a-

Old Japanese: 得 (u)

Japanese: 得る (eru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *e

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 得ん (yun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 得るり (yiruri)

Okinawan: 得ゆん (yīyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 得 (ïï)

Yaeyama: 得ーるん (īrun)

desc

Yonaguni: 得るん (irun, “to do; to borrow”)


i

Old Japanese: 胆 (i)

Japanese: 胆 (i)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *i
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 胆 (ī)
Kunigami: 胆 (ī /ʔíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 胆 (ī)
Okinawan: 胆 (ī /ʔíː/)
Yoron: 胆 (ī /ìː/)


mi

Old Japanese: 三 (mi₁)

Japanese: 三 (mi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 三 (mī)
Kunigami: 三 (mī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 三 (mī)
Okinawan: 三 (mī)
Okinoerabu: 三 (mī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 三 (mī)
Tokunoshima: 三 (mī)
Yoron: 三 (mī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 三 (mī)
Yaeyama: 三 (mī)
Yonaguni: 三 (mī)

Likely related to *mu (“six”) and possibly Goguryeo *密 (*mit) and Gaya *密 (*mit) (Vovin 2017).


pi

Old Japanese: 日 (pi₁)

Japanese: 日 (hi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 日 (pī)
Kunigami: 日 (p'ī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 日 (hi)
Okinawan: 日 (fī)
Okinoerabu: 日 (hī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 日 (hī)
Tokunoshima: 日 (hī)
Yoron: 日 (pī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 日 (psïï)
Yaeyama: 日 (psïï)
Yonaguni: 日 (chī)

Related to *pu, found in *kiapu, *kepu (“today”) and *kinəpu (“yesterday”).


to

Old Japanese: 戸 (to₁)

Japanese: 戸 (to)

→ Jeju: 도 (do)

According to Beckwith (2004) p. 40, related to Gaya 梁 (dol /dor/, “door”).


to

Old Japanese: 所 (to₁)

Japanese: 所 (to)


amai

desc

Old Japanese: 雨 (“rain”), 天 (ame₂, ama, “sky”), 海女 (ama, “female diver”), 海人 (ama, “male diver”)

Japanese: 雨, 天, 海女, 海人 (ame, ama, ama, ama)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ame
Northern Ryukyuan: 아믜 (/amɨi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 雨 (ami, amï)
Kunigami: 雨 (amī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 雨 (amï)
Okinawan: 雨 (ami)
Okinoerabu: 雨 (ami, amī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 雨 (amï)
Tokunoshima: 雨 (amï, amïï)
Yoron: 雨 (ami)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 雨 (ami)
Yaeyama: 雨 (āmi)
Yonaguni: 雨 (ami)


we

Proto-Ryukyuan: *we
⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *weke
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 男 (yikigā)
Okinawan: 男 (wikiga)
Yoron: 男 (wuiga)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 男 (biki)
Yaeyama: 男 (bigidun)
⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *wekeri (“brother (from a sister)”)
Northern Ryukyuan: ゑけり (wekeri) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: いぃーい (yīi)
Kunigami: うぃきー (wikī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: いぇへり (yeheri)
Okinawan: うぃきー (wikī)
Okinoerabu: いぃー (yī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: いぃひるっ (yihir)
Tokunoshima: いぃーり (yīri)
Yoron: をぅひーび (wuhībi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: びきい゚ (bikiɿ)
Yaeyama: びぎるぃ゚ (bigirï)
Yonaguni: びぎ (bigi)
⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *wenga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 男 (yinnga)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 男 (yenga)
Okinawan: 男 (yinga)
Okinoerabu: 男 (yinga)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 男 (yïnga)
Tokunoshima: 男 (yïnga)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yonaguni: 男 (binga)

Possibly related to *wo (compare prefixing and suffixing element appearing as o in modern Japanese terms such as Japanese 雄 (osu, “male”), Japanese 益荒男 (masurao, “manly man”) or 雄花 (obana, “male flower”)).


kara

desc

Old Japanese: 柄 (kara, “lineage, origin”), から (kara)

Japanese: 柄 (kara, “lineage, origin; type, characteristic”), から (kara)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: から (kara), ら (ra)
Kunigami: から (khara), ちゃら (chara), ら (ra)
Northern Amami Ōshima: はら (hara), か゚ら (xara), から (kara)
Okinawan: から (kara)
Okinoerabu: から (kara)
Southern Amami Ōshima: はら (hara), か゚ら (xara), から (kara)
Tokunoshima: から (kara)
Yoron: から (kara), ちゃら (chara)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: から (kara)
Yaeyama: から (kara)
Yonaguni: がら (gara)


kara

Old Japanese: から (kara, “shell”) (voiced hapax)

desc

Japanese: 殻, 骸 (kara, “shell”), 空, 虚 (kara, “empty”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kara (“empty”), *-gara (“shell”)

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 殻, 骸 (-garā, “shell”), 空, 虚 (harā, “empty”)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 殻, 骸 (-gara, “shell”), 空, 虚 (xara, “empty”)

Okinawan: 殻, 骸 (-gara, “shell”), 空, 虚 (kara, “empty”)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 空, 虚 (kara, “empty”)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 空, 虚 (kara-, “empty”)

Yaeyama: 空, 虚 (kara-, “empty”)


kara

Old Japanese: 辛, 苛, 鹹 (kara)

Japanese: 辛い, 苛い, 鹹い (karai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kara

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 辛ーせん, 苛ーせん, 鹹ーせん (harāsen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 辛さり, 苛さり, 鹹さり (xarasari)

Okinawan: 辛さん, 苛さん, 鹹さん (karasan)

Tokunoshima: 辛さい, 苛さい, 鹹さい (karasai)

Yoron: 辛さん, 苛さん, 鹹さん (harasan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 辛, 苛, 鹹 (kara)

Yaeyama: 辛さん, 苛さん, 鹹さん (karasan)

Yonaguni: 辛ん, 苛ん, 鹹ん (karan)


pato

Old Japanese: 鳩 (pato₁)

Japanese: 鳩 (hato)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pato
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鳩 (patu)
Kunigami: 鳩 (phōtū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鳩 (haθo)
Okinawan: 鳩 (hōtu)
Okinoerabu: 鳩 (patu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鳩 (hato)
Tokunoshima: 鳩 (patu)
Yoron: 鳩 (patu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鳩 (patu)
Yaeyama: 鳩 (patu)
Yonaguni: 鳩 (hatu)

Possibly ultimately onomatopoeia from the patapata sound of a dove or pigeon's wings in flight.


pata

Old Japanese: 機 (pata)

Japanese: 機 (hata)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pata


pata

Old Japanese: 旗 (pata)

Japanese: 旗 (hata)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pata


saya

Old Japanese: 鞘 (saya)

Japanese: 鞘 (saya)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *saya
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 鞘 (shī)
Okinawan: 鞘 (saya)
Yoron: 鞘 (shā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yonaguni: 鞘 (saya)


era

Japanese: 刺, 莿, 苛 (ira)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *era (“jellyfish”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 刺, 莿, 苛 (irā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 刺, 莿, 苛 ('yera)
Okinawan: 刺, 莿, 苛 (īrā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 刺, 莿, 苛 (ira)
Yoron: 刺, 莿, 苛 (ira)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 刺, 莿, 苛 (ira)
Yaeyama: 刺, 莿, 苛 (ira)
Yonaguni: 刺, 莿, 苛 (ira)


katana

Old Japanese: 刀 (katana)

Japanese: 刀 (katana)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *katana
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 刀 (hatana)
Kunigami: 刀 (hatāna)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 刀 (xaθana)
Okinawan: 刀 (katana)
Okinoerabu: 刀 (hatana)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 刀 (xatna)
Tokunoshima: 刀 (katana)
Yoron: 刀 (hatana)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 刀 (katana)
Yaeyama: 刀 (katana)
Yonaguni: 刀 (katana)

Compound of *kata- (“one side”) + *na (“edge”).
This na element is spelled in monolingual Japanese sources as 刃 (“edge, blade”), but there is no historical attestation for any na reading for this character. Possibly cognate with modern Korean 날 (nal, “blade”).


kata

desc

Old Japanese: 堅, 硬, 固 (kata, “hard”), 難 (kata, “difficult”)

Japanese: 堅い, 硬い, 固い (katai, “hard”), 難い (katai, -gatai, “difficult (to do)”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kata
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 堅さい, 硬さい, 固さい, 難さい (hatasai)
Kunigami: 堅ーしぇん, 硬ーしぇん, 固ーしぇん, 難ーしぇん (hatāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 堅さり, 硬さり, 固さり, 難さり (xaθasari)
Okinawan: 堅さん, 硬さん, 固さん, 難さん (katasan)
Okinoerabu: 堅さん, 硬さん, 固さん, 難さん (hatasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 堅さむっ, 硬さむっ, 固さむっ, 難さむっ (katasam)
Tokunoshima: 堅ーはい, 硬ーはい, 固ーはい, 難ーはい (katāhai)
Yoron: 堅さん, 硬さん, 固さん, 難さん (hatasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 堅, 硬, 固, 難 (kata)
Yaeyama: 堅さん, 硬さん, 固さん, 難さん (katasan)
Yonaguni: 堅ん, 硬ん, 固ん, 難ん (katan)


ni

Old Japanese: に (ni)

Japanese: に (ni)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ni

Northern Ryukyuan: に (ni) (Omoro Sōshi, 12th-16th century)

Kikai: に (ni)

Kunigami: に (ni)

Northern Amami Ōshima: に (ni)

Okinawan: に (ni)

Okinoerabu: に (ni)

Southern Amami Ōshima: に (ni)

Tokunoshima: に (ni)

Yoron: に (ni)

Southern Ryukyuan: *ni (Bentley, 2008)

Miyako: ん (n)

Yaeyama: に (ni)

Yonaguni: に (ni)

Likely related to ancient copular element nu, as reflected in conclusive auxiliary suffix ぬ (-nu), genitive and appositive particle の (no), and verb なる (naru, “to become”).


ta

Old Japanese: 田 (ta)

Japanese: 田 (ta)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ta
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 田 (tā)
Kunigami: 田 (tā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 田 (ta)
Okinawan: 田 (tā)
Okinoerabu: 田 (tā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 田 (tā)
Tokunoshima: 田 (tā)
Yoron: 田 (tā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 田 (tā)
Yaeyama: 田 (tā)
Yonaguni: 田 (tā)


mu

Old Japanese: 六 (mu)

Japanese: 六 (mu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 六 (mū)
Kunigami: 六 (mū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 六 (mū)
Okinawan: 六 (mū)
Okinoerabu: 六 (mū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 六 (mū)
Tokunoshima: 六 (mū)
Yoron: 六 (mū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 六 (m)
Yaeyama: 六 (mū)
Yonaguni: 六 (mū)

Likely an ablaut of *mi (“three”) and possibly related to Goguryeo *密 (*mit, “three”).


yumi

Old Japanese: 弓 (yumi₁)

Japanese: 弓 (yumi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yumi
Northern Ryukyuan: 由密 (/iəu.miɁ/) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 弓 (yumi)
Kunigami: 弓 (yumī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 弓 (yumi)
Okinawan: 弓 (yumi)
Okinoerabu: 弓 (yumī)
Tokunoshima: 弓 (yumi)
Yoron: 弓 (yun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 弓 (yum)
Yaeyama: 弓 (yun)
Yonaguni: 弓 (dun)


yu

Old Japanese: 湯 (yu)

Japanese: 湯 (yu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 湯 (yū)
Kunigami: 湯 (yū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 湯 (yū)
Okinawan: 湯 (yū)
Okinoerabu: 湯 (yū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 湯 (yū)
Tokunoshima: 湯 (yū)
Yoron: 湯 (yū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 湯 (yū)
Yaeyama: 湯 (yū)
Yonaguni: 湯 (du, dū)


Old Japanese: な (na)

Japanese: な (na)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *-na
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: な (na)
Kunigami: な (na)
Northern Amami Ōshima: な (na)
Okinawan: な (na)
Okinoerabu: な (na)
Southern Amami Ōshima: な (na)
Tokunoshima: な (na)
Yoron: な (na)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: な (na)
Yaeyama: な (na)
Yonaguni: な (na)


Old Japanese: 名 (na)

Japanese: 名 (na)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *na
Northern Ryukyuan: 나 (/na/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai:
Aden: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Araki: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Sakamine: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Wan: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 名 (nā)
Iheya: 名 (nā)
Izena: 名 (nā)
Hentona: 名 (nā)
Kudaka: 名 (nā)
Nago: 名 (nā)
Nakijin: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Sakimotobu: 名 (nā)
Sumuide: 名 (nā)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 名 (na) (tone class AB)
Yuwan: 名 (nā)
Okinawan:
Naha: 名 (nā)
Shuri: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Okinoerabu:
Kamihirakawa: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Kamishiro: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Kunigami: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Serikaku: 名 (nā)
Tetechina: 名 (nā)
Wadomari: 名 (nā)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 名 (nā)
Shodon: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 名 (nā)
Inō: 名 (nā)
Kametsu: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
San: 名 (nā)
Yoron: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Southern Ryukyuan: *na (tone class A) (Bentley, 2008)
Miyako:
Aragusuku: 名 (nā)
Bora: 名 (nā)
Fukuzato: 名 (nā)
Higa: 名 (nā)
Hirara: 名 (nā)
Ikema: 名 (nā) (tone class B)
Irabu: 名 (nā)
Karimata: 名 (nā)
Kugai: 名 (nā)
Kuninaka: 名 (nā)
Kurima: 名 (nā)
Minna: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Miyaguni: 名 (nā)
Nagahama: 名 (nā)
Nagama: 名 (nā)
Nakachi: 名 (nā)
Nishihigashi: 名 (nā)
Nishizato: 名 (nā)
Nobaru: 名 (nā)
Ōgami: 名 (nā)
Ōura: 名 (nā)
Sarahama: 名 (nā)
Sawada: 名 (nā)
Shimajiri: 名 (nā)
Shimozato: 名 (nā)
Sunagawa: 名 (nā)
Uechi: 名 (nā)
Tarama: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Tomori: 名 (nā)
Uechi: 名 (nā)
Uruka: 名 (nā)
Yonaha: 名 (nā) (tone class AB)
Yaeyama:
Aragusuku: 名 (nā)
Hateruma: 名 (nan) (tone class A)
Hatoma: 名 (nā)
Ishigaki: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Kohama: 名 (nā)
Kuroshima: 名 (nā)
Sonai: 名 (nā) (tone class A)
Taketomi: 名 (nā)
Yonaguni: 名 (nā) (tone class A)


desc

Old Japanese: 菜 (na, “vegetable side dish”), 魚 (na, “fish side dish”), 肴 (na, “side dish in general”)

Japanese: 菜, 魚, 肴 (na)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *na
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Araki: 菜 (nā) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 菜 (nā) (tone class A)
Shitōke: 菜 (nā) (tone class BC)
Kunigami:
Nakijin: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 菜 (na) (tone class AB)
Okinawan:
Naha: 菜 (nā)
Shuri: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Okinoerabu:
Kamihirakawa: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Kunigami: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Shodon: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Yoron: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 菜 (nā)
Hirara: 菜 (nā)
Irabu: 菜 (nā)
Nobaru: 菜 (nā)
Sawada: 菜 (nā)
Sunagawa: 菜 (nā)
Yaeyama:
Ishigaki: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)
Hateruma: 菜 (nan) (tone class B)
Yonaguni: 菜 (nā) (tone class B)


ti

desc

Old Japanese: 霊 (ti, “life force”), 血 (“blood”), 乳 (“milk”)

Japanese: 霊 (chi, “life force”, archaic, obsolete), 血 (“blood”), 乳 (“milk”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ti
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 血 (chī)
Kunigami: 血 (chī /tɕíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 血 (chī)
Okinawan: 血 (chī /tɕîː/)
Okinoerabu: 血 (chī /tɕíː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 血 (chī /tɕîː/)
Tokunoshima: 血 (tsïï /tsˀɨ́ː/)
Yoron: 血 (chī /tɕìː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 血 (tsïï)
Yaeyama: 血 (tsïï /tsɨ̂ː/)
Yonaguni: 血 (chī /tɕˀíː/)

life force, mystic energy, the spiritual or supernatural essence of something


ti

Old Japanese: 千 (ti)

