upai

Old Japanese: 上 (upe₂, upa)

Japanese: 上 (ue, uwa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ue
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 上 (wïï)
Kunigami: 上 (ui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 上 ('wïï)
Okinawan: 上 ('wī)
Okinoerabu: 上 (ui)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 上 ('wïï)
Tokunoshima: 上 ('wïï)
Yoron: 上 (ui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 上 (ui)
Ikema: 上 (ui) (tone class A)
Irabu: 上 (ui)
Tarama: 上 (ui) (tone class A)
Yaeyama: 上 (ui) (tone class A)
Yonaguni: 上 (ui) (tone class A)


kepu

Old Japanese: 今日 (ke₁pu)

Japanese: 今日 (kyō)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *keu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Araki: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Nakasato: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 今日 (kyū) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 今日 (shū) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 今日 (xyū) (tone class BC)
Wan: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 今日 (sū)
Iejima: 今日 (chū) (tone class AC)
Nakijin: 今日 (khū) (tone class C)
Oku: 今日 (sū)
Sumuide: 今日 (kū)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 今日 (kyū) (tone class C)
Yamatohama: 今日 (xïu)
Yuwan: 今日 (kyū)
Okinawan:
Naha: 今日 (chū)
Shuri: 今日 (chū) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Serikaku: 今日 (hyū)
Wadomari: 今日 (hyū) (tone class C)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 今日 (xyū)
Shodon: 今日 (xyu)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 今日 (xyū) (tone class AC)
Inō: 今日 (xyū)
Kametsu: 今日 (xyū)
Yoron: 今日 (shū) (tone class C)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 今日 (kyū)
Hirara: 今日 (kyū)
Ikema: 今日 (kyū) (tone class C)
Irabu: 今日 (kyū)
Karimata: 今日 (kyū)
Kugai: 今日 (kyū)
Kurima: 今日 (kyū)
Ōgami: 今日 (kī)
Ōura: 今日 (kyū)
Sarahama: 今日 (kyū)
Shimajiri: 今日 (kyū)
Tarama: 今日 (kiu) (tone class B)
Uechi: 今日 (kyū)
Uruka: 今日 (kyū)
Yonaha: 今日 (kyū)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 今日 (kyū)
Hatoma: 今日 (kyū)
Ishigaki: 今日 (kyū) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 今日 (kyū)
Kuroshima: 今日 (kyū)
Sonai: 今日 (kyū)
Taketomi: 今日 (kyū)
Yonaguni: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)


namita

Old Japanese: 涙 (nami₁ta, nami₁da)

Japanese: 涙 (namida)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nada

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 涙 (nada)

Kunigami: 涙 (nadā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 涙 (nada)

Okinawan: 涙 (nada)

⇒ Okinoerabu: 目涙 (mīnada) (< *menada)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 涙 (nada)

Tokunoshima: 涙 (nada)

Yoron: 涙 (nada)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 涙 (nada)

Yaeyama: 涙 (nada)

Yonaguni: 涙 (nuda)

Possibly a compound with the first word being *nami (“wave”), in the sense that tears ripple when touching the ground. However, this is semantically problematic.
Alternatively, possibly a loanword from a Kra-Dai language; compare Thai น้ำตา (nám-dtaa, “tear”). However, that connection presents other problems in semantics and syntax.


yəkə

Old Japanese: 横 (yo₂ko₂)

Japanese: 横 (yoko)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yoko
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 横 (yuku)
Kunigami: 横 (yukū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 横 (yuku)
Okinawan: 横 (yuku)
Okinoerabu: 横 (yukū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 横 (yuku)
Yoron: 横 (yuku)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 横 (yuku)
Yaeyama: 横 (yuku)
Yonaguni: 横 (dugu)


kərə

Old Japanese: 頃 (ko₂ro₂)

Japanese: 頃 (koro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *koro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 頃 (guru) (in compounds)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 頃 (xoro)
Okinawan: 頃 (kuru)
Yoron: 頃 (guru) (in compounds)


wasai

Old Japanese: 早稲 (wase, wasa)

Japanese: 早稲 (wase, wasa)
→ Okinoerabu: 早稲 (washe)

(possibly) → Korean: 쌀 (ssal, “rice”) (< Pre-Proto-Japonic *wasar)

According to Vovin, from Pre-Proto-Japonic *wasar, which was borrowed into late Old Korean as 菩薩 (reconstructed phonetically by Vovin as /pasʌr/), later attested as Middle Korean ᄡᆞᆯ (psol), modern Korean 쌀 (ssal, “rice”).


