te

Nganasan: тыӈ (tɨŋ) (plural), тіи (tii) (dual)

Proto-Selkup: *tē

Northern Selkup: тэ̄ (tē)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тӣ, ти (ti)

Upper Ob: тээ (tee)

Kamassian: шиʼ (šiʔ) (plural), шиште (šište) (dual)

Koibal: се (se)

Mator: тендӓ (tendä)


pi

Nganasan: хии (xii)

Enets:

Forest Enets: пи (pi)

Tundra Enets: пи (pi)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: пи (pyi)

Forest Nenets: пи (pyi)

Proto-Selkup: *pi (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: пхи (pʰi)

Koibal: пё (pö)


to

⇒ Nganasan: турку (turku)

Enets:

Forest Enets: то (to)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: то (to)

Tundra Nenets: то (to)

Proto-Selkup: *tō

Northern Selkup: то̄ (tō), тӯ (tū)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: то (to), то̄ (tō)

Upper Ob: то (to)

Kamassian: тху (tʰu)

Koibal: то (to)

Mator: тох (toh)


car

Nenets:

>? Forest Nenets: чалаʼку (ćalahku)

Tundra Nenets: тярˮ (tyar)

Proto-Selkup: *čār

Northern Selkup: тө̄р (tå̄r)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чāр (čār)

Kamassian: тхар (tʰar)


me

Nganasan: мыӈ (mɨŋ) (plural), ми (mi) (dual)

Proto-Selkup: *mē

Northern Selkup: ме̄ (mjē)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ми (mi), мі

Upper Ob: мээ (mee)

Kamassian: миʼ (miʔ) (plural), миште (mište) (dual)

Koibal: ме (me)

Mator: мендӓ (mendä)


tak

Nganasan: тагә (tagə, “later”), тагаˮа (tagaʔa, “then, after”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: таха (taha), тахон (tahon)

Nenets:

desc

Forest Nenets: чахамы (ćaxami, “former”)

Tundra Nenets: тяхӑʼ (tyaxăh), тяхӑна (tyaxăna), тяхӑд (tyaxăd°)

Proto-Selkup: *tāk

Northern Selkup: тө̄ (tå̄), тө̄к- (tå̄k-)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: та́э (táe)

Upper Ob: таакт (taakt), тааккан (taakkan)

Kamassian: тхаккән (tʰakkən)

Koibal: *такар (*takar, “north”) (in the compound такарбӓрси (takarbärsi, “north wind”))


wet

Nganasan: быˮ (bɨʔ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: би (bi), биз (biz)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: виˮ (wyiq)

Tundra Nenets: иˮ (yiq)

Proto-Selkup: *üt

Northern Selkup: ӱт (üt)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱт (üt)

Upper Ob: іт (üt)

Kamassian: бӱ (bü)

Koibal: бӱ (bü)

Mator: бӱ (bü)


ni

Nganasan: ни (nji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ни (nji)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ниӈ (nyiŋ)

Tundra Nenets: ниня (nyinya)

⇒ Proto-Selkup: *innä

Northern Selkup: іннӓ

Southern Selkup:

Narym: эннэ́ (enné)

Upper Ob: йинне (jinnje)

Kamassian: ни (ni)

⇒ Koibal: *ни (*ni) (in нигнӓн (nignän) [= ? niŋnän], +LOC -nän)

⇒ Mator: *ни (*ni), *ньи (*ńi) (in камакнидер (kamaknider, “eyebrow”), a compound with камак (kamak, “forehead”) + тер (ter, “hair”))


ta

Nganasan: тамны (tamnɨ), тамну (tamnu, “there”), табә (tabə), табаˮа (tabaʔa, “thither”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: тԑхԑ (tɛhɛ)

Tundra Enets: тэхоо (tehoo, tehoɔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чам (ćam)

Tundra Nenets: тямʼ (tyam)

Proto-Selkup: *tā

Northern Selkup: тө̄ (tå̄), тө̄ль (tå̄lj), тө̄й (tå̄j, “other, another”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: та (ta)

>? Mator: тӓләӈ (täləŋ), теләӈ (teləŋ, “hither”)


ti

Enets:

Forest Enets: чики (čiki)

Tundra Enets: чикэ (čike)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чики (ćyikyi)

Tundra Nenets: тикы (tyiki)

Proto-Selkup: *tī (“now”)

Northern Selkup: ті̄

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ти (ti)

Upper Ob: тидам (tidam)

>? Mator: ти (ti), тин (tin, “that; he, she”) (perhaps, otherwise from *tə)

Possibly a doublet of *tə, from Proto-Uralic *tä.


ti

Proto-Selkup: *tē

Northern Selkup: тэ̄ (tē)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тэ (te)

Upper Ob: тиэ (tie, “earwax”)

Kamassian: ча (ća)

Koibal: те (te)

Mator: ти (ti)


ti

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чи (ćyi)

Tundra Nenets: ти (tyi)

Proto-Selkup: *tǖ

Northern Selkup: тӱ̄ (tǖ)


jam

Nganasan: дям (djam)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя̄м (dyām)

Tundra Nenets: ямʼ (yam)

Kamassian: нам (nam)


op

Nganasan: ӈуоиˮ (ŋuoiʔ), ӈуˮоиˮ (ŋuʔoiʔ) (← *o- ~ *oə-)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: ӈоʼ (ŋoʔ)

>? Tundra Enets: ӈуʼ (ŋuʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈоп (ŋop)

Tundra Nenets: ӈобˮ (ŋob)

Proto-Selkup: *ōkər (← *o- ~ *oə-)

Northern Selkup: уккыр (ukkyr)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: о́ӄӄэр (óqqer)

Upper Ob: оккэр (okker)

Kamassian: оʼб (oʔb), оʼм (oʔm)

Koibal: оп (op)

Mator: оʼб (oʔb), оʼм (oʔm)

om-

← *o- Reconstruction:Proto-Samoyedic/op *oə-


märkä

Enets:

Forest Enets: мяси (mjasi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: меԓьша (myełʹša)

Tundra Nenets: мерця (myercya)

Proto-Selkup: *merkə

Northern Selkup: мэркы (merky)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мӓрг (m’arg), мярӷ (mjarģ)

Upper Ob: мерг (mjerg)

Kamassian: бержә (beržə)

Koibal: бӓрси (bärsi)

Mator: мергӓ (mergä)


kot

Nganasan: куˮ (kuʔ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: коʼ (koʔ), коз (koz, “phlegm”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: кот (kot), коˮ (koq)

Tundra Nenets: хоˮ (xoq)

Proto-Selkup: *qot

Northern Selkup: ӄот (qot, “snot”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: кот (kot)


mat

Nganasan: маˮ (maʔ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мяʼ (mjaʔ), мяз (mjaz)

Tundra Enets: мэʼ (meʔ), мэзо (mezo)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мят (myat), мяˮ (myaq)

Tundra Nenets: мяˮ (myaq)

Proto-Selkup: *māt

Northern Selkup: мө̄т (må̄t)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ма̄т (māt)

Upper Ob: маад (maad)

Kamassian: маʼ (maʔ)

Koibal: мат (mat)

Mator: мӓт (mät), мӓʼн (mäʔn)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Permic *matin (“near”).


e-

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: эки (eki)

>? Tundra Enets: экэ (eke)

Kamassian: идә (idə)

Mator: иди (idi, “that”)


e-

Nganasan: нисы (njisɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: иҫь (iš')

Tundra Enets: ише (iše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ни (nyi, “no”)

Tundra Nenets: нись (nyisʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ašša (indicative), *i̮kə (imperative)

Northern Selkup: ашша (ašša) (indicative), ыкы (yky) (imperative)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ā, аӽа́ (indicative), ыг (yg), ы̄г (ȳg) (imperative)

Upper Ob: ас (as) (indicative), iог (iog) (imperative)

Kamassian: езьәт (eźət), ей (ej, “no; not”)

>? Koibal: аби (abi, “no; not”)

Mator: и- (i-)


e-

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: ӣӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: и́гу (ígu), ӣгу (jīgu)

Upper Ob: иигу (iigu)

Kamassian: изьәт (iźət)

Koibal: и- (i-)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *wexe-, with an irregular loss of initial *w-. Compare a similar development in *åəj- (“to be”).


mir

⇒ Nganasan: мирәз̌ә (mirəðə, “payment, fee”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: миԓ (myił)

Tundra Nenets: мирˮ (myir)

Proto-Selkup: *mir

Northern Selkup: мир (mir)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мер (mjer)

Upper Ob: мэр (mer)

Kamassian: мәр (mər)

Mator: бир (bir), мӱр (mür)


tut

>? Nganasan: чуˮ (čuʔ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: туʼ (tuʔ), туз (tuz)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: тўт (tŭt)

Tundra Nenets: туˮ (tuq)

Mator: тут (tut), туʼн (tuʔn)


kat

Enets:

Forest Enets: сԑʼ (sɛʔ), сԑз (sɛz)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шаˮ (šaq)

Tundra Nenets: сяˮ (syaq)

Proto-Selkup: *qāt (“forehead”)

Northern Selkup: ӄө̄н (qå̄n), ӄө̄т (qå̄t), ӄө̄ (qå̄)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: кат (kat), ӄат (qat)

⇒ Kamassian: кхадел (kʰadel)

Mator: кӓт (kät), кӓʼн (käʔn)


ki

Proto-Selkup: *šī

Northern Selkup: сі̄

Southern Selkup:

Narym: шӣ

Upper Ob: сии (sii)

Kamassian: шили (šili)

Koibal: силе (sile)

Mator: ки (ki)


er-

Nganasan: нирині (njirini)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: диԓьня (dyiłʹnya, “next to; against, opposite to”)

Tundra Nenets: ирня (yirnya, “next to; against, opposite to”)

Proto-Selkup: *īr

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӣр (jīr, “before, earlier; long ago”)

Mator: ирән (irən, “before, earlier; long ago”), ирне (irne, “in front of; before”)


mo

⇒ Nganasan: муоде (muodje)

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: мой (moj)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мо̆ (mŏ)

Tundra Nenets: мо (mo)

Proto-Selkup: *mō

Northern Selkup: мо̄ (mō)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мо (mo), мо̄ (mō)

Upper Ob: моола (moola)

Kamassian: мо (mo), му (mu)

Koibal: му (mu)

Mator: мох (moh)

Uncertain. Resembles Proto-Mongolic *modun (“tree; wood”) (underlying stem *mo-) and Proto-Tungusic *mō (“tree; wood”).


num

>? Nganasan: нуум (nuum, “summit”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нум (num)

Tundra Nenets: нумʼ (num)

Proto-Selkup: *nom

Northern Selkup: ном (nom), ноп (nop)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ном (nom), ноп (nop)

Upper Ob: ном (nom), лом (lom)

Kamassian: нум (num)

Koibal: нум (num)

Mator: нум (num)

From Proto-Uralic *numɜ (“top, upper part; sky”). Compare Northern Khanty нуман (numan), Northern Mansi нумын (numyn, “above”).


mun

⇒ Nganasan: мунса (munsa, “to say”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: муʼ (muʔ), мун (mun)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: муӈ (muŋ)

Tundra Nenets: муʼ (muh)


tuj

Nganasan: туй (tuj)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ту (tu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ту (tu)

Tundra Nenets: ту (tu)

Proto-Selkup: *tǖ

Northern Selkup: тӱ (tü)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тӱ (tü)

Upper Ob: тіі (tüü)

Kamassian: шӱ (šü)

Koibal: сӱ (sü)

Mator: туй (tuj)


kor

>? Nganasan: куур (kuur, “barrel”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: хорˮ (xor, “barrel”)

desc

⇒ Proto-Selkup: *korəmčä (“basket made of birchbark”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: коромҗэ́ (koromǯé)

Upper Ob: коржэ (korže)

⇒ Kamassian: кхориʼ (kʰoriʔ, “(small) box”)

From Proto-Uralic *kurɜ ~ *korɜ, whence Northern Mansi хӯрыг (hūryg, “sack, pouch”).


ti-

>? Nganasan: тәуди (təudji), тәирси (təirsi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: чиҫь (čiš'), чидь (čid')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чиш (ćyiš), чиԓьш (ćyiłʹš)

Tundra Nenets: тись (tyisʹ°), тирць (tyircʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *tī-

Northern Selkup: ті̄мпыӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ти́лҗэгу (tílǯegu)

Mator: ти- (ti-)


ti-

Nganasan: чиимси (čiimsi)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тимзь (tyimzʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *tē-

Northern Selkup: тэ̄ӄо (tēqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тэ̄гу (tēgu), тэ́мгу (témgu)

Upper Ob: тиэббэгу (tiebbegu)

Kamassian: тхеʼзьәт (tʰeʔźət)

Koibal: тӓп- (täp-)


mur

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: мурˮ (mur)

Proto-Selkup: *mi̮r

Northern Selkup: мыр (myr)

Southern Selkup:

Ket: мыр (myr)

Mator: мур (mur)


wasa

Nganasan: баса (basa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: бяси (bjasi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: веша (wyeša)

Tundra Nenets: еся (yesya)

Proto-Selkup: *kwe̮sə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: база (baza)

Koibal: базе (baze)

Mator: бӓсӓ (bäsä), бесӓ (besä)


tij

Proto-Selkup: *tī

Northern Selkup: ті̄

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: тии (tii)

Nganasan: чиими (čiimi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чимя (ćyimya)

Tundra Nenets: тибя (tyibya)

Mator: тиме (time, “degree, extent”)


ket

Nganasan: сыˮ (sɨʔ)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: сиˮ (syiq)


nim

Nganasan: ним (njim)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ним (njim)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ним (nyim)

Tundra Nenets: нюмʼ (nyum)

Proto-Selkup: *nim

Northern Selkup: нім

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нэп (nep)

Upper Ob: ниэм (niem)

Kamassian: ним (nim)

Koibal: ним (nim)

Mator: ним (nim), нӱм (nüm)


men-

Nganasan: мынсы (mɨnsɨ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: миньш (myinʹš)

Tundra Nenets: минзь (myinzʹ°)

Kamassian: мәнзьәт (mənźət)


tepä

⇒ Nganasan: тыбыйкиа (tɨbɨjkia, “boy”)

Proto-Selkup: *tipə

Northern Selkup: тіпыль (“male”), тіпыня, тімня (“brother”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тэбня́ (tebnjá, “brother”)

Upper Ob: тэбэ (tebe, “husband”), тэмня (temnja, “brother”)

Kamassian: тхиби (tʰibi)

Mator: тихи (tihi)


soj

Enets:

Forest Enets: со (so)

Tundra Enets: со (so, sɔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шо (šo)

Tundra Nenets: сё (syo)

Proto-Selkup: *sōľ, *sōj

Northern Selkup: со̄ль (sōlj), со̄й (sōj)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: холь (xol’)

Upper Ob: суой (suoj), соой (sooj)

Kamassian: сой (soj)

Mator: сой (soj)


pä

Nganasan: хуаа (xuaa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: пе (pye)

Tundra Enets: пя (pya)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: пя (pya)

Forest Nenets: пя (pya)

Proto-Selkup: *pō (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: пха (pʰa)

Koibal: па


më

Nganasan: маа (maa)

Enets:

Tundra Enets: мииʼ (miiʔ)

Proto-Selkup: *mi̮ (“something”)

Northern Selkup: мы (my)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мы (my), мы̄ (mȳ)

Upper Ob: ма (ma), му (mu)

Kamassian: мо (mo), моʼ (moʔ, “why”)

⇒ Koibal: мола (mola, “why”)


so-

Enets:

Forest Enets: сочь (soč')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: хоʼш (xohš)

Tundra Nenets: соць (socʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *sōt-

Northern Selkup: со̄тӄо (sōtqo)

Kamassian: суʼзьәт (suʔźət)

Koibal: суʼб- (suʔb-)

Proto-Selkup: *sōqəl-

Northern Selkup: со̄ӄылӄо (sōqylqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: хо́ӷэлгу (xóģelgu)

Mator: согол- (sogol-)


so-

Enets:

Forest Enets: соҫь (soš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: хош (xoš)

Tundra Nenets: сось (sosʹ°)


u-

Proto-Selkup: *ū-

Northern Selkup: ӯӄо

Mator: у- (u-)


ku-

Proto-Selkup: *kutə (“who”)

