atu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 熱さい, 暑さい (atusai, atsusai)

Kunigami: 熱せん, 暑せん (hachisen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 熱さり, 暑さり (atsïsari)

Okinawan: 熱さん, 暑さん (achisan)

Okinoerabu: 熱さん, 暑さん (achasan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 熱むっ, 暑むっ (attam)

Tokunoshima: 熱さい, 暑さい (atsïsai)

Yoron: 熱さん, 暑さん (achisan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 熱, 暑 (atsï)

Yaeyama: 熱さん, 暑さん (attsasan)

Yonaguni: 熱ん, 暑ん (attsan)


tane

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 種 (θanï, “seed”)

Kunigami: 種 (thanī, “penis”)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 種 (θane, θanï, “seed”)

Okinawan: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)

Okinoerabu: 種 (θani, θanī, “seed”)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 種 (θanï, “seed”)

Tokunoshima: 種 (θanï, “seed”)

Yoron: 種 (tani, “seed”)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)

Yaeyama: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)

Yonaguni: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)


tana

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 棚 (tana)

Kunigami: 棚 (thanā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 棚 (θana)

Okinawan: 棚 (tana)

Okinoerabu: 棚 (tana)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 棚 (tana, tanā)

Tokunoshima: 棚 (tanā)

Yoron: 棚 (tana)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 棚 (tana)

Yaeyama: 棚 (tana)

Yonaguni: 棚 (tana)


siro

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 白 (shiru), 白さい (shirusai)

Kunigami: 白 (shirū), 白ーしぇん (shirūshen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 白 (shiru), 白さり (shirusari)

Okinawan: 白 (shiru), 白さん (shirusan)

Okinoerabu: 白 (shū), 白さん (shūsan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 白 (shiryu), 白さむっ (shiryusam)

Tokunoshima: 白 (sïru), 白ーい (sïrōi)

Yoron: 白 (sū), 白さん (sūsan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 白 (ssu)

Yaeyama: 白 (sïsu), 白さん (sïsusan)

⇒ Yonaguni: 白だり (tsudari)


omi

Northern Ryukyuan: 烏乜 (ume) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 海 (umi)

Kunigami: 海 (umi, umī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 海 (umi, un)

Okinawan: 海 (umi)

Okinoerabu: 海 (uni)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 海 (umi)

Tokunoshima: 海 (un)

Yoron: 海 (un)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 海 (im) (< *emi)

Yaeyama: 海 (in) (< *emi)

Yonaguni: 海 (in, unnaga) (< *emi, *ominaka)


yoki

Northern Ryukyuan: 유기 (/ju.ki/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 雪 (yuchi)

Kunigami: 雪 (yuchī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 雪 (yuki-, in compounds)

Okinawan: 雪 (yuchi)

Okinoerabu: 雪 (yuki)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 雪 (yuk)

Tokunoshima: 雪 (yuki)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 雪 (yukɿ)

Yonaguni: 雪 (duti)

From Proto-Japonic *yoki (“hail, snow”).
As it does not snow in the Ryukyu Islands, most dialects, particularly Okinawan, use this word with the meaning 'hail'.


yoki

Northern Ryukyuan:

Amami:

Tokunoshima:

Asama: ユーキ (jùː⸢kí, tone class C)

Kametsu: ユキ (jú⸣kɪ̀, tone class C)

Okinoerabu:

China: ユーキ (jùː⸢kʰí, tone class A)

Wadomari: ユッチ (jùt⸢tɕí, tone class A)

Yoron:

Mugiya Higashi-ku: ユイキ (/⸢júíkí/, tone class C)

Okinawan:

Kunigami (Northern Okinawa):

Ie: ユチ (/jútɕí⸣/)

Nakijin: ユチ (/jú⸣tʑì/, “hammer”, tone class C)

Southern Okinawa:

Shuri: ユーチ (/⸢júːtɕí/, tone class C)

Southern Ryukyuan (Sakishima):

Miyako:

Hirara: ユキゥ (/jukɿ/)

Ikema: ユキゥ (/jutsɿ/, tone class B)

Irabu:

Nakachi: ユチゥ (/jutsɿ/)

Tarama-Minna:

Minna: ユキ (/juki/, tone class A)

Tarama: ユキゥ (/jukɿ/, tone class A)

Yaeyama:

Nuclear-Yaeyama:

Hatoma: ユッキ (/⸢júkkí/, tone class BC)

Ishigaki: ユキゥ (/jú⸣kɨ̀/, tone class A)

Taketomi: ユキ (/juki/)

Yonaguni: ドゥティ (/dùtî/, tone class C)

Cognate with Japanese 斧 (yoki, “hatchet”, obsolete or dialectal). Presumably from Proto-Japonic, but the word is attested too late to precisely reconstruct a vowel.
The vowel lengthening in some Northern Ryukyuan dialects and the medial -i- in the Yoron Mugiya Higashi-ku dialect suggests an earlier derivation *yo(C)Vki.


minato

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 港, 湊, 水門 (minatu)

Kunigami: 港, 湊, 水門 (nātu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 港, 湊, 水門 (myāθo)

Okinawan: 港, 湊, 水門 (nnatu)

desc

Southern Amami Ōshima: 港, 湊, 水門 (mïnyāto)

Yoron: 港, 湊, 水門 (minatu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 港, 湊, 水門 (mnatu)

Yaeyama: 港, 湊, 水門 (minatu)

Yonaguni: 港, 湊, 水門 (nnatu)

From Proto-Japonic *minato (“sluice, port”).


simo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 下 (shimu)

Kunigami: 下 (shimū, “bottom; kitchen; vulva”)

⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 下方 (Shimohō, administrative name given to three magiri)

Okinawan: 下 (shimu, “bottom; kitchen”)

Okinoerabu: 下 (shimu)

Tokunoshima: 下 (sïmu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 下 (sïmu)

Yaeyama: 下 (sïmu)


simo

Northern Ryukyuan: 失莫 (shimo) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 霜 (shimu)

Kunigami: 霜 (shimū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 霜 (shimo)

Okinawan: 霜 (shimu)

Okinoerabu: 霜 (shimu, shimū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 霜 (shimu)

Tokunoshima: 霜 (shimu)

Yoron: 霜 (shimu)


kuti

Northern Ryukyuan: 키지 (/kʰɨ.t͡si/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 口 (kuchi)

Kunigami: 口 (khuchī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 口 (kuchi, xuchi)

Okinawan: 口 (kuchi)

Okinoerabu: 口 (kuchi, kuchī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 口 (kuch)

Tokunoshima: 口 (kutsï)

Yoron: 口 (kuchi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 口 (futsï)

Yaeyama: 口 (futsï)

Yonaguni: 口 (ttī)


pusi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 節 (pushi)

Kunigami: 節 (phushī /pʰùɕĭː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 節 (fushi, bushi)

Okinawan: 節 (fushi /ɸùɕì/)

Okinoerabu: 節 (fushi /ɸùɕí/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 節 (bush /búɕ̩/)

Tokunoshima: 節 (fusï /ɸùsɨ́/)

Yoron: 節 (pushi /pùɕí/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 節 (fusï)

ɸù̥sɨ́, búsɨ́

Yaeyama: 節 (fusï, busï /ɸù̥sɨ́, búsɨ́/)

bùtɕí, bùtɕî

Yonaguni: 節 (buchi /bùtɕí, bùtɕî/)


yama

Northern Ryukyuan: 亞馬 (yama) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 山 (yama)

Kunigami: 山 (yamā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 山 (yama)

Okinawan: 山 (yama)

Okinoerabu: 山 (yama, yamā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 山 (yama)

Tokunoshima: 山 (yama)

Yoron: 山 (yama)

Southern Ryukyuan: *yama (Bentley, 2008b)

Miyako: 山 (yama)

Yaeyama: 山 (yama)

Yonaguni: 山 (dama)

From Proto-Japonic *yama (“mountain; forest”).


keu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai:

Aden: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)

Araki: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)

Kamikatetsu: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)

Nakasato: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)

Onotsu: 今日 (kyū) (tone class BC)

Sakamine: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)

Shiomichi: 今日 (shū) (tone class C)

Shitōke: 今日 (xyū) (tone class BC)

Wan: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)

Kunigami:

Hentona: 今日 (sū)

Iejima: 今日 (chū) (tone class AC)

Nakijin: 今日 (khū) (tone class C)

Oku: 今日 (sū)

Sumuide: 今日 (kū)

Northern Amami Ōshima:

Naze: 今日 (kyū) (tone class C)

Yamatohama: 今日 (xïu)

Yuwan: 今日 (kyū)

Okinawan:

Naha: 今日 (chū)

Shuri: 今日 (chū) (tone class BC)

Okinoerabu:

Serikaku: 今日 (hyū)

Wadomari: 今日 (hyū) (tone class C)

Southern Amami Ōshima:

Koniya: 今日 (xyū)

Shodon: 今日 (xyu)

Tokunoshima:

Asama: 今日 (xyū) (tone class AC)

Inō: 今日 (xyū)

Kametsu: 今日 (xyū)

Yoron: 今日 (shū) (tone class C)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Bora: 今日 (kyū)

Hirara: 今日 (kyū)

Ikema: 今日 (kyū) (tone class C)

Irabu: 今日 (kyū)

Karimata: 今日 (kyū)

Kugai: 今日 (kyū)

Kurima: 今日 (kyū)

Ōgami: 今日 (kī)

Ōura: 今日 (kyū)

Sarahama: 今日 (kyū)

Shimajiri: 今日 (kyū)

Tarama: 今日 (kiu) (tone class B)

Uechi: 今日 (kyū)

Uruka: 今日 (kyū)

Yonaha: 今日 (kyū)

Yaeyama:

Hateruma: 今日 (kyū)

Hatoma: 今日 (kyū)

Ishigaki: 今日 (kyū) (tone class BC)

Kohama: 今日 (kyū)

Kuroshima: 今日 (kyū)

Sonai: 今日 (kyū)

Taketomi: 今日 (kyū)

Yonaguni: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)


opo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 大さい, 多さい (ussai, ufisai, ubisai)

desc

Kunigami: 大ーせん, 多ーせん (fupōsen, pōsen, fupīsen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 大っさり, 多っさり (fïssari)

Okinawan: 大さん, 多さん (ufusan, ufisan)

Okinoerabu: 大いさん, 多いさん (fūsan, fuisan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 大ーさむっ, 多ーさむっ (ufūsam, fūsam, fïïsam)

Tokunoshima: 大ーい, 多ーい (hōi, fëëi)

Yoron: 大さん, 多さん (upusan), 大しゃん, 多しゃん (upishan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 大, 多 (upu)

Yaeyama: 大さん, 多さん (ufusan)

Yonaguni: 大さん, 多さん (ubusan) (< *oposi)

From Proto-Japonic *əpə (“big, large; many”). The retention of *p is unexpected.


sato

Northern Ryukyuan: さと (sato) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)

Kunigami: 里 (satū /sàtǔː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 里 (saθo)

Okinawan: 里 (satu /sátù/)

Okinoerabu: 里 (satu /sàtú/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 里 (sato /sàtôˑ/)

Yoron: 里 (satu /sàtù/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 里 (satu)

Yaeyama: 里 (satu /sátú/)

⇒ Yonaguni: 隣里 (tunaisatu /tʰùnáísátû/) (< *tonari-sato)


miti

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 道 (michi)

Kunigami: 道 (michī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 道 (michi)

Okinawan: 道 (michi)

Okinoerabu: 道 (michi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 道 (michi, mich)

Tokunoshima: 道 (mitsï)

⇒ Yoron: 道中 (michinā) (< *miti-naka)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 道 (mtsï)

Yaeyama: 道 (mitsï)

⇒ Yonaguni: 道 (amiti)

From Proto-Japonic *miti (“path, road”).


naka

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai:

Aden: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Araki: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Kamikatetsu: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Nakasato: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Onotsu: 中 (nā) (tone class BC)

Sakamine: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Shiomichi: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Shitōke: 中 (nā) (tone class BC)

Wan: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Kunigami:

Nakijin: 中 (nahā) (tone class C)

Northern Amami Ōshima:

Naze: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Okinawan:

Shuri: 中 (nāka) (tone class C)

Okinoerabu:

Wadomari: 中 (nā) (tone class A)

Tokunoshima:

Asama: 中 (nā) (tone class AC)

Yoron: 中 (nā) (tone class C)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Bora: 中 (naka)

Hirara: 中 (naka)

Ikema: 中 (naka) (tone class C)

Irabu: 中 (naka)

Karimata: 中 (nā)

Kuninaka: 中 (naka)

Minna: 中 (naka) (tone class C)

Nobaru: 中 (naka)

Ōgami: 中 (naka)

Ōura: 中 (naka)

Tarama: 中 (naka) (tone class C)

Shimajiri: 中 (naka)

Yaeyama:

Hateruma: 中 (naga) (tone class A)

Hatoma: 中 (naka) (tone class A)

Ishigaki: 中 (naka) (tone class A)

Yonaguni: 中 (naga) (tone class C)


kaza

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 香 (hada)

Kunigami: 香 (hajā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 香 (xaza)

Okinawan: 香 (kaza)

Okinoerabu: 香 (hajā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 香 (xada)

Tokunoshima: 香 (xada)

Yoron: 香 (hada)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 香 (kaza)

Yaeyama: 香 (kaza)

Yonaguni: 香 (kada, kadai)


paka

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 墓 (faka)

Kunigami: 墓 (phakā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 墓 (haxa)

Okinawan: 墓 (haka)

Okinoerabu: 墓 (hakā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 墓 (hakā)

Tokunoshima: 墓 (haka, hā)