kamui

Old Japanese: 神 (kami₂, kamu)

Japanese: 神 (kami, kan)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kami
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 神 (kami)
Kunigami: 神 (kamī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 神 (kami)
Okinawan: 神 (kami)
Okinoerabu: 神 (hamī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 神 (kami)
Tokunoshima: 神 (kamī)
Yoron: 神 (kami)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 神 (kam)
Yaeyama: 神 (kan)
Yonaguni: 神 (kami, kan)

(possibly) → Ainu: カムイ (kamuy)

(possibly) → Korean: 검 (geom)


panki

Old Japanese: 脛 (pagi₁, “shin”)

Japanese: 脛 (hagi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pagi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 脛 (hagi)
Okinoerabu: 脛 (hagi, haji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 脛 (hagi)
Yoron: 脛 (pagi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 脛 (pagzï)
Yaeyama: 脛 (pan)
Yonaguni: 脛 (han)


nanta

Old Japanese: 灘 (nada)

desc

Japanese: 灘 (nada, Tokyo HL(L), Kyoto HL(L))

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nada (tone class B)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 灘 (nadā /nàdǎː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 灘 (nada)
Okinawan: 灘 (nada /nàdà/)

an area at sea with strong currents that is difficult to pass through


kankai

Old Japanese: 陰, 影 (kage₂, kaga)

Japanese: 陰, 影 (kage, kaga)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kage, *kaga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 陰, 影 (han'gi, han'gï, hai, han'gā)
Kunigami: 陰, 影 (hagi, kāgi, kāgā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 陰, 影 (kage)
Okinawan: 陰, 影 (kāgi, kaji, kāgā)
Okinoerabu: 陰, 影 (hagi, haga)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 陰, 影 (kagë)
Tokunoshima: 陰, 影 (kagï, kaga)
Yoron: 陰, 影 (hagi, haga)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 陰, 影 (kagi)
Yaeyama: 陰, 影 (kai, kagi)
Yonaguni: 陰, 影 (kan'gi)


tanai

Old Japanese: 種 (tane)

Japanese: 種 (tane)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tane
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 種 (θanï, “seed”)
Kunigami: 種 (thanī, “penis”)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 種 (θane, θanï, “seed”)
Okinawan: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)
Okinoerabu: 種 (θani, θanī, “seed”)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 種 (θanï, “seed”)
Tokunoshima: 種 (θanï, “seed”)
Yoron: 種 (tani, “seed”)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)
Yaeyama: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)
Yonaguni: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)

Note similarities to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tanəm (“to plant”).


təki

Old Japanese: 時 (to₂ki₁)

Japanese: 時 (toki)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *toki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 時 (tuki)
Kunigami: 時 (tuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 時 (θuki)
Okinawan: 時 (tuchi)
Okinoerabu: 時 (tuki)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 時 (tuk) (Koniya dialect)
Tokunoshima: 時 (tuki)
Yoron: 時 (tuki) (Chabana dialect)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 時 (tuksï)
Yaeyama: 時 (tuksï)
Yonaguni: 時 (tuti)


kanpu

Old Japanese: かぶ (kabu, “head”)

desc

Japanese: 株 (kabu, “stump”), 頭 (kabu, “head”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kabu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 株 (khabū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 株 (gabu)
Okinawan: 株 (kabu)


təkərə

Old Japanese: 所 (to₂ko₂ro₂)

Japanese: 所 (tokoro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tokoro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 所 (θukuru)
Kunigami: 所 (tukurū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 所 (toro)
Okinawan: 所 (tukuru)
Okinoerabu: 所 (tukuru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 所 (turo)
Tokunoshima: 所 (tukuru)
Yoron: 所 (tukuru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 所 (tukuru)
Yaeyama: 所 (tukuru)
Yonaguni: 所 (tuguru)

A surface analysis suggests that this could be an ancient compound of *to (“place”, as in Old Japanese 跡 ⟨ato₁⟩, “footprint, track”, from “foot place, where one has stepped”) + *kə (noun-forming suffixing element denoting “place”, as in Old Japanese ここ ⟨ko₂ko₂⟩, “here”, from “this place”) + *-rə (noun-forming suffixing element, apparently indicating within a general area, possibly as in Old Japanese 心 ⟨ko₂ko₂ro₂⟩, “heart, mind, emotions”, Old Japanese 頃 ⟨ko₂ro₂⟩, “general span of time, around a certain time”, Old Japanese うつろ ⟨uturo₂⟩, “hollowness, empty interior”). The inital *to- changed to *tə- due to Arisaka's law.