Northern Selkup: куты (kuty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: код (kod), ӄод (qod)

Upper Ob: куда (kuda)

Kamassian: кхӱмен (kʰümen, “how much”)

Koibal: кудеган (kudegan, “where”), кумине (kumine, “how much”) [= ? кӱмине (kümine)]

Mator: кулгу (kulgu, “which”), кӱмнӓ (kümnä, “how much”)

Nganasan: куо (kuo, “how”)

Nenets:

desc

Forest Nenets: кудюм (kudyum, “which (of two)”)

Tundra Nenets: хуюмʼ (xuyum, “which (of two)”)

Proto-Selkup: *kuťə-

Northern Selkup: куччӓ (kuććä, “(to) where, whither”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: куча́ӷыт (kučáģyt, “where”), куча́д (kučád, “(to) where, whither”)

>? Kamassian: кхойәт (kʰojət, “how”)

Mator: куй (kuj, “(from) where, whence”)


nu-

⇒ Nganasan: нумәдя (numədja, “to wake”)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: нэҫь (neš')

>? Tundra Enets: нооше (nooše, nɔɔše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нуш (nuš)

Tundra Nenets: нусь (nusʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ni̮-

Northern Selkup: ныӈкыӄо (nyŋkyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ныӈгэгу́ (nyŋgegú)

Upper Ob: нэккэгу (nekkegu)

Kamassian: нузьәт (nuźət)

Koibal: ну- (nu-)


ke-

Nganasan: сылы (sɨlɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ҫе (še), ҫеэ (šee)

Tundra Enets: шио (šio, šiɔ)

Nenets:

>? Forest Nenets: кӣмя (kyīmya) (← *kïmä)

>? Tundra Nenets: хибя (xyibya) (← *kïmä)

Kamassian: шәндә (šəndə)

Koibal: сем (sem)

Mator: ким (kim)

From Proto-Uralic *ke. The resemblance with Proto-Turkic *kem is probably coincidental.


ar-

Nganasan: ӈарүˮүа (ŋarüʔüa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нару (naru)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няԓ (nyał)

Tundra Nenets: нярˮ (nyar)

Proto-Selkup: *ār-

Northern Selkup: ө̄рын (å̄ryn), ө̄рыт (å̄ryt)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: а́рыӄ (áryq), а́рыӈ (áryŋ)

Upper Ob: эарт (eart)

Kamassian: аруʼ (aruʔ)

Uncertain. Resembles Proto-Uralic *ärä- (“to hinder, obstruct”), but the vowels do not correspond.


ö

Nganasan: ӈуа (ŋua)

Enets:

Forest Enets: но (no)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нё (nyo)

Tundra Nenets: нё (nyo)

Proto-Selkup: *-ä (in *mātä, a compound with *māt (“house”))

Northern Selkup: мө̄та (må̄ta)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ма́да (máda)

Upper Ob: маада (maada)

Kamassian: айә (ajə)

Koibal: ай (aj)

Mator: ньо (ńo), но (no) (with prothetic n)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *owe, but the source of the front vocalism is unknown.


tar-

Nganasan: тарса (tarsa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: тɛчь (tɛč')

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тярць (tyarcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *tār-

Southern Selkup:

Narym: та̄ргу (tārgu)

Upper Ob: тааргу (taargu)

Kamassian: тхарзьәт (tʰarźət)

Koibal: тар- (tar-)

Mator: тӓр- (tär-)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Uralic *šure-, but the correspondence is irregular. Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Turkic *tar- (“to scatter”).


ka-

Nganasan: каӈгә (kaŋgə, “when”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: сԑук (sɛuk, “how much”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шахаӈ (šaxaŋ, “when”)

Tundra Nenets: сяхаʼ (syaxah, “when”)

>? Proto-Selkup: *qaj (“what”)

Northern Selkup: ӄай (qaj), ӄой (qoj)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄай (qaj)

Upper Ob: кай (kaj)

Kamassian: камән (kamən, “when”), кхәдәʼ (kʰədəʔ, “how”)

Koibal: камен (kamen, “when”), кадет (kadet, “how”)

Mator: каган (kagan, “when”)


jü

⇒ Nganasan: диӈи (djiŋi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дю (dju)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дю (dyu)

Tundra Nenets: ю (yu)

Kamassian: джӱ (ʒ́ü)

Koibal: джӱ (ǯü)

⇒ Mator: *чӧ (*čö) (in айнәджӧнда (ajnəǯönda, “joint of the foot (+GEN)”), a compound with ай (“foot”))


jä

Enets:

Forest Enets: де (dje)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: декуша (dyekuša)

Tundra Nenets: е (ye)

Proto-Selkup: *ťȫ

Northern Selkup: чӧ̄

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чве (čwje), чвэ (čwe)

Upper Ob: кіе

Kamassian: джӱ (ʒ́ü)

Koibal: джӧ (ǯö)

Mator: чӓ (čä)

Uncertain. Possibly related to Northern Khanty юх (juh) and Northern Mansi йив (jiv), both meaning ‘tree’. Further connections unknown.


sër

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Uralic *ćërke (“grey; white”), whence Proto-Samic *čuorkëtē (“grey”). Probably related to *sïrå (“snow”).


sër

Nganasan: сыр (sɨr)

Enets:

Forest Enets: сыʼ (siʔ), сыр (sir, “salt”)

Tundra Enets: сыʼ (siʔ), сыр (sir, “salt”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: хэԓ (xeł)

Tundra Nenets: сэ̇рˮ (sėr)

Proto-Selkup: *se̮rə (“white”)

Northern Selkup: сәры (səry)

Kamassian: сәри (səri, “white”)

Koibal: сири (siri, “white”)

⇒ Mator: сэрэт (se̮re̮t, “hail”)


mü

Enets:

Forest Enets: ми (mi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мю (myu)

Tundra Nenets: мю (myu)

Proto-Selkup: *mǖ (“hole”)

Northern Selkup: мӱ (mü)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мӱ (mü)

⇒ Mator: *мӱ (*mü) (in обму (obmu, “together”), a compound with *op (“one”))


lë

>? Nganasan: лаа (laa, “ring”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓы̆ (łĭ)

Tundra Nenets: лы (li)

Proto-Selkup: *le̮

Northern Selkup: лә (lə)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: лы (ly)

Upper Ob: ла (la), лы (ly)

Kamassian: ле (le)

Koibal: ле (le)

Mator: лэ (le̮)

Nganasan: латәә (latəə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: лызи (lizi)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: лэ̇ды (lėdi, “spine; skeleton”)

From Proto-Uralic *luwe. *ë is unexpected and may be an archaism.


cuk

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: тухудачи (tuhudači, “fly”)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: тухутавсу (tuxutawsu, “fly”)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: тохондабцо (toxondabco, “fly”)

Proto-Selkup: *čuk

Northern Selkup: тук (tuk)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чук (čuk)

Upper Ob: тук (tuk), шук (šuk)

qual

>? Kamassian: тхӱʼ (tʰüʔ, “flea”) (with contamination from *tüt (“shit, faeces”))

>? Koibal: *тӱк (*tük) (in казаптӱк (kazaptük, “flea”) [= ? казактӱк], a compound with казак (kazak, “Russian”))

Mator: тугу (tugu, “worm”)


nä

Nganasan: ны (nɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нэ (ne)

Tundra Enets: нэ (ne)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: не̄ (nyē)

Tundra Nenets: не (nye)

Proto-Selkup: *nä

⇒ Northern Selkup: нӓля (nälja), нӓя (näja, “daughter”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нэ (ne, “daughter”)

Upper Ob: ниэ (nie)

Kamassian: не (ne)

Koibal: не (ne)

Mator: не (ne), нӓ (nä)

Said to be from Proto-Uralic *niŋä, but the phonetic correspondence is irregular. Perhaps instead related to Proto-Finno-Ugric *näxe- (“to marry”), whence Finnish nainen (“woman”).


mən

Nganasan: мәнә (mənə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: модь (mod')

Tundra Enets: моди (modji, mɔdji)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мань (manʹ)

Tundra Nenets: мань (manʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *man

Northern Selkup: ман (man), мат (mat)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мат (mat)

Upper Ob: ман (man)

Kamassian: ман (man)

Koibal: мон (mon)

Mator: мән (mən)


jär

Nganasan: дерде (djerdje)

Enets:

desc

⇒ Forest Enets: дередь (djered', “to hit (a target)”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: де̄ԓ (dyēł)

Tundra Nenets: ерˮ (yer)

>? Proto-Selkup: *ťār- (← *jär-)

Northern Selkup: чө̄р (ćå̄r, “between”)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: чарэ (čare, “along”)

Kamassian: джер (ʒ́er)

Koibal: *джӓр (*ǯär) (in пинджӓр (pinǯär, “midnight”), a compound with пи (“night”))

Mator: чер (čer)


tüt

Proto-Selkup: *tüt

Northern Selkup: тӱт (tüt)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тӧт (töt), тӱт (tüt)

Upper Ob: тііт (tüüt)

Kamassian: тхӱʼ (tʰüʔ)


om-

Nganasan: ӈуомса (ŋuomsa)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: ӈодь (ŋod')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈомш (ŋomš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈомдась (ŋomdasʹ°)

Mator: омдə- (omdə-)


mi-

Nganasan: миси (misi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мичь (mič')

Tundra Enets: миче (miče)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: миʼш (myihš)

Tundra Nenets: миць (myicʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *mi-

Northern Selkup: миӄо (miqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мегу́ (mjegú), мигу́ (migú)

Upper Ob: мэгу (megu)

Kamassian: мәзьәт (məźət)

Koibal: ме- (me-)

Mator: ми- (mi-)


kë

Proto-Selkup: *ke̮

Northern Selkup: кә (kə)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: кат (kat), ӄат (qat)

Upper Ob: кие (kije)

Kamassian: кхә (kʰə)

Koibal: ка (ka)

⇒ Mator: кэху (ke̮hu), коху (kohu)

Uncertain. Compare Proto-Turkic *kïĺ and Proto-Yeniseian *gəte.


ta-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чӗӈ (ćĕŋ, “yesterday”)

Tundra Nenets: теняна (tyenyana, “yesterday”)

Nganasan: талу (talu), талуо (taluo)

Proto-Selkup: *tǟľ, *tǟlə-

Northern Selkup: тӓль. тӓ̄лы

Southern Selkup:

Narym: та́льҗел (tál’ǯjel)

Upper Ob: тиэлдэн (tielden)

Kamassian: тхалджен (tʰalʒ́en, “yesterday”)

Koibal: талин (talin, “yesterday”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чептаӈ (ćyeptaŋ, “tomorrow”)

Tundra Nenets: тебтаʼ (tyebtah, “tomorrow”)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāptəľ (“next, following”)

Northern Selkup: тө̄птыль (tå̄ptylj)

Koibal: таптаган (taptagan, “recently”)


ket-

⇒ Nganasan: сыты (sɨtɨ, “he, she, it”), сытыӈ (sɨtɨŋ, “they (pl.)”), сыті (sɨti, “they (du.)”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ҫи- (ši-), ҫит- (šit-), ҫиз- (šiz-)

Tundra Enets: ши- (ši-), шит- (šit-), шиз- (šiz-)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шиˮ- (šyiq-), шич- (šyić-)

Tundra Nenets: сиˮ- (syiq-), сит- (syit-), сид- (syid-)

Proto-Selkup: *ši-

Northern Selkup: шi- (ši-)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: шик (šik), шим (šim, “me”)

Upper Ob: сигу (sigu, “to do for oneself”)

From *ket (“shape, figure, appearance”), via an intermediate meaning ‘body’.


jür

Nganasan: дир (djir)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюʼ (djuʔ), дюр (djur)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дёԓ (dyoł)

Tundra Nenets: юрˮ (yur)

Proto-Selkup: *ür

Northern Selkup: ӱр (ür)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӧр (ör), ӱр (ür)

Upper Ob: йіор

Kamassian: джӱр (ʒ́ür)

Mator: чӱр (čür)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Turkic *ǖŕ.


jür

Nganasan: дир (djir)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюʼ (djuʔ), дюр (djur)

Tundra Enets: дюʼ (djuʔ), дюр (djur)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дёԓ (dyoł)

Tundra Nenets: юрˮ (yur)

Kamassian: джӱр (ʒ́ür)

Mator: чӱр (čür)


elä-

Nganasan: нилыди (njilɨdji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дириҫь (djiriš')

Tundra Enets: ирэше (ireše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: диԓеш (dyiłyeš)

Tundra Nenets: илесь (yilyesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ilə-

Northern Selkup: илыӄо (ilyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: элгу́ (elgú), илэгу́ (ilegú), иллэгу́ (illegú)

Upper Ob: йилэгу (jilegu)

Kamassian: *джилзьәт (*ʒ́ilźət) [as the gerund джили (ʒ́ili, “living”)]

Mator: *илә- (*ilə-) [as the present participle иләндӓ (iləndä, “living”)]


äjmä

Nganasan: неймы (njejmɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нээ (nee)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нӣбя (nyībya)

Kamassian: ньими (ńimi)

Koibal: неме (neme)

Mator: име (ime)

From Proto-Uralic *äjmä, with prothetic *n- in most descendants.


kür

Nganasan: кир (kir)

Kamassian: шӱр (šür, “worm”)

⇒ Koibal: сӱрӱсари (sürüsari)

⇒ Mator: кӱрӓрӓ (kürärä)


ko-

Enets:

Forest Enets: коҫь (koš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ко̄ш (kōš)

Tundra Nenets: хось (xosʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *qō-

Northern Selkup: ӄоӄо (qoqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄогу́ (qogú), когу́ (kogú)

Upper Ob: куогу (kuogu)

Kamassian: кхузьәт (kʰuźət)

Koibal: ку- (ku-)

Mator: ко- (ko-)


kän

Nganasan: сеӈ (sjeŋ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: сԑн (sɛn)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шеӈ (šyeŋ)

Tundra Nenets: сеʼ (syeh)

Proto-Selkup: *šän

Northern Selkup: шэн (šen)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: шат (šat)

Kamassian: шән (šən)

Koibal: сен (sen)

Uncertain. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Turkic *kï̄n.


pajmå

Nganasan: хуайму (huajmu), (18th century) faemu

Enets: pēʔ, (18th century) fê

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: пемаˮ (pĭemmŏə)

Tundra Nenets: пиваˮ (pyiwaq)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (pēm^ə)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: пӧ̄ (pȫ)

Ket: пӧ̄вӭ

Narym: пӧв (pöw)

Upper Ob: пиэу (pieu)

Koibal: пема

Mator: хима

From earlier *paľma, borrowed from Proto-Turkic *baĺmak (compare Turkish başmak).


jïntə

Nganasan: динтə (djintə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: иду (idu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈын (ŋin)

Tundra Nenets: ӈын (ŋin°)

Proto-Selkup: *i̮ntə

Northern Selkup: ынты (ynty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: энд (end)

Upper Ob: ідд (üdd)

Kamassian: инə (inə), йинə (jinə)

Koibal: ине (ine)

Mator: минди (mindi) (← *wïntə)

From Proto-Uralic *joŋse. Initial *j- is lost in all languages other than Nganasan, seemingly irregularly. Mator further points to a prothetic *w- of unknown origin.


aŋ

Nganasan: ӈаӈ (ŋaŋ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: наʼ (naʔ)

Tundra Enets: эʼ (eʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няӈ (nyaŋ)

Tundra Nenets: няʼ (nyah)

Proto-Selkup: *āŋ

Northern Selkup: ө̄ӈ (å̄ŋ)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: аӄ (aq), аӈ (aŋ)

Upper Ob: аанг (aang)

Kamassian: аӈ (aŋ)

Koibal: аӈ (aŋ)

Mator: ӓӈ (äŋ)


koəjə

Nganasan: куоде (kuodje)

Enets:

Forest Enets: кой (koj, “tundra”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: кой (koy)

Tundra Nenets: хой (xoy°)

>? Proto-Selkup: *qe̮ (perhaps, or from Proto-Yeniseian *qäʔj)

Northern Selkup: ӄә (qə)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄэ (qe)

Upper Ob: кіэ (küe), кі (kü)

→? Proto-Turkic: *k(i)aya

Uncertain. Possibly related to Hungarian hegy.


korå

Nganasan: куру (kuru)