Japanese: 千 (chi)


se

Old Japanese: 瀬, 湍 (se)

desc

Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿L(L)􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿H(H)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿F(L)􂁀

Japanese: 瀬, 湍 (se, Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [L(L)], Kyoto 0 [H(H)], Kagoshima A [F(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *se (“reef; boulder”, tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 瀬, 湍 (shī)
Kunigami: 瀬, 湍 (sïï /ɕĭː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 瀬, 湍 (shī)
Okinawan: 瀬, 湍 (shī /ɕîː/)
Okinoerabu: 瀬, 湍 (shī /ɕĭː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 瀬, 湍 (sïï /ɕĭː/)
Tokunoshima: 瀬, 湍 (sïï /sɨ́ː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 瀬, 湍 (shī)


pa

Old Japanese: は (pa)

Japanese: は (wa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wa

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: や (ya)

Kunigami: や (ya)

Northern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)

Okinawan: や (ya)

Okinoerabu: は (wa)

Southern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)

Tokunoshima: や (ya)

Yoron: や (ya)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: あ (a)

Yaeyama: あ (a)

Yonaguni: や (ya), あ (a)


pa

Old Japanese: 葉 (pa)

Japanese: 葉 (ha)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
Araki: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
Sakamine: 葉 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
Wan: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 葉 (fā)
Iejima: 葉 (phā)
Nago: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
Nakijin: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
Sakimotobu: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 葉 (ha) (tone class AB)
Yuwan: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
Okinawan:
Naha: 葉 (fā)
Shuri: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
Okinoerabu:
Kamishiro: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
Serikaku: 葉 (fā)
Tetechina: 葉 (fā)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 葉 (fā)
Shodon: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
Tokunoshima:
Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
Matsubara: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
San: 葉 (ha) (tone class A)
Yoron: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 葉 (pā)
Hirara: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
Ikema: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)
Irabu: 葉 (pā)
Karimata: 葉 (pā)
Kuninaka: 葉 (pā)
Minna: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)
Nobaru: 葉 (pā)
Ōgami: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
Ōura: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
Sawada: 葉 (pā)
Shimajiri: 葉 (pā)
Tarama: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)
Uechi: 葉 (pā)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
Hatoma: 葉 (pā)
Ishigaki: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
Kohama: 葉 (pā)
Kuroshima: 葉 (pā)
Sonai: 葉 (pā)
Taketomi: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
Yonaguni: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)

Possibly also related to *pa (“tooth; blade”), but the pitch accents do not match. For semantics, compare English blade.


pa

Old Japanese: 歯 (pa)

Japanese: 歯 (ha)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
Araki: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
Sakamine: 歯 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
Wan: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Nakijin: 歯 (phā) (tone class B)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 歯 (ha) (tone class AB)
Yuwan: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
Okinawan:
Naha: 歯 (hā)
Shuri: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
Okinoerabu:
Ashikiyora: 歯 (fā)
Kamihirakawa: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
Kamishiro: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
Kunigami: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
Tamina: 歯 (fā)
Wadomari: 歯 (fā)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 歯 (fā)
Shodon: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 歯 (hā)
Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)
Yoron: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 歯 (pā)
Hirara: 歯 (pā)
Ikema: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
Irabu: 歯 (pā)
Karimata: 歯 (pā)
Kugai: 歯 (pā)
Kurima: 歯 (pā)
Minna: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
Nobaru: 歯 (pā)
Ōgami: 歯 (pā)
Ōura: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
Sarahama: 歯 (hā)
Shimajiri: 歯 (pā)
Tarama: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
Uechi: 歯 (pā)
Uruka: 歯 (pā)
Yonaha: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
Yaeyama:
Hatoma: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
Ishigaki: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
Yonaguni: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)

Cognate with *pa (“blade”). Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).


pa

Old Japanese: 刃 (pa)

Japanese: 刃 (ha)

Cognate with *pa (“tooth”). Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).


pe

Japanese: 屁 (he)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pe
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 屁 (pïï)
Kunigami: 屁 (pī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 屁 (fï, fïï)
Okinawan: 屁 (fī)
Okinoerabu: 屁 (hī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 屁 (fï, fïï)
Tokunoshima: 屁 (fïï, fuï)
Yoron: 屁 (pī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 屁 (pī)
Yaeyama: 屁 (pī)
Yonaguni: 屁 (hī)


ika

Old Japanese: 烏賊 (ika)

Japanese: 烏賊 (ika)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ika
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 烏賊 (ixa)
Kunigami: 烏賊 (hichā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 烏賊 (ixya)
Okinawan: 烏賊 (icha, ika)
Okinoerabu: 烏賊 (ikyā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 烏賊 (ikya)
Tokunoshima: 烏賊 (ikyā)
Yoron: 烏賊 (icha)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 烏賊 (ikya)
Yaeyama: 烏賊 (ika)
Yonaguni: 烏賊 (ika, ita)


in-

Old Japanese: 往ぬ (inu)

Japanese: 往ぬ (inu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *in-
Northern Ryukyuan: *in-i-te > *iⁿdʑi
Kikai: いじ (iji)
Kunigami: いじ (iji)
Northern Amami Ōshima: いじ (iji)
Okinawan: っんじ ('nji)
Okinoerabu: いじ (iji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: いじ (iji)
Tokunoshima: いじ (iji)
Yoron: いじ (iji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: んなイ (nnaz) (< *in-ari)


tuna

Old Japanese: 綱 (tuna)

Japanese: 綱 (tsuna)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tuna
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 綱 (cuna)
Kunigami: 綱 (chinā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 綱 (tsïna)
Okinawan: 綱 (china)
Okinoerabu: 綱 (chinā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 綱 (θïna)
Tokunoshima: 綱 (tsïna)
Yoron: 綱 (china)
Southern Ryukyuan
Miyako: 綱 (tsïna)
Yaeyama: 綱 (tsïna)
Yonaguni: 綱 (nna)


papa

Old Japanese: 母 (papa)

Japanese: 母 (haha)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *papa


tera

Old Japanese: 寺 (tera)

Japanese: 寺 (tera)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tera
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 寺 (tira)
Kunigami: 寺 (thirā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 寺 (θïra)
Okinawan: 寺 (tira)
Okinoerabu: 寺 (tira)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 寺 (θira)
Tokunoshima: 寺 (tera)
Yoron: 寺 (tira)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 寺 (tira)
Yaeyama: 寺 (tira)
Yonaguni: 寺 (tira)


kura

Old Japanese: 暗 (kura)

Japanese: 暗 (kura), 暗い (kurai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kura
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 暗せん (k'urāsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 暗さり (k'urasari)
Okinawan: 暗さん (kurasan)
Okinoerabu: 暗さん (kurasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 暗さむっ (kurāsam)
Tokunoshima: 暗い (kurāi)
Yoron: 暗さん (kurasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 暗 (ffa)
Yaeyama: 暗さん (ffasan)


nono

Eastern Old Japanese: 爾努 (nino₁) (< *neno)

Old Japanese: 布 (nuno₁)

Japanese: 布 (nuno, nono, nonno)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nono
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 布 (nunu)
Kunigami: 布 (nūnū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 布 (nono)
Okinawan: 布 (nunu)
Okinoerabu: 布 (nunu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 布 (nuno)
Tokunoshima: 布 (noro)
Yoron: 布 (nunu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 布 (nunu)
Yaeyama: 布 (nunu)
Yonaguni: 布 (nunu)


pane

Old Japanese: 羽 (pane)

Japanese: 羽 (hane)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pane
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 羽 (panï)
Kunigami: 羽 (phanī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 羽 (hane)
Okinawan: 羽 (hani)
Okinoerabu: 羽 (hani)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 羽 (hanï)
Tokunoshima: 羽 (hanï)
Yoron: 羽 (pani)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 羽 (pani)
Yaeyama: 羽 (pani)
Yonaguni: 羽 (hani)


ani

Old Japanese: 兄 (ani)

Japanese: 兄 (ani)


kani

Old Japanese: 蟹 (kani)

Japanese: 蟹 (kani)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kani
Northern Ryukyuan: *gani
Kikai: 蟹 (gani, gaī)
Kunigami: 蟹 (gai)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蟹 (gan)
Okinawan: 蟹 (gani)
Okinoerabu: 蟹 (gani)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蟹 (gan)
Tokunoshima: 蟹 (gani)
Yoron: 蟹 (gan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蟹 (kan, gan)
Yaeyama: 蟹 (kan)
Yonaguni: 蟹 (kanna) (< *kani-ya)


nama

desc

Old Japanese: 生 (nama-), なます (namasu, “raw fish meat”)

Japanese: 生 (nama)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nama

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: 生 (nama), 生さん (namasan)


ira

Old Japanese: いろ (iro₂, “of the same mother”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ira (“placenta”, tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan: *eya
Kunigami: いやー (iyā /ʔìjáː/)
Okinawan: いや (iya /ʔìjà/)
Southern Ryukyuan: *ira, *eya
Miyako: ずざ (zïza)
Yaeyama: いーやー (īyā /ʔíːjáː/)


puka

Old Japanese: 深 (puka)

Japanese: 深い (fukai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *puka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 深さい (kwasai, kasai)
Kunigami: 深しぇん (pukāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 深さり (fukasari)
Okinawan: 深さん (fukasan)
Okinoerabu: 深さん (fukasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 深ーさむっ (fukāsam)
Tokunoshima: 深ーい (fukāi)
Yoron: 深さん (pukasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 深 (fuka)
Yaeyama: 深さん (fukasan)
Yonaguni: 深ん (kān)


kai

Old Japanese: 毛 (ke₂, ka)

Japanese: 毛 (ke, ka)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ke
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 毛 (xïï)
Kunigami: 毛 (khī /kʰíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 毛 (kï, xï, xïï)
Okinawan: 毛 (kī /kîː/)
Okinoerabu: 毛 (hī /çíː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 毛 (xïï /kʰɨ̂ˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 毛 (kïï /kɨ́ː/)
Yoron: 毛 (shī /ɕìː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 毛 (kī)
Yaeyama: 毛 (kī /kîː/)
Yonaguni: 毛 (kī /kíː/)


su

Old Japanese: 巣 (su)

Japanese: 巣 (su)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *su
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 巣 (sū)
Kunigami: 巣 (shī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 巣 (sï, shi)
Okinawan: 巣 (shī)
Okinoerabu: 巣 (shī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 巣 (sïï)
Tokunoshima: 巣 (sïï)
Yoron: 巣 (shī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 巣 (sïï)
Yaeyama: 巣 (sïï)
Yonaguni: 巣 (chī)


su

Old Japanese: 酢 (su)

Japanese: 酢 (su)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *su

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 酢 (shī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 酢 (shi, sïï)

Okinawan: 酢 (shī)

Okinoerabu: 酢 (shī)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 酢 (sïï)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 酢 (sïï)

Yaeyama: 酢 (sïï)

Perhaps a native Japanese term, with the su reading somehow related to the way that very sour things cause one to pucker.
Alternatively, may be a prehistoric borrowing from Middle Chinese 醋 (MC tshuH), borrowed earlier than the systematic introduction of kanji (vinegar was historically introduced to Japan in the 300-400s from China), and then later mistaken as a native Japanese term. Compare modern Mandarin 醋 (cù) or Cantonese 醋 (cou³).


tora

Old Japanese: 虎 (to₁ra)

Japanese: 虎 (tora)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tora
Northern Ryukyuan: 它喇 (tora) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 虎 (tura) (in compounds)
Kunigami: 虎 (turā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 虎 (tora)
Okinawan: 虎 (tura)
Okinoerabu: 虎 (tura)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 虎 (θura)
Tokunoshima: 虎 (tura)
Yoron: 虎 (tura)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 虎 (tura)
Yaeyama: 虎 (tura)
Yonaguni: 虎 (tura)


ma

Old Japanese: 間 (ma)

Japanese: 間 (ma)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ma
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 間 (ma)
Kunigami: 間 (ma)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 間 (ma)
Okinawan: 間 (ma)
Okinoerabu: 間 (ma)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 間 (ma)
Tokunoshima: 間 (ma)
Yoron: 間 (ma)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 間 (ma)
Yaeyama: 間 (ma)
Yonaguni: 間 (ma)


ma

Old Japanese: 真 (ma-)

Japanese: 真 (ma)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ma-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 真 (ma-)
Kunigami: 真 (ma-)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 真 (ma-)
Okinawan: 真 (ma-)
Okinoerabu: 真 (ma-)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 真 (ma-)
Tokunoshima: 真 (ma-)
Yoron: 真 (ma-)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 真 (ma-)
Yaeyama: 真 (ma-)
Yonaguni: 真 (ma-)


kama

desc

Old Japanese: 釜, 窯, 竃, 竈, 缶 (kama, kamado)

Japanese: 釜, 窯, 竃, 竈, 缶 (kama, kamado)

⇒ English: kamado

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kama, *kamado
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (hama)
Kunigami: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (hamā, hamādu /hàmáː, hàmáːdù/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (xama, xamado)
Okinawan: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (kama /kámà/)
Okinoerabu: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (hamā, hamadu /hàmáː, hàmádú/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (xama /kʰàmâˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (kama /kàmá/)
Yoron: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (hama /hàmà/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (kama)
Yaeyama: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (kama /kámà/)
Yonaguni: 竈, 釜, 窯, 罐, 缶 (kamadu /kʰàmádú/)

Possibly cognate with Korean 가마 (gama, “kiln; oven”).


-a

attaches to verbs to create nouns denoting the result of the action of the verb

tura

to be in a row, to hang down; line, row; bowstring; vine; cheeks, face

əya

to age, to become old; one's elder; parent


ə

Old Japanese: 己 (ono₂, unu) (from the accusative)

Japanese: 己 (ono, unu)

⇒ Japanese: 俺 (ore, “I”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *o (see there for further descendants)


yo

Old Japanese: 夜 (yo₁)

Japanese: 夜 (yo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Kunigami: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Okinawan: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Okinoerabu: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Tokunoshima: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Yoron: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Yaeyama: 夜 (ゆー, yū)

Yonaguni: 夜 (どぅー, dū)


paya

Old Japanese: 早, 速, 疾, 捷 (paya)

Japanese: 早い, 速い, 疾い, 捷い (hayai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *paya
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 早さい, 速さい, 疾さい, 捷さい (pëësai)
Kunigami: 早しぇん, 速しぇん, 疾しぇん, 捷しぇん (phēshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 早っさり, 速っさり, 疾っさり, 捷っさり (fessari)
Okinawan: 早さん, 速さん, 疾さん, 捷さん (fēsan)
Okinoerabu: 早さん, 速さん, 疾さん, 捷さん (hēsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 早さむっ, 速さむっ, 疾さむっ, 捷さむっ (fëësam)
Tokunoshima: 早い, 速い, 疾い, 捷い (fëëi)
Yoron: 早さん, 速さん, 疾さん, 捷さん (pēsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 早, 速, 疾, 捷 (pyā)
Yaeyama: 早さい, 速さい, 疾さい, 捷さい (paisan)
Yonaguni: 早ん, 速ん, 疾ん, 捷ん (hayan)

Regarded by some Japanese references as cognate with verb *payu (“to live; to grow”), reflected in Old Japanese 生ゆ (payu) and its various modern forms. Compare a similar overlap in senses in English quick.