pinkai

Old Japanese: 髭 (pi₁ge₂)

Japanese: 髭 (hige)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pige
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 髭 (pini)
Kunigami: 髭 (pijī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 髭 (higi)
Okinawan: 髭 (fiji)
Okinoerabu: 髭 (higī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 髭 (higi)
Tokunoshima: 髭 (sïgi)
Yoron: 髭 (pigi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 髭 (psïgi)
Yaeyama: 髭 (psïni)
Yonaguni: 髭 (ngi)

May originally be a compound with the second component being *kay (“hair”).


misV

Old Japanese: 未醤 (*mi₂sau)

Japanese: 味噌 (miso) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *miso
Northern Ryukyuan: 미쇼 (/mi.sjo/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 味噌 (misu)
Kunigami: 味噌 (misū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 味噌 (misu)
Okinawan: 味噌 (nsu, nnsu)
Okinoerabu: 味噌 (mishū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 味噌 (misu)
Tokunoshima: 味噌 (mishu)
Yoron: 味噌 (mishu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 味噌 (msu)
Yaeyama: 味噌 (mishu)
Yonaguni: 味噌 (nsu)


təri

Old Japanese: 鳥 (to₂ri)

Japanese: 鳥 (tori)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鳥 (θui)
Kunigami: 鳥 (thui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鳥 (θuri)
Okinawan: 鳥 (tui)
Okinoerabu: 鳥 (tui)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鳥 (tur)
Tokunoshima: 鳥 (tui)
Yoron: 鳥 (tui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鳥 (tūz)
Yaeyama: 鳥 (turï)
Yonaguni: 鳥 (tui)


tuyu

Old Japanese: 露 (tuyu)

Japanese: 露 (tsuyu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tuyu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 露 (tuyu)
Kunigami: 露 (chiyu, chiyū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 露 (tsïyu)
Okinawan: 露 (chiyu)
Okinoerabu: 露 (chiyu)
Tokunoshima: 露 (tsïyu)
Yoron: 露 (chū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 露 (tsïv)
Yaeyama: 露 (tsïyu, chū)
Yonaguni: 露 (chiyu)


anpura

Old Japanese: 脂, 油 (abura)

Japanese: 脂, 油 (abura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *abura
Northern Ryukyuan: 아부라 (/a.pu.ra/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai:
Aden: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 脂, 油 (abba) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 脂, 油 (anba, abba) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 脂, 油 (abba) (tone class BC)
Wan: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 脂, 油 (anda)
Hentona: 脂, 油 (anra)
Kudaka: 脂, 油 (anra)
Nago: 脂, 油 (anda) (tone class B)
Nakijin: 脂, 油 (andā) (tone class BC)
Sakimotobu: 脂, 油 (anra) (tone class C)
Sumuide: 脂, 油 (anda)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 脂, 油 (abura)
Yamatohama: 脂, 油 (abura)
Yuwan: 脂, 油 (abura)
Okinawan:
Itoman: 脂, 油 (anra)
Naha: 脂, 油 (anra)
Shuri: 脂, 油 (anda) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Serikaku: 脂, 油 (aburā)
Tetechina: 脂, 油 (abura)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 脂, 油 (apra)
Shodon: 脂, 油 (apra) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 脂, 油 (anba)
Isen: 脂, 油 (anba)
Kametsu: 脂, 油 (anba)
Yoron: 脂, 油 (abura) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 脂, 油 (avva)
Hirara: 脂, 油 (avva)
Ikema: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class B)
Irabu: 脂, 油 (avva)
Karimata: 脂, 油 (avva)
Kugai: 脂, 油 (avva)
Kurima: 脂, 油 (avva)
Minna: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class B)
Miyaguni: 脂, 油 (avva)
Nagahama: 脂, 油 (avva)
Ōgami: 脂, 油 (avva)
Ōura: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class AB)
Sarahama: 脂, 油 (avva)
Sawada: 脂, 油 (avva)
Shiokawa: 脂, 油 (avva)
Tarama: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class B)
Uechi: 脂, 油 (avva)
Uruka: 脂, 油 (avva)
Yonaha: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class AB)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 脂, 油 (aba) (tone class BC)
Hatoma: 脂, 油 (aba)
Ishigaki: 脂, 油 (aba) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 脂, 油 (aba)
Kuroshima: 脂