Enets:

Forest Enets: кора (kora)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: коԓа (koła)

Tundra Nenets: хора (xora)

Proto-Selkup: *qōrə

Northern Selkup: ӄо̄ры (qōry)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: кор (kor)

Upper Ob: коор (koor)

Kamassian: кхора (kʰora)

→? Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan: *qora (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *oran (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Uralic *kojera (“male animal”).


näk-

Nganasan: нягиˮтәсы (njagiʔtəsɨ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нэхэʼпёш (nexehpyoš)

Tundra Nenets: нэ̇хэсь (nėxesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *näk-

Northern Selkup: нӓкӓӄо (näkäqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: наге́ҷэгу, нагэ́ҷэгу, нӓгэ́ҷэгу

Upper Ob: някджэгу (njakdžegu)

Kamassian: ньеʼзьәт (ńeʔźət)

Koibal: неʼ- (neʔ-)


ërö

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈэ̇рё (ŋėryo)

Proto-Selkup: *e̮ra (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: ере (ere)

Koibal: ире (ire)

Mator: ӧрӧх (öröh)

From Proto-Uralic *ëde (“year”). Has also been compared with Proto-Permic *ar, but the correspondence is irregular.


enä

Nganasan: нины (njinɨ)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нинека (nyinyeka)

Proto-Selkup: *inə

Southern Selkup:

Narym: э́нека (énjeka), э́нэка (éneka, “grandfather”)


kətå

Nganasan: кәту (kətu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: коза (koza)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: кӑта (kăta)

Tundra Nenets: хӑда (xăda)

Proto-Selkup: *qatə, *qačə

Northern Selkup: ӄаты (qaty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: кад (kad), ӄад (qad)

Upper Ob: каж (kaž), кажэ (kaže)

Kamassian: кхада (kʰada)

Koibal: кода (koda)

Mator: када (kada)

Uncertain. Earlier often taken as a reflex of Proto-Uralic *künče, but the sound correspondences are mostly irregular (the words only share *k- and possibly *-č-).


tər

Enets:

Forest Enets: тор (tor)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: таԓ (tał)

Tundra Nenets: тӑрˮ (tăr)

Proto-Selkup: *tar

Northern Selkup: тар (tar)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тар (tar)

Upper Ob: тар (tar)

Kamassian: тхәр (tʰər)

Koibal: тар (tar)

Mator: тер (ter)


nul-

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: нэруҫь (neruš')

>? Tundra Enets: ноороше (nooroše, nɔɔroše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нуԓаш (nułaš)

Tundra Nenets: нулць (nulcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ni̮lejə-

Northern Selkup: ныллэ̄ӄо (nyllēqo)

Kamassian: нулаʼзьәт (nulaʔźət)


utə

Nganasan: ӈутə (ŋutə)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈут (ŋut)

Tundra Nenets: ӈуˮ (ŋuq)


kərə

Enets:

Forest Enets: кору (koru)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: каԓ (kał)

Tundra Nenets: хар (xar°)

Mator: курух (kuruh)


kuj

Nganasan: күй (küj)

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: кузи (kuzi)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ку (ku)

⇒? Kamassian: кхуйгу (kʰujgu)


təpə

>? Nganasan: тәхуо (təxuo, “residue”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: тоб (tob, “sand”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: тап (tap)

Tundra Nenets: тӑб (tăb°, “sand”)

Mator: таха (taha)


tə

Nganasan: тәті (təti), тәтірә (tətirə, “this”), тәә (təə, “that”), тә (tə, “well, so”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: тоʼ (toʔ, tɔʔ, “well, so”)

Tundra Enets: тоʼ (toʔ, tɔʔ, “there”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: тамна (tamna, “still”)

Tundra Nenets: тӑмна (tămna, “still”)

Proto-Selkup: *tam (“this”)

Northern Selkup: там (tam), тап (tap)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тав (taw)

Upper Ob: тау (tau)

Kamassian: дә (də, “that; he, she”)

Koibal: де (de, “that; he, she”)

>? Mator: ти (ti), тин (tin, “that; he, she”) (perhaps, otherwise from *ti)

From Proto-Uralic *tä, with an irregular reduction of the vowel. Possibly a doublet of *ti.


kuŋ

Enets:

Forest Enets: куʼ (kuʔ)

Tundra Enets: куʼ (kuʔ)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: хуʼ (xuh)

>? Proto-Selkup: *kū

Northern Selkup: ку (ku)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ку (ku), ӄу (qu)

Upper Ob: куу (kuu)

Mator: куӈа (kuŋa)


cåŋå-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: таӈаԓāш (taŋałāš)

Tundra Nenets: таӈась (taŋasʹ°)

From Proto-Uralic *čaŋa- (“to strike, beat, rub”).


cåŋo-

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: таӈось (taŋosʹ°)

Kamassian: тхаӈозьәт (tʰaŋoźət)


jä-

Nganasan: дебы (djebɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дедзи (djedzi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: денят (dyenyat)

Tundra Nenets: еняд (yenyad°)

>? Kamassian: дже (ʒ́e, “root”)


nir

Nganasan: нир (njir)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ниʼ (njiʔ), нир (njir)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ниԓ (nyił)

Tundra Nenets: нирˮ (nyir)

Proto-Selkup: *nir

Northern Selkup: нір

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нэр (ner)

Upper Ob: нер (njer)

Kamassian: ньирже (ńirže)


seŋ

Nganasan: сыӈ (sɨŋ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шиӈ (šyiŋ)

Tundra Nenets: сиʼ (syih)

>? Proto-Selkup: *säŋä (“corner, nook”)

Northern Selkup: сäӈä (säŋä)

Kamassian: сәӈ (səŋ)


uj

Nganasan: ӈүй (ŋüj)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: ӈузу (ŋuzu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈу (ŋu)

Tundra Nenets: ӈу (ŋu)


ńa

Nganasan: ня (nja)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ня (nya)

Tundra Nenets: ня (nya)

Proto-Selkup: *ńā

desc

Northern Selkup: неньня (njenjnja, “sister”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: няня́ (njanjá), нення́ (njennjá, “sister”)

Upper Ob: ня (nja, “friend”), наня (nanja, “sister”)

Mator: *ӓ (*ä) (as амъ, эмъ, +1SG possessive)


ë-

From Proto-Uralic *jëxe-. The loss of initial *j- is unexpected, but a similar development is also seen in *jïntə (“bow”).


ü-

Proto-Selkup: *ǖ-

Northern Selkup: ӱ̄ӄо (ǖqo)

From Proto-Uralic *wixe- (“to bring, take somewhere”), with an irregular loss of intitial *w-.


kur-

Nganasan: курәди (kurədji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: курсе (kurse)

Tundra Enets: курой (kuroj), курео (kureo, kureɔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: куԓка (kułka)

Tundra Nenets: хурка (xurka)


tən

Nganasan: тәнә (tənə)

Enets:

Tundra Enets: тоди (todji, tɔdji)

Proto-Selkup: *tan

Northern Selkup: тан (tan), тат (tat)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тат (tat)

Upper Ob: тан (tan)

Kamassian: тхан (tʰan)

Koibal: тан (tan)

Mator: тән (tən)


səjmä

Nganasan: сеймы (sjejmɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: сэй (sej)

Tundra Enets: сэи (sei)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: хӭм (xäm)

Tundra Nenets: сэв (sew°)

Proto-Selkup: *sajə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: сима (sima)

Koibal: сима (sima)

Mator: симе (sime)


wüt

Nganasan: бииˮ (biiʔ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: биуʼ (biuʔ), биʼ (biʔ)

Tundra Enets: биуʼ (biuʔ), биʼ (biʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюˮ (dyuq)

Tundra Nenets: юˮ (yuq)

Proto-Selkup: *kȫt

Northern Selkup: кӧт (köt), кӧн (kön)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: кӧт (köt)

Upper Ob: кіод (küod)

Kamassian: бйәʼ (bjəʔ)

Koibal: бет (bet)

Mator: чӱт (čüt), чӱʼн (čüʔn)


ńåmå

Nganasan: нөму (nömu)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нява (nyawa)

Proto-Selkup: *ńoma

Northern Selkup: нёма (njoma)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нева́ (njewá)


sijə

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: туҫа (tuša) (a compound with ту (tu, “fire”))

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шйй (šĭy)

Proto-Selkup: *sīťə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: сиʼ (siʔ)

Mator: ки (ki)


kitä

Nganasan: ситі (siti)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ҫизи (šizi)

Tundra Enets: шизе (šize)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шича (šyića)

Tundra Nenets: сидя (syidya)

Proto-Selkup: *šitə

Northern Selkup: шитты (šitty), ситты (sitty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: шэд (šed), шэдэ́ӷ (šedéģ)

Upper Ob: сэдааг (sedaag)

Kamassian: шиде (šide)

Koibal: сида (sida)

Mator: киде (kide)

Probably from Proto-Uralic *käktä, although the first vowel is irregular.


käəj

Nganasan: сиәде (siədje)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ше (šye)

Proto-Selkup: *šē

Northern Selkup: ше̄ (šjē)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: шэ (še)

Upper Ob: сие (sije)

Kamassian: шекә (šekə)

Koibal: сека (seka)

Mator: кей (kej), кäй (käj)


kïj

Nganasan: кичез̌әә (kičjeðəə)

Kamassian: кхи (kʰi)

Koibal: кий (kij)

Mator: киштит (kištit), киштиʼн (kištiʔn)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Uralic *kuŋe, but the correspondence is irregular.


wën

Nganasan: баӈ (baŋ)

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: бунки (bunki), бунык (bunik)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: вэн (wen)

Tundra Nenets: вэ̇ʼ (wėh)

⇒ Proto-Selkup: *kanaŋ (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: мен (men)

Koibal: мӓн (män)

Mator: бэн (be̮n)


nakur

Nganasan: нагүр (nagür)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нэхуʼ (nehuʔ)

Tundra Enets: нэхоʼ (nehoʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няхаԓ (nyaxał)

Tundra Nenets: няхарˮ (nyaxar)

Proto-Selkup: *nāqər

Northern Selkup: нө̄кыр (nå̄kyr)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: на́гур (nágur)

Upper Ob: ноагур (noagur)

Kamassian: нагур (nagur)

Koibal: нагор (nagor)

Mator: нагур (nagur)


səmpəläŋkə

Nganasan: сәӈхәляӈкә (səŋxəljaŋkə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: собриг (sobrig)

desc

Tundra Enets: соборего (soborego, sɔborego)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: хампԓяӈк (xampłyaŋk)

Tundra Nenets: сӑмляӈг (sămlyaŋg°)

Proto-Selkup: *sompəla, *sompəlakə

Northern Selkup: сомпыла (sompyla)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: хомбла́ (xomblá)

Upper Ob: собблаг (sobblag)

Kamassian: сумна (sumna)

Koibal: сумула (sumula)

Mator: сӱмбӱлӓ (sümbülä), сӱмблӓ (sümblä)


məktut

Nganasan: мәтүˮ (mətüʔ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мотуʼ (motuʔ, mɔtuʔ), моту (motu, mɔtu)

Tundra Enets: мотуʼ (motuʔ, mɔtuʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мӑʼт (măht)

Tundra Nenets: мӑтˮ (măt)

Proto-Selkup: *muktət

Northern Selkup: муктыт (muktyt), муктын (muktyn)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: му́ктэт (múktet), му́хтэт (múxtet), му́фтэт (múftet)

Upper Ob: муктэ (mukte)

Kamassian: муктуʼ (muktuʔ)

Koibal: муктут (muktut)

Mator: муктут (muktut), муктуʼн (muktuʔn)


kåw

Nganasan: коу (kou)

Enets:

Forest Enets: коо (koo)

Tundra Enets: куу (kuu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ка (ka)

Tundra Nenets: ха (xa)

Proto-Selkup: *qō

Northern Selkup: ӄо̄ (qō)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄо̄ (qō)

Upper Ob: куо (kuo)

Kamassian: кху (kʰu)

Koibal: ку (ku)

Mator: кух (kuh)

Uncertain. Possibly related to Proto-Finnic *korva (“ear”).


juntå

Nganasan: дюндүа (djundüa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюда (djuda)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: юно (yuno)

Proto-Selkup: *ťuntə

Northern Selkup: чунты (ćunty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чунд (čund)

Upper Ob: кідд (küdd)

Kamassian: ине (ine)

Koibal: ине (ine)

Mator: ньунда (ńunda), нунда (nunda)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Turkic *yunt (“horse, mare”).
Compare Old Turkic 𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱃 (y¹un¹t¹).


wåc

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ват (wat)

Tundra Nenets: ваˮ (waq)

>? Proto-Selkup: *qwaččə (“town”) (or borrowed from Proto-Khanty *wāč)

Northern Selkup: ӄә̄тты

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄваҷ

Upper Ob: куаш (kuaš)


kuləjə

⇒ Nganasan: кулаˮа (kulaʔa)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: куԓы (kułi)

Tundra Nenets: хулы (xuli)

Proto-Selkup: *kulä

Northern Selkup: кӱлӓ (külä)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: куле́ (kuljé)

Upper Ob: кулэ (kule)

Kamassian: кхули (kʰuli), кхӱли (kʰüli)

Koibal: куле (kule)


ńëj

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: туни (tunji, “gun”) (a compound with ту (tu, “fire”))

Nenets:

⇒ Tundra Nenets: туни (tunyi, “gun”) (a compound with ту (tu, “fire”))

Kamassian: ньа (ńa, “bullet”)

Koibal: не (ne)

Mator: ньей (ńej), ней (nej)


wər-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ваԓны (wałni), ваԓнэ (wałne)

Tundra Nenets: варӈэ (warŋe)

Proto-Selkup: *kwe̮rä

Northern Selkup: кәрӓ (kərä)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: квэ́ре (kwérje)

Upper Ob: куэре (kuerje)

Kamassian: бари (bari)

Koibal: баре (bare)

Mator: бере (bere)


tättə

Nganasan: четә (čjetə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: тԑт (tɛt)

Tundra Enets: тэто (teto)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чеʼт (ćyeht)

Tundra Nenets: тет (tyet°)

Proto-Selkup: *tēttə

Northern Selkup: тэ̄тты (tētty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тэт (tet), тэтт (tett)

Upper Ob: тиэтт (tiett)

Kamassian: тхеʼдә (tʰeʔdə)

Koibal: таде (tade)

Mator: тейте (tejte)


årə

Enets:

Forest Enets: ар (ar)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: ӈаԓамш (ŋałamš, “to become big, enlarge; to mature; to brag, boast”)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: ӈарӑмзь (ŋarămzʹ°, “to become big, enlarge; to increase”)


årkå

Enets:

Forest Enets: ага (aga)

Tundra Enets: ага (aga)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈаԓка (ŋałka)

Tundra Nenets: ӈарка (ŋarka)

Proto-Selkup: *warqə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: урго (urgo)

Koibal: урга (urga)

Mator: орго (orgo)


kålä

Nganasan: колы (kolɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: кари (kari)

Tundra Enets: каре (kare)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ка̄ԓя (kāłya)

Tundra Nenets: халя (xalya)

Proto-Selkup: *qwe̮lə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: кхола (kʰola)

Koibal: кола (kola)

Mator: келе (kele), кӓлӓ (kälä)


ńåə-

Nganasan: нөньдетәса (nönʹdjetəsa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: насуҫь (nasuš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нянсӑш (nyansăš)

Tundra Nenets: нянзӑсь (nyanzăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńū-

Northern Selkup: ню̄ӄо (njūqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нӱ́голгу (nǘgolgu)

Upper Ob: нюугллэгу (njuugllegu)

Kamassian: нӱзьәт (nüźət)


mentä-

Nganasan: мындысы (mɨndɨsɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мидеҫь (midješ')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: минеш (myinyeš)

Tundra Nenets: минесь (myinyesʹ°)

Kamassian: мәнәзьәт (mənəźət, “to drive, compel”)

Koibal: менин- (menin-, “to drive, compel”)

From *men- (“to go”), from Proto-Uralic *mene-.


pirkä

Nganasan: хирәгәә (xirəgəə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: пизԑ, пи́зи

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: пиԓьша (pyiłʹša)

Tundra Nenets: пирця (pyircya)

Proto-Selkup: *pirkǝ

Northern Selkup: пиркый (pirkyj), пирӄы (pirqy), пирӄыль (pirqylj)

Southern Selkup:

Narym Selkup: пырӷ (pyrģ)

Chulym Selkup: піэрг

Kamassian: пхӱрже (pʰürže)

Koibal: прицэ

Mator: пыргэ


ju-

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюҫь (djuš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюш (dyuš)

Tundra Nenets: юсь (yusʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťū-

Northern Selkup: чуӄо (ćuqo)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: чугу (čugu)

Ket: тюгу (tjugu)

Kamassian: джӱзьәт (ʒ́üźət)


wərkə

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: богля (boglja)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: вӑрк (wărk°)

Proto-Selkup: *qorqə, *qwe̮rqə

Northern Selkup: ӄорӄы (qorqy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄорӷ (qorģ)

Upper Ob: куэрх (kuerx)

Likely borrowed from an Iranian language, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *wŕ̥kah (“wolf”).