Yoron: 墓 (paka)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 墓 (paka)

Yaeyama: 墓 (pakā)

Yonaguni: 墓 (haga)


koga

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: ふか゚ー (fung'ā /huŋaː/), ふわ゙ー (fuwã̄ /huwãː/)

Kunigami: ふがー (fugā /ɸúgàː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: こが (xoga)

Okinawan: くーが (kūga /kúːgá/)

Okinoerabu: ふが (fuga /ɸùgá/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: くーが (xūga /kʰùːgǎ/)

Tokunoshima: くが (xuga /kʰúgà/)

Yoron: ふが (fuga /ɸúgá/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Irabu:

Nakachi: くーが (kʊ̄ga /kʊːga/)

Tarama-Minna:

Minna: くが (kuga, tone class C)

Tarama: くが (kuga, tone class C)

Yaeyama: くが (kuga /kúgá/)

According to Thorpe (1983, 282), the first element is related to Old Japanese 子 (ko₁, “child; something born in an animal, egg (oviparous birds, fish, etc.; unhatched or hatched)”), while *-ga is a diminutive suffix.
However, 子 (ko₁)'s accent belongs to the high register (class 1), but the tone class of this word is class C, which would only correspond to the low register (class 3/4/5).


kome

Northern Ryukyuan: 姑米 (kumi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 米 (fumi)

Kunigami: 米 (fumī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 米 (xumï)

Okinawan: 米 (kumi)

Okinoerabu: 米 (fumi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 米 (kumï)

Tokunoshima: 米 (kumï)

Yoron: 米 (fumi)


esi

Northern Ryukyuan: 亦石, 一實 (ishi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 石 (ishi)

Kunigami: 石 (ishī, hishī, shī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 石 (ishi)

Okinawan: 石 (ishi)

Okinoerabu: 石 (ishi, ishī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 石 (ishi, ish)

Tokunoshima: 石 (isï)

Yoron: 石 (ishi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 石 (isï)

Yaeyama: 石 (ishi)

Yonaguni: 石 (ichi)


sara

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Kunigami: 皿, 盤 (sarā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Okinawan: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Okinoerabu: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Tokunoshima: 皿, 盤 (sharā)

Yoron: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Yaeyama: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Yonaguni: 皿, 盤 (sara)


oke

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 起ぃゆい (uïyui, wïïyui)

Kunigami: 起き゚るん (fukirun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 起るり (fïïruri)

Okinawan: 起きゆん (ukiyun)

Okinoerabu: 起いゆん (uiyun)

desc

Southern Amami Ōshima: 起ひぃーゅむっ ('wïhïïyum)

Tokunoshima: 起いゆい (uiyui)

Yoron: 起いゆん (uiyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 起きㇲ゙ (ukiz)

Yaeyama: 起きるん (ukirun), 起きん (ukin)

Yonaguni: 起ぎるん (ugirun)

From Proto-Japonic *əku (“to get up; to rise”).


takara

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 宝 (takara)

Kunigami: 宝 (thakāra)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 宝 (θaxara)

Okinawan: 宝 (takara)

Okinoerabu: 宝 (takara)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 宝 (θakāra)

Tokunoshima: 宝 (takarā)

Yoron: 宝 (takara)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 宝 (takara)

Yaeyama: 宝 (takara)

Yonaguni: 宝 (tagara)

From Proto-Japonic *takara (“treasure”).


kuki

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 茎 (guchi)

Kunigami: 茎 (guchī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 茎 (xuxi)

Okinawan: 茎 (guchi)

Okinoerabu: 茎 (kūchī, kūkī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 茎 (xki)

Tokunoshima: 茎 (kuki)

Yoron: 茎 (kuki)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: 茎 (fukï)

From Proto-Japonic *kukui (“stalk, stem”).


osio

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 潮 (ushu)

Kunigami: 潮 (fusū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 潮 (ushu)

Okinawan: 潮 (ushu)

Okinoerabu: 潮 (ushu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 潮 (ushū)

Tokunoshima: 潮 (ushu)

Yoron: 潮 (ushu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

⇒ Yaeyama: 潮汁 (usuzuru) (< *osio-ziru)

Yonaguni: 潮 (usu)


kure

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)

Kunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)

Okinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)

Okinoerabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)

Tokunoshima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)

Yoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)

Yaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)

Yonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)


tura

Northern Ryukyuan: □라 (tsɨra) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 面 (tura, tsura)

Kunigami: 面 (chira)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 面 (tsïra)

Okinawan: 面 (chira)

Okinoerabu: 面 (chira)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 面 (tsïra)

Tokunoshima: 面 (tsïrā)

Yoron: 面 (chira)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 面 (tsïra)

Yaeyama: 面 (tsïra)

Yonaguni: 面 (chira)


yari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: 遣すん (yarasun)

From Proto-Japonic *yaru (“to perform, to do”).


patu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 初 (patsu)

Kunigami: 初 (phachī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 初 (hatsï)

Okinawan: 初 (hatsi, hachi)

Okinoerabu: 初 (hachi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 初 (hatï)

Tokunoshima: 初 (hatsï)

Yoron: 初 (pachi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 初 (patsï)

Yaeyama: 初 (patsï)

Yonaguni: 初 (hachi)


tokoro

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 所 (θukuru)

Kunigami: 所 (thukurū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 所 (θoro)

Okinawan: 所 (tukuru)

Okinoerabu: 所 (tukuru)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 所 (θuro)

Tokunoshima: 所 (tukuru)

Yoron: 所 (tukuru)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 所 (tukuru)

Yaeyama: 所 (tukuru)

Yonaguni: 所 (tuguru)

From Proto-Japonic *təkərə (“place”), from *tə (“place”).


momo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 桃 (mumu)

Kunigami: 桃 (mūmū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 桃 (momo)

Okinawan: 桃 (mumu)

Okinoerabu: 桃 (mumū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 桃 (mumo)

Tokunoshima: 桃 (mū)

Yoron: 桃 (mumu)

Southern Ryukyuan: *momu

Miyako: 桃 (mum)

Yaeyama: 桃 (mun)

desc

Yonaguni: 桃 (mumu, rare), ⇒ 糖桃坊 (tūmumbu)


yapara

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 柔ーらしぇん (yapārashen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 柔らさり (yawarasari)

Okinawan: 柔らさん (yafarasan)

Okinoerabu: 柔らさん (yawarasan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 柔らさむっ (yawarasam)

Tokunoshima: 柔らい (yarai)

Yoron: 柔らさん (yaparasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 柔らー (yārā)

Yaeyama: 柔らさーん (yārasān)

Yonaguni: 柔らん (daran)


sisi

Northern Ryukyuan: 시시 (/si.si/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, āshishī)

Kunigami: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shī, shishī, mashīshi, mashinshi, mashishā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, mashishi)

Okinawan: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, mashishi)

Okinoerabu: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, shīshī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi)

Tokunoshima: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (sïsï, masïsï)

Yoron: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (sïïsï)

Yaeyama: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (sïsï)

Yonaguni: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (chichi)

From Proto-Japonic *sisi (“beast; flesh, meat”).

mi

body; flesh, meat (not necessarily animal)

beast (particularly a game animal used for its meat)


mogi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 麦 (mugi)

Kunigami: 麦 (mujī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 麦 (mugi)

Okinawan: 麦 (muji)

Okinoerabu: 麦 (mugi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 麦 (mugi)

Tokunoshima: 麦 (mugī)

Yoron: 麦 (mugi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 麦 (mugzï)

Yaeyama: 麦 (mun)

Yonaguni: 麦 (mun)


mune

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 胸 (muni, munï)

Kunigami: 胸 (nī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 胸 (munï)

Okinawan: 胸 (nni)

Okinoerabu: 胸 (nī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 胸 (munï)

Tokunoshima: 胸 (nïï)

Yoron: 胸 (nī)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 胸 (mmi)

Yaeyama: 胸 (nni)

Yonaguni: 胸 (nni)

From Proto-Japonic *munay (“chest, breast, bosom; roof ridge”).


mune

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 棟 (nī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 棟 (munï)

Okinawan: 棟 (nni)

Okinoerabu: 棟 (nī)

Tokunoshima: 棟 (nëë)

Yoron: 棟 (nī)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 棟 (mmi)

Yaeyama: 棟 (nni)

Yonaguni: 棟 (nni)

From Proto-Japonic *munay (“roof ridge”).


tobi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 飛びん (tubin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 飛ぶり (θuburi)

Okinawan: 飛ぶん (tubun)

Okinoerabu: 飛びゅん (tubyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 飛びゅむっ (tubyum)

Tokunoshima: 飛びぃ (tubï)

Yoron: 飛びゅん (tubyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 飛びぃ (tubsï)

Yaeyama: 飛ぶん (tubun)

Yonaguni: 飛ぶん (tubun)


pabu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 蛇 (pīpā) (< *pebuwa)

Kunigami: 蛇 (phabū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 蛇 (habu)

Okinawan: 蛇 (habu, fību, fībā) (< *pabu, *pebu, *pebuwa)

→ Japanese: 波布 (habu)

Okinoerabu: 蛇 (hibu, hibū) (< *pebu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 蛇 (hap)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 蛇 (pav)

Yaeyama: 蛇 (pabu)

Yonaguni: 蛇 (hinpa) (< *pebuCa)


pikari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 光ゆい (pikayui)

Kunigami: 光ーるん (pikārun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 光るり (hikyaruri)

Okinawan: 光ゆん (fichayun)

Okinoerabu: 光ゆん (hikayun)

desc

Southern Amami Ōshima: 光ーゆむっ (hikāyum, hikyāyum)

Tokunoshima: 光り (sïkyari), 光りぃ (sïkyarï)

Yoron: 光ゆん (pichayun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 光ーㇲ゙ (psïkāz)

Yaeyama: 光るん (pïkarun)

Yonaguni: 光るん (hikarun)

From Proto-Japonic *pikaru (“to shine, glitter”).


taya

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: た゚や (θaya), て゚ー (θē)

Kunigami: てー (thē /tʰɛ̂ː/)

Okinawan: てー (tē /tèː/)

Yoron: てゃー (tyā /tjáː/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: たや (taya)

Yaeyama: たやー (tayā /tájáː/)

Yonaguni: たや (taya /tàjâ/)

Possibly derived from Middle Chinese 體 (MC thejX, “vigor”).


matu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 松 (matu)

Kunigami: 松 (machi /mátɕì/)

⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 松木 (matsïgï)

Okinawan: 松 (mātsi /màːtsì/)

⇒ Okinoerabu: 松木 (machigi /màtɕígí/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 松 (mat /mát̩/)

⇒ Tokunoshima: 松木 (matsïgï /mátsɨ̀gɨ̀/)

⇒ Yoron: 松木 (machigi /mátɕígí/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 松 (matsï)

Yaeyama: 松 (matsï /mátsɨ́/)

Yonaguni: 松 (machi /màtɕî/)

From Proto-Japonic *matu (“pine, pine tree”).


piro

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 広さい (pirusai)

Kunigami: 広ーしぇん (pirūshen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 広さり (hirusari)

Okinawan: 広さん (firusan)

Okinoerabu: 広さん (hyūsan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 広さむっ (hiryusam)

Tokunoshima: 広あい (fïroai)

Yoron: 広さん (pyūsan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 広 (pïsu)

Yaeyama: 広さん (pïsusan)

Yonaguni: 広ん (tswan)

From Proto-Japonic *pirə (“broad, wide”).


nuka

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 糠 (nuxa)

Kunigami: 糠 (nukā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 糠 (noxa)

Okinawan: 糠 (nuka)

Okinoerabu: 糠 (nukā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 糠 (nukā)

Tokunoshima: 糠 (nukā)

Yoron: 糠 (nuka)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 糠 (nka)

Yaeyama: 糠 (nuka)

Yonaguni: 糠 (nugan)


uki

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 浮ちゅい (uchui)

Kunigami: 浮ちゅん (fuchun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 浮く゚り (uxuri)

Okinawan: 浮ちゅん (uchun)

Yoron: 浮きゅん (ukyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

desc

⇒ Miyako: 浮かー上がㇲ゙ (ukāgaz), 浮か上がㇲ゙ (ukagaz) (< *uki-agari)

Yaeyama: 浮っけーるん (ukkērun)


teri

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 照ん (thin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 照るり (θïruri)

Okinawan: 照ゆん (tiyun)

Okinoerabu: 照ゆん (θiyun)

Tokunoshima: 照るい (θirui)

Yoron: 照ゆん (tiyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 照ーㇲ゙ (tīz)

Yaeyama: 照るん (tirun)

Yonaguni: 照るん (tirun)


tuno

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 角 (tunu)

Kunigami: 角 (chinū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 角 (tsïno)

Okinawan: 角 (chinu)

Okinoerabu: 角 (chinu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 角 (tïno)

Tokunoshima: 角 (tsïno)

Yoron: 角 (chinu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 角 (tsïnu)

Yaeyama: 角 (tsunu)

Yonaguni: 角 (nnun)


pezi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 肘, 肱, 臂 (piji)

Kunigami: 肘, 肱, 臂 (pijī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 肘, 肱, 臂 (hiji)

Okinawan: 肘, 肱, 臂 (fijigē) (< *pezigai)

Okinoerabu: 肘, 肱, 臂 (hiji, hijī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 肘, 肱, 臂 (hiji)

Tokunoshima: 肘, 肱, 臂 (fïji, sïzï)

Yoron: 肘, 肱, 臂 (piji)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 肘, 肱, 臂 (pizï)

Yaeyama: 肘, 肱, 臂 (pizï)

