(ma-)wiʀi

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *mawiʀi

Admiralty Islands:

Manus:

Andra-Hus: kamaw

Leipon: kamaw

Western:

Seimat: kalamaw

Wuvulu-Aua: mawi

Central-Eastern Oceanic:

Central Pacific:

Fijian: mawī

Proto-Polynesian: *maui (see there for further descendants)

Micronesian:

Nauruan: edamauw

Southeast Solomonic:

Gela: mauli

Lau: maoli, mauli

Talise: maili

Southern Oceanic:

Central Vanuatu:

Neverver: mwer

North Efate: mawiri, mauri

Vao: mair

South Vanuatu:

North Tanna: mawul

Western Oceanic:

Meso-Melanesian:

Bali–Vitu:

Muduapa: mauri

Uneapa: mauri

Northwest Solomonic:

Cheke Holo: mairi

Uruava: mairi

Zabana: mairi

Papuan Tip:

Bwaidoka: aimauli

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Celebic:

Bonerate: mohi

left (the west side of the body when one is facing north)


bətik

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Flores–Lembata:

Sika: bate

Sumba–Flores:

Manggarai: wetik

Ngadha: weti

Rembong: wetik

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Kayan–Murik:

Murik (Malaysia): beték

Ngorek: beték

North Bornean:

Central Sarawak:

Punan Tubu: batik

Proto-North Sarawak:

Dayic:

Kelabit: betik

Lun Bawang: betik

Kenyah:

Highland:

Highland A:

Bakung: betik, beték

Lepo’ Gah: beték

Lepo’ Laang: betik

Lepo’ Sawa: betik

Highland B:

Badeng: betik

Lepo’ Tau: betek

Lowland:

Lebo’ Vo’: beték

Uma’ Pawe: betik

Penan:

Eastern Penan: beték

Northeast Sabah:

Bonggi: botik

Southwest Sabah:

Greater Dusunic:

Central Dusun: wotik

Coastal Kadazan: votik

Kimaragang: wotik

Rungus: votik

Tobilung: wotik

Murutic:

Burusu: batik

Timugon Murut: batik

Paitanic:

Tombonuo: wotik

Proto-Philippine: *batik, *batek

Batanic:

Ibatan: vatek

Central Luzon:

Abenlen Ayta: batek

Kapampangan: batik

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Cebuano: batik, batuk

Tagalog: batik

Danao:

desc

Maranao: batek (“embroidery or weaving design”)

Palawanic:

Palawan Batak: batek

Northern Luzon:

Ilocano: batek

Meso-Cordilleran:

Central Cordilleran:

Bontoc: batek

Ifugao: batok

Kankanaey: batek

Southern Cordilleran:

Ibaloi: batek

Pangasinan: batek

South Mindanao:

Tboli: betek

Celebic:

Banggai: botik

Pamona: woti

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Balinese: bathik

Sasak: bathik

Old Javanese: baṭik

Javanese: ꦧꦛꦶꦏ꧀ (bathik) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Makasar: batti', bate'

Tae': bate'


(ma-)buʀuk

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *mapuʀuk

Western Oceanic:

Meso-Melanesian:

Uneapa: mapurutu

Central-Eastern Oceanic:

Central Pacific:

Proto-Polynesian: *mafu (see there for further descendants)

Southeast Solomonic:

Ghari: mambulu

Western Oceanic:

Manam: mapuru

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

Malagasy: mavozo

Proto-Philippine:

Batanic:

Itbayaten: mavoyo

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Bikol Central: mabugók

Sangiric:

Sangir: mawuhu'


ʀamut

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *ʀamut

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Flores–Lembata

Adonara: ramut

Lamaholot: amut

Sika: ramut

Sumba–Flores

Bima: amu

Kambera: amu

Manggarai: ramut

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *ʀamut

Proto-Oceanic: *ʀamut

Western Oceanic

Papuan Tip

Sinagoro–Keapara

Hula: ramu

Kalo: lamu

Keapara: lamu

West-Central

Motu: ramu

Greater Barito

Sama-Bajaw

Mapun: gamut

Yakan: gamut

North Borneo

Central Sarawak

Kajang

Kajaman: amut

Lahanan: amut

Punan

Punan Bah-Biau: amut

Proto-North Sarawak: *ramut

Baram

Bintulu: amut

Berawan–Lower Baram

Dali': ramut

Kiput: lamut

Dayic

Kelabit: ramut

Lun Bawang: ramut

Sa'ban: muət

Northeast Sabah

Bonggi: ramut

Southwest Sabah

Dusunic

Central Dusun: gamut

Coastal Kadazan: gamut

Rungus: gamut

desctree

Proto-Philippine: *ʀamut
Ati: yemot
Batanic
Ibatan: yamut
Yami: yamut
Central Luzon
Kapampangan: yamut
Sambalic
Botolan Sambal: yamót
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Bikol
Bikol Central: gamót
Northern Catanduanes Bicolano: gamot
Bisayan
Cebuano: gamót
Central Bisayan
Hiligaynon: gamot
Masbatenyo: gamót
Romblomanon: gamut
Southern Bisayan
Butuanon: gamot
Tausug: gamut
Western Bisayan
Aklanon: gamót
Ratagnon: gamót
Mansakan
Mansaka: gamot
Tagalog: gamót
Manobo
Binukid: gamut
Dibabawon Manobo: gamut
Palawanic
Central Tagbanwa: yamot
Molbog: ramut
Palawan Batak: gamót
South Mangyan
Hanunoo: gamút
Kalamian
Agutaynen: lamót
Minahasan
Tonsawang: amuc
Tonsea: amut
Northern Luzon
Arta: ramut
Ilocano: ramót
Kagayan Valley
Ibanagic
Atta
Pamplona Atta: gamu'
Ibanag
Ibanag: gamu'
Gaddangic
Gaddang: gamut
Itawit: gamút
Yogad: gamut
Isnagic
Isnag: xamút
Meso-Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
Kalinga-Itneg
Lubuagan Kalinga: lamot
Nuclear Cordilleran
Ifugao
Mayoyao Ifugao: lámut
Bontoc-Kankanaey
Central Bontoc: lamút
Kankanaey: lamót
Southern Cordilleran
Ibaloi: damót
Karao: damot
Pangasinan: lamót
Northeastern Luzon
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: gimót
Dupaningan Agta: ramót
Sangiric
Bantik: hamu
Talaud: lramutta

Madurese: ramo'

Possibly inherited from Proto-Austronesian *ʀaməC (“root”) with an irregular change in the last vowel.


ñamuk

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Manggarai: namok

Talur: namu

Tugun: namu

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *ñamuk

Proto-Polynesian: *namu
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
North Marquesan: namu
South Marquesan: namu
Tahitic:
Maori: namu
Rakahanga-Manihiki: namu
Rapa: namu
Rarotongan: namu
Tahitian: namu
Tuamotuan: namu
Western Polynesian:
Ellicean-Outlier:
Nuguria: namu
Nukuoro: namu
Pileni: namu
Tuvaluan: namu
Futunic:
Anuta: namu
East Futuna: namu
Futuna-Aniwa: namu, namo (West Futuna)
Mele-Fila: namu
Pukapukan: namu
Tikopia: namu
Samoic:
Samoan: namu
Tokelauan: namu
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: namu
Niuean: namu
Tongan: namu

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

East Barito:

Dusun Malang: nyamuk

Malagasy: moka

West Barito:

Bakumpai: nyamuk

Kapuas: nyamuk

Ngaju: nyamuk

Land Dayak:

Bekati': nyamu'

North Borneo:

Central Sarawak:

Melanau:

Central Melanau: nyamok

Kanowit: nyamuk

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands:

Simeulue: namog

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayic: *ñamuk

Iban: nyamok

Malay: nyamuk


tənun

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Sumba–Flores:

Kambera: tínungu

Komodo: tenung

Manggarai: tenung, tenu

Ngadha: tenu

Timoric:

Bilba: tenu

Kisar: kenna

Leti: tennu

Luang: tenni

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Irarutu: nuɛn

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

East Barito:

Malagasy: tenona

Kayanic:

Baram Kayan: tenun

North Borneo:

Proto-North Sarawak:

Bakung: tenun

Proto-Philippine: *tinun

Batanic:

Ibatan: tinon

Yami: cinon

Northern Luzon:

Cagayan Valley:

Gaddang: sinun

Isnag: sinnón

Celebic:

Tomini–Tolitoli:

Lauje: tonung

Tajio: tonung

Tomini: tonun

Kaili–Pamona:

Pamona: tanu

Uma: tanu

Wotu–Wolio:

Wolio: tanu

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Gayo: tenun

Toba Batak: tonun

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Balinese: tunun

Madurese: tennun

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic:

Acehnese: teuneun

Proto-Malayic:

Iban: tenun

Malay: tenun
Indonesian: tenun

Minangkabau: tanun

Sundanese: tinun

Old Javanese: anenun

Javanese: tenun

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Makasar: tannung

Tae': tannun


zaqat

Proto-Philippine:

Batanic

Itbayaten: raet

Yami: rahet

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Visayan

Cebuano: dáot

Hiligaynon: dáot

Danao

Maranao: rata

Manobo

Binukid: daét

Western Bukidnon Manobo: daat

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: daút

Basap-Greater Barito

Sama-Bajaw

Central Sama: la'at

Yakan: la'at

Mapun: laat

East Barito

Dusun Deyah: daat

Dusun Witu: ra'at

Tawoyan: daat

Malagasy: ratsy

West Barito

Bakumpai: jahat

Kadorih: caat

Basap: ja'at

North Bornean

Northeast Sabah

Bonggi: doot

Ida'an: arat

Southwest Sabah

Greater Dusunic:

Central Dusun: araat

Kadazan

Coastal Kadazan: alaat

Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan: araat

Momogun

Kimaragang: ara'at

Minokok: araat

Rungus: araat

Tobilung: araat

Murutic

Burusu: arat

Paluan: alaat

Tagal Murut: alaat

Timugon Murut: alaat

Paitanic

Tombonuo: oraai

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: ja'es

Berawan–Lower Baram

Miriʼ: jaat

Narom: jeət

Dayic

Kelabit: da'et

Lun Bawang: daat

Long Bawan: data

Long Semado: dat

Kenyah: *jaʔət

Highland A

Lepo’ Gah: ja’et

Lepo’ Laang: jat

Lepo’ Sawa: ja’at

Highland B

Badeng: ja’at

Lepo’ Tau: ja’at

Lowland

Lebo’ Vo’: ja’at

Uma’ Pawe: ja’et

Penan

Eastern Penan: sa'at

Western Penan: saat

Central Sarawakan

Melanau-Kajang

Kajang

Kajaman: ja'at

Lahanan: ji'at, ja'at

Sekapan: ja'at

Melanau

Central Melanau: ja'et

Kanowit: je'ek

Punan: *jiət

Punan Aput: jiɛt

Punan Bah-Biau: jet

Punan Tubu: jɛt

Ukit: jiət

Kayanic: *jaʔak

Kayan-Murik

Bahau: si'ak

Busang Kayan: ja'ak

Murik (Malaysia): sa'ak (Ngorek)

Segai-Modang

Modang: aːk

Segai

Gaai: ak

Kelai: æk

Land Dayak: *jaʔat

Benyadu-Bekati

Benyadu': jahat

Bekati': jahḛ́ʼ

Bidayuh-Rejang

Hliboi Bidayuh: ja'at

Southern

Sanggau: jahat

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Karo Batak: jahat

Toba Batak: jahat

Lampungic: *jahat

Abung: jahat

Komering: jahat

Lampung Api: jahat

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Chamic: *jəhaːt
Acehnese: jheut
Coastal Chamic:
Haroi: săt
Eastern Cham: jhak
Highlands Chamic:
Chru-Northern Chamic:
Chru: jəhaːʔ
Tsat: saːʔ²⁴
Bih: jhat
Jarai: sat
Rade: jhat

Proto-Malayic: *jahat
Iban: jai
Malay: jahat
Indonesian: jahat
Urak Lawoi': ฌาฮัจ (jahac)

Bali-Sasak

Balinese: jahat

Javanese: jahat

Celebic

Bonerate: da'o

Taje: jaati

Uma: dada'a

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Flores-Lembata

Lamaholot: da'

Sumba-Flores

Komodo: da'

Manggarai: da'at

Rembong: da'at

Riung: da'at

Timoric

Tetum: aat

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Proto-Oceanic: *saqat

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

Label: saka

Muduapa: zaha

Uneapa: zaghata

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Arosi: ta'a

Lau: tā

Sa'a: ta'a

Southern Oceanic

Hiw: sa

North Efate: sa

Southeast Ambrym: sa

Central Pacific

Fijian: ca

Proto-Polynesian: *saqa

Futunic

East Futuna: sā

Futuna-Aniwa: sa

Mele-Fila: saa

Eastern Polynesian

Maori: hā (obsolete)

Moriori: ha

Tuamotuan: hā

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *zaqat ~ *zaqət (Blust, 2008)


kurap

Barito

West Barito

Ngaju: kurap

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Nias: kura

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Iban: kurap

Malay: kurap

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: kurap

Sasak: kurap

Sundanese: kurap

Javanese: kurap


təʀas

Greater Barito

Eastern Barito

Malagasy: teza

Kayanic

Kayan River Kayan: tahah

Proto-Malayic: *təras

Ibanic

Iban: teras

Nuclear Malayic

Malay: teras

Indonesian: teras

Proto-North Sarawak: *təʀas

Central Melanau: taas

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Proto-Batak: *turas

Northern Batak

Karo Batak: toras

Old Javanese: twas, tos

Javanese: ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (tos)

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *toʀas

Proto-Oceanic: *toʀas

Central Pacific

East Fijian-Polynesian

Fijian: doa

Proto-Polynesian: *tora

Proto-Nuclear Polynesian: *toa

Proto-Eastern Polynesian: *toa

Ellicean

Samoic

Samoan: toa

Marquesic

Hawaiian: koa

Tongan: toa

Palauan: dort

Proto-Philippine: *təʀas

Gorontalo-Mongondow

Gorontalo: toheto

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bisayan

Cebuano: tugas

Tagalog: tigas

Danao

Maranao: tegas

Manobo

Binukid: tegas

Northern Luzon

Cagayan Valley

Ibanagic

Ibanag: nategga

Itawit: taggat

Minahasan:

Tombulu: togas

Rejang: telas, tlas


tuhud

Proto-Philippine:

Central Cagayan Agta: tud

Aklanon: tuhod

Bikol Central: tuhod

Cebuano: tuhod

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: tod

Gaddang: tuud

Hiligaynon: tuhod

Isnag: atud

Ito: atud

Ivatan: tohod

Masbatenyo: tuhod

Mansaka: atud

Kapampangan: tuud, tud

Botolan Sambal: tool

Yami: otod (Imorod), tood (Iraralay)

Tagalog: tuhod

Tiruray: etud

Waray-Waray: tuhod

North Borneo

Belait: tod

Brunei Bisaya: atud

Paluan: atur

Tutong: etud, tud

Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian

West Coast Bajau: tuut

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic:

Brunei Malay: tuhut

Iban: tut

Celebic

Balantak: tuur

Manggarai: tuus

Tetum: tur

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Oceanic: *tur

Central-Eastern Oceanic:

Central Pacific:

Fijian: duru

Proto-Polynesian: *turi
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: kuli
Mangarevan: turi
Rapa Nui: turi
Tahitic:
Maori: turi
Rapa: tuli
Rarotongan: turi
Tahitian: turi
Tuamotuan: turi
Ellicean–Outlier:
Kapingamarangi: duli
Nukumanu: tuturi
Nukuoro: duli
Sikaiana: tuli
Takuu: turi
Tuvaluan: tuli
Futunic:
Anuta: turi
East Futuna: tuli
Emae: tuli
Futuna-Aniwa: turi
Pukapukan: tulivae
Tikopia: turi
West Uvean: tuli
Samoic:
Samoan: tuli
Tokelauan: tulivae
Tongic:
Niuean: tuli
Tongan: tui