ńimsä

Proto-Selkup: *ńipsə

Southern Selkup:

Narym: неб (njeb)

Upper Ob: непс (njeps)

From Proto-Uralic *ńimśä. Although quite transparently a derivative of *ńim- (“to suck”), this derivation may have taken place already in Proto-Uralic. Compare Finnish nisä and Northern Sami njižži.


säjə

Nganasan: сәә (səə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: сԑй (sɛj)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: шей (šyey)

Tundra Nenets: сей (syey°)

Proto-Selkup: *sīťə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: сий (sij), сӱй (süj)

Koibal: сей (sej)

Mator: кейе (keje)


jəkə-

Nganasan: декәди (djekədji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёхаҫь (djohaš')

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: яхӑсь (yaxăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťaqə-

Northern Selkup: чаӄыӄо (ćaqyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: тягэгу (tjagegu)

Kamassian: джәгарзьәт (ʒ́əgarźət)

Mator: чагә- (čagə-)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *jëka- (“to share, to divide”), although the vowels do not correspond (PU *ë → PSam *ë or *ï, not *ə).


sälä-

Nganasan: селиди (sjelidji)

Enets:

desc

⇒ Forest Enets: сэруси (serusi, “file (tool)”)

Nenets:

>? Tundra Nenets: силпӑсь (syilpăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *selə-

Northern Selkup: селымпыӄо (sjelympyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: хэлгу́ (xelgú)

Upper Ob: сэллэгу (sellegu)

Kamassian: селзьәт (selźət)


wåtwə

Nganasan: бәбә (bəbə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: баа (baa)

Tundra Enets: баʼа (baʔa)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ваˮав (waqaw)

Tundra Nenets: ваˮӑв (waqăw°)

>? Proto-Selkup: *kōptə

Northern Selkup: копты (kopty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄопт (qopt)

Upper Ob: куопт (kuopt, “ski mount”)

>? Kamassian: бапху (bapʰu)


jalä

Nganasan: дялы (djalɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дери (djeri)

Tundra Enets: дере (djere)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дяԓя (dyałya)

Tundra Nenets: яля (yalya)

Proto-Selkup: *ťēlə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: джала (ʒ́ala)

Koibal: джала (ǯala)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Samic *jealëkkës (“clear (of the sky)”), but the first vowel does not correspond. Alternatively, perhaps related to Proto-Turkic *yal- (“to burn, blaze”).


mäj-

Nganasan: мейси (mjejsi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мяҫь (mjaš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: меш (myeš)

Tundra Nenets: мись (myisʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *mē- (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Uralic *meke-, whence Hungarian mű (“work, product”).


ïnəpə

Nganasan: ӈинəбə (ŋinəbə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: инобо (inobo)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈынаб (ŋinab°)

Kamassian: әмби (əmbi), әмбӱ (əmbü)

⇒ Koibal: *имбе (*imbe) (as имдетъ [= ? имбетъ], +3SG possessive)

⇒ Mator: *иних- (*inih-) (as иникемъ, +1SG possessive)


asəl-

Proto-Selkup: *āsəl-

Northern Selkup: ө̄сылӄо (å̄sylqo)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: асэлгу (aselgu)

Kamassian: азәʼзьәт (azəʔźət)

Koibal: азиб- (azib-)


åjtå-

Nganasan: ӈучудя (ŋučudja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: эзтаҫь (eztaš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈайтаԓаш (ŋaytałaš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэдарась (ŋedarasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ǖtə-

Northern Selkup: ӱ̄тыӄо (ǖtyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱ́дэгу (ǘdegu), ӱ́догу (ǘdogu)

Upper Ob: іідэгу

Kamassian: ӱʼзьәт (üʔźət)

Koibal: от- (ot-) [= ? ӧт- (öt-)]

Mator: аштә- (aštə-)

Perhaps from Proto-Uralic *aja- (“to drive”).


åjå

Enets:

Forest Enets: ая (aja)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈадя (ŋadya)

Tundra Nenets: ӈая (ŋaya)

Proto-Selkup: *waťə

Northern Selkup: вәчы (wəčy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ваҗь (waǯ’)

Upper Ob: уаде (uadje)

Kamassian: уйа (uja)

Koibal: уйа (uja)

From Proto-Uralic *oďa (“wet; raw”). Cognate with Proto-Permic *uľ. The original sense is found in the derivative *åjəpåjə (see below).


åjəpåjə

Enets:

Forest Enets: аибь (aib')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈадяпы (ŋadyapi)

Tundra Nenets: ӈая̆бэй (ŋayăbey°)

Proto-Selkup: *waťəpəľ

Southern Selkup:

Tym: ваҗебл (waǯjebl)

>? Mator: ойобту (ojobtu)


åjwå

Nganasan: ӈойбуо (ŋojbuo)

Enets:

Forest Enets: эба (eba)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈайва (ŋaywa)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэва (ŋewa)

Mator: айба (ajba)


åmtə-

Nganasan: ӈомтәдя (ŋomtədja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: адуҫь (aduš')

Tundra Enets: адуше (aduše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈамтӑш (ŋamtăš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈамдӑсь (ŋamdăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *omtə- (“to sit down”), *āmtə- (“to sit”)

Northern Selkup: омтыӄо (omtyqo), ө̄мтыӄо (å̄mtyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: омдэгу́ (omdegú), āмдэгу (āmdegu)

Upper Ob: обдэгу (obdegu), эабдэгу (eabdegu)

Kamassian: амнәзьәт (amnəźət)

Koibal: амна- (amna-)

Mator: амдә- (amdə-)


aŋəwə

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ниӈу (nyiŋu)

Tundra Nenets: няӈу (nyaŋu)

Proto-Selkup: *awoľ

Northern Selkup: ө̄ӄылә (å̄qylə)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: а̄ӄӄалы (āqqaly)

Upper Ob: акай (akaj)

Kamassian: оӈой (oŋoj)

Koibal: оӈой (oŋoj)

Mator: ӧӈӧй (öŋöj), ӧӈӱй (öŋüj)


aŋkɜ-

Enets:

Forest Enets: нагичь (nagič')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няӈкэˮԓьш (nyaŋkeqłʹš)

Tundra Nenets: няӈгэрць (nyaŋgercʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *āŋkə-

Northern Selkup: ө̄ӈкыӄо (å̄ŋkyqo)


ïńə

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈый (ŋiy°)

Proto-Selkup: *ī̮ńə

Northern Selkup: ы̄ньы (ȳnjy)


ëptə

Nganasan: ӈабтә (ŋabtə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: иту (itu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈэпт (ŋept)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэбт (ŋebt°)

Proto-Selkup: *optə

Northern Selkup: о̄пты (ōpty)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: обт (obt)

Kamassian: еʼбтә (eʔbtə)

Koibal: абде (abde)

Mator: эбтэ (e̮bte̮)


ïlə

Nganasan: ӈиле (ŋilje)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ирон (iron)

Tundra Enets: иронэ (irone)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈылʼ (ŋilh), ӈыԓна (ŋiłna)

Tundra Nenets: ӈылʼ (ŋil), ӈылна (ŋilna)

Proto-Selkup: *i̮l

Northern Selkup: ыл (yl)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ыл (yl)

Upper Ob: йил (jil)

Kamassian: йилдә (jildə)


əm-

Enets:

Forest Enets: обу (obu, ɔbu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈамы (ŋami)

Tundra Nenets: ӈамгэ (ŋamge)

>? Kamassian: әмби (əmbi)

⇒ Mator: *ам- (*am-) (in амган (amgan, “why”), амочи (amoči, “whatever”))

Uncertain. Perhaps related in some way to synonymous *më.


əm-

Nganasan: ӈәмса (ŋəmsa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: одь (od', ɔd')

Tundra Enets: оде (odje, ɔdje)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈамш (ŋamš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈӑмзь (ŋămzʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *am-

Northern Selkup: амӄо (amqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: амгу́ (amgú)

Upper Ob: амгу (amgu)

Kamassian: амзьәт (amźət)

Koibal: ам- (am-)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Uralic *ime- (“to suck”), but the Nganasan and Nenets data point to a back vocalic *ǝ̑ instead of the expected front vocalic *ə̈.


əmor-

Nganasan: ӈәмурса (ŋəmursa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: оочь (ooč')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈамоԓьш (ŋamołʹš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈӑворць (ŋăworcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *amər-

Northern Selkup: амырӄо (amyrqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: авэргу́ (awergú)

Upper Ob: аургу (aurgu), ауаргу (auargu)

Kamassian: аморзьәт (amorźət)

Mator: омор- (omor-)


əmså

Nganasan: ӈәмсу (ŋəmsu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: оса (osa, ɔsa)

Tundra Enets: удя (udja)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈамса (ŋamsa)

Tundra Nenets: ӈӑмза (ŋămza)

Proto-Selkup: *apsə

Northern Selkup: апсы (apsy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: абс (abs), апс (aps)

Mator: амса (amsa), абса (absa)


əntoj

Nganasan: ӈәндуй (ŋənduj)

Enets:

Forest Enets: оду (odu, ɔdu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈану (ŋanu)

Tundra Nenets: ӈано (ŋano)

Proto-Selkup: *antə

Northern Selkup: анты (anty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: анд (and)

Upper Ob: адд (add)

Kamassian: еньи (eńi)

Koibal: ане (ane)

Mator: ондой (ondoj)


əptə

Enets:

Forest Enets: от (ot, ɔt)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈабт (ŋabt°)

Proto-Selkup: *aptə

Northern Selkup: апты (apty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: апт (apt)

Upper Ob: абт (abt)


əptɜ-

Enets:

Forest Enets: отэчь (oteč', ɔteč')

Tundra Enets: оптэче (opteče, ɔpteče)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈабтесь (ŋabtyesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *aptə-

Northern Selkup: аптыӄо (aptyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: апті́гу, аптэгу́ (aptegú)

Koibal: обдо- (obdo-)


ətɜ-

Nganasan: ӈәтәдя (ŋətədja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: озиҫь (oziš', ɔziš')

Tundra Enets: озише (oziše, ɔziše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈычаш (ŋićaš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈадя̆сь (ŋadyăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *atə-

Northern Selkup: атыӄо (atyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: адэгу́ (adegú)

Upper Ob: атугу (atugu)

Kamassian: әдзьәт (ədźət)

Mator: адә- (adə-)


ətɜm-

Nganasan: ӈәтумсы (ŋətumsɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: озидь (ozid', ɔzid')

Tundra Enets: озиде (ozidje, ɔzidje)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈычимш (ŋićyimš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈадимзь (ŋadyimzʹ°)

Koibal: идим- (idim-)

Mator: адәм- (adəm-)


ətsɜ

Enets:

Forest Enets: эчи (eči)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: ӈашки (ŋaškyi)

Tundra Nenets: ӈаць (ŋacʹ°)

Kamassian: еши (eši)

Koibal: асе (ase)

Mator: ичи (iči)


amtə

Nganasan: ӈамтә (ŋamtə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: наду (nadu)

Tundra Enets: эдо (edo)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нямт (nyamt)

Tundra Nenets: нямд (nyamd°)

Proto-Selkup: *āmtə

Northern Selkup: ө̄мты (å̄mty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: амд (amd)

Upper Ob: эабд (eabd)

Kamassian: амно (amno)

Koibal: амна (amna)

Mator: ӓмдӓ (ämdä)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Khanty *āŋət and Proto-Mansi *ī̮ńtə, but the phonetic correspondence between all three is irregular.


aŋtə

>? Nganasan: ӈаче (ŋačje)

Enets:

Forest Enets: наду (nadu)

Nenets:

desc

⇒? Forest Nenets: нямʼта (nyamhta, “sharp”) (with contamination from *amtə)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: няндота (nyandota, “sharp”)

Proto-Selkup: *āŋtə

Northern Selkup: ө̄ӈты (å̄ŋty)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: эангдэ (eangde)

Kamassian: аӈ (aŋ)

Mator: ӓндӓ (ändä)

Uncertain. Resembles Ugric words for spear (Northern Mansi овта (ovta)) and rib (Northern Mansi оӈтил (oňtil)), but none regularly correspond with the Samoyedic term.


äjsä

Nganasan: десы (djesɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: эси (esi)

Tundra Enets: эсэ (ese)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: неша (nyeša)

Tundra Nenets: нӣся (nyīsya)

Proto-Selkup: *e̮sə

Northern Selkup: әсы (əsy)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: эз (ez)


ämä

Nganasan: немы (njemɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: э (e)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: немя (nyemya)

Tundra Nenets: небя (nyebya)

Proto-Selkup: *e̮mə

Northern Selkup: әмы (əmy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ав (aw)

Upper Ob: ауа (aua), эу (eu), йэу (jeu)

Mator: ӓмӓ (ämä), имӓ- (imä-) (with possessive suffixes)

From Proto-Uralic *emä, with an irregular assimilation of the first vowel. The Mator possessed stem may reflect the original form.


åəj-

Nganasan: ӈуоˮ (ŋuoʔ)(imperative)

Enets:

Forest Enets: эҫь (eš', ɛš')

Tundra Enets: аше (aše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈӭш (ŋäš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэсь (ŋesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ē-

Northern Selkup: э̄ӄо (ēqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: э̄гу (ēgu)

Upper Ob: йегу (jjegu)

⇒ Kamassian: игезьәт (igeźət)

Koibal: и- (i-)

Mator: ӓй- (äj-)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *wole-. The loss of initial *w- is unexpected, but a similar development is also seen in *ü- (“to drag, pull”) (← Proto-Uralic *wixe-) and possibly *i- (“to take”) (? ← Proto-Uralic *wexe-).


åj

Nganasan: ӈой (ŋoj)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈӭ (ŋä), ӈӑй (ŋăy)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэ (ŋe)

Kamassian: ӱйӱ (üjü)

Mator: ай (aj)


ånɜ

Nganasan: ӈонәә (ŋonəə, “yet, still; more”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ани (anji), ань (an', “and; again”)

Tundra Enets: ане’ (anjeʔ, “and; again”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈани (ŋanyi)

Proto-Selkup: *wanəľ

Northern Selkup: вәныль (wənylj)


åncu

Nganasan: ӈомту (ŋomtu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: аду (adu)

Proto-Selkup: *unčə

Northern Selkup: унты (unty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: унҗ (unǯ)

Upper Ob: удж (udž)

Kamassian: ӱнӱ (ünü)

Koibal: унӧ (unö) [? = ӱнӧ (ünö)]

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Mordvinic *unža (“beetle”), but both the difference in meaning and the isolation of the latter term invite caution.


amäj

Nganasan: ӈамиай (ŋamiaj)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: накую (nakuju), наакую (naakuju)

Nenets:

>? Forest Nenets: ӈими (ŋyimyi)

Tundra Nenets: няби (nyabyi)

Proto-Selkup: *āmə

Northern Selkup: ө̄мы (å̄my, “some, certain”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: áвна (áwna)

Upper Ob: эау (eau)

Kamassian: ами (ami)

Mator: ӓмӓ (ämä, “foreign, strange”), ӓми (ämi, “yet, still; more”)


amäjtɜmə

Nganasan: ӈамиайчумә (ŋamiajčumə)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: нэсаа (nesaa), нэзаа (nezaa)

>? Tundra Enets: ээсаа (eesaa)

Kamassian: амитхун (amitʰun)


aŋwå

Nganasan: ӈамбу (ŋambu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нома (noma, nɔma)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нева (nyewa)

Tundra Nenets: нема (nyema)

Proto-Selkup: *āŋkə

Northern Selkup: ө̄ӈкы (å̄ŋky)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: аӈӷ (aŋģ)

Upper Ob: iанг (iang), эанг (eang)

>? Kamassian: алма (alma)

Mator: ӓӈмӓ (äŋmä)


åŋå

Nganasan: ӈаӈуоде (ŋaŋuodje)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈаˮӈу (ŋaqŋu)

Tundra Nenets: ӈаˮӈо (ŋaqŋo)

Proto-Selkup: *ū

Northern Selkup: ӯ

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӯ (ū)

Upper Ob: уу (uu)

Kamassian: уӈа (uŋa)

Mator: оӈо (oŋo)

From Proto-Uralic *aŋɜ. Compare Northern Mansi а̄ӈха (āňha, “partridge”).