Yonaguni: 肘, 肱, 臂 (chidinka) (< *pezi-no-ka)


ude

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 腕 (udi, udï)

Kunigami: 腕 (udī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 腕 (udï)

Okinawan: 腕 (udi)

Okinoerabu: 腕 (udi, udī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 腕 (udï)

Tokunoshima: 腕 (udi, udï)

Yoron: 腕 (udi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 腕 (udi)

Yaeyama: 腕 (udi)

Yonaguni: 腕 (udi)


pazi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 恥 (paji)

Kunigami: 恥 (phajī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 恥 (haji)

Okinawan: 恥 (haji)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 恥 (haji)

Yoron: 恥 (paji)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 恥 (pazï)

Yaeyama: 恥 (pazï)

Yonaguni: 恥 (hadi)


putari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 二人 (tai)

Kunigami: 二人 (tai)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 二人 (tāri)

Okinawan: 二人 (tai)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 二人 (tari, tāri, tar)

Yoron: 二人 (tai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 二人 (futāz)

⇒ Yonaguni: 二人 (taintu) (< *putari-bito)

From Proto-Japonic *putari (“two people”). Equivalent to *puta (“two”) + *-ri (“person suffix”).


kusa

Northern Ryukyuan: 姑撒 (kusa) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 草 (kusa, ssa)

Kunigami: 草 (khusā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 草 (kusa, xusa)

Okinawan: 草 (kusa)

Okinoerabu: 草 (kusa, kusā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 草 (xsa)

Tokunoshima: 草 (kusa)

Yoron: 草 (kusa)

Southern Ryukyuan: *kusa (Bentley, 2008b)

Miyako: 草 (fusa)

Yaeyama: 草 (fusa)

Yonaguni: 草 (tsā)


kusa

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 臭ーせん (khusāsen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 臭さり (kusasari)

Okinawan: 臭さん (kusasan)

Okinoerabu: 臭さん (kusasan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 臭さむっ (xsāsam)

Tokunoshima: 臭い (kusai)

Yoron: 臭さん (kusasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 臭 (fusa)

Yaeyama: 臭さーん (fusasān)

Yonaguni: 臭ーん (tsān)

From Proto-Japonic *kusa (“smelly, stinky”).


kane

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hanï)

Kunigami: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hanī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (xanï)

Okinawan: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kani)

Okinoerabu: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hani)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kanï)

Tokunoshima: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kanï)

Yoron: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hani)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kani)

Yaeyama: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kani)

Yonaguni: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kanin)


miyako

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan:

Shuri: 宮古 (nāku) (tone class A)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Fukuzato: 宮古 (myāku)

Hirara: 宮古 (myāku)

Ikema: 宮古 (myāku) (tone class A)

Irabu: 宮古 (myāku)

Karimata: 宮古 (myāku)

Kugai: 宮古 (myāku)

Kuninaka: 宮古 (myāku)

Kurima: 宮古 (myāku)

Minna: 宮古 (mēku) (tone class A)

Miyaguni: 宮古 (myāku)

Nishihigashi: 宮古 (myāku)

Nishizato: 宮古 (myāku)

Ōgami: 宮古 (mēku)

Sawada: 宮古 (myāku)

Shimajiri: 宮古 (myāku)

Sunagawa: 宮古 (myāku)

Tarama: 宮古 (mēku) (tone class A)

Tomori: 宮古 (myāku)

Yonaha: 宮古 (myāku)

Yaeyama:

Hateruma: 宮古 (myāgu)

Ishigaki: 宮古 (mēku) (tone class A)

Kuroshima: 宮古 (mēku)

Taketomi: 宮古 (mēku)

Yonaguni: 宮古 (myāgu) (tone class A)

Likely cognate to 都 (miyako, “capital city”).


sagi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 鷺 (sājai)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 鷺 (sagi)

Okinawan: 鷺 (sāji, sājā)

Tokunoshima: 鷺 (sāgya)

Yoron: 鷺 (shāgi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: 鷺 (sāngï)


natu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 夏 (natsu)

Kunigami: 夏 (nachī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 夏 (natsï)

Okinawan: 夏 (nachi)

Okinoerabu: 夏 (nachi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 夏 (nat)

Tokunoshima: 夏 (natsï)

Yoron: 夏 (nachi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 夏 (natsï)

Yaeyama: 夏 (natsï)

Yonaguni: 夏 (nachi)


enu

Northern Ryukyuan: 亦奴 (inu) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 犬 (in)

⇒ Kunigami: 犬子等 (innukwā) (< *enu-kura "puppy")

Northern Amami Ōshima: 犬 (in)

Okinawan: 犬 (in)

Okinoerabu: 犬 (inu, inū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 犬 (in)

Tokunoshima: 犬 (in, ïn)

Yoron: 犬 (inu)

Southern Ryukyuan: *enu (Bentley, 2008b)

Miyako: 犬 (in)

Yaeyama: 犬 (in)

Yonaguni: 犬 (in, inu)


nise

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: 偽 (にし, nishi)

From Proto-Japonic *nisay (“fake, false”).


nom-

Northern Ryukyuan: 누미 (numi) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 飲みゅい, 呑みゅい (numyui)

Kunigami: 飲みん, 呑みん (numin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 飲むり, 呑むり (numuri)

Okinawan: 飲むん, 呑むん (numun, nunun)

Okinoerabu: 飲みゅん, 呑みゅん (numyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 飲みゅむっ, 呑みゅむっ (numyum)

Tokunoshima: 飲み, 呑み (numi)

Yoron: 飲みゅん, 呑みゅん (numyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 飲むっ, 呑むっ (num)

Yaeyama: 飲むん, 呑むん (numun)

Yonaguni: 飲むん, 呑むん (numun)


kata-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 片 (hata-)

Kunigami: 片 (hata-)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 片 (xaθa-)

Okinawan: 片 (kata-)

Okinoerabu: 片 (hata-)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 片 (kata-)

Tokunoshima: 片 (kata-)

Yoron: 片 (hata-)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 片 (kata-)

Yaeyama: 片 (kata-)

Yonaguni: 片 (kata-)

From Proto-Japonic *kata- (“one side or part of a pair”).


mawari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 回るん (mārun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 回るり (mōruri)

Okinawan: 回ゆん (māyun)

Okinoerabu: 回ゆん (mōyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 回ゆむっ (mawayum)

Tokunoshima: 回りぃ (mārï)

Yoron: 回ゆん (mōyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 回ぃ (māz)

Yaeyama: 回るん (mārun)


tonari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 隣 (θunai)

Kunigami: 隣 (thunai)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 隣 (θonari)

Okinawan: 隣 (tunai)

Okinoerabu: 隣 (tunai)

desc

Southern Amami Ōshima: 隣 (θunāri, θunar)

Tokunoshima: 隣 (tunai)

Yoron: 隣 (tunai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 隣 (tunaz)

Yaeyama: 隣 (tunarï)

Yonaguni: 隣 (tunai)

From Proto-Japonic *tonari (“neighbor, neighborhood, next door”).


miki

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 神酒, 御酒 (michī /mìtɕíː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 神酒, 御酒 (miki)

Yoron: 神酒, 御酒 (miki /mìkì/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 神酒, 御酒 (nksï)

Yaeyama: 神酒, 御酒 (misï /mísɨ̀/)

Yonaguni: 神酒, 御酒 (mitti)


kaze

Northern Ryukyuan: 칸즤 (/kʰan.t͡sɨi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 風 (haji, hadi)

Kunigami: 風 (hajī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 風 (kaze, xaze)

Okinawan: 風 (kaji)

Okinoerabu: 風 (haji, hajī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 風 (kade, kadï)

Tokunoshima: 風 (kazï, kadï, kadi)

Yoron: 風 (hadi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 風 (kaji)

Yaeyama: 風 (kaji)

Yonaguni: 風 (kaji, kadi)


garasu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 烏, 鴉 (garasā)

Kunigami: 烏, 鴉 (garāshi /gàɾàːɕí/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 烏, 鴉 (garasï)

Okinawan: 烏, 鴉 (garasi /gàɾàsì/)

Okinoerabu: 烏, 鴉 (garashi /gàɾàɕí/)

q

Tokunoshima: 烏, 鴉 (gara /gáɾà/) (with irregular deletion of *-su; Thorpe (1983, 275) speculates this deletion was a remnant of this word being bimorphemic. See also the Proto-Japonic entry.)

Yoron: 烏, 鴉 (garashi /gàɾàɕì/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 烏, 鴉 (garasa)

Yaeyama: 烏, 鴉 (garasï /gárásɨ́/)

Yonaguni: 烏, 鴉 (garachi /gàɾátɕî/)

From Proto-Japonic *karasu (“crow”), with irregular voicing of the initial consonant.
The alternative reconstruction is due to forms ending in -a, but this must actually be a product of suffixing.


koba

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: ふば (fuba /huba/)

Kunigami: ふばー (fubā /ɸùbáː/)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: こ゚ば (xoba /kʰoba/)

Okinawan: くば (kuba /kúbà/)

Okinoerabu: ふば (fuba /ɸùbá/)

Tokunoshima: くば (kuba /kùbá/)

Yoron: ふば (fuba /hùbà/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Hirara: くば (kuba)

Irabu-Nakachi: くば (kuba /kʊba/)

Yaeyama:

Ishigaki-Shika: くば (kuba /kúbà/)

Taketomi: くば (kubə)

Yonaguni: くば (kuba /kʰùbá/)

The word koba ~ kuba ~ fuba is distributed in the southern areas of Kagoshima.


iwo

Northern Ryukyuan: 亦窩 (io) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 魚 (iyu)

Kunigami: 魚 ('yū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 魚 ('yu)

Okinawan: 魚 (iyu, iu)

Okinoerabu: 魚 ('yū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 魚 ('yū)

Tokunoshima: 魚 ('yu)

Yoron: 魚 ('yū)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 魚 (zzu)

Yaeyama: 魚 (izu)

Yonaguni: 魚 (iyu)

From Proto-Japonic *iwo (“fish”), apophonic form of *uwo.
The *u ~ *i alteration is common in various words, but no explanation is given for why this phenomenon exists.


nabe

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 鍋 (nabi)

Kunigami: 鍋 (nabi /nábì/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 鍋 (nabï)

Okinawan: 鍋 (nābi /nàːbì/)

Okinoerabu: 鍋 (nabi /nàbî/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 鍋 (nabï /nàbɨ̀ˑ/)

Tokunoshima: 鍋 (nabï /nábɨ̀/)

Yoron: 鍋 (nabi /nábí/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 鍋 (nabi)

Yaeyama: 鍋 (nabi /nábí/)

Yonaguni: 鍋 (nabi /nàbî/)


turu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 鶴 (turu)

Kunigami: 鶴 (chirū /tɕìɾúː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 鶴 (tsïru)

Okinawan: 鶴 (tsiru /tsíɾù/)

Okinoerabu: 鶴 (tsuru /tsùɾú/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 鶴 (tïru /tɨ̀ɾû/)

⇒ Tokunoshima: 鶴ん鳥 (tsïruntui) (< *turu-n-tui)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 鶴 (churu)

Yaeyama: 鶴 (tsïru /tsɨ́ɾù/)

⇒ Yonaguni: 鶴鳩 (chiru-hatu /tɕìɾû.hàtù/) (< *turu-pato)


kubi

Northern Ryukyuan: くび (kubi) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)

Kikai: 首 (kubi)

Kunigami: 首 (kubī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 首 (kubi)

Okinawan: 首 (kubi)

Okinoerabu: 首 (kubi, kubī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 首 (kup)

Tokunoshima: 首 (kubi, xubi)

Yoron: 首 (kubi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 首 (fugzï)

Yaeyama: 首 (fubï)

Yonaguni: 首 (un, “collar”)

From Proto-Japonic *kunpi (“collar, neck”).


kazu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 数 (kadu)

Kunigami: 数 (haji)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 数 (xazï)

Okinawan: 数 (kazi)

Okinoerabu: 数 (haji, kaji)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 数 (xadï)

Tokunoshima: 数 (xazï)

Yoron: 数 (haji)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 数 (kazï)

Yaeyama: 数 (kazï)

Yonaguni: 数 (kadi)


abe-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: あびゆい (abiyui)

Kunigami: あびるん (abirun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: あぶぃるり (abïruri)

Okinawan: あびゆん (abiyun)

Okinoerabu: あびん (abin)

Tokunoshima: あぶぃるん (abïrun)

Yoron: あびゅん (abyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: あびイ゚ (abiz)

Yonaguni: あびるん (abirun)

Cognate with Ehime-Iyo Japanese あべる (aberu).


ubu-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: うっさい (ussai), うぶっさい (ubussai)

Kunigami: うぶーしぇん (ubūshen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: うぶさり (ubusari)

Okinawan: っんぶさん ('nbusan)

Okinoerabu: うぶさん (ubusan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: うㇷ゚さむっ (upsam)

Tokunoshima: うぶあい (ubuai)

Yoron: うんさん (unsan)

Southern Ryukyuan: *ibu, *ubu

Miyako: いヴ (iv)

Yaeyama: いっさーん (issān), んぶさーん (nbusān)

Yonaguni: いんさん (insan), んぶさん (nbusan) (< *ibusi-)


asari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 漁ゆい (asayui), 漁うい (asaui)

Kunigami: 漁ーるん (hasārun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 漁るり (asaruri)

Okinawan: 漁ゆん (asayun)

Okinoerabu: 漁ゆん (asayun)

Yoron: 漁ゆん (asayun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 漁り゚っ (asal)

Yaeyama: 漁るん (asarun)

From Proto-Japonic *asaru (“to look for”).


ma-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 真 (ma-)

