qulu

Philippine

Batanic

Yami: oo

Ivatan: uhu

Ibatan: oho

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: olo

Cagayan Valley

Isnag: olo

Itawit: ulu

Yogad: ulu

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Limos Kalinga: ulu

Batad Ifugao: ūlu

Tuwali Ifugao: ulu

Southern Cordilleran

Pangasinan: olo

Keley-I Kallahan: uluk

Northeastern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ulo

Central Luzon

Abenlen Ayta: ō

Mag-Anchi Ayta: ulo

Bolinao: ulo

Northern Mindoro

Alangan: ulo

Tadyawan: ulo

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: ulo

Visayan

Cebu

Cebuano: ulo

Central

Capiznon: ulo

Hiligaynon: ulo

Waray-Waray: ulo

Western

Aklanon: ueo

Kinaray-a: ulo

Ratagnon: ulo

Southern

Tausug: ū

Butuanon: oo

Mansakan

Mansaka: oro

Tagakaulu Kalagan: ulu

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: 'úlu

Manobo

Higaonon: ulo

Matigsalug Manobo: ulu

Western Bukidnon Manobo: ulu

Subanen

Central Subanen: ulu, gulu

Western Subanon: gulu

Danao

Maranao: olo

Maguindanao: ulu

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: ulu

Ponosakan: ulu

Kalamian

Agutaynen: kolo

Calamian Tagbanwa: kulu

South Mindanao

Tboli: kulu

Ati: olo

Giangan: ullu

Sangiric

Sangir: ulru

⇒ Talaud: ulrune

Minahasan

Tonsea: udu

Barito

East Barito

Ma'anyan: ulu

Dusun Witu: ulu

West Barito

Ngaju: hulo

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: ulu

Bonggi: ulu

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: tulu

Coastal Kadazan: tuhu

Rungus: ulu

Murutic

Timugon Murut: ulu

Southern Tidung: ulu

Paitanic

Tombonuo: ulu

Upper Kinabatangan: ulu

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: ulew

Berawan–Lower Baram

Berawan: uloh

Dayic (Apo Duat)

Kelabit: uluh

Lun Bawang: uluh

Kenyah

Bakung: ulu

Eastern Penan: ulun

Western Penan: ulun

Central Sarawakan

Melanau

Central Melanau: ulou

Daro-Matu Melanau: ulo

Kajang

Kajaman: uleu

Moklenic

Moken: kolo

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

North

Karo Batak: ulu

South

Angkola Batak: ulu

Toba Batak: ulu

Mandailing Batak: ulu

Gayo: ulu

Simeulue: ulu

Enggano: e-udu

Rejang: uleu

Lampungic

Komering: hulu

Abung: ulew

Lampung Api: hulu, ulu

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic

Acehnese: ulèë

Malayic: *hulu(ʔ)

Iban: ulu

Malay: hulu, ulu (dated)
Indonesian: hulu
→ Chinese: 烏魯／乌鲁 (Wūlǔ)
→ English: ulu

Urak Lawoi': ฮูลู (hulu)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬳᬸᬮᬸ (ulu)

Sasak: ulu

Sundanese: ᮠᮥᮜᮥ (hulu)

Old Javanese: hulu

Javanese: ꦲꦸꦭꦸ (ulu)

South Sulawesi

Tamanic

Embaloh: ulu

Northern

Duri: ulu

Tae': ulu

Mandar: ulu

Makassaric

Makasar: ᨕᨘᨒᨘ (ulu)

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Banggai: ulu

Muna–Buton

Muna: ghulu

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: uyu

Uma: ulu

Bungku–Tolaki

Mori Atas: ulu

Wawonii: ulu

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: ulu

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: ulu

Chamorro: ulu

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Bima: ulu

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Sabu: uru

Kambera: ulu

Western Flores

Manggarai–Rembong

Manggarai: ulu

Riung: ulu

Central Flores

Ngadha: ulu

Ke'o: ulu

Flores–Lembata

Sika: 'ulu

Selaru: usu

Kei–Tanimbar

Yamdena: ulu

Fordata: ulu

Kei: uu

Timoric

Tetum: ulun

Leti: ulu

Aru

Kola: ulu

Dobel: kwulu

Central Maluku

Western

Buru (Indonesia): olo

Ambelau: olo

Eastern

Banda–Geser

Watubela: kulu

East Seram

Bobot: ulin

Masiwang: ulin

Nunusaku

Saparua: uru

Manipa: lu

Taliabu: ulu

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera–Cenderawasih

Buli (Indonesia): ulu

Oceanic: *qulu

Admiralty Islands

Nauna: kulu

Khehek: ulu

Western Oceanic

North New Guinea

Sio: kulu

Meso-Melanesian

Tolai: ul

Cheke Holo: ulu

Simbo: ulu

Papuan Tip

Suau: ulu

Saliba (New Guinea): kulu

Bwanabwana: kulukulu

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bugotu–Gela

Bughotu: ulu

Gela: ulu

Malaita–Makira

'Are'are: uru

Lau: ulu

Sa'a: ulu

Micronesian

Chuukese: wúún

Puluwat: wúl

Central Pacific

Western Fijian: ulu

Fijian: ulu

Polynesian: *qulu

Tongic

Tongan: ʻulu

Niuean: ulu

Samoic–Outlier

Ellicean

Tuvaluan: ulu

Kapingamarangi: ulu

Futunic

Anuta: uru

Futuna-Aniwa: uru

East Futuna: 'ulu

Samoic

Samoan: ulu

Tokelauan: ulu

Niuatoputapu: ulu

Eastern Polynesian

Marquesic

North Marquesan: uʻu

South Marquesan: uʻu

Tahitic

Tahitian: uru

Maori: uru


daqan

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: ddan

Southwest Sabahan

Greater Dusunic

Dusunic

Dusun

Central Dusun: raan

Tambunan Dusun: ra'an

Sugut Dusun: raan

Momogun

Rungus: raan

Kimaragang: raan

Tobilung: raan

Dumpas: raan

Bisaya–Lotud

Lotud: raan

Paitanic

Abai Sungai: daan

Tombonuo: raan

Upper Kinabatangan: ran

Greater Murutic

Murutic

Tagal Murut: raan

Timugon Murut: daan

Paluan: daan

Tidung

Northern Tidung: adan

Burusu: dan

Tatana: daan

Proto-North Sarawak: *daan

Apo Duat

Kelabitic

Kelabit: daan

Sa'ban: lain

Kenyah

Bakung: da'an

Penan

Eastern Penan: da'an

Western Penan: daan

Central Sarawak

Central Melanau: daan

Kayanic

Kayan

Baram Kayan: daan

Modang

Segai: al'an (Gaai), l'en

Modang: leeean

Moklenic

Moken: dakan

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Nias: daha

Mentawai: ran

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Chamic: *dhan

Eastern Cham: dhan

Western Cham: dhan

desctree

Proto-Malayic: *dahan
Iban: dan
Malay: dahan
Indonesian: dahan
Urak Lawoi': ดาฮัด (dahat)

Sundanese: ᮓᮠᮔ᮪ (dahan), dahan

Celebic

Muna-Buton

Muna: ragha

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: ndaang

Palauan: rael

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Aru

Kola: ran

Ujir: ran

Sumba–Flores

Ende–Manggarai

Central Flores

Ngadha–So'a

Ngadha: daa

Kowiai: raan

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Proto-Oceanic: *raqan
Admiralty Islands
Eastern Admiralty Islands
Manus
East Manus
Leipon: dran-dran
Nali: dran-dran
West Manus
Bipi: xa-xan
Loniu-Mokerang
Loniu: a-an
Sori-Harengan: hang
Western Admiralty Islands
Wuvulu-Aua: xa-xa-na
Southeast Admiralty Islands
Lou: ran ke
Central Pacific
West Fijian-Rotuman
Rotuman: rā
Proto-Polynesian: *rala
Proto-Eastern Polynesian: *lala
Hawaiian: lālā
Ellicean
Kapingamarangi: laahia
Nukuoro: laa
Pileni: nalā
Rennellese: gaa‘ina
Samoan-Tokelauan
Samoan: lālā, lālāʻau
St. Matthias
Mussau-Emira: laa
Western Oceanic
Meso-Melanesian
Northwest Solomonic
Mono-Uruavan
Alu: la-la-na
Southeast Solomonic
Gela-Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal
Ghari: rara-na
Nehan-Bougainville
Nehan: ran

branch (woody part of a tree arising from the trunk and usually dividing)


daqan

Proto-Philippine: *daqan

Batanic

Ibatan: adan

Ivatan: adan

Yami: adan

Central Luzon

Sambalic

Botolan Sambal: daan

Danao

Maranao: daan

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: daan

Visayan

Cebuano: daan

Central Visayan

Hiligaynon: daan

South Visayan

Tausug: dan

Western Visayan

Aklanon: daan

Manobo

Central Manobo

West Central Manobo

Western Bukidnon Manobo: daan

North Manobo

Binukid: daan

Mansakan

Mamanwa: daan

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: daan

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: daan

Meso-Cordilleran

Southern Cordilleran

West Southern Cordilleran

Nuclear Southern Cordilleran

Ibaloi: shaan

Pangasinan: daan

Barito

Sama-Bajau

Mapun: daan


qabu

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *qabu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-North Sarawak: *abu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Philippine: *qabu (see there for further descendants)

Chamorro: apu

Old Javanese: hawu
Javanese: ꦲꦮꦸ (awu)

Proto-Malayic: *habu (see there for further descendants)


qaluʀ

Proto-Philippine:

Tagalog: alog

Proto-Malayic: *halur
Malay: alur, alor
Indonesian: alur

From Proto-Austronesian *qaluʀ, from the root *-luʀ.

current; deep channel in the middle of a river


qaliʀ

Proto-Malayic: *halir
Malay: alir
Indonesian: alir


saluʀ

See *qaluʀ.

From Proto-Austronesian *qaluʀ, from the root *-luʀ, *-liʀ.

*qaluʀ (alternative)
*qaliʀ (alternative)
*saliʀ (alternative)


saliʀ

Western Malayo-Polynesian

Proto-Malayic: *salir
Malay: salir
> Indonesian: salir (inherited)

Central Malayo-polynesian

Fordata: salir

Oceanic

Tigak: salik

Nakanai: sali

Gela: hali-hali

Lonwolwol: hal

Western Fijian: sali

Fijian: sali


wahiʀ

Proto-Philippine: *wahiʀ
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Bisayan
Cebuano: wahíg
Danao
Iranun: aig
Maguindanao: ig
Maranao: ig
Manobo
Central Manobo
East Central Manobo
Agusan Manobo: wo'hig
Dibabawon Manobo: 'wɨhig
South Central Manobo
Ata Manobo: woig
Matigsalug Manobo: wɨig (Tigwa)
West Central Manobo
Ilianen Manobo: wayig
Western Bukidnon Manobo: wahig
Northern Central Manobo
Binukid: 'wahig
Kagayanen: wáig
Southern Manobo
Cotabato Manobo: wayɨg
Sarangani Manobo: wayʌg
Northern Luzon
Ilocano: waig
Meso-Cordilleran
Central Bontoc: wail
South Mindanao
Tboli–Blaan
Koronadal Blaan: 'e'el
Sarangani Blaan: ye'el
Tboli: 'el
Tiruray: wayeg

North Borneo

Northeast Sabah

Bonggi: beig

Southwest Sabah

Greater Dusunic

Central Dusun: waig

Coastal Kadazan: vaig

Rungus: vaig

Moklenic

Moken: wiːn

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Angkola Batak: aek

Mandailing Batak: aek

Toba Batak: ᯀᯀᯩᯂ᯲ (aek)

Gayo: wih

Nias: w̃e

Simeulue: oil

Lampungic

Abung: way

Komering: way

Lampung Api: way

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *wair
Madurese: aèng
Proto-Malayo-Chamic: *air
Proto-Chamic: *ʔiar
Acehnese: ie
Coastal Chamic:
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨀꨳꨩ (aia)
Western Cham: ايا (aia)
Highlands Chamic:
Chru-Northern Chamic:
Chru: ia
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: ia
Tsat: ʔia³³
Jarai: ia
Rade: êa
Proto-Malayic: *air
Ibanic
Iban: ai
Mualang: aik
Nuclear Malayic
Brunei Malay: aing
Kedah Malay: ayaq
Malay: air
Indonesian: air
Urak Lawoi': อาเย (ayë)
Sundanese: ᮎᮄ (cai)

Old Javanese: air, er, her, wway, wwe

Proto-South Sulawesi: *wai
Buginese: waé
Mandar: wai
Tae': wai

Celebic

Southeast Celebic

Kaili-Pamona

Bare'e: we

Muna-Buton

Cia-Cia: 에에 (e'e)

Saluan-Banggai

Balantak: weer

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *waiʀ
Central Malayo-Polynesian
Central Maluku
Bobot: way
Masiwang: wai
Flores–Lembata
Lamaholot: wai
Kei–Tanimbar
North Bomberai
Onin: were
Uruangnirin: were
Sumba–Flores
Ende–Manggarai
Ende: ae
Palu'e: vae
Manggarai: waé
Sumba
Kambera: wai
Sabu: ei
Timor–Babar
Nauete: wai
Timoric
Tukudede: ee
Tetum: bee
Waima'a: wai
Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *waiʀ
Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *waiʀ
Mor (Austronesian): gwàjara (“river”)
Cenderawasih Bay:
Biakic:
Biak: war, wār
Roon: war
Dusner: war
Meoswar: war
Yapen:
Eastern:
Wabo: wai
Raja Ampat–South Halmahera:
Waigeo: we
Biga: wei
Maden: wey
As: wɛ
Maˈya-Matbat:
Ma'ya:
Ma'ya: ˈwaya³
Kawe: ˈway[a]
Legenyem: ˈway[a]
Wauyai: ˈway[a]
South Halmahera:
Gebe: wa
Central-Eastern:
Buli (Indonesia): wai, waya
Patani: woyo
Sawai: wɔɛ, wɔyɛ
Southern:
Gane: waya
East Makian: woya
Proto-Oceanic: *waiʀ
Admiralty Islands
Baluan-Pam: wei
Lou: wei
Southeast Solomonic
'Are'are: wai
Arosi: wai
North–Central Vanuatu
Araki: ai
Big Nambas: ui
Raga: wai
Tangoa: wai
Temotu
Teanu: ero
Lovono: wire
New Caledonian
Haeke: we
Northern New Caledonian
Extreme Northern New Caledonian
Nyelâyu: we
Yuanga: we
Haveke: we
North Northern New Caledonian
Fwâi: we
Hmwaveke: we
Jawe: we
Nemi: we
Pije: we
Central Pacific
Fijian: wai
Proto-Polynesian: *wai (see there for further descendants)


wakaʀ

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Kamarian: waar

Palu'e: waka

Bilba: oka

Yamdena: wakar

Central Pacific

Fijian: waka

Proto-Polynesian: *aka (see there for further descendants)

Bintulu-Melanau

Bintulu: waka

Proto-Malayic: *akar
Ibanic
Iban: akar
Malay: akar
Indonesian: akar

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: akah

Sasak: akah, akar

Nias-Sikule

Nias: wa'a


əpat

Proto-Philippine: *əpat (see there for further descendants)

Barito

East Barito

Malagasy: éfatra

Northwest Barito

Siang: opat

North Bornean

Proto-North Sarawak: *əpat (see there for further descendants)

Sama-Bajaw

Bajaw

West Coast Bajau: empat

Celebic

Pamona

Pamona: opo

Southern Kaili-Pamona

Uma: opoʔ

Western Munic

Muna: paa

Wolio-Kamaru

Wolio: apa

Old Javanese: pat

Javanese: papat, pat

Proto-Lampungic: *paʔ

Madurese: empak

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: empat, patpat

Sasak: empat

Proto-Malayic: *əmpat (see there for further descendants)

Sundanese: opat

Northwest Sumatran

Northern Batak

Karo Batak: empat

Southern Batak

Toba Batak: opat

Nias-Sikule

Nias: õfa

Simeulue: at

South Sulawesi

Tamanic

Embaloh: ampat

Makassar

Makasar: appaʔ

Northern South Sulawesi

Mandar: appeʔ

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *həpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.