ïtå-

Nganasan: ӈиз̌итәсы (ŋiðitəsɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: изаҫь (izaš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈытыш (ŋitiš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈыдась (ŋidasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ī̮tə-

Northern Selkup: ы̄тыӄо (ȳtyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: эдэгу́ (edegú), эдэмгу́ (edemgú)

Upper Ob: итэгу (itegu)

Kamassian: едзьəт (edźət)

Koibal: ад- (ad-)

Mator: идə- (idə-)


ïtö-

Nganasan: ӈүз̌иаса (ŋüðiasa), ӈүз̌үаса (ŋüðüasa)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈычош (ŋićoš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈыдёсь (ŋidyosʹ°)

Kamassian: едӱзьəт (edüźət)


ëso-

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: уса (usa, “village”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈысуш (ŋisuš)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэ̇сось (ŋėsosʹ°)

From Proto-Uralic *ëśew-, the passive of *ëśe-.


anå-

desc

⇒ Nganasan: ӈануз̌у (ŋanuðu, “noticeable”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ԑназдаҫь (ɛnazdaš')

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: ненату (nyenatu, “noticeable”)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: ненадо (nyenado, “noticeable”)

Proto-Selkup: *ānəlčə-

Northern Selkup: ө̄нылтыӄо (å̄nyltyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: а̄налҗэгу (ānalǯegu, “to soil, tarnish”)

Upper Ob: эалдэгу (ealdegu)

>? Kamassian: андой (andoj, “known, familiar; respected”)


anåjə

Nganasan: ӈануо (ŋanuo, “actual, real”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ԑнзай (ɛnzaj, “probably”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ненӭй (nyenäy)

Tundra Nenets: ненэй (nyeney°)

Proto-Selkup: *ānəľ

Northern Selkup: ө̄ныль (å̄nylj)

Mator: ини (ini, “good”)


ërmə

Nganasan: ӈарми (ŋarmi), ӈармү (ŋarmü, “northeast wind”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: уму (umu)

Tundra Enets: уму (umu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈэԓ (ŋeł)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэ̇рм (ŋėrm°)

Proto-Selkup: *e̮rmaľ

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: йерма (jjerma, “cold”)


ësoń

Nganasan: ӈадюй (ŋadjuj)

Enets:

Forest Enets: исыу (isiu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈы̄суӈ (ŋīsuŋ)

Tundra Nenets: ӈэ̇соʼ (ŋėsoh)

Mator: ӱсӱн (üsün, “knee; shoulder”)


jilə-

Nganasan: дилəди (djilədji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дируҫь (djiruš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: деԓаш (dyełaš)

Tundra Nenets: илӑсь (yilăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *īlə-

Northern Selkup: ӣлыӄо

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: йилэгу (jilegu)

Kamassian: джилдәзьәт (ʒ́ildəźət)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Uralic *älɜ-, but the vowel does not correspond.


jirɜ

Enets:

Forest Enets: дири (djiri)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: диԓи (dyiłyi)

Tundra Nenets: ирий (yiryiy°)

Proto-Selkup: *irä

Northern Selkup: ирӓты

Southern Selkup:

Narym: аре́д (arjéd), аре́т (arjét)

Upper Ob: ерэд (jered)


utå

Nganasan: дютү (djutü)

Enets:

Forest Enets: уза (uza)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈута (ŋuta)

Tundra Nenets: ӈуда (ŋuda)

Proto-Selkup: *utə

Northern Selkup: уты (uty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: од (od)

Upper Ob: уд (ud)

Kamassian: уда (uda)

Koibal: ода (oda)

Mator: уда (uda)


ukə

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: уб (ub)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: ӈухуты (ŋuxuti, “upper lip”)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: ӈухуд (ŋuxud°, “upper lip”)

Proto-Selkup: *ūkə

Northern Selkup: ӯкы

Southern Selkup:

Narym: уг (ug), уӷ (uģ)

Upper Ob: ууг (uug)

⇒ Mator: угуду (ugudu, “beak”)


apå

Nganasan: ӈаху (ŋaxu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: абаа (abaa)

Tundra Enets: абаа (abaa)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нябако (nyabako)

Proto-Selkup: *āpa

Southern Selkup:

Narym: абá (abá)

Upper Ob: эаба (eaba)

>? Kamassian: пхаба (pʰaba) (possibly, with influence from *pepä (“younger brother, sister”))

>? Mator: ӱхӓ (ühä) (possibly, with influence from *pepä (“younger brother, sister”))

Likely originally a nursery word. Compare Proto-Turkic *apa (“older female relative”).


olə

Enets:

desc

Forest Enets: орон (oron, “in front of”), ортэ (orte, “first; former”)

Proto-Selkup: *olə

Northern Selkup: олы (oly)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ол (ol)

Upper Ob: ол (ol)

Kamassian: улу (ulu)

Koibal: улу (ulu)


opå

Nganasan: ӈуху (ŋuxu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: оба (oba)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈопа (ŋopa)

Tundra Nenets: ӈоба (ŋoba)

Proto-Selkup: *nopə (with prothetic *n-)

Northern Selkup: нопы (nopy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ноб (nob)

Upper Ob: ноба (noba), лоба (loba)

Kamassian: уба (uba)

Mator: оха (oha)


otkå

>? Nganasan: ӈуӈкуˮ (ŋuŋkuʔ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ока (oka)

Tundra Enets: ока (oka)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈуʼка (ŋuhka)

Tundra Nenets: ӈока (ŋoka)

Koibal: ӱгӧ (ügö)

Mator: уйку (ujku)


niə

Nganasan: ниəде (njiədje)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ней (njej)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ни (nyi)

Tundra Nenets: ни (nyi)

Proto-Selkup: *ťǖ

Northern Selkup: чӱ̄ (ćǖ)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чо̄ (čō)

Upper Ob: кіі

Kamassian: джи (ʒ́i)

Koibal: дже (ǯe)

Mator: ни (ni), ньи (ńi)

From Proto-Uralic *üwä, with prothetic *n- or *j-.


nancə

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: нянку (nyanku)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: нянко (nyanko)

Proto-Selkup: *nānčə

Northern Selkup: нө̄нты (nå̄nty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нанҗ (nanǯ)

Upper Ob: наадж (naadž)

Kamassian: нанə (nanə)

Koibal: нана (nana)

Mator: ӓндӓ (ändä)


nänäŋkə

Nganasan: ненəӈкə (njenəŋkə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нԑнаг (nɛnag)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: недяӈк (nyedyaŋk)

Tundra Nenets: неньяӈг (nyenʹyaŋg°)

Proto-Selkup: *nenəŋqə

Northern Selkup: нэныӄа (nenyqa)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ныӈка́ (nyŋká)

Upper Ob: нанкка (nankka)

Kamassian: нəнеӈ (nəneŋ)

Koibal: нинӓн (ninän)

Mator: ӓнӓӈгӓ (änäŋgä)

Mator: ӓнӓӈгӓ (änäŋgä), ӓнəӈгӓ (änəŋgä)


naŋ

Nganasan: на (na)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нэʼ (neʔ)

Tundra Enets: нэʼ (neʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няӈ (nyaŋ)

Tundra Nenets: няʼ (nyah), няюʼ (nyayuh)

Proto-Selkup: *-nəŋ

Northern Selkup: -ныӈ (-nyŋ), -нык (-nyk), -ны (-ny)


cəncå-

Enets:

Forest Enets: тодаҫь (todaš', “to climb”), тодычь (todič', “to creep, crawl”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: тӑнāш (tănāš)

Tundra Nenets: тӑнась (tănasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *čančə- (“to go out, emerge”)

Northern Selkup: тантыӄо (tantyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷангу́, ҷанҗэгу́

Upper Ob: таджэгу (tadžegu)

Kamassian: тханәрзьәт (tʰanərźət, “to creep, crawl”)


cåcäpä

Enets:

Forest Enets: тазэбэ (tazebe)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: тачипя (taćyipya)

Tundra Nenets: тадебя (tadyebya)

Proto-Selkup: *čwe̮čəpə

Northern Selkup: тә̄тыпы

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷвэ́җэбэ

Kamassian: тхарбә (tʰarbə)

Koibal: тарбе (tarbe)

Mator: тӓде (täde)


cåncə-

Enets:

Forest Enets: тадучь (taduč')

Tundra Enets: тадоче (tadoče)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: танӑш (tanăš)

Tundra Nenets: тāнӑсь (tānăsʹ°)

Kamassian: тхонзьәт (tʰonźət), тхонозьәт (tʰonoźət)

Koibal: тон- (ton-)

Mator: тандәл- (tandəl-)

From Proto-Uralic *čačɜ-, *čančɜ- (“to go, stride”). Compare Northern Khanty шушты (šušty, “to walk, step”), Northern Mansi сусуӈкве (susuňkve, “to wade”)


cårä

Proto-Selkup: *čūrä

Northern Selkup: турӓ (turä)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чу́ра (čúra)

Kamassian: тхари (tʰari)

Koibal: таре (tare)

Mator: тӓрӓ (tärä)


camcəjə

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чамтыˮ (ćamtiq), чамтӭт (ćamtät)

Tundra Nenets: тямдэˮ (tyamdeq)

Proto-Selkup: *čāmčä

Northern Selkup: тө̄мтӓ (tå̄mtä)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷāмҗэ

Upper Ob: шаабджэ (šaabdže)

Kamassian: тхамнуʼ (tʰamnuʔ)

Koibal: тамне (tamne)

Mator: тӓмде (tämde), тӓмдет (tämdet)


cancə

Nganasan: тантәгәә (tantəgəə)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тянёй (tyanyoy°)

Proto-Selkup: *čānčə

Northern Selkup: тө̄нты (tå̄nty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷанҗ, ҷа́нҗэ

Kamassian: тхано (tʰano)

Mator: тӓндӱ (tändü), тӓндӱх (tändüh)


cën

Nganasan: таӈ (taŋ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: тыʼ (tiʔ)

Tundra Enets: тэʼ (teʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: тэӈ (teŋ)

Tundra Nenets: тэ̇ʼ (tėh)

Proto-Selkup: *če̮n (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: тхен (tʰen)

Koibal: тан (tan)

Mator: тэн (te̮n)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *sëne, but the initial *c- is unexpected.


cecä

Nganasan: тытыдя (tɨtɨdja)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тидя (tyidya)

Proto-Selkup: *čičä

Northern Selkup: тітӓ (titä)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷыҗыга́

Upper Ob: тидя (tidja)

From Proto-Uralic *śečä, with an assimilation of *ś...č → *č...č.


cinɜ-

Nganasan: чинүдя (činüdja), чинүрся (činürsja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: чинудь (činud')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чидипёш (ćyidyipyoš)

Tundra Nenets: тюнесь (tyunyesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *či̮nə-

Northern Selkup: тыналӄо (tynalqo)

Southern Selkup:

Ket: чинэ́гу (činégu)

Kamassian: тхинәрзьәт (tʰinərźət)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Finno-Permic *čiwnɜ (“smell, stench”), whence Moksha шине (šine), Northern Sami tsiuna.


cürə

Nganasan: чирә (čirə)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: чоԓ (ćoł)

Tundra Nenets: тюр (tyur°)

Proto-Selkup: *čǖrə

Northern Selkup: тӱры (türy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чурэлпо́ (čurelpó)

Upper Ob: тюур (tjuur)

>? Kamassian: шӱрӱ (šürü), шӱрӱпха (šürüpʰa)


ëməl-

Proto-Selkup: *e̮məlčə-

Northern Selkup: әмылтыӄо (əmyltyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: аулҗэгу́ (aulǯegú), аулҗэмбэгу́ (aulǯembegú)

Upper Ob: ауолджэгу (auoldžegu)

Kamassian: нӧмәлзьәт (nöməlźət)

Koibal: нумил- (numil-)

Mator: эмәлдә- (e̮məldə-)


ëtå-

Nganasan: ӈатәдя (ŋatədja)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ӈэташ (ŋetaš)

Proto-Selkup: *e̮tə-

Northern Selkup: әтыӄо (ətyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: едэгу (jedegu)

Kamassian: едәʼзьәт (edəʔźət)


irɜ

>? Nganasan: ири (iri)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ниԓи (nyiłyi)

Tundra Nenets: ири (yiryi)

Proto-Selkup: *ira

desc

Northern Selkup: ира (ira, “old man; husband”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: и́рал (íral), и́рэл (írel, “old, elderly”)

Upper Ob: йера (jjera, “old, elderly”)

Mator: ирей (irej, “bear”)

→ Tofa: ире (ire), ирей (irey, “(great-)grandfather; bear”)

→ Tuvan: ире (ire), ирей (irey, “(great-)grandfather; husband's father; bear”)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Ugric *üräŋɜ (“big; old”), whence Northern Khanty ар (ar, “much, many”), Northern Mansi арыг (aryg, “extra, excess”), and Hungarian öreg (“old, elderly; (dial.) big”). Alternatively, a derivative of *er- (“before”).


ükɜj

Proto-Selkup: *ükə

Northern Selkup: ӱкы (üky)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱг (üg)

Upper Ob: йуг (jug)

Kamassian: ӱжӱ (üžü)

Koibal: ӱзӱ (üzü)

Mator: ӱгӱй (ügüj)


åncɜ

Enets:

Forest Enets: адэ (ade)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈанды (ŋandi)

Proto-Selkup: *wančə

Northern Selkup: вәнты (wənty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ванҗ (wanǯ)

Upper Ob: уаддэ (uadde)

Possibly a Wanderwort. Compare Northern Khanty вўнш (wŭnš), Northern Mansi ӯнс (ūns), and Komi-Zyrian удж (udž).


nütɜ

Proto-Selkup: *ǖtə

Northern Selkup: ӱ̄ты (ǖty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱ́дэт (ǘdet), ӱ́дыт (ǘdyt), ӱ́дот (ǘdot)

Upper Ob: йiд (jid)

Kamassian: нӱдже (nüʒ́e)

Koibal: нӱде (nüde)

Mator: нӱде (nüde)

From Proto-Uralic *jitɜ, *jütɜ. Compare Northern Khanty ет (jet), Northern Mansi эт (èt), and Eastern Mari йӱд (jüd).


ńärə

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Uralic *näre (“nose”).


ńärə

Nganasan: нерә (njerə)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: неԓьня (nyełʹnya)

Tundra Nenets: неры (nyeri)

Proto-Selkup: *ńerə-

Northern Selkup: неннӓ

Southern Selkup:

Narym: няннэ́ (njanné), нянэ́ (njané)

Upper Ob: нернэ (njerne)

Kamassian: ньер (ńer)

Koibal: ньер (ńer)

Mator: ере (ere)


ńim-

Nganasan: нимибтіси (njimibtisi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нимяпёш (nyimyapyoš)

Tundra Nenets: нимнесь (nyimnyesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńim-

Northern Selkup: нимӄо (nimqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: невэргу́ (njewergú)

Upper Ob: немгу (njemgu)

Kamassian: ньимерзьәт (ńimerźət)

Koibal: ньемер- (ńemer-)

Mator: ньӱмнә- (ńümnə-), нӱмнә- (nümnə-)

From Proto-Uralic *ime-, with prothetic *ń-. Compare a parallel development in Proto-Samic *ńëmëtēk.