Rotuman: fū

Western Fijian: turu

Western Oceanic:

Molima: tutu

Simbo: tutu

From Proto-Austronesian *tuduS via metathesis.


tugtug

Central Melanau: tutug

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: tutog

Proto-Philippine:

Agutaynen: togtog

Bikol Central: tugtog

Cebuano: tugtog

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: togtog

Mayoyao Ifugao: togtog (Batad dialect)

Ilocano: tugtog

Ivatan: togtog

Maranao: totog

Southern Bontoc: tugtug

Pangasinan: tugtog

Northern Bontoc: tugtug

Tagalog: tugtog

Old Javanese: ꦠꦸꦠꦸꦒ꧀ (tutug)


qaləjaw

Proto-Philippine: *qaljaw

Batanic

Ivatan: araw

Northern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: aldew

Ilocano: aldaw

Isnag: alxaw

Itawit: algaw

Limos Kalinga: algaw

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: aldo

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Aklanon: adlaw

Bikol Central: aldaw

Cebuano: adlaw

Tagalog: araw

Hanunoo: aldaw

Maranao: ndaw

Buol: onu

Proto-South Sulawesi: *ɨlzo
Buginese: esso
Makasar: allo
Toraja-Sa'dan: allo

Barito

Ngaju: andau

Celebic

Saluan-Banggai

Balantak: ilio

Wotu-Wolio

Wolio: eo

Chamorro: atdao

Palauan: eos

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Tetum: loro

Fordata: lera


zaʀum

Proto-Philippine: *daʀum (see there for further descendants)

Greater Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Balangingi: jawm

Central Sama: jalum

Yakan: dalum

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: derum

>? Bonggi: jarubm

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

>? Kimaragang: darum

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak: *jarum

Northern

Dairi Batak: jarum

Karo Batak: jarum

Simalungun Batak: jarum

Southern

Toba Batak: jarum

Rejang: dolom

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Chamic: *jarum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Malayic: *jarum (see there for further descendants)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬚᬳᬸᬫ᭄ (jaum)

Sasak: jarum

Sumbawa: jarum

Old Javanese: dom

Javanese: ꦢꦺꦴꦩ꧀ (dom)
→ Indonesian: dom

South Sulawesi

Bugis–Tamanic

Buginese: jarung

Makassaric

Makasar: jarung

→? Manggarai: jarung

Seko

Seko Padang: jarung

Northern

Mandar: rarung

Massenrempulu

Duri: jarun

Pitu Ulunna Salu

Bambam: dahun

Toraja

Mamasa: darun

Tae': darun

Toraja-Sa'dan: darun

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: sarum

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: jaru

Lauje: jaung

Kaili–Pamona

Northern

Ledo Kaili: jaru

Da'a Kaili: jaru

Pamona: jau

Southern

Uma: jaru

Bada: daru

Besoa: daru

Muna–Buton

Bonerate: deyu

Muna: deu

Bungku–Tolaki

Tolaki: seu

Moronene: seu

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Bima: ndau

Sumba–Flores

Rembong: zarun

Sabu: jhau

Timoric

Tetum: daun

Kei–Tanimbar

>? Fordata: dirin

Palauan: rasm < *racum

Oceanic: *saʀum

Admiralty Islands

Lou: soun pwik

St. Matthias

Mussau-Emira: raum

Western Oceanic

North New Guinea

Huon Gulf

Wampar: so

Ngero–Vitiaz

Kove: salumu

Gitua: sarum

Meso-Melanesian

Northwest Solomonic

Halia: salem

Nehan: harum

Central–Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bugotu–Gela

Gela: ihalu

Malaita–Makira

Makira

Arosi: taru

Malaita

'Are'are: tarua

Central Pacific

East Fijian-Polynesian

Fijian: sau

Proto-Polynesian: *hau (see there for further descendants)


zaʀami

Proto-Philippine: *daʀami

Northern Luzon

>? Ilocano: garámi

→ Ibatan: garami

→ Northern Kankanay: galami

Cagayan Valley

Isnag: daxami

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Nuclear Cordilleran

Bontoc-Kankana-ey

Bontok-Finnalig

Central Bontoc: dagami

Eastern Bontoc: dagami

Northern Bontoc: dagami

Southern Bontoc: dagami

Kankanaey

Kankanaey: daggámi

Ifugao

Batad Ifugao: dagami

Tuwali Ifugao: dagami

Southern Cordilleran

West Southern Cordilleran

Nuclear Southern Cordilleran

Keley-I Kallahan: dagemi

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: dayami
→ Abenlen Ayta: dayami
→ Tagalog: dayami

Sambalic

Bolinao: dayami

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: dagami

Bisayan

Cebuano: dagami

Asi: ragami

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: dagami

Romblomanon: dagāmi

Waray-Waray: dagami

Western Bisayan

Aklanon: dagami

Gorontalo-Mangondow

Mongondow: dogami

Mansakan

Mandayan

Mansaka: dagami

Kalagan

Tagakaulu Kalagan: dagami

Danao

Maranao: ragami

Manobo

Binukid: lagami

Agusan Manobo: dagami

Obo Manobo: lahami'

Subanen

Central Subanen: legami

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: dugami

Tagbanwa: dagami

Central Tagbanwa: dalami

Kalamian

Agutaynen: dalami

South Mindanao

Tboli: lami

Minahasan

North Minahasan

Tontemboan: raami

Tombulu: zahami

Sangiric

Sangir: dahami

Barito

Sama–Bajaw

>? Central Sama: gulami

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: dami

Bonggi: derami

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: rahami

Coastal Kadazan: laami

Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan: raami

Kimaragang: rami

Paitanic

Tombonuo: raami

Murutic

Timugon Murut: rami

Proto-North Sarawak:

Apo Duat

Kelabit: deramih

Kenyah

Bakung: jami

Kayanic

Modang-Kayan

Baram Kayan: jeme

Rejang Kayan: jemi

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Batak

Angkola Batak: durame

Northern Barrier Islands

Nias-Sikule

Nias: dami

Rejang: jamay

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Malayic: *jaramiʔ

Iban: jerami

Malay: jerami
Indonesian: jêrami

Minangkabau: jarami

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

>? Balinese: somi

Sasak: jami

Sumbawa: jeraming

Sundanese: jarami

Old Javanese: dami

Javanese: ꦢꦩꦶ (dami)

South Sulawesi

Bugis

Buginese: darame

Northern

Massenrempulu

Duri: jarame

Toraja

Toraja-Sa'dan: dadame

Makassaric

Makasar: rarame

Celebic

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: deami

Bungku–Tolaki

Tolaki: sohami


dakəp

Proto-Philippine: *dakəp

Batanic

Ibatan: rakep

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: dakap, magdakap

Remontado Agta: dakap

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol

Coastal Bikol

Bikol Central: dakop, magdakop

Inland Bikol

Iriga Bicolano: dakəp

Bisaya

Cebuano: dakop

Central Bisaya

Hiligaynon: dakop, magdakop

Waray-Waray: dakop

Western Bisaya

Aklanon: dakop

Mansakan

Mandaya

Mansaka: dakup

Tagalog: dakip

Danao

Maranao: dakep

Manobo

North Manobo

Binukid: dakep

West Manobo

Western Bukidnon Manobo: dakep

Southern Mangyan

Hanunoo: dakup

Northern Luzon

Cagayan Valley

Isnag: dakap, dakep

Ilocano: dakep

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Nuclear Cordilleran

Bontoc-Kankana-ey

Bontok-Finallig

Central Bontoc: dakep

Eastern Bontoc: dakep

Northern Bontoc: dakep

Southern Bontoc: dakep

Kankanaey: dakep, dakep

Northeast Luzon

Dumagat

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: dikep

North Bornean

Proto-North Sarawak:

Ida'an: rakop

Kenyah

Bakung: dakep

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Proto-Batak: *dakəp

Northern Batak

Karo Batak: dakep, ndakepi, sindakep

Southern Batak

Toba Batak: dahop, mandahop, sandahop

Proto-Malayic: *dakəp

Malay: dakap

Indonesian: dakap

desc

ᮓᮤᮞᮤᮓᮊᮨᮕ᮪ᮊᮩᮔ᮪

Sundanese: ᮓᮊᮨᮕ᮪ (dakep), ᮞᮤᮓᮊᮨᮕ᮪ (sidakep), ᮓᮤᮞᮤᮓᮊᮨᮕ᮪ᮊᮩᮔ᮪ (disidakepkeun)

South Sulawesi

Makasar: raka'


qudip

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *ma-qudip

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Flores–Lembata:

Adonara: mori

Lamaholot: morin, morit

Kei–Tanimbar:

Yamdena: morip

Selaru:

Selaru: mori

Sumba–Flores:

Bima: mori

Sumba–Manggarai:

Kodi: mopiru

Laboya: morha

Li'o: muri

Ngadha: muzi

Sabu: muri

Timoric:

Baikeno: mɔni

Galoli: mori

Leti: mori

Termanu: moli

Tetum: moris

Tetun Dili: mouris

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

desctree

Proto-Oceanic: *maqurip
Central-Eastern Oceanic:
Central Pacific:
Proto-Polynesian: *maquri
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: mauli
Mangarevan: mouri
North Marquesan: mauʻi
South Marquesan: mauʻi
Tahitic:
Maori: mauri
Rakahanga-Manihiki: mauri
Rarotongan: mauri
Tahitian: mauri
Ellicean-Outlier:
Nukuoro: mouri, mouni
Pileni: mauli
Takuu: mouri
Tuvaluan: mauli
Futunic:
Anuta: mauri
East Futuna: ma'uli
Emae: mauri
Futuna-Aniwa: mouri
Pukapukan: mauli
Tikopia: mauri
West Uvean: maauli
Samoic:
Samoan: mauli
Tokelauan: mauli
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: mo'ui
Niuean: moui
Tongan: mo'ui
Rotuman: mauri
Micronesian: *mauri
Chuukic–Pohnpeic:
Chuukic:
Woleaian: maiur
Pohnpeic:
Mokilese: mour
Pohnpeian: mour
Gilbertese: maiu
Kosraean: moul
Marshallese: mour
Southeast Solomonic:
Bugotu–Gela:
Gela: mauri
Lengo: mauri
Longgu–Malaita–Makira:
Longgu: mauri
Makira:
Arosi: mauri
Bauro: mauri (Pawa)
Malaita:
Central–North Malaita:
Central Malaita:
Kwaio: mooli
Kwara'ae: mauri
Lau: mori
North Malaita:
'Are'are: mauri
Marau: mauri
Sa'a: mäuri
Southern Malaita:
Oroha: mauir
Southern Oceanic:
North Vanuatu:
Mota: maur
Neverver: maur
Wusi: mauri
Nuclear Southern Oceanic:
Central Vanuatu:
Avava: maur
Lonwolwol: mau
Southeast Ambrym: meul
Loyalties–New Caledonian:
Haeke: mulip
South Vanuatu:
Sie: omurep
Ura (Vanuatu): omorop
Western Oceanic:
Meso-Melanesian:
Muduapa: maǥuri
Nakanai: mahuli
North New Guinea:
Mengen: mauli
Papuan Tip:
Central Papuan Tip:
Sinagoro–Keapara:
Hula: maɣuri
Kalo: maguli
Keapara: mauli
West Central Papuan Tip:
Lala (New Guinea): mauri
Mekeo: mauni
Motu: mauri
Suauic: *ma(q)uli
Saliba (New Guinea): mauli
Suau: mauli

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Kayanic:

Baram Kayan: urip

Rejang Kayan: urip

Land Dayak:

Bekati':

Bekati': idip

Bidayuh:

Bau Bidayuh: idip

Biatah Bidayuh: udip

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: udip

North Borneo:

Central Sarawak:

Central Melanau: udip

Lahanan: mudip

Proto-North Sarawak:

Bakung: udip

Bintulu: urip

Moklenic:

Moken: kodip

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands:

Gayo: murip

Lampungic: *huri(pʔ)

Abung: uʁiʔ

Komering: huʁiʔ

Lampung Api: uʀiʔ

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa:

Balinese: hurip

Sasak: urip

Madurese: odhi'

Proto-Malayo-Chamic: *hudip

Proto-Chamic: *hudip
Acehnese: hudép, udép
Coastal Chamic:
Haroi: athĭp
Cham:
Eastern Cham: hadiəp
Western Cham: diuk
Highlands Chamic:
Chru–Northern Chamic:
Chru: hədiuʔ
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: hadiuq
Tsat: tʰiuʔ⁴³
Rade–Jarai:
Bih: udĭp
Jarai: hơ̆dĭp
Rade: hdĭp

Proto-Malayic: *hidup
Iban: idup
Malay: hidup
> Indonesian: hidup (inherited)
Urak Lawoi': ฮีโดะ (hidoq)

Sundanese: hirup

Old Javanese: hurip
> Javanese: ꦲꦸꦫꦶꦥ꧀ (urip) (inherited)
→ Malay: urip
→ Indonesian: urip (“to live”)


nihawa

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *(ma-)ñawa

Central-Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Maluku:

Asilulu: nawa

Bobot: manowa

Sumba–Flores:

Bima: nawa

Sumba–Manggarai:

Manggarai: nawa

Rembong: nawa

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *mañawa

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

East Makian: manowo

Gane: manou

Proto-Oceanic: *mañawa
Admiralty Islands:
Wuvulu-Aua: manawanawa
Central-Eastern Oceanic:
Central Pacific:
Proto-Polynesian: *manawa
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: manawa
Mangarevan: manava
South Marquesan: menava
Rapa Nui: manava
Tahitic:
Maori: manawa
Rakahanga-Manihiki: mānava
Rarotongan: manava
Tahitian: manava
Tuamotuan: manava
Ellicean–Outlier:
Kapingamarangi: manawa
Nukumanu: manava
Nukuoro: manava
Pileni: maanava
Tuvaluan: maanava
Futunic:
Anuta: maanava
Mele-Fila: maanava
East Futuna: manava, mānava
Futuna-Aniwa: manava
Pukapukan: manava, mānava
Tikopia: manava, maanava
Samoic:
Samoan: manava, mānava
Tokelauan: manava, mānava
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: mānava
Niuean: manava
Tongan: manava, mānava
Rotuman: manava
Micronesian:
Chuukic:
Chuukese: manaw
Puluwat: mánaw
Woleaian: melaw
Gilbertese: manawa
Marshallese: menewnew
Southeast Solomonic:
Malaita–Makira:
Arosi: manawa
Bauro: manawa
Fagani: manawa
Southern Oceanic:
Hiw: mənawə
Western Oceanic:
Meso-Melanesian:
Vaghua: manava
North New Guinea:
Manam: manawa
Wogeo: mañawa

Western Malayo-Polynesian:

Greater Barito:

Sama-Bajaw:

Mapun: nyawa

Yakan: niyawa

North Borneo:

Southwest Sabah:

Greater Dusunic:

Brunei Bisaya: genao

Central Dusun: ginawo

Coastal Kadazan: ginavo

Rungus: ginavo

Murutic:

Burusu: penyawo

Timugon Murut: painawo

Paitanic:

Tombonuo: inawo

Upper Kinabatangan: inawo

Proto-Philippine: *nihawa
Batanic:
Ibatan: hinawa
Yami: inawan
Central Luzon:
Kapampangan: -ináwa, isnáwa
Sambalic:
Bolinao: ináwa
Botolan Sambal: inawáwen
Mag-Anchi Ayta: isnáwa
Sambali: inanáwa
Greater Central Philippine: *gi-nihawa
Central Philippine:
Bikol:
Bikol Central: ginháwa
Mansaka–Mandayan:
Mansaka: ginawa
Tagalog: ginháwa
Visayan:
Cebu:
Cebuano: ginháwa
Central:
Hiligaynon: ginháwa
Romblomanon: ginhāwa
Waray-Waray: ginháwa
South:
Surigaonon: ginhawa
Tandaganon: ginhawa
Tausug: ginhawa
West:
Aklanon: ginháwa
Caluyanun: gináwa
Inonhan: ginháwa
Danao:
Maranao: ginawa
Gorontalo–Mongondow:
Mongondow: gina
Manobo:
Binukid: gahinawa
Western Bukidnon Manobo: gehinawa
South Mangyan:
Hanunoo: ginháwa
Kalamian:
Agutaynen: linawa
Northern Luzon:
Ilocano: gináwa
Meso-Cordilleran:
Pangasinan: nawá
Sangiric:
Sangir: niawa
South Mindanao:
Tboli: nawa
Tiruray: ferenawa
Umiray Dumaget Agta: innawe