ənəm

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *ənəm

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *onəm
Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *wonəm
South Halmahera:
Buli:
Buli (Indonesia): wonam
Proto-Oceanic: *onom
Central-Eastern Oceanic
Drehu: gömen
East Fijian
Fijian: ono
Proto-Polynesian: *ono
Nuclear Polynesian
Ellicean – Eastern Polynesian
Tuvalu – Eastern Polynesian
Eastern Polynesian – Northern Outlier
Eastern Polynesian
Marquesic
Hawaiian: ono
South Marquesan: ono
Rapa Nui: ono
Tahitic
Maori-Moriori
Maori: ono
Tuvaluan: ono
Samoan-Tokelauan
Samoan: ono
Tongic
Niuean: ono
Tongan: ono
West Fijian – Rotuman
Rotuman: ono

Western Malayo-Polynesian

Barito

East Barito

Malagasy: ènina

Proto-Philippine: *ənəm

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: anim

Visayan

Cebuan

Cebuano: unom

Western Visayan

Aklanon: an-om

Celebic

Southeast Celebic

Muna-Buton

Nuclear Muna-Buton

Buton

West Buton

Cia-Cia: no'o / 노오

Old Javanese

Javanese: nem

Malayo-Sumbawan

Madurese: ennam

Malayo-Chamic

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: enem

Chamic

Coastal Chamic

Cham

Eastern Cham: naṃ

Proto-Malayic: *ənəm
Banjarese: anam
Kendayan: anam
Ibanic
Iban: enam, nam
Keninjal: enam
Mualang: enam
Seberuang: enam
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: enam
Indonesian: enam
Brunei Malay: anam
Kedah Malay: enam, nam
Central Malay: enam
Minangkabau: anam
Negeri Sembilan Malay: onam
Pattani Malay: แน (nɛ)
Urak Lawoi': นัม (nam)


haŋin

Proto-Philippine: *haŋin
Northern Luzon
Ilocano: angin
Central Luzon
Kapampangan: angin
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Tagalog: hangin
Bikol
Bikol Central: hangin
Iriga Bicolano: angin
Bisayan
Central Bisayan
Hiligaynon: hangin
Cebuano: hangin
Southern Bisayan
Tausug: hangin
Danao
Maranao: hangin

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Nias: angi

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayo-Chamic

Proto-Malayic: *aŋin
Brunei Malay: angin
Iban: angin
Malay: angin
Indonesian: angin
Minangkabau: angin
Urak Lawoi': อาเงน (angën)

Proto-Chamic: *ʔaŋin
Acehnese: angèn
Coastal Chamic:
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨋꨪꩆ (ngin), ꨀꨋꨪꩆ (angin)
Western Cham: ڠين (ngin)
Haroi: angin
Highlands Chamic:
Chru-Northern Chamic:
Chru: angin
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: angin
Tsat: ŋin³³
Jarai: angĭn
Rade: angin

Sundanese: ᮃᮍᮤᮔ᮪ (angin), angin

Old Javanese: hangin

Javanese: angin

A Malayo-Polynesian innovation. Replaced the original PAn word for "wind", *bali, found in many Austronesian languages of Taiwan.


hapuy

Land Dayak

Bau Bidayuh: apuy

Proto-Philippine: *hapúy
Batanic
Yami: apoy
Northern Luzon
Cagayan Valley
Ibanag: afi
Northeastern Luzon
Dupaningan Agta: apoy
Ilocano: apóy
Meso-Cordilleran
Limos Kalinga: apuy
Central Luzon
Kapampangan: api
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Tagalog: apóy
Danao
Maranao: apoy
Manobo
Ata Manobo: hapuy
Western Bukidnon Manobo: hapuy

Barito

Ngaju: apui

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Mentawai: api

Proto-Batak: *apuy
Karo Batak: api
Simalungun Batak: apui
Toba Batak: api

Lampung Api: apuy

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *apuy

Malayo-Chamic

Acehnese: apuy

Proto-Malayic: *api
Banjarese: api
Kendayan: api
Ibanic
Iban: api
Keninjal: api
Mualang: apíː
Remun: api
Seberuang: apey
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: api
Ambonese Malay: api
Indonesian: api
Brunei Malay: api
Kedah Malay: api
Musi: api
Central Malay: api
Minangkabau: api
Negeri Sembilan Malay: api
Pattani Malay: อาปี (api)
Urak Lawoi': อาปี (api)

Madurese: apoy

Bali–Sasak

Balinese: ᬳᬧᬶ (api)

Sasak: api

Old Javanese: apuy

Proto-South Sulawesi: *api

Buginese: api

Mandar: api

Tae': api

Toraja-Sa'dan: api

Celebic

Tomini-Tolitoli

Tomini: api

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: apu

Uma: apu

Saluan–Banggai

Batui: apu

Saluan: apu

Chamorro: guåfi

Palauan: ngau

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *apuy (see there for further descendants)


qatəp

Proto-Philippine: *qatəp
Bikol Central: atop
Cebuano: atop
Hiligaynon: atop
Kapampangan: atup
Sangiric: *atup

Sama–Bajaw

West Coast Bajau: atap

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Malayic: *hatəp
Banjarese: hatap
Kendayan: atap
Ibanic
Iban: atap
Keninjal: atap
Mualang: atap
Remun: atap
Seberuang: atap
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: atap
Indonesian: atap
→ English: attap
→ Min Nan: 亞答／亚答 (a-tap, “thatched roof”)
Brunei Malay: atap
Kedah Malay: atap
Central Malay: atap
Minangkabau: atok
Negeri Sembilan Malay: atap
Pattani Malay: อาตะ (ataʔ)
Urak Lawoi': ฮาตะ (hataq)

Bali–Sasak

Sasak: atep

Sundanese: hateup

Old Javanese: hatĕp

Javanese: atep

Chamorro: atof

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *qatəp
Proto-Oceanic: *qatop
Proto-Polynesian: *qato
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: ako
Mangarevan: ato
North Marquesan: ato
Rapa Nui: ato
Tahitic:
Maori: ato
Rakahanga-Manihiki: ato
Rarotongan: ato
Tahitian: ato
Tuamotuan: ato
Western Polynesian:
Ellicean–Outlier:
Nuguria: oto
Sikaiana: ato
Tuvaluan: ato
Takuu: oto
Futunic:
East Futuna: 'ato
Pukapukan: ato
Tikopia: ato
Samoic:
Samoan: ato
Tokelauan: ato
Tongic:
Niuean: ato
Tongan: ato


laŋuy

Malayo-Polynesian (Western)
*naŋuy (alternative)

Proto-Philippine: *laŋúy
Northern Luzon
Ilocano: langoy
Kankanaey: langoy
Pangasinan: langoy
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Tagalog: langoy
Bikol
Bikol Central: langoy
Bisayan
Western Bisayan
Aklanon: eangoy
Romblomanon: langoy
Central Bisayan
Hiligaynon: langoy
Masbatenyo: langoy
Waray-Waray: langoy
Cebuano: langoy
Southern Bisayan
Tausug: languy
Danao
Maranao: langoy
Mansakan
Mansaka: langoy
South Mangyan
Hanunoo: languy
Gorontalo-Mongondow
Mongondow: langoy

Barito

Malagasy: lanu

Javanese: langi


naŋuy

Proto-Philippine: *naŋúy

Ibaloi: nangoy

Chamorro: nangu

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Timor-Babar

Tetum: nani


kukuh

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Komodo: wuku

Manggarai: huku

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *kuku
Central-Eastern Oceanic:
Central Oceanic:
East Fijian-Polynesian:
Fijian: kuku
Proto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)
West Fijian-Rotuman:
Rotuman: mänʻuʻu
Western Fijian: kuku
Micronesian:
Chuukese: kkú
Pohnpeian: kihk
Woleaian: kiu
Southeast Solomonic:
Gela: gugu
Western Oceanic:
Nakanai: lakuku
Numbami: kuku

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Barito:

East Barito:

Ma'anyan: kuku

Malagasy: hoho

Sama-Bajaw:

Central Sama: kukku, kuku

Mapun: kuku

Yakan: kukku

Proto-Philippine: *kukuh
Asi: kuko
Bikol Central: kuko
Cebuano: kuko
Ilocano: kuko
Ivatan: kokoh
Limos Kalinga: kuku
Maranao: kanoko
Tagalog: kuko
Tausug: kukku

Celebic:

Mori Atas: kuku

Wawonii: kuku

Moklenic:

Moken: kekoi

Moklen: kukoi

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw
Acehnese: gukèë, gukee
Coastal Chamic:
Cham:
Eastern Cham: kakŏw
Western Cham: kakau
Haroi: kờkău
Highlands Chamic:
Jarai: tơkâo
Rade: kkâo
Northern Chamic:
Tsat: kaw²¹

Proto-Malayic: *kuku
Iban: kukut
Kendayan: kuku
Malayan:
Brunei Malay: kuku
Malay: kuku
Indonesian: kuku
Minangkabau: kuku
Urak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)

Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)

From earlier *kuhkuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.


qutək

qutək (canonical)
qutāk (canonical)
*qutak (alternative)


pusəj

Philippine:

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: puseg

Limos Kalinga: pusog

Lubuagan Kalinga: pusog

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: pusod

Bikol Central: pusod

Bisayan

Aklanon: pusod

Cebuano: pusod

Danao

Maguindanao: pused

Maranao: posed

Barito

Ngaju: puser

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Proto-Batak: *pusəg
Karo Batak: pusung
Simalungun Batak: pusog
Toba Batak: pusok

Mentawai: pusou

Nias: fusö

Proto-Malayic: *pusət

Malay: pusat

Indonesian: pusat

South Sulawesi

Toraja-Sa'dan: posi'

Celebic:

Wolio: puse

Tetum: husar

Oceanic

Fijian: vico

Maori: pito

Hawaiian: piko


təlu

Philippine:

Aklanon: tatlo

Cebuano: tulo

Hiligaynon: tatlo

Ilocano: tallo

Maguindanao: telu

Maranao: telo

Tagalog: tatlo

Tausug: tū

Waray-Waray: tulo

Sama-Bajaw:

West Coast Bajau: telu

Yakan: tellu

Sundanese: ᮒᮤᮜᮥ (tilu)

Chamorro: tulu

Old Javanese: tĕlu
> Javanese: ꦠꦼꦭꦸ (telu) (inherited)

Proto-Malayic: *təlu
Banjarese: talu
Kendayan: tau
Malay: telu (attested in Old Malay, otherwise obsolete)

East Barito:

Malagasy: telo

Timor-Babar:

Tetum: tolu

Proto-Oceanic: *tolu
Central-Eastern Oceanic: *tolu
Central Pacific: *tolu
East Fijian:
Fijian: tolu
Proto-Polynesian: *tolu
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian: *tolu
Proto-Eastern Polynesian: *toru
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: kolu
South Marquesan: toʻu
Tahitic:
Maori: toru
Tahitian: toru
Rapa Nui: toru
Samoic-Outlier:
Ellician:
Tuvaluan: tolu
Futunic:
Pukapukan: tolu
Wallisian: tolu
Samoic:
Niuatoputapu: tolu
Samoan: tolu
Tokelauan: tolu
Tongic: *tolu
Niuean: tolu
Tongan: tolu
Southern Oceanic: *tolu
North-Central Vanuatu:
North Vanuatu:
Torres-Banks linkage: *tolu
Mota: tol, tolu
Mwotlap: vētēl
Central Vanuatu:
Malakula:
Aulua: e ntil
Big Nambas: itl
Labo: tël
Tirax: itil
Maskelynes: itor
Neverver: itl
Vao: xetol
Southern Melanesian:
South Efate: itol
Temotu:
Vanikoro:
Teanu: tete (< ti- + te < *tolu)
Western Oceanic: *tolu
Meso-Melanesian: *tolu
Bali-Vitu:
Uneapa: tolu


uʀat

Philippine

Batanic

Ivatan: uyat

Ibatan: oyat

Northern Luzon

Arta: urat

Ilocano: urát

Cagayan Valley

Isnag: uxāt

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Ifugao

Batad Ifugao: ulat

Tuwali Ifugao: ulát

Bontok-Kankanaey

Central Bontoc: olat

Northern Kankanay: owat

Kankanaey: owát

Southern Cordilleran

Pangasinan: olát

Karao: olat

Keley-I Kallahan: ulat

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: uyat

Remontado Agta: uyát

Sambalic

Bolinao: uyat

Mag-Anchi Ayta: úyat

Abenlen Ayta: oyat

Umiray Dumaget Agta: uget

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: ugát (“vein, root, origin”)

Bikol

Bikol Central: ugát

West Albay Bikol: ugat

Visayan

Cebuano: ugat

Asi: ugát

Aklanon: ugát

Masbatenyo: ugát

Romblomanon: 'ugat

Tausug: ugat

Mansakan

Mansaka: ogat

Tagakaulu Kalagan: ugat

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: ʔugát

Manobo

Ata Manobo: ugat

Obo Manobo: 'uhat

Agusan Manobo: u'gat

Western Bukidnon Manobo: uɣat

Subanen

Central Subanen: ugat

Danao

Maranao: ogat

Maguindanao: ugat

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: ugat

Central Palawano: ugat

Tagbanwa: ugat

Central Tagbanwa: ulat

Molbog: ugat

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: ugat

Lolak: ugat

Kalamian

Calamian Tagbanwa: ulat

>? Agutaynen: ogat

South Mindanao

Tboli: ulat

Tiruray: urat

Sangiric

Sangir: uha'

Basap–Barito

Basap: orat

Sama–Bajaw

Yakan: ohat

Southern Sama: huwat

Mapun: huwat

East Barito

Dusun Witu: uyat

Tawoyan: uyat

Ma'anyan: uat, uwat

desc

Malagasy: ózatra (“muscle, tendon, sinew”)

West Barito

Ngaju: uhat

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: uat

Bonggi: uart

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: tuat

Coastal Kadazan: tuat

Tobilung: tuat

Kuijau: tuhat

Rungus: uhat

Lotud: uhat

Murutic

Tagal Murut: uat

Burusu: uwat

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: uat

Dayic

Kelabit: urat

Kenyah

Bakung: uat

⇒ Western Penan: keluat

⇒ Eastern Penan: keluhat

Central Sarawakan

Melanau

Central Melanau: uat, wat

Kanowit: urat

Kajang

Sekapan: uat

Kajaman: wat

Lahanan: wat

Punan

Punan Tubu: uat

Punan Bah-Biau: uat

Punan Aput: uat

Ukit: uat

Bukat: wat

Bukitan: wat

Müller-Schwaner Punan

Hovongan: uhat

Kereho: ohat

Aoheng: ohat

Kayanic

Kayan–Murik

Baram Kayan: uhat

Busang Kayan: huat

Bahau: wat

Murik (Malaysia): uat

Segai–Modang

Segai: hut

Land Dayak

Benyadu–Bekati'

Benyadu': uhat

Bekati': uhat

Southern Land Dayak

Jangkang: uat

Ribun: ua'

Sanggau: urat

Moken–Moklen

Moken: olat

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Toba Batak: urat

Nias: uo

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic: *ʔurat

Acehnese: urat

Coastal Chamic

Eastern Cham: ꨀꨣꩀ (arak)

Western Cham: ارک (arak)

Highlands Chamic

Northern Chamic

Northern Roglai: uraʔ

Tsat: zaʔ²⁴

Jarai–Rhade

Jarai: arăt

Rade: aruăt

Malayic: *urat

Ibanic

Iban: urat

Mualang: uɣat

Seberuang: uɣat

Nuclear Malayic

Malay: urat
Indonesian: urat

Minangkabau: urek

Urak Lawoi': อูรัยจ (urac)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: uat