ńimsä

breast, teat; milk; likely inherited directly from Proto-Uralic


jäntə

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дӗнь (dyĕn')

Tundra Nenets: ен (yen°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťentə

Northern Selkup: чінты

>? Southern Selkup:

Narym: шынд (šynd)

Upper Ob: кэддэ (kedde)

Kamassian: ненә (nenə)


jalɜm-

Nganasan: дяламса (djalamsa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: деридь (djerid')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дяԓымташ (dyałimtaš)

Tundra Nenets: ялэмзь (yalemzʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťēləmpə-

desc

Northern Selkup: че̄лымпыӄо (ćjēlympyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: че́лымбэгу (čjélymbegu), че́лэмбэгу (čjélembegu)

Upper Ob: теелббэгу (tjejelbbegu), тиэлббэгу (tielbbegu)

Kamassian: джаләмзьәт (ʒ́aləmźət)


jåŋkå

Nganasan: дөӈку (döŋku)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дягаҫе (djagaše)

Nenets:

⇒ Tundra Nenets: яӈгась (yaŋgasʹ°, “to chisel ice”)


jəkå

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёха (djoha, djɔha)

Tundra Enets: дяха (djaha)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя̆хӑ (dyăxă)

Tundra Nenets: яха (yaxa)

Proto-Selkup: *ťaqə (“lake; swamp; puddle”)

Northern Selkup: чаӄы (ćaqy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ча́ӄӄа (čáqqa)

Kamassian: джага (ʒ́aga)

Mator: чага (čaga)

From Proto-Uralic *juka, a variant of *joke.


jom-

⇒ Nganasan: дюм (djum, “snow”)

Nenets:

⇒ Tundra Nenets: ёмзяʼ (yomzyah, “soft snow”)

Proto-Selkup: *ťom-

Northern Selkup: чомӄо (ćomqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чове́шпэгу (čowjéšpegu)

Upper Ob: тёмнэгу (tjomnegu)


jëm

Proto-Selkup: *ťe̮m

Northern Selkup: чәм (ćəm)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чев (čjew), чив (čiw)

Upper Ob: теу (tjeu)

Kamassian: лем (lem)


jimä

Nganasan: дими (djimi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ди (dji)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: димя (dyimya)

Tundra Nenets: ибя (yibya)

Proto-Selkup: *ťimə

Northern Selkup: чімы

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чев (čjew), чив (čiw)

Upper Ob: теу (tjeu), тёу (tjou)

Kamassian: нәме (nəme)

Koibal: ниме (nime)

Mator: ньиме (ńime), ниме (nime)


jimɜt-

Enets:

Forest Enets: дитэҫь (djiteš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: димчеш (dyimćyeš)

Tundra Nenets: ивтесь (yiwtyesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťimət-

Northern Selkup: чімытӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чевэтку́ (čjewetkú), чивытку́ (čiwytkú)

Upper Ob: тёутку (tjoutku)

Kamassian: нәмезьәт (nəmeźət)


jəcə

Nganasan: дез̌ися (djeðisja, “anvil”)

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: дёзеҫь (djozeš', “to hit, beat”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: я̆д (yăd°, “cutting board”)

Proto-Selkup: *ťačə (“club, cudgel”)

Northern Selkup: чаты (ćaty)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: чаҗ (čaǯ)

Ket: тятчэ́ (tjatčé), тяччэ́ (tjaččé)


jəcå-

Nganasan: дитудя (djitudja) (← *jicå-)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёзуҫь (djozuš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя̆та̄ш (dyătāš)

Tundra Nenets: я̆дась (yădasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťačə-

Northern Selkup: чаттыӄо (ćattyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷаҷэгу́, ҷаҷыгу́

Upper Ob: тяжэгу (tjažegu)

Kamassian: джидзьәт (ʒ́idźət) (← *jicə-)

Koibal: джид- (ǯid-) (← *jicə-)

Mator: чидә- (čidə-) (← *jicə-)


jəŋkoj

Nganasan: деӈгуй (djeŋguj)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёгу (djogu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дяӈку (dyaŋku)

Tundra Nenets: я̆ӈго (yăŋgo)

Proto-Selkup: *ťaŋkə

Northern Selkup: чаӈкы (ćaŋky)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: чаӈга (čaŋga)

Ket: тяӈго (tjaŋgo)


jəptə-

Nganasan: дебтудя (djebtudja)

Proto-Selkup: *ťaptər-

Northern Selkup: чаптӓрӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ча̄птэргу (čāptergu)

From Proto-Uralic *jupta-. Compare Finnish juttu, Erzya ёвтамс (jovtams).


jəptə-

Nganasan: дебтәдя (djebtədja)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: детобиҫь (djetobiš')

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: я̆бтӑсь (yăbtăsʹ°)


jəptu

Nganasan: дебту (djebtu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёту (djotu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дяпту (dyaptu)

Tundra Nenets: ябто (yabto)


jəptå

Nganasan: дебтуа (djebtua)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёта (djota)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя̆пта (dyăpta)

Tundra Nenets: я̆бта (yăbta)

Proto-Selkup: *ťaptə

Northern Selkup: чапты (ćapty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чапт (čapt)

Upper Ob: тяпт (tjapt)

Kamassian: джеʼбда (ʒ́eʔbda)

Koibal: джибда (ǯibda)

>? Mator: чибтал (čibtal)

From Proto-Uralic *lupša. Compare Northern Sami laksi, Eastern Mari лупс (lups), and Erzya лекш (lekš).


jərə-

Nganasan: дерәгәә (djerəgəə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёре (djore, “deep; thick, dense”) (partially, merged with *jörä (“deep”))

Proto-Selkup: *ťarəm

Northern Selkup: чарым (ćarym), чарып (čaryp)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷарм

Upper Ob: тярм (tjarm)

Kamassian: джәрәм (ʒ́ərəm)

Koibal: джирӓм (ǯiräm)

Mator: чарәм (čarəm)


jåə

Nganasan: дюо (djuo, “sand; dust”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дя (dja)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя (dya)

Tundra Nenets: я (ya)

Proto-Selkup: *ťū

Northern Selkup: чу (ću)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чу (ču)

Upper Ob: тю (tju)

Kamassian: джу (ʒ́u)

Koibal: джу (ǯu)

Mator: ча (ča)


jåərå

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дяԓа (dyała)

Tundra Nenets: яра (yara)

Proto-Selkup: *ťūrə

Northern Selkup: чӯры (ćūry)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: тюур (tjuur)

Kamassian: джуро (ʒ́uro, “pebble, shingle (on a shoreline)”)

Mator: чара (čara)


jåmpə

Enets:

Forest Enets: дябу (djabu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дямп (dyamp)

Tundra Nenets: ямб (yamb°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťumpə

Northern Selkup: чумпы (ćumpy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чумб (čumb)

Upper Ob: тюбб (tjubb)

Kamassian: нумо (numo)

Koibal: нумо (numo)

Mator: ньамбух (ńambuh), намбух (nambuh)


jåptå

Nganasan: дөбтәгәә (döbtəgəə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дята (djata)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя̄пта (dyāpta)

Tundra Nenets: ябта (yabta)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāptə

Northern Selkup: чө̄пты (ćå̄pty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чо́птэл (čóptel), чо́птыга (čóptyga), чо́птыгэл (čóptygel)

Mator: чабтәмбуй (čabtəmbuj)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *lapta (“flat”).


jårə-

Nganasan: дөрәдя (dörədja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дяраҫь (djaraš')

Tundra Enets: дяруше (djaruše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дяԓш (dyałš)

Tundra Nenets: ярць (yarcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťūrə-

Northern Selkup: чӯрыӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чу́ргу (čúrgu), чу́рэгу (čúregu)

Upper Ob: тюрэгу (tjuregu)

Kamassian: джорзьәт (ʒ́orźət)

Koibal: джор- (ǯor-)

Mator: чарә- (čarə-)


jåt

>? Nganasan: дөтә (dötə, “‘spark’”)

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: дяздагуҫь (djazdaguš', “to heat, warm up”)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: дячамташ (dyaćamtaš, “to heat, warm up”)

Tundra Nenets: яˮ (yaq), ятаˮма (yataqma)

Kamassian: джот (ʒ́ot)

Koibal: джот (ǯot)

Mator: чаʼн (čaʔn)


jåtə-

Enets:

Forest Enets: дязаҫь (djazaš')

Tundra Enets: дязоше (djazoše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя̄таш (dyātaš)

Tundra Nenets: ядӑсь (yadăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťwe̮tə-

Northern Selkup: чә̄тыӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чвэ́дэгу (čwédegu), чвэ́дэшпэгу (čwédešpegu)

Upper Ob: кiедэлджэгу (kijedeldžegu)

Mator: чадә- (čadə-)


jåtəjr-

Nganasan: дөз̌урся (döðursja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дязучь (djazuč')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дятӭԓьш (dyatäłʹš)

Tundra Nenets: ядэрць (yadercʹ°)

Mator: чадәр- (čadər-)


jaə

Nganasan: дяа (djaa)

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: дяса (djasa)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дя (dya)

Tundra Nenets: я (ya)

Likely borrowed from an Iranian language, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *yáwah (“barley; cereal, grain”). Compare Ossetian йӕу (jæw).


jacə-

Nganasan: дяˮса (djaʔsa)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ядӑсь (yadăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāčə-

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: тяажэгу (tjaažegu)


jakcä

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дяʼчи (dyahćyi)

Tundra Nenets: яхӑдей (yaxădyey°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťe̮kčə

Northern Selkup: чәкты (ćəkty)

Southern Selkup:

Ket: тякчи (tjakči)

Kamassian: джакте (ʒ́akte)

Unknown. Both the cluster *-kc- and the variation between *a and *ë suggest a foreign origin, but the source is unclear.


jamsə-

Proto-Selkup: *ťāpsə-

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ча́псэл (čápsel)

Kamassian: намзәга (namzəga)

Koibal: намзиде (namzide)

desc

Mator: ньӧнджәкӓ (ńönǯəkä)

Mator: ньӧнджәкӓ (ńönǯəkä), нӧнджәкӓ (nönǯəkä)


jaŋkɜ-

Nganasan: дяӈку (djaŋku, “no”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дягуҫь (djaguš')

Tundra Enets: дигуше (djiguše)

Nenets:

>? Forest Nenets: дя̄ӈкӑш (dyāŋkăš, “to shake off”)

Tundra Nenets: я̆ӈгось (yăŋgosʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāŋkwə-

Northern Selkup: чӓ̄ӈкыӄо (ćǟŋkyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чáӈгугу (čáŋgugu)

>? Kamassian: нага (naga, “no”)

>? Koibal: нага (naga, “no”)

Mator: ньӓӈгӱх (ńäŋgüh)

Mator: ньӓӈгӱх (ńäŋgüh), нӓӈгӱх (näŋgüh, “there is not”)


japsə

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дявс (dyaws)

Tundra Nenets: ябц (yabc°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāpsə

Northern Selkup: чө̄псы (ćå̄psy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чаб (čab), ча́пса (čápsa), ча̄псэ (čāpse)

Upper Ob: тяпс (tjaps)

Kamassian: джапсу (ʒ́apsu)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *jäpśe (“spear”), although the first vowel does not exactly correspond.


japsə-

Enets:

Forest Enets: дясиҫь (djasiš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дявсаш (dyawsaš)

Tundra Nenets: ябцӑсь (yabcăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāpsə- (“to skewer”)

Northern Selkup: чө̄псыттыӄо (ćå̄psyttyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ча́бэлҗэгу (čábelǯegu)

Upper Ob: тяпсэгу (tjapsegu)

Kamassian: джапсәзьәт (ʒ́apsəźət)

Koibal: джапси- (ǯapsi-)

Mator: *сӓбсә- (*säbsə-) (in апсәсапсәям ‘I fry, roast’, a set phrase with *апсә ‘meat’ [= амса (amsa)])


jat-

Nganasan: дятә- (djatə-) (with personal suffixes)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дез (djez)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: деˮмня (dyeqmnya), деˮэмня (dyeqemnya)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: еˮэ̆мня (yeqĕmnya)

Proto-Selkup: *ťātə

Northern Selkup: чө̄ты (ćå̄ty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чат (čat)

Upper Ob: тяат (tjaat)

Perhaps from Proto-Uralic *läse (“near”).


jëpsə

Nganasan: лабсә (labsə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: личу (liču)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ебц (yebc°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťopsə

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чоб (čob)

Upper Ob: тёпс (tjops)

Kamassian: джепсә (ʒ́epsə)

Koibal: джапси (ǯapsi)

Mator: чэбсэ (če̮bse̮), сэбсэ (se̮bse̮)


jäkəl-

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ехэ̆лць (yexĕlcʹ°, “to kick”)

Proto-Selkup: *ťēqəl-

Northern Selkup: чіӄыльӄо

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: тегалгу (tjegalgu)

Mator: чигил- (čigil-)


jämńə-

Nganasan: демниди (djemnjidji)

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: дениз (djeniz, “patch”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: емнясь (yemnyasʹ°)

Kamassian: немнәзьәт (nemnəźət)


jämpə

Nganasan: деӈхиа (djeŋxia)


jämpət-

Nganasan: дембиˮси (djembiʔsi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дебичь (djebič')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: демьпяʼш (dyemʹpyahš)

Tundra Nenets: ембӑць (yembăcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāmpət-

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чамбытпэгу́ (čambytpegú)


jäsɜn

Enets:

Forest Enets: деси (djesi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: денс (dyens)

Tundra Nenets: есʼ (yes)

Proto-Selkup: *ťe̮sən

Northern Selkup: чәсын (ćəsyn)

>? Southern Selkup:

Tym: чазар (čazar)

Ket: кысыӈ (kysyŋ)

Kamassian: джезәӈ (ʒ́ezəŋ)

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Uralic *läćɜ (“strap, rope”), whence Northern Mansi лэ̄с (lè̄s).


jätpə-

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: депи (djepi, “heat”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: епӑсь (yepăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťāppə- (“to burn”)

Northern Selkup: чө̄пыӄо (ćå̄pyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: ча̄бгу (čābgu)

⇒ Kamassian: джибәге (ʒ́ibəge, “hot”)

⇒ Mator: чӧбӱкӓ (čöbükä, “hot”)


jätpətä

Enets:

Forest Enets: депиза (djepiza)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: епдя (yepdya)

Koibal: джибиде (ǯibide)

Mator: чӧбәтӓ (čöbətä)

Mator: чӧбәтӓ (čöbətä)


jikkå-

Nganasan: дюкүдя (djuküdja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дикаҫь (djikaš')

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: екась (yekasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťikkə-

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чикэгу́ (čikegú)

Upper Ob: теккэгу (tjekkegu)

Kamassian: джиккәзьәт (ʒ́ikkəźət)

Mator: чикә- (čikə-)


jok-

Nganasan: дюса (djusa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёчь (djoč')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дё̄ˮш (dyōqš)

Tundra Nenets: ёць (yocʹ°)

Mator: чок- (čok-)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Turkic *yōk (“there is not; no”).


joko-

Nganasan: дюгуса (djugusa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёхуҫь (djohuš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дёхош (dyoxoš)

Tundra Nenets: ёхось (yoxosʹ°)

(intransitive) to get lost, lose one's way


joncå

Nganasan: дюнтуо (djuntuo)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёдай (djodaj)

Tundra Enets: дюда (djuda)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ёнэй (yoney°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťončə

Northern Selkup: чонты (ćonty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷонҗ

Mator: ньонда (ńonda), нонда (nonda)


jörä

Nganasan: дюрәгәә (djurəgəə)

Enets:

qual

Forest Enets: дёре (djore, “deep; thick, dense”) (partially, merged with *jərə- (“thick”))

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дёԓя (dyołya)

Tundra Nenets: ёря (yorya)

Mator: чӱрӓ (čürä)


jutå-

Nganasan: дютүдя (djutüdja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюзаҫь (djuzaš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюташ (dyutaš)

Tundra Nenets: юдась (yudasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ťūtə-

Northern Selkup: чутыӄо (ćutyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: чудэгу (čudegu)

Ket: тюттэгу (tjuttegu)

Mator: чудә- (čudə-)


jupå

Nganasan: дюхәгәә (djuxəgəə, “soft”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюба (djuba)

Tundra Enets: дюба (djuba)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюпа (dyupa)

>? Tundra Nenets: иба (yiba)

