, meadow”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: лѧдина

Bulgarian: ле́ди́на (lédína), ля́дина (ljádina) (dialectal), ле́нди́на (léndína) (dialectal)

Macedonian: ледина (ledina)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: лѐдина

Latin script: lèdina

Slovene: ledína (tonal orthography)

→ Albanian: lëndinë, ledinë (borrowed from South Slavic)

*lę̑do (“heath, uncultivated field”) + *-ina


šivačь

šivačь (nominative singular)
šivača (dual nominative)
šivači (nominative plural)
šivača (genitive singular)
šivaču (dual genitive)
šivačь (genitive plural)
šivaču (dative singular)
šivačema (dative dual)
šivačemъ (dative plural)
šivačь (accusative singular)
šivača (accusative dual)
šivačę̇ (accusative plural)
šivačьmь (instrumental singular)
šivačemь (instrumental singular)
šivačema (dual instrumental)
šivači (instrumental plural)
šivači (locative singular)
šivaču (dual locative)
šivačixъ (locative plural)
šivaču (singular vocative)
šivača (dual vocative)
šivači (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

desc

Ukrainian: шва́ч (šváč), пошива́ч (pošyváč) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: шива́ч (šiváč)

Macedonian: шивач (šivač)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: шѝва̄ч

Latin script: šìvāč

West Slavic:

Polish: szwacz

Alternative form of *šьvьcь (“seamster”)