Kunigami: 真 (ma-)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 真 (ma-)

Okinawan: 真 (ma-)

Okinoerabu: 真 (ma-)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 真 (ma-)

Tokunoshima: 真 (ma-)

Yoron: 真 (ma-)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 真 (ma-)

Yaeyama: 真 (ma-)

Yonaguni: 真 (ma-)

From Proto-Japonic *ma (“reality, truth”).


soza

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: しだー (shidā)

Kunigami: しじゃー (shijā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: せざ (seza), しじゃ (shija)

Okinawan: しーじゃ (shīja)

Okinoerabu: しだ (shida)

Southern Amami Ōshima: すぃだ (sïda)

Tokunoshima: すぃーだ (sïïda)

⇒ Yoron: しだび (shidabi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: そぅざ (suza), すざ (sïza)

Yaeyama: しじゃ (shija)

Yonaguni: すだ (suda)

From Proto-Japonic *sosa (“older brother; older sister”).


kotoba

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 言葉 (futūba)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 言葉 (xutuba)

Okinawan: 言葉 (kutuba)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 言葉 (kutuba)

Yoron: 言葉 (futuba)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 言葉 (kutuba)

Yaeyama: 言葉 (kutuba)

Yonaguni: 言葉 (kutuba)

From Proto-Japonic *kətənpa (“language, speech, term, word”).


mezu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 水 (midu, mïzu)

Kunigami: 水 (mijī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 水 (mïzï, mïji)

Okinawan: 水 (miji)

Okinoerabu: 水 (miji, mijī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 水 (mït)

Tokunoshima: 水 (mïzï)

Yoron: 水 (miji)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 水 (mizï)

Yaeyama: 水 (mizï)

Yonaguni: 水 (min)


niga

Northern Ryukyuan: 리가사 (/ri.ka.sa/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 苦さい (nyāsai)

Kunigami: 苦ーせん (jāsen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 苦さり (nigyasari)

Okinawan: 苦さん (njasan)

Okinoerabu: 苦さん (nigyasan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 苦ーさむっ (nigyāsam)

Tokunoshima: 苦ーい (ingyāi)

Yoron: 苦さん (ninjasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 苦 (ngya)

Yaeyama: 苦さん (ngasan)

Yonaguni: 苦ん (ndan)


mosi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 若し (mushi /múɕì/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 若し (moshi)

Okinawan: 若し (mushi /múɕì/)

Yoron: 若し (mushi /múɕí/)

Southern Ryukyuan: *mosi, *mosi-ka

⇒ Miyako: 若すか (musï-ka)

desc

Yaeyama: 若しぃ (musï /músɨ̥̀/), 若しぃか (musï-ka /músɨ̥́-kà/)

⇒ Yonaguni: 若しかん (mushi-kan /mùɕí-káŋ/) (with irregular lack of fortition)


mosi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 虫 (mushi)

Kunigami: 虫 (mushī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 虫 (mushi)

Okinawan: 虫 (mushi)

Okinoerabu: 虫 (mushī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 虫 (mush)

Tokunoshima: 虫 (musï)

Yoron: 虫 (mushi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 虫 (musï)

Yaeyama: 虫 (musï)

Yonaguni: 虫 (muchi)

From Proto-Japonic *mosi (“insect, bug; worm”).


kobu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 蜘蛛 (xubū)

Kunigami: 蜘蛛 (fubu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 蜘蛛 (xubu)

Okinawan: 蜘蛛 (kubu, kūbā) (< *kobu, *kobuCa)

Okinoerabu: 蜘蛛 (hibū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 蜘蛛 (xup)

Tokunoshima: 蜘蛛 (xubu)

Yoron: 蜘蛛 (fubu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 蜘蛛 (kuv)

Yaeyama: 蜘蛛 (kubu)

Yonaguni: 蜘蛛 (kubu)


sio

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 潮 (shū, sū)

Kunigami: 潮 (sū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 潮 (shū)

Okinawan: 潮 (shū)

Okinoerabu: 潮 (shū)

Tokunoshima: 潮 (shū)

Yoron: 潮 (shū)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 潮 (sū, ssu)

Yaeyama: 潮 (sū)

Yonaguni: 潮 (sū)

From Proto-Japonic *sipo (“salt; tide”).


pae

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 蝿 (pē, fē)

Kunigami: 蝿 (phē)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 蝿 (fe)

Okinawan: 蝿 (fē)

Okinoerabu: 蝿 (hē)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 蝿 (fëë)

Tokunoshima: 蝿 (hai)

Yoron: 青蝿 (ōbai) (< *aobae)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 蝿 (paɿ)

Yaeyama: 蝿 (pai)

Yonaguni: 蝿 (hai)


yasu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 安さい (yassai)

Kunigami: 安しぇん (yasshen /jáꞯ̂ɕèɴ/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 安さり (yassari)

Okinawan: 安さん (yassan /jàꞯsàɴ/)

Okinoerabu: 安さん (yasan /jàsàɴ/)

desc

Southern Amami Ōshima: 安さむっ (yassam /jàꞯsàm̩/)

Tokunoshima: 安さん (yasai /jàsàɪ̀/)

Yoron: 安さん (yassan /jáꞯ̂sàɴ/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 安 (yasï)

Yaeyama: 安さーん (yassān /jáꞯsáɴ/)

Yonaguni: 安つぁん (dattsan /dàꞯtsâɴ/)


yoru

Northern Ryukyuan: 이우루 (/i.u.ru/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 夜 (yuru)

Kunigami: 夜 (yurū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 夜 (yuru)

Okinawan: 夜 (yuru)

Okinoerabu: 夜 (yuru, yurū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 夜 (yuru)

Tokunoshima: 夜 (yuru)

Yoron: 夜 (yuru)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 夜 (yūz)

Yaeyama: 夜 (yūrï)

Yonaguni: 夜 (duru)


oya

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 親 (uya)

Kunigami: 親 (uyā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 親 (uya)

Okinawan: 親 (uya)

Okinoerabu: 親 (uyā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 親 (uya)

Tokunoshima: 親 (uya)

Yoron: 親 (uya)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 親 (uya)

Yaeyama: 親 (uya)

Yonaguni: 親 (uya)

From Proto-Japonic *əya (“one's elders; parent”).


wono

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 斧 (ūnu)

Kunigami: 斧 (ūnū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 斧 (un)

Okinawan: 斧 (ūn)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 斧 (wun)

Yoron: 斧 (ūnu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 斧 (būna)

Yaeyama: 斧 (buinu, būnu)

Yonaguni: 斧 (bunu)


tika

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 近さい (chikasai)

Kunigami: 近ーしぇん (shichāshen, hichāshen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 近さり (chikyasari)

Okinawan: 近さん (chichasan, chikasan)

Okinoerabu: 近さん (chikyasan, chikasan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 近さむっ (chikyasam)

Tokunoshima: 近ーい (tsïkyāi)

desc

Yoron: 近ーさん (kyāsan, chichasan, chikasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 近 (tsïka)

Yaeyama: 近さん (tsïkasan)

Yonaguni: 近ーん (ttān)

From Proto-Japonic *tika (“close, near, short”).


nanuka

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 七日 (nanka) (in compounds)

Kunigami: 七日 (nankā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 七日 (nanxa)

Okinawan: 七日 (nanka)

Okinoerabu: 七日 (nankā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 七日 (nanka)

Tokunoshima: 七日 (nanka)

Yoron: 七日 (nanuka)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 七日 (nanuka)

Yaeyama: 七日 (nanuka, nanka)

Yonaguni: 七日 (nanka)

From Proto-Japonic *nanuka (“seven days”).


yoko

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 横 (yuku)

Kunigami: 横 (yukū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 横 (yuku)

Okinawan: 横 (yuku)

Okinoerabu: 横 (yukū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 横 (yuku)

Yoron: 横 (yuku)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 横 (yuku)

Yaeyama: 横 (yuku)

Yonaguni: 横 (dugu)


memezu

Northern Ryukyuan:

⇒ Kikai: 蚯蚓 (mimidā) (< *memezuCa)

⇒ Kunigami: 蚯蚓 (mimīja, miminja) (< *memezuCa)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 蚯蚓 (mïmïzï)

Okinawan: 蚯蚓 (mimiji)

⇒ Okinoerabu: 蚯蚓 (mīmindza) (< *memezuCa)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 蚯蚓 (mïmït)

⇒ Tokunoshima: 蚯蚓 (mïda) (< *memezuCa)

Yoron: 蚯蚓 (mīmiji)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 蚯蚓 (mimizï)

Yaeyama: 蚯蚓 (mimidzï)

Yonaguni: 蚯蚓 (dimimi) (< metathesis into *zumeme)

From Proto-Japonic *memensu (“earthworm”).


uzura

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 鶉 (uddamī)

Kunigami: 鶉 (enjā)

Okinawan: 鶉 (ujira)

Okinoerabu: 鶉 (uzïra)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 鶉 (utrā)

Tokunoshima: 鶉 (unza)

Yoron: 鶉 (ujira)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 鶉 (vdza)

Yaeyama: 鶉 (utcha)

Yonaguni: 鶉 (uduru)


suso

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 裾 (susu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 裾 (susu)

Okinawan: 裾 (susu)

Okinoerabu: 裾 (susū)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 裾 (ssu, sïsu)

Yaeyama: 裾 (ssu)


kamisori

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 剃刀 (khansui)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 剃刀 (xamisuri)

Okinawan: 剃刀 (kansui)

Tokunoshima: 剃刀 (xamisori)

Yoron: 剃刀 (kansui)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: 剃刀 (kansuru)


kuwa

Northern Ryukyuan:

⇒ Kunigami: 桑木 (kwāgi) (< *kuwa-ge)

⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 桑木 (kwāgï) (< *kuwa-ge)

Okinawan: 桑 (kwā)

Okinoerabu: 桑 (kwā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 桑 (kwa, kwā)

⇒ Tokunoshima: 桑木 (kwāgï) (< *kuwa-ge)

⇒ Yoron: 桑木 (kwāgi) (< *kuwa-ge)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: 桑 (kwā)


suzi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 筋, 条 (suji)

Kunigami: 筋, 条 (shiji)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 筋, 条 (sïzï)

Okinawan: 筋, 条 (shiji)

Okinoerabu: 筋, 条 (shiji)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 筋, 条 (sïji)

Tokunoshima: 筋, 条 (sïzï)

Yoron: 筋, 条 (shiji)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 筋, 条 (sïzï, suzï)

Yaeyama: 筋, 条 (sïzï)


yowa

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 弱さい (yuwasai)

Kunigami: 弱せん (yōsen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 弱さり (yowasari)

Okinawan: 弱さん (yōsan)

Okinoerabu: 弱さん (yūsan)

desc

Southern Amami Ōshima: 弱さむっ (yuwāsam, yiwāsam)

Tokunoshima: 弱い (yuwai)

Yoron: 弱さん (yuwasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 弱 (yū)

Yaeyama: 弱さん (yōsan)

Yonaguni: 弱ん (duwan)


kugi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 釘 (kuni)

Kunigami: 釘 (kujī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 釘 (kugi)

Okinawan: 釘 (kuji)

Okinoerabu: 釘 (kugī, kuji)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 釘 (kuk)

Tokunoshima: 釘 (kugi)

Yoron: 釘 (kugi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 釘 (fugzï)

Yaeyama: 釘 (fun)

Yonaguni: 釘 (fun)


namasu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 膾, 鱠 (namāshī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 膾, 鱠 (namasï)

Okinawan: 膾, 鱠 (namashi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 膾, 鱠 (namāshi, namas)

Yoron: 膾, 鱠 (namashi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 膾, 鱠 (namasï)

Yaeyama: 膾, 鱠 (namasï)

From Proto-Japonic *namasu (“namasu, raw dish”).


Osi

Northern Ryukyuan: 우시 (/usi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 牛 (ushi)

Kunigami: 牛 (fushī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 牛 (ushi)

Okinawan: 牛 (ushi)

Okinoerabu: 牛 (ushī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 牛 (ush)

Tokunoshima: 牛 (usï)

Yoron: 牛 (ushi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 牛 (usï)

Yaeyama: 牛 (usï)

Yonaguni: 牛 (uchi)


moye

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 燃ぃゆい (muïyui), 燃ーゆい (mëëyui)

Kunigami: 燃いるん (muirun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 燃ーるり (mēruri)

Okinawan: 燃ーゆん (mēyun)

Okinoerabu: 燃ーゆん (mīyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 燃ーりゅむっ (mïïryum)

Tokunoshima: 燃ーぃ (mëëï)

Yoron: 燃いゆん (muiyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 燃いㇲ゙ (muiz)

Yaeyama: 燃いるん (muirun)

Yonaguni: 燃いるん (muirun)

From Proto-Japonic *moyu (“burn”, transitive and intransitive).


-nai

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: ねーん (-nēn), ねーらん (-nēran)

Kunigami: ねー (-nē), ぬ (-nu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: ねん (-nen)

Okinawan: ねーん (-nēn)

Okinoerabu: ん (-n)

desc

Southern Amami Ōshima: ねむっ (-nem), ねーむっ (-nēm)

Yoron: ねん (-nen), ねんぬ (-nennu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: なーん (-nān)

Yaeyama: ねーぬ (-nēnu)

Yonaguni: みぬん (-minun)

From Proto-Japonic *-nu (verb negativizer).