Sasak: urat

Sundanese: ᮅᮛᮒ᮪ (urat)

Old Javanese: otwat, otot

desctree

Javanese: ꦲꦺꦴꦠꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (otot)
→ Indonesian: otot (“muscle”)

South Sulawesi

Tamanic

Embaloh: urat

Northern

Tae': ura'

Mandar: ura'

Makassaric

Makasar: ᨕᨘᨑ (ura')

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: urat

Tomini–Tolitoli

Dampelas: uat

Taje: uati

Boano (Sulawesi): ugat

Muna–Buton

Muna: ue

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: ua

Uma: ua'

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: ua

Chamorro: gugat

Palauan: ngurd

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Western Flores

Komodo: ura'

Rembong: urat

Ngadha: ura

Li'o: ura

Sumba–Hawu

Kambera: ura

Kei–Tanimbar

Kei: urat

Yamdena: urat

Fordata: urat

Selaru: urat

Timoric

Tetum: uat

Leti: urta

Bilba: ua

Aru

Dobel: kwura

Central Maluku

Buru (Indonesia): uhat

Kowiai: urat

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera–Cenderawasih

Cenderawasih Bay

Biak: urek

Pom: urarua

Ansus: urarua

Halmahera Sea

Sawai: wétwut

Oceanic: *uʀat

St. Matthias Islands

Mussau-Emira: ueta

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

Patpatar–Tolai

Tolai: urat

Bali–Vitu

Uneapa: urata

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bugotu–Gela

Bughotu: ula

Gela: ula

Malaita–Makira

Kwaio: ula

Sa'a: uleule

'Are'are: uraura

Southern Oceanic

Neverver: na-ua

Micronesian

Chuukese: wuwa

Central Pacific

West Fijian–Rotuman

Western Fijian: ua

Rotuman: uaua

East Fijian–Polynesian

Fijian: ua

Proto-Polynesian: *uaua

Tongic

Tongan: uoua

Samoic–Outlier

Ellicean

Tuvaluan: uaua

Kapingamarangi: uaua

Nukuoro: uaua

Samoic

Samoan: uaua

Tokelauan: uaua

Eastern Polynesian

Marquesic

Hawaiian: uaua

Mangarevan: ùaùa

North Marquesan: uaua

Tahitic

Tahitian: uaua

Rarotongan: uaua

Maori: ua, io, uaua, ioio, iaia

Rapa Nui: ûaûa


danum

Barito

Malagasy: rano, ranu (Bushi)

Ngaju: danum

Tunjung: anum

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *ranum

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Rotuman: tanu

Proto-Polynesian: *lanu

Fijian: dranu

Sa'a: dánu, dánu-'i

Proto-Micronesian: *canu-

Woleaian: shaliu, chechchaliu

Chuukese: chaan, chchén

Mortlockese: shaan

Puluwat: ɻaan

Satawalese: ɻaan, ɻaal

Marshallese: dan

Kosraean: sroano-

Gilbertese: ran

Western Oceanic

Motu: ranu

Hiri Motu: ranu

Chamorro: hanom

Palauan: ralm

Proto-Philippine: *danum

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: dinom

Dinapigue Agta: dinúm

Dupaningan Agta: dinom

Hanunoo: danum / ᜧᜨᜳᜫ᜴ (danum)

Ilocano: danum

Kapampangan: danúm

Nagtipunan Agta: dinúm

Pahanan Agta: dinúm

Yami: ranum


cemed

Malay: comot


likud

Proto-Philippine:

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: likud

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: likod

Bikol

Coastal Bikol

Bikol Central: likod

Proto-Bisayan:

Cebuano: likod

Central Bisayan

Masbatenyo: likod

Aklanon: likod

Hiligaynon: likod

Danao

Maranao: likod

North Bornean

North Sarawakan

Berawan-Lower Baram

Lower Baram

Kiput: cut


kəmpuŋ

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *kobuŋ

Central-Eastern Oceanic:

Central Pacific:

Proto-Polynesian: *kuupoo

Nuclear Polynesian:

Eastern Polynesian:

Marquesic:

Hawaiian: ʻōpū

North Marquesan: kopu

Tahitic:

Maori: kōpū

Javanese: kempung

Malayo-Chamic:

Malayic:

Malay: kembung
Indonesian: kembung


tinaqi

Proto-Philippine:

Cebuano: tinai


qabaʀa

Bikol Central: abaga

Cebuano: abaga

Hiligaynon: abága

Mongondow: obaga

Ponosakan: owaha

Tetum: kabaas

Wolio: awaa


dəmdəm

desc

Malay: dendam (“grudge”), idam (“desire, wish”)


buhək

Proto-Philippine:

Batanic

Ivatan: vuk

Yami: ovok

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: buuk

Pangasinan: buek

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: buak

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: buhok

Bikol

Bikol Central: buhok

Northern Catanduanes Bicolano: buhok

Bisayan

Asi: buhok

Cebuano: buhok

Waray-Waray: buhok

Hiligaynon: bohok

Danao

Maguindanao: buk

Maranao: bok

North Bornean

Northeast Sabah

Bonggi: obuk

Ida'an: ebpuk

Southwest Sabah

Dusunic

Central Dusun: tobuk

Coastal Kadazan: tobuk

Rungus: obuk

Murutic

Burusu: abuk

Tagal Murut: abuk

Timugon Murut: abuk

Paitanic

Tombonuo: obuk

Upper Kinabatangan: obuk

Land Dayak

Bau Bidayuh: buok

Biatah Bidayuh: ubook

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Island

Karo Batak: buk

Nias: bu

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayo-Chamic

desctree

Proto-Chamic: *ɓuk
Acehnese: ôk
Coastal Chamic
Haroi: ɓuʔ
Cham
Eastern Cham: ꨡꨭꩀ (mbuk)
Western Cham: ɓuk
Highlands Chamic
Chru-Northern Chamic
Chru: ɓuːʔ
Northern Chamic
Northern Roglai: ɓuːʔ
Tsat: ʔbuʔ²⁴
Bih: ƀŭk
Jarai: ƀŭk
Rade: ƀŭk

Proto-Malayic: *buək
Ibanic
Iban: buk
Mualang: buk
Kendayan: buuk
Nuclear Malayic
Minangkabau: abuak
Rao: obuok
Urak Lawoi': โบะ (boq)

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᭀᬓ᭄ (bok)

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Makasar: u'

Celebic

Balantak: wuuk

hair (filament which grows on the human head)


ijuŋ

Proto-Philippine:

Central Cagayan Agta: igung

Cuyunon: irong

Ibanag: igung

Maguindanao: ngirung

Manobo:

Kagayanen: irong

Maranao: ngirong

Tagalog: ilong

Tausug: ilung

Tiruray: irong

Waray-Waray: irong

North Bornean:

Sabahan:

Ida'an: irung

Barito:

Malagasy: orona

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Nias: ikhu

Batak

Toba Batak: igung

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic: *ʔiduŋ

Acehnese: idông

Tsat: thuŋ¹¹

Proto-Malayic:

Iban: idung

Brunei Malay: idung

Malay: hidung, hidong (1924-1972)
Indonesian: hidung

Sundanese: irung

Proto-Oceanic:

Central-Eastern Oceanic:

Fijian: ucu

Proto-Eastern Polynesian:

Hawaiian: ihu

Maori: ihu

Rapa Nui: ihu

Tahitian: ihu


mujiŋ

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *ijuŋ

Proto-Philippine: *mujiŋ

Batanic:

Ibatan: moyen

Ivatan: moyin, moin

Yami: moing

Northern Luzon:

Ilocano: múging

Cagayan Valley:

Itawit: múxing

Yogad: muging

Meso-Cordilleran:

Central Cordilleran:

Limos Kalinga: muging

Southern Cordilleran:

Pangasinan: molíng


manihawa

Balinese: nyawa

Hawaiian: manawa

Iban: nyawa

Javanese: nyawa

Kadazan-Dusun: ginavo

Malay: nyawa

Indonesian: nyawa

Maori: manawa

Niuean: manava

Samoan: manava

Sundanese: nyawa

Sungai: inawo

Tagalog: ginhawa

Tongan: manava


puluq

East Barito:

Malagasy: folo

Proto-Philippine:

Aklanon: púeo

Cebuano: napulo/pulo

Ilocano: pullo

Sama-Bajaw:

West Coast Bajau: mpu

Proto-Polynesian: *fulu

Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:

Proto-Eastern Polynesian:

Hawaiian: hulu

Maori: huru

Rapa Nui: huru

South Marquesan: hu'u

Samoan: fulu

Tongan: fulu

Sumba-Flores

Laboya: kabullu

Malayo-chamic

Proto-Chamic: *pluh

Tsat: piu⁵⁵

Proto-Malayic: *puluh (see there for further descendants)

Old Javanese: puluh
> Javanese: ꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ (puluh) (inherited)

sagavulu

Compound with an unclear first element (Oceanic only)

Proto-Polynesian: *haŋafuluNiuean: hogofuluProto-Nuclear Polynesian:Proto-Eastern Polynesian:Hawaiian: ana-hulu

anahuluTahitian: ʻahuruMaori: ngahuruRapa Nui: 'aŋahuruSouth Marquesan: ʻonohuʻuSamoan: sefuluTongan: hongo-fulu

săpuloh (1924-1972)Indonesian: sepuluhNorth Moluccan Malay: sapulu


ʀatus

Proto-Philippine: *ʀatus

Northern Luzon: *gasut

Ilocano: gasut

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: gatos

Danao

Maranao: gatos

Mansakan

Mansaka: gatos

Bisayan

Western Bisayan

Aklanon: gatos

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: gatos

Waray-Waray: gatos

Cebuano: gatos

Southern Bisayan

Tausug: gatus

Javanese: atus

Malagasy: zato

Proto-Central-Pacific: *drau

Fijian: drau

Maori: rau

Samoan: lau

Rapa Nui: rau

Proto-Malayic: *ratus (see there for further descendants)


siwa

Balinese: siə

Fijian: ciwa

Malagasy: sivy

Proto-Polynesian: *hiwa (see there for further descendants)

Rotuman: siva

Tetum: sia

From Proto-Austronesian *Siwa via a Formosan language. The expected reflex is *hiwa.


banua

Proto-Philippine: *banua
Batanic:
Ibatan: banua
Itbayaten: vanua
Ivatan: vanua
Central Luzon:
Abenlen Ayta: banwa
Kapampangan: banwa, banua
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bikol:
Bikol Central: banwa
Northern Catanduanes Bicolano: banwa
Subanen:
Central Subanen: benwa
Visayan:
Aklanon: banwa
Asi: banwa
Cebuano: banwa
Hiligaynon: banwa
Romblomanon: banwa
Tausug: banuwa
Waray-Waray: banwa
Manobo:
Agusan Manobo: banwa
Dibabawon Manobo: banwa
Palawan:
Brooke's Point Palawano: benwa
Central Tagbanwa: banwa, banuwa
Tagbanwa: banwa
South Mangyan:
Buhid: banwa
Kalamian:
Agutaynen: banoa
Minahasan:
Tondano: wanua
Northern Luzon:
Pangasinan: banwa
Sangiric:
Sangir: banua

North Bornean

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan: vonuvo

Paitanic

Tombonuo: wonuo

Upper Kinabatangan: wanuo

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Mentawai: manua

Nias: banua

Simeulue: bano, fano

Toba Batak: banua

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Malayic: *bənua
Banjarese: banua
Brunei Malay: benua
Iban: menoa, menua
Malay: benua
Baba Malay: benua
Indonesian: benua
Minangkabau: benua, banua
Urak Lawoi': บือนูวา (benuwa)

Old Javanese: wanwa

South Sulawesi

Embaloh: banua

Makasar: banoa

Mandar: banua

Tae': banua

Celebic

Banggai: bonua

Lauje: bonuo

Pamona: banua

Wolio: banua

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *banua

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Selaru: hnua

Yamdena: pnue

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *fanua

Ansus: wanu

Roon: monu

Sawai: pnu

Waropen: nu

Proto-Oceanic: *panua (“village”)
Western Oceanic:
Hiri Motu: hanua
Molima: vanua
Motu: hanua
Central–Eastern Oceanic:
Southeast Solomonic:
'Are'are: hanua
Arosi: hanua, henua
Bughotu: vanua
Kwaio: fanua
Longgu: vanua
Lau: fanua
Sa'a: hanua
Southern Oceanic:
Mota: vanua
Nokuku: wenua
Wusi: wanua
Micronesian:
Woleaian: faliuw
Central Pacific:
Fijian: vanua
Proto-Polynesian: *fenua
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: henua, honua
Mangarevan: ’enua
North Marquesan: henua
South Marquesan: fenua
Rapa Nui: henua
Tahitic:
Maori: whenua
Rakahanga-Manihiki: fenua, henua
Rarotongan: 'enua
Tahitian: fenua
Tuamotuan: fenua
Samoic-Outlier:
Ellicean:
Kapingamarangi: fenua, henua
Sikaiana: henua
Takuu: fenua
Tuvaluan: fenua
Futunic:
Anuta: penua
East Futuna: fenua
Emae: fenua
Mele-Fila: fenua
Pukapukan: wenua
Tikopia: fenua
Samoic:
Samoan: fanua
Tokelauan: fenua
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: fenua
Tongan: fonua

inhabited land (territory supporting the life of a community)


qayam

domesticated animal (animals that are tame)


qayam

Western Malayo-Polynesian: *qayam

Kayanic:

Murik (Malaysia): ayam

North Borneo:

Southwest Sabah:

Central Dusun: tayam

Coastal Kadazan: tazam

Rungus: azam

Proto-Philippine: *qayam
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bikol:
Bikol Central: ayam
Iriga Bicolano: ayam
Northern Catanduanes Bicolano: ayam
Southern Catanduanes Bicolano: ayam
Mansaka: ayam
Tagalog: ayam
Visayan:
Cebuan:
Cebuano: ayam
Central Visayan:
Hiligaynon: ayam
Romblomanon: ayam
Waray-Waray: ayam
Western Visayan:
Aklanon: ayam
Inonhan: ayam
Kinaray-a: ayam
Danao:
Maranao: ayam
Manobo:
Kagayanen: ayam
Sarangani Manobo: ayam-ayam
Western Bukidnon Manobo: ayam
Northern Luzon:
Gaddang: ayam
Isnag: ayam
Itawit: ayam
Lubuagan Kalinga: ayam
South Mindanao:
Tiruray: ayam

Celebic:

Dampelas: neang

Pamona: aja

Palauan: charm

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Balinese: ayam

Proto-Malayic: *hayam
Brunei Malay: ayam
Iban: ayam (“toy”)
Malay: ayam / hayam / ايم / هايم
Indonesian: ayam
Urak Lawoi': ฮายับ (hayap)

Sundanese: hayam

Old Javanese: hayam, ayam


(ma-)tuqah

Proto-Philippine:

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: matua

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: matua

Western Indonesian

Greater North Borneo

Proto-Malayic:

Malayic

Malay: tua, tuha

Brunei Malay: tua, tuha

Indonesian: tua

Old Javanese: tuha

Javanese: ꦠꦸꦮ (tuwa)