-u

desc

Old Japanese: [script needed] (-u, terminal verbal suffix)

Japanese: [script needed] (u, forms the terminal form of all Japanese verbs)

Proto-Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: [script needed] (-u, archaic terminal form suffix)

Forms the terminal (shūshikei) forms of verbs.


ita

Old Japanese: 板 (ita)

Japanese: 板 (ita)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ita
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 板 (ita)
Kunigami: 板 (hichā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 板 (iθa, icha)
Okinawan: 板 (ita, icha)
Okinoerabu: 板 (ïtcha)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 板 (iθa)
Tokunoshima: 板 (ica)
Yoron: 板 (icha)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 板 (itsa) (possibly from Okinawan)
Yaeyama: 板 (ita)
Yonaguni: 板 (ita)


ita

desc

Old Japanese: 痛, 甚 (ita), 痛し, 甚し (itasi)

Japanese: 痛い, 甚い (itai)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ita
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 痛ーせん, 甚ーせん (hichāsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 痛さり, 甚さり (ichasari)
Okinawan: 痛さん, 甚さん (ichasan)
Okinoerabu: みー痛ーさん, みー痛ーさん (mīchasan)

Might originally be an interjection; compare English ouch.


nana

Old Japanese: 七 (nana)
Japanese: 七 (nana)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nana
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 七 (nana)
Kunigami: 七 (nana)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 七 (nana)
Okinawan: 七 (nana)
Okinoerabu: 七 (nana)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 七 (nana)
Tokunoshima: 七 (nana)
Yoron: 七 (nana)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 七 (nana)
Yaeyama: 七 (nana)
Yonaguni: 七 (nana)

Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 難隱 (*nanən).


ana

Old Japanese: 穴 (ana)

Japanese: 穴 (ana)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ana
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 穴 (ana)
Kunigami: 穴 (anā)
Okinawan: 穴 (ana)
Yoron: 穴 (ana)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 穴 (ana)
Yaeyama: 穴 (āna)
⇒ Yonaguni: 穴 (ananpu)


poi

Eastern Old Japanese: 布 (pu)

Old Japanese: 火 (pi₂, po₁)

Japanese: 火 (hi, ho)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 火 (p'ī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 火 (hi) (in compounds)
Okinawan: 火 (fī, hī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 火 (hī)
Yoron: 火 (pi) (in compounds)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 火 (psïï)
Yaeyama: 火 (pïï)
Yonaguni: 火 (chī)


sima

Old Japanese: 島 (sima)

Japanese: 島 (shima)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sima (“island, land; community”)
Northern Ryukyuan: 시마 (/si.ma/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 島 (shima)
Kunigami: 島 (shimā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 島 (shima)
Okinawan: 島 (shima)
Okinoerabu: 島 (shima)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 島 (shima)
Tokunoshima: 島 (sïma)
Yoron: 島 (shima)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 島 (sïma)
Yaeyama: 島 (sïma)
Yonaguni: 島 (chima)

Possibly related to Baekje 斯麻 (*syema, “island”) and Middle Korean 셤 (syem).
May also be related to a cluster of verbs arising from root sim-, as in modern Japanese 閉める・閉まる (shimeru - shimaru, “to close, to close off [intransitive, transitive]”). See also Latin insula and Latin insulatus.

cog

to close, to close off 􂀿intransitive, transitive􂁀


sora

Old Japanese: 空 (so₁ra)

Japanese: 空 (sora)

→ Okinawan: 空 (sura)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sora (“tip”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: っすら (ssura)
Kunigami: すらー (surā /súɾàː/)
⇒? Northern Amami Ōshima: そらふ (sorafu, “whitlow (on top of a finger)”)
Okinawan: すーら (sūra /súːɾá/)
Okinoerabu: すら (sura /sùɾâ/)
Tokunoshima: しゅら (sura /ɕúɾà/)
Yoron: すら (sura /súɾá/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: すら (sura)
Yaeyama: すら (sura /súɾá/)
Yonaguni: すら (sura /sùɾâ/)


mai

Old Japanese: 目 (me₂, ma-)

Japanese: 目 (me, ma-)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *me
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 目 (mī, mïï)
Kunigami: 目 (mī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 目 (mï)
Okinawan: 目 (mī)
Okinoerabu: 目 (mī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 目 (mïï)
Tokunoshima: 目 (mï, mïï)
Yoron: 目 (mī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 目 (mī)
Yaeyama: 目 (mī)
Yonaguni: 目 (mī)

Likely related to Proto-Japonic *mi- (“to see”).


tai

Old Japanese: 手 (te, ta)

Japanese: 手 (te, ta)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *te
Northern Ryukyuan: 티 (/tʰi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai:
Aden: 手 (tī) (tone class AB)
Araki: 手 (tī) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 手 (tī) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 手 (θī) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 手 (tïï) (tone class B)
Sakamine: 手 (tī) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 手 (tī) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 手 (tïï) (tone class B)
Wan: 手 (θī) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 手 (thī)
Hentona: 手 (thī)
Nakijin: 手 (thī) (tone class B)
Oku: 手 (thī)
Sumuide: 手 (tī)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 手 (tï)
Yamatohama: 手 (tï)
Yuwan: 手 (tïï)
Okinawan:
Naha: 手 (tī)
Shuri: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Okinoerabu:
Kamishiro: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Serikaku: 手 (tī)
Tetechina: 手 (tī)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 手 (tïï)
Shodon: 手 (tïï) (tone class B)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 手 (tïï)
Kametsu: 手 (tï)
Matsubara: 手 (tïï) (tone class B)
San: 手 (tï) (tone class B)
Yoron: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 手 (tī)
Hirara: 手 (tī)
Ikema: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Irabu: 手 (tī)
Karimata: 手 (tī)
Kugai: 手 (tī)
Kurima: 手 (tī)
Minna: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Nagahama: 手 (tī)
Ōgami: 手 (tī)
Ōura: 手 (tī) (tone class AB)
Sarahama: 手 (tī)
Sawada: 手 (tī)
Shiokawa: 手 (tī)
Tarama: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Uechi: 手 (tī)
Yonaha: 手 (tī) (tone class AB)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 手 (shī)
Hatoma: 手 (tī)
Ishigaki: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Kohama: 手 (tī)
Kuroshima: 手 (tī)
Sonai: 手 (tī)
Taketomi: 手 (tī) (tone class B)
Yonaguni: 手 (tī) (tone class B)


aka

Old Japanese: 赤 (aka)

Japanese: 赤 (aka), 赤い (akai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *aka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 赤 (ā, axa), 赤さい (āsai)
Kunigami: 赤 (hā), 明しぇん (hāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 赤 (hā-), 赤さり (hāsari)
Okinawan: 赤 (akā), 赤さん (akasan)
Okinoerabu: 赤さん (āsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 赤ーさむっ (ahāsam)
Tokunoshima: 赤 (axa), 赤あい (ā'āi)
Yoron: 赤 (ā), 赤さん (āsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 赤 (aka)
Yaeyama: 赤 (akā), 明さーん (akasān)
Yonaguni: 赤 (aga), 明ん (agan)


nusi

Old Japanese: 主 (nusi)

Japanese: 主 (nushi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nusi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 主 (nushi)
Kunigami: 主 (nushi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 主 (nushi)
Okinawan: 主 (nūshi)
Okinoerabu: 主 (nushi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 主 (nushī)
Tokunoshima: 主 (nūshi)
Yoron: 主 (nushi) (in compounds)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 主 (nusï)
Yaeyama: 主 (nusï)
Yonaguni: 主 (nuchi)


waka

Old Japanese: 若 (waka)

Japanese: 若 (waka), 若い (wakai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *waka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 若さい (wāsai)
Kunigami: 若しぇん (wahāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 若さり (wahasari)
Okinawan: 若さん (wakasan)
Okinoerabu: 若さん (wāsan, wakasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 若さむっ (wahāsam)
Tokunoshima: 若い (wāi)
Yoron: 若さん (wāsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 若 (baka)
Yaeyama: 若さん (bagasan)
Yonaguni: 若ん (bagan)


s-

Old Japanese: す (su)

Japanese: する (suru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *si
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: すん (sun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: しゅり (shuri)
Okinawan: すん (sun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: しゅむっ (shum)
Yoron: しゅん (shun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: しぃ (sï), っしぃ (ssï)
Yaeyama: しぃん (sïn), しぃーん (sïïn)


-i

Forms infinitives of verbs.
Forms deverbal nouns from verbal stems.


anti

Old Japanese: 味 (adi)

Japanese: 味 (aji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *azi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 味 (aji)
Kunigami: 味 (ajī, ajē)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 味 (aji)
Okinawan: 味 (aji)
Okinoerabu: 味 (ajī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 味 (aje)
Tokunoshima: 味 (ajī)
Yoron: 味 (aji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 味 (azï)
Yaeyama: 味 (azï)
Yonaguni: 味 (adi)


pone

Old Japanese: 骨 (pone)

Japanese: 骨 (hone)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pone
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 骨 (funi, punï)
Kunigami: 骨 (phuni, phunī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 骨 (funi, funï)
Okinawan: 骨 (funi)
Okinoerabu: 骨 (funi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 骨 (funï)
Tokunoshima: 骨 (funï)
Yoron: 骨 (puni)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 骨 (puni)
Yaeyama: 骨 (puni)
Yonaguni: 骨 (funi)


titi

Old Japanese: 父 (titi)

Japanese: 父 (chichi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *titi


titi

Old Japanese: 乳 (titi)

Japanese: 乳 (chichi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *titi


mina

Old Japanese: 蜷 (mi₁na)

Japanese: 蜷 (mina)

Japanese: 蜷, 螺 (nina)

⇒ Japanese: 川蜷, カワニナ (kawanina)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mina, *ta-mina, *siro-mina
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蜷, 貝 (mina), 田蜷 (θanmyā) (< *mina, *tamina)
Kunigami: 蜷, 貝 (nā, minā), 田蜷 (thannā) (< *mina, *tamina)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蜷 (mya), 田蜷 (θanmya) (< *mina, *tamina)
Okinawan: 田蜷 (tānna), 白蜷 (shirunna) (< *tamina, *siromina)
Okinoerabu: 蜷, 貝 (nyā), 田蜷 (θannya, θannyā) (< *tamina)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蜷, 貝 (minya), 田蜷 (θanmya) (< *mina, *tamina)
Tokunoshima: 蜷, 貝 (myā, nyā), 田蜷 (θannya), 曲がり蜷 (magarinnya) (< *mina, *tamina, *magarimina)
Yoron: 蜷, 貝 (hinya), 田蜷 (tannya) (< *mina, *tamina)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蜷 (mna)
Yaeyama: 蜷 (nna)
Yonaguni: 蜷, 貝 (nda), 田蜷 (tanna) (< *mina, *tamina)

freshwater snail, Semisulcospira libertina


ya

Old Japanese: 八 (ya)

Japanese: 八 (ya)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ya
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 八 (yā)
Kunigami: 八 (yā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 八 (yā)
Okinawan: 八 (yā)
Okinoerabu: 八 (yā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 八 (yā)
Tokunoshima: 八 (yā)
Yoron: 八 (yā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 八 (yā)
Yaeyama: 八 (yā)
Yonaguni: 八 (dā)


ya

Old Japanese: 屋 (ya)

Japanese: 屋 (ya)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ya
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 屋 (yā)
Kunigami: 屋 (yā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 屋 (yā)
Okinawan: 屋 (yā)
Okinoerabu: 屋 (yā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 屋 (yā)
Tokunoshima: 屋 (yā)
Yoron: 屋 (yā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 屋 (yā)
Yaeyama: 屋 (yā)
Yonaguni: 屋 (dā)


poka

Old Japanese: 外, 他 (poka)

Japanese: 外, 他 (hoka)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *poka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 外, 他 (fukā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 外, 他 (hoxa)
Okinawan: 外, 他 (fuka)
Okinoerabu: 外, 他 (fukā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 外, 他 (fka)
Tokunoshima: 外, 他 (fuka)
Yoron: 外, 他 (fuka)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 外, 他 (puka)
Yaeyama: 外, 他 (fuka)
Yonaguni: 外, 他 (fuga)

Related to Baekje ホカ (*poka, “outside”).
The second mora means "place".


wo

Old Japanese: 男 (wo, “man”)

Japanese: 男 (o) (in compounds)

Old Japanese: 雄 (wo, “male”)

Japanese: 雄 (o) (in compounds)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wo (“male”)

Northern Ryukyuan:

⇒ Kunigami: 雄物 (wūmun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 雄 (wū)

⇒ Okinawan: 雄物 (wūmun)

⇒ Southern Amami Ōshima: 雄物 (wūmun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

⇒ Yonaguni: 雄節 (ūbushi)

Possibly related to *we (“man”) and *wi (“boar”).


wo

Old Japanese: 緒 (wo)

desc

Heian HH, Tokyo 1 􂀿H(L)􂁀, Kyoto 1 􂀿LH ~ LL(H)􂁀 (ZAJ)/0 􂀿HH(H)􂁀 (NKD2), Kagoshima A 􂀿F(L)􂁀 (perhaps accent irregularity is influenced by Japanese 尾 (o, “tail”)?)

Japanese: 緒 (o, Heian HH, Tokyo 1 [H(L)], Kyoto 1 [LH ~ LL(H)] (ZAJ)/0 [HH(H)] (NKD2), Kagoshima A [F(L)] (perhaps accent irregularity is influenced by Japanese 尾 (o, “tail”)?))

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 緒 (wū, ū, gū)
Kunigami: 緒 (wū /wúː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 緒 (wū, in compounds)
Okinawan: 緒 (wū /wûː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 緒 (wu /wùˑ/)
Yoron: 緒 (pū /pùː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 緒 (bū)
Yaeyama: 緒 (bū /bûː/)
Yonaguni: 緒 (bū /búː/)


wo

Old Japanese: を (wo)

Japanese: を (o)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Okinawan: ゆ (yu) (archaic, literary)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: う (u), ゆ (yu)
Yaeyama: ゆ (yu) (literary)


ama

Old Japanese: 甘 (ama)

Japanese: 甘い (amai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ama
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 甘さい (amasai)
Kunigami: 甘ーしぇん (amāsHen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 甘さり (amasari)
Okinawan: 甘さん (amasan)
Okinoerabu: 甘さん (amasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 甘さむっ (amasam)
Tokunoshima: 甘ーはい (amāhai)
Yoron: 甘さん (amasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 甘 (ama)
Yaeyama: 甘さん (amasan)
Yonaguni: 甘ん (aman)


mata

Old Japanese: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)

Japanese: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mata
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)
Kunigami: 又, 亦, 復 (matā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 又, 亦, 復 (maθa)
Okinawan: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)
Okinoerabu: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)
Tokunoshima: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)
Yoron: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)
Yaeyama: 又, 亦, 復 (mada)
Yonaguni: 又, 亦, 復 (mata)


nisi

Old Japanese: 西 (nisi)

Japanese: 西 (nishi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nisi (“north”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 北 (nishi)
Kunigami: 北 (nishī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 西 (nishi, “west”)
Okinawan: 北 (nishi)
Okinoerabu: 北 (nishi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 西, 北 (nish)
Tokunoshima: 北 (nisï)
Yoron: 北 (nishi, mishi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 北 (nisï)
Yaeyama: 北 (nisï)
Yonaguni: 北 (nichi)


asi

Old Japanese: 足, 脚 (asi)

Japanese: 足, 脚 (ashi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *asi


mari

Japanese: 毬 (mari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mari
Northern Ryukyuan:
>? Kikai: 毬 (mārū)
Kunigami: 毬 (mai)
>? Northern Amami Ōshima: 毬 (man)
Okinawan: 毬 (māi)
⇒ Okinoerabu: 唐毬 (tōmai)
>? Southern Amami Ōshima: 毬 (marū)
>? Tokunoshima: 毬 (maru)
>? Yoron: 毬 (maru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 毬 (māɿ)
Yaeyama: 毬 (māɿ)
Yonaguni: 毬 (maryan)


a

Old Japanese: 吾 (a, are)

Japanese: 吾 (a, are)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *a (see there for further descendants)


a

Old Japanese: 畔 (a)

⇒ Japanese: 畔 (aze)

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *abusi


peru

Old Japanese: 蒜 (pi₁ru)