Negativizes a verb in the irrealis stem.


pama

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 浜 (fama, hama)

Kunigami: 浜 (phamā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 浜 (hama)

Okinawan: 浜 (hama)

Okinoerabu: 浜 (hama)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 浜 (hama)

Tokunoshima: 浜 (hāma)

Yoron: 浜 (pama)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 浜 (pama)

Yaeyama: 浜 (pama)

Yonaguni: 浜 (hama)


woi

Northern Ryukyuan:

⇒ Kikai: 甥子等 (wīkka, wikka, wuikkwa) (< *woi-kura)

⇒ Kunigami: 姪甥 (mīui) (< *mei-woi)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 甥 (wui)

Okinawan: 甥 (wī)

⇒ Okinoerabu: 甥子等 (wuikwa) (< *woi-kura)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 甥 (wui)

Southern Ryukyuan:

⇒ Miyako: 姪甥 (myūz) (< *mei-woi)

Yaeyama: 甥 (bui)

Yonaguni: 甥 (bui)


kusori

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 薬 (kusui)

Kunigami: 薬 (khusui)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 薬 (kusuri, xusuri)

Okinawan: 薬 (kusui)

Okinoerabu: 薬 (kusui, kusuī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 薬 (xusur)

Tokunoshima: 薬 (kusïri, kushuri, kushuï)

Yoron: 薬 (kusui)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 薬 (fusūz)

Yaeyama: 薬 (fushirï) (< *kuseri)

Yonaguni: 薬 (tsuri)

From Proto-Japonic *kusori (“medicine”).


oyogi

Northern Ryukyuan: *oyegi

Kikai: 泳にぃーすん (ūnyīsun)

Kunigami: 泳じゅん (uijun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 泳ぐり ('wïïguri)

Okinawan: 泳じゅん ('wījun)

Okinoerabu: 泳ぎゅん (uigyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 泳ぎゅむっ ('wïgyum)

Tokunoshima: 泳ぃーぎ ('wïïgi)

Yoron: 泳ぎゅん (uigyun)

Southern Ryukyuan: *uVgi

Miyako: 泳ぎぃ (ūgzï)

Yaeyama: 泳むん (umun)

Yonaguni: 泳く゚ん (ungun)


kuzira

Northern Ryukyuan: *kujira, *gujira

Kikai: 鯨 (kujja, kuiya)

Kunigami: 鯨 (kujja)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 鯨 (gujira, xujiya)

Okinawan: 鯨 (gujira)

Okinoerabu: 鯨 (gujiya)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 鯨 (gujirya, gujrya)

Tokunoshima: 鯨 (gunja)

Yoron: 鯨 (gūja, gūjā)

Southern Ryukyuan: *fuzïra

Miyako: 鯨 (fudza)

Yaeyama: 鯨 (futtsa)


mukaze

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 百足 (mukade, mukadi, mukaze)

Kunigami: 百足 (mukāji)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 百足 (moxaze)

Okinawan: 百足 (nkaji)

Okinoerabu: 百足 (mukaji)

Tokunoshima: 百足 (nukade)

Yoron: 百足 (mukadi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 百足 (nkaji)

Yaeyama: 百足 (ngasa)

Yonaguni: 百足 (nkadi)

From Proto-Japonic *mukansai (“centipede”).


tukur-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 作ゅい (tsukkyui)

>? Kunigami: 作ーるん (shikōrun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 作るり (tsïkururi)

Okinawan: 作ゆん (tsukuyun, chukuyun)

Okinoerabu: 作ゆん (tsukuyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 作りゅむっ (θïkryum)

Tokunoshima: 作るい (tsïkurui)

Yoron: 作ゆん (chikuyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 作ーㇲ゙ (tsïfūz)

Yaeyama: 作るん (tsïkurun)

Yonaguni: 作るん (kkurun)


togi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 研じゅん (thujun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 研ぐり (θuguri)

Okinawan: 研じゅん (tujun)

Okinoerabu: 研じゅん (tujun)

Yoron: 研ぎゅん (tugyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 研げぃ (tugzï)

Yaeyama: 研ぐん (tugun), 研ーん (tōn)

Yonaguni: 研く゚ん (tungun)

From Proto-Japonic *tonku (“to sharpen”).


woto

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 夫 (wutu)

Kunigami: 夫 (wutū, wuttū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 夫 (wuθu)

Okinawan: 夫 (wutu)

Okinoerabu: 夫 (wutu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 夫 (wutu)

Tokunoshima: 夫 (wutu)

Yoron: 夫 (wutu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 夫 (butu)

Yaeyama: 夫 (budu)

Yonaguni: 夫 (butu)


e-ku

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 幾 (ixu-)

Kunigami: 幾 (iku-)

Okinawan: 幾 (iku-)

Yoron: 幾 (iku-)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 幾 (ifu-)

Yaeyama: 幾 (ifu-)

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *e-ku-tu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 幾とぅ (ixutu), 幾つ (ixutsu)

Kunigami: 幾っちー (hikutchī)

Okinawan: 幾つぃ (ikutsi), 幾ち (ikuchi)

Okinoerabu: 幾ち (ikuchi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 幾ち (ixuchi), 幾ーち (ixūchi), 幾とっ (ixut)

Tokunoshima: 幾ち (ikuchi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 幾つ (ifutsï)

Yaeyama: 幾つぃ (ifutsï)

Yonaguni: 幾ち (iguchi)

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *e-ku-tari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 幾人 (ixutai)

Kunigami: 幾人 (hikutai)

Okinawan: 幾人 (ikutai)

Okinoerabu: 幾人 (ikutai)

Tokunoshima: 幾人 (ikutai)

Yoron: 幾人 (ikutai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 幾人 (ifutaz)

Yaeyama: 幾人 (ifutārï)


kokono

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 九 (xunu)

Kunigami: 九 (khunu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 九 (xunu)

Okinawan: 九 (kukunu)

Okinoerabu: 九 (kunu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 九 (xunu)

Tokunoshima: 九 (kunu)

Yoron: 九 (kunu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 九 (kukunu)

Yaeyama: 九 (kukunu)

Yonaguni: 九 (kugunu)


kanasi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 悲しゃい, 哀しゃい, 愛しゃい (hanashai), 悲さい, 哀さい, 愛さい (hanasai)

Kunigami: 悲ーしぇん, 哀ーしぇん, 愛ーしぇん (hanāshen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 悲しゃり, 哀しゃり, 愛しゃり (xanashari)

Okinawan: 悲しゃん, 哀しゃん, 愛しゃん (kanashan), 悲さん, 哀さん, 愛さん (kanasan)

Okinoerabu: 悲しゃん, 哀しゃん, 愛しゃん (hanashan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 悲ーしゃむっ, 哀ーしゃむっ, 愛ーしゃむっ (xanāsham)

Tokunoshima: 悲あい, 哀あい, 愛あい (kanaai)

Yoron: 悲しゃん, 哀しゃん, 愛しゃん (hanashan, kanashan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 悲す, 哀す, 愛す (kanasï)

Yaeyama: 悲しゃーん, 哀しゃーん, 愛しゃーん (kanasān)

Yonaguni: 悲さん, 哀さん, 愛さん (kanasan)

From Proto-Japonic *kanasi (“beloved, dear”).


umage

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: まいさい (maisai)

Kunigami: まぎしぇん (magisen)

Okinawan: まぎさん (magisan)

Okinoerabu: っまぎさん ('magisan)

Yoron: まぎさん (magisan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: まいしゃーん (maishān)

Yonaguni: まいさん (maisan)


ti(y)o

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 強さい (tsusai)

Kunigami: 強ーせん (chūsen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 強ーさり (chūsari)

Okinawan: 強ーさん (chūsan)

Okinoerabu: 強ーさん (chūsan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 強ーさむっ (chūsam)

Tokunoshima: 強い (chōi)

Yoron: 強ーさん (chūsan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 強 (tsū)

Yaeyama: 強ーさん (tsūsan)

Yonaguni: 強さん (susan) (< *tiyosi)


osagi

Northern Ryukyuan: 烏撒及, 吾撒急 (usaki) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469-1470)

Kikai: 兎 (usagi)

Kunigami: 兎 (fusāji)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 兎 (osagi)

Okinawan: 兎 (usaji)

Okinoerabu: 兎 (usagī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 兎 (usag)

Tokunoshima: 兎 (ushāgi)

Yoron: 兎 (usagi)

Southern Ryukyuan: *usagi (Bentley, 2008b)

Miyako: 兎 (usagi)

Yaeyama: 兎 (ushāngï)

Yonaguni: 兎 (usangi)


yado

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 宿 (yadu)

Kunigami: 宿 (yadu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 宿 (yado)

Okinawan: 宿 (yadu)

Okinoerabu: 宿 (yadu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 宿 (yado)

Tokunoshima: 宿 (yadu)

Yoron: 宿 (yadu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 宿 (yadu)

Yaeyama: 宿 (yadu)

Yonaguni: 宿 (dadu)

From Proto-Japonic *yanto (“door; home, house, lodging”).


tuyu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 露 (tuyu)

Kunigami: 露 (chiyu, chiyū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 露 (tsïyu)

Okinawan: 露 (chiyu)

Okinoerabu: 露 (chiyu)

Tokunoshima: 露 (tsïyu)

Yoron: 露 (chū)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 露 (tsïv)

Yaeyama: 露 (tsïyu, chū)

Yonaguni: 露 (chiyu)

From Proto-Japonic *tuyu (“dew; moisture”).


yoda

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 枝 (yuda)

Kunigami: 枝 (yudā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 枝 (yoda, yuda)

Okinawan: 枝 (yuda, yida)

Okinoerabu: 枝 (yedā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 枝 (yeda)

Tokunoshima: 枝 (yuda, yeda, yida)

Yoron: 枝 (yuda)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 枝 (yuda)

Yaeyama: 枝 (yuda)

Yonaguni: 枝 (duda)


yamato

Northern Ryukyuan: 야마도 (/ja.ma.to/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 大和 (yamatu)

Kunigami: 大和 (yamatū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 大和 (yamaθo)

Okinawan: 大和 (yamatu)

Okinoerabu: 大和 (yamatu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 大和 (yamatu)

Tokunoshima: 大和 (yamatu)

Yoron: 大和 (yamatu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 大和 (yamatu)

Yaeyama: 大和 (yamatu)

Yonaguni: 大和 (damatu)


tudumi

Northern Ryukyuan: つづみ (tudumi) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)

Kikai: 鼓 (tsutsumi, tsuzumi)

Kunigami: 鼓 (chijīmi)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 鼓 (tsïzïn)

Okinawan: 鼓 (chijin)

Okinoerabu: 鼓 (chijin)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 鼓 (θïdïn, θidim)

Tokunoshima: 鼓 (tsïzïmi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 鼓 (tsïzïm)

Yaeyama: 鼓 (tsïzïn)

Yonaguni: 鼓 (chidin)


asita

Northern Ryukyuan: 阿者 (acha) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)

Kikai: 明日 (acha)

Kunigami: 明日 (hachā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 明日 (acha)

Okinawan: 明日 (acha)

Okinoerabu: 明日 (nācha)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 明日 (acha)

Tokunoshima: 明日 (acha)

Yoron: 明日 (atchā)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 明日 (acha)

Yaeyama: 明日 (atcha)

Yonaguni: 明日 (ata)


opopito

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 大人 (ufutchu)

Kunigami: 大人 (putchu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 大人 (futchu)

Okinawan: 大人 (ufutchu)

Okinoerabu: 大人 (fūtchu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 大人 (futchu)

Tokunoshima: 大人 (futchu)

Yoron: 大人 (upupichu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 大人 (upupsïtu)

Yaeyama: 大人 (fūpsïtu)

Yonaguni: 大人 (ubutu)


inoti

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 命 (inuchi)

Kunigami: 命 (inuchī, nuchī)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 命 (nyuchi, nyūchi)

Okinawan: 命 (inuchi, nuchi)

Okinoerabu: 命 (inuchi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 命 (inochi)

Tokunoshima: 命 (inucï)

Yoron: 命 (inuchi, nuchi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 命 (nnutsï)

Yaeyama: 命 (nutsï)

Yonaguni: 命 (nutti)


nozi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 虹 (niji)

⇒ Kunigami: 天道虹 (thintōnōjiri) (< *tentau-noziri)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 虹 (nōgi)

Okinawan: 虹 (nūji)

Okinoerabu: 虹 (nōgi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 虹 (noki, nok)

Tokunoshima: 虹 (nōji)

⇒ Yoron: 虹 (gōnuji)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 虹 (nūzï)

Yaeyama: 虹 (nūji)


itoko

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ituku)

Kunigami: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (hichīkū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (iθoxo)

Okinawan: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichuku)

Okinoerabu: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko, iθōxo)

Tokunoshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itōko)

Yoron: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichū)

Southern Ryukyuan: *ituku

Miyako: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichifu)

Yaeyama: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichifu)

Yonaguni: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itigu, ichigu)

From Proto-Japonic *itoko (“dear, beloved person; cousin”).


inama

Northern Ryukyuan: *inyama

Kikai: 今 (nyama)

Kunigami: 今 (nanma)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 今 (nama)

Okinawan: 今 (nama)

Okinoerabu: 今 (nama)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 今 (nama)

Tokunoshima: 今 (nā)

Yoron: 今 (nyama)

Southern Ryukyuan: *ïnama

Miyako: 今 (nnama)

Yaeyama: 今 (nama)

Yonaguni: 今 (nai, nnai) (< *inae)

According to one theory, the descendants would experience a sound shift via ⟨*ima⟩ (c.f. *ima (“already”)), by */ʔimja/ → */ʔmja/ → */na/. However, all reflexes point to initial *ina-ma (second component identical to *ma (“place, space”)), with progressive palatalization operating in Northern Ryukyuan. Compare Proto-Ryukyuan *miyako > Miyako 宮古 (myāku) and Okinawan 宮古 (nāku).