Hawaiian: makua

Maori: matua

Niuean: motua

Rapa Nui: matu'a

Rarotongan: matua

Samoan: matuā

South Marquesan: motua

Tahitian: metua

Tongan: motuʻa

Wallisian: matua

old (of a living being: having lived for relatively many years)


niuʀ

Proto-Philippine: *niuʀ
Batanic
Ivatan: nyuy
Ibatan: nyoy
Northern Luzon
Ilocano: niog
Cagayan Valley
Itawit: iyug
Northeastern Luzon
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: niyog
Dupaningan Agta: niyog
Meso-Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
Ifugao
Batad Ifugao: niyug, liyug
Bontok–Kankanaey
Central Bontoc: inyug
Eastern Bontoc: niyog
Kankanaey: niyog
Southern Cordilleran
Pangasinan: niyog
Ibaloi: niyog
Kayapa Kallahan: niyog
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Tagalog: niyog
Bikol
Bikol Central: niyog
Mansakan
Mansaka: iyog
Tagakaulu Kalagan: iyug
Visayan
Central
Hiligaynon: niyug
Romblomanon: niyog
West
Aklanon: niyog
Cuyunon: niyog
Inonhan: niyog
Kinaray-a: niyog
South
Tausug: niyug
South Mangyan
Hanunoo: niyug
Palawan
Palawan Batak: niyog
Danao
Maranao: niyog
Maguindanao: niyug
Iranun: niug
Sangiric
North
Sangil: niure'
Sangir: niuhe'
Talaud: niukka
South
Ratahan: niú

Basap-Greater Barito

Sama-Bajaw

Central Sama: niyug

Mapun: niyug, niug

Basap: niur

Mahakam

Tunjung: nyo', nyo

East Barito

Dusun Witu: niuy

Ma'anyan: niuy

Malagasy: nio, voanio, voaniho

West Barito

Bakumpai: enyuh

Ngaju: enyuh, enyoh

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: niug

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Rungus: nizuw

Murutic

Tagal Murut: nizuw

Paitanic

Tombonuo: niuw

Upper Kinabatangan: niu

North Sarawak

Bintulu: benyu

Kenyah

Sebop: bunyo

Western Penan: nyo

Central Sarawak

Melanau

Central Melanau: benyuh, benyoh

Kanowit: nyoh

Kajang

Kajaman: nyu

Lahanan: nyu

Sekapan: nyu

Punan

Punan Bah-Biau: nyo

Punan Tubu: nyuh

Ukit: onya

Kayanic

Busang Kayan: nyoh

Segai: nyuh

Land Dayak

Benyadu': inyoh

Moklenic

Moken: niun

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Toba Batak: niur

Nias: banio

Simeulue: bonnol

Rejang: nioa

Lampungic

Komering: nyiwi

Lampung Api: nyiwi

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayo-Chamic

Proto-Chamic: *laʔur
Acehnese: u
Coastal Chamic:
Eastern Cham: liu, li'u
Northern Chamic:
Tsat: lu³³

Proto-Malayic: *ñiur
Ibanic:
Iban: niur, nyiur
Mualang: nyior
Seberuang: nyior
Keninjal: nyior
Malayan:
Banjarese: nyiur
Duano: nyo
Kerinci: nio
Malay: nyiur, nyior (dialectal)
Indonesian: nyiur
Temuan: niyu, ni'u

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: nyuh

Sasak: nyiuh, nyioh

Sumbawa: nyir

Madurese: nyor

Kangean: nyiung

Old Javanese: nyū, nyuu

South Sulawesi

Mandar: anjoro

Mamuju: anjoro

Selayar: anjoro, njoro

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Andio: niu

Balantak: nuur

Saluan: niu, niuu

Bungku–Tolaki

Bungku: nii

Tomini–Tolitoli

Totoli: niug

Pendau: niu

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Bima: ni'u

Sumba–Flores

Manggarai: nio

Komodo: niu

Rembong: nio, nio'

Sabu: nyiu, ñiu

Kei–Tanimbar

Kei: nuer

Yamdena: nure

Central Maluku

Asilulu: niwel

Buru (Indonesia): niwe

Kamarian: niwer

Sula: nui

Timoric

Leti: nura

Tetum: nuu

Tugun: nor

West Damar: nuho

Chamorro: niyok

Palauan: lius

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera-Cenderawasih

Mor (Austronesian): néra

Sawai: niwe

Waropen: niwaro

Proto-Oceanic: *niuʀ
Admiralty Islands–Yapese:
Andra-Hus: niw
Lele (Papua New Guinea): niw
Yapese: niiw
Central–Eastern Oceanic:
Central Oceanic:
East Fijian-Polynesian:
Fijian: niu
Proto-Polynesian: *niu
Nuclear Polynesian:
Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: niu
Mangarevan: niu
South Marquesan: niu
Rapa Nui: niu
Tahitic:
Maori: niu (“divining stick”)
Rakahanga-Manihiki: niu
Rarotongan: nū, niu (dialectal)
Tahitian: niu (archaic)
Western Polynesian:
Ellicean–Outlier:
Kapingamarangi: niu
Nukumanu: niu
Sikaiana: niu
Tuvaluan: niu
Futunic:
Anuta: niu
East Futuna: niu
Futuna-Aniwa: niu
Tikopia: niu
Samoic:
Pukapukan: niu
Samoan: niu
Tokelauan: niu
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: niu
Niuean: niu
Tongan: niu
West Fijian-Rotuman:
Rotuman: niu
Western Fijian: niu
Micronesian:
Chuukese: nú
Gilbertese: ni
Marshallese: ni
Mokilese: ni
Pohnpeian: nih
Woleaian: liu
Southeast Solomonic:
Bugotu–Gela:
Bughotu: niu
Gela: niu
Malaita–Makira:
'Are'are: niu
Arosi: niu
Lau: niu
Kwaio: niu
Sa'a: niu
To'abaita: niu
Southern Oceanic:
Aore: niu
Avava: ani
Drehu: nu
Iaai: nu
Nengone: wanu
Mussau-Emira: niu
Western Oceanic:
Meso-Melanesian:
Nakanai: la liu
Tigak: nik
Tolai: niu
North New Guinea:
Schouten:
Kairiru: niu
Manam: niu
Huon Gulf:
Labu: ni
Ngero–Vitiaz:
Gedaged: niu
Gitua: niu
Kove: niu
Lusi: niu
Mbula: ni
Sarmi–Jayapura:
Sobei: niwe
Papuan Tip:
Bwanabwana: niu
Kilivila: nuya
Molima: niula, niu
Motu: niu


laŋit

Proto-Philippine: *laŋit
Alangan: langit
Bikol Central: langit
Binukid: langit
Cebuano: langit
Dupaningan Agta: langet
Ibanag: langi
Ilocano: langit
Kankanaey: langit
Kayapa Kallahan: langit
Limos Kalinga: langit
Lubuagan Kalinga: langit
Maranao: langit
Matigsalug Manobo: langit
Southern Kalinga: langit
Tagalog: langit
Tausug: langit
Waray-Waray: langit

Basap–Barito

Basap: langit

Sama–Bajaw

Inabaknon: langit

Yakan: langit

Inner Sulu

Pangutaran Sama: langit

Central Sama: langit

Southern Sama: langit

Borneo Coast

Mapun: langit

West Coast Bajau: langit

East Barito

Tawoyan: langit

Ma'anyan: langit

Malagasy: lanitra

West Barito

Ngaju: langit

Bakumpai: langit

North Bornean

Northeast Sabah

Bonggi: langit

Ida'an: langit

Southwest Sabah

Paitanic

Tombonuo: langit

Upper Kinabatangan: langit

North Sarawak

Bintulu: langit

Berawan–Lower Baram

Belait: langit

Dayic

Kelabit: langit

Lun Bawang: langit

Kenyah

Bakung: langit

Penan

Eastern Penan: langit

Western Penan: langit

Central Sarawak

Melanau–Kajang

Melanau

Central Melanau: langit

Kanowit: langit

Kajang

Kajaman: langit

Sekapan: langit

Lahanan: langit

Punan

Punan Aput: langit

Punan Bah-Biau: langit

Punan Tubu: langit

Kayanic

Kayan–Murik

Kayan

Busang Kayan: langit

Rejang Kayan: langit

Bahau: langit

Murik–Merap

Murik (Malaysia): langit

Punan Merap: laŋayc

Segai–Modang

Segai: langèt

Modang: lenget

Land Dayak

Benyadu–Bekati

Benyadu': rangit

Bekati': rangit

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: longit

Biatah Bidayuh: rangit, rengit

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: rangit

Southern Land Dayak

Jangkang: ɣoñɛnt

Ribun: hoñiɛ̯ʔ

Sanggau: langit

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Northern

Karo Batak: langit

Dairi Batak: langit

Southern

Simalungun Batak: langit

Toba Batak: langit

Angkola Batak: langit

Mandailing Batak: langit

Gayo: langit

Nias: langi

Mentawai: langit

Lampungic

Abung: langek

Komering: langik

Lampung Api: langik, langit

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Chamic: *laŋit
Acehnese: langèt
Coastal Chamic
Haroi: lơngĭk
Cham
Eastern Cham: ꨤꨊꨪꩀ (langik)
Western Cham: لاڠيٓک (langik)
Highlands Chamic
Chru–Northern Chamic
Chru: lơngik
Northern Chamic
Northern Roglai: langĩq
Tsat: ŋiʔ²⁴
Jarai–Rhade
Bih: angĭt
Jarai: rơngĭt
Rade: êngĭt

Proto-Malayic: *laŋit
Ibanic
Iban: langit
Keninjal: langit
Seberuang: langit
Malayan
Brunei Malay: langit
Kedah Malay: langit
Malay: langit
> Indonesian: langit (inherited)
Minangkabau: langik
Pattani Malay: لاڠيء (laŋiʔ)
Urak Lawoi': ลาแงะ (langäq)

Bali–Sasak

Balinese: ᬮᬗᬶᬢ᭄ (langit)

Sasak: langit

Madurese: langnge'

Sundanese: ᮜᮍᮤᮒ᮪ (langit)

Old Javanese: laṅit

Javanese: ꦭꦔꦶꦠ꧀ (langit)

South Sulawesi

Buginese: langiq

Makassaric

Makasar: langi'

Selayar: langi'

Northern

Mandar: langi'

Mamuju: langi'

Massenrempulu

Duri: langiq

Pitu Ulunna Salu

Aralle-Tabulahan: langi'

Bambam: langi'

Torajan

Toraja-Sa'dan: langi'

Mamasa: langi'

Tae': langi

Seko

Seko Padang: langi

Seko Tengah: langiq

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: langit

Andio: langit

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: langit

Taje: langiti

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: yangi

Uma: langi'

Bungku–Tolaki

Mori Atas: langi

Moronene: langi

Muna–Buton

Muna: lani

Bonerate: langi

Tukang Besi South: langi

Chamorro: långet

Palauan: eanged

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Bima: langi

Sumba–Flores

Weyewa: langita

Laboya: langta

Timoric

Galoli: lanit

Leti: lianti

Luang: lianti

Kei–Tanimbar

Yamdena: langit

Aru

Ujir: langit

Central Maluku

West

Ambelau: lanire

Buru (Indonesia): langit

East

East Seram

Bobot: lakit

Nunusaku

Kayeli: langit

Patakai–Manusela

North Nuaulu: nant-e

Three Rivers

Alune: lanite

Piru Bay

Kamarian: lanit

Laha (Indonesia): lanita

Hitu: lanit

Asilulu: lanit

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera-Cenderawasih

Halmahera Sea

As: lanit

Buli (Indonesia): langit

Gane: langit

Sawai: langét

Cenderawasih Bay

Dusner: ranet

Roon: ranek

Proto-Oceanic: *laŋit
Admiralty Islands
Manus
Intermediate
Loniu: lang
Mokerang: lang
East
Nali: yang
Ere: lang
Titan: lang
Lele (Papua New Guinea): yang
Gele': langi
Yapese: laeng, laang
Western Oceanic
North New Guinea
Huon Gulf
Hote: len
Patep: lag
Ngero–Vitiaz
Arop-Lokep: lang
Schouten
Manam: lang
Wogeo: lang
Meso-Melanesian
Kimbe
Nakanai: lagi
Meramera: langi
Muduapa: langi
New Ireland–Northwest Solomonic
Tungag–Nalik
Tigak: langit
Tabar
Mandara: rangiti
St. George
Ramoaaina: langit
Siar-Lak: langit
Northwest Solomonic
Nehan–North Bougainville
Solos: nengit
Nehan: langit
Halia: langits
Hakö: ilangit
Piva–Bannoni
Lawunuia: nanitsi
Mono–Uruavan
Alu: laiti
Uruava: ranisi
Choiseul
Babatana: rani
Varisi: rani
Vaghua: rani
Ririo: rén
New Georgia–Ysabel
Simbo: langite
Papuan Tip
Motu: lai
Central-Eastern Oceanic
Southeast Solomonic
Guadalcanal
Talise: langi
Makira
Arosi: rangi
Southern Oceanic
Mwerlap: lang
Mav̋ea: tailangi
Micronesian
Kosraean: lucng
Gilbertese: nang
Marshallese: lañ
Chuukic
Chuukese: nang
Puluwat: láng
Woleaian: lang
Pohnpeic
Mokilese: loang
Pohnpeian: lahng
Central Pacific
West Fijian–Rotuman
Western Fijian: lagi
Rotuman: lạgi (long form), lȧg (short form)
East Fijian–Polynesian
Fijian: lagi
Proto-Polynesian: *laŋi
Tongic
Niuean: lagi
Tongan: langi
Nuclear Polynesian
Samoic–Outlier
Ellicean
Sikaiana: lani
Takuu: rani
Tuvaluan: lagi
Futunic
Anuta: rangi
East Futuna: lagi
Futuna-Aniwa: ragi
Samoic
Samoan: lagi
Tokelauan: lagi
Eastern Polynesian
Marquesic
Hawaiian: lani
⇒ Hawaiian: Lani
→ English: Lani
Mangarevan: ragi
North Marquesan: ʻaki
South Marquesan: ʻani
Tahitic
Maori: rangi
Rarotongan: rangi
Tahitian: raʻi
Rapa Nui: ragi, rangi


taqun

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Maluku:

Alune: taune

Sumba–Flores:

Anakalangu: daungu

Kambera: ndaungu

Sabu: tau

Timoric:

Galoli: ton

Uab Meto: tɔn

→ Eritai: ton

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Cenderawasih Bay:

Ansus: taumi

Biak: taun

Wandamen: taune

Halmahera Sea:

As: tahun

Biga: tahun

South Halmahera Sea:

Buli (Indonesia): taun

East Makian: taun

Gane: taun

Irarutu–Nabi:

Irarutu: taun

Mor (Austronesian): táuna

Proto-Oceanic: *taqun
Central-Eastern Oceanic:
Central Pacific:
Fijian: tau
Proto-Polynesian: *taqu
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: kau
Mangarevan: tau
North Marquesan: tau
South Marquesan: tau
Rapa Nui: ta'u
Tahitic:
Maori: tau
Rarotongan: tau
Tahitian: tau
Tuamotuan: tau
Western Polynesian:
Ellicean-Outlier:
Kapingamarangi: tau
Pileni: tau
Sikaiana: tau
Takuu: tau
Tuvaluan: tau
Futunic:
Anuta: tau
East Futuna: tau
Futuna-Aniwa: tau
Mele-Fila: tau
Tikopia: tau
West Uvean: tau
Samoic:
Samoan: tau
Tokelauan: tau
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: taʻu
Niuean: tau
Tongan: taʻu
Rotuman: fau
Micronesian: *tau
Southern Oceanic:
Hiw: to
Mota: tau
Western Oceanic:
Meso-Melanesian:
Tolai: taun

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

East Barito:

Malagasy: taona

North Borneo:

Northeast Sabah:

Ida'an: tahun

Southwest Sabah:

Dusunic:

Central Dusun: toun

Coastal Kadazan: toun

Rungus: toun

Paitanic:

Tombonuo: toun

Proto-Philippine: *taqun

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Bikol Central: taón

Tagalog: taón

Danao:

Maranao: taon

Gorontalo–Mongondow:

Gorontalo: taawunu

Kaidipang: taungo

Mongondow: taong

Manobo:

Binukid: taun

Palawanic:

Molbog: toun

Palawan Batak: taón

Kalamian:

Agutaynen: takon

Northern Luzon:

Ilocano: tawén

→ Isnag: tawán

Meso-Cordilleran:

Batad Ifugao: tawón

Ibaloi: tawen

Kankanaey: taón

Pangasinan: taón

Northeastern Luzon:

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: taon

Celebic:

Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *taquN

Kulisusu: ta'u

Mori Bawah: ta'u

Tolaki: tau

Kaili–Pamona:

Pamona: ta'u

Muna–Buton:

Bonerate: ta'u

Cia-Cia: taku

Muna: taghu

Saluan–Banggai:

Andio: taun

Banggai: taum

Tomini–Totoli:

Tomini: toung

Totoli: taon

Wotu–Wolio:

Wolio: tao

Moklenic:

Moken: takon

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Batak:

Karo Batak: tahun

Toba Batak: taon

Gayo: tun

Simeulue: taun

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa:

Sasak: taun

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic: *thun
Acehnese: thon
Coastal Chamic:
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨔꨭꩆ (thun)
Western Cham: thŭn
Highlands Chamic:
Chru-Northern Chamic:
Chru: thun
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: thut
Tsat: tʰun³³
Bih: thŭn
Jarai: thŭn
Rade: thŭn

Proto-Malayic:

Iban: taun

Malay: tahun

Indonesian: tahun

→ Maranao: tahon

→ Tausug: tahun

→ Yakan: tahun

Sundanese: taun

Old Javanese: tahun

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Buginese: taung

Makasar: taung

Mandar: taung

Tae': taun

year (time it takes for the Earth to complete one revolution of the Sun)


hajək

Proto-Philippine: *hajək

Batanic

Yami: adkan

Ivatan: arek

Itbayaten: harek

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: agék

Central Luzon

Sambalic

Bolinao: arek

Sambali: alek

Abenlen Ayta: alek

Mag-Anchi Ayta: aro

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Classical Tagalog: ᜑᜎᜒᜃ᜔ (halik)

Tagalog: halík

Bikol

Bikol Central: hadók

Mansakan

Tagakaulu Kalagan: alek

Visayan

Asi

Asi: harô

Cebu

Cebuano: halok

Central

Hiligaynon: haluk

Masbatenyo: harók

Waray-Waray: harok

Romblomanon: haru'

West

Aklanon: haeók

Cuyunon: arek

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: arok

Palawanic

Central Palawano: arek

Brooke's Point Palawano: arek, alek

Tagbanwa: arek, pamalek

Central Tagbanwa: aruk

Subanen

Central Subanen: alek

Manobo

Higaonon: hadok

Ata Manobo: harok

Agusan Manobo: ha'dok

Obo Manobo: 'arok

Western Bukidnon Manobo: hazek

Danao

Maranao: arek

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: ayok

South Mindanao

Tiruray: arek

Tboli: elek

Sangiric: *adik

Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Inabaknon: uruk

Southern Sama: uk

Yakan: uluk, ūk

Mapun: ūk

Mahakam

Tunjung: karak

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: arok

Bonggi: adak

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Brunei Bisaya: arek

Murutic

Timugon Murut: alok

Paitanic

Upper Kinabatangan: adok, aduk

North Sarawakan

Berawan–Lower Baram

Berawan: mareʔ

Belait: nadaʔ

Kiput: adek

Kenyah

Bakung: madek

Sebop: marek

Central Sarawakan

Melanau–Kajang

Central Melanau: adek

Lahanan: ngarek

Punan

Bukat: marek

Kayanic

Baram Kayan: arek

Land Dayak

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: kodok

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: nadŭk

Malayo-Sumbawan

Balinese: adek

Old Javanese: arĕk

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Banggai: oyok

Balantak: ook

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: anyok

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *ajək

Halmahera-Cenderawasih

Biak: yās

Proto-Oceanic: *acok

Admiralty Islands

Seimat: asoi

Wuvulu-Aua: ato

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

Nakanai: aso

Alu: aho

Roviana: ahoa

North New Guinea

Kap: las

Papuan Tip

Molima: yaso

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Micronesian

Gilbertese: aroki

Central Pacific

Rotuman: aso

(transitive) to smell (sense a smell or smells)


baqbaq

Philippine

Cebuano: baba

Barito

Malagasy: vava

South Sulawesi

bawa

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Proto-Oceanic: *papaq

Hawaiian: waha

Maori: waha

Compare Proto-Tai *paːkᴰ (“mouth”), whence Thai ปาก (bpàak).

mouth (the opening of an animal through which food is ingested)


nipən

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: ngipen

Sambalic

Botolan Sambal: ngipon

Sambali: ngipon

Central Philippine

Tagalog: ngipin

Coastal Bikol

Bikol Central: ngipon

Bisayan

Cebuano: ngipon

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: ngipon

Butuan-Tausug

Tausug: ipun

North Bornean

Lower Beram

Kiput: lipen

Chamorro: nifen

Proto-Oceanic: *nipon

Northern Malaita

Kwaio: nifo

Nuclear Micronesian

Gilbertese: ngii

Marshallese: ñi

Chuukic

Chuukese: nii, ngii

Pohnpeic

Pohnpeian: ngih

Central Pacific

Proto-Polynesian: *nifo (see there for further descendants)


taŋis

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Lamaholot: tani

Manipa: kani

Tetum: tanis

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Biga: tinis

Buli (Indonesia): tangis

Gebe: tenis

Proto-Oceanic:

Central-Eastern Oceanic:

Fijian: tagi

Proto-Polynesian: *taŋi

Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:

Proto-Eastern Polynesian:

Marquesic:

Hawaiian: kani

Mangarevan: tagi

Rapa Nui: tagi

Tahitic:

Maori: tangi

Rarotongan: tangi

Tahitian: taʻi

Western Polynesian:

Ellicean–Outlier :

Kapingamarangi: tangi

Sikaiana: tani

Tuvaluan: tagi

Futunic:

East Futuna: tagi

Futuna-Aniwa: tagi

Pukapukan: tangi

Samoic:

Samoan: tagi

Tokelauan: tagi

Tongic:

Niuean: tagi

Tongan: tangi

Western Oceanic:

Keapara: tagi

Motu: tai

Sinaugoro: taɣi

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

East Barito:

Malagasy: tany, tomany

Sama-Bajaw:

Mapun: tangis

Pangutaran Sama: tangis

Yakan: tangis, magtangis

West Barito:

Ngaju: tangis

Kayanic:

Bahau: nangeh

Busang Kayan: nangi

Rejang Kayan: tangi

North Bornean:

Central Sarawakan:

Central Melanau: menangih

Kanowit: nangih

Lahanan: nangi, nangih

Northeast Sabahan:

Bonggi: tangis

Southwest Sabahan:

Murutic:

Burusu: nangi'

Papar: tumangi'

Tatana: mantangi'

Paitanic:

Serudung Murut: tumangi'

Tombonuo: tumangi'

Upper Kinabatangan: tumangi

Proto-Philippine: *taŋis

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Bikol Central: tangis

Tagalog: tangis, tumangis

Visayan:

Aklanon: tangis

Cebuano: tangis

Hiligaynon: tangis

Tausug: tangis, tumangis

Waray-Waray: tangis

Palawan:

Central Tagbanwa: tangit

Palawan Batak: tangis

Kalamian:

Agutaynen: tangit

Calamian Tagbanwa: tangit

Northern Luzon:

Cagayan Valley:

Isnag: sangit

Itawit: tangit

Ilocano: sangit, agsangit

Northeastern Luzon:

Dupaningan Agta: sanget

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: sanget

Sangiric:

Sangir: sangi, sangi'

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Batak:

Karo Batak: tangis

Toba Batak: tangis

Gayo: tangis

Chamorro: tanges

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa:

Balinese: tangis

Sasak: tangis

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic: *taŋis
Malay: tangis
Indonesian: tangis
Minangkabau: tangih, manangih
Urak Lawoi': ตาแงฮ (tangäh), มือนาแงฮ (menangäh)

Old Javanese: tangis

Javanese: tangis, nangis

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Tae': tangi'

Toraja-Sa'dan: tumangi'


utaq

Malay: muntah
Indonesian: muntah


luzaq

Yakan: luraʔ

(intransitive) to spit (to evacuate saliva from the mouth)


kaən

Land Dayak

Bau Bidayuh: man

Proto-Philippine:

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: mangan

Limos Kalinga: mangan

Pangasinan: mangan

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: mangan

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol Central: kakan, kaon

Cebuano: kaon

Hiligaynon: kaon

Sarangani Manobo: kaən

Tagalog: kain

Danao

Maguindanao: kan

Maranao: kan

Manobo

Sarangani Manobo: kaən

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayic: *makan
Banjarese: makan
Iban: makai
Nuclear Malayic:
Malay: makan
> Indonesian: makan (inherited)
> North Moluccan Malay: makang (inherited)
Pattani Malay: ماکٍي (makɛ)
Urak Lawoi': มากัด (makat)

Javanese: mangan

Celebic

Balantak: kaan

Saluan: kaan

Fordata: an

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic:

Southern Oceanic:

Mwotlap: gen

Vurës: gen

Central Pacific:

Fijian: kana

Proto-Polynesian: *kai
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Hawaiian: ʻai
Maori: kai
→ English: kai
Rapa Nui: kai
Tongan: kai

→ Tok Pisin: kai


mamaq

Philippine

Batanic

Yami: mama

Ivatan: mama

Ibatan: mama

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: mamá

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Ifugao

Batad Ifugao: mama

Tuwali Ifugao: moma

Bontoc–Kankanaey

Central Bontoc: ma'ma

Kankanaey: memá

Northern Kankanay: mema

Southern Cordilleran

Ibaloi: mama

Central Luzon

Sambalic

Bolinao: mamà'

Abenlen Ayta: mama

Mag-Anchi Ayta: mama

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: magmamá

Bikol Central: mamá

Visayan

Cebuano: máma

Asi: mámà

Aklanon: mamá

Masbatenyo: mamá

Romblomanon: mama

Tausug: mama

Mansakan

Mansaka: mama

Kalagan: mama

Tagakaulu Kalagan: mama'

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: máma

Danao

Maranao: mama'an

Manobo

North

Binukid: mama

Central

Agusan Manobo: ma'mà

Western Bukidnon Manobo: mama'

Ata Manobo: mamò

Obo Manobo: mama'

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: mama'

Central Palawano: mamaq

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: momama

Gorontalo: momama

Kalamian

Calamian Tagbanwa: mamak

South Mindanao

Tboli: amak

Sangiric

Sangir: memama

Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Inabaknon: mama

Inner Sulu

Central Sama: mama'

Southern Sama: mamah

Borneo Coast

Mapun: mama

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Dairi Batak: mamah

Karo Batak: mamah

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic

Acehnese: mamoh

Coastal Chamic

Eastern Cham: ꨠꨠꩍ (mamâh)

Western Cham: mamưh

Highlands Chamic

Northern Chamic

Tsat: ma⁵⁵

Northern Roglai: mumãh

Jarai: măh

Rade: m'mah

Malayic

Malay: mamah
Indonesian: mamah
→ Manado Malay: mama

Sundanese: mamah

Old Javanese: mamah

Javanese: ꦩꦩꦃ (mamah)

South Sulawesi

Makasar: mama

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: ama'

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: mama

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: mama

Muna–Buton

Muna: mama

Chamorro: måmå'

Palauan: mamach

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Bima: mama

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Sabu: mama

Kambera: mama

Laboya: mama

Western Flores

Manggarai: mama

Ngadha: mama

Rembong: mama'

Flores–Lembata

Sika: mama

Kei–Tanimbar

Kei: mam

Fordata: nmama

Timoric

Tetumic

Tetum: mama

Luangic–Kisaric

Kisar: mama

Rote–Meto

Termanu: mama

Wetar–Galoli

Ili'uun: mama

Central Maluku

West Central Maluku

Buru (Indonesia): mamah

Taliabu: moma

East Central Maluku

Banda–Geser

Geser-Gorom: mama

Watubela: mamak

East Seram

Bobot: mama

Masiwang: mama

Nunusaku

Piru Bay

Asilulu: mama

Hitu: mama

Kowiai: namama

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Oceanic: *mamaq

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

New Ireland–Northwest Solomonic

Label: mama-i

Uruava: mama

Torau: mama

Bali–Vitu

Muduapa: mama

Willaumez

Nakanai: mama

North New Guinea

Gedaged: mam

Papuan Tip

Motu: mama

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Gela: mama

Central Pacific

West Fijian–Rotuman

Rotuman: mama

Western Fijian: mama

East Fijian–Polynesian

Fijian: mamā

Polynesian: *mama

Nuclear Polynesian

Samoic–Outlier

Ellicean

Kapingamarangi: mama

Sika: mama

Takuu: mama

Tuvaluan: mama

Futunic

Anuta: mama

East Futuna: mama

Pukapukan: mama

Samoic

Samoan: mama

Tokelauan: mama

Eastern Polynesian

Marquesic

Hawaiian: mama

Mangarevan: mama

North Marquesan: mama

Tahitic

Rarotongan: mama

Tuamotuan: mama

Tahitian: mama

Rapa Nui: mama

Tongic

Tongan: mama

Niuean: mama

to chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut

to premasticate food to give to an infant


tanək

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Tuwali Ifugao: tanok

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol Central: tanok

Bisayan

Cebuano: tanok

Masbatenyo: tanok

Manobo

Binukid: tanek

Western Bukidnon Manobo: tanek

Barito

East Barito

Malagasy: tanika

North Bornean

North Sarawakan

Dayic

Lun Bawang: tanek

Kelabit: tanek

Central Sarawakan

Punan

Punan Tubu: tanok

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Iban: tanak

Malay: tanak
Indonesian: tanak

Old Javanese: tanĕk

South Sulawesi

Makasar: tana'

Mandar: tanaq

Celebic

Tomini–Tolitoli

⇒ Totoli: matanok

(transitive) to cook (prepare (food) for eating)


inum

Cebuano: inum

Hawaiian: inu

Malagasy: mino

Malay: minum

Indonesian: minum

Maori: inu

Nias: inu

Tagalog: inom

Tahitian: inu

to drink (to consume liquid through the mouth)


kaʀat

Philippine

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: ket, kayat (Candaba)

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: kagat

Bisayan

Cebuano: kagat

Western Bisayan

Aklanon: kagat

Tagalog: kagat

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Proto-Batak: *karat
Karo Batak: karat
Simalungun Batak: harat
Toba Batak: harat

(transitive) to bite (to cut off a piece by clamping the teeth)


səpsəp

Malay: hisap
Indonesian: hisap

(transitive) to suck (to use the mouth to pull in (liquid etc))


taliŋa

Proto-Philippine: *taliŋa
Ati: talinge
Central Luzon:
Abenlen Ayta: talinga
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bikol Central: talinga
Cebuano: talinga
Mansaka: taringa
Tagalog: tainga
Tausug: taynga
Danao:
Iranun: tanggila
Maguindanao: tangila
Maranao: tangila
Manobo:
Ata Manobo: talinga
Western Bukidnon Manobo: telinga
Palawan:
Brooke's Point Palawano: telinga
Palawan Batak: talinga
South Mangyan:
Buhid: talinga
Kalamian:
Agutaynen: talinga
Calamian Tagbanwa: talinga
Minahasan:
Tonsawang: talinga
Northern Luzon:
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: talinga
Ilocano: talinga
Isnag: talinga
South–Central Cordilleran:
Batad Ifugao: inga
Limos Kalinga: inga
Lubuagan Kalinga: inga
Northern Kankanay: inga

North Borneo:

Central Sarawakan:

Central Melanau: linga

Kanowit: telingan

North Sarawakan:

Bintulu: telinga

Kenyah:

Eastern Penan: kelingen

Western Penan: ingen

Southwest Sabahan:

Dusunic:

Brunei Bisaya: telingo

Central Dusun: tolingo

Coastal Kadazan: tohingo

Rungus: tolingo

Murutic:

Timugon Murut: talingo

Burusu: telinga

Paitanic:

Tombonuo: talingo

Upper Kinabatangan: talingo

Basap–Greater Barito :

Basap: teleng

East Barito:

Malagasy: tadiny

Tawoyan: kelingen

Sama-Bajaw:

Central Sama: talinga

Mapun: tinga

Pangutaran Sama: tainga

Yakan: tayinge

West Barito:

Ngaju: talinga

Siang: tolyinga

Land Dayak:

Benyadu'–Bekati':

Rara Bakati': tarinyekng

Kayanic:

Bahau: kelingan

Modang: kenyin, kenyen

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Nias: talinga

Mentawai: talinga

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic: *təliŋa
Acehnese: linyung, geulinyueng
Coastal Chamic:
Eastern Cham: tangi
Western Cham: tanhư
Highlands Chamic:
Jarai: tơ̆ngia
Rade: knga
Northern Chamic:
Tsat: ŋa³³, na¹¹ ŋa³³

Proto-Malayic: *taliŋa(ʔ)
Banjarese: talinga
Ibanic
Keninjal: telinga
Malayan
Malay: telinga
Indonesian: telinga
Brunei Malay: telinga, talinga
Central Malay: telingo
Minangkabau: talingo
Pattani Malay: ตือลีงอ (təliŋɔ)
Urak Lawoi': ตลีงา (tlinga)

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Tae': talinga

Celebic

Balantak: tilinga

Chamorro: talanga

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Geser-Gorom: tilinga

Hitu: tarina

Kisar: kelinna

Selaru: tlia

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *taliŋa
Central–Eastern Oceanic:
Central Pacific:
East Fijian-Polynesian:
Fijian: daliga
Proto-Polynesian: *taliŋa
Nuclear Polynesian:
Eastern Polynesian:
Central Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Mangarevan: teriga
Tahitic:
Maori: taringa
Rarotongan: taringa
Tahitian: tariʻa
Rapa Nui: tariga
Western Polynesian:
Ellicean–Outlier:
Nukuoro: dalinga, taninga
Nuguria: tarina
Tuvaluan: taliga
Futunic:
Pukapukan: talinga
Futuna-Aniwa: taringa
Tikopia: taringa
Samoic:
Samoan: taliga
Tokelauan: taliga
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: talinga
Niuean: teliga
Tongan: telinga
West Fijian-Rotuman:
Rotuman: faliga
Western Fijian: taliga
Micronesian:
Chuukese: selinga
Pohnpeian: salonga, karonge
Woleaian: taling
Southeast Solomonic:
Arosi: karingana
Gela: talinga
To'abaita: alinga, alingana
Southern Oceanic:
Paamese: ralingo
Apma: diling, dalinga
Western Oceanic:
Motu: taia
Sinaugoro: teɣa

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

As: tana

Dusner: tna

Roon: kna


huaji

Proto-Philippine: *huaji
Central Luzon
Kapampangan: wali
Maranao-Iranun
Iranun: ari

Old Javanese: aḍi
Javanese: ꦲꦫꦶ (ari)
→ Malay: ari
Javanese: ꦲꦝꦶ (adhi)

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: adi

Proto-Malayic: *adi, *adi-ʔ, *adi-ŋ
Ibanic
Iban: adi
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: adi

Batak

Karo Batak: agi

Mentawai: bagi

Nias-Sikule

Nias: axi

Simeulue: axi

*huaji-ŋ (alternative Western)
*huaji-q (alternative)
*ta-huaji (alternative)

sibling (younger person who shares same parents)


qaʀus

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian::

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Sumba–Flores:

Kambera: arihu

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *qaʀus

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Kowiai: larus

Proto-Oceanic: *qaʀus (see there for further descendants)

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

West Barito:

Ngaju: asoh

North Borneo:

Central Sarawak:

Central Melanau: aus

Proto-Philippine: *qaʀus

Batanic:

Ibatan: āyos

Central Luzon:

Kapampangan: águs

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Tagalog: ágos

Visayan:

Cebuano: águs

Danao:

Maranao: agos

Manobo:

Binukid: agus

Northern Luzon:

Cagayan Valley:

Isnag: áyus

Ilocano: árus

Meso-Cordilleran:

Kankanaey: áyus

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Nias: hou

Simeulue: alus

Lampungic:

Lampung Api: haʀus

Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Balinese: ahus

Sasak: arus

Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic: *harus
Iban: arus
Malay: arus
> Indonesian: arus (inherited)

Old Javanese: arus, harus, hos
> Javanese: ꦲꦫꦸꦱ꧀ (arus) (inherited)
>? Malay: harus
> Indonesian: harus (inherited)

> Javanese: os-os (inherited)

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Buginese: aru'

Makasar: arusu'

Mandar: arus


taqas

Malay: atas
Indonesian: atas
→ English: atas

Tagalog: taas


babuy

Proto-Philippine: *babuy (see there for further descendants)

Barito

Ngaju: bawui

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Proto-Batak: *babuy
Simalungun Batak: babui
Karo Batak: babi
Toba Batak: babi

Nias: bawi

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic:

Acehnese: bui

Coastal Chamic

Cham

Eastern Cham: ꨚꨝꨶꨬ (pabwei)

Proto-Malayic: *babi (see there for further descendants)

Balinese: ᬩᬩᬶ (babi)

Sundanese: ᮘᮌᮧᮍ᮪ (bagong)

Old Javanese: bawi
Javanese: ꦧꦧꦶ (babi)
→ Balinese: ᬩᬯᬶ (bawi)

South Sulawesi

Bugis

Buginese: bawi

Makasar: bawi

Chamorro: babui

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Fordata: vavu

Leti: wawi

West Damar: wowso


baŋun

Chamorro: pangon

Proto-Malayic: *baŋun
Malayan
Malay: bangun
Indonesian: bangun

Proto-Philippine:

Cebuano: bangon

Hiligaynon: bangon

Maranao: bangon

Tagalog: bangon, bumangon


habaʀat

Proto-Philippine: *habaʀat

Batanic

Ivatan: avayat, havayat

Ibatan: abayat

Northern Luzon

Northeastern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: abagat

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: habagat

→ Kapampangan: abagat

→ Ilocano: abagat

Bikol

Bikol Central: habagat

Visayan

Cebuano: habagat

Central Visayan

Peripheral Visayan

Hiligaynon: bagatnan

Western Visayan

Aklanon: habagat

Southern Visayan

Tausug: habagat

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: abagat

Danao

Maranao: abagat

Manobo

Agusan Manobo: haba'gat

Western Bukidnon Manobo: evaɣat

Palawanic

Tagbanwa: abagát

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: wagat

South Mindanao

Tiruray: barat

Greater Barito

East Barito

Paku: barat (“wind”)

Ma'anyan: barat

Malagasy: avaratra (“north”)

West Barito

Ngaju: barat

Bakumpai: barat

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Karo Batak: barat

Toba Batak: barat

Mentawai: barä

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Chamic: *barat

Acehnese: barat

Proto-Malayic: *barat
Ibanic
Iban: barat
Malayan
Malay: barat
Indonesian: barat
→ Central Melanau: barat
→ West Coast Bajau: barat
Minangkabau: baraik
Urak Lawoi': บารัยจ (barac)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Sasak: barat

Sumbawa: barat (“rainy season”)

Sundanese: barat

Old Javanese:

Javanese: barat

South Sulawesi

Makasar: bara'

Tae': bara'

Celebic

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: bara

Palauan: ngebard

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Sabu: wa

Kambera: waratu

Western Flores

Manggarai: warat

Rembong: warat

Ngadha: vara

Timoric

Rote–Meto

Bilba: fak

Wetar–Galoli

Ili'uun: harak

Luangic

Leti: warta

Selaru

Selaru: harat

Kei–Tanimbar

Yamdena: barat

Kei: warat

Aru

Dobel: fara

Central Maluku

West Central Maluku

Buru (Indonesia): fahat

East Central Maluku

Asilulu: halat

Kamarian: halat

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera–Cenderawasih

Halmahera Sea

Buli (Indonesia): pāt

Cenderawasih Bay

Biak: barek

Proto-Oceanic: *apaʀat
Admiralty Islands
East
Ere: ahay
Likum: yahay
West
Wuvulu-Aua: afaa
St. Matthias
Mussau-Emira: apae
Western Oceanic
Meso-Melanesian
Madak: avat
Uneapa: lavarata
North New Guinea
Gitua: yavara
Kairiru: yavar
Manam: awara
Papuan Tip
Central Papuan Tip
Kalo: avala
Keapara: yabara
Motu: lahara
Kilivila-Masima
Kilivila: yavata
Nuclear Papuan Tip
Molima: yavalata
Tawala: yawalata
→ Mailu: avara
Central-Eastern Oceanic
Central Pacific
Western Fijian: cavā
Fijian: cavā
Proto-Polynesian: *afa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Austronesian *Sabaʀat (“south wind”).


bəli

Philippines

Northern Luzon

Pangasinan: bili

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: bili

Visayan

Cebuano: bili

Aklanon: bili

Hiligaynon: bili

Mansaka: bili

Gorontalo–Mongondow

⇒ Gorontalo: biloli

Mongondow: boli

South Mindanao

Tboli: bli

Tiruray: beley

Sangiric

Sangir: belli

Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Inabaknon: balli

East Barito

Malagasy: vidy

West Barito

Ngaju: bili, bali

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Bonggi: boli

Southwest Sabahan

Central Dusun: bohi

Coastal Kadazan: bohi

Momogun

Rungus: boli

Kimaragang: boli

Tobilung: boli

North Sarawakan

Dayic

Kelabit: belih

Kenyah

Bakung: beli

Eastern Penan: belih

Bintulu: belei

Central Sarawakan

Central Melanau: belei

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Toba Batak: boli

Simeulue: feli

Nias: öli, böli

Enggano: eodi

Rejang: blei

Lampungic

Lampung Api: beli

Komering: boli

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic

Acehnese: blòë

Coastal Chamic

Eastern Cham: ꨝꨵꨬ (blei)

Western Cham: بلاْي (blei)

Highlands Chamic

Northern Cham

Northern Roglai: blơi

Rade–Jarai

Jarai: blơi

Rade: blei

Malayic

Iban: beli

Malay: beli
Indonesian: beli

Urak Lawoi': เบอลี (beli)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: beli

Sasak: beli

Sumbawa: beli

Sundanese: beuli

Old Javanese: wĕli

South Sulawesi

Makasar: balli

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Kambera: wíli

Western Flores

Komodo: weli

Manggarai: weli

Rembong: weli

Li'o: weli

Flores–Lembata

Sika: beli

Kedang: welin

Kei–Tanimbar

Yamdena: bélin

Fordata: veli

Selaru

Selaru: hesi

Aru

Dobel: feli

Timoric

Tetumic

Tetum: folin

Rote–Meto

Bilba: beli

Luangic

Leti: weli

Wetar–Galoli

Ili'uun: heli

Central Maluku

Nunusaku

Manusela: heli

Piru Bay

Asilulu: heli

Paulohi: heri

Kowiai: fer

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera–Cenderawasih

Wandamen: bori

Serui-Laut: wori

Oceanic

Western Oceanic

Meso–Melanesian

Cheke Holo: foli, voli

North New Guinea

Kove: oli

Papuan Tip

Sinagoro–Keapara

Keapara: voivoi

Hula: voi

West Central

Motu: hoi

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bugotu–Gela

Bughotu: voli

Gela: voli

Malaita–Makira

Sa'a: holi

Arosi: hori

Kwaio: foli

Southern Oceanic

Mota: wol

Central Pacific

Fijian: voli


(ma-)basəq

Batanic

Ibatan: mavasa

Proto-Philippine: *basaq

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: basá

Pangasinan: basa

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: basâ

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: basâ

Bikol

Bikol Central: basâ

Bisayan

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: basâ

Cebuano: basâ

Southern Bisayan

Tausug: basa'

Danao

Maranao: basa'

Borneo

Malayo-Chamic

desctree

Proto-Malayic: *basah
Malayic
Malay: basah
Indonesian: basah
Ibanic
Iban: basah

Sundanese: baseuh

desc

Javanese: basah (“decomposed (of bodies)”)

wet (of an object: covered with or impregnated with liquid)


(ma-)bəʀəqat

Proto-Philippine: *(ma-)bəʀəqat

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: mabayat

Remontado Agta: mabâyat

Northern Luzon

Meso-Cordilleran

Nuclear Cordilleran

South Cordilleran

Western South Cordilleran

Pangasinan: ambegat

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bisayan:

Central Bisayan:

Hiligaynon: mabug-at

Western Bisayan:

Aklanon: mabug-at

Tagalog: mabigat


qanuaŋ

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: nuáng

Cagayan Valley

Pamplona Atta: nuáng

Isnag: nuāng

Itawit: nwang

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Ifugao

Batad Ifugao: nuwang

Tuwali Ifugao: nuwang

Bontoc

Central Bontoc: nowang

Eastern Bontoc: nowang

Kankanaey

Northern Kankanay: nowang

Kankanaey: nowáng

Southern Cordilleran

Karao: nowang

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: anuwang

Visayan

Aklanon: ánwang

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: ʔanwáng

Malayic

Malay: benuang

Indonesian: benuang

Minangkabau: binuang

South Sulawesi

Northern

Tae': nuang

Bugis–Tamanic

Buginese: anuang

Makassaric

Makasar: anuang (ᨕᨊᨘᨕ)

Celebic

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: nua


bəʀay

Celebic:

Saluan–Banggai:

Banggai: bee

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Timoric:

Baikeno: fɛ

Bilba: fe

Tetum: fo

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *boʀe

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Buli (Indonesia): po

Dusner: be

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

desctree

Proto-Chamic: *brəy
Acehnese: bré
Coastal Chamic:
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨝꨴꨪ (brei)
Western Cham: brei
Haroi: pri
Highlands Chamic:
Chru-Northern Chamic:
Chru: brəi
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: brəi
Bih: brei
Jarai: brơi
Rade: brei

Proto-Malayic: *bəri
Iban: beri
Minangkabau: bari
Malay: beri
Indonesian: beri
Urak Lawoi': บรี (bri)

North Bornean:

Proto-North Sarawak:

Lun Bawang: beré

Kelabit: bere

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Batak:

Dairi Batak: bere

Karo Batak: beré

Nias: be'e

Proto-Philippine: *bəʀay
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bisayan:
Aklanon: bugáy
Cebuano: bugáy
Hiligaynon: bugáy
Tagalog: bigáy
Danao:
Maranao: begay
Gorontalo-Mongondow:
Mongondow: bogoi
Manobo:
Agusan Manobo: bo'goy
Western Bukidnon Manobo: beɣey
Palawanic:
Molbog: bogoy
Palawan Batak: bugayán
Sangiric: *biəʀay
South Mindanao:
Tboli: belay

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Mandar: bei

From Proto-Austronesian *bəʀay (“to give”).

to give (transfer the possession of something to someone else)


bituqən

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Babar:

West Damar: tonno

Central Maluku:

Geser-Gorom: ftuin

Timoric:

Mambae: hiuta

Leti: ptuna

Luang:

Wetan: witiona

Tetun Dili: fitun

Selaru:

Selaru: ftun

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Matbat: toen

Ma'ya: tuén, tuin

Proto-Oceanic: *pituqun (see there for further descendants)

Chamorro: puti'on

Land Dayak:

Rejang: ꤷꥇꤳꥏ (bitang)

Moklenic:

Moken: bituek

Old Javanese: wintaṅ

Proto-Philippine: *bituqən

Aklanon: bituon

Asi: bituon

Bikol Central: bituon

Cebuano: bitoon, bituon

Ilocano: bituen

Ivatan: vituhen

Kinaray-a: bituën

Bikol Central: bituon

Masbatenyo: batuin

Ratagnon: bituon

Tagalog: bituin

Proto-Malayic: *bintaŋ
Brunei Malay: bintang
Malay: bintang
Indonesian: bintang
Iban: bintang