Japanese: 蒜 (hiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *peru
Northern Ryukyuan: 픠루 (/pʰɨi.ru/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai:
Araki: 蒜 (piru) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 蒜 (piru) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 蒜 (piru) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 蒜 (piru) (tone class A)
Shiomichi: 蒜 (piru) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 蒜 (pïru)
Wan: 蒜 (piru) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 蒜 (piru)
Nakijin: 蒜 (phirū)
Oku: 蒜 (p'iru)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Yamatohama: 蒜 (fïru)
Yuwan: 蒜 (hïru)
Okinawan:
Shuri: 蒜 (firu) (tone class A)
Okinoerabu:
Kamihirakawa: 蒜 (hirū) (tone class A)
Kunigami: 蒜 (hiru) (tone class A)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 蒜 (fïr)
Shodon: 蒜 (fïr)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 蒜 (fïru)
Yoron: 蒜 (piru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 蒜 (piz)
Hirara: 蒜 (piz)
Ikema: 蒜 (hī)
Irabu: 蒜 (piz)
Kuninaka: 蒜 (pil)
Kurima: 蒜 (piz)
Minna: 蒜 (piri) (tone class A)
Ōgami: 蒜 (piï)
Ōura: 蒜 (piz)
Shimajiri: 蒜 (piz)
Uechi: 蒜 (pil)
Yonaha: 蒜 (piz)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 蒜 (piru) (tone class A)
Ishigaki: 蒜 (pin) (tone class A)
Taketomi: 蒜 (pin)
Yonaguni: 蒜 (hiru) (tone class A)


ura

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ura (see there for further descendants)

(Only reconstructed for Ryukyuan. See Talk.)
See also *ə.


muna

Old Japanese: 空 (muna)

Japanese: 空 (muna), 空しい (munashii)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *muna
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 空 (muna)
Kunigami: 空 (nā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 空 (mona)
Okinawan: 空 (nna)
Yoron: 空 (nā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 空 (mna)
Yaeyama: 空 (nna)


ori

Old Japanese: 瓜 (uri)

Japanese: 瓜 (uri)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 瓜 (ui)
Kunigami: 瓜 (ui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 瓜 (uri)
Okinawan: 瓜 (ui)
Okinoerabu: 瓜 (ui)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 瓜 (wui)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 瓜 (sïbui)
Yoron: 瓜 (ui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 瓜 (ūɿ)
Yaeyama: 瓜 (urï)
Yonaguni: 瓜 (ui)


taka-

Old Japanese: 高 (taka)

Japanese: 高い (takai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *taka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 高さい (tāsai)
Kunigami: 高しぇん (takāshen, tāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 高さり (tahasari)
Okinawan: 高さん (takasan)
Okinoerabu: 高さん (tāsan, taxasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 高さむっ (tahāsam)
Tokunoshima: 高い (tāi)
Yoron: 高さん (tāsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 高 (taka)
Yaeyama: 高さん (takasan)
Yonaguni: 高ん (tagan)


piru

Old Japanese: 晝 (pi₁ru)

Japanese: 昼 (hiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *piru
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 昼 (piru)
Kunigami: 昼 (p'irū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 昼 (hiru)
Okinawan: 昼 (firu)
Okinoerabu: 昼 (hiru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 昼 (hir)
Tokunoshima: 昼 (sïru)
Yoron: 昼 (pyū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 昼 (psïru)
Yaeyama: 昼 (pïrï, pïïrï)
Yonaguni: 昼 (tsū, tsun)


puta

Old Japanese: 二 (puta)

Japanese: 二 (futa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *puta
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 二 (tā)
Kunigami: 二 (tā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 二 (tā)
Okinawan: 二 (tā)
Okinoerabu: 二 (tā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 二 (ta)
Tokunoshima: 二 (tā)
Yoron: 二 (tā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 二 (futa)
Yaeyama: 二 (futā)
Yonaguni: 二 (ttā)


pako

Old Japanese: 箱 (pako₁)

Japanese: 箱 (hako)

→ Amis: hako

→ Sakizaya: haku

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pako
Northern Ryukyuan: 法个 (fako) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 箱 (paxu)
Kunigami: 箱 (phafū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 箱 (haku)
Okinawan: 箱 (haku)
Okinoerabu: 箱 (haku)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 箱 (fak, hak)
Tokunoshima: 箱 (haku)
Yoron: 箱 (papu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 箱 (paku)
Yaeyama: 箱 (paku, haku)
Yonaguni: 箱 (hagu)


panta

Old Japanese: 肌, 膚 (pada)

Japanese: 肌, 膚 (hada)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pada
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 肌 (phadā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 肌 (hada)
Okinawan: 肌 (hada)
Okinoerabu: 肌 (hadā)
Tokunoshima: 肌 (hada)
Yoron: 肌 (pada)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 肌 (pada)
Yaeyama: 肌 (pada)
Yonaguni: 肌 (hada)


kanti

Old Japanese: 舵 (kadi₁)

Japanese: 舵 (kaji)


koi

Old Japanese: 黃 (ki₂)

Japanese: 黄 (ki)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ki
Northern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Kunigami: 黄色 (chīrū) (< *ki-ero)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 黄色 (kīiru), 黄さり (kīsari) (< *ki-ero, *ki)
⇒ Okinawan: 黄色 (chīru) (< *ki-ero)
⇒ Southern Amami Ōshima: 黄色 (kīir) (< *ki-ero)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Miyako: 黄色 (ksïïru) (< *ki-ero)
Yaeyama: 黄 (kïï)


kuso

Old Japanese: 糞, 屎 (kuso₁)

Japanese: 糞, 屎 (kuso)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuso
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 糞, 屎 (ssu)
Kunigami: 糞, 屎 (khusū /kʱùsǔː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 糞, 屎 (kusu)
Okinawan: 糞, 屎 (kusu /kùsù/)
Okinoerabu: 糞, 屎 (kusū /kùsǔː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 糞, 屎 (xsu /kʰsǔˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 糞, 屎 (kushu /kù̥ɕú/)
Yoron: 糞, 屎 (kusu /kùsú/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 糞, 屎 (fusu)
Yaeyama: 糞, 屎 (fushu /ɸù̥ɕú/)
Yonaguni: 糞, 屎 (tsū /tsùː/)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shōgakukan
Tokyo
ja:小学館
ja:日本国語大辞典


asa

Old Japanese: 朝 (asa)

Japanese: 朝 (asa)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *asa (used as an affix in the modern descendants)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 朝 (asa)
Kunigami: 朝 (hasā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 朝 (asa)
Okinawan: 朝 (asa)
Okinoerabu: 朝 (asa)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 朝 (asa)
Tokunoshima: 朝 (asa)
Yoron: 朝 (asa)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 朝 (asa)
Yaeyama: 朝 (asa)
Yonaguni: 朝 (asa)

Related to an *as- root cognate with *asita (“tomorrow”) and Old Japanese 明日 (asu, “tomorrow”). Compare also modern Japanese 浅い (asai, “shallow”).
Alternatively, compare Middle Korean 아ᄎᆞᆷ〮 (àchóm). The word has accent class 2.5 (LF) pitch, which could be indicative of a lost consonant.


ato

Old Japanese: 跡 (ato₁)

Japanese: 跡 (ato)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ato
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 跡 (aθu)
Kunigami: 跡 (athū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 跡 (aθo)
Okinawan: 跡 (atu)
Okinoerabu: 跡 (atu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 跡 (ato)
Tokunoshima: 跡 (atu)
Yoron: 跡 (atu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 跡 (atu)
Yaeyama: 跡 (atu)
Yonaguni: 跡 (atu)


awa

Old Japanese: 泡 (awa)

Japanese: 泡 (awa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *awa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 泡 (ā)
Kunigami: 泡 (ā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 泡 (ō)
Okinawan: 泡 (ā)
Okinoerabu: 泡 (ō)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 泡 (ō)
Tokunoshima: 泡 (ō)
Yoron: 泡 (ō)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 泡 (ā)
Yaeyama: 泡 (ā)
Yonaguni: 泡 (ā)


anki

Old Japanese: あぎ (agi₁)

Japanese: あぎ (agi, Western dialects)

⇒? Japanese: 顎 (ago)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *agi (“upper jaw; gills”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 鰓 (ajī /ʔàdʑíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鰓 (agi)
Okinawan: 鰓 (aji /ʔádʑì/)
Yoron: 鰓, 口蓋 (agi /àgì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 口蓋 (agzï)
Yaeyama: 口蓋 (ai /ʔáì/)
Yonaguni: 鰓 (adi), 鰓骨 (adibuni /àdíbúní/)


ikari

Old Japanese: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikari)

Japanese: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ikari
Northern Ryukyuan:
>? Kunigami: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikāri)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ixyari)
Okinawan: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikai, ichai)
Okinoerabu: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikkai)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ixyāri, ixyar)
Tokunoshima: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikyai)
Yoron: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ichai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikai)
Yaeyama: 碇, 錨, 矴, 重石, 沈石 (ikarï, ikara)


ito

Old Japanese: 糸 (ito₁)

Japanese: 糸 (ito)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ito
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 糸 (ichū, itū)
Kunigami: 糸 (hichū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 糸 (iθo, isho)
Old Okinawan: いと (ito) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kunigami: ひちゅー (hichū)
Okinawan: いーちゅ (īchu), いーちゅー (īchū)
Okinoerabu: 糸 (ichu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 糸 (iθō)
Tokunoshima: 糸 (ichu)
Yoron: 糸 (itchū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 糸 (ichū)
Yaeyama: 糸 (itu, ittu)
Yonaguni: いとぅ (itu)


pati

Old Japanese: 蜂 (PATI)

desc

Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH(H)􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿HH(H)􂁀, Kagoshima A [HL(L)

Japanese: 蜂 (hachi, Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [LH(H)], Kyoto 0 [HH(H)], Kagoshima A [HL(L))

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pati (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蜂 (pachi)
Kunigami: 蜂 (phachī /pʰàtɕíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蜂 (hachi)
Okinawan: 蜂 (hachā /hátɕâː/) (< *patiCa)
Okinoerabu: 蜂 (hachi /hàtɕí/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蜂 (hach /hátɕ̩/)
Tokunoshima: 蜂 (hachi /hàtɕɪ́/)
Yoron: 蜂 (pachi /pàtɕì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蜂 (patsï)
Yaeyama: 蜂 (padzï /pádzɨ̀/)
Yonaguni: 蜂 (hachi, hata /hàtɕî, hàtâ/) (< *pati, *patiCa)

Possibly cognate with Middle Korean 벌〯 (pěl, “bee”).


ima

Old Japanese: 今 (ima)

Japanese: 今 (ima)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ima (“already”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: にゃー (nyā)
Kunigami: なー (nā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: にゃー (nyā)
Okinawan: なー (nā), にゃー (nyā), みゃー (myā)
Okinoerabu: っにゃー ('nyā), にゃー (nyā), なー (nā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: にゃー (nyā)
Tokunoshima: っにゃー ('nyā)
Yoron: にゃー (nyā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: んにゃ (nnya)
Yaeyama: めー (mē)
Yonaguni: まー (mā)


mita

Eastern Old Japanese:

>? Hachijō: みじゃ (mija) (with irregular voicing)

>? Old Japanese: にた (nita) (with nasal assimilation)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mita
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: みちゃ (micha)
Kunigami: みちゃー (michā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: みちゃ (micha)
Okinawan: んちゃ (ncha)
Okinoerabu: みちゃ (micha), みちゃー (michā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: みちゃ (micha)
Tokunoshima: いんちゃ (incha)
Yoron: みちゃ (micha), にちゃ (nicha)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: みぃた (mta)
Yaeyama: んた (nta)
Yonaguni: んた (nta)

Speculatively related to Old Japanese 土 (ni, “clay, earth”) (< *mi).


ari

Old Japanese: 蟻 (ari)

Japanese: 蟻 (ari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: (< *ani)
Aden: 蟻 (āī̃) (tone class AB)
Araki: 蟻 (ani) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 蟻 (ai) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 蟻 (ani) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 蟻 (ānī) (tone class A)
Sakamine: 蟻 (ānī) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 蟻 (ānī) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 蟻 (ānī) (tone class A)
Wan: 蟻 (ani) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Nakijin: 蟻 (ai) (tone class A)
Oku: 蟻 (ani)
Northern Amami Ōshima: (< *ami, *ani)
Sani: 蟻 (an)
Yamatohama: 蟻 (ami)
Yuwan: 蟻 (an)
Okinawan: (< *ari, *ariwa)
Shuri: 蟻 (ai, ayā) (tone class A)
Okinoerabu: (< *ani)
Kamishiro: 蟻 (ani)
Kunigami: 蟻 (ani) (tone class A)
Southern Amami Ōshima: (< *ani)
Koniya: 蟻 (an)
Shodon: 蟻 (an, ani) (tone class A)
Yoro: 蟻 (an)
Tokunoshima: (< *ami, *ani)
Inō: 蟻 (anï)
Isen: 蟻 (ami)
San: 蟻 (ami)
Yoron: 蟻 (anku) (< *aniko)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: (< *ari, *aka-ari, *arigara)
Bora: 蟻 (akāz, azgara)
Hirara: 蟻 (āz, akāz)
Ikema: 蟻 (akai)
Irabu: 蟻 (ahāz)
Karimata: 蟻 (hāï)
Kugai: 蟻 (akāz)
Kuninaka: 蟻 (akāl)
Kurima: 蟻 (akal, akaz)
Minna: 蟻 (akai) (tone class A)
Ōgami: 蟻 (ffāï) (< *kuro-ari)
Ōura: 蟻 (hāz)
Sarahama: 蟻 (akai)
Sawada: 蟻 (āl, akāl)
Shimajiri: 蟻 (axaz)
Tarama: 蟻 (akal) (tone class A)
Uechi: 蟻 (akāl)
Uruka: 蟻 (azgara)
Yonaha: 蟻 (akāz)
Yaeyama: (< *ari, *ariwa)
Hateruma: 蟻 (āri) (tone class A)
Hatoma: 蟻 (āru)
Ishigaki: 蟻 (āra) (tone class A)
Kohama: 蟻 (āra)
Kuroshima: 蟻 (arï)
Taketomi: 蟻 (ai)
Yonaguni: 蟻 (aya) (< *ariwa) (tone class C)


kumo

Old Japanese: 雲 (kumo₁)

Japanese: 雲 (kumo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kumo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 雲 (kumu)
Kunigami: 雲 (k'umū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 雲 (komo, k'umo)
Okinawan: 雲 (kumu)
Okinoerabu: 雲 (kumu, kumū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 雲 (kumo, kumu)
Tokunoshima: 雲 (kumu)
Yoron: 雲 (kumu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 雲 (fumu)
Yaeyama: 雲 (fumu)
Yonaguni: 雲 (nmu)


kuni

Old Japanese: 国 (kuni)

Japanese: 国 (kuni)

→? Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuni

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 国 (khunī)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 国 (kuni)

Okinawan: 国 (kuni)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 国 (kunī)

Tokunoshima: 国 (kunī)

Yoron: 国 (kuni)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 国 (kuni)

Yaeyama: 国 (fun, kuni)

Yonaguni: 国 (kuni)


tama

Old Japanese: 魂 (tama)

Japanese: 魂 (tama)


uma

Old Japanese: 馬 (ma, uma, muma)

Japanese: 馬 (ma, uma, muma)

→ Ainu: ウンマ (umma)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *Cma
Northern Ryukyuan: 烏馬 (uma) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469-1470)
Kikai: 馬 (ma, uma)
Kunigami: 馬 ('mā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 馬 ('mā)
Okinawan: 馬 ('nma, 'nmā)
Okinoerabu: 馬 (mā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 馬 ('mā)
Tokunoshima: 馬 (mā)
Yoron: 馬 (uma)
Southern Ryukyuan: *Vma (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: 馬 (mma)
Yaeyama: 馬 (mma)
Yonaguni: 馬 (nma)

Possibly derived as a nativized borrowing from Old Chinese 馬 (OC *mraːʔ), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ (“horse”). See the Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry for more details.
The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬 /马 (mǎ, “horse”), Sanskrit मर्य (márya, “stallion; young man”) and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”). More at *márkos.


uma

desc

Old Japanese: 旨, 甘, 味, 美, 巧, 美味, 甘美, 上手 (uma), 旨し, 甘し, 味し, 美し, 巧し, 美味し, 甘美し, 上手し (umasi)

Middle Japanese: 旨し, 甘し, 味し, 美し, 巧し, 美味し, 甘美し, 上手し (umasi, mumasi)