kowa

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 強さい (fubasai)

Kunigami: 強ーしぇん (fupāshen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 強さり (xohasari)

Okinawan: 強さん (kufasan)

Okinoerabu: 強さん (fāsan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 強ーさむっ (kwahāsam)

Tokunoshima: 強ーい (kwāi)

Yoron: 強さん (fupasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 強 (kupa)

Yaeyama: 強さん (kōsan)

Yonaguni: 強ん (kwan), 強ーん (kwān)


makura

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 枕 (makka)

Kunigami: 枕 (makkā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 枕 (makura)

Okinawan: 枕 (makkwa)

Okinoerabu: 枕 (makura)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 枕 (makra)

Tokunoshima: 枕 (makkwa)

Yoron: 枕 (makkura)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 枕 (maffa)

Yaeyama: 枕 (maffa)

Yonaguni: 枕 (magura)


yak-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 焼きゅい (yakyui)

Kunigami: 焼ちゅん (yachun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 焼く゚り (yaxuri)

Okinawan: 焼ちゅん (yachun)

Okinoerabu: 焼きゅん (yakyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 焼きゅむっ (yakyum)

Tokunoshima: 焼き (yaki)

Yoron: 焼きゅん (yakyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 焼きぃ (yaksï)

Yaeyama: 焼くん (yakun)

Yonaguni: 焼ぐん (dagun)

From Proto-Japonic *yaku (“to burn; to cook, to grill”).


korosi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 殺すん (kurusun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 殺っすり (xussuri)

Okinawan: 殺すん (kurusun)

Okinoerabu: 殺しゅん (kurushun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 殺っしゅむっ (kusshum)

Tokunoshima: 殺っしぃ (kusshï)

Yoron: 殺しゅん (furushun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 殺すぃ (kurusï)

Yaeyama: 殺しぃん (kurusïn)

Yonaguni: 殺ん (kurun)


yone

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 米 (yuni, yunï)

Okinawan: 米 (yuni, yuna)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 米 (yuni)

Yaeyama: 米 (yūni)

desc

Yonaguni: 米 (duni, “ground raised from rice paddies, etc.”)

From Proto-Japonic *yənay (“grain (of rice)”).


sabisi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 寂せん (sabisen)

Okinawan: 寂っさん (sabissan)

Yoron: 寂さん (sabisan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 寂す (sabsu)

Yaeyama: 寂っさ (sabissa)

From Proto-Japonic *sanpuysi (“lonely”).


pukoro

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 袋 (fukku)

Kunigami: 袋 (phuku)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 袋 (fukoro)

Okinawan: 袋 (fukuru)

Okinoerabu: 袋 (fukuru)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 袋 (fukru)

Tokunoshima: 袋 (fukku)

Yoron: 袋 (pukuru)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 袋 (fukuru)

Yaeyama: 袋 (fukuru)

Yonaguni: 袋 (kkuru)


asub-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 遊びゅい (asubyui)

Kunigami: 遊びん (hashībin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 遊ぶり (asïburi)

Okinawan: 遊ぶん (ashibun)

Okinoerabu: 遊びゅん (ashibyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 遊ぴゅむっ (appyum)

Tokunoshima: 遊ぴ (asïbi)

Yoron: 遊びゅん (ashibyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 遊ぴぃ (asïpsï)

Yaeyama: 遊ぶん (asïbun, asubun)

Yonaguni: 遊ぶん (anbun)


patake

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai:

Aden: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)

Araki: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)

Kamikatetsu: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)

Nakasato: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)

Onotsu: 畑 (patē) (tone class BC)

Sakamine: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)

Shiomichi: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)

Shitōke: 畑 (patē) (tone class BC)

Wan: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)

Kunigami: 畑 (phatāki)

Nakijin: 畑 (phatāki) (tone class BC)

Sumuide: 畑 (pataki)

Northern Amami Ōshima:

Naze: 畑 (hatëë)

Yamatohama: 畑 (hate)

Yuwan: 畑 (hatïï)

Okinawan:

Naha: 畑 (hataki)

Shuri: 畑 (hataki) (tone class BC)

Okinoerabu:

Kamishiro: 畑 (fatte) (tone class C)

Serikaku: 畑 (hatte)

Southern Amami Ōshima:

Koniya: 畑 (hatëhë)

Tokunoshima:

Inō: 畑 (hatëë)

Kametsu: 畑 (hatëë)

Yoron: 畑 (pattai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Hirara: 畑 (pataki)

Irabu: 畑 (pataki)

Karimata: 畑 (patagi)

Ōura: 畑 (patagi) (tone class C)

Sawada: 畑 (pataki)

Shimajiri: 畑 (pataki)

Yaeyama:

Hateruma: 畑 (pitegi) (tone class BC)

Ishigaki: 畑 (patagi) (tone class BC)

Kuroshima: 畑 (pataki)

Sonai: 畑 (patē)

Taketomi: 畑 (patagi) (tone class BC)

Yonaguni: 畑 (hatagi) (tone class A)

From Proto-Japonic *patakay (“field (for growing crops)”).


wodori

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 躍ゆい, 踊ゆい, 跳ゆい (uduyui)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 躍るり, 踊るり, 跳るり (wudururi)

Okinawan: 躍ゆん, 踊ゆん, 跳ゆん (uduyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 躍ゆむっ, 踊ゆむっ, 跳ゆむっ (uduyum)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 躍ㇲ゙, 踊ㇲ゙, 跳ㇲ゙ (butuz)

Yaeyama: 躍るん, 踊るん, 跳るん (budurun)

Yonaguni: 躍るん, 踊るん, 跳るん (budurun)

From Proto-Japonic *wontəru (“to jump; to move quickly or violently”).


sinob-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 忍ーびん (shinūbin)

Okinawan: 忍ぶん (shinubun)

From Proto-Japonic *sinənpu (“to hide”).


osiro

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 後す (ussu)

Okinawan: 後る (ushiru)

Okinoerabu: 後ゅー (ushū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 後りょ (ushryo)

Yoron: 後すー (ussū)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 後す (ussu)

Yaeyama: 後そん (uson) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))

Yonaguni: 後か゚い (usungai) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))

From Proto-Japonic *osirə (“back, behind”).


isogi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 急がゆい (isugayui)

Kunigami: 急じゅん (isujun, isūjun)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 急がるり (ishogaruri)

Okinawan: 急じゅん (isujun)

Okinoerabu: 急じゅん (isojun), 急がゆん (ishugayun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 急がゆむっ (ishogayum)

Tokunoshima: 急ぎゅい (isogyui), 急がるい (ishugarui)

Yoron: 急ぎゅん (ishugyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 急ぎぃ (isugzï)

Yaeyama: 急ぐん (isugun)

Yonaguni: 急く゚ん (isungun)

From Proto-Japonic *isonku (“to hurry, to rush”).


sutomete

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: してぃみてぃ (shitimiti)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: つとぅむ’てぃ (tsutumuti)

Okinawan: すとぅみてぃ (sutumiti)

Okinoerabu: すとぅみてぃ (sutumiti), してぃみてぃ (shitimiti)

Yoron: しとぅむてぃ (shitumuti)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: すぃ゚むてぃ (sɿtumuti)

Yaeyama: すぃ゚むでぃ (sïtumudi)

Yonaguni: ’とぅむてぃ (ttumuti)

From earlier *tutomete, with assibilation of the initial consonant. Mostly displaced *asa (“morning”).


kinou

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 昨日 (kinyū)

Kunigami: 昨日 (khinū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 昨日 (kinu)

Okinawan: 昨日 (chinū)

Okinoerabu: 昨日 (kinyu, kinyū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 昨日 (kinyu)

Tokunoshima: 昨日 (kinu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 昨日 (ksïnū)

Yaeyama: 昨日 (ksïnu)

Yonaguni: 昨日 (nnu, nnū)

From Proto-Japonic *kinəpu (“yesterday”).


sirosi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 印 (shirushi)

Kunigami: 印 (shirūshi)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 印 (shirushi)

Okinawan: 印 (shirushi)

Okinoerabu: 印 (shirushi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 印 (shiryushi, shiryush)

Tokunoshima: 印 (shirushi)

Yoron: 印 (shirushi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 印 (sïrusï)

Yaeyama: 印 (shirusï)

Yonaguni: 印 (chiruchi)

From Proto-Japonic *sirosi (“mark, sign”).


pidari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai:

Aden: 左 (fidai) (tone class C)

Araki: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)

Kamikatetsu: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)

Nakasato: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)

Onotsu: 左 (pijai) (tone class BC)

Sakamine: 左 (pijai) (tone class C)

Shiomichi: 左 (pidai) (tone class C)

Shitōke: 左 (pidai) (tone class BC)

Wan: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)

Kunigami:

Iejima: 左 (tijai)

Hentona: 左 (fijai)

Nakijin: 左 (pizai) (tone class BC)

Sumuide: 左 (pizei)

Northern Amami Ōshima:

Naze: 左 (hijari)

Yamatohama: 左 (hijari)

Yuwan: 左 (hijai)

Okinawan:

Naha: 左 (hijai)

Shuri: 左 (fijai) (tone class BC)

Okinoerabu:

Kamihirakawa: 左 (higē) (tone class BC)

Kunigami: 左 (hījai) (tone class C)

Serikaku: 左 (hijē)

Tetechina: 左 (hijai)

Southern Amami Ōshima:

Koniya: 左 (hijar)

Shodon: 左 (hijar) (tone class BC)

Tokunoshima:

Inō: 左 (sïgyari)

Kametsu: 左 (sïjai) (tone class C)

Yoron: 左 (pijai) (tone class C)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Aragusuku: 左 (psïdaz)

Bora: 左 (psïdaz)

Fukuzato: 左 (psïdaz)

Higa: 左 (psïdaz)

Hirara: 左 (psïdaz)

Ikema: 左 (hidai) (tone class A)

Irabu: 左 (pïdil)

Karimata: 左 (bïdaz, bzïdaz)

Kugai: 左 (psïdaz)

Kuninaka: 左 (psïdal)

Kurima: 左 (pïdal, psïdaz)

Minna: 左 (pidai) (tone class B)

Nagama: 左 (psïdaz)

Nakachi: 左 (pidiz)

Nishizato: 左 (psïdaz)

Ōgami: 左 (pïtaï)

Ōura: 左 (psïdaz) (tone class C)

Shimajiri: 左 (bzïdaz)

Shimozato: 左 (psïdaz)

Sunagawa: 左 (psïdaz)

Tarama: 左 (pidal) (tone class B)

Tomori: 左 (psïdaz)

Uechi: 左 (pïdal)

Uruka: 左 (psïdaz)

Yonaha: 左 (psïdaz)

Yaeyama:

Hatoma: 左 (pidari)

Hateruma: 左 (pinari) (tone class BC)

Ishigaki: 左 (pïdarï) (tone class BC)

Kohama: 左 (pindarï)

Kuroshima: 左 (pizari)

Sonai: 左 (pidari)

Taketomi: 左 (pidē) (tone class BC)

Yonaguni: 左 (ndai) (tone class C)


Mmaga

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 孫 (umangā)

Kunigami: 孫 ('māga)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 孫 ('maga)

Okinawan: 孫 ('nmaga)

Okinoerabu: 孫 ('māga)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 孫 (maga, magā)

Tokunoshima: 孫 ('maga, 'māga)

Yoron: 孫 (umaga)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 孫 (mmaga)

Yaeyama: 孫 (mā)

Yonaguni: 孫 (ma'ngu) (< *Mmago)

From Proto-Japonic *Mmanka (“grandchild”).


tikara

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 力 (chikara)

Kunigami: 力 (chikāra, shikāra)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 力 (chikyara)

Okinawan: 力 (chikara)

Okinoerabu: 力 (chikara, chikyara, chikkyara)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 力 (chikyara, cikyara)

Tokunoshima: 力 (tsïkyara)

⇒ Yoron: てゃー力 (tyāchikara) (< *taya-tikara)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 力 (tsïkara)

Yaeyama: 力 (tsïkara)

Yonaguni: 力 (shikara)

From Proto-Japonic *tikara (“power, strength”).


wasure

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 忘ゆい (wasshiyui)

Kunigami: 忘ん (wasshin)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 忘りぃるり (wasïrïruri)

Okinawan: 忘ゆん (washiyun)

Okinoerabu: 忘りゆん (washiriyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 忘りぃゆむっ (wasïrïyum)

Tokunoshima: 忘りぃ (wāsïrï)

Yoron: 忘りゅん (washiryun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 忘ㇲ゙ (basshiz)

Yaeyama: 忘きるん (basïkirun) (< *wasuke)

Yonaguni: 忘るん (bachirun)

From Proto-Japonic *wasuru (“to forget”).


yaeyama

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: 八重山 (yēma)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako:

Hirara: 八重山 (yāma)

Ikema: 八重山 (yāma)

Irabu: 八重山 (yāma)

Ōgami: 八重山 (yāma)

Tarama: 八重山 (yāma) (tone class A)

Yaeyama:

Ishigaki: 八重山 (yaima) (tone class A)

Yonaguni: 八重山 (dāma) (tone class A)

From Proto-Japonic *yapyayama (“Yaeyama”).


otosi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 落と゚ぅすん (utusun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 落と゚ぅすり (uθusuri)

Okinawan: 落とぅすん (utusun)

Yoron: 落とぅしゅん (utushun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 落とぅしぃ (utusï)

Yaeyama: 落たすん (utasun)

Yonaguni: 落とぅん (utun)

From Proto-Japonic *ətəsu (“to drop”, transitive), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *ətu (“to fall”).


atarasi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: あたらさい (aθarasai)