Celebic:

Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *naa

Kulisusu: menaa

Mori Bawah: menaa

Kaili–Pamona:

Pamona: nyawa

Uma: inoha'

Muna–Buton:

Bonerate: mona'a

Muna: inawa

Tomini–Tolitoli:

Dampelas: nyawa

Tomini: nyaa

Totoli: kinaa

Wotu–Wolio:

Wolio: inawa

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Batak:

Karo Batak: nawa

Gayo: nyawa

Javanese: nyawa

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Balinese: nyawa

Sasak: nyawa

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic:

Acehnese: nyawöng

Eastern Cham: ꨢꨥꨩ (yawa)

Proto-Malayic: *ñawa
Iban: nyawa
Malay: nyawa
> Indonesian: nyawa (inherited)
→ Maranao: niyawa
→ Tausug: nyawa
Urak Lawoi': ญาวา (nyawa)

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Makasar: nyawa

Mandar: nyawa

Tae': inaa


tuquʀ

Proto-Philippine: *tuquʀ
Greater Central Philippine:
Manobo:
Western Bukidnon Manobo: tuug
Palawanic:
Tagbanwa: tuug

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Karo Batak: tuhur

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Malayic: *tuhur
Malay: tohor
Indonesian: tohor
Minangkabau: tuhua

Sundanese: tuhur

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Banggai: tuul

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: matuu

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *tuquʀ

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Lamaholot: tu'

Sika: du'ur

Flores–Lembata

Li'o: tu'u

Rembong: tu'ur

Timoric

Helong: tu

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Proto-Oceanic: *tuquʀ

Proto-Polynesian: *matuqu


lahud

Philippine

Batanic

Ivatan: ahawud

Ibatan: hawod

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: láud

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: laut

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: láot

Bikol Central: lawód

Visayan

Cebuano: lawód

Aklanon: eawód

Waray-Waray: lawód

Tausug: lūd

Mansakan

Mansaka: laod

Tagakaulu Kalagan: lawud

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: láwud

Manobo

Binukid: lawed

Western Bukidnon Manobo: lawed

Danao

Maranao: laod

Maguindanao: laud

Sangiric

Sangir: laudəʔ

Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Mapun: lūd

West Barito

Ngaju: laut

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: laud (“wind”)

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: laud

Dayic

Lun Bawang: lood

Kelabit: la'ud

Malayo-Sumbawan

Madurese: laot (“sea”), lao' (“south”)

Malayic

Brunei Malay: laut

Iban: laut

Malay: laut
Indonesian: laut

Minangkabau: lauik

Urak Lawoi': ลาโวยจ (lawoc)

Sundanese: ᮜᮅᮒ᮪ (laut)

Old Javanese: lahut (“sea”), lod (“sea”), lor (“north”)
→ Balinese: ᬮᭀᬤ᭄ (lod, “sea”)
Javanese: ꦭꦺꦴꦂ (lor, “north”)
Balinese: ᬮᭀᬃ (lor, “north”)

South Sulawesi

Northern

Tae': lau'

Bugis–Tamanic

Buginese: lau'

Makassaric

Makasar: lau'

Celebic

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: lau

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Kambera: laura

Sabu: lou

Timoric

Tetum: lor

Galoli: lor

Luang: lora

Central Maluku

Paulohi: lau

Asilulu: lau

Aru

Dobel: law

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *laud

Halmahera Sea

Buli (Indonesia): lau

Ma'ya: ˈlo³l

Cenderawasih Bay

Wandamen: rau

Waropen: rau

Oceanic: *laur

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

Tolai: lau

Nakanai: lau

North New Guinea

Gedaged: lau

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bugotu–Gela

Bughotu: lau

Gela: lau

Malaita–Makira

Lau: lau

Arosi: rau

Southern Oceanic

Mota: lau

Central Pacific

Fijian: lau

From Proto-Austronesian *lahud.
No descendant preserves the */h/ of the Proto-Austronesian form.


kiput

Proto-Philippine:

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: kipot

Bikol

Central Bikol

Bikol Central: kipot

Visayan

Cebuano: kipot

Southern Visayan

Butuan-Tausug

Tausug: kiput


ŋajan

Proto-Philippine: *ŋájan, *ŋáqan
Philippine
Batanic
Yami: ngaran
Northern Philippine
Arta: ngadin
Ilocano: ngagan
Northeastern Philippine
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ngahen
Cagayan Valley
Pamplona Atta: ngagan
Ibanag: ngagan
Itawit: ngahan
Meso-Cordilleran
Central
Kankanaey: ngadan
Batad Ifugao: ngadan
Yogad: ngagan
Southern
Ibaloi: ngaran
Karao: ngaran
Pangasinan: ngaran
Central Luzon
Remontado Agta: ngaran
Northern Mindoro
Alangan: ngaran
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Southern Mindoro
Buhid: ngayan
Hanunoo: ngaran
Tagalogic
Tagalog: ngalan
Bikol
Bikol Central: ngaran
Bisayan
Aklanon: ngaean
Asi: ngayan
Cebuano: ngalan
Hiligaynon: ngalan
Masbatenyo: ngaran
Waray-Waray: ngaran
Tausug: ngān
Mansakan
Kalagan: ngalan
Mansaka: ngaran
Danao
Maranao: ngaran
Manobo
Binukid: ngaran
Western Bukidnon Manobo: ngazan
Western Bukidnon Manobo: ngazan
Minahasan
Tonsawang: ngalan
Tonsea: ngaran
Tontemboan: ngaran
Ati: ngaran
Umiray Dumaget Agta: ngalan

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Balinese: ᬳᬤᬦ᭄ (adan)

Sundanese: ngaran

Old Javanese: ṅaran, ṅharan, aran, haran
Javanese: ꦲꦫꦤ꧀ (aran, “name”), ꦢꦫꦤ꧀ (daran, “to name, to call”), ꦫꦤ꧀ (ran, “name”)

Celebic

Saluan-Banggai

Balantak: ngaan

Muna-Buton

Muna: nea

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Tetum: naran


baʀani

Proto-Philippine: *baʀani
Central Luzon:
Kapampangan: bayáni
→ Bikol Central: bayanì
→ Tagalog: bayani
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bisayan:
Aklanon: bagáni
Cebuano: bagani
Hiligaynon: bagani
Mansakan:
Karaga Mandaya: bagani
Danao:
Maranao: bagani
Gorontalo–Mongondow:
Gorontalo: buheli
Mongondow: bogani
Manobo:
Ata Manobo: bagani
Obo Manobo: bagani
Sangiric:
Sangir: bahani

Greater Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Southern Sama: bahani

Yakan: bahani

Mapun: bahani

West Coast Bajau: bani

East Barito

⇒ Malagasy: mavany

West Barito

Ngaju: bahanyi

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Toba Batak: barani

Rejang: binei

Lampungic

Lampung Api: bani

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Malayic: *bərani
Iban: berani
Malay: berani
Indonesian: berani
→ Cebuano: balani
→ Chinese: 布拉尼 (Bùlāní)
→ Javanese: ꦧꦿꦤꦶ (brani)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: brani
Urak Lawoi': บรานี (brani)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬦᬶ (bani)

Sasak: bani

>? Sumbawa: baraning

Old Javanese: wāni, wani
> Javanese: ꦮꦤꦶ (wani) (inherited)

South Sulawesi

Bugis-Tamanic

Buginese: warani

Embaloh: barani

Makassaric

Makasar: barani

Northern

Mandar: barani

Tae': barani

Celebic

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: wani

Saluan–Banggai

Banggai: balani

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Sumba-Hawu

Kambera: mbeni

Sabu: ɓani

Western Flores

Manggarai: rani

Ngadha: bani, rani

Rembong: rani

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Proto-Oceanic: *paʀane
Western Oceanic
Meso-Melanesian
Northwest Solomonic
Cheke Holo: frane
Roviana: varane
Central-Eastern Oceanic
Micronesian
Marshallese: peran


baʀiuh

Chamorro: påkyo

Greater Barito:

Mahakam:

Tunjung: waheu

Northwest Barito:

Kadorih: bahiu

Ot Danum: bahiu

Sama-Bajaw:

Central Sama: baliw

Inabaknon: bariyo

Mapun: baliyu

Yakan: beliu

Kayanic:

Kayan–Murik:

Kayan:

Baram Kayan: bahui

Murik:

Murik (Malaysia): bayu (Ngorek)

Segai–Modang:

Modang: wayh, wəhɛə

North Bornean:

Central Sarawak:

Kajang:

Kajaman: bayu

Lahanan: bauy

Sekapan: bayu

Melanau:

Central Melanau: baliew

Kanowit: bariw

Proto-North Sarawak:

Berawan–Lower Baram:

Belait: baroy

Berawan: biu (Long Terawan)

Narom: barui (Miri')

Bintulu: baruy, bauy

Dayic:

Kelabit: bariw

Lun Bawang: bariu

Sa'ban: biriew

Kenyah:

Bakung: bayu (Long Anap)

Proto-Philippine: *baʀiuh
Central Luzon:
Sambalic:
Bolinao: bagyo
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bikol:
Bikol Central: bagyó
Bisayan:
Aklanon: bágyo
Cebuano: bagyo
Hiligaynon: bagyo
Waray-Waray: bagyo
Mansakan:
Mansaka: bagyo
Tagalog: bagyó
South Mangyan:
Hanunoo: baggyo
Northern Luzon:
Ilocano: bagió
Meso-Cordilleran:
Pangasinan: bágio
Northeastern Luzon:
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: bágyo
Dupaningan Agta: bagyo


bəʀsay

Celebic:

Bungku–Tolaki:

Kulisusu: bose

Kaili–Pamona:

Pamona: wose

Saluan–Banggai:

Banggai: bose

Tomini–Tolitoli:

Tajio: bosoy

Wotu–Wolio:

Wolio: bose

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Maluku:

Taliabu: bose (Soboyo)

Flores–Lembata:

Sika: behe

Kei–Tanimbar:

Onin: vahi

Onin: pesa

Sekar: besa

Yamdena: bese

Selaru:

Selaru: hesire

Sumba–Flores:

Bima: wese

Sabu: sohe

Timoric:

Kisar: wohi

Luangic:

Leti: wesi

Moa: wehije

Wetan: wei

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *boʀse

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Bedoanas–Erokwanas:

Arguni: pores

Cenderawasih Bay:

Biakic:

Biak: bores (Numfor)

Yapen:

Ansus: bo

Serui-Laut: bo

Wandamen: bo, vo

Mor (Austronesian): bóra

Proto-Oceanic: *pose

Kowiai: fosa

Chamorro: poksai

Greater Barito:

East Barito:

Dusun Witu: wehei

Ma'anyan: wehei

Malagasy: voy

Mahakam:

Tunjung: bersi'

Sama-Bajaw:

Bajau

Indonesian Bajau: busai

Mapun: busay

West Coast Bajau: busai

Inabaknon: busay

Sinama:

Central Sama: busay

Pangutaran Sama: busay

Southern Sama: busay

Yakan: busey

West Barito:

Bakumpai: beseː

Ngaju: besei

Kayanic: *bəsay

Kayan–Murik:

Kayan:

Baram Kayan: besei

Busang Kayan: bəse

Data Dian: bəsay

Murik-Merap:

Ngorek: bahe

Punan Merap: mahaːe̯

Segai–Modang:

Segai:

Punan Kelai: psae̯

Segai: psɑːy (Gaai)

Modang:

Long Gelat: pəsɛy

Modang: pəseː

Land Dayak:

Bau Bidayuh: birosi

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak:

Sasak: bose

North Borneo:

Central Sarawak:

Punan–Müller-Schwaner:

Müller-Schwaner:

Aoheng: bosi

Seputan: bosi

Punan:

Bukat: bosi

Punan Bah-Biau: besay

Proto-North Sarawak:

Dayic:

Kelabit: besai

Kenyah:

Highland A:

Lepo’ Laang: bəsay

Lepo’ Sawa: bəsay

Highland B:

Badeng: bəsay

Lepo’ Tau: bəsay

Lowland:

Lebo’ Vo’: bəsay

Penan:

Eastern Penan: besai

Northeast Sabah:

Bonggi: berosi

Southwest Sabah:

Dusunic:

Central Dusun: bosi

Palauan: besós

Proto-Philippine: *bəʀsay
Central Luzon:
Sambalic:
Bolinao: bugsáy
Mag-Anchi Ayta: bagsay
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bisayan:
Asi: búgsay
Cebu:
Cebuano: bugsáy
Central:
Hiligaynon: búgsay
Masbatenyo: búgsay
Romblomanon: bugsay
South:
Tausug: bugsay
West:
Aklanon: búgsay
Mansakan:
Mansaka: bugsay
Tagakaulu Kalagan: begsay
Gorontalo–Mongondow:
Mongondow: botoi
Manobo:
Ata Manobo: bogsoy
Binukid: begsay
Obo Manobo: badsoy
Western Bukidnon Manobo: beɣsey
Palawanic:
Brooke's Point Palawano: begsey
South Mangyan
Hanunoo: bugsáy
Kalamian:
Agutaynen: beltay
Northern Luzon:
Northeastern Luzon:
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: busay

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Buginese: wise

Makasar: bise


tazəm

Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: talím

Bikol Central: taróm

Proto-Malayic:

Malay: tajam

Indonesian: tajam

South Sulawesi

Makasar: tarang

Celebic

Wolio: tada


qaləsəm

Proto-Philippine: *qaləsəm

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: alsem

Ibanag: assem

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: aslam

Proto-Central Philippine: *qalsəm

Tagalog: asim

Proto-Bikol: *qalsəm

Bikol Central: alsom

Proto-Bisayan: *qasləm

Western Bisayan

Kinaray-a: aslëm

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: aslum

Cebuano: aslom

Danao

Maranao: asem

Proto-Malayic: *(ma-)hasəm (from earlier *ma-qalsəm)

Malay: asam

Indonesian: asam

From Proto-Austronesian *qaRsəm. Compare Proto-Tai *sɤmꟲ.


kəʀas

Old Javanese: kas
>? Javanese: ꦏꦱ꧀ (kas)

Malayic

Malay: keras

Indonesian: keras

Celebic

Wolio: makaa


lasuq

Philippine

Tagabawa: lasu

South Sulawesi

Makasar: laso

Celebic

Wolio: lasu


pəʀəq

Philippine

Tagalog: pigâ

Proto-Batak: *pərəh
Simalungun Batak: poroh
Karo Batak: pereh
Toba Batak: poro

Old Javanese: puh, pĕh, pöh

Javanese: puh

Proto-Malayic: *pərah

Malay: perah

Indonesian: perah

South Sulawesi

Makasar: pera

Chamorro: fugo'


uak

Central Philippine

Visayan

Cebuano: uwak

Tausug: uak


təbuh

Philippine

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: atbu

Sambalic

Sambali: tobo

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: tubó

Bikol

Bikol Central: tubó

Bisayan

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: tubo

Masbatenyo: tubo

Cebuano: tubó

Southern Bisayan

Tausug: tubu

Danao

Maranao: tebo

Malayic

Malay: tebu

Indonesian: tebu

Old Javanese: tĕbu
> Javanese: ꦠꦼꦧꦸ (tebu) (inherited)

South Sulawesi

Makasar: ta'bu

Celebic

Wolio: towu

Palauan: deb

Chamorro: tupu

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Oceanic

Fijian: dovu


qanit

Philippine

Tagalog: anit

Waray-Waray: anit


hunus

Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: hunos

Visayan

Aklanon: hunos

Cebuano: hunos

Hiligaynon: hunos

South Mindanao

Tiruray: ˀunuh

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Malay: hunus
Indonesian: hunus