Japanese: 旨い, 甘い, 味い, 美い, 巧い, 美味い, 甘美い, 上手い (umai)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *Mma
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 旨ーせん, 甘ーせん, 味ーせん, 美ーせん, 巧ーせん, 美味ーせん, 甘美ーせん, 上手ーせん (mmāsen)
Okinawan: 旨ーさん, 甘ーさん, 味ーさん, 美ーさん, 巧ーさん, 美味ーさん, 甘美ーさん, 上手ーさん (māsan)
Okinoerabu: 旨ーさん, 甘ーさん, 味ーさん, 美ーさん, 巧ーさん, 美味ーさん, 甘美ーさん, 上手ーさん (māsan)
Tokunoshima: 旨ぁあい, 甘ぁあい, 味ぁあい, 美ぁあい, 巧ぁあい, 美味ぁあい, 甘美ぁあい, 上手ぁあい (mäai)
Yoron: 旨さい, 甘さい, 味さい, 美さい, 巧さい, 美味さい, 甘美さい, 上手さい (masai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 旨, 甘, 味, 美, 巧, 美味, 甘美, 上手 (mma)
Yaeyama: 旨, 甘, 味, 美, 巧, 美味, 甘美, 上手 (mma-)
Yonaguni: 旨ーん, 甘ーん, 味ーん, 美ーん, 巧ーん, 美味ーん, 甘美ーん, 上手ーん (mān)

Might originally be an interjection; compare English mmm.
Samuel Martin compares *ama (“sweet”).


tako

Old Japanese: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (*TAKO₁)

Japanese: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (tako)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tako
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (θō)
Kunigami: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (thafū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (θoho)
Okinawan: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (taku)
Okinoerabu: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (tō)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (θoho)
Tokunoshima: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (tō)
Yoron: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (tafu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (taku)
Yaeyama: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (taku)
Yonaguni: 蛸, 章魚, 鮹 (tagu)


wa

Old Japanese: 我 (wa)

Japanese: 我 (wa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 我 (wā)
Kunigami: 我 (wā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 我 (wā)
Okinawan: 我 (wā)
Okinoerabu: 我 (wā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 我 (wā)
Tokunoshima: 我 (wā)
Yoron: 我 (wā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 我 (bā)
Yaeyama: 我 (bā)
Yonaguni: 我 (bā)

Both John B. Whitman and Alexander Francis-Ratté speculate of a connection to Old Korean 又 (*wu, “We; us”), although Whitman and Francis-Ratté's belief that Korean and Japanese are genetically linked does not have consensus in the field.


kansa

Japanese: 香 (kaza, dialect)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kaza
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 香 (hada)
Kunigami: 香 (hajā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 香 (xaza)
Okinawan: 香 (kaza)
Okinoerabu: 香 (hajā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 香 (xada)
Tokunoshima: 香 (xada)
Yoron: 香 (hada)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 香 (kaza)
Yaeyama: 香 (kaza)
Yonaguni: 香 (kada, kadai)


pana

Old Japanese: 花 (pana)

Japanese: 花 (hana)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pana
Northern Ryukyuan: 파나 (/faɁ.na/) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai:
Aden: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
Araki: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
Wan: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 花 (fana)
Iejima: 花 (phanā) (tone class B)
Iheya: 花 (fanā) (tone class B)
Kin: 花 (hānā) (tone class B)
Nago: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
Nakijin-Yonamine: 花 (phanā) (tone class B)
Sakimotobu: 花 (fana) (tone class B)
Sesoko: 花 (fanā) (tone class B)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
Yamatohama: 花 (hana)
Okinawan:
Itoman: 花 (hana)
Naha: 花 (hana)
Shuri: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
Okinoerabu:
China: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
Kamishiro: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
Serikaku: 花 (hanā)
Tetechina: 花 (hana)
Wadomari: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 花 (fana)
Shodon: 花 (hana) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
Kametsu: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
San: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
Yoron: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 花 (pana)
Hirara: 花 (pana)
Ikema: 花 (hana)
Nishihara: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
Irabu: 花 (pana)
Karimata: 花 (pana)
Kuninaka: 花 (pana)
Minna: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
Nagahama: 花 (pana)
Nakachi: 花 (pana)
Nobaru: 花 (pana)
Ōgami: 花 (pana)
Ōura: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
Shimajiri: 花 (pana)
Shiokawa: 花 (pana)
Tarama: 花 (pana)
Nakasuji: 花 (pana) (tone class A/B)
Uechi: 花 (pana)
Yonaha: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
Yaeyama:
Aragusuku: 花 (pana)
Hateruma: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
Hatoma: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
Ishigaki: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
Kabira: 花 (pana)
Kohama: 花 (pana)
Kuroshima: 花 (pana)
Sonai: 花 (pana)
Taketomi: 花 (hənə) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 花 (hana) (tone class B)


pana

Old Japanese: 鼻 (pana)

Japanese: 鼻 (hana)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pana
Northern Ryukyuan: 파나 (/pʰana/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai:
Aden: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
Araki: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Shiomichi: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Wan: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 鼻 (fana)
Iejima: 鼻 (phana) (tone class AC)
Iheya: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
Kin: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
Nago: 鼻 (phana) (tone class A)
Nakijin-Yonamine: 鼻 (phanā) (tone class A)
Oku: 鼻 (pana)
Sakimotobu: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
Sesoko: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
Sumuide: 鼻 (pana)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Isu: 鼻 (fana)
Kasari-Tekebu: 鼻 (fana)
Naze: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB (however, with accent instead of expected )
Sumiyō: 鼻 (fana)
Yamato: 鼻 (hana)
Yamatohama: 鼻 (hana)
Yuwan: 鼻 (hana)
Okinawan:
Itoman: 鼻 (hana)
Nago: 鼻 (fana)
Naha: 鼻 (hana)
Shuri: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
Yara: 鼻 (hana)
Okinoerabu:
China: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
Kamishiro: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
Serikaku: 鼻 (hanā)
Tetechina: 鼻 (hana)
Wadomari: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 鼻 (fana, hana)
Shodon: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 鼻 (hanā) (tone class A)
Inō: 鼻 (hana)
Kametsu: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
San: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
Yoron: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 鼻 (pana)
Hirara: 鼻 (pana)
Ikema: 鼻 (hana)
Nishihara: 鼻 (hana) (tone class B)
Irabu: 鼻 (pana)
Karimata: 鼻 (pana)
Kuninaka: 鼻 (pana)
Minna: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Nagahama: 鼻 (pana)
Nakachi: 鼻 (pana)
Nobaru: 鼻 (pana)
Ōgami: 鼻 (pana)
Ōura: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
Sarahama: 鼻 (hana)
Sawada: 鼻 (pana)
Shimajiri: 鼻 (pana)
Shiokawa: 鼻 (pana)
Tarama: 鼻 (pana)
Nakasuji: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Uechi: 鼻 (pana)
Yonaha: 鼻 (pana)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Hatoma: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Ishigaki: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
Kabira: 鼻 (pana)
Kohama: 鼻 (pana)
Kuroshima: 鼻 (hənə)
Sonai: 鼻 (pana)
Taketomi: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Yonaguni: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)


pana

Old Japanese: 端 (pana)

Japanese: 端 (hana)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pana
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 端 (fana)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 端 (phana) (tone class AC)
Nakijin-Yonamine: 端 (phanā) (tone class A)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Yamatohama: 端 (hana)
Okinawan:
Naha: 端 (hana)
Shuri: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
Okinoerabu:
China: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
Wadomari: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 端 (hanā) (tone class A)
Kametsu: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
Yoron: 端 (pana) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 端 (pana)
Ikema: 端 (hana)
Nishihara: 端 (hana) (tone class B)
Minna: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
Nagahama: 端 (pana)
Nakachi: 端 (pana)
Tarama:
Nakasuji: 端 (pana)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
Hatoma: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
Ishigaki: 端 (hana, pana) (tone class A)
Taketomi: 端 (pənə)
Yonaguni: 端 (hana)


kora

Old Japanese: 子等 (ko₁ra, “children”)

Japanese: 子等 (kora, “children”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kura ~ kuCa (“child”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 子 (k'wa, k'a)
Kunigami: 子 (k'wā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 子 (k'wa)
Okinawan: 子 (kkwa)
Okinoerabu: 子 (k'wā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 子 (k'wā)
Tokunoshima: 子 (k'wa, k'wā)
Yoron: 子 (k'wa)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 子 (ffa)
Yaeyama: 子 (fā)
Yonaguni: 子 (pā)


kanto

Old Japanese: 角, 稜 (kado₁)

Japanese: 角, 稜 (kado)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kado
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 角, 稜 (kadu)
Kunigami: 角, 稜 (hadū, khadū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 角, 稜 (xado)
Okinawan: 角, 稜 (kadu)
Okinoerabu: 角, 稜 (kadū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 角, 稜 (kado)
Tokunoshima: 角, 稜 (kadū, kajū)
Yoron: 角, 稜 (hadu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 角, 稜 (kadu)
Yaeyama: 角, 稜 (kadu)
Yonaguni: 角, 稜 (kadu)


kapa

Old Japanese: 河 (kapa, “river”)

Japanese: 川 (kawa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kawa (“spring, well”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 川 (hā)
Kunigami: 川 (hā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 川 (kō)
Okinawan: 川 (kā)
Okinoerabu: 川 (hō)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 川 (kō)
Tokunoshima: 川 (kō)
Yoron: 川 (kō)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 川 (kā)
Yaeyama: 川 (kā)
Yonaguni: 川 (kā)


kapa

desc

Old Japanese: 皮, 革 (kapa, “hide, leather; bark”), 側 (kapa, “side”)

Japanese: 皮, 革 (kawa, “hide, leather; bark}”), 側 (kawa, “side”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kawa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 皮, 革 (hā)
Kunigami: 皮, 革 (hā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 皮, 革 (kō)
Okinawan: 皮, 革 (kā)
Okinoerabu: 皮, 革 (hō)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 皮, 革 (kō)
Tokunoshima: 皮, 革 (ko, kō)
Yoron: 皮, 革 (hō)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 皮, 革 (kā)
Yaeyama: 皮, 革 (kā)
Yonaguni: 皮, 革 (kā)

the side of something, the surface or covering of something


ki-

Old Japanese: 着 (ki)

Japanese: 着, 着る (ki, kiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ki


kimi

Old Japanese: 黍 (ki₁mi₁)

desc

Heian LF, Tokyo 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 1:25 􂀿LF ~ LH(L)􂁀 (the same accent applies for the original kimi reading, with the exception of Tokyo and Kagoshima, which does not have accent information), Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 黍 (kibi, Heian LF, Tokyo 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 1:25 [LF ~ LH(L)] (the same accent applies for the original kimi reading, with the exception of Tokyo and Kagoshima, which does not have accent information), Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kimi (tone class B)
Northern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Kunigami: 唐黍 (thōjimī /tʰòːdʑìmíː/) (< *tau-gimi)
⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 唐の黍 (θonokin) (< *tau-no-kimi)
⇒ Okinawan: 真黍 (mājin /máːdʑìŋ/), 唐ぬ黍 (tōnuchin /tòːnùtɕìŋ/) (< *ma-gimi, *tau-no-kimi)
Okinoerabu: 黍 (kimī /kìmǐː/), ⇒ 唐黍 (tōjini /tòːdʑìní/) (< *kimi, *tau-gimi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 黍 (kimi /kìmìˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 黍 (kimi /kìmî/), ⇒ 唐黍 (tōgin /tòːgɪ́ŋ/) (< *kimi, *tau-gimi)
⇒ Yoron: 唐黍 (tōgin /tòːgǐŋ/) (< *tau-gimi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 黍 (ksïm)
Yaeyama: 黍 (kïn /kɨ́ŋ/)
⇒ Yonaguni: 黍 (chinti /tɕǐntî/), 高黍 (tagachin /tàgátɕîŋ/) (< *kimi-[si ~ tE], *taka-kimi)


kupa

Old Japanese: 桑 (kupa)

Japanese: 桑 (kuwa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuwa
Northern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Kunigami: 桑木 (kwāgi) (< *kuwa-ge)
⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 桑木 (kwāgï) (< *kuwa-ge)
Okinawan: 桑 (kwā)
Okinoerabu: 桑 (kwā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 桑 (kwa, kwā)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 桑木 (kwāgï) (< *kuwa-ge)
⇒ Yoron: 桑木 (kwāgi) (< *kuwa-ge)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yaeyama: 桑 (kwā)


wata

Old Japanese: 腸 (wata)

Japanese: 腸 (wata)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wata (“belly”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 腹 (wata) (tone class AB)
Araki: 腹 (wata) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 腹 (wata) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 腹 (wata) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 腹 (wata) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 腹 (wata) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 腹 (wata) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 腹 (wata) (tone class BC)
Wan: 腹 (wata) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Nakijin: 腹 (watā) (tone class B)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Yamatohama: 腹 (waθa)
Yuwan: 腹 (wata)
Okinawan:
Naha: 腹 (wata)
Shuri: 腹 (wata) (tone class B)
Okinoerabu:
Ashikiyora: 腹 (watā)
Kunigami: 腹 (watā) (tone class B)
Kamihirakawa: 腹 (watā) (tone class B)
Tamina: 腹 (wattā)
Wadomari: 腹 (watā)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 腹 (wata)
Shodon: 腹 (wata) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 腹 (watā) (tone class B)
Inō: 腹 (wata)
Yoron: 腹 (wata) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 腹 (bata)
Hirara: 腹 (bata)
Ikema: 腹 (bata) (tone class B)
Irabu: 腹 (bata)
Karimata: 腹 (bada)
Kugai: 腹 (bata)
Kurima: 腹 (bata)
Ōgami: 腹 (pata)
Minna: 腹 (bata) (tone class B)
Nagahama: 腹 (bata)
Sarahama: 腹 (bata)
Shiokawa: 腹 (bata)
Sunagawa: 腹 (bata)
Tarama: 腹 (bata) (tone class B)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 腹 (bata) (tone class BC)
Ishigaki: 腹 (bada) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 腹 (bada) (tone class BC)
Kuroshima: 腹 (bata)
Taketomi: 腹 (bata) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 腹 (bata) (tone class B)


pira

Old Japanese: 平 (pi₁ra)

Japanese: 平 (hira)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pira
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 平 (fira, shira)
Kunigami: 平 (pyā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 平 (hira)
Okinawan: 平 (fira)
Okinoerabu: 平 (hyā)
Tokunoshima: 平 (sïra)
Yoron: 平 (pyā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 平 (psïsa, in compounds)
Yaeyama: 平 (psïsa)
⇒ Yaeyama: だびら (dabira)


mara

Old Japanese: まら (mara)

Japanese: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Kunigami: 魔羅, 摩羅 (marā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Okinawan: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Okinoerabu: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Tokunoshima: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Yoron: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Yaeyama: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)
Yonaguni: 魔羅, 摩羅 (mara)


ur-

Old Japanese: 売 (uru)

Japanese: 売る (uru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *uri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 売ゆい (uyui)
Kunigami: 売ん (un)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 売るり (ururi)
Okinawan: 売ゆん (uyun)
Okinoerabu: 売ゆん (uyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 売ゆむっ (uyum)
Tokunoshima: 売りぃ (urï)
Yoron: 売ゆん (uyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 売 (v)
Yonaguni: 売るん (urun)


moko

Old Japanese: もこ (mo₁ko₁, “comrade”)

Japanese: 婿, 聟, 壻 (muko)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moko
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 婿, 聟, 壻 (muko), 婿子等, 聟子等, 壻子等 (mōkkwa) (< *moko, *moko-kura)
Kunigami: 婿, 聟, 壻 (mufu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 婿, 聟, 壻 (moho, muho, mufu)
Okinawan: 婿, 聟, 壻 (mūku)
⇒ Okinoerabu: 婿子等, 聟子等, 壻子等 (mukkwa) (< *moko-kura)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 婿, 聟, 壻 (muho)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 婿殿, 聟殿, 壻殿 (mukudun) (< *moko-dono)
⇒ Yoron: 婿子等, 聟子等, 壻子等 (mūkwā) (< *moko-kura)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 婿, 聟, 壻 (muku)
Yaeyama: 婿, 聟, 壻 (muku)
Yonaguni: 婿, 聟, 壻 (mugu)


nami

Old Japanese: 波, 浪, 濤 (nami₁)