Kunigami: はたーらせん (hatārasen)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: あたらしゃり (aθarashari)

Okinawan: あたらしゃん (atarashan)

Okinoerabu: あたらしゃん (aθarashan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: あたらしゃㇺ (aθarasham)

Tokunoshima: あたらん (aθaran)

Yoron: あたらしゃん (atarashan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: あたらかかい゚ (atarakakaɿ) (< *ataraka-kari)

Yaeyama: あたらさーん (atarasān)

Yonaguni: あたらん (ataran)

From Proto-Japonic *atarasi (“regrettable, precious”).


pazukasi

Northern Ryukyuan:

desc

Kikai: 恥っかしゃい, 羞っかしゃい, 辱っかしゃい (fakkashai)

Kunigami: 恥じかしぇん, 羞じかしぇん, 辱じかしぇん (phajikashen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 恥つぃ゚かしゃり, 羞つぃ゚かしゃり, 辱つぃ゚かしゃり (hatsïkashari)

Okinawan: 恥じかしゃん, 羞じかしゃん, 辱じかしゃん (hajikashan), 恥じかさん, 羞じかさん, 辱じかさん (hajikasan)

Okinoerabu: 恥じかさん, 羞じかさん, 辱じかさん (hajikashan)

Tokunoshima: 恥ずぃ゚かい, 羞ずぃ゚かい, 辱ずぃ゚かい (hazïkai)

Yoron: 恥んちかさん, 羞んちかさん, 辱んちかさん (panchikasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 恥ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚, 羞ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚, 辱ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚ (pazɿkasɿkaɿ)

Yaeyama: 恥つぃ゚かさーん, 羞つぃ゚かさーん, 辱つぃ゚かさーん (patsïkasān)

Yonaguni: 人恥んかん (ttuhankan), 人恥んかさん (ttuhankasan) (< *pito-padukasi)

From Proto-Japonic *pantukasi (“shameful, embarrassing”).


yake-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 焼きーるん (yakīrun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 焼へるり (yeheruri)

Okinawan: 焼きゆん (yakiyun)

Yoron: 焼きゅん (yakyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 焼きーㇲ゙ (yakīz)

Yaeyama: 焼きるん (yakirun)

Yonaguni: 焼ぎるん (dagirun)

From Proto-Japonic *yaku (“to burn; to be cooked, to be grilled”, intransitive).

(intransitive) to be cooked, to be grilled


yodari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 洟, 涎 (yudai)

Kunigami: 洟, 涎 (yudai)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 洟, 涎 (yodari)

Okinawan: 洟, 涎 (yudai)

Okinoerabu: 洟, 涎 (yudai, yudē)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 洟, 涎 (yudāri)

Tokunoshima: 洟, 涎 (yudai)

Yoron: 洟, 涎 (yūdai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 洟, 涎 (yudai)

Yaeyama: 洟, 涎 (yudarï)

Yonaguni: 洟, 涎 (dudai)


pukore

Northern Ryukyuan:

desc

Kikai: 膨っきゆい (pukkiyui), 膨っきぃゆい (fukkïyui), 膨っきうい (pukkiui)

Kunigami: 膨っきん (phukkin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 膨くりぃるり (fukurïruri)

Okinawan: 膨っくぃゆん (fukkwiyun)

Okinoerabu: 膨くりゆん (fukuriyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 膨くっりぃゆむっ (fukrïyum)

Tokunoshima: 膨っくいぃりぃ (fukkwïrï)

Yoron: 膨くりゅん (fukuryun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 膨くりㇲ゙ (fukuriz)

Yaeyama: 膨くりん (fukurin), 膨くりるん (fukurirun)

Yonaguni: 膨くりるん (kkurirun)

From Proto-Japonic *pukoru (“to swell”).


wosame

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 治ーみん, 修ーみん, 納ーみん, 収ーみん (wusāmin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 治むぃるり, 修むぃるり, 納むぃるり, 収むぃるり (wosamïruri)

Okinawan: 治みゆん, 修みゆん, 納みゆん, 収みゆん (wusamiyun)

Yoron: 治みゅん, 修みゅん, 納みゅん, 収みゅん (usamyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: 治みるん, 修みるん, 納みるん, 収みるん (usamirun)

From Proto-Japonic *wosamu (“to control”).


kangae-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 考ーるん, 勘ーるん (khangērun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 考るり, 勘るり (xangeruri)

Okinawan: 考ーゆん, 勘ーゆん (kangēyun)

Okinoerabu: 考ーゆん, 勘ーゆん (kangeyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 考ゅむっ, 勘ゅむっ (kangëyum), 考りゅむっ, 勘りゅむっ (kangëryum)

Tokunoshima: 考るん, 勘るん (kangërun)

Yoron: 考ーゆん, 勘ーゆん (kangēyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 考いㇲ゙, 勘いㇲ゙ (kangaiz)

Yaeyama: 考いん, 勘いん (kangain), 考いるん, 勘いるん (kangairun)

Yonaguni: 考るん, 勘るん (kangarun)

Borrowed from Japanese 考える (kangaeru, “to consider”).


todoki

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 届ちゅい (θuduchui)

Kunigami: 届ちゅん (thuduchun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 届く゚り (θuduxuri)

Okinawan: 届ちゅん (tuduchun)

Okinoerabu: 届ちゅん (θuduchun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 届っきゅむっ (θukkyum)

Tokunoshima: 届きゅい (θuduxyui)

Yoron: 届きゅん (tudukyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 届きぃ (tuduksï)

Yaeyama: 届くん (tudukun)

Yonaguni: 届ぐん (tudugun)

From Proto-Japonic *tontoku (“to reach”).


kukOri

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 括－るん (kukūrun)

⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 巻っ括り (makkuri) (< *maki-kukori)

Okinawan: 括ゆん (kukuyun)

Yoron: 括ゆん (kukuyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 括ㇲ゙ (ffuz)


amegumo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 雨雲 (amāgumū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 雨雲 (amigumo)

Okinawan: 雨雲 (amigumu)

From Proto-Japonic *amainkumo (“rain cloud”).


watari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 渡－るん (watārun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 渡るり (waθaruri)

Okinawan: 渡ゆん (watayun)

Okinoerabu: 渡ゆん (waθayun)

Tokunoshima: 渡るい (waθarui)

Yoron: 渡ゆん (watayun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 渡ㇲ゙ (bataz)

Yaeyama: 渡るん (badarun)

Yonaguni: 渡るん (batarun)

From Proto-Japonic *wataru (“to go across”).


aogi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 扇 (ōgi)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 扇 (ōgi)

Okinawan: 扇 (ōji)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 扇 (ōg)

Yoron: 扇 (ōgi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 扇 (augzï)

Yaeyama: 扇 (onzï)

Yonaguni: 扇 (un)


Cma

Northern Ryukyuan: 烏馬 (uma) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469-1470)

Kikai: 馬 (ma, uma)

Kunigami: 馬 ('mā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 馬 ('mā)

Okinawan: 馬 ('nma, 'nmā)

Okinoerabu: 馬 (mā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 馬 ('mā)

Tokunoshima: 馬 (mā)

Yoron: 馬 (uma)

Southern Ryukyuan: *Vma (Bentley, 2008b)

Miyako: 馬 (mma)

Yaeyama: 馬 (mma)

Yonaguni: 馬 (nma)


Cma

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 旨ーせん, 甘ーせん, 味ーせん, 美ーせん, 巧ーせん, 美味ーせん, 甘美ーせん, 上手ーせん (mmāsen)

Okinawan: 旨ーさん, 甘ーさん, 味ーさん, 美ーさん, 巧ーさん, 美味ーさん, 甘美ーさん, 上手ーさん (māsan)

Okinoerabu: 旨ーさん, 甘ーさん, 味ーさん, 美ーさん, 巧ーさん, 美味ーさん, 甘美ーさん, 上手ーさん (māsan)

Tokunoshima: 旨ぁあい, 甘ぁあい, 味ぁあい, 美ぁあい, 巧ぁあい, 美味ぁあい, 甘美ぁあい, 上手ぁあい (mäai)

Yoron: 旨さい, 甘さい, 味さい, 美さい, 巧さい, 美味さい, 甘美さい, 上手さい (masai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 旨, 甘, 味, 美, 巧, 美味, 甘美, 上手 (mma)

Yaeyama: 旨, 甘, 味, 美, 巧, 美味, 甘美, 上手 (mma-)

Yonaguni: 旨ーん, 甘ーん, 味ーん, 美ーん, 巧ーん, 美味ーん, 甘美ーん, 上手ーん (mān)

From Proto-Japonic *Mma (“good; delicious”).


oyobe

Northern Ryukyuan: *Oyebe, *eyebe

Kunigami: 指 (uibi)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 指 (ibï)

Okinawan: 指 (ībi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 指 (ībï)

Tokunoshima: 指 (uibï, ïïbï, ūbï)

Yoron: 指 (uibi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 指 (uibi, uyibi)

Yaeyama: 指 (ubi)

Yonaguni: 指 (uyubi)


yOgami

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 歪みゅい (yugamyui), 歪むい (yugamui), 歪にゅい (yuganyui, yuwanyui)

Kunigami: 歪ーみん (yugāmin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 歪むり (yogamuri)

Okinawan: 歪むん (yugamun)

Yoron: 歪みゅん (yugamyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 歪むっ (yugam)

From Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu (“to bend”).


i-ka

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 如何 (sha, sa), 如何な (ixana)

Kunigami: 如何 (cā, ikāna, hikāna)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 如何し (xyashi)

Okinawan: 如何 (chā, icha, ikana)

Okinoerabu: 如何 (icha, ikya)

⇒ Southern Amami Ōshima: 如何し (ikyashi, ixyāshi)

⇒ Tokunoshima: 如何すぃ (ikyasï)

Yoron: 如何 (ichā)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 如何 (ikya)

⇒ Yaeyama: 如何有ら (ikāra)

⇒ Yonaguni: 如何な (ikana)


neburi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 眠ぶい (nïnbui), 眠びゅい (nïnbyui), 眠じゅい (nïnjui)

Kunigami: 眠ん (ninbin /níɴbîɴ/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 眠るり (nïbururi)

Okinawan: 眠じゅん (ninjun /níɴdʑùɴ/)

Okinoerabu: 眠ゆん (nibuyun /nìbújúɴ/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 眠っゆむっ (nïpyum /nɨ́pjùm̩/), 眠りゅむっ (nïpryum /nɨ́pɾʲùm̩/)

Tokunoshima: 眠びゅい (ninbyui /nɪ́ɴbʲúɪ́/)

Yoron: 眠ゆん (nibuyun /nìbùjùɴ/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 眠ゔっ (niv)

Yaeyama: 眠ん (ninbun /níbùɴ/)

Yonaguni: 眠どぅん (nindun /nìɴdúɴ/)

From Proto-Japonic *nenpuru (“to sleep”).


keᴮ

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 木, 樹 (xïï, hī)

Kunigami: 木, 樹 (khī /kʰǐː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 木, 樹 (kï, xï, xïï)

Okinawan: 木, 樹 (kī /kìː/)

Okinoerabu: 木, 樹 (hī /çǐː/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 木, 樹 (xïï /kʰɨ̀ː/)

Tokunoshima: 木, 樹 (kï /kɨ́/)

Yoron: 木, 樹 (shī /ɕǐː/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 木, 樹 (kī)

Yaeyama: 木, 樹 (kī /kíː/)

Yonaguni: 木, 樹 (kī /kìː/)


keᴬ

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 毛 (xïï)

Kunigami: 毛 (khī /kʰíː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 毛 (kï, xï, xïï)

Okinawan: 毛 (kī /kîː/)

Okinoerabu: 毛 (hī /çíː/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 毛 (xïï /kʰɨ̂ˑ/)

Tokunoshima: 毛 (kïï /kɨ́ː/)

Yoron: 毛 (shī /ɕìː/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 毛 (kī)

Yaeyama: 毛 (kī /kîː/)

Yonaguni: 毛 (kī /kíː/)


masio

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 真塩 (mashu, masu)

Kunigami: 真塩 (masu /másù/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 真塩 (mashu)

Okinawan: 真塩 (māshu /màːɕù/)

Okinoerabu: 真塩 (mashu /màɕú/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 真塩 (mashu /màɕùˑ/)

Tokunoshima: 真塩 (mashu /máɕù/)

Yoron: 真塩 (mashu /máɕú/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 真塩 (māsū)

Yaeyama: 真塩 (māsu /máːsú/)

Yonaguni: 真塩 (masu /màsû/)

From Proto-Japonic *sipo (“salt”), with pR prefix *ma- (“true”).


kezu

Northern Ryukyuan: *kezu, *kezu-mono, *kizu

Kikai: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizu), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (hinmun)

Kunigami: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (khijī /kʰìdʑíː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (xïnmuɴ)

Okinawan: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kídʑì/), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (kijimun /kìdʑìmùɴ/)

Okinoerabu: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑíˑ/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kit)

Tokunoshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑɨ́ˑ/)

Yoron: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑì/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï)

Yaeyama: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï /kídzɨ̀/)

Yonaguni: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kidi /kìdí/)


(o)matu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: うまとぅ (umatu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: ’まつぃ ('matsï)

Okinawan: うまーつぃ (umātsi /ùmàːtsì/), うまつぃ (umatsi /ùmàtsì/)

Okinoerabu: まち (machi /màtɕí/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: うまㇳ (umat /umaˑt̩/)

Tokunoshima: っまつぃ゚ ('matsï /mˀátsɨ̀/)

Yoron: まち (machi /mátɕí/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: うまつぃ゚ (umatsɿ)