Mator: чуха (čuha)


juə-

Nganasan: дюаса (djuasa)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюш (dyuš)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: ю (yu, “dam, weir”)

Proto-Selkup: *ťū-

Northern Selkup: чӯӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чу́гу (čúgu)

Upper Ob: тюугу (tjuugu)

⇒ Mator: чуй (čuj, “dam, weir”)


jujtə-

Nganasan: дючиди (djučidji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюзичь (djuzič')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дютыш (dyutiš)

Tundra Nenets: юдэсь (yudesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *kǖtə- (= ? *ťǖtə-)

Southern Selkup:

Ket: кӱдыргу (küdyrgu)

desc

Kamassian: джӧдәрзьәт (ʒ́ödərźət)

Kamassian: джӧдәрзьәт (ʒ́ödərźət)

Koibal: джӱдр- (ǯüdr-)


jumpə

Nganasan: дюӈхә (djuŋxə)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюмп (dyump, “lump, hummock”)

Tundra Nenets: юмб (yumb°, “lump, hummock”)

Proto-Selkup: *ťumpə

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чумб (čumb)

Upper Ob: тюбба (tjubba)

Kamassian: нәмә (nəmə)

Mator: ньумбу (ńumbu), нумбу (numbu)


jüntə

Nganasan: динді (djindi, “fame; rumour”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюнь (dyunʹ)

Tundra Nenets: юн (yun°)

Mator: ньӱндӱ (ńündü), нӱндӱ (nündü)


jüntə-

Nganasan: диндіси (djindisi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюньԓеш (dyunʹłyeš)

Tundra Nenets: юнрась (yunrasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *üntə-

Northern Selkup: ÿнтыӄо (ÿntyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱндэгу́ (ündegú)

Upper Ob: іддэдегу

Kamassian: нӱнзьәт (nünźət)

Koibal: нӱн- (nün-)

Mator: ньӱндә- (ńündə-), нӱндә- (nündə-)


jüŋkä-

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюсреҫь (djusreš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюньшиԓеш (dyunʹšyiłyeš)

Tundra Nenets: юнсумзь (yunsumzʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *üŋkəlčə-

Northern Selkup: ӱӈкылыӄо (üŋkylyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱнголҗэгу́ (üngolǯegú), ӱнгэлҗэгу́ (üngelǯegú)


jürə-

Enets:

Forest Enets: дюруҫь (djuruš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дюԓыпёш (dyułipyoš)

Tundra Nenets: юрӑсь (yurăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ürə-

Northern Selkup: ӱрыӄо (üryqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱрыгу́ (ürygú), ӱрэмбыгу́ (ürembygú)

Upper Ob: ііругу

Kamassian: джӱрзьәт (ʒ́ürźət)

Koibal: джӱр- (ǯür-)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *jure- (“to go around, spin”), although the change in vowel quality is unexpected.


jɜjwå

Nganasan: дөйба (döjba)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёа (djoa), дёаку (djoaku)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: дева (dyewa), деваку (dyewaku)

Tundra Nenets: ева (yewa), евако (yewako)

Proto-Selkup: *ťē

⇒ Northern Selkup: чиляӈ (ćiljaŋ), чиляк (ćiljak), чиля (ćilja)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: те (tje)

Kamassian: джо (ʒ́o, “widow”)

Mator: чойбух (čojbuh), чуйбух (čujbuh, “widow; orphan”)


ləmtɜ-

Enets:

Forest Enets: лоду (lodu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓамту (łamtu)

Tundra Nenets: ламдо (lamdo), ламдик (lamdyik°)

Proto-Selkup: *lamtə-

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ла́мдэгэл (lámdegel)

Upper Ob: лабдэкка (labdekka)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *lamte (“low; lowland, plain”).


ləpä

Enets:

Forest Enets: лобе (lobe)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓӑпя (łăpya)

Tundra Nenets: лабя (labya)

Proto-Selkup: *lapə

Northern Selkup: лапы (lapy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: лаб (lab)

Upper Ob: лааб (laab)

Mator: лӓхӓ (lähä)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *lapa (“blade”).


ləptå

Enets:

desc

Forest Enets: лота (lota, “field, plain”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓаˮпта (łaqpta, “flat; field, plain”)

Tundra Nenets: лабта (labta, “flat; field, plain”)

Mator: лабта (labta)


låkom-

Enets:

Forest Enets: лаходь (lahod')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓохомш (łoxomš)

Tundra Nenets: лохомзь (loxomzʹ°)

Mator: логом- (logom-)


låkomtå-

Enets:

Forest Enets: лаходаҫь (lahodaš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓохомташ (łoxomtaš)

Tundra Nenets: лохомдась (loxomdasʹ°)

Mator: логомдә- (logomdə-)


lëmpårå

Enets:

Forest Enets: лубара (lubara)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓэмпаԓа (łempała)

Tundra Nenets: лэмбара (lembara)


lërə-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓыԓёш (łiłyoš)

Tundra Nenets: лэрёсь (leryosʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *le̮rə-

Northern Selkup: ләрычыӄо (ləryćyqo), (?) ныркыӄо (nyrkyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ларымбэгу́ (larymbegú), ларымбыгу́ (larymbygú), ларэмбэгу́ (larembegú)

Upper Ob: лэругу (lerugu), (?) нэрттэгу (nerttegu)

Kamassian: нерезьәт (nereźət)

Mator: *нэр- (*ne̮r-) (in оргонаргом (orgonargom, “I am scared”), with орго (orgo, “big”))


lëttɜ-

Enets:

⇒ Forest Enets: лытбераҫь (litberaš', “to store, keep; to guard”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓэтԓёш (łetłyoš, “to be ready, prepared”)

Tundra Nenets: лэтёсь (letyosʹ°, “to be ready, prepared”)

Proto-Selkup: *le̮ttə- (“to endure; to guide, lead”)

Northern Selkup: ләттыӄо (ləttyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: лэттэгу (lettegu)


lätkå-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓяˮкаш (łyaqkaš)

Tundra Nenets: лекась (lyekasʹ°)

Enets:

Forest Enets: лԑктаҫь (lɛktaš')

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: лекабтась (lyekabtasʹ°)

Mator: лӓгӓбтә- (lägäbtə-)


lïmpɜ

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: лубу (lubu, “clay”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓымпат (łimpat)

Tundra Nenets: лымбӑд (limbăd°)

Proto-Selkup: *li̮mpä

Northern Selkup: лымпӓ (lympä)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *lëmpe. Compare Finnish lampi (“pond”).


lempä

Nganasan: лыӈхы (lɨŋxɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: либи (ljibi)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ԓимпя (łyimpya)

Tundra Nenets: лимбя (lyimbya)

Proto-Selkup: *limpə

Northern Selkup: лімпы

Southern Selkup:

Narym: лымб (lymb)

Upper Ob: лэбб (lebb)


nåto

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: надо (nado)

Kamassian: надо (nado)


nimtä-

Nganasan: нимтіди (njimtidji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нидаҫь (njidaš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нимчеш (nyimćyeš)

Tundra Nenets: нюмдесь (nyumdyesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *nimtə-

Northern Selkup: німтыӄо

Southern Selkup:

Ket: нимдыгу (nimdygu), нымдыгу (nymdygu)


nåj-

Enets:

Forest Enets: нԑтэҫь (nɛteš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нӭш (näš)

Tundra Nenets: нэсь (nesʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *nǖ-

Northern Selkup: нӱ̄ӄо (nǖqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нӧ́гу (nö́gu)

Upper Ob: нюгу (njugu)

>? Mator: ной- (noj-, “to undress”)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *nᴕje-. Compare Hungarian nyit.


nət-

Enets:

Forest Enets: нозудь (nozud')

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нӑць (năcʹ°, “to scrape off (a hide)”)

Proto-Selkup: *nat-

Northern Selkup: натӄо (natqo), натӄылӄо (natqylqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: наткылгу́ (natkylgú), наткэлбэгу́ (natkelbegú)

Upper Ob: натку (natku), натгэлгу (natgelgu)

Kamassian: наʼзьәт (naʔźət)


nərɜ

⇒ Nganasan: нәруди (nərudji, “to pierce, prick”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нӑԓя (năłya)

Tundra Nenets: нӑря̆ (năryă)

⇒ Proto-Selkup: *narapo (“driving stick”)

Northern Selkup: нарапо (narapo)


nårå

Nganasan: нору (noru), норуо (noruo)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нара (nara)

Tundra Enets: нара (nara)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: наԓа (nała)

Tundra Nenets: нара (nara)

Mator: нара (nara)


nåtmɜ-

Nganasan: номәдя (nomədja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нааҫь (naaš')

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: наˮмась (naqmasʹ°)

Kamassian: наʼмзьәт (naʔmźət)

Mator: наʼмә- (naʔmə-)


näkkəl-

Nganasan: някәләсы (njakələsɨ, “to take away”)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: нёхроҫь (njohroš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нэˮкаԓьш (neqkałʹš)

Tundra Nenets: нэ̇кӑлць (nėkălcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *nǟqqəl-

Northern Selkup: нӓӄӄылӄо (näqqylqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: наӄӄэлгу́ (naqqelgú), някылгу́ (njakylgú)

Mator: екәл- (ekəl-), икәл- (ikəl-)


nïc-

Enets:

Forest Enets: нызучь (nizuč')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нытаˮш (nitaqš)

Tundra Nenets: ныдӑць (nidăcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ni̮č-

Northern Selkup: нытаӄо (nytaqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нежа́ргу (nježárgu)


nïckəl-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ныˮкаԓьш (niqkałʹš)

Tundra Nenets: ныкӑлць (nikălcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ni̮čqəl-

Northern Selkup: нытӄылӄо (nytqylqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нишкэлгу́ (niškelgú), нышӄэлгу́ (nyšqelgú)


nultå-

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: нэртаҫь (nertaš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нуԓташ (nułtaš)

Tundra Nenets: нултась (nultasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ni̮ltə-

Northern Selkup: нылтыӄо (nyltyqo)

Kamassian: нулдәзьәт (nuldəźət, “to set up, establish”)


nanå

Nganasan: нану (nanu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нэн (nen)

Tundra Enets: нэнэ (nene)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ня̄на (nyāna)

Tundra Nenets: няна (nyana)

Proto-Selkup: *nānə

Northern Selkup: нө̄ны (nå̄ny, “from”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: -нан (-nan) (with animate nouns)


natə

Nganasan: натә (natə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нэз (nez)

Tundra Enets: нэзо (nezo)

Nenets:

qual

influenced by <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="syd-fne">няӈ</i> (nyaŋ, “to”)

Forest Nenets: ня̄ӈат (nyāŋat) (influenced by няӈ (nyaŋ, “to”))

Tundra Nenets: няд (nyad°)

Proto-Selkup: *nātə

desc

Northern Selkup: нө̄ты (nå̄ty, “then; still”)


namənå

Nganasan: намәну (namənu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нэон (neon, neɔn)

Tundra Enets: нэонэ (neone, neɔne)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нямна (nyamna)

Tundra Nenets: нямна (nyamna)

Proto-Selkup: *nāmən

Northern Selkup: нө̄мын (nå̄myn), нө̄мыт (nå̄myt)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: наун (naun)

Kamassian: намән (namən, “due to, because of”)

From *na- + the prosecutive case *-mənA.


nokå

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нохо (noxo)

Tundra Nenets: нохо (noxo)

Proto-Selkup: *loqa

Northern Selkup: лоӄа (loqa)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: лога́ (logá), лоӷа́ (loģá)

Upper Ob: лоха (loxa)

⇒ Kamassian: нагабай (nagabaj, “lynx”)

⇒ Koibal: ногамайна (nogamajna, “lynx”)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Uralic *ńukśe (“marten”), but the phonetic correspondence is highly irregular (*ńusə would be expected).


ńåc

Nganasan: нөтә (nötə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: наза (naza)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нята (nyata)

Tundra Nenets: няда (nyada)

Proto-Selkup: *ńūčə

Northern Selkup: ню̄ты (njūty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нӱҗ (nüǯ)

Upper Ob: нюжа (njuža)

Kamassian: ноʼ (noʔ)

Koibal: нот (not)


ńaŋ-

Nganasan: нячегәә (njačjegəə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: науче (nauče)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няӈуˮта (nyaŋuqta)

Tundra Nenets: няӈота (nyaŋota)

Proto-Selkup: *ńaŋtə

Northern Selkup: няӈты (njaŋty)

Southern Selkup:

Ket: няӈгды (njaŋgdy)

Kamassian: наӈно (naŋno)


ńaŋə-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няӈаʼш (nyaŋahš)

Tundra Nenets: ня̄ць (nyācʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńaŋəťə (“naked”)

Northern Selkup: няӈыча (njaŋyća)

From Proto-Uralic *aŋa- (“to open, take off”), with prothetic *ń-.


ńap

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: няпы (nyapi)

Tundra Nenets: нябы (nyabi)

Proto-Selkup: *ńāp

Southern Selkup:

Narym: няб (njab)

Upper Ob: няаб (njaab)

Kamassian: наʼб (naʔb), наʼм (naʔm)

Koibal: нап (nap)


ńar-

Enets:

desc

>? Forest Enets: нарай (naraj, “copper”)

Nenets:

>? Forest Nenets: няԓама (nyałama), няԓамай (nyałamay, “copper”)

Tundra Nenets: няръясь (nyarʺyasʹ°)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нярм (nyarm°, “redness”)

Mator: ньӓрмә- (ńärmə-), нӓрмә- (närmə-)


ńarkə

Enets:

⇒ Tundra Enets: нагозаше (nagozaše, “to redden, become red”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нярк (nyark°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńārqə

Northern Selkup: нярӄы (njarqy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нярӷ (njarģ), нярг (njarg)

Upper Ob: няарг (njaarg)

>? Koibal: нарегот (naregot, “colour”)


ńër

Nganasan: нир (njir)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нерˮ (nyer)

Proto-Selkup: *ńir

Southern Selkup:

Narym: не́р (njér)

From Proto-Uralic *ńërkɜ. Compare Eastern Mari нӧргӧ (nörgö).


ńërkå

Nganasan: нирку (njirku, “aspen”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ныга (niga, “branch; bush, shrub”), ныгара (nigara, “willow”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нерка (nyerka)

Proto-Selkup: *ńarqə

Northern Selkup: нярӄы (njarqy)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: нярӷ (njarģ), нярг (njarg), няргэ (njarge)

Ket: нярӷ (njarģ)

Kamassian: нарга (narga)

Mator: ньэргэ (ńe̮rge̮), нэргэ (ne̮rge̮)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Proto-Uralic *ńüre (“twig; sprout”), but the vowel correspondence is irregular. The variation in the first vowel may suggest a non-native origin.


ńänsə-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ненсаш (nyensaš)

Tundra Nenets: нензӑмбӑсь (nyenzămbăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńešə-

Northern Selkup: нешшалӄо (nješšalqo)

Kamassian: нанзәзьәт (nanzəźət, “to fall”), нанзә (nanzə, “snake”)

Koibal: нанзи (nanzi, “snake”)


ńänsər-

Nganasan: неньдирмиси (njenʹdjirmisi)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нензӑрць (nyenzărcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńešər-

Northern Selkup: нешырӄо (nješyrqo)

нанзәрдәзьәт

Kamassian: нанзәрдәзьәт (nanzərdəźət, “to step; to glide”)


ńimmä

Nganasan: ними (njimi)

Proto-Selkup: *ńima

Northern Selkup: нима (nima)

Mator: ньимӱ (ńimü), нимӱ (nimü)


ńïŋkə-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ниӈкпёш (nyiŋkpyoš)

Tundra Nenets: ниӈгбась (nyiŋgbasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńiŋkə-

Northern Selkup: ниӈкыӄо (niŋkyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ниӈгыгу́ (niŋgygú), ниӈгэгу́ (niŋgegú)

Kamassian: ниӈгәзьәт (niŋgəźət)

Koibal: ниӈги- (niŋgi-)

Mator: ньиӈгә- (ńiŋgə-), ниӈгә- (niŋgə-)


ńo-

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: нооҫь (nooš', “to catch, seize”)

>? Tundra Enets: ноʼоше (noʔoše, nɔʔɔše, “to catch, seize”)

Proto-Selkup: *ńō-

Northern Selkup: нё̄ӄо (njōqo)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: нёгу (njogu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нюԓаˮкуш (nyułaqkuš)

Tundra Nenets: нёракуць (nyorakucʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńōrə-

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нӧ́ргу (nö́rgu)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нёташ (nyotaš)

Tundra Nenets: нёдась (nyodasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *ńōtə-

Northern Selkup: нё̄тыӄо (njōtyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нӧ́дыгу (nö́dygu), нӧ́дэгу (nö́degu)

Mator: ньодә- (ńodə-), нодә- (nodə-)

From Proto-Uralic *ńoxe-. Compare Proto-Finnic *noutadak (“to trace, track (follow tracks); to obey”).