Japanese: 波, 浪, 濤 (nami)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nami
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 波, 浪, 濤 (nami)
Kunigami: 波, 浪, 濤 (namī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 波, 浪, 濤 (nami)
Okinawan: 波, 浪, 濤 (nami)
Okinoerabu: 波, 浪, 濤 (nāmī, nānī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 波, 浪, 濤 (nami)
Tokunoshima: 波, 浪, 濤 (namī)
Yoron: 波, 浪, 濤 (nan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 波, 浪, 濤 (namï)
Yaeyama: 波, 浪, 濤 (nan)
Yonaguni: 波, 浪, 濤 (nan)


kuro

Old Japanese: 黒 (kuro₁)

Japanese: 黒 (kuro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 黒 (kurū), 黒せい (kurusai)
Kunigami: 黒 (kurū), 黒しぇん (kurushen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 黒 (kurū), 黒さり (kurusari)
Okinawan: 黒 (kurū), 黒さん (kurusan)
Okinoerabu: 黒 (kurū), 黒さん (kurusan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 黒 (kurū), 黒さむっ (kurusam)
Tokunoshima: 黒 (kuru), 黒ーい (kurūi)
Yoron: 黒 (kurū), 黒さん (kurusan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 黒 (ffu)
Yaeyama: 黒 (ffu), 黒さん (ffusan)
⇒ Yonaguni: 黒ちち (furuchichi)


nasi

Old Japanese: 梨 (nasi)

Japanese: 梨 (nashi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nasi

Derivation unclear, with numerous theories. Two of the more common are given below.
* May be originally a compound of *naka (“middle, center”) + *siro (“white”) in reference to the pale flesh of the fruit.
* Alternatively, may be originally a compound of *naka (“middle, center”) + *su (“sour, acidic”) in reference to the way the flavor of the fruit becomes more astringent closer to the core.


mimi

Old Japanese: 耳 (mi₁mi₁)

Japanese: 耳 (mimi)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mimi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 耳 (mimi)
Kunigami: 耳 (mimī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 耳 (min)
Okinawan: 耳 (mimi, min)
Okinoerabu: 耳 (mimi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 耳 (mimi)
Tokunoshima: 耳 (mïn, transcriptional error for *min?)
Yoron: 耳 (min)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 耳 (mim)
Yaeyama: 耳 (min)
Yonaguni: 耳 (min)


umo

Old Japanese: うも (umo), 芋 (imo)

desc

Heian LL, Tokyo LH(L), Kyoto HL(L), Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 芋 (imo, Heian LL, Tokyo LH(L), Kyoto HL(L), Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *umu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 芋 (umu)
Kunigami: 芋 (umū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 芋 (umu)
Okinawan: 芋 ('nmu)
Okinoerabu: 芋 (umu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 芋 (m)
Yaeyama: 芋 (umu)
⇒ Yonaguni: 芋 (unti)

日本国語大辞典 w:ja:日本国語大辞典

大辞林 w:ja:大辞林

デジタル大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉#電子版


ota

Old Japanese: 歌 (uta)

Japanese: 歌 (uta)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ota
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 歌 (uta)
Kunigami: 歌 (futā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 歌 (uθa, oθa)
Okinawan: 歌 (uta)
Okinoerabu: 歌 (uta, utā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 歌 (uθa)
Tokunoshima: 歌 (uta)
Yoron: 歌 (uta)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yaeyama: 歌 (uta)
Yonaguni: 歌 (uta)


puyu

Old Japanese: 冬 (puyu)

Japanese: 冬 (fuyu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *puyu


mura

Old Japanese: 村 (mura)

Japanese: 村 (mura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mura
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 村 (mura)
Kunigami: 村 (murā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 村 (mora)
Okinawan: 村 (mura)
Okinoerabu: 村 (mura)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 村 (mura)
Tokunoshima: 村 (murā)
Yoron: 村 (mura)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 村 (mura)
Yaeyama: 村 (mura)
Yonaguni: 村 (mura)

Possibly from *mur- (“group; to gather”), reflected in Japanese 群れる (mureru, “to gather”), via an addition of a suffix *-a. 牟羅 (*mura) appears in Old Korean placenames.
Miyake deems resemblance to Old Chinese 里 - which he reconstructs as 里 (OC *mɯ.rəʔ) - to be likely coincidental; as the expected Modern Japanese reflex would be **muro ← **mo₁ro₂ ← **mo₂ro₂ [mərə].


wara

Old Japanese: 藁 (wara)

Japanese: 藁 (wara)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 藁 (wara)
Kunigami: 藁 (warā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 藁 (wara)
Okinawan: 藁 (wara)
Okinoerabu: 藁 (wara)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 藁 (wara, warā)
Tokunoshima: 藁 (warā)
Yoron: 藁 (wara)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 藁 (bara)
Yaeyama: 藁 (bara)
Yonaguni: 藁 (bara)


pota

Old Japanese: 蓋 (puta)

Japanese: 蓋 (futa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pota


sita

Old Japanese: 下 (sita)

Japanese: 下 (shita)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sita
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 下 (ssa) (tone class AB)
Araki: 下 (sa') (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 下 (sa') (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 下 (ssa) (tone class A)
Sakamine: 下 (ssa) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 下 (ssha) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 下 (sā) (tone class A)
Wan: 下 (ssa) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 下 (hicha)
Nakijin: 下 (shichā) (tone class A)
Oku: 下 (hisa)
Sumuide: 下 (shicha, hicha)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 下 (sa)
Yamatohama: 下 (shā)
Yuwan: 下 (sha)
Okinawan:
Naha: 下 (shicha)
Shuri: 下 (shicha) (tone class A)
Okinoerabu:
Serikaku: 下 (shā)
Tetechina: 下 (shā)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 下 (shā)
Shodon: 下 (shā) (tone class A)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 下 (sāra) (< *sita-wara (“downward direction”))
Kametsu: 下 (shā)
Yoron: 下 (shicha)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 下 (sïta)
Ikema: 下 (sïta) (tone class A)
Irabu: 下 (sïta)
Minna: 下 (sïta) (tone class A)
Nagahama: 下 (sïta)
Ōgami: 下 (sta)
Sarahama: 下 (sïta)
Shiokawa: 下 (sïta)
Tarama: 下 (sïta) (tone class A)
Uechi: 下 (sïta)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 下 (sïta)
Hatoma: 下 (shita)
Ishigaki: 下 (sïta)
Sonai: 下 (shita)
Taketomi: 下 (shita)
Yonaguni: 下 (t'āra) (< *sita-wara (“downward direction”)) (tone class C)


sita

Old Japanese: 舌 (sita)

Japanese: 舌 (shita)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sita

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 舌 (shichā)

Okinawan: 舌 (shicha)

Okinoerabu: 舌 (shā)

Yoron: 舌 (shicha)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 舌 (sïta, sïda)

Yaeyama: 舌 (sïta)

Yonaguni: 舌 (tta)


anto

Japanese: あど (ado, Kagoshima)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ado
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: あどぅ (adu)
Kunigami: あどぅー (adū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: あど (ado)
Okinawan: あどぅ (adu)
Okinoerabu: あーどぅー (ādū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: あど (ado)
Tokunoshima: あどぅ (adu)
Yoron: あどぅ (adu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: あどぅ (adu)
Yaeyama: あどぅ (adu)
Yonaguni: あどぅびら (adubira)


kimo

Old Japanese: 肝 (ki₁mo₁)

Japanese: 肝 (kimo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kimo (“heart; liver”)
Northern Ryukyuan: 기모 (/ki.mo/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 肝 (kimu, chimu)
Kunigami: 肝 (chimū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 肝 (k'imo)
Okinawan: 肝 (chimu)
Okinoerabu: 肝 (chimu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 肝 (kimo)
Tokunoshima: 肝 (kimu)
Yoron: 肝 (kimu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 肝 (ksïmu)
Yaeyama: 肝 (ksïmu)
Yonaguni: 肝 (chimu)


tui

Old Japanese: 鉤 (ti)

Japanese: 鉤 (chi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tu (accent class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 鉤 (chī /tɕíː/)
Okinawan: 鉤 (tsī /tsîː ~ tɕîː/)
Okinoerabu: 鉤 (chī /tɕíː/)
Yoron: 鉤 (chī /tɕìː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鉤 (tsïï)
Yaeyama: 鉤 (tsïï /tsɨ̂ː/)
Yonaguni: 鉤 (chi)

Possibly related to *tur- (“to hang; to fish”). In the Heian period, 釣る (tsuru) had accent.


papai

Old Japanese: 蠅 (pape₂)

Japanese: 蝿 (hae)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pae
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蝿 (pē, fē)
Kunigami: 蝿 (phē)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蝿 (fe)
Okinawan: 蝿 (fē)
Okinoerabu: 蝿 (hē)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蝿 (fëë)
Tokunoshima: 蝿 (hai)
Yoron: 青蝿 (ōbai) (< *aobae)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蝿 (paɿ)
Yaeyama: 蝿 (pai)
Yonaguni: 蝿 (hai)


kati

Old Japanese: かち (kati)

Japanese: かち (kachi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kati


puru

Old Japanese: 古 (puru)

Japanese: 古 (furu), 古い (furui)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *puru
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 古さい (purusai, furusai)
Kunigami: 古せん (phurusen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 古さり (furusari)
Okinawan: 古さん (furusan)
Okinoerabu: 古さん (furusan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 古さむっ (fursam)
Tokunoshima: 古あい (furuai)
Yoron: 古さん (purusan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 古 (fuz)
Yaeyama: 古さーん (furusān)
Yonaguni: 古さん (furusan)


sin-

Old Japanese: 死ぬ (sinu)

Japanese: 死ぬ (shinu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sini
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 死にゅい (shinyui)
Kunigami: 死ぬん (shinun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 死みゅり (shimyuri)
Okinawan: 死ぬん (shinun)
Okinoerabu: 死にゅん (shinyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 死にゅむっ (shinyum)
Tokunoshima: 死み (sïmi)
Yoron: 死にゅん (shinyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 死 (sun)
Yaeyama: 死ぬん (sïnun)
Yonaguni: 死ぬん (nnun)

There is some uncertainty about derivation.
* This term might be a fusion of borrowed element *si from Old Chinese 死 (OC *hljiʔ) + native verb *inu (“to go away; to die”, reflected as Classical Japanese 去ぬ (inu)). In kanbun texts, the compound 死去 is attested as far back as 721.
* Alternatively, this might be a purely native term, with the phonological and semantic overlap with Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX) entirely accidental.


arare

Old Japanese: 霰 (arare)

Japanese: 霰 (arare)

Japanese: 霰 (arane) (dialectal)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *arare
Northern Ryukyuan:
Yoron: 霰 (arari)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 霰 (arari)
Yaeyama: 霰 (arari)


saki

desc

Old Japanese: 先, 前 (saki₁, “point, tip”), 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (saki₁, cape, peninsula)

Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH(H)􂁀 ~ 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿HH(H)􂁀 ~ 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL(L)􂁀

Heian HH, Tokyo 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima A [HL(L)

Japanese: 先, 前 (saki, “point, tip”, Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [LH(H)] ~ 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 0 [HH(H)] ~ 1 [HL(L)], Kagoshima A [HL(L)]), 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (saki, “cape, peninsula”, Heian HH, Tokyo 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 2 [HL(L)], Kagoshima A [HL(L))

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *saki (accent class A)
Northern Ryukyuan: さき (saki) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (sachi)
Kunigami: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (sachī /sàtɕíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (saki)
Okinawan: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (sachi /sátɕì/)
Okinoerabu: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (sachi /sàtɕí/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (sak /sák̩/)
Tokunoshima: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (saki /sàkɪ́/)
Yoron: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (saki /sàkì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (saksï)
Yaeyama: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (sakï /sákɨ̀/)
Yonaguni: 先, 前, 崎, 埼, 岬, 碕 (sati /sàtí/)


karu

Old Japanese: 軽 (karu)

desc

Classical form karusi: Heian HHF, Tokyo 2 􂀿LHL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 1:3 􂀿LHL(L)􂁀 / Modern karui: Tokyo 0 􂀿LHH(H)􂁀 = A, Kyoto 2 􂀿HLL(L)􂁀 = A, Kagoshima A 􂀿HLL(L)􂁀

Japanese: 軽い (karui, Classical form karusi: Heian HHF, Tokyo 2 [LHL(L)], Kyoto 1:3 [LHL(L)] / Modern karui: Tokyo 0 [LHH(H)] = A, Kyoto 2 [HLL(L)] = A, Kagoshima A [HLL(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *karu (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan: *karu, *garu
Kunigami: 軽しぇん (gasshen /gáꞯɕèɴ/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 軽さり (garusari)
Okinawan: 軽さん (kassan, gassan /káꞯsâɴ, gáꞯsâɴ/)
Okinoerabu: 軽さん (harusan /hàɾùsâɴ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 軽さむっ (xarsam /kʰàɾsàm̩/)
Tokunoshima: 軽はい (garohai /gàɾòháɪ̀/)
Yoron: 軽さん (harusan /hàɾùsàɴ/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 軽ーㇲ゙ (kāz)
Yaeyama: 軽さーん (karasān /káɾásàːɴ/)
Yonaguni: 軽ん (karan /kàɾáɴ/)


takai

Old Japanese: 竹 (take₂)

Japanese: 竹 (take)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *take
Northern Ryukyuan: *dake
Kikai: 竹 (dē)
Kunigami: 竹 (dakī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 竹 (dehe)
Okinawan: 竹 (daki)
Okinoerabu: 竹 (dē)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 竹 (dehe)
Tokunoshima: 竹 (dē)
Yoron: 竹 (dai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 竹 (taki)
Yaeyama: 竹 (taki)
Yonaguni: 竹 (tagi)

Probably cognate with *taka (“high, tall”).


ik-

Old Japanese: 行, 往 (iku, yuku)

Japanese: 行く, 往く (iku, yuku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ik-
Northern Ryukyuan
Okinawan: 行ちゅん (ichun)
Southern Ryukyuan
Miyako: 行きぃ (iksï)
Yonaguni: 行ぐん (igun)


siru

Old Japanese: 汁 (siru)

Japanese: 汁 (shiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *siru
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 汁 (shiru)
Kunigami: 汁 (shirū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 汁 (shiru)
Okinawan: 汁 (shiru)
Okinoerabu: 汁 (shirū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 汁 (shiru)
Tokunoshima: 汁 (sïru)
Yoron: 汁 (shū, suru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 汁 (sïï)
Yaeyama: 汁 (sïrï)
Yonaguni: 汁 (chiru)


wasi

Old Japanese: 鷲 (wasi)

Japanese: 鷲 (washi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wasi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 鷲 (washī)
Okinawan: 鷲 (washi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鷲 (basï)
Yaeyama: 鷲 (basï)


sur-

Old Japanese: 擦, 摩, 磨, 擂, 摺, 刷 (suru)

Japanese: 擦る, 摩る, 磨る, 擂る, 摺る, 刷る (suru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *suri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 擦ゆい, 摩ゆい, 磨ゆい, 擂ゆい, 摺ゆい, 刷ゆい (suyui)
Kunigami: 擦ん, 摩ん, 磨ん, 擂ん, 摺ん, 刷ん (shin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 擦るり, 摩るり, 磨るり, 擂るり, 摺るり, 刷るり (sïruri)
Okinawan: 擦ゆん, 摩ゆん, 磨ゆん, 擂ゆん, 摺ゆん, 刷ゆん (shiyun)
Okinoerabu: 擦ゆん, 摩ゆん, 磨ゆん, 擂ゆん, 摺ゆん, 刷ゆん (shiyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 擦りゅむっ, 摩りゅむっ, 磨りゅむっ, 擂りゅむっ, 摺りゅむっ, 刷りゅむっ (sïryum)
Tokunoshima: 擦りぃ, 摩りぃ, 磨りぃ, 擂りぃ, 摺りぃ, 刷りぃ (sïrï)
Yoron: 擦ゅん, 摩ゅん, 磨ゅん, 擂ゅん, 摺ゅん, 刷ゅん (shun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 擦しぃ, 摩しぃ, 磨しぃ, 擂しぃ, 摺しぃ, 刷しぃ (ssï)
Yaeyama: 擦すん, 摩すん, 磨すん, 擂すん, 摺すん, 刷すん (ssun)
Yonaguni: 擦るん, 摩るん, 磨るん, 擂るん, 摺るん, 刷るん (chirun)


sunti

Old Japanese: 筋, 条 (sudi)