The last two morae might be derived from *matu (“pine”), as they were used to make fire.


arasi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 嵐 (arāshi /àɾáːɕì/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 嵐 (arashi)

Okinawan: 嵐 (arashi /áɾáɕì/)

Okinoerabu: 嵐 (arashi /àɾàɕí/)

Tokunoshima: 嵐 (arasï /àɾàsɨ́/)


suma(u)

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 相撲 (shima)

Kunigami: 相撲 (shimā /ɕìmǎː/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 相撲 (shimo)

Okinawan: 相撲 (sima /sìmà/)

Okinoerabu: 相撲 (shimā /ɕìmǎː/)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 相撲 (shimo /ɕìmôˑ/)

Tokunoshima: 相撲 (sïma /sɨ̀má/)

Yoron: 相撲 (shima /ɕìmà/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 相撲 (sïma)

Yaeyama: 相撲 (sïma /sɨ́má/)

Yonaguni: 相撲 (chima /tɕìmá/)

An ancient borrowing of Japanese 相撲 (sumō, sumai, “sumo”).


iduro

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: でぃる (diru)

Northern Amami Ōshima: でぃ゚る (dïru)

Okinawan: じる (jiru)

Okinoerabu: うどぅる (uduru)

Southern Amami Ōshima: でぃ゚るっ (dïr)

Tokunoshima: でぃん (din)

Yoron: いどぅーる (idūru)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: んじー (njī)

Yaeyama: じり (jiri)

Yonaguni: んでぃ (ndi)


mayO

Northern Ryukyuan: *mayO, *mayOCa, *mya, *myanka, *myau

Kikai: 猫 (mayā)

Kunigami: 猫 (myā, myankā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 猫 (maya)

Okinawan: 猫 (mayū, mayā)

Okinoerabu: 猫 ('myā)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 猫 (mya)

>? Tokunoshima: 猫 (nyau)

Yoron: 猫 (mayā, myā, myanka)

Southern Ryukyuan: *mayO, *mayOCa

Miyako: 猫 (mayū)

Yaeyama: 猫 (maya, myau)

Yonaguni: 猫 (mayu)


OyOki

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: っゐーちゅん ('wīchun)

Yoron: うんきゅん (unkyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: うゆきぃ (uyuksï)

Yonaguni: ういぐん (uigun)


wori

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 居い (wui, ui, gui)

Kunigami: 居ん (wun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 居り (wuri)

Okinawan: 居ん (wun)

Okinoerabu: 居ん (un)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 居むっ (wum)

Tokunoshima: 居い (ūi)

Yoron: 居ゆん (fuyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 居むっ (um)

Yaeyama: 居ん (un)

Yonaguni: 居ん (bun)


igoki

Northern Ryukyuan:

>? Kunigami: 動ちゅん (ēchun)

Okinawan: 動ちゅん (njuchun)

Okinoerabu: 動ちゅん (unchun)

>? Tokunoshima: 動きゅい (inkyui)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 動きぃ (uguksï)

Yaeyama: 動ん (ugun)


sirami

Northern Ryukyuan:

Northern Amami Ōshima: 虱 (shiran)

Okinawan: 虱 (shiran)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yonaguni: 虱 (tsan)

Pediculus humanus capitis
Pediculus humanus capitis

louse, especially the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis)


idomi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 泉 (ijumi)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 泉 (izumi, ijomi)

Okinawan: 泉 (ijun)

Okinoerabu: 泉 (ijumi, ijungō)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 泉 (ijumi)

Tokunoshima: 泉 (ijun)

⇒ Yoron: 泉 (ijungō)


yukowi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 憩ゆい (yukuyui), 憩むい (yūmui), 憩みゅい (yūmyui), 憩にゅい (yūnyui) (< *yukowi, *yukowi-mi-wori)

Kunigami: 憩るん (yufurun), 憩みん (yufumin) (< *yukowiri, *yukowi-mi-wori)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 憩むり (yufumuri) (< *yukowi-mi-wori)

Okinawan: 憩ゆん (yukuyun)

Okinoerabu: 憩ゆん (yūyun)

Tokunoshima: 憩り (yukuri)

Yoron: 憩ゆん (yufuyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 憩 (yukū)

Yaeyama: 憩いん (yukuin)

Yonaguni: 憩 (dugun)


woba

Northern Ryukyuan: *woba, *woba-ma

Kikai: 叔母 (wuba, uba, guba)

⇒ Kunigami: 叔母まー (wubā-mā)

⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 叔母っけ (ba-kke)

⇒ Okinawan: 叔母まー (wuba-mā)

Okinoerabu: 叔母ば (bāba)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 叔母 (wuba)

Tokunoshima: 叔母 (bā)

Yoron: 叔母 (wuba)

Southern Ryukyuan: *boba, *boba-ma, *boba-EtE

Miyako: 叔母 (buba), 叔母ま (buba-ma)

Yaeyama: 叔母 (buba)

⇒ Yonaguni: 叔母いてぃ (ubaiti)


sukama

Northern Ryukyuan: すかま (sukama) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)

Kikai: ’かんま (kanma), ’かま (kama)

Kunigami: しかーま (shikāma /ɕìkàːmá/)

Northern Amami Ōshima: すぃ゚’かま (sïkama)

Okinawan: すぃかま (sikama /sìkàmà/)

Okinoerabu: しかま (shikama, in compounds)

Southern Amami Ōshima: ㇲかーま (skāma /skàːmà/)

Tokunoshima: しかま (shikama /ɕɪ̀kámà/)

Yoron: しかま (shikama /ɕìkámá/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: すぃま (sɿkama)

Yaeyama: すぃかま (sïkama /sɨ̀kámá/)

Yonaguni: しかま (shikama /ɕìkámáꜜ/)

A surface analysis suggests that this might be a compound with the first two morae belonging to a verb stem *suk- in its 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”); compare Japanese 透く (suku, “to be transparent; to be seen through”), 漉く (suku, “to make paper from pulp by spreading it thin and drying it”), 鋤く (suku, “to plough”), 梳く (suku, “to comb”), 空く (suku, “to be empty”), 救う (sukuu, “to rescue”), 助ける ((ta)sukeru, “to help”), all with an underlying idea of "going through", and this root can likely be applicable to this word, as the sun rises and passes during the morning to daytime. The latter mora likely belongs to *ma (“space”). Compare *piruma (“daytime; afternoon”). The variable senses parallel the derivation of Japanese 努める (tsutomeru, “to endeavor, to strive for, to make an effort”) from 夙 (tsuto(-ni), “early in the morning”).
Yosuke Igarashi reconstructs this word as *sekama with tone class C, however a closer analysis using comparative, internal, and historical methods show that the first morae is a high back vowel, not a mid front vowel, and that the accent differs for the individual senses, and this strengthens the possibility that this was derived from a compound.


mosiro

Northern Ryukyuan: 모시루 (/mo.si.ru/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mussu)

Kunigami: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /músù/)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiro)

Okinawan: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiru /mùɕìɾù/)

Okinoerabu: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushu /mùɕû/)

Tokunoshima: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musshu /múQɕù/)

Yoron: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musshū /múQɕúː/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mussu)

Yaeyama: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /músú/)

Yonaguni: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /mùsù/)

From Proto-Japonic *mosirə (“straw mat”).


gosCani

Northern Ryukyuan: こしやん (goshan) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)

Kikai: 御杖 (gusanï)

Kunigami: 御杖 (gusāni)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 御杖 (goshan)

Okinawan: 御杖 (gūshan)

Okinoerabu: 御杖 (gushani)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 御杖 (gusham)

Tokunoshima: 御杖 (gusan)

Yoron: 御杖 (gushani)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 御杖 (gushan)

Yaeyama: 御杖 (gusan)

Yonaguni: 御杖 (gusan)

Perhaps derived from unattested Middle Chinese 御杖 (MC ngjoH drjangX).


ikera

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 少ーさい (isāsai. isōsai)

Kunigami: 少らしぇん (hikērashen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 少らさり (ikirasari)

Okinawan: 少らさん (ikirasan)

Okinoerabu: 少さん (ichasan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 少りゃーさむっ (ikryāsam)

Tokunoshima: 少い (ikkyāi)

Yoron: 少らさん (ikirasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 少らさ (ikyarasa)

Yaeyama: 少らさーん (ikirasān)

Yonaguni: 少がん (sagan)


ye-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 良 (yī-)

Kunigami: 良 (hī-)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 良 (yī-)

Okinawan: 良 (yī-)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 良 (yī-)

Yoron: 良 (yi-)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: 良 (ī-)

Yonaguni: 良 (ī, hī-)


irana

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: いらーな (irāna /ʔìɾàːná/)

Okinawan: いらな (irana /ʔìɾànà/)

Southern Ryukyuan: *irara

Miyako: っざら (zzara)

Yaeyama: いらな (irana /ʔíɾáná/)

Yonaguni: いらら (irara /ìɾáɾâ/)


-(a)re-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: りゆい (-(a)riyui)

Kunigami: りん (-(a)rin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: るぃるり (-(a)rïruri)

Okinawan: りゆん (-(a)riyun)

Okinoerabu: りゆん (-(a)riyun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: りゆむっ (-(a)riyum)

Tokunoshima: るぃ (-(a)rï)

Yoron: りゅん (-(a)ryun)

From Proto-Japonic *-(a)ru (makes the passive voice).


kessa

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: ひっさ (hissa)

Kunigami: きっさ (khissa /kʰíssà/)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: けさ (xesa, archaic)

Okinawan: きっさ (kissa /kíssà/)

Okinoerabu: ひっさ (hissa /çìssâ/)

Tokunoshima: ひっさ (hissa /çɪ̀ssâ/), くぃっしゃ (kïssha /kɨ̀ɕɕá/)

Yoron: ひっさ (hissa /çíssá/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: きさー (kisā)

Yaeyama: くぃさ (kïsa /kɨ̥̀sá/)

Yonaguni: きっつぁ (kittsa /kìttsá/, “already”)

From Proto-Japonic *kesa (“this morning”), with irregular gemination of the second consonant.
A semantic shift 'a while ago' had also occurred in the Niigata and Nagasaki (/kesu/) dialects of Japanese.


tukiyo

Northern Ryukyuan:

ɕìtɕǔː, çìtɕǔː

Kunigami: 月夜 (shichū, hichū /ɕìtɕǔː, çìtɕǔː/)

Okinawan: 月夜 (tsichū /tsìtɕùː/)

Okinoerabu: 月夜 (chichu /tɕìtɕû/)

Yoron: 月夜 (chikkyū /tɕìkkjúː/)

Southern Ryukyuan:

tsɨ̥̀kúínújúː

Yaeyama: 月夜ぬ夜 (tsïkuinuyū /tsɨ̥̀kúínújúː/) (< *tukoye-no-yo)

Yonaguni: 月夜 (kkuyu /kˀùjû/) (< *tukoyo)

Compound of *tuki (“moon”) + *yo (“night”).
The alternative reconstruction *tukoyo is limited to Sakishima, while *tukiyo must have been restricted to Okinawa, with a spread to the southern Amami islands such as Yoron and Okinoerabu.


panas-

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 話 (phanāshī)

Okinawan: 話 (hanashi, hanasun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 話 (panasu)

Yaeyama: 話 (panasï, panasun)


okinawa

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 沖縄 (fuchinā)

Okinawan: 沖縄 (uchinā)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 沖縄 (uksïnā)

Yaeyama: 沖縄 (ukïnā)

Yonaguni: 沖縄 (unna)

From *oki (“offshore”) + *nawa (“rope”).


wonari

Northern Ryukyuan: をなり (wonari) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)

Kikai: うない (unai), ぐない (gunai)

Kunigami: をぅない (wunai)

Northern Amami Ōshima: をなり (wonari)

Okinawan: をぅない (wunai)

Okinoerabu: をぅない (wunai), をぅねー (wunē)

Southern Amami Ōshima: をぅなり (wunari)

Tokunoshima: うない (unai)

Yoron: ふない (funai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: ぶなイ゚ (bunaɿ)

Yaeyama: ぶなりぃ (bunarï)

Yonaguni: ぶない (bunai)

The initial *wona- has been attributed to Japanese 女子 (onago < wonago, “girl”), while *-ri may be the same as the one in *wekeri (“brother (from a perspective of a sister)”).

sister (from a perspective of a brother)


yono-

Northern Ryukyuan: ゑん (wen) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)

Kikai: いぃん (yin-)

Kunigami: ゆぬ (yunu-)

Northern Amami Ōshima: ゆん (yun-)

Okinawan: いぃぬ (yinu-), いぃん (yin-)

Okinoerabu: ゆぬ (yunu-)

Southern Amami Ōshima: いぃぬ (yinu-)

⇒ Tokunoshima: いぬい (inui, “first birthday”) (< *yono-(p)i)

Yoron: ゆぬ (yunu-)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: ゆぬ (yunu-)

Yaeyama: ゆぬ (yunu-)

Yonaguni: どぅぬ (dunu-)

From Proto-Japonic *yə (“same”); the second mora is likely *no (“genitive marker”).


idasi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 出じゃしゅい (ijashui)

Kunigami: 出じゃーすん (ijāsun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 出じゃすり (ijasuri)

Okinawan: 出じゃしゅん ('njashun)

Okinoerabu: 出じゃしゅん (ijashun)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 出じゃーしゅむっ (ijāshum)

Tokunoshima: 出じゃしゅい (ijashui)

Yoron: 出じゃしゅん (ijashun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 出だしぃ (idasï)

Yaeyama: 出だしぃん (idasïn)

Yonaguni: 出だん (ndan)

From Proto-Japonic *intas- (“to take out”), from *intu.