Bali–Sasak

Balinese: unus

Sasak: unus

Madurese: onos

Old Javanese: unus

Javanese: unus

Chamorro: gunos

Proto-Oceanic: *unus
Western Oceanic
Roviana: unusu
Central-Eastern Oceanic
Southeast Solomonic
Arosi: unu
Micronesian
Chuukese: wúnú
Woleaian: iuliul
Central Pacific
Proto-Polynesian: *unu
Nuclear Polynesian
Samoic–Outlier
Ellicean
Nukuoro: unusi
Tuvaluan: unu
Takuu: unuhia
Futunic
Anuta: unu
East Futuna: unu
Tikopia: unu
Samoic
Samoan: unusi
Tokelauan: unu
Eastern Polynesian
Marquesic
Hawaiian: unuhi
Tahitic
Maori: unu
Tahitian: unuhi
Rapa Nui: unu
Tongic
Tongan: unuhi
Niuean: unu


qubi

Celebic:

Kaili–Pamona:

Lindu: uwi

Pamona: uwi

Saluan–Banggai:

Balantak: ui

Tomini–Tolitoli:

Totoli: ubi

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *qubi

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Maluku:

Boano (Maluku): ubi

Buru (Indonesia): obit

Taliabu:

Soboyo: ofe

Watubela: kuwi

Selaru:

Selaru: uh, uhire

Sumba–Flores:

Bima: uwi

Sumba–Manggarai:

Li'o: uwi

Manggarai: uwi

Ngadha: uvi

Timor–Babar:

Ili'uun: uhi

Termanu: ufi

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *qubi

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Buli (Indonesia): up

Kowiai: uf

Waropen: uwi

Proto-Oceanic: *qupi
Admiralty Islands:
Manus:
East:
Leipon: uh
Southeast:
Nauna: kuh
Penchal: kup
Central-Eastern Oceanic:
Central Pacific: *quvi
Fijian: uvi
Proto-Polynesian: *qufi
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: uhi
Mangarevan: uʻi
Marquesan:
North Marquesan: uhi
South Marquesan: ufi
Rapa Nui: uhi
Tahitic:
Cook Islands Maori:
Mangaian: u‘i
Mitiaro: o‘i
Rarotongan: u‘i
Tongarevan: uhi
French Polynesia:
Tuamotuan: uhi
Tahitian: ufi
New Zealand Maori–Moriori:
Maori: uwhi, uhi
Moriori: uwhi
Samoic–Outlier:
Ellicean:
Luangiua: ʔusi
Nukuoro: uhi
Sikaiana: uhi
Takuu: ufi, ufi
Tuvaluan: ufi
Futunic:
Anuta: upi
Emae: ufi
East Futuna: 'ufi
Futuna-Aniwa: ufi
Mele-Fila: ufi
Pukapukan: uwi
Tikopia: ufi
West Uvean: ufi
Samoic:
Niuatoputapu: ufi
Samoan: ufi
Tokelauan: ufi
Tongic:
Niuafo'ou: ʻufi
Niuean: ufi
Tongan: ʻufi
Rotuman: ʻuhi
Southeast Solomonic:
Bugotu–Gela:
Bughotu: uvi
Gela: uvi
Malaita–Makira:
Makira:
Arosi: uhi
Bauro:
Haununu: a-uhi
Malaita:
Kwaio: ufi
Sa'a: uhi
Southern Oceanic:
Central Vanuatu:
Epi:
Bierebo: yuwi
Malakula:
Avava: o-ovi
Namakura: ʔuw
South Vanuatu:
Sie: n-up
Ura (Vanuatu): n-up
Western Oceanic:
Meso-Melanesian:
Northwest Solomonic:
Nehan–Bougainville:
Papapana: na-uvi
New Georgia:
Simbo: uvi
St. George:
Tolai: up
Willaumez:
Nakanai: la-huvi
Papuan Tip:
Are:
Gapapaiwa: kuvi
Kilivila–Masima:
Kilivila: kuvi

Greater Barito:

East Barito:

Malagasy: ovy

Sama-Bajaw:

Mapun: ubi

West Coast Bajau: ubi

Yakan: ubi

West Barito:

Ngaju: owi

Kayanic:

Rejang Kayan: uve'

Lampungic

Lampung Api: hubi

Land Dayak:

Bidayuh–Rejang:

Rejang: ꥆꥈꥀꤷꥊ (uabai)

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *hubi

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Balinese: ᬳᬸᬩᬶ (ubi)

Sasak: ubi

Proto-Malayo-Chamic: *hubi

Proto-Chamic: *hubɛy
Acehnese: ubi
Coastal Chamic:
Haroi: aphui
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨨꨝꨬ (habei)
Western Cham: pay
Highlands Chamic:
Chru–Northern Chamic:
Chru: həbei
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: habuəi
Tsat: phai¹¹
Bih: ubei
Jarai: hbơi
Rade: hbei

Proto-Malayic: *hubi
Banjarese: hubi
Ibanic:
Iban: ubi
Keninjal: ubi
Malayan:
Brunei Malay: ubi
Malay: ubi
Indonesian: ubi
Minangkabau: ubi
Urak Lawoi': ฮูบี (hubi)

Sundanese: ᮠᮥᮝᮤ (huwi)

Moklenic:

Moken: koboi

North Borneo:

Central Sarawak:

Central Melanau: ubey

Proto-North Sarawak:

Berawan–Lower Baram:

Bintulu: ubey

Dali': ubay

Dayic:

Kelabit: ubih

Lun Bawang: ubih

Kenyah:

Bakung: ubi

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Batak:

Toba Batak: ᯥᯅᯪ (ubi)

Gayo: ubi

Old Javanese: huwi

Javanese: ꦲꦸꦮꦶ (uwi)

Proto-Philippine: *qubi
Batanic:
Ibatan: ovi
Yami: uvi
Central Luzon:
Sambalic:
Abenlen Ayta: obi
Bolinao: úbi
Greater Central Philippine:
Central Philippine:
Bikol:
Bikol Central: úbi
Tagalog: úbe, úbi
Mansakan:
Tagakaulu Kalagan: ubi
Visayan:
Asi:
Asi: úbi
Cebu:
Cebuano: úbi
Central:
Masbatenyo: úbi
Romblomanon: 'ūbi
South:
Tausug: ubi
West:
Aklanon: úbi
Danao:
Maranao: obi
Gorontalo–Mongondow:
Lolak: ubi
Mongondow: ubi
Manobo:
Obo Manobo: 'uvi'
Western Bukidnon Manobo: uvi
Palawanic:
Brooke's Point Palawano: ubi
Central Tagbanwa: kuvi
South Mangyan:
Hanunoo: úbi
Kalamian:
Agutaynen: obi
Calamian Tagbanwa: kubi, kuw̓i
Minahasan:
Tontemboan: uwi
Northern Luzon:
Ilocano: úbi
Cagayan Valley:
Isnag: úbi
Itawit: úbi
Yogad: úbi
Meso-Cordilleran:
Central Cordilleran:
Central Bontoc: úbi
Kankanaey: úbi
Tuwali Ifugao: ubi
Southern Cordilleran:
Keley-I Kallahan: ubi
Pangasinan: ubí
Northeastern Luzon:
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ubí
Dupaningan Agta: ubi
South Mindanao (Bilic):
Tboli: ubi
Tiruray: 'ubi

Proto-South Sulawesi:

Tae': ui

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *qubi (Blust, 2008)

Dioscorea alata
Dioscorea alata#Translingual


qila

Central Philippine

Danao

Maranao: ila

Mansakan

Mansaka: ila

Visayan

Cebuano: ila

Tausug: ila


padaŋ

Proto-Philippine: *padaŋ

Northern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: parang

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: párang

Visayan

Tausug: parang

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: pádang

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: padang

Greater Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Yakan: parang

Mapun: parang

West Barito

Ngaju: padang

North Bornean

Northeast Sabah

Bonggi: padakng

Ida'an: padang

Southwest Sabah

Dusunic

Central Dusun: padang

North Sarawak

Apo Duat

Kelabit: padang

Land Dayak

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: padang

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Karo Batak: padang

Toba Batak: padang

Simeulue: padang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic

Acehnese: padang

Proto-Malayic: *padaŋ
Ibanic:
Iban: padang
Malayan:
Malay: padang
Indonesian: padang
→ English: padang
Minangkabau: padang
Urak Lawoi': ปาดัก (padak)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬧᬤᬂ (padang)

Old Javanese: paḍaṅ

Javanese: ꦥꦝꦁ (padhang)

Proto-South Sulawesi: *padaŋ

Makasar: parang

Mandar: padang

Tae': padang

Celebic

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: pada

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: pada

* Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian: *padaŋ (Blust, 2008)

field covered with sword grass, Imperata cylindrica.


paʀigi

Celebic:

Wotu–Wolio:

Wolio: parigi

Greater Barito:

East Barito:

Malagasy: farihy

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Sasak: perigi

Proto-Malayic: *pərigi

Malay: perigi

Indonesian: perigi

→ Buru (Indonesia): parigi

Minangkabau: parigi

Old Sundanese: parigi

Sundanese: parigi

Old Javanese: parigi

→ Balinese: ᬧᬭᬶᬕᬶ (parigi)

Proto-Philippine: *paʀigi

Gorontalo–Mongondow:

Mongondow: parigi'

Sangiric: *paʀigi

Sangir: pahighi

South Mindanao:

Tiruray: faligiˀ

* Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian: *paʀigi (Blust, 2008)

ditch; well (artificially enclosed catchment for water)


paŋgaŋ

Greater Barito:

West Barito:

Ngaju: panggang

Land Dayak:

Bidayuh–Rejang:

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: panggang

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *paŋgaŋ

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Balinese: ᬧᬗ᭄ᬕᬂ (panggang)

Sasak: panggang

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic:

Acehnese: panggang

Proto-Malayic:

Iban: panggang

Malay: panggang
Indonesian: panggang
?⇒ Thai: พะแนง (pá-nɛɛng)

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Batak:

Karo Batak: panggang

Nias: faga

Proto-Oceanic:

desc

Proto-Polynesian: *paka (“dried; scorched”)

Old Javanese: paṅgaṅ

Javanese: ꦥꦁꦒꦁ (panggang)

Proto-Philippine: *paŋgaŋ

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Bikol Central: panggáng

Tagalog: panggáng

Northern Luzon:

Meso-Cordilleran:

Mayoyao Ifugao: págang

Proto-South Sulawesi: *paŋgaŋ

Makasar: panggang

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *paŋgaŋ (Blust, 2008)


buqaya

desctree

Proto-Philippine: *buqáya
Northern Luzon
Ilocano: buwáya, buáya
Cagayan Valley
Ibanag: buwaya, buaya
Isnag: buáya
Itawit: hwáya, vuwaya
Meso-Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
Bontoc
Central Bontoc: buwáya
Ifugao
Batad Ifugao: buwāya
Mayoyao Ifugao: buáya
Tuwali Ifugao: buwaya
Kalinga–Itneg
Limos Kalinga: buwaya
Lubuagan Kalinga: buwaya
Kankanaey
Kankanaey: buáya
Northern Kankanay: bowaya
Southern Cordilleran
Ilongot: buaya
Karao: bowaja
Keley-I Kallahan: buhayya
Pangasinan: buáya
Northeastern Luzon
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: buaya
Central Luzon
Sambalic
Abenlen Ayta: bo-aya
Bolinao: buaya
Sambali: boaya
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Bikol
Bikol Central: buáya
Tagalog: buwáya, buáya, bwáya
Visayan
Asi
Asi: buáda
Cebu
Cebuano: buáya
Central
Hiligaynon: buáya
Masbatenyo: buwáya
Romblomanon: bu'āya
South
Tausug: buaya
West
Aklanon: buwaya, bowaya
Mansakan
Mansaka: bowaya
Tagakaulu Kalagan: buwaya
South Mangyan
Hanunoo: buáya
Danao
Maguindanao: buaya
Maranao: boaya
Manobo
Agusan Manobo: bu'aja
Ata Manobo: bu-aya
Binukid: buaya
Obo Manobo: buaya'
Western Bukidnon Manobo: buaya
Palawanic
Brooke's Point Palawano: buwaya, buwaya', buaya'
Central Palawano: buwaya
Tagbanwa: buwaya
Subanen
Central Subanen: buaya
Gorontalo–Mongondow
Gorontalo: huayo
Mongondow: buaya
Kalamian
Agutaynen: bokaya
Calamian Tagbanwa: bukaya
South Mindanao
Koronadal Blaan: bwoya
Tboli: bwaya
Tiruray: buaya
Sangiric
Sangir: buala
Talaud: buala
Minahasan
Tontemboan: wuaya

Basap–Greater Barito

Sama-Bajaw: *buayə

Central Sama: buwaya

Mapun: bowe, boe

Southern Sama: buwaya

West Coast Bajau: boyo

Yakan: buwaye, buwae

Basap: buaya

East Barito

Northeast

Benuaq: biyayaʔ

Paser: bayo

Tawoyan: buah

Southeast

Dusun Witu: wu'ah

Ma'anyan: wu'ah

Malagasy: voay

Mahakam

Tunjung: bahayaʔ

West Barito

Northwest

Kadorih: bacoʔ

Southwest

Bakumpai: buaiʔ

Kapuas: bəjaiʔ

Ngaju: bajai'

North Bornean

Northeast Sabah

Bonggi: biaa

Ida'an: boyo

Southwest Sabah

Dusunic

Central Dusun: buayo

Coastal Kadazan: buazo

Momogun

Kimaragang: buayo

Rungus: buhazo

Tobilung: buayo

Murutic

Burusu: buayo

Sabah Bisaya: buwayu

Paitanic

Abai Sungai: wayoh

Tombonuo: wayoh

Upper Kinabatangan: buayo

Proto-North Sarawak:

Apo Duat

Lun Bawang: buayeh

Tabun: baya

Kelabit: bayeh

Berawan–Lower Baram

Berawan

Long Jegan: bijəy

Long Terawan: bijih

Lower Baram

Kiput: accih

Narom: bayeə̯h

Dali': base

Miri': bajeh

Bintulu: baza

Kenyah: *baya(ʔ)

Highland A

Lepoʼ Gah: baya

Lepoʼ Laang: baya

Lepoʼ Sawa: baya

Highland B

Badeng: bayaʔ

Lepoʼ Tau: bayaʔ

Lowland

Lebo' Vo': bayɨ

Penan

Eastern Penan: bayah

Western Penan: bayah

Umaʼ Pawe: bayəʔ

Central Sarawak

Melanau–Kajang

Melanau

Central Melanau: baya

Kanowit: baya

Kajang

Kajaman: baʔaʑah

Lahanan: baʑah

Sekapan: baʑa

Punan–Müller-Schwaner

Müller-Schwaner (Punan): *buajo

Hovongan: buajo

Kereho: buajo

Seputan: wajo

Punan: *buay

Bukat: buay

Bukitan: buay

Punan Aput: buay

Punan Bah-Biau: buay

Punan Tubu: boay

Ukit: buay

Kayanic: *bəhaya

Kayan–Murik

Kayan

Bahau: bayaʔ

Busang Kayan: bayaʔ

Wahau Kayan: wəjəʔ

Murik–Merap

Murik (Malaysia): bayaʔ

Ngorek: bayaʔ

Punan Merap: mayaːʔ

Segai–Modang

Segai:

Gaai: wahjoʔ

Kelai: wahjɛʔ

Modang:

Long Gelat: wahəhao̯ʔ

Mei Lan: wahjao̯ʔ

Woq Helaq: wahjao̯ʔ

Land Dayak: *buʔay(ə)

Benyadu–Bekatiʼ: *buraw

Bekati': buro

Benyadu': buro

Rara Bakati': boro

Bidayuh–Rejang

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: bu'ai

Biatah Bidayuh: bu'ai

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: bu'ai

Rejang: ꤷꥈꥆꥊ (buay)