Japanese: 筋, 条 (suji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *suzi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 筋, 条 (suji)
Kunigami: 筋, 条 (shiji)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 筋, 条 (sïzï)
Okinawan: 筋, 条 (shiji)
Okinoerabu: 筋, 条 (shiji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 筋, 条 (sïji)
Tokunoshima: 筋, 条 (sïzï)
Yoron: 筋, 条 (shiji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 筋, 条 (sïzï, suzï)
Yaeyama: 筋, 条 (sïzï)


atu

Old Japanese: 熱, 暑 (atu)

Japanese: 熱い, 暑い (atsui)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *atu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 熱さい, 暑さい (atusai, atsusai)
Kunigami: 熱せん, 暑せん (hachisen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 熱さり, 暑さり (atsïsari)
Okinawan: 熱さん, 暑さん (achisan)
Okinoerabu: 熱さん, 暑さん (achasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 熱むっ, 暑むっ (attam)
Tokunoshima: 熱さい, 暑さい (atsïsai)
Yoron: 熱さん, 暑さん (achisan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 熱, 暑 (atsï)
Yaeyama: 熱さん, 暑さん (attsasan)
Yonaguni: 熱ん, 暑ん (attsan)


tana

Old Japanese: 棚 (tana)

Japanese: 棚 (tana)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tana
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 棚 (tana)
Kunigami: 棚 (thanā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 棚 (θana)
Okinawan: 棚 (tana)
Okinoerabu: 棚 (tana)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 棚 (tana, tanā)
Tokunoshima: 棚 (tanā)
Yoron: 棚 (tana)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 棚 (tana)
Yaeyama: 棚 (tana)
Yonaguni: 棚 (tana)


siro

Old Japanese: 白 (siro₁)

Japanese: 白 (shiro), 白い (shiroi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *siro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 白 (shiru), 白さい (shirusai)
Kunigami: 白 (shirū), 白ーしぇん (shirūshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 白 (shiru), 白さり (shirusari)
Okinawan: 白 (shiru), 白さん (shirusan)
Okinoerabu: 白 (shū), 白さん (shūsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 白 (shiryu), 白さむっ (shiryusam)
Tokunoshima: 白 (sïru), 白ーい (sïrōi)
Yoron: 白 (sū), 白さん (sūsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 白 (ssu)
Yaeyama: 白 (sïsu), 白さん (sïsusan)
⇒ Yonaguni: 白だり (tsudari)


omi

Old Japanese: 海 (umi₁)

Japanese: 海 (umi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *omi
Northern Ryukyuan: 烏乜 (ume) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 海 (umi)
Kunigami: 海 (umi, umī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 海 (umi, un)
Okinawan: 海 (umi)
Okinoerabu: 海 (uni)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 海 (umi)
Tokunoshima: 海 (un)
Yoron: 海 (un)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 海 (im) (< *emi)
Yaeyama: 海 (in) (< *emi)
Yonaguni: 海 (in, unnaga) (< *emi, *ominaka)


yoki

i

Eastern Old Japanese: 与伎 (yo₂ki₁, “snow”) (probably a misspelling of an original yo₁ki₁, given the Western/modern reflexes)

desctree

Old Japanese: 雪 (yuki₁, “snow”)
Japanese: 雪 (yuki)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yoki
Northern Ryukyuan: 유기 (/ju.ki/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 雪 (yuchi)
Kunigami: 雪 (yuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 雪 (yuki-, in compounds)
Okinawan: 雪 (yuchi)
Okinoerabu: 雪 (yuki)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 雪 (yuk)
Tokunoshima: 雪 (yuki)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 雪 (yukɿ)
Yonaguni: 雪 (duti)


minato

Old Japanese: 港, 湊, 水門 (mi₁nato₁)

Japanese: 港, 湊, 水門 (minato)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *minato
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 港, 湊, 水門 (minatu)
Kunigami: 港, 湊, 水門 (nāt'u)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 港, 湊, 水門 (myāto)
Okinawan: 港, 湊, 水門 (nnatu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 港, 湊, 水門 (mïnyāt'o)
Yoron: 港, 湊, 水門 (minatu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 港, 湊, 水門 (mnatu)
Yaeyama: 港, 湊, 水門 (minatu)
Yonaguni: 港, 湊, 水門 (nnatu)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of mi- ("water") + -na- (genitive particle) + to ("place"). However, this does not correlate cleanly with *mentu (“water”).
Vovin, on the other hand suggests mi- was an honorific prefix, while -na- was the word for "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”). Compare *namita (“tears”), Old Japanese 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), Old Japanese 漬く (naduku, “soak in water”).


simo

Old Japanese: 下 (simo₁)

Japanese: 下 (shimo)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *simo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 下 (shimu)
Kunigami: 下 (shimū, “bottom; kitchen; vulva”)
⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 下方 (Shimohō, administrative name given to three magiri)
Okinawan: 下 (shimu, “bottom; kitchen”)
Okinoerabu: 下 (shimu)
Tokunoshima: 下 (sïmu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 下 (sïmu)
Yaeyama: 下 (sïmu)
Yonaguni: 下 (chimu, “kitchen”)


simo

Old Japanese: 霜 (simo)

Japanese: 霜 (shimo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *simo
Northern Ryukyuan: 失莫 (shimo) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 霜 (shimu)
Kunigami: 霜 (shimū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 霜 (shimo)
Okinawan: 霜 (shimu)
Okinoerabu: 霜 (shimu, shimū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 霜 (shimu)
Tokunoshima: 霜 (shimu)
Yoron: 霜 (shimu)


pusi

Old Japanese: 節 (pusi)

desc

Heian LL, Tokyo 2 􂀿LH(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 節 (fushi, Heian LL, Tokyo 2 [LH(L)], Kyoto 2 [HL(L)], Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pusi (tone class B, but see entry for notes)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 節 (pushi)
Kunigami: 節 (phushī /pʰùɕĭː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 節 (fushi, bushi)
Okinawan: 節 (fushi /ɸùɕì/)
Okinoerabu: 節 (fushi /ɸùɕí/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 節 (bush /búɕ̩/)
Tokunoshima: 節 (fusï /ɸùsɨ́/)
Yoron: 節 (pushi /pùɕí/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 節 (fusï)
Yaeyama: 節 (fusï, busï /ɸù̥sɨ́, búsɨ́/)
Yonaguni: 節 (buchi /bùtɕí, bùtɕî/)

Perhaps a suffixed form of an earlier *pu, compare Old Japanese 節 (ふ, pu).


yama

Old Japanese: 山 (yama)

Japanese: 山 (yama, “mountain”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yama
Northern Ryukyuan: 亞馬 (yama) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 山 (yama)
Kunigami: 山 (yamā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 山 (yama)
Okinawan: 山 (yama)
Okinoerabu: 山 (yama, yamā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 山 (yama)
Tokunoshima: 山 (yama)
Yoron: 山 (yama)
Southern Ryukyuan: *yama (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: 山 (yama)
Yaeyama: 山 (yama)
Yonaguni: 山 (dama)


ter-

desc

Eastern Old Japanese: 照る (to₁ru, spelled 刀礼 (to₁re))

Old Japanese: 照る (teru)

Japanese: 照る (teru)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *teri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 照ん (thin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 照るり (θïruri)
Okinawan: 照ゆん (tiyun)
Okinoerabu: 照ゆん (θiyun)
Tokunoshima: 照るい (θirui)
Yoron: 照ゆん (tiyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 照ーㇲ゙ (tīz)
Yaeyama: 照るん (tirun)
Yonaguni: 照るん (tirun)


penti

Old Japanese: 肘, 肱, 臂 (pi₁di)

Japanese: 肘, 肱, 臂 (hiji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pezi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 肘, 肱, 臂 (piji)
Kunigami: 肘, 肱, 臂 (pijī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 肘, 肱, 臂 (hiji)
Okinawan: 肘, 肱, 臂 (fijigē) (< *pezigai)
Okinoerabu: 肘, 肱, 臂 (hiji, hijī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 肘, 肱, 臂 (hiji)
Tokunoshima: 肘, 肱, 臂 (fïji, sïzï)
Yoron: 肘, 肱, 臂 (piji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 肘, 肱, 臂 (pizï)
Yaeyama: 肘, 肱, 臂 (pizï)
Yonaguni: 肘, 肱, 臂 (chidinka) (< *pezi-no-ka)


sato

Old Japanese: 里, 郷 (sato₁)

desc

Heian LL, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH(H)􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿HH(H)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL(L)􂁀

Japanese: 里, 郷 (sato, Heian LL, Tokyo 0 [LH(H)], Kyoto 0 [HH(H)], Kagoshima A [HL(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sato (accent class A?/B?)
Northern Ryukyuan: さと (sato) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kunigami: 里 (satū /sàtǔː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 里 (saθo)
Okinawan: 里 (satu /sátù/)
Okinoerabu: 里 (satu /sàtú/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 里 (sato /sàtôˑ/)
Yoron: 里 (satu /sàtù/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 里 (satu)
Yaeyama: 里 (satu /sátú/)
⇒ Yonaguni: 隣里 (tunaisatu /tʰùnáísátû/) (< *tonari-sato)


miti

Old Japanese: 道 (mi₁ti)

Japanese: 道 (michi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *miti
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 道 (michi)
Kunigami: 道 (michī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 道 (michi)
Okinawan: 道 (michi)
Okinoerabu: 道 (michi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 道 (michi, mich)
Tokunoshima: 道 (mitsï)
⇒ Yoron: 道中 (michinā) (< *miti-naka)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 道 (mtsï)
Yaeyama: 道 (mitsï)
⇒ Yonaguni: 道 (amiti)

A bimorphemic word, containing of *mi- (“honorific prefix”) + *ti (“path, road”).


naka

Old Japanese: 中 (na, naka)

Japanese: 中 (naka)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *naka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Araki: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Nakasato: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 中 (nā) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 中 (nā) (tone class BC)
Wan: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Kunigami:
Nakijin: 中 (nahā) (tone class C)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Okinawan:
Shuri: 中 (nāka) (tone class C)
Okinoerabu:
Wadomari: 中 (nā) (tone class A)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 中 (nā) (tone class AC)
Yoron: 中 (nā) (tone class C)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 中 (naka)
Hirara: 中 (naka)
Ikema: 中 (naka) (tone class C)
Irabu: 中 (naka)
Karimata: 中 (nā)
Kuninaka: 中 (naka)
Minna: 中 (naka) (tone class C)
Nobaru: 中 (naka)
Ōgami: 中 (naka)
Ōura: 中 (naka)
Tarama: 中 (naka) (tone class C)
Shimajiri: 中 (naka)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 中 (naga) (tone class A)
Hatoma: 中 (naka) (tone class A)
Ishigaki: 中 (naka) (tone class A)
Yonaguni: 中 (naga) (tone class C)


inai

Old Japanese: 稲 (ine, ina)

Japanese: 稲 (ine, ina)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ine
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 稲 (ï, ini, inï)
Kunigami: 稲 (nī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 稲 (nī, nyā)
Okinawan: 稲 (nni)
Okinoerabu: 稲 (inī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 稲 (inïï, 'ini, 'inī)
Tokunoshima: 稲 (inïï)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 稲 (ini)
Yaeyama: 稲 (ini)
Yonaguni: 稲 (nni)


paka

Old Japanese: 墓 (paka)

Japanese: 墓 (haka)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *paka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 墓 (faka)
Kunigami: 墓 (phakā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 墓 (haxa)
Okinawan: 墓 (haka)
Okinoerabu: 墓 (hakā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 墓 (hakā)
Tokunoshima: 墓 (haka, hā)
Yoron: 墓 (paka)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 墓 (paka)
Yaeyama: 墓 (pakā)
Yonaguni: 墓 (haga)


sara

Old Japanese: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Japanese: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Kunigami: 皿, 盤 (sarā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Okinawan: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Okinoerabu: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Tokunoshima: 皿, 盤 (sharā)
Yoron: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Yaeyama: 皿, 盤 (sara)
Yonaguni: 皿, 盤 (sara)

Possibly borrowed ultimately from Sanskrit शराव (śarāva, “plate”).


sanki

Old Japanese: 鷺 (sagi₁)

Japanese: 鷺 (sagi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sagi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 鷺 (sājai)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鷺 (sagi)
Okinawan: 鷺 (sāji, sājā)
Tokunoshima: 鷺 (sāgya)
Yoron: 鷺 (shāgi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yaeyama: 鷺 (sāngï)


takara

Old Japanese: 寶 (takara)

Japanese: 宝 (takara)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *takara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 宝 (takara)
Kunigami: 宝 (tak'āra)
→? Northern Amami Ōshima: 宝 (takara)
Okinawan: 宝 (takara)
Okinoerabu: 宝 (takara)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 宝 (takāra)
Tokunoshima: 宝 (takarā)
Yoron: 宝 (takara)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 宝 (takara)
Yaeyama: 宝 (takara)
Yonaguni: 宝 (tagara)

Martin reconstructs this as a compound of *taka (“high”) + *-ra (pluralizing suffix). However, this is semantically problematic, as such would ordinarily refer to “the heights” as a location, and there is no clear means of deriving the sense of “treasure” from the proposed component parts.


tura

desc

Old Japanese: 例 (tura, “line, row”), 弦 (tura, “bowstring”), 蔓 (tura, “vine”), 頬 (tura, “cheek”), 面 (tura, “face”)

Japanese: 列, 連 (tsura, “line, row”), 弦 (tsura, “bowstring”), 蔓 (tsura, “vine”), 頬 (tsura, “cheek”), 面 (tsura, “face”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tura (“face”)
Northern Ryukyuan: □라 (tsɨra) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 面 (tura, tsura)
Kunigami: 面 (chira)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 面 (tsïra)
Okinawan: 面 (chira)
Okinoerabu: 面 (chira)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 面 (tsïra)
Tokunoshima: 面 (tsïrā)
Yoron: 面 (chira)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 面 (tsïra)
Yaeyama: 面 (tsïra)
Yonaguni: 面 (chira)

Peninsular Japonic: *tura

Han:

desc

Old Korean: *豆良 (*tura, “face”, toponym element)

Cognate with *turu (“to be in a row; to hang down”), presumably via suffix *-a denoting the result of a verb's actions.


usu

Old Japanese: 臼, 碓 (usu)

Japanese: 臼, 碓 (usu)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *usu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 臼, 碓 (usu)
Kunigami: 臼, 碓 (ushi, ushī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 臼, 碓 (usï)
Okinawan: 臼, 碓 (ūshi)
Okinoerabu: 臼, 碓 (ushi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 臼, 碓 (usï)
Tokunoshima: 臼, 碓 (usï)
Yoron: 臼, 碓 (ushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 臼, 碓 (usï)
Yaeyama: 臼, 碓 (usï)
Yonaguni: 臼, 碓 (uchi)


patu

Possibly related to 端 (pata, “edge”); compare 始む (pazimu, “to begin”), in turn considered to be a derivation from 端 (pa, pasi, “edge”).


patu

Old Japanese: 初 (patu)

Japanese: 初 (hatsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *patu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 初 (patsu)
Kunigami: 初 (phachī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 初 (hatsï)
Okinawan: 初 (hatsi, hachi)
Okinoerabu: 初 (hachi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 初 (hatï)
Tokunoshima: 初 (hatsï)
Yoron: 初 (pachi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 初 (patsï)
Yaeyama: 初 (patsï)
Yonaguni: 初 (hachi)


mui

desc

Old Japanese: 身 (mi₂, mu, “body; meat”), 実 (mi₂, “seed, fruit”)

Japanese: 身 (mi, mu, “body; meat”), 実 (mi, “seed, fruit”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 身 (mī, “body; meat”), 実 (mī, “seed, fruit”)
Kunigami: 実 (mī, “seed, fruit”)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 身 (mi, “body; meat”), 実 (mi, “seed, fruit”)
Okinawan: 実 (mī, “seed, fruit”)
Okinoerabu: 身 (mī, “body; meat”), 実 (mī, “seed, fruit”)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 身 (mī, “body; meat”), 実 (mī, “seed, fruit”)
Tokunoshima: 身 (mi, mī, “body; meat”), 実 (mi, mī, “seed, fruit”)
Yoron: 実 (mī, “seed, fruit”)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 身 (m, miz, “body; meat”)
Yaeyama: 身 (mïï, “body; meat”), 実 (mïï, “seed, fruit”)
Yonaguni: 身 (mī, “body; meat”)


momo

Old Japanese: 桃 (momo)