Sundanese: ᮘᮦᮔ᮪ᮒᮀ (béntang)

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Buginese: wittoeng

Makasar: bintoeng

Mandar: bittoeng


(ma-)biʀaw

Proto-Malayic: *biru
Ibanic
Iban: biru
Brunei Malay: biru
Malay: biru
Indonesian: biru

Old Javanese: birū
> Javanese: ꦧꦶꦫꦸ (biru) (inherited)

West Coast Bajau: biru

Iranun: biru

Maguindanao: bilu

Makasar: biru (“green”)

Tagalog: bughaw

Makasar: gau'


(ma-)iʀaq

Hawaiian: mea

Malay: mirah (dated), merah, ميره

Indonesian: merah

Iban: mirah


(ma-)qizaw

Malayo-Chamic

Chamic

Acehnese: ijo

Malayic

Brunei Malay: hijau

Malay: hijau

Indonesian: hijau

Minangkabau: ijau

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬳᬶᬚᭀ (ijo)

Sasak: ējo

Javanese: ijo, hijo

Sundanese: héjo


(ma-)qitəm

Acehnese: itam

Cebuano: itom

Brunei Malay: itam

Coastal Kadazan: oitom

Indonesian: hitam

Malagasy: mainty

Malay: hitam

Minangkabau: hitam

Tagalog: itim

West Coast Bajau: irom


(ma-)kunij

West Coast Bajau: kuning

Acehnese: kuneng

Indonesian: kuning

Javanese: kuning

Brunei Malay: kuning

Madurese: koneng

Malay: kuning

Minangkabau: kuniang

Sasak: koning

Sundanese: koneng


(ma-)putiq

Acehnese: puteh

Buginese: ma-pute

Cebuano: puti

Iranun: maputi

Javanese: putih

Madurese: pote

Nias: fusi

Sasak: putiq

Tagalog: puti

West Coast Bajau: pote'

Proto-Malayic: *putih
Brunei Malay: putih
Malay: putih, puteh (1924-1972)
Indonesian: putih
Minangkabau: putiah


buaq

Fijian: vua

Hawaiian: hua

Maori: hua

Tongan: fua

Uab Meto: fua'

Malagasy: voa

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬸᬯᬄ (buah)

Malayo-Chamic

Proto-Chamic: *bɔh

Acehnese: boh

Eastern Cham: boḥ

Proto-Malayic: *buah
Brunei Malay: buah
Iban: buah
Malay: buah
Indonesian: buah

Sundanese: buah

Old Javanese: wwah
Javanese: ꦮꦺꦴꦃ (woh), ꦮꦃ (wah)
→ Balinese: ᬯ᭄ᬯᬄ (woh), ᬯᭀᬄ (woh)

Celebic

Balantak: woo'


buŋa

Proto-Philippine: *buŋa

Proto-Northern Luzon

Dupaningan Agta: bunga (“fruit”)

Ilocano: bunga (“fruit”)

Proto-Central Cordilleran

Limos Kalinga: bunga (“fruit”)

Lubuagan Kalinga: bunga (“fruit”)

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol Central: bunga (“fruit”)

Tagalog: bunga (“fruit; result; areca”)

Proto-Bisayan

desc

Cebuano: bunga (“fruit; nut; a yield; an offspring”)

Tausug: bunga (“fruit”)

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬸᬗ (bunga, “flower; interest (finance)”)

Sasak: ᬩᬸᬗ (bunga)

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic:

Brunei Malay: bunga (“flower; interest (finance)”)

Iban: bungai (“flower”)

Malay: bunga (“flower”)

Indonesian: bunga (“flower; interest (finance)”)

Minangkabau: bungo (“flower”)

Old Javanese: woṅa (“flower”), wuṅa (“flower”)

Palauan: bung

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *puŋa (“flower; bossom”)

Proto-Polynesian:

Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:

Samoan: fuga (“flower”)

Proto-Eastern Polynesian:

Maori: pua (“to bloom, foaming, flower”)

Hawaiian: pua (“flower”)

Rapa Nui: pua (“flower”)

Tahitian: pua (“flower”)

North Bornean

Southwest Sabahan

Central Dusun: bunga (“flower”)

Barrier Islands–Batak

Nias: bunga

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *buŋa ni batu (“coral sponge, lit. 'stone bloom'”)

Proto-Oceanic: *buŋa (“white, porous coral or growth”)

Fijian: vuga

Proto-Polynesian: *puŋa (“coral rock”)

Tongan: punga (“coral”)

Samoan: puga (“coral”)

Proto-Eastern Polynesian:

Tahitian: puʻa (“coral, lime”)

Maori: punga (“coral, anchor”), pungapunga (“pumice”),

Hawaiian: puna (“coral, lime, calcium”)

From Proto-Austronesian *buŋa (“flower, blossom”).

inh

flower (reproductive structure in angiosperms)


dəŋəʀ

desctree

Proto-Philippine: *dəŋəʀ
Ati: karnged
Batanic
Ivatan: adngey
Yami: rengey
Northern Luzon
Ilocano: dengngeg
Kagayan Valley
Isnag: dangág
Meso-Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
Bontoc-Kankanaey
Central Bontoc: dengel
Kankanaey: dengngen
Northern Kankanay: dɨng'ngɨ
Ifugao
Amganad Ifugao: do'ngol
Batad Ifugao: dongól
Southern Cordilleran
Kayapa Kallahan: dɨngɨl
Keley-I Kallahan: dengel
Pangasinan: denguel, dengél
Northeastern Luzon
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: dingeh
Central Luzon
Sambalic
Abenlen Ayta: lenge
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Tagalog: dingíg
Bikol
Bikol Central: dangóg
Buhi'non Bikol: rëngëɡ
Iriga Bicolano: rungóg
Mansakan
Mansaka: dɨngɨg, dungog
Tagakaulu Kalagan: dengeg
Visayan
Cebu
Cebuano: dungóg
Central
Hiligaynon: dungóg
Waray-Waray: dungóg
South
Butuanon: dungog
Surigaonon: dungog
Tausug: dungog
West
Aklanon: dúngog
Gorontalo–Mongondow
Gorontalo: dungohu
Kaidipang: dungogu
Ponosakan: dongoh
Manobo
Binukid: dengeg
Western Bukidnon Manobo: dengeg
South Mangyan
Hanunoo: dungóg
Kalamian
Calamian Tagbanwa: dɨŋɨl
Sangiric: *dingiʀ
Bantik: díŋihi'
Sangil: dingire'
Sangir: dingihe'

Basap-Greater Barito:

Basap: ngendenger

Northeast Barito:

Paser: kerongoy

Tawoyan: keringa

Southeast Barito:

Dusun Witu: ngaringey

Ma'anyan: ñandringey

Malagasy: reny

Kayanic:

Rejang Kayan: dengah

Land Dayak:

Benyadu-Bekati':

Benyadu': dangah

Bekati': dangah, dingah

Bidayuh:

Bau Bidayuh: dingah

Biatah Bidayuh: dingah

Sungkung: dingan

North Borneo:

Central Sarawak:

Central Melanau: dengah

Proto-North Sarawak:

Kelabit: dinger

Lun Bawang: dinger

Northeast Sabah:

Bonggi: dongor

Ida'an: ingog

Southwest Sabah:

Greater Dusunic:

Central Dusun: rongou

Coastal Kadazan: ongou

Rungus: rongou

Murutic:

Burusu: dingog

Timugon Murut: dongog

Paitanic:

Tombonuo: rongou

Upper Kinabatangan: rongo

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands:

Enggano: dohõ

Nias: rongo

Lampungic:

Abung: dengey

Komering: dongi

Lampung Api: dengi

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa:

Balinese: ningeh

Sasak: dengah

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic:

Acehnese: deungo

Proto-Malayic: *dəŋər
Iban: dinga
Malay: dengar
Indonesian: dengar
Tagalog: dangal
Minangkabau: danga
Urak Lawoi': เดอเงอ (denge)

Sundanese: denge

Old Javanese: ruṅu
Javanese: ꦫꦸꦔꦸ (rungu, “to hear”)
→ Indonesian: rungu (“hearing”)
→ Balinese: ᬭᬸᬗᬸ (rungu, “to hear”)

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Bugis-Tamanic:

Embaloh: lingar

Makassaric:

Makasar: lanngere'

Northern South Sulawesi:

Duri: rangi

Celebic:

Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *roŋoʀ

Muna-Buton:

Pamona: donge

Saluan-Banggai:

Balantak: rongor

Banggai: dongol

Tomini-Totoli:

Lauje: longo

Tomini: longo

Wotu-Wolio:

Wolio: rango

Chamorro: hungok

Palauan: orrénges

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Aru:

Kola: rena

Central Maluku:

Alune: lene

Flores–Lembata:

Kedang: denger

Lamaholot: denge'

Sika: rena

Kei–Tanimbar:

Fordata: nrenar

Yamdena: ndengar

Sumba–Flores:

Bima: ringa

Sumba–Manggarai:

Anakalangu: rangu

Sabu: renge

Timoric:

Baikeno: nena

Kisar: derne

Tetun Dili: rona

Waima'a: dene

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Irarutu–Nabi:

Irarutu: nongger

Ma'ya-Matbat:

Ma'ya: ꞌdo¹²n

South Halmahera:

Buli (Indonesia): longa

Gane: longa

Gebe: longo

Sawai: nlongé

Proto-Oceanic: *roŋoʀ

Fijian: rogo

Proto-Polynesian: *roŋo
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: lono (“news”)
Mangarevan: rogo
North Marquesan: ʻoko
South Marquesan: ʻono
Rapa Nui: roŋo
Tahitic:
Maori: rongo (“news, fame”)
Rakahanga-Manihiki: rongo
Rarotongan: rongo
Tuamotuan: rogo
Western Polynesian:
Ellicean–Outlier:
Kapingamarangi: longo
Nukumanu: rono
Pileni: longo
Sikaiana: lono
Tuvaluan: logo
Futunic:
Anuta: rongo
East Futuna: logo
Futuna-Aniwa: rogona
Pukapukan: longo
Tikopia: rogo
West Uvean: longona
Samoic:
Samoan: logo
Tokelauan: logo
Tongic:
Niuean: ogo
Tongan: ogo

From Proto-Austronesian *dəŋəʀ (“to hear, sound”).


diaq

Malay: tidak, tak, dak

Indonesian: tidak, tak

Old Javanese: tā


baqəʀu

Proto-Philippine: *baqʀu (see there for further descendants)

Basap–Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Yakan: ba'ahu, bahu

Sulu

Pangutaran Sama: bahu

Central Sama: baha'u

Southern Sama: bahau

Borneo Coast

Mapun: bahau

West Coast Bajau: bau, bahau

Indonesian Bajau: bau, babau, babao

Basap: baru

East Barito

Dusun Witu: wa'o

Ma'anyan: wa'u, ba'u

Malagasy: vao

West Barito

Ngaju: haru

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: bagku

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: wagu

Coastal Kadazan: vagu

Rungus: vagu

Murutic

Timugon Murut: bagu

Tagal Murut: bahu

Burusu: bagu

Paitanic

Tombonuo: wagu

Upper Kinabatangan: wagu

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: vaw

Dayic

Kelabit: beruh

Lun Bawang: beruh

Central Sarawakan

Melanau

Central Melanau: ba'ou

Balingian Melanau: bahou

Kajang

Sekapan: baʔəw

Kajaman: baʔəw

Lahanan: bau

Land Dayak

Benyadu–Bekati'

Benyadu': bahu

Bekati': bahṵː

Sara: bau

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: ba'uh

Biatah Bidayuh: bauh

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: bauh

Southern Land Dayak

Ribun: baoh

Sanggau: baoh

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Northern

Dairi Batak: rembaru, rimbaru

Karo Batak: baru

Southern

Angkola Batak: baru

Mandailing Batak: baru

Simalungun Batak: baru

Toba Batak: baru

Gayo: baru

Mentawai: bau

Nias: bohou

Simeulue: afalu

Rejang: blau

Lampungic

Lampung Api: bahyu

Moklenic

Moken: keloy

Moklen: kləi

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayo-Chamic

Proto-Chamic: *bahrɔw (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Malayic: *baharu (see there for further descendants)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬯᬸ (bau)

Sasak: baru

Sumbawa: beru

Sundanese: bahayu

desctree

Old Javanese: wāhu, wahu
> Javanese: ꦮꦲꦸ (wau) (inherited)
⇒ Javanese: ꦮꦲꦺ (waé), ꦧꦲꦺ (baé), ꦲꦲꦺ (aé)

South Sulawesi

Bugis–Tamanic

Buginese: baru

Embaloh: baru

Makassaric

Makasar: beru

Seko

Seko Padang: baru

Northern

Mandar: baru

Mamuju: bakaru, bakahu

Massenrempulu

Duri: baru

Toraja

Tae': ba'ru

Toraja-Sa'dan: ba'ru, bakaru

Mamasa: bakaru

Pitu Ulunna Salu

Aralle-Tabulahan: bakahu

Bambam: bakahu

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Eastern

Banggai: boolu

Balantak: u'uru

Western

Saluan: buqou

Bungku–Tolaki

Eastern

Mori Bawah: wo'u, wo'ohu

Western

Interior

Mori Atas: wo'u

Padoe: woou, wo'u

West Coast

Kodeoha: wuohu

Tolaki: wo'ohu, wu'ohu

Kaili–Pamona

Northern

Da'a Kaili: bou

Pamona: wo'u

Southern

Uma: bo'u

Badaic

Bada: wóꞌu

Napu: wou

Muna–Buton

Buton

Cia-Cia: vukou

Kumbewaha: wukou

Lasalimu: wukou

Munic

Muna: bughou, bu'ou

Kioko: wu'ou

Tukangbesi–Bonerate

Bonerate: wo'ou

Tukang Besi South: ɸoʔou

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: vou

Tomini: bou

Totoli: bobou

Wotu–Wolio

Wotu: warru

Wolio: baau

Laiyolo: bau

→ Selayar: bau

Chamorro: på'go

Palauan: beches

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Bima: bou

Sumba–Flores

Laboya: beru, ber

Manggarai: weru

Rembong: waru

Flores–Lembata

Adonara: wu'u

Kei–Tanimbar

Fordata: veru

Arguni: popʷaro

Central Maluku

East Central Maluku

Banda–Geser

Geser-Gorom: wouwou

Nunusaku

Asilulu: helu

Laha (Indonesia): heru

West Central Maluku

Buru (Indonesia): fehu

Taliabu: fohu

Timoric

Galoli: heyu

Helong: balu

Kisar: worworu

Leti: waru

Tetum: foun

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

South Halmahera–West New Guinea

Mor (Austronesian): behaʔú

Waropen: boa, woa

Cenderawasih Bay

Biakic

Biak: babo

Dusner: vavou

Yapen

East

Kurudu: woru

Central–West

Ambai: vevoru, waworu

Ansus: veworu, vevoru, waworu

Munggui: baboru

Pom: vaworu

Serui-Laut: vavoru

Wandamen: vavoru, baboru

Woi: vevoru

Halmahera Sea

Ma'ya–Matbat:

Matbat: wa³w

South

Buli (Indonesia): po

Gane: pou

East Makian: powo

Proto-Oceanic: *paqoʀu (see there for further descendants)


biʀaw

West Coast Bajau: biru

Indonesian: biru

Iranun: biru

Brunei Malay: biru

Makasar: biru (“green”)

Malay: biru

Tagalog: bughaw

Makasar: gau'


bəʀəqat

Proto-Malayic: *bərat
Ibanic
Iban: berat
Malayan
Malay: berat
Indonesian: berat
Minangkabau: barek
Pattani Malay: บือรฺะ (bəɣaʔ)
Urak Lawoi': บรัยจ (brac)

Old Javanese: bot, bwat, wrat
Javanese: ꦧꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (bot)
Javanese: ꦧꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (bot)
> Javanese: ꦮꦿꦠ꧀ (wrat) (inherited)