Southern Land Dayak

Golik: buɔ̰ḭː

Jangkang: bui

Ribun: bayoːʔ

Sanggau: bui

Moklenic

Moken: kaya

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Dairi Batak: buaya

Karo Batak: buaya

Mandailing Batak: buaya

Toba Batak: buea

Nias: buaya

Simeulue: boea, foea

Lampungic: *buha

Abung: buho

Komering: buha

Lampung Api: buha

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *buhaya

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬸᬯᬬ (buaya)

Madurese: bhâjâ

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic: *buya
Acehnese: buya
Coastal Chamic:
Haroi: pəyɨa
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨝꨪꨢꨩ (biya)
Western Cham: ꨝꨢꨩ (baya)
Highlands Chamic:
Chru–Northern Chamic:
Chru: bia
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: bia
Bih: puya
Jarai: bia
Rade: mơya

Proto-Malayic: *buhaya
Ibanic:
Iban: baya
Mualang: buaya
Malayan:
Brunei Malay: buaya
Malay: buaya
Indonesian: buaya
→ Hokkien: 峇仔 / 磨仔 / 末仔 / 磨野 / 磨頁 ／ 磨页 (bôa-iá / bôa-á / boah-á / boa̍h-á / ba̍h-á)
→ Teochew: 峇囝 / 䰾仔 / 鲃仔 (bha⁷ gian²)
Minangkabau: buayo
Urak Lawoi': บาฮายา (bahaya)

Sundanese: ᮘᮥᮠᮚ (buhaya)

Old Javanese: buhaya, bwaya, wuhaya

Javanese: ꦧꦪ (baya)

Proto-South Sulawesi: *buaya

Bugis–Tamanic

Buginese: buaja

Makassaric

Makasar: buaja

Northern

Duri: buaja

Tae': buaya

Toraja-Sa'dan: buaya

Celebic

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: wuaja

Muna–Buton

Cia-Cia: bueya

Muna: buea

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: buaya

Banggai: buea

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: buaya

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: buea

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *buqaya

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Aru

Dobel: kwa-kwasa

Central Maluku

Buru–Sula–Taliabo

Soboyo: foya

Piru Bay

East Piru Bay

Kamarian: huay

Paulohi: huay

West Piru Bay

Asilulu: hua

Manipa: huaa

Kei–Tanimbar

Fordata: bwea

Yamdena: bwaye

Sumba–Flores

Kodi: woyo, wo

Manggarai: waja

Kempo: wae

Palu'e: waya

Rembong: waza

Sabu: woe

Timoric

Ili'uun:

Erai: hea

Luangic

Leti: wuaa

Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Buli (Indonesia): piay

Sawai: pyay

Proto-Oceanic: *puqaya
Admiralty Islands:
Eastern:
Manus:
East Manus:
Titan: ᵬuay
Southeast:
Lou: pua
Western:
Seimat: hua
Wuvulu-Aua: fuaxa, fuara
Central-Eastern Oceanic:
Southeast Solomonic:
Bugotu–Gela:
Bughotu: vua
Gela: vua
Malaita–Makira:
Makira:
Arosi: huasa
Bauro: huā
Malaita:
'Are'are: huara
Kwaio: fuala
Lau: fuasa
Sa'a: huasa
Southern Oceanic:
North Vanuatu:
Torres–Banks:
Mota: puasa
Western Oceanic:
Meso-Melanesian:
Bali–Vitu:
Uneapa: bugha
Northwest Solomonic:
New Georgia–Ysabel:
Roviana: vu-vua
Tungag–Nalik:
Tigak: uaya
North New Guinea:
Huon Gulf:
Markham:
South Watut: fuga
Numbami: yuwaya
Ngero–Vitiaz:
Ngero:
Gitua: pugaya
Lusi: puaya
Amara: a-pua
Papuan Tip:
Central Papuan Tip:
Sinagoro–Keapara:
Keapara:
Aroma: vuatha
Kalo: vugae, wugae
West Central Papuan Tip:
Gabadi: ua
Motu: huala, uala
Nuclear West Central Papuan Tip:
Lala (New Guinea): vuara
Mekeo: ufala
Roro: puaea


taləs

Proto-Philippine: *táləs

Greater Central Philippine

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: tálus

Palawanic

Central Palawano: tales

Aborlan Tagbanwa: tales

Brooke's Point Palawano: tales

Central Tagbanwa: talɨt

Palawan Batak: täläs

Minahasan

Tontemboan: taleʔ

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Nias: talö

Rejang: ꤳꤾꥍꤼ꥓ (taleus)

Lampungic

Komering: talos

Lampung Api: talos

Abung: tales

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Malayic: *taləs
Malay: talas
Indonesian: talas
Minangkabau: taleh

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬢᬍᬲ᭄ (tales)

Sumbawa: talas

Sundanese: ᮒᮜᮩᮞ᮪ (taleus)

Madurese: tales

Old Javanese: talĕs

Javanese: ꦠꦭꦼꦱ꧀ (tales)

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Timoric

Bilba: tale

Tetum: talas

Palauan: dáit

Proto-Oceanic: *talos
Western Oceanic
Meso-Melanesian
Northwest Solomonic
Marovo: talo
Roviana: talo
Papuan Tip
Motu: talo
Central-Eastern Oceanic
Southern Oceanic
Central Vanuatu
Malakula
Big Nambas: taro
Paama–Ambrym
Paamese: tāro
Shepherd–Efate
North Efate: na-tale
South Vanuatu
Sie: ntal
Southeast Solomonic
Malaita–Makira
Makira
Arosi: aro
Bauro: aro
Malaita
Central–North Malaita
Kwaio: alo
Kwara'ae: alo
Lau: alo
To'abaita: alo
Southern Malaita
'Are'are: āro
Sa'a: alo
Micronesian
Gilbertese: taororo
Central Pacific
Rotuman: tar-kura
Fijian: dalo
Proto-Polynesian: *talo
Tongic
Niuafo'ou: talo
Niuean: talo
Tongan: talo
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Samoic–Outlier
Ellicean
Kapingamarangi: dala
Nukumanu: talo
Nukuoro: dalo
Pileni: talo
Sikaiana: talo
Tuvaluan: talo
Futunic
Anuta: taro
East Futuna: talo
Emae: talo
Futuna-Aniwa: taro
Mele-Fila: taro
Pukapukan: talo
West Uvean: talo
Samoic
Samoan: talo
Tokelauan: talo
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Central Eastern Polynesian
Marquesic
Hawaiian: kalo
Mangarevan: taro
North Marquesan: taʻo
Tahitic
Maori: taro
→ English: taro
Tok Pisin: taro
→ French: taro
→ German: Taro
Rarotongan: taro
Tahitian: taro
Tuamotuan: taro
Rapa Nui: taro

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *taləs (Blust, 2008)


qaʀəm

Basap–Greater Barito:

Basap: arem

East Barito:

Northeast:

Benuaq: ayapm

Paser: ayom

Tawoyan: ayem

Southeast:

Dusun Witu: ayem

Ma'anyan: ayem

Mahakam:

Tunjung: ahapm

West Barito:

Kadorih: ahom

Ngaju: ahem

Land Dayak:

Bidayuh–Rejang:

Biatah Bidayuh: ūūm

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: ūhūm

Hliboi: uopm

Sungkung: ɨɨpm

Kayanic: *ahəm

Kayan–Murik:

Kayan:

Bahau: aam

Busang Kayan: ham

Wahau Kayan: ham

Murik–Merap:

Ngorek: am

Segai–Modang:

Modang:

Mei Lan: ham

Long Gelat: ham

Woq Helaq: ham

Segai:

Gaai: ham

Kelai: ham

North Borneo:

Central Sarawak:

Melanau–Kajang:

Kajang:

Kajaman: aam

Lahanan: aam

Sekapan: aam

Melanau:

Central Melanau: aam

Kanowit: ayem

Punan–Müller-Schwaner:

Müller-Schwaner (Punan): *aham

Aoheng: aham

Hovongan: ham

Kereho: aham

Punan: *ayam

Bukat: eam, ayəm

Punan Bah-Biau: am

Punan Tubu: am

Ukit: ayam

Proto-North Sarawak:

Berawan–Lower Baram:

Berawan:

Batu Belah: am

Long Jegan: akem

Lower Baram:

Kiput: arəm

Dayic (Apo Duat):

Kelabit: arem

Lun Bawang: arem

Kenyah: *aham

Highland A:

Lepoʼ Gah: aam

Lepoʼ Laang: aam

Lepoʼ Sawa: aam

Highland B:

Badeng: aam

Lepoʼ Tau: aam

Lowland:

Eastern:

Umaʼ Pawe: aam

Western:

Lebo' Vo': aam

Penan:

Eastern Penan: aham

Western Penan: aam


paqət

Proto-Philippine: *paqət

Batanic

Ibatan: paet

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: paét

Cagayan Valley

Isnag: apāt

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Bontoc–Kankanaey

Central Bontoc: paét

Northern Kankanay: paet

Ifugao

Batad Ifugao: pa'ut

Tuwali Ifugao: paot

Northeastern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: pait

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: pat

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: paít

Visayan

Asi: paít

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: paat

Central Palawano: paat

Minahasan

Tombulu: paat

Tontemboan: papaat

Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Inner Sulu

Central Sama: pa'at

Southern Sama: pahat

Borneo Coast

Mapun: paat

West Coast Bajau: paat

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: pat

Bonggi: pahat

North Sarawakan

Berawan–Lower Baram

Miriʼ: haat

Dayic (Apo Duat)

Kelabit: paet

Lun Bawang: faat

Kenyah

Eastern Penan: pa'at

Land Dayak

Benyadu–Bekatiʼ

Rara Bakati': puut

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: po'ot

Biatah Bidayuh: pū’ūt

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: pū’ūt

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Dairi Batak: ᯇᯀᯗ᯲ (pahat)

Karo Batak: ᯇᯀᯗ᯳ (pahat)

Gayo: pāt

Nias: fahö

Simeulue: pahek, paek

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Chamic: *phaːt
Acehnese: pheuet
Coastal Chamic:
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨜꩀ (phak)
Western Cham: phaʔ
Highlands Chamic:
Chru–Northern Chamic:
Chru: phaːʔ
Northern Chamic:
Tsat: phaʔ²⁴
Bih: pinhat
Jarai: phă
Rade: phat

Proto-Malayic: *pahət
Banjarese: pahat
Ibanic
Iban: pat
Malayan
Malay: pahat
Indonesian: pahat
→ Dairi Batak: pahat
→ Lun Bawang: faat
→ Tombulu: paat
Minangkabau: paek
Pattani Malay: ปาฮะ (pahaʔ)
Urak Lawoi': ปาฮัจ (pahac)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬧᬳᭂᬢ᭄ (paet)

Sasak: pat

Old Javanese: pahat

South Sulawesi

Northern

Tae': pa'

Makassaric

Makasar: ᨄ (pa')

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: pa'at

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: paat

Muna–Buton

Muna: patota

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: pa'ati

Bungku–Tolaki: *paqoQ

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Manggarai: pa'ak

Timoric

Rote: pa'a

Proto-Oceanic: *paqot
Proto-Polynesian: *faqo
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Hawaiian: hao
Maori: whao
Tahitian: fao
Tuamotuan: pao
Ellicean–Outlier:
Rennellese: ha’o
Takuu: fao, hao

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *paqət (Blust, 2008)


laləj

Malayic:

Brunei Malay: lalat

Malay: lalat

Indonesian: lalat

Old Javanese: lalĕr

Javanese: laler

South Sulawesi:

Buginese: lale'

Toraja-Sa'dan: lali'

Celebic:

Wolio: lale

Chamorro: lalo'

Palauan: iaes

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Tetum: lalar


tahəp

Kayanic:

Baram Kayan: tap

Philippine:

Batanic:

Ibatan: tahep

Greater Central Philippine:

Central Philippine:

Bikol Central: tahóp

Mansaka: taap

Tagalog: tahíp

Visayan:

Aklanon: tahóp

Cebuano: tahúp

South Mangyan:

Hanunoo: tahúp

Northern Luzon:

Meso-Cordilleran:

Central Cordilleran:

Central Bontoc: tapá

Notheastern Luzon:

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: tap

From Proto-Austronesian *tapəS by metathesis.


baqagi

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *baqagi (Blust, 2010)


baqagi

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Central Malayo-Polynesian:

Flores–Lembata:

Sika: bagi

Sumba–Flores:

Manggarai: bahi

Ngadha: bagi

Sabu: ɓage

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Halmahera-Cenderawasih:

Waropen: bage

Greater Barito:

West Barito:

Ngaju: bagi

Javanese: ꦧꦒꦶ (bagi)

Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Sasak: bagi

Malayic: *bahagi

Iban: bagi

Malay: bahagi, bagi
> Indonesian: bahagi, bagi (inherited)
→ Tagalog: bahagi
→ Tausug: bahagi'

Urak Lawoi': ปาฮาฆิ (pahagi)

Sundanese: ᮘᮌᮦ (bage)

Nortwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Batak:

Karo Batak: bagi

Toba Batak: bagi

Philippine:

Greater Central Philippine:

Danao:

Maranao: bagi

Nothern Luzon:

Ilocano: bági

South Sulawesi:

Tae': baʼgi


lulun

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: lulon

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: lulun

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: lulon

Bikol Central: lulon

Tausug: lūn

Danao

Maranao: lolon

Kalamian

Agutaynen: lolon

South Mindanao

Tboli: lulun

Minahasan

Tontemboan: lulun

North Bornean

North Sarawak

Dayic

Kelabit: lulun

Lun Bawang: lulun

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Toba Batak: lulun

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic

Acehnese: lulōn

Malayic

Brunei Malay: lulun

Sundanese: lulun

South Sulawesi

Tae': lulun

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Banggai: lulun

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: lulungi

Muna–Buton

Muna: lulu

Chamorro: fålulon


balakaŋ

Proto-Philippine:

Tagalog: balakáng

Proto-Malayic:

Malay: belakang
Indonesian: belakang

desc

Old Javanese: balakang, walakang (“back”)


balalaŋ

Barito

Southeast Barito

Malagasy: valala

Proto-Batak:

Dairi Batak: balang

Proto-Philippine:

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: bálang

Maranao: bilalang

Tagalog: bálang (“locust”)

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬮᬂ (balang)

Sasak: ᬩᬮᬂ (balang)

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic:

Malay: belalang
Indonesian: belalang

Minangkabau: bilalang

Old Sundanese

Sundanese: ᮝᮜᮀ (walang)

Old Javanese: walang

Javanese: ꦮꦭꦁ (walang)


balaŋa

Proto-Batak:

Karo Batak: belanga

Toba Batak: balanga

Proto-Celebic:

Wolio: balanga

Proto-Oceanic

Gedaged: palang (“potsherd”)

Proto-Philippine:

Batanic

Yami: vahanga

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: balanga

Tagalog: balangâ

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic:

Iban: belanga

Malay: belanga

Indonesian: belanga

Minangkabau: balango

South Sulawesi

Makasar: balanga (“earthen rice pot”)

