See kuru in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kikai",
"lang_code": "kzg",
"roman": "-gurusai",
"word": "苦さい"
},
{
"lang": "Kunigami",
"lang_code": "xug",
"roman": "-gurūshen, -gurīshen",
"word": "苦ーしぇん"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Amami Ōshima",
"lang_code": "ryn",
"roman": "xurushari",
"word": "苦しゃり"
},
{
"lang": "Okinawan",
"lang_code": "ryu",
"roman": "kurisan",
"word": "苦さん"
},
{
"lang": "Okinoerabu",
"lang_code": "okn",
"roman": "gurushan",
"word": "苦しゃん"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Amami Ōshima",
"lang_code": "ams",
"roman": "gurushisam",
"word": "苦しさむっ"
},
{
"lang": "Tokunoshima",
"lang_code": "tkn",
"roman": "xurushai",
"word": "苦しゃい"
},
{
"lang": "Tokunoshima",
"lang_code": "tkn",
"roman": "goroi",
"word": "苦い"
},
{
"lang": "Tokunoshima",
"lang_code": "tkn",
"roman": "xwëëi",
"word": "苦ーい"
},
{
"lang": "Yoron",
"lang_code": "yox",
"roman": "gusshan, gurushan",
"word": "苦しゃん"
}
],
"lang": "Northern Ryukyuan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Miyako",
"lang_code": "mvi",
"roman": "guri",
"word": "苦"
},
{
"lang": "Yaeyama",
"lang_code": "rys",
"roman": "kurishān",
"word": "苦しゃーん"
},
{
"lang": "Yonaguni",
"lang_code": "yoi",
"roman": "-'ngurisan",
"word": "苦さん"
}
],
"lang": "Southern Ryukyuan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*kuru",
"4": "",
"5": "painful, stressful, suffering"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kuru (“painful, stressful, suffering”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Japonic *kuru (“painful, stressful, suffering”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "*kuru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Ryukyuan",
"lang_code": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/kuru",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Ryukyuan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"painful, stressful, suffering"
],
"id": "en-kuru-jpx-ryu-pro-adj-IINGC1Tr",
"links": [
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"stressful",
"stressful"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kutu"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kuru"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kikai",
"lang_code": "kzg",
"roman": "-gurusai",
"word": "苦さい"
},
{
"lang": "Kunigami",
"lang_code": "xug",
"roman": "-gurūshen, -gurīshen",
"word": "苦ーしぇん"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Amami Ōshima",
"lang_code": "ryn",
"roman": "xurushari",
"word": "苦しゃり"
},
{
"lang": "Okinawan",
"lang_code": "ryu",
"roman": "kurisan",
"word": "苦さん"
},
{
"lang": "Okinoerabu",
"lang_code": "okn",
"roman": "gurushan",
"word": "苦しゃん"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Amami Ōshima",
"lang_code": "ams",
"roman": "gurushisam",
"word": "苦しさむっ"
},
{
"lang": "Tokunoshima",
"lang_code": "tkn",
"roman": "xurushai",
"word": "苦しゃい"
},
{
"lang": "Tokunoshima",
"lang_code": "tkn",
"roman": "goroi",
"word": "苦い"
},
{
"lang": "Tokunoshima",
"lang_code": "tkn",
"roman": "xwëëi",
"word": "苦ーい"
},
{
"lang": "Yoron",
"lang_code": "yox",
"roman": "gusshan, gurushan",
"word": "苦しゃん"
}
],
"lang": "Northern Ryukyuan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Miyako",
"lang_code": "mvi",
"roman": "guri",
"word": "苦"
},
{
"lang": "Yaeyama",
"lang_code": "rys",
"roman": "kurishān",
"word": "苦しゃーん"
},
{
"lang": "Yonaguni",
"lang_code": "yoi",
"roman": "-'ngurisan",
"word": "苦さん"
}
],
"lang": "Southern Ryukyuan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*kuru",
"4": "",
"5": "painful, stressful, suffering"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kuru (“painful, stressful, suffering”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Japonic *kuru (“painful, stressful, suffering”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "*kuru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Ryukyuan",
"lang_code": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/kuru",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Ryukyuan adjectives",
"Proto-Ryukyuan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Ryukyuan lemmas",
"Proto-Ryukyuan terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Proto-Ryukyuan terms inherited from Proto-Japonic"
],
"glosses": [
"painful, stressful, suffering"
],
"links": [
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"stressful",
"stressful"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kutu"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kuru"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kuru meaning in Proto-Ryukyuan (2.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Ryukyuan dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.