Japanese: 桃 (momo)
>? Ainu: モマ (moma, “Japanese peach, Japanese apricot”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *momo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 桃 (mumu)
Kunigami: 桃 (mūmū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 桃 (momo)
Okinawan: 桃 (mumu)
Okinoerabu: 桃 (mumū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 桃 (mumo)
Tokunoshima: 桃 (mū)
Yoron: 桃 (mumu)
Southern Ryukyuan: *momu
Miyako: 桃 (mum)
Yaeyama: 桃 (mun)
Yonaguni: 桃 (mumu, rare), ⇒ 糖桃坊 (tūmumbu)


yapara

Old Japanese: 柔ら (yapara)

Japanese: 柔ら (yawara)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yapara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 柔ーらしぇん (yapārashen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 柔らさり (yawarasari)
Okinawan: 柔らさん (yafarasan)
Okinoerabu: 柔らさん (yawarasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 柔らさむっ (yawarasam)
Tokunoshima: 柔らい (yarai)
Yoron: 柔らさん (yaparasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 柔らー (yārā)
Yaeyama: 柔らさーん (yārasān)
Yonaguni: 柔らん (daran)


sisi

Old Japanese: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (sisi)

Japanese: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sisi
Northern Ryukyuan: 시시 (/si.si/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, āshishī)
Kunigami: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shī, shishī, mashīshi, mashinshi, mashishā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, mashishi)
Okinawan: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, mashishi)
Okinoerabu: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi, shīshī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi)
Tokunoshima: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (sïsï, masïsï)
Yoron: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (shishi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (sïïsï)
Yaeyama: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (sïsï)
Yonaguni: 肉, 獣, 猪, 鹿 (chichi)

muy

body; flesh, meat (not necessarily animal)

beast (particularly a game animal used for its meat)


imanta

Old Japanese: いまだ (imada)

Japanese: いまだ (imada), まだ (mada)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *imada

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: なーだ (nāda)

In Japanese sources, regarded as a compound of *ima (“now”) + *nta (from *ntani, possibly a contraction of にてあるに (ni te aru ni)).


ap-

Old Japanese: 合ふ, 会ふ, 逢ふ, 遭ふ (apu)

Japanese: 合う, 会う, 逢う, 遭う (au)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ai
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 合ーゆい, 会ーゆい, 逢ーゆい, 遭ーゆい (āyui)
Kunigami: 合ーるん, 会ーるん, 逢ーるん, 遭ーるん (ārun, ōrun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 合うり, 会うり, 逢うり, 遭うり (ōuri)
Okinawan: 合ーゆん, 会ーゆん, 逢ーゆん, 遭ーゆん (āyun, ōyun)
Okinoerabu: 合ーゆん, 会ーゆん, 逢ーゆん, 遭ーゆん (ōyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 合ーゆむっ, 会ーゆむっ, 逢ーゆむっ, 遭ーゆむっ (ōyum)
Okinoerabu: 合ーゆい, 会ーゆい, 逢ーゆい, 遭ーゆい (ōyui)
Yoron: 合ん, 会ん, 逢ん, 遭ん (en)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 合, 会, 逢, 遭 (ō)
Yaeyama: 合ん, 会ん, 逢ん, 遭ん (aun, ōn)


pikari

Japanese: 光 (hikari)

→ Okinawan: 光 (fikari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pikari

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 光 (pichai)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 光 (hikyari)

Okinawan: 光 (fichai)

Okinoerabu: 光 (hikyai, hicchai)

Yoron: 光 (picchai)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 光 (psïkāz)

Yaeyama: 光 (pïkarï)

light (visible electromagnetic radiation)


sakai

Old Japanese: 酒 (sake₂, saka)

Japanese: 酒 (sake, saka)

→ Ainu: サケ (sake)

→ Arabic: سَاكِي m (sākī)

→ Armenian: սակե (sake)

→ Belarusian: сакэ́ n (saké)

→ Bengali: সাকে (śake)

→ Bulgarian: саке n (sake)

→ Danish: sake c

→ Dutch: sake m

→ English: saké, sake, saki

→ Esperanto: sakeo

→ Finnish: sake

→ French: saké m
→ Romanian: sake n
→ Turkish: sake

→ Georgian: საკე (saḳe)

→ German: Sake m

→ Greek: σάκε n (sáke)

→ Hebrew: סָאקֶה (sake)

→ Hungarian: szaké

→ Icelandic: sake n

→ Ido: sakeo

→ Indonesian: sake

→ Italian: sakè m

→ Javanese: sake

→ Northern Kurdish: sake f

→ Lithuanian: sakė

→ Macedonian: са́ке n (sáke)

→ Malay: sake

→ Norwegian: sake m

→ Persian: ساکی (sâki)

→ Polish: sake n

→ Portuguese: saqué m, saquê

desc

→ Russian: сакэ́ n (sakɛ́), саке́ n (saké)

→ Spanish: sake

→ Swedish: sake

→ Tagalog: sake

→ Thai: สาเก (sǎa-gee)

→ Ukrainian: саке́ n (saké)

→ Vietnamese: sake

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sake
Northern Ryukyuan: 사긔 (/sa.kɨi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 酒 (sē)
Kunigami: 酒 (sakī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 酒 (sehe)
Okinawan: 酒 (saki)
Okinoerabu: 酒 (saki)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 酒 (sëhë)
Tokunoshima: 酒 (sakë)
Yoron: 酒 (sai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 酒 (saki)
Yaeyama: 酒 (saki)
Yonaguni: 酒 (sagi)


nipi

Old Japanese: 新 (nipi)

Japanese: 新 (nī)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mii
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 新ーさい (mīsai)
Kunigami: 新ーしぇん (mīshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 新ーさり (mīsari)
Okinawan: 新ーさん (mīsan)
Okinoerabu: 新ーさん (mīsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 新ーさむっ (mīsam)
Tokunoshima: 新ーはい (mīhai)
Yoron: 新ーさん (mīsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 新 (miz)
Yaeyama: 新ーさん (mïïsan)
Yonaguni: 新 (mī-)


nuka

Old Japanese: 糠, 粳 (nuka)

Japanese: 糠 (nuka)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nuka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 糠 (nuxa)
Kunigami: 糠 (nukā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 糠 (noxa)
Okinawan: 糠 (nuka)
Okinoerabu: 糠 (nukā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 糠 (nukā)
Tokunoshima: 糠 (nukā)
Yoron: 糠 (nuka)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 糠 (nka)
Yaeyama: 糠 (nuka)
Yonaguni: 糠 (nugan)


kanai

Old Japanese: 金, 鐵, 銀, 銅 (kane, kana-)

desc

→ Ainu: カネ (kane, “metal, iron”), カニ (kani, “money”)

Japanese: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kane, kana-)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kane
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hanï)
Kunigami: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hanī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (xanï)
Okinawan: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kani)
Okinoerabu: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hani)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kanï)
Tokunoshima: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kanï)
Yoron: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (hani)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kani)
Yaeyama: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kani)
Yonaguni: 金, 鉄, 銀, 銅 (kanin)


ar-

head

*ar- (infinitive *ari, attributive *aru)

Old Japanese: 有り (ari)

Japanese: 有る (aru)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ar-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 有い (ai)
Kunigami: 有ん (an)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 有り (ari)
Okinawan: 有ん (an)
Okinoerabu: 有ん (an)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 有むっ (am)
Tokunoshima: 有い (ai)
Yoron: 有ゆん (ayun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 有ーㇲ゙ (āz)
Yaeyama: 有ん (an)
Yonaguni: 有ん (an)


sasa

Old Japanese: 笹 (sasa)

Japanese: 笹 (sasa)


tuno

Old Japanese: 角 (tuno₁)

Japanese: 角 (tsuno)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tuno
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 角 (tunu)
Kunigami: 角 (chinū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 角 (tsïno)
Okinawan: 角 (chinu)
Okinoerabu: 角 (chinu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 角 (tïno)
Tokunoshima: 角 (tsïno)
Yoron: 角 (chinu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 角 (tsïnu)
Yaeyama: 角 (tsunu)
Yonaguni: 角 (nnun)


putari

Old Japanese: 二人 (putari)

Japanese: 二人 (futari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *putari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 二人 (tai)
Kunigami: 二人 (tai)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 二人 (tāri)
Okinawan: 二人 (tai)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 二人 (tari, tāri, tar)
Yoron: 二人 (tai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 二人 (futāz)
⇒ Yonaguni: 二人 (taintu) (< *putari-bito)

From *puta (“two”) + *-ri (“person suffix”).


kesa

Old Japanese: 今朝 (ke₁sa)

Japanese: 今朝 (kesa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kessa (“a while ago”, tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: ひっさ (hissa)
Kunigami: きっさ (khissa /kʰíssà/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: けさ (xesa, archaic)
Okinawan: きっさ (kissa /kíssà/)
Okinoerabu: ひっさ (hissa /çìssâ/)
Tokunoshima: ひっさ (hissa /çɪ̀ssâ/), くぃっしゃ (kïssha /kɨ̀ɕɕá/)
Yoron: ひっさ (hissa /çíssá/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: きさー (kisā)
Yaeyama: くぃさ (kïsa /kɨ̥̀sá/)
Yonaguni: きっつぁ (kittsa /kìttsá/, “already”)

The second mora must have been a contraction of *asa (“morning”). The alternative reconstruction also proposes monopthongization of *ki (“to come”) + *asa (“morning”).
A semantic shift 'a while ago' had also occurred in the Niigata and Nagasaki (/kesu/) dialects of Japanese.


mamai

Old Japanese: 豆 (mame)

Japanese: 豆 (mame)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mame


untai

Old Japanese: 腕 (ude)

Japanese: 腕 (ude)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ude
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 腕 (udi, udï)
Kunigami: 腕 (udī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 腕 (udï)
Okinawan: 腕 (udi)
Okinoerabu: 腕 (udi, udī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 腕 (udï)
Tokunoshima: 腕 (udi, udï)
Yoron: 腕 (udi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 腕 (udi)
Yaeyama: 腕 (udi)
Yonaguni: 腕 (udi)

Probably related to *tai (“hand”), but then the meaning of the first part cannot be recovered from attested evidence.


kusa

Old Japanese: 草 (kusa)

Japanese: 草 (kusa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kusa
Northern Ryukyuan: 姑撒 (kusa) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 草 (kusa, ssa)
Kunigami: 草 (khusā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 草 (kusa, xusa)
Okinawan: 草 (kusa)
Okinoerabu: 草 (kusa, kusā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 草 (xsa)
Tokunoshima: 草 (kusa)
Yoron: 草 (kusa)
Southern Ryukyuan: *kusa (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: 草 (fusa)
Yaeyama: 草 (fusa)
Yonaguni: 草 (tsā)


kusa

Old Japanese: 臭し (kusasi)

Japanese: 臭い (kusai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kusa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 臭ーせん (khusāsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 臭さり (kusasari)
Okinawan: 臭さん (kusasan)
Okinoerabu: 臭さん (kusasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 臭さむっ (xsāsam)
Tokunoshima: 臭い (kusai)
Yoron: 臭さん (kusasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 臭 (fusa)
Yaeyama: 臭さーん (fusasān)
Yonaguni: 臭ーん (tsān)


kukui

Old Japanese: 茎 (kuki₂, kuku)

Japanese: 茎 (kuki, kuku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 茎 (guchi)
Kunigami: 茎 (guchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 茎 (xuxi)
Okinawan: 茎 (guchi)
Okinoerabu: 茎 (kūchī, kūkī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 茎 (xki)
Tokunoshima: 茎 (kuki)
Yoron: 茎 (kuki)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yaeyama: 茎 (fukï)


natu

Old Japanese: 夏 (natu)

Japanese: 夏 (natsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *natu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 夏 (natsu)
Kunigami: 夏 (nachī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 夏 (natsï)
Okinawan: 夏 (nachi)
Okinoerabu: 夏 (nachi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 夏 (nat)
Tokunoshima: 夏 (natsï)
Yoron: 夏 (nachi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 夏 (natsï)
Yaeyama: 夏 (natsï)
Yonaguni: 夏 (nachi)


enu

Old Japanese: 犬, 狗 (inu)

Japanese: 犬, 狗 (inu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *enu
Northern Ryukyuan: 亦奴 (inu) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 犬 (in)
⇒ Kunigami: 犬子等 (innukwā) (< *enu-kura "puppy")
Northern Amami Ōshima: 犬 (in)
Okinawan: 犬 (in)
Okinoerabu: 犬 (inu, inū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 犬 (in)
Tokunoshima: 犬 (in, ïn)
Yoron: 犬 (inu)
Southern Ryukyuan: *enu (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: 犬 (in)
Yaeyama: 犬 (in)
Yonaguni: 犬 (in, inu)


kata-

Old Japanese: 片 (kata-)

Japanese: 片 (kata-)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kata-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 片 (hata-)
Kunigami: 片 (hata-)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 片 (xaθa-)
Okinawan: 片 (kata-)
Okinoerabu: 片 (hata-)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 片 (kata-)
Tokunoshima: 片 (kata-)
Yoron: 片 (hata-)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 片 (kata-)
Yaeyama: 片 (kata-)
Yonaguni: 片 (kata-)


tonari

Old Japanese: 隣 (to₁nari)

Japanese: 隣 (tonari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tonari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 隣 (θunai)
Kunigami: 隣 (thunai)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 隣 (θonari)
Okinawan: 隣 (tunai)
Okinoerabu: 隣 (tunai)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 隣 (θunāri, θunar)
Tokunoshima: 隣 (tunai)
Yoron: 隣 (tunai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 隣 (tunaz)
Yaeyama: 隣 (tunarï)
Yonaguni: 隣 (tunai)

Possibly a compound with the first word being *to (“outside, other”).


kansai

Old Japanese: 風 (kaze, kaza)

Japanese: 風 (kaze, kaza)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kaze
Northern Ryukyuan: 칸즤 (/kʰan.t͡sɨi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 風 (haji, hadi)
Kunigami: 風 (hajī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 風 (kaze, xaze)
Okinawan: 風 (kaji)
Okinoerabu: 風 (haji, hajī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 風 (kade, kadï)
Tokunoshima: 風 (kazï, kadï, kadi)
Yoron: 風 (hadi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 風 (kaji)
Yaeyama: 風 (kaji)
Yonaguni: 風 (kaji, kadi)


pinsa

Old Japanese: 膝 (piza, “knee”)

Japanese: 膝 (hiza)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pisa (“foot, leg”)
Northern Ryukyuan: 피샤 (/pʰi.sja/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kunigami: 足 (pisā)
Okinawan: 足 (fisha)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 足 (psïsa)
Yaeyama: 足 (psïsa)


awo

Old Japanese: 青 (awo)

Japanese: 青 (ao), 青い (aoi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ao
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 青 (ō), 青さい (ōsai)
Kunigami: 青 (ō), 青しぇん (ōshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 青 (ō), 青さり (ōsari)
Okinawan: 青 (ō), 青さん (ōsan)
Okinoerabu: 青 (ō), 青さん (ōsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 青 (ō), 青さむっ (ōsam)
Tokunoshima: 青い (aoi)
Yoron: 青 (ō), 青さん (ōsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 青 (au, ō)
Yaeyama: 青 (au), 青さん (ausan)
Yonaguni: 青 (au)


iwo

Old Japanese: 魚 (uwo)

Japanese: 魚 (uo, io)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *io
Northern Ryukyuan: 亦窩 (io) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 魚 (iyu)
Kunigami: 魚 ('yū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 魚 ('yu)
Okinawan: 魚 (iyu, iu)
Okinoerabu: 魚 ('yū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 魚 ('yū)
Tokunoshima: 魚 ('yu)
Yoron: 魚 ('yū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 魚 (zzu)
Yaeyama: 魚 (izu)
Yonaguni: 魚 (iyu)