Proto-Philippine: *bəʀəqat

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: bayat

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bisayan:

Cebuano: bug-at

Central Bisayan:

Peripheral Bisayan:

Hiligaynon: bug-at

Western Bisayan:

Aklanon: bug-at

Mansakan:

Mansaka: bugat

Tagalog: bigat

Manobo:

Central Manobo:

West Central Manobo

Western Bukidnon Manobo: begat

North Manobo:

Binukid: begat

Southern Mindoro:

Hanunoo: bug-at

Northern Luzon

Meso-Cordilleran

Southern Cordilleran

West Southern Cordilleran

Pangasinan: belat


wiʀi

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Kedang: weri

Nauete: weli

Sika: wiri

→ Eritai: wiri

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Philippine: *wiʀi

Arta: wigi

Ati: wele

Ilongot: wili

Sambali: wili

Yogad: wigi

Kedayan: weri

left (the west side of the body when one is facing north)


qizaw

Malayo-Chamic

Chamic

Acehnese: ijo

Malayic

Brunei Malay: hijau

Malay: hijau

Indonesian: hijau

Minangkabau: ijau

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬳᬶᬚᭀ (ijo)

Sasak: ējo

Javanese: ijo, hijo

Sundanese: héjo


qitəm

Acehnese: itam

Cebuano: itom

Brunei Malay: itam

Coastal Kadazan: oitom

Indonesian: hitam

Malay: hitam, هيتم

Minangkabau: hitam

Tagalog: itim


putiq

Acehnese: puteh

Buginese: ma-pute

Cebuano: puti

Iranun: maputi

Javanese: putih

Madurese: pote

Malagasy: fotsy

Malay: putih

Indonesian: putih

Minangkabau: putiah

Nias: fusi

Sasak: putiq

Tagalog: puti

West Coast Bajau: pote'


iʀaq

Malay: mirah (dated), merah, ميره

Indonesian: merah


kunij

Batak:

Karo Batak: kuning

Toba Batak: hunik

Old Javanese: kunir

Javanese: kunir

Kasiguranin: kuneg

Proto-Malayic: *kuñit

Iban: kunyit

Malay: kunyit

Indonesian: kunyit

Malagasy: honitra

Northern Luzon:

desc

Central Bontoc: kuneg (“zedoary, Curcuma zedoaria”)

Ilocano: kunig (“zedoary”)

Isnag: kunig (“zedoary”)

Kankanaey: kunig (“zedoary”)

Uma: kuni

Rembong: kunis (“Curcuma longa”)

Tae': kuni'

Sangir: kuniʔ (“Curcuma longa”)

Tboli: kunil (“Curcuma domestica”)

Tetum: kunir (“turmeric”)


hulaʀ

desctree

Old Javanese: ulā (“snake”), ulĕr (“caterpillar”)
Javanese: ꦲꦸꦭ (ula, “snake”)
Javanese: ꦲꦸꦭꦼꦂ (uler, “caterpillar”)
→ Indonesian: uler (“caterpillar”)

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Madurese: olar

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic:

Acehnese: uleuë

Proto-Malayic: *ular

Brunei Malay: ular

Minangkabau: ula

Malay: ular
Indonesian: ular

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Buginese: ula


nipay

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

Maguindanao: nipay

Maranao: nipay

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Fordata: nifa


puqun

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *puqun

Central Pacific: *vuqu

Fijian: vu, vū

Lauan: fuu

Rotuman: hu

Proto-Polynesian: *puqu
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: pū
North Marquesan: puu
Tahitic:
Maori: pū
Penrhyn: pū
Rakahanga-Manihiki: pu
Rarotongan: pū
Ellicean–Outlier:
Ontong Java: puu
Futunic:
Wallisian: fuu
Pukapukan: pū
Tikopia: pū
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: fuʻu
Niuean: fū
Tongan: fuʻu

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Land Dayak:

Bidayuh-Rejang:

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: puun

Rejang: pun, puen

North Bornean:

Dusunic:

Central Dusun: puun

Minokok: puun

Melanau-Kajang:

Central Melanau: puun

Murutic:

Paluan: puun

Tagal Murut: puun

North Sarawakan:

Berawan–Lower Baram:

Kiput: pun

Bintulu: puun

Dayic:

Kelabit: puun

Philippine:

Central Luzon:

Kapampangan: pun

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Bikol Central: puon

Mansaka: pono

Tagalog: puno

Visayan:

Aklanon: puno

Cebuano: puno

Hiligaynon: puno

Masbatenyo: puno

Tausug: puun

Danao:

Maranao: poon

Manobo:

Binukid: puun

South Mangyan:

Hanunoo: puun

Northern Luzon:

Cagayan Valley:

Itawit: fun

Ilocano: puon

South-Central Cordilleran:

Central Cordilleran:

Nuclear Cordilleran:

Ifugao: puun

Sangiric:

Sangir: pueng

South Mindanao:

Tboli: fun

Tiruray: fuun

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *puhun

Proto-Malayo-Chamic: *puhun

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa:

Balinese: puhun

Proto-Chamic: *phu:n

Eastern Cham: phǔn

Rade: phun

Proto-Malayic: *puhun
Ibanic
Iban: pun
Seberuang: pun
Mualang: pon
Malayan
Malay: pohon
Indonesian: pohon
Minangkabau: pohon
Pattani Malay: ปอฮง (pɔhoŋ)
Urak Lawoi': ปูโฮด (puhot)

Moken-Moklen: *pɔkɔn

Sundanese: ᮕᮥᮠᮥᮔ᮪ (puhun)

Northwest Sumatran:

Gayo: pun

Dairi Batak: puhun

Karo Batak: puhun


taytay

Malay: titi
Indonesian: titi

Tagalog: taytay

Tausug: taytayan

Kapampangan: tete

bridge (construction or natural feature that spans a divide)


(i-)kita

Proto-Philippine:

Cebuano: kita

Hiligaynon: kita

Tagalog: kita

Proto-Malayic: *kita(ʔ)
Ibanic
Iban: kitai
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: kita, kite (pronunciation spelling), kiter (Internet, text messaging, women's speech)
Indonesian: kita
Manado Malay: (first person singular personal pronoun) kita (“I”)
North Moluccan Malay: (first person singular personal pronoun) kita (“I”)
Urak Lawoi': กีตา (kita)


(ma-)huab

Malay: uap, kuap

Javanese: angop

From Proto-Austronesian *(ma-)Suab, *(ma-)Suaw.

(intransitive) to yawn (open the mouth and take a deep breath)


tuduʀ

Malagasy: turi

Kayan River Kayan: tudu

Proto-Philippine: *tuduʀ

Aklanon: tueog

Bikol Central: turog

Cebuano: tulog

Hiligaynon: turog

Hanunoo: turog

Ibanag: turug

Ilocano: turog

Maranao: torog

Botolan Sambal: tuluy

Tagalog: tulog

Tausug: tūg

Old Javanese: turū
> Javanese: ꦠꦸꦫꦸ (turu) (inherited)

Palauan: durs

Balinese: turu

Proto-Malayic: *tidur
Ibanic
Iban: tinduk
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: tidur
> Indonesian: tidur (inherited)
Kedah Malay: tidoq
Minangkabau: tidua
Urak Lawoi': ตีโนะ (tino’)

Proto-Oceanic: *maturuʀ (see there for further descendants)

(intransitive) to sleep (to rest in state of reduced consciousness)


qinəp

Malay: inap
Indonesian: inap

Old Javanese: hinĕp

Javanese: inep
→ Betawi: inep


tudan

(intransitive) to sleep (of a person, be in a position in which the upper body is upright and the legs are supported)


bunuq

Philippine

Batanic

Ivatan: vono

Ibatan: bono

Northern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: bunó

Central Luzon

Abenlen Ayta: bono

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: bunô

Bikol Central: bunô

Visayan

Cebuano: buno

Aklanon: bunó

Hiligaynon: bunó

Tausug: bunu'

Mansakan

Mansaka: bono

Tagakaulu Kalagan: bunu'

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: bunu

Manobo

Binukid: bunù

Agusan Manobo: bu'nù

Western Bukidnon Manobo: bunu'

Danao

Maguindanao: bunu

Maranao: bono'

South Mindanao

Tiruray: bono

Sangiric

Sangir: buno

Minahasan

Tontemboan: wunu

Tombulu: wunu

Barito

East Barito

Ma'anyan: wunu

Malagasy: vono

West Barito

Ngaju: buno

North Bornean

North Sarawakan

Berawan–Lower Baram

Berawan: buno

Dayic

Kelabit: bunu'

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Dairi Batak: bunuh

⇒ Karo Batak: munuh

Toba Batak: bunu

Simeulue: funu, bunu

Nias: bunu

Proto-Malayic: *bunuh
Ibanic
Iban: bunuh
Malayan
Malay: bunuh
> Indonesian: bunuh (inherited)
> Peranakan Indonesian: boenoe (inherited)
Minangkabau: bunuah
Urak Lawoi': บูนาะฮ (bunöh)

Old Javanese: wunuh

South Sulawesi

Bugis–Tamanic

Buginese: uno

⇒ Embaloh: mauno'

Makassaric

Makasar: buno

Selayar: buno

Northern

Tae': buno

Duri: buno

Celebic

Wotu–Wolio

⇒ Laiyolo: labunu

Chamorro: puno'

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Timoric

Tetumic

Tetum: funu

Tetun Dili: funu

Wetar–Galoli

Ili'uun: hunu

Luangic

Leti: wunu

Luang: wuni

Aru

Dobel: ʔa-fun

Ujir: a-fun

West Tarangan: pun

Central Maluku

East Central Maluku

Banda–Geser

Watubela: bunuk

Nunusaku

Three Rivers

Alune: bunu

Piru Bay

Asilulu: hunu

Manipa: punu

Larike-Wakasihu: hunu

Kowiai: na-fun

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera–Cenderawasih

Halmahera Sea

As: bun

Ambel–Biga

Biga: bun

Ma'ya–Matbat

Ma'ya: ꞌbu³n

South Halmahera

Buli (Indonesia): pun

East Makian: pun

Gane: pun

Oceanic: *punuq

Western Oceanic

Meso–Melanesian

Tigak: punuk

Papuan Tip

Molima: wunu

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bugotu–Gela

Gela: punu

Malaita–Makira

Sa'a: hunu

Arosi: hunu

Kwaio: funu

Lau: funu

Southern Oceanic

Lonwolwol: wUn

Central Pacific

Polynesian

Maori: hunuhunu


busuʀ

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Meso-Cordilleran

Kankanaey: búsog

Batad Ifugao: būhug

Northeastern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: busóg

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: busóg

Bikol Central: busóg

Cebuano: busóg

Mansakan

Mansaka: bosóg

Tagakaulu Kalagan: busug

Palawanic

Palawan Batak: busóg

Brooke's Point Palawano: busog

South Mindanao

Tiruray: bohor

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Toba Batak: busur

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic

Acehnese: busu

Proto-Malayic: *busur
Malayan
Malay: busur
Indonesian: busur

Old Javanese: wusu

Javanese: ꦮꦸꦱꦸ (wusu)

South Sulawesi

Tae': buso'

Celebic

Muna–Buton

Muna: mbosu

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Rembong: wusur

Sabu: wuhu

Flores–Lembata

Lamaholot: wuhu

Kedang: ur

Timoric

Tetum: fusu

Bilba: busu

Selaru: hus

Kei–Tanimbar

Fordata: vuhur

Yamdena: busir

Central Maluku

Nunusaku

Three Rivers

Alune: busule

West Piru Bay

Asilulu: husu

Luhu: a-pusu

East Piru Bay

Kamarian: husur

Paulohi: husule

Saparua: husur

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Halmahera–Cenderawasih

Bima: pusi

Oceanic: *pusuʀ

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

Fanamaket: fus

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bughotu: vuhu

Southern Oceanic

Mota: us

Vurës: vus


panaq

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Aru:

Kola: -fan

Kei–Tanimbar:

Kei: fan

Sumba–Flores:

Kambera: pana

Manggarai: pana

Rembong: pana

Timoric:

Tetun Dili: hana

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Biga: fan

Ma'ya: ꞌfa¹²n

Waropen: ana

Proto-Oceanic: *panaq
Central–Eastern Oceanic:
Central Pacific:
Fijian: vana
Proto-Polynesian: *fana
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: pana
North Marquesan: pana
South Marquesan: pana
Tahitic:
Maori: whana
Rarotongan: ʻana
Tahitian: fana
Tuamotuan: fana, hana
Ellicean–Outlier:
Nuguria: hana
Sikaiana: vvana
Takuu: vvana
Tuvaluan: fana
Futunic:
Anuta: pana
Emae: fana
East Futuna: fana
Mele-Fila: fana
Pukapukan: wena
Tikopia: fana
Samoic:
Samoan: fana
Tokelauan: fana
Tongic:
Niuean: fana
Tongan: fana
Rotuman: fana
Western Fijian: vana
Micronesian:
Gilbertese: bana
Southeast Solomonic:
Bugotu–Gela:
Gela: vana
Malaita–Makira:
Makira:
Arosi: hana
Malaita:
Kwaio: fana
Lau: fana
Sa'a: hana
Southern Oceanic:
Lonwolwol: fεn
Western Oceanic:
Meso–Melanesian:
Alu: fana
Halia: hana, wana
Petats: hana
Ririo: van
North New Guinea:
Sobei: -fan
Tarpia: -pan

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

Sama-Bajaw:

Central Sama: pana'

Mapun: pana'

Southern Sama: panah

Yakan: pana'

West Barito:

Ngaju: panah

Land-Dayak:

Bau Bidayuh: panah

North Borneo:

Proto-North Sarawak:

Lun Bawang: pana’

Northeast Sabah:

Bonggi: panah

Southwest Sabah:

Dusunic:

Central Dusun: pana

Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan: pana

Rungus: pana

Murutic:

Timugon Murut: panah

Paitanic:

Tombonuo: pana

Proto-Philippine: *panaq

Celebic:

Proto-Bungku-Tolaki:

Mori Bawah: pana

Tolaki: pana

Kaili–Pamona:

Da'a Kaili: pana

Napu: pana

Pamona: pana

Uma: panah

Muna–Buton:

Lasalimu: pana

Kumbewaha: pana

Muna: pana

Tukang Besi South: pana

Saluan–Banggai:

Andio: pana'

Balantak: pana'

Wotu–Wolio:

Wolio: pana

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Karo Batak: panah

Nias: fana

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Balinese: panah

Sasak: panaq

Sumbawa: manak

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic: *panah
Acehnese: panah
Coastal Chamic:
Haroi: pơnăh
Cham:
Western Cham: panâh
Eastern Cham: ꨚꨗꩍ (panâh)
Highlands Chamic:
Chru–Northern Chamic:
Chru: pơnah
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: panăh
Tsat: na⁵⁵
Bih: panah
Jarai: pơnah
Rade: mơnah

Proto-Malayic: *panah
Iban: panah
Malay: panah
Indonesian: panah
Urak Lawoi': ปานัฮ (panah)

Sundanese: panah

Old Javanese: panah

Javanese: panah

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Bugis–Tamanic:

Buginese: pana

Makassaric:

Makasar: pana

Selayar: pana

Northern:

Massenrempulu:

Duri: pana

Pitu Ulunna Salu:

Aralle-Tabulahan: pana

Toraja:

Mamasa: pana

Tae': pana

Toraja-Sa'dan: pana

Seko:

Budong-Budong: pana

Panasuan: pana

Seko Padang: pana

Seko Tengah: pana


dataʀ

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic: *datar

Malay: datar
Indonesian: datar

Minangkabau: data

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬤᬢ (data)

Old Javanese: ratā
Javanese: ꦫꦠ (rata)
→ Balinese: ᬭᬢ (rata)
→ Malay: rata
Indonesian: rata