West Barito

Ngaju: balanga (“sacred jar”)


baʀuaŋ

Barito

East Barito

Tawoyan: biang

Dusun Witu: biakng

Ma'anyan: wayuang

West Barito

Ngaju: bahuang

Bakumpai: beruang

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Bonggi: buruakng

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: bohuang

Coastal Kadazan: bouvang

Rungus: bovang

Kimaragang: boowang

Murutic

Paluan: bauang

Paitanic

Upper Kinabatangan: bawang

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: bebang

Berawan–Lower Baram

Berawan: kebing

Kiput: belufie

Dayic

Kelabit: beruang

Lun Bawang: beruang

Kenyah

Bakung: buang

Penan

Eastern Penan: buang

Western Penan: buang

Central Sarawak

Melanau–Kajang

Central Melanau: buweang

Kanowit: buang

Lahanan: buvwang

Punan–Müller-Schwaner

Punan

Punan Tubu: boang

Punan Bah-Biau: boeang

Ukit: boang

Bukat: boang

Müller-Schwaner

Hovongan: bohang

Kereho: bohang

Aoheng: bohang

Kayanic

Kayan–Murik

Bahau: buang

Busang Kayan: buang

Baram Kayan: buang

Segai–Modang

Segai: wehgung

Modang: wahagung

Land Dayak

Benyadu–Bekati

Benyadu': baruang

Bekati': baruang

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: buang

Southern Land Dayak

Jangkang: buakng

Ribun: buakng

Sanggau: boruang

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Karo Batak: beruang

Mandailing Batak: baruang

Nias: berua

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Ibanic

Iban: beruang

Keninjal: beruang

Mualang: burwang

Kendayan: baruang

Banjarese: baruang, biruang

Malayan

desctree

Malay: beruang
> Indonesian: beruang (inherited)

→ Buginese: baruang

→ Toraja-Sa'dan: beruang

→ Maranao: baroang

→ Tajio: boruang

Minangkabau: biruang

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬳᬸᬂ (baung)

Sasak: beruang

desc

Madurese: bâruwâng, bhâruwâng, bhruwâng, bâubâ

Old Sundanese

Sundanese: ᮘᮤᮛᮥᮃᮀ (biruang)

desctree

Old Javanese: barwaṅ, baroṅ
Javanese: ꦧꦫꦺꦴꦁ (barong)
→ Indonesian: barong
Javanese: ꦧꦂꦮꦁ (barwang), ꦧꦲꦸꦁ (baung), ꦮꦲꦸꦁ (waung), ꦧꦿꦸꦮꦁ (bruwang)
→ Balinese: ᬩᬭᭀᬂ (barong)(Please either change this template to or insert a ====Descendants==== section in ᬩᬭᭀᬂ)
>? Balinese: ᬩ᭄ᬭᬸᬯᬂ (bruang)

Old Javanese: barwaṅ, baroṅ
Javanese: ꦧꦫꦺꦴꦁ (barong)
→ Indonesian: barong
Javanese: ꦧꦂꦮꦁ (barwang), ꦧꦲꦸꦁ (baung), ꦮꦲꦸꦁ (waung), ꦧꦿꦸꦮꦁ (bruwang)
→ Balinese: ᬩᬭᭀᬂ (barong)(Please either change this template to {{desc}} or insert a ====Descendants==== section in ᬩᬭᭀᬂ)
>? Balinese: ᬩ᭄ᬭᬸᬯᬂ (bruang)

Displaced Proto-Austronesian *Cumay (“Formosan black bear, Ursus thibetanus formosanus”).


bataŋ

Proto-Philippine:

Northern Luzon

Kankanaey: bátang (“pine tree, tree”)

desc

Batad Ifugao: bātang (“sulphur mushroom”)

Central Luzon

Abenlen Ayta: batang (“seasoned log, fallen tree in the stream”)

Central Philippine

Cebuano: batang (“a log; the trunk of a dead tree; to lie prostrate”)

Mansaka: batang (“branch (of a tree)”)

Danao

Maranao: batang (“to perch; letter”)

Sama–Bajaw

Yakan: batang (“tree trunk, stalk; letter”)

Proto-Batak:

Toba Batak: batang

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬯᬢᬂ (watang)

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic:

Malay: batang

Indonesian: batang (“log, rod, branch”)

Minangkabau: batang

Old Sundanese

Sundanese: batang

Old Javanese: baṭaṅ (“corpse”)

Javanese: ꦧꦛꦁ (bathang, “corpse”)

→ Indonesian: batang (“corpse”) (semantic loan)

Old Javanese: wataṅ (“trunk”)

Javanese: ꦮꦠꦁ (watang, “trunk”)

numeral classifier for cylindrical objects


bayaD

Proto-Philippine: *bayaD (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬩᬬᬃ (bayar)

Sasak: bayah

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic:

Acehnese: bayeuë

Proto-Malayic: *bajaɣ

desctree

Malay: bayar
> Indonesian: bayar (inherited)

Minangkabau: bayia, baia

Old Sundanese

Sundanese: ᮘᮚᮁ (bayar)

Old Javanese:

Javanese: ꦧꦪꦂ (bayar)

South Sulawesi

Buginese: wajak

West Barito

Ngaju: bayar


ʀusuk

Proto-Philippine:

Northern Luzon

Dupaningan Agta: gusok

Central Philippine

Bikol Central: gusók

Cebuano: gusók

Hiligaynon: gusok

Kagayanen: gusok

Masbatenyo: gusok

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:

Balinese: ᬳᬸᬲᬸᬓ᭄ (husuk)

Madurese: roso'

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Chamic: *rusuk
Acehnese: rusôk
Coastal Chamic:
Haroi: lơso
Cham:
Eastern Cham: ꨣꨔꨭꩀ (rathuk)
Western Cham: lasŭk
Highlands Chamic:
Chru-Northern Chamic:
Chru: rơsu
Northern Chamic:
Northern Roglai: risũk
Jarai: rơsŭ

Proto-Malayic: *rusuk
Ibanic:
Iban: rusuk
Remun: rusuk
Nuclear Malayic:
Malay: rusuk
> Indonesian: rusuk (inherited)
Minangkabau: rusuak
Urak Lawoi': รูโซะ (rusoq)

Old Javanese: usuk (“rafter”)
Javanese: ꦲꦸꦱꦸꦏ꧀ (usuk)
→ Indonesian: usuk
→ Sundanese: usuk


hidəm

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayo-Chamic

Proto-Malayic: *hidəm

Iban: diau

Malay: diam

Indonesian: diam

Old Javanese: ḍyam
> Javanese: ꦝꦶꦪꦼꦩ꧀ (dhiyem) (inherited)


batuʀ

Proto-Oceanic: *patuʀ
Admiralty Islands:
Seimat: hatu
Central-Eastern Oceanic:
Big Nambas: iv'et
Vurës: vet
Central Pacific:
Proto-Polynesian: *fatu
Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
Marquesic:
Hawaiian: haku
North Marquesan: hatu
South Marquesan: fatu
Rapa Nui: hatu
Tahitic:
Maori: whatu
Rakahanga-Manihiki: fatu
Rarotongan: ‘atu
Tahitian: fatu
Tuamotuan: fatu
Samoic–Outlier:
Ellicean:
Nuguria: hatu
Nukuoro: hadu
Sikaiana: hatu
Tuvaluan: fatu
Futunic:
East Futuna: fatu
Futuna-Aniwa: fatu
Pukapukan: watu
Tikopia: fatu
Samoic:
Samoan: fatu
Tokelauan: fatu
Tongic:
Tongan: fatu
Micronesian: *fatu, *fatufatu
St. Matthias Islands:
Mussau-Emira: atu
Western Oceanic:
Papuan Tip:
Sinagoro–Keapara:
Kalo: vatu

North Borneo:

Northeast Sabah:

Bonggi: batur

Southwest Sabah:

Dusunic:

Coastal Kadazan: vatu

Rungus: patuw

Murutic:

Tagal Murut: batug

Philippine:

Greater Central Philippine:

Gorontalo–Mongondow:

Mongondow: batug

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *batuʀ (Blust, 2010)


tuzuq

Proto-Malayic: *tujuh (seven)

Malay: tujuh

Indonesian: tujuh

Brunei Malay: tujuh

Minangkabau: tujuah

Urak Lawoi': ตูโฌฮ (tujoh)

Iban: tujuh

Tagalog: turo


hapəjiq

Philippine:

Tagalog: hapdî

Malayic:

Malay: pedih

Indonesian: pedih

Javanese: perih

Sundanese: peurih

South Sulawesi:

Buginese: pessé (“pungent”)

Makasar: pa're (“hungry”)


hapəjəs

Philippine:

Ilocano: apges

Pangasinan: apges

Kapampangan: maplas

Cebuano: hapdos

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:

Toba Batak: pogos

Nias: fökhö

Malayic:

Malay: pedas

Indonesian: pedas

→ Kapampangan: maparas

Sundanese: peureus


taʀuq

Philippine

Batanic

Yami: tayo (“to hide”)

Ivatan: tayu (“hiding”)

Ibatan: tayo (“hiding”)

Northern Luzon

desc

competition in tolerance; stake; wager; bet

Ilocano: táro (“competition in tolerance; stake; wager; bet”)

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Kalinga–Itneg

Tanudan Kalinga: talu (“to hide; hidden”)

Tanudan Kalinga: talu (“to hide; hidden”)

Ifugao

Tuwali Ifugao: tálu (“to hide, conceal”)

Tuwali Ifugao: tálu (“to hide, conceal”)

Southern Cordilleran

Keley-I Kallahan: talu (“to hide, conceal”)

Keley-I Kallahan: talu (“to hide, conceal”)

Ibaloi: talo (“to store, keep, put away something”)

Karao: talo (“to bury a dead person”)

Central Luzon

Sambalic

Abenlen Ayta: tayo (“to hide, conceal”)

>? Sambali: taya (“a bet”)

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

desctree

Tagalog: tago (“to hide”)
→ Mag-Anchi Ayta: tago

desc

Bikol Central: tagò (“to hide, conceal”)

Bikol Central: tagò (“to hide, conceal”)

Bisayan

Cebuano: tago (“to hide, put away”)

Asi: tágò (“hiding place; refuge; sheltered place”)

Romblomanon: tāgu' (“to hide, keep, put away”)

Masbatenyo: tágò (“secluded; keep safe”)

Masbatenyo: tágò (“secluded; keep safe”)

Waray-Waray: tagò (“to hide, conceal, keep”)

Waray-Waray: tagò (“to hide, conceal, keep”)

Mansakan

Mansaka: tágò (“to hide, conceal; hidden”)

Mansaka: tágò (“to hide, conceal; hidden”)

Tagakaulu Kalagan: tagu' (“to hide; to do secretly”)

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: tágo (“hiding (as hiding something in a cave)”)

Manobo

Ata Manobo: tagù (“contents; to put into something”)

Agusan Manobo: 'tagù (“to place inside a container”)

Cotabato Manobo: tagù (“to put inside”)

Western Bukidnon Manobo: taɣu' (“to put inside”)

Subanen

Western Subanon: taguꞌ (“to put, keep; hidden”)

Central Subanen: tagu' (“to put away, store, save”)

Danao

Maranao: tago' (“contents; to put, place; to keep, hide”)

Maguindanao: tagu (“to put; to keep, hide, conceal”)

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: tagu' (“to hide, save, keep for someone”)

Central Palawano: taguq (“to hide, conceal; hidden”)

Tagbanwa: tagu' (“to hide, keep, put away”)

Aborlan Tagbanwa: tagu' (“to hide, keep, put away”)

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Gorontalo: tahu (“to keep; to lay away (in the heart)”)

to keep, preserve, lay away (in the heart)

Mongondow: tagú (“to keep, preserve, lay away (in the heart)”)

Ponosakan: tauk (“to put; to put away”)

Kalamian

Calamian Tagbanwa: taluk (“to hide”)

Agutaynen: talok (“secretly; to hide, put away”)

Sangiric

Sangir: taho (“to put”)

Minahasan: *tahuʔ (“to put into, store in”)

Tonsea: tauk (“content”)

Tombulu: tahu' (“content”)

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Bonggi: taruh (“to hide, put away”)

>? Ida'an: taru (“to put”)

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Rungus: tahu (“to store, keep, put away, save”)

North Sarawakan

Dayic

making, doing, implementing; putting, placing

Kelabit: taru' (“making, doing, implementing; putting, placing”)

Lun Bawang: taru' (“to make, do”)

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Karo Batak: taruh (“to put down (of a wager)”)

Karo Batak: taruh (“to put down (of a wager)”)

Simalungun Batak: taruh (“to send, deliver”)

Simalungun Batak: taruh (“to send, deliver”)

Toba Batak: taru (“to escort, send”)

Angkola Batak: taru (“to send, deliver”)

Angkola Batak: taru (“to send, deliver”)

Mandailing Batak: taru (“to send, deliver”)

Mandailing Batak: taru (“to send, deliver”)

Gayo: taroh (“a wager, bet”)

Malayo-Sumbawan

desctree

Proto-Malayic: *taruh
Banjarese: taruh (“put, place, store; bet, gamble”)
Ibanic
Iban: taruh /aruh (“keep, put away”)
Seberuang: taɣoh (“hide”)
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: taruh (“put, place, keep, store; bet, gamble”)
> Baba Malay: taroh (inherited)
> Indonesian: taruh (inherited)
Manado Malay: teru
Brunei Malay: taruh (“put, place, keep”)
Kedah Malay: taquh (“put, place, keep, store”)
Minangkabau: taruah (“bet, gamble”)
Pattani Malay: ตาโรฺะฮ (taṛoh, “store, keep”)
Urak Lawoi': ตาโระฮ (taroh, “keep, put, place”)

Sundanese: taruh /ᮒᮛᮥᮂ (“a bet, wager”)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

desc

Sasak: taroq (“a wager, a bet on something; to insert; place a bet”)

Sumbawa: taro (“gambling, bet, wager”)

desctree

Old Javanese: toh
Javanese: ꦠꦺꦴꦃ (toh, “stake, pledge”)

South Sulawesi

desc

Buginese: taro /ᨈᨑᨚ (“to save, stow, put away”)

>? Makasar: toro' (“bet, wager”)

Northern South Sulawesi

Toraja-Sa'dan: torro (“to settle, live”)

Toraja-Sa'dan: torro (“to settle, live”)

Mamasa: torro (“to settle, live”)

Tae': torro (“to settle, live”)

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Flores–Lembata

Lamaholot: ta'o (“to place, put, set, lay down”)

Kei–Tanimbar

Fordata: ntaru (“to lay (egg); gamble”)

⇒? Yamdena: nbataru (“to wager, place a bet”)

⇒? Yamdena: nbataru (“to wager, place a bet”)

Timoric

Tetum: tau (“to put, place”)

Rote–Meto

Baikeno: tao (“to put”)

Wetar–Galoli

Perai: tau (“to put, lay”)

Luangic–Kisaric

Kisar: kau (“to set on”)

Central Maluku

East Central Maluku

Asilulu: talu (“to place, to put”)

West Central Maluku

Buru (Indonesia): tahu (“to put, place or set”)

Asilulu: tahu (“to lay down, put or place”)

Asilulu: tahu (“to lay down, put or place”)

Proto-Oceanic: *taʀuq

Admiralty Islands

Wuvulu-Aua: ʔau (“to put”)

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

Bali–Vitu

Muduapa: taru (“to put, place”)

Uneapa: taruhi (“to put”)

Willaumez

Nakanai: talu (“to put in, put down, plant”)

Nakanai: talu (“to put in, put down, plant”)

Papuan Tip

Motu: taru (“to cover, wrap”)

Central–Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

Bugotu–Gela

Bughotu: talu (“to put, place, appoint”)

Bughotu: talu (“to put, place, appoint”)

Gela: talu (“to put, place, set”)

Malaita–Makira

Sa'a: älu (“to put, place”)

Northern Malaita

Kwaio: alu (“to put, keep”)

Lau: alu (“to place, put, lay down; to give, send; to bury”)

To'abaita: alua (“put, keep; to bury”)

Central Pacific

Western Fijian: tau (“be located, situated, positioned, placed, put; be in, at or on a place”)

Polynesian

Hawaiian: kau (“to place, put”)

The original meaning was likely “to put something of value aside for future use”, which gave rise to senses involving hiding, with extended meaning including “to bury the dead”, “to lay an egg” and “to deliver”. In several languages in western Indonesia, the term came to mean “to place a bet in gambling”, a sense that appears to have developed in Javanese and subsequently spread to other languages through contact, particularly via Malay.

to store, put away for safekeeping, hide valuables


lasəʀ

Philippine:

Aklanon: easog

South Sulawesi

Buginese: lase'

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:

Manggarai: lacér

Tetum: lasan

Proto-Oceanic: *lasoʀ

Tongan: laho


səjəm

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Ibanag: taggam

Yogad: taggam

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Cebuano: sulom

Gorontalo-Mongondow

Gorontalo: tolomo

Mongondow: toyom

Ponosakan: soyom

South Sulawesi

Toraja-Sa'dan: sirrin

Celebic

Wolio: sea


qazay

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

Buol: ale

South Sulawesi

Toraja-Sa'dan: are

Celebic

Kaili–Pamona

Lindu: ade

Pamona: aje

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: ade

Muna–Buton

Muna: ghase

Chamorro: achai


bibiʀ

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Yogad: bibig

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: bibig

Bisayan

Aklanon: bibig

Asi: bibig

Hiligaynon: bibig

Masbatenyo: bibig

Manobo

Matigsalug Manobo: bibig

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Gorontalo: biihu

Buol: biig

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Nias: bewe

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Malay: bibir

Indonesian: bibir

Sundanese: biwir

South Sulawesi

Makasar: bibere'

Celebic

Kaili-Pamona

Lindu: wiwi

Moma: wiwi

Saluan-Banggai

Balantak: wewer

Wotu-Wolio

Wolio: biwi

Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁ɓur, *t₁ɓər (“lip”) (Proto-Katuic *-ɓɨr (“lips”)).


qihu

Philippine

Batanic

Ivatan: iyu

Ibatan: īyo

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: yo, iyo

Dupaningan Agta: iyu

Lubuagan Kalinga: iyu

Central Luzon

Bolinao: iyo

Greater Central Philippine

Visayan

Asi: ího

Cebuano: ího

Kalamian

Agutaynen: kiw

Sama–Bajaw

Inabaknon: iyo

West Coast Bajau: yu

North Borneo

Southwest Sabah

Dusunic

Rungus: hizu

Malayic

Malay: hiu, yu

Indonesian: hiu

Minangkabau: iyu

Urak Lawoi': ฮยู (hyu)

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: iyo'

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Timoric

Leti: iu


həmay

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

Aklanon: humay

Cebuano: humay

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Batak

Simalungun Batak: omei

Toba Batak: eme


ʀumaq

Barito

Ngaju: huma

Proto-Malayic: *rumah

Brunei Malay: rumah

Malay: rumah

Indonesian: rumah

Urak Lawoi': รูมะฮ (rumah)

Old Javanese: umah

Javanese: omah

Sundanese: imah

Chamorro: guma'

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Laboya: umma

Tetum: uma

Proto-Oceanic: *ʀumaq (see there for further descendants)


haʀəzan

desctree

Proto-Philippine: *haʀdan
Northern Luzon
Ilocano: agdan
Cagayan Valley
Yogad: addan
Northeastern Luzon
Dupaningan Agta: agden
Central Luzon
Kapampangan: eran
Sambalic
Bolinao: aydan
Greater Central Philippine
Central Philippine
Tagalog: hagdan
Bikol
Bikol Central: hagyan, hagdan
Bisayan
Central Bisayan
Hiligaynon: hagdan
Cebuano: hagdan
Southern Bisayan
Tausug: hagdan
Mansaka: agdan
Manobo
Dibabawon Manobo: agdan
Minahasan
Tombulu: ahzan
>? Tontemboan: daran

Greater Barito

Sama-Bajaw

Yakan: haren

Inner Sulu

Central Sama: haron

Southern Sama: haron

Borneo Coast

Mapun: haron

West Coast Bajau: odon

West Barito

Ngaju: hejan

Katingan: honjan

North Bornean

Northeast Sabah

Ida'an: gedtan

North Sarawak

Bintulu: kejan

Berawan–Lower Baram

Kiput: asin

Miri: asen

Dayic

Kelabit: edtan

Lun Bawang: ican

Kenyah

Bakung: can

Eastern Penan: jan

Central Sarawak

Punan

Punan Tubu: ocan

Punan Bah-Biau: san

Ukit: ojan

Müller-Schwaner Punan

Hovongan: hacan

Kereho: hocan

Aoheng: hocan

Bolongan: rejan

Land Dayak

Bidayuh

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: anjan

Southern Land Dayak

Ribun: onjatn

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Dairi Batak: ardan

Karo Batak: redan, erdan

Simalungun Batak: andar (with metathesis)

Simeulue: aeran

Nias: ora

Mentawai: orat

Lampungic

Lampung Api: jan

Abung: ijan

Komering: ijan

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic: *rəñaːn

Acehnese: reunyeun

Coastal Chamic

Haroi: ləñɨan

Cham

Eastern Cham: ꨤꨑꩆ (lanyan)

Western Cham: كاڽان (kanyan)

Highlands Chamic

Chru–Northern Chamic

Chru: lơyan

Northern Roglai: riñat

Jarai–Rhade

Jarai: rơñan

Rade: êñan

Balinese: ejan

South Sulawesi

Northern

Mamuju: era, ehe

Torajan

Toraja-Sa'dan: eran

Mamasa: eran

Massenrempulu

Duri: eran

Pitu Ulunna Salu

Bambam: eham

Aralle-Tabulahan: eheng

Seko

Seko Padang: ereng

Celebic

Saluan-Banggai

Balantak: ansar (with metathesis)

Saluan: ojan

Wotu-Wolio

Wolio: oda

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Leti: retna


taqi

Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬢᬳᬶ (tai)

Sasak-Sumbawa

Sasak: tai

Barito

Malagasy: tai

Old Javanese: tahi
> Javanese: ꦠꦲꦶ (tai) (inherited)

Malayo-Chamic

Malayic

Malay: tahi

Indonesian: tahi

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Batak

Southern Batak

Toba Batak: tai

Nias: ta

Palauan: dach

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bisayan

Cebuano: tai

Central Bisayan

Masbatenyo: tai

Waray-Waray: tai

Southern Bisayan

Tausug: tai

Tagalog: tae

Danao

Maranao: tai

Northern Philippine

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Nuclear Cordilleran

Bontoc-Kankanaey

Central Bontoc: tai

Kankanaey: tai

Southern Cordilleran

West Southern Cordilleran

Pangasinan: tai


sapaq

Central Philippine

Visayan

Tausug: sapa


bahaq

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: baha

Bikol Central: baha

Bisayan

Aklanon: baha'

Cebuano: baha

Hiligaynon: baha

Waray-Waray: baha

Mansaka: baha

Manobo

Higaonon: baha

Malayic

Malay: bah

Ibanic

Iban: bah

Old Javanese: wāh, wah
> Javanese: ꦮꦃ (wah) (inherited)

Sundanese: caah

South Sulawesi

Makasar: a'ba


saləʀ

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: sahig

Bikol

Bikol Central: salog

Bisayan

Western Bisayan

Aklanon: saeog

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: salug

Waray-Waray: salug

Cebuano: salog

Gorontalo-Mongondow

Mongondow: talog

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Nias: salo

South Sulawesi

Toraja-Sa'dan: sali


payuŋ

Philippine

Batanic

Yami: payong

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: páyong

Cagayan Valley

Yogad: payong

Meso-Cordilleran

Karao: payong

Lubuagan Kalinga: payong

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: páyung

Sambali: payong

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: páyong

Bikol

Bikol Central: payong

Visayan

Waray-Waray: payong

Cuyunon: payong

Aklanon: payong

Cebuano: payong

Hiligaynon: payong

Tausug: payung

Manobo

Higaonon: payong

Sama–Bajaw

Yakan: payung

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Ibanic

Iban: payung

Malayan

Malay: payung
Indonesian: payung
→ Dutch: pajong
→ Palauan: baeong

Minangkabau: payuang

Urak Lawoi': ปาโยก (payok)

Sundanese: ᮕᮚᮥᮀ (payung)

Old Javanese: payuṅ

Javanese: ꦥꦪꦸꦁ (payung)

Celebic

Muna–Buton

Muna: pau

Cia-Cia: 빠우 (pa'u)

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: pau


daʀat

Philippine

Northern Philippine

Ilocano: darat (“sand”)

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: dáyat

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol Central: dágat

Tagalog: dágat

Cebuano: dágat

Danao

Maranao: ragat

Maguindanao: lagat

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Gorontalo: deheto

Mongondow: dagat

South Mindanao

Tiruray: dogot

Sama-Bajaw

Yakan: lahat

West Coast Bajau: lahad

North Bornean

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: rahat

Coastal Kadazan: daat

Paitanic

Tombonuo: raat

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: rat

Central Sarawakan

Central Melanau: daat

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Iban: darat

Malay: darat

Indonesian: darat

Minangkabau: darek

Bali–Sasak

Balinese: dahat

Sasak: darat

Old Javanese: rāt

Javanese: rat

Celebic

Tomini: dagat

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Tetum: raat

Sundanese: ᮓᮛᮒ᮪ (darat)


suluq

Philippine

Batanic

Yami: sóo

Ibatan: soho

Northern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: sulo

Dupaningan Agta: sulu

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: sulu

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: sulô

Cebuano: sulo

Waray-Waray: sulô

Tausug: sū'

Danao

Maranao: solo'

Maguindanao: sulu

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: tulu'

Kalamian

Agutaynen: tolok

Sama-Bajaw

Yakan: sulu', sū'

Mapun: sū'

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Iban: suluh

Malay: suluh

Indonesian: suluh

Minangkabau: suluah

Urak Lawoi': ซูโละฮ (suloh)

Bali–Sasak

Balinese: suluh

Sasak: suluh

Sundanese: suluh

Old Javanese: suluh

Javanese: suluh

South Sulawesi

Buginese: sulo

Makasar: sulo

Celebic

Wolio: sulu

Oceanic

Micronesian

Marshallese: til

Central Pacific

Rotuman: sulu

Proto-Polynesian: *sulu
Tongic
Niuean: hulu
Tongan: hulu
Nuclear Polynesian
Samoic–Outlier
Futunic
East Futuna: susulu
Pukapukan: yuyulu
Ellicean
Tuvaluan: hulu
Samoic
Samoan: sulu
Tokelauan: hulu
Eastern Polynesian
Marquesic
Mangarevan: ’uru
Tahitic
Maori: huru
Tuamotuan: huru


pahuq

Philippine

Central Philippine

Cebuano: paho

Tagalog: pahò

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malay: pauh

Balinese: poh

Celebic

Wolio: poo


timəʀaq

Philippine

Central Luzon

Sambali: tingga

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: tinggâ

Bikol

Bikol Central: timgá ~ tinggá

Bisayan

Asi: tínggà

Masbatenyo: tinggâ

Waray-Waray: tingga

Romblomanon: tingga'

Tausug: tingga'

Mansakan

Tagakaulu Kalagan: tingga

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: tingga'

Danao

Maranao: timbega'

Gorontalo–Mongondow: *timoga

Kalamian

Calamian Tagbanwa: timla

South Mindanao

Tiruray: timera

Sangiric

Sangir: timbeha

Sama–Bajaw

Mapun: timbuha'

Yakan: timbuha'

North Sarawakan

Dayic

Kelabit: semera'

Kayanic

Busang Kayan: semha

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Toba Batak: simbora

Simeulue: tebela, timbela

Malayic

Ibanic

Iban: timah

Malayan

Malay: timah
Indonesian: timah

Minangkabau: timah, timarah, timbarah

Urak Lawoi': ตีมะฮ (timah)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬢᬶᬫᬄ (timah)

Sasak: timah

Old Javanese: timah
Javanese: ꦠꦶꦩꦃ (timah)
? Javanese: ꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦭ꧀ (timbel)
→ Indonesian: timbal

South Sulawesi

Buginese: tumerra, tumara

Makasar: tumbera

Mandar: tumarra

Tae': tumarra, tumurra


tanəq

Barrier Islands-Batak

Proto-Batak: *tanəh
Karo Batak: taneh
Simalungun Batak: tanoh
Toba Batak: tano

Nias: tanö

Malayo-Sumbawan

Proto-Malayic: *tanah
Ibanic:
Iban: tanah
Mualang: tanah
Seberuang: tanah
Malayan:
Brunei Malay: tanah
Malay: tanah
Indonesian: tanah
Minangkabau: tanah
Pattani Malay: تاناوْه (tanɔh)
Urak Lawoi': ตานัฮ (tanah)

Sundanese: taneuh

Javanese: tanah


qapəju

Philippine

Batanic

Yami: apdo

Ivatan: apdu

Ibatan: apdo

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: apró

Northeastern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ápdu

Dupaningan Agta: apdu

Paranan: apdu

Cagayan Valley

Isnag: apdó

Ibanagic

Ibanag: aggu

Gaddangic

Central Cagayan Agta: adu

Itawit: ádu

Yogad: ádu

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Ifugao

Tuwali Ifugao: apgu

Bontok–Kankanaey

Eastern Bontoc: apku

Central Bontoc: akgó

Northern Kankanay: akgo

Kalinga–Itneg

Limos Kalinga: apdu

Madukayang Kalinga: apgu

Butbut Kalinga: apku

Tanudan Kalinga: apku

Lubuagan Kalinga: apchu

Southern Cordilleran

Pangasinan: apgó

Keley-I Kallahan: apgu

Karao: apko

Arta: apdu

Umiray Dumaget Agta: apdu

Central Luzon

Sambalic

Bolinao: apro

Botolan Sambal: aplo

Sambali: aplóh

Abenlen Ayta: aplo

Mag-Anchi Ayta: aplo

Mag-Indi Ayta: aplu

Northern Mindoro

Iraya: apro

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: apdó

Bikol

Bikol Central: apdó

Buhi'non Bikol: apro

Mansakan

Mansaka: apdo

Tagakaulu Kalagan: apdu

Bisayan

Asi

Asi: ápro

Cebu

Cebuano: apdo

West

Aklanon: ápdoh

Kinaray-a: apdo

Central

Hiligaynon: ápdo

Masbatenyo: ápdo

Waray-Waray: apdó

Romblomanon: 'apdu

South

Tausug: apdu

Manobo

Agusan Manobo: apo'du

Dibabawon Manobo: apodu

Western Bukidnon Manobo: epezu

Ata Manobo: aporu

Obo Manobo: 'opoddu'

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: epdu

Aborlan Tagbanwa: apdu

Central Tagbanwa: ᝠᝩᝧᝳ (apdo)

Subanen

Central Subanen: pedu

Western Subanon: podu

Danao

Maranao: pedo

Maguindanao: pedu

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: apdú

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Gorontalo: polu

Mongondow: opoyu

Kalamian

Agutaynen: apdo

Calamian Tagbanwa: apdu

South Mindanao

Tiruray: fedew

Tboli: hedun

Sangiric: *pədu

Sangir: pedu

Minahasan: *apədu

Tonsawang: awedu

Tontemboan: aperu

Tombulu: apezuh

Sama–Bajaw

Central Sama: pꞌddu

Southern Sama: puddu

Mapun: paddu

Yakan: peddu

Basap–Barito

Basap: pedu

East Barito

Dusun Witu: peru

Ma'anyan: aperu

Malagasy: afero

Mahakam

Tunjung: poruʔ

West Barito

Ngaju: peru

>? Bakumpai: empedu

North Bornean

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: tompodu

Tobilung: tompodus

Rungus: ompodus

Murutic

Burusu: ampadu

Paitanic

Tombonuo: ompodu

North Sarawakan

Bintulu: ləpəɗəw

Berawan–Lower Baram

Kiput: pəsəuʔ

Narom: petew

Dayic

Lun Bawang: pesuh

Kelabit: pedtuh

Kenyah: *pədʰu-n

Penan

Eastern Penan: petuh, pedun

Western Penan: petuh, pedun

Central Sarawakan

Melanau–Kajang

Melanau

Central Melanau: pedou

Kanowit: pədəw

Kajang

Sekapan: pərəw

Kajaman: pərəw

Lahanan: pərəw

Punan–Müller-Schwaner

Punan

Punan Bah-Biau: laporu

Punan Tubu: perun

Punan Aput: parun

Bukitan: parun

Ukit: parun

Müller-Schwaner Punan

Hovongan: porun

Kereho: porun

Aoheng: porun

Kayanic

Kayan–Murik

Kayan

Busang Kayan: pərun

Bahau: pəruːn

Murik–Merap

Murik (Malaysia): pərun

Punan Merap: prəwŋʷ

Segai–Modang

Segai: ploə̯n~plɒn

Modang: pəloʔ

Land Dayak: *padu

Benyadu–Bekati'