ńojkå

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: нёхо (nyoxo)

Tundra Nenets: нёхо (nyoxo, “sweat”), нёхось (nyoxosʹ°, “to sweat”)

Kamassian: нуго (nugo, “sweat”), нугозьәт (nugoźət, “to sweat”)

Koibal: ного (nogo)

Mator: ньойго (ńojgo), нойго (nojgo), ньуйгу (ńujgu), нуйгу (nujgu)


ńońå

Nganasan: нюню (njunju)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нуя (nuja)

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: нёдяӈкат (nyodyaŋkat)

Tundra Nenets: нёя (nyoya)

Proto-Selkup: *ńüńə

Northern Selkup: ню̄ньы (njūnjy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нӱ̄ (nǖ)

Upper Ob: нюу (njuu)

Kamassian: нуйа (nuja)

Koibal: нуйа (nuja)


ńuə

Nganasan: нюо (njuo)

Enets:

Forest Enets: не (nje)

Tundra Enets: нио (nio, niɔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ню̄ (nyū)

Tundra Nenets: ню̄ (nyū)

Kamassian: ньи (ńi)

Koibal: нье (ńe)

Mator: ньух (ńuh), нух (nuh)


ńulkå

Nenets:

qual

>? Forest Nenets: нюԓка (nyułka, “aspen”) (possibly, with contamination from *ńërkå)

desc

>? Tundra Nenets: нюрка (nyurka, “aspen”) (possibly, with contamination from *ńërkå)

Proto-Selkup: *ńulqə

Northern Selkup: нюлӄы (njulqy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нӱлг (nülg)

Upper Ob: нёлк (njolk), нюлк (njulk)

Kamassian: нолго (nolgo)

From Proto-Uralic *ńulkɜ. Compare Northern Mansi нюлы (nûly), Udmurt ньылпу (ńylpu), and Eastern Mari нулго (nulgo).


ńuənä

Nganasan: нюоны (njuonɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нени (njenji)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нюня (nyunya)

>? Proto-Selkup: *ńanə

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нян (njan)


mənå

Nganasan: мәну (mənu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мона (mona)

>? Proto-Selkup: *manə (“penis”)

Northern Selkup: маны (many)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ма́на (mána, “idiot”)

Upper Ob: маан (maan)

⇒ Kamassian: мунәй (munəj)

⇒ Koibal: муни (muni)


mäktə

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: меʼт (myeht)

Proto-Selkup: *mēktə

Northern Selkup: мэкты (mekty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мехт (mjext)

Upper Ob: миэкт (miekt)

Kamassian: мекте (mekte)

Koibal: бакти (bakti)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *mäkte, whence Finnish mätäs and Northern Sami miekta. However, the preservation of the cluster *-kt- is unexpected.


məjå

Nganasan: моу (mou)

Proto-Selkup: *maťə (“forest”)

Northern Selkup: мачы (maćy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: маҗь (maǯ’)

Upper Ob: маде (madje)

Kamassian: мәйа (məja)

Koibal: мийа (mija)

Mator: бийӓ (bijä)


måsə-

Enets:

Forest Enets: масуҫь (masuš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: масаш (masaš)

Tundra Nenets: масӑсь (masăsʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *musə-

Northern Selkup: мусылтыӄо (musyltyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мӯлҗэгу (mūlǯegu)

Upper Ob: мізэгу (müzegu)

Kamassian: буззьәт (buzźət)

Koibal: биз- (biz-)

Mator: масә- (masə-)


mån-

Enets:

Forest Enets: мадь (mad')

Tundra Enets: маде (madje)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: маньш (manʹš)

Tundra Nenets: манзь (manzʹ°)

>? Proto-Selkup: *mōn-

Northern Selkup: момпа (mompa), монты (monty, “apparently”)

Kamassian: мазьәт (maźət)


mərə-

Nganasan: мәруса (mərusa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мореэҫь (moreeš')

Nenets:

⇒ Forest Nenets: мӑԓташ (măłtaš)

⇒ Tundra Nenets: мӑрдась (mărdasʹ°)

>? Proto-Selkup: *mōr-

>? Northern Selkup: мо̄ры (mōry, “end”)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: море́лгу (morjélgu)

Upper Ob: мооргу (moorgu)

Kamassian: *бәр- (*bər-) (in бәруджабльам (bəruʒ́abĺam, “I break”))


mənsə-

Enets:

Forest Enets: мосраҫь (mosraš', mɔsraš', “to work”)

Tundra Enets: модераше (modjeraše, mɔdjeraše, “to work”)

Nenets:

мансаптампёш

Forest Nenets: мансаптампёш (mansaptampyoš)

Tundra Nenets: мӑнзӑсь (mănzăsʹ°)

Mator: минджәр- (minǯər-)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Uralic *mᴕńće-, whence Hungarian mozog.


më-

Enets:

Forest Enets: муҫь (muš')

Tundra Enets: муше (muše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мэ̄ш (mēš)

Tundra Nenets: мэ̇сь (mėsʹ°)

Kamassian: мозьәт (moźət)

Mator: мэ- (me̮-)

Uncertain. Possibly related to *më (“what”).


mïtə

Nganasan: митә (mitə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: муз (muz)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мыт (mit)

Tundra Nenets: мыд (mid°)

Proto-Selkup: *mī̮tə

Northern Selkup: мы̄ты (mȳty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мыд (myd)

Upper Ob: мид (mid)

Kamassian: мит (mit)

Koibal: мӧт (möt)


mäńä

Nganasan: мяи (mjai)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: мея (myeya)

Kamassian: мейи (meji)

Koibal: мейи (meji)

Mator: мӓйӓ (mäjä)

Likely from Proto-Uralic *mińä, with an irregular assimilation of the first vowel.


məcå-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мӑташ (mătaš)

Tundra Nenets: мадась (madasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *mačə-

Northern Selkup: ма̄тыӄо (mātyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мажэгу́ (mažegú), маҗэгу́ (maǯegú)

Koibal: бод- (bod-)


məctå-

Nganasan: мәтудя (mətudja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мотаҫь (motaš', mɔtaš')

Tundra Enets: моташе (motaše, mɔtaše)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мӑʼтоԓьш (măhtołʹš)

Tundra Nenets: мӑторць (mătorcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *mačtə-

Northern Selkup: маттыӄо (mattyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: машэку (mašeku)

Kamassian: бәтзьәт (bətźət)

⇒ Mator: батәрма (batərma, “piece”)


məkå

Nganasan: мәку (məku)

Enets:

Forest Enets: маха (maha)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: маха (maxa)

Tundra Nenets: маха (maxa)

Proto-Selkup: *moqə

Northern Selkup: моӄал (moqal)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мог (mog), моӷ (moģ)

Upper Ob: мохонэ (moxone)

>? Kamassian: бегәл (begəl)

>? Koibal: бӓгал (bägal)

Mator: бага (baga)


məlɜ-

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: маԓяш (małyaš)

Tundra Nenets: мӑля̆сь (mălyăsʹ°)

>? Proto-Selkup: *mala- (“to bite”)

Northern Selkup: малаӄо (malaqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мала́лгу (malálgu)

Upper Ob: малалгу (malalgu)

Kamassian: булзьәт (bulźət), булдәзьәт (buldəźət)

Koibal: била- (bila-), билди- (bildi-)

⇒ Mator: билӓбтә- (biläbtə-)


məncɜ-

Enets:

Forest Enets: модээҫь (modeeš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: манӭˮш (manäqš)

Tundra Nenets: манэць (manecʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *mančə-

Northern Selkup: мантыӄо (mantyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: манҗэ́җегу (manǯéǯjegu), манҗэ́җигу (manǯéǯigu)

Upper Ob: мадж (madž, “open space, clearing”)

>? Kamassian: мәндәзьәт (məndəźət) (← *məncə-tå-)


mər-

Nganasan: мәрсы (mərsɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: морсичь (morsič')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мӑԓьш (măłʹš)

Tundra Nenets: мӑрць (mărcʹ°)


mərəj

Enets:

Forest Enets: мору (moru)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: маԓу (mału)

Tundra Nenets: мӑро (măro)

Kamassian: марәй (marəj)


mərå

Nganasan: мәру (məru)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мора (mora, “spit, sandbank”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: маԓа (mała, “(sandy) shore; spit, sandbank”)

Tundra Nenets: мӑра (măra, “(sandy) shore; spit, sandbank”)

Kamassian: мара (mara)

Mator: бара (bara)


mərkä

Nganasan: мәрсы (mərsɨ)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: моди (modji)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мӑԓьш (măłʹš)

Tundra Nenets: мӑрць (mărcʹ°)

Mator: *марг- (*marg-) (as маргомъ, +1SG possessive)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Uralic *mȣrɜ (“projected body part”), whence Hungarian mar (“withers”).


mətkå-

Enets:

Forest Enets: мокачиҫь (mokačiš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: маʼкапчош (mahkapćoš)

Tundra Nenets: мӑкась (măkasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *matkə-

desc

Northern Selkup: матӄымпыӄо (matqympyqo)


mancə

Nenets:

>? Forest Nenets: мян (myan, “that which can be overcome, accomplished”)

>? Tundra Nenets: мян (myan°, “that which can be overcome, accomplished”)

Proto-Selkup: *mānčə

Northern Selkup: мө̄нты (må̄nty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: манҗ (manǯ), ман (man)

Upper Ob: моадж (moadž)


mancə-

⇒ Nganasan: мандібтүся (mandibtüsja)

Proto-Selkup: *mānčə-

Northern Selkup: мө̄нтыӄо (må̄ntyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: моаджэгу (moadžegu)

Kamassian: манзьәт (manźət)


måŋkə-

Nganasan: мәӈкәә (məŋkəə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: магутуда (magutuda)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: маӈгбӑда (maŋgbăda)


måtə-

Enets:

Forest Enets: мазудь (mazud')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ма̄таԓьш (mātałʹš)

Tundra Nenets: мадӑрць (madărcʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *mūtə-

Northern Selkup: мӯтыӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: му́дэгу (múdegu)

Upper Ob: муудэгу (muudegu)

Kamassian: моʼдзьәт (moʔdźət)

Koibal: мод- (mod-)

Mator: мадә- (madə-)


mänəsä

Enets:

Forest Enets: менси (mjensi)

Tundra Enets: менеʼо (menjeʔo, menjeʔɔ)

Kamassian: минзье (minźe)

Koibal: минзье (minźe)

Mator: месе (mese), мисе (mise)


mäntɜ-

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: менець (myenyecʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *mentə-

Northern Selkup: мэнтыӄо (mentyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мӓндэгу́ (m’andegú), мендэгу́ (mjendegú), мяндэгу́ (mjandegú)

Upper Ob: меддэгу (mjeddegu)

Kamassian: менәрзьәт (menərźət)

Mator: миндә- (mində-)


märə

Nganasan: мерә (mjerə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мяр (mjar)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ме̄ԓ (myēł)

Tundra Nenets: мерʼ (myer)

Mator: бер (ber)


märö

Nganasan: меру (mjeru)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мяри (mjari)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: миԓю (myiłyu)

Tundra Nenets: мерё (myeryo)

Kamassian: мерӱ (merü)


märkɜ-

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: мерця̆мзь (myercyămzʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *merkə-

Northern Selkup: меркыӄо (mjerkyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мярге́гу (mjargjégu)

Upper Ob: мергэгу (mjergegu)

Kamassian: бержәмзьәт (beržəmźət)


mïnɜ-

Nganasan: мүнүдя (münüdja)

Proto-Selkup: *mi̮n-

Northern Selkup: мыныӄо (mynyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: муныгу́ (munygú), му́нэгу (múnegu)

Upper Ob: мэнэгу (menegu)

Kamassian: мӱнзьәт (münźət), мӱнӱʼзьәт (münüʔźət)

Koibal: мӱнӱб- (münüb-)

Uncertain. Resembles Proto-Uralic *minɜ-, but the vowel correspondence is irregular.


munsə-

Nganasan: муньдеса (munʹdjesa)

Proto-Selkup: *mušə-

Northern Selkup: мушыӄо (mušyqo)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мужэгу́ (mužegú)

Kamassian: мәнзәзьәт (mənzəźət)

Koibal: минзи- (minzi-)


muntəjtsɜn

Nganasan: мүндүˮся (mündüʔsja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мунчи (munči)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: мунушаӈ (munušaŋ), мунушаˮ (munušaq)

Tundra Nenets: муноцьʼ (munocʹ)

Kamassian: муʼзен (muʔzen)

Mator: мундучен (mundučen)


muŋkə

Enets:

Forest Enets: муг (mug)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: муӈг (muŋg°)

Mator: муӈгу (muŋgu)

Uncertain. Has been compared with Northern Mansi ма̄ӈхв (māňhv, “butt (of a tool)”), but the vowel correspondence is irregular.


wə-

Nganasan: бәз̌әтуо (bəðətuo)

Enets:

Forest Enets: бота (bota)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ваˮта (waqta)

Tundra Nenets: вӑта (wăta)

Proto-Selkup: *kwe̮

Northern Selkup: кә̄

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: куа (kua), куай (kuaj)

desc

Kamassian: бәзәй (bəzəj, “particularly, especially”)


wəj

Nganasan: бәйму (bəjmu, “sin”)

Enets:

Forest Enets: боа (boa), боку (boku)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: вайма (wayma), вӭмана (wämana)

Tundra Nenets: вай (way°), вэва (wewa)

Kamassian: биле (bile)

Koibal: билӓ (bilä)

Mator: биштӓ (bištä)


wəjå-

Nganasan: бәуса (bəusa)

Kamassian: бейзьәт (bejźət)

Koibal: бей- (bej-)

Mator: бай- (baj-)

⇒ Nganasan: бәурәму (bəurəmu, “crossing point”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: вайԓаш (wayłaš)

Tundra Nenets: вӑерӑсь (wăyerăsʹ°)


wəjs

Enets:

Forest Enets: боʼ (boʔ, bɔʔ), бос (bos, bɔs)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: вӭс (wäs)

Tundra Nenets: вэˮ (weq)

Proto-Selkup: *kwe̮š

Northern Selkup: кәш (kəš)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: куас (kuas)


wəjs-

Nganasan: бәйкаˮа (bəjkaʔa)

Enets:

>? Forest Enets: буси (busi)

>? Tundra Enets: бахоʼо (bahoʔo, bahoʔɔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: вӭˮку (wäqku)

Tundra Nenets: вэсуˮ (wesuq), вэсако (wesako)

Kamassian: бӱзье (büźe)

Koibal: бӱзье (büźe)


wərå-

Nganasan: бәрудя (bərudja)

Enets:

Forest Enets: борагуҫь (boraguš')

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ваԓанаш (wałanaš)

Tundra Nenets: вӑрась (wărasʹ°)

Proto-Selkup: *qor- (“adze”)

Northern Selkup: ӄорсан (qorsan), ӄоршан (qoršan)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄорха́т (qorxát)

Upper Ob: куорза (kuorza)

Mator: барәр- (barər-)


wətå

Enets:

Forest Enets: боза (boza)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: вӑтӑ (wătă)

Tundra Nenets: вӑдӑ (wădă)

Proto-Selkup: *kota

Northern Selkup: кота (kota)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄода́ (qodá)

Upper Ob: куода (kuoda)

Kamassian: бәда (bəda)

Koibal: бида (bida)


wakånå

Nganasan: бакуну (bakunu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: бԑхԑна (bɛhɛna)

Tundra Enets: бэхана (behana)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ехэна (yexena)

Proto-Selkup: *qwe̮qər, *qwe̮qən

Northern Selkup: ӄә̄ӄыр

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄвэ́гэр (qwéger), квэ́ӷэр (kwéģer)

Upper Ob: куахэн (kuaxen)