Benyadu': lampadu

Bekati': sampadṵː

Bidayuh

Bau Bidayuh: pudun

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: mpuduh

Southern Land Dayak

Jangkang: pudo

Ribun: puduh

Sanggau: mpudo̤

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Batak

Northern

Dairi Batak: peggu

Karo Batak: pegu

Southern

Simalungun Batak: pogu

Toba Batak: pogu

Angkola Batak: pogu

Mandailing Batak: pogu

Gayo: pau

Nias: awökhu

Simeulue: areu

Mentawai: lappegu

Rejang: pegau

Lampungic

Lampung Api: hampedu, hamperu

Komering: haporu

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic: *hAmpədu

Ibanic

Iban: empedu

Mualang: əmpədú

Seberuang: mpədu

Nuclear Malayic

Malay: hempedu

Indonesian: empedu

Minangkabau: ampedu

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: ᬅᬫ᭄ᬧ᭄ᬭᬸ (ampru)

Sasak: pepeduq

Sumbawa: pedu

Sundanese: hamperu

Old Javanese: (h)amp(ĕ)ru

Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦸ (peru)

South Sulawesi: *pɨzzu

Buginese: essu'/essung

Seko: *pùru

Seko Tengah: pa'du

Budong-Budong: pàdu

Panasuan: pàru

Northern

Toraja-Sa'dan: pa'du

Tae': pa'du

Duri: paqdu

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: opoyu'

Taliabu: n-oyu-ñ

Kaili–Pamona

Uma: poju

Pamona: apoju

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: opoyu

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Bima: folu

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Sabu: eɗu

Kambera: ka-pídu

Western Flores

Manggarai–Rembong

Komodo: peru

Manggarai: pesu

Central Flores

Ngadha: pedu

Li'o: peyu

Flores–Lembata

Kedang: peyun

Kei–Tanimbar

Fordata: felurn-

Timoric

South–East Timor

Leti: eru

Luang: eri

West Timor

Bilba: hedu

Tetumic

Tetum: horun

Central Maluku

Nunusaku

Patakai–Manusela

Manusela: wolu

Piru Bay

Seit-Kaitetu: werun

Asilulu: welu

Boano (Maluku): n-enu


maN-

Proto-Philippine: *maN-

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: mang-

Pangasinan: mang-

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: mang-

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: mang-

Bisayan

Cebuano: mang-

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *maN-

Proto-Malayic: *mAN-

Minangkabau: mang-

Malay: meng-

Indonesian: meng-

Old Javanese: (m)aN-

South Sulawesi

Makasar: aN-


zuʀuq

Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: dugô (“blood”)

Bikol Central: dugô (“blood”)

Visayan

Cebuano: dugo (“blood”)

Hiligaynon: dugô (“blood”)

Tausug: dugu (“blood”)

Danao

Maranao: rogo' (“blood”)

Maguindanao: lugu (“blood”)

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: dugú (“blood”)

Buol: dugu (“blood”)

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Ida'an: ddu'

North Sarawakan

Kelabit: duru'

Central Sarawakan

Central Melanau: juuk

Barito

Ngaju: joho

Malayic

Malay: juruh
Indonesian: juruh

Old Javanese: juruh (“syrup, liquid sugar”), duh (“juice; sap; oil”)
Javanese: ꦗꦸꦫꦸꦃ (juruh, “sweet thick syrup from coconut sugar”)
→ Indonesian: duh (“discharge”) (learned)

Chamorro: chugo'

Oceanic

Western Oceanic

North New Guinea

Kove: suhu

Manam: suru

Meso-Melanesian

Muduapa: zuruka

Uneapa: zuruka

Papuan Tip

Molima: sulu

Central-Eastern Oceanic

Southeast Solomonic

'Are'are: suru

To'abaita: sulu

Central Pacific

Rotuman: su

Fijian: su

Proto-Polynesian: *su
Tongan: hū
Samoan: sū
Hawaiian: ū


kuʀita

Central Philippine

Danao

Maranao: kogita

Mansakan

Mansaka: kogita

Visayan

Aklanon: kugita

Tausug: kugita

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malay: gurita, kurita
Indonesian: gurita


kaʀaŋ

Central Philippine

Visayan

Tausug: kagang


linuʀ

Proto-Philippine: *linuʀ
Greater Central Philippine
Proto-Central Philippine: *linug
Proto-Bikol: *linug
Bikol Central: linog
Iriga Bicolano: linog
Libon Bikol: linog
Proto-Bisayan: *linug
Western Bisayan
Aklanon: linog
Kinaray-a: linog
Central Bisayan
Hiligaynon: linog
Waray-Waray: linog
Cebuano: linog
Southern Bisayan
Tausug: linug
Danao
Maguindanao: linug
Maranao: linog
Manobo
Binukid: linog
Higaonon: linog
Western Bukidnon Manobo: linog
Tagabawa: linog
Palawanic
Palawan Batak: linug
Mansakan
Mansaka: linog
Southern Mindanao
Tboli: linol
Sangiric
Sangir: linuhe
Gorontalo-Mongondow
Gorontalo: liluhu
Mongondow: linog

Sama-Bajau

Yakan: linug

Pangutaran Sama: linug

West Coast Bajau: linug

Malayo-Sumbawan

Sundanese: lini

Balinese: linuh

Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

Batak

Northern Batak

Karo Batak: linur

South Sulawesi

Mandar: linor

Toraja-Sa'dan: lino'

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *linuʀ


(ma-)nipis

Central Philippine

Visayan

Cebuano: manipis

Hiligaynon: manipis

Tausug: manipis

Aklanon: manipis


qutaŋ

Proto-Philippine:

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: utang

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: utang

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: utang

Bikol

Coastal Bikol

Bikol Central: utang

Proto-Bisayan

Cebuano: utang

Southern Bisayan

Butuan-Tausug

Tausug: utang

Subanen

Central Subanen: gutang

Danao

Maranao: otang

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Malayic

Iban: utang

Malay: utang, hutang
Indonesian: utang

Urak Lawoi': ฮูตัก (hutak)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: utang

Sasak: utang

Sundanese: hutang

Old Javanese: hutaṅ

Javanese: utang


binəhiq

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: bin-í

Cagayan Valley

Itawit: bini

Meso-Cordilleran

Pangasinan: bini

Northeastern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: binhi

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: bini

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: binhî

Mansaka: bini

Visayan

Cebuano: binhi

Hiligaynon: binhi

Aklanon: binhi

Tausug: binhi

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: binhi

Manobo

Binukid: binhi

Giangan: binni

South Mindanao

Tboli: bnék

Tiruray: bénéˀ

Sangiric

Sangir: bine

Minahasan

Tontemboan: wénéʔ

Basap–Greater Barito

Basap: bineʔ

Sama–Bajaw

Central Sama: binhi'

Southern Sama: binhih

Yakan: binihi'

West Coast Bajau: bani

Indonesian Bajau: bine

East Barito

Ma'anyan: winiʔ

West Barito

Ngaju: biñi

Bakumpai: biniʔ

Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands

Simeulue: bini

Nias: bene

Rejang: biniak

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic: *bənih

Ibanic

Iban: benih

Mualang: bəneə̯h

Seberuang: bəniə̯h

Malayan

Malay: benih
Indonesian: benih

Minangkabau: baniah

Negeri Sembilan Malay: boneh

Urak Lawoi': เบอแนะฮ (benëh)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: binih

Sasak: binéq

Sumbawa: bini

Sundanese: binih

Old Javanese: winih

Javanese: winih

South Sulawesi

Bugis–Tamanic

Buginese: wine

Makassaric

Makasar: bine

Northern

Massenrempulu

Duri: banne

Celebic

Saluan–Banggai

Balantak: wine'

Muna–Buton

Muna: wine

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: wine

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: wine

Tomini–Tolitoli

Tajio: vane

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Western Flores

Manggarai: wini

Rembong: biné

Sumba–Hawu

Kambera: wini

Sabu: wini

Flores–Lembata

Sika: wini

Timoric

Tetumic

Tetum: fini

Rote–Meto

Uab Meto: fini

Bilba: bini

Wetar–Galoli

Ili'uun: hini

Luangic

Leti: wini

Luang: wini

Selaru

Selaru: hini

Central Maluku

West Central Maluku

Taliabu: fine

East Central Maluku

Nunusaku

Piru Bay

Asilulu: hini


qalad

Philippine

Batanic

Ivatan: ahad

Ibatan: ahad

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: álad

Meso-Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

Kalinga–Itneg

Limos Kalinga: alad

Bontoc–Kankanaey

Central Bontoc: álad

Kankanaey: alad

Southern Cordilleran

Pangasinan: alár

Nuclear Southern Cordilleran

Ibaloi: alad

Karao: alad

Kayapa Kallahan: alad

Central Luzon

Sambalic

Mag-Anchi Ayta: alal

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Visayan

Cebuano: alad

Tausug: ād

Mansakan

Mansaka: arad

Tagakaulu Kalagan: alad

Danao

Maranao: alad

Maguindanao: alad

Manobo

Binukid: alad

Western Bukidnon Manobo: alad

South Mangyan

Hanunoo: alad

Minahasan

Tontemboan: alar

North Bornean

North Sarawakan

Dayic

Kelabit: alad

Lun Bawang: alad

Celebic

Muna–Buton

Muna: ghala

Oceanic

Western Oceanic

North New Guinea

Bariai: ala

Lusi: ala

Numbami: ala


(m-)atay

Central Philippine

Visayan

Cebuano: matay

Malayo-Sumbawan

desctree

Proto-Malayic: *mati
Ibanic
Iban: mati
Malayan
Malay: mati
> Indonesian: mati (inherited)
→ Hokkien: 馬滴 /马滴 (má-tih)
Minangkabau: mati

Oceanic

Big Nambas: im'at

South Efate: mat


p-atay

Central Philippine

Visayan

Cebuano: patay

Hiligaynon: patay

Tausug: patay


baŋkay

Proto-Philippine:

Central Luzon

Kapampangan: bangke

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: bangkay

Visayan

Hiligaynon: bangkay

Tausug: bangkay

Tagalog: bangkay

Northern Luzon

Ilocano: bangkay

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malayic

Malay: bangkai
Indonesian: bangkai

Ibanic

Iban: bangkai


buliq

Central Philippine

Visayan

Hiligaynon: buli

Tausug: buli


qanih

Central Philippine

Visayan

Aklanon: ani

Cebuano: ani

Tausug: ani


nipaq

Central Philippine

Visayan

Tausug: nipa

Cebuano: nipa

Malayic

Malay: nipah


paqa

Philippine

Batanic

Ivatan: paa

Ibatan: pā

Central Luzon

Sambali: páa

Botolan Sambal: pa-a

Abenlen Ayta: paa

Mag-Anchi Ayta: paa

Bolinao: paa

Greater Central Philippine

Central Philippine

Tagalog: paa

Bikol Central: páa

Visayan

Cebu

Cebuano: páa

West

Aklanon: páa

Central

Hiligaynon: páa

Masbatenyo: pâa

Romblomanon: pā'a

Waray-Waray: páa

South

Tausug: paa

Mansaka: paa

Manobo

Binukid: paa

Higaonon: paa

Western Bukidnon Manobo: pa'a

Subanen

Central Subanen: paa

Palawanic

Brooke's Point Palawano: paa

Central Palawano: paqa

Tagbanwa: pa'a

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Mongondow: paa

Kalamian

Agutaynen: paka

Calamian Tagbanwa: paka

South Mindanao

Tboli: haha

Barito

Sama–Bajaw

Central Sama: pa'a

Southern Sama: paa

Mapun: paa

Yakan: pa'a

North Bornean

Northeast Sabahan

Bonggi: paa

Ida'an: ppa'

Southwest Sabahan

Dusunic

Central Dusun: po'o

Coastal Kadazan: poo

Momogun

Rungus: poo

Tobilung: poo

Paitanic

Tombonuo: paa

Upper Kinabatangan: pa

Murutic

Tagal Murut: paa

Tatana: poo

North Sarawakan

Dayic

Kelabit: pa'eh

Kenyah

Bakung: pa'a

Eastern Penan: pa'an

Central Sarawakan

Melanau–Kajang

Central Melanau: pa'a

Punan

Seru: poh

Land Dayak

Benyadu-Bakati'

Rara Bakati': paa'

Bidayuh

Biatah Bidayuh: pū'ūh

Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: pū'ūh

Moklenic

Moken: paka

Malayo-Sumbawan

Chamic

Acehnese: pha

Coastal Chamic

Haroi: pha

Cham

Eastern Cham: ꨜꨩ (pha)

Western Cham: فحا (pha)

Highlands Chamic

Chru–Northern Cham

Chru: pha

Northern Cham

Northern Roglai: pha

Tsat: pha³³

Rade–Jarai

Jarai: pha

Rade: pha

Proto-Malayic: *paha(ʔ)
Banjarese: paha
Kendayan: pahaʔ
Ibanic
Iban: pæːh
Keninjal: pahaʔ
Mualang: paː
Seberuang: paː
Nuclear Malayic
Malay: paha, peha (common nonstandard spelling)
Indonesian: paha
Minangkabau: pao
Pattani Malay: ปอฮอ (pɔhɔ)
Urak Lawoi': ปาฮา (paha)

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Balinese: paha

Sasak: pa

Sumbawa: pa

Sundanese: paha

Celebic

Tomini–Tolitoli

Totoli: paa

Boano (Sulawesi): pa'a

Kaili–Pamona

Pamona: pa'a

Lindu: paa

Wotu–Wolio

Wolio: paa

Muna–Buton

Muna: fagha

Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *paqa

Central Malayo-Polynesian

Sumba–Flores

Manggarai: pa'a

Rembong: pa'a

Ngadha: paa

Kei–Tanimbar

Fordata: faan

Oceanic

Western Oceanic

Meso-Melanesian

Nakanai: vaha

North New Guinea

Lower Markham

North Watut: haga

South Watut: faga

Wampar: faa

Upper Markham

Adzera: faga

Austronesian Mari: haga

Wampur: haga


pasaŋ

Central Philippine

Visayan

Tausug: pasang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malay: pasang


lawaq

Philippine

Northern Philippine

Ilocano: lawwa-lawwa

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: lawa

Bisayan

Western Bisayan

Aklanon: eawa

Kinaray-a: lawa

Cebuano: lawa

Central Bisayan

Hiligaynon: lawa

Southern Bisayan

Butuanon: lawa

Tausug: lawa

Danao

Maranao: lalawa'

Sundanese: lancah


(ma-)sakit

Central Philippine

Tagalog: masakit

Visayan

Tausug: masakit


luheq

Central Philippine

Tagalog: luha

Visayan

Cebuano: luha

Hiligaynon: luha

Tausug: luha

Old Javanese: lūh, lĕh, luh
> Javanese: ꦭꦸꦃ (luh) (inherited)
>? Malay: peluh
> Indonesian: peluh (inherited)


quban

Central Philippine

Visayan

Tausug: uban

Proto-Malayic: *huban (see there for further descendants)

Old Javanese: huwan
Javanese: ꦲꦸꦮꦤ꧀ (uwan)


tanəm

Central Philippine

Visayan

Tausug: tanum

Malayo-Sumbawan

Malay: tanam

Often compared within Austro-Tai to Proto-Tai *t.namᴬ (“to transplant (a crop)”) (whence Thai ดำ (dam, “to plant, transplant”)).


ludaq

Proto-Philippine:

Central Philippine

Tagalog: lura

Visayan

Tausug: lura

Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:

Proto-Malayo-Chamic:

Proto-Malayic:

Iban: ludah

desctree

Malay: ludah
Indonesian: ludah
North Moluccan Malay: luda

Old Sundanese:

Sundanese: ludah

From Proto-Austronesian *ludaq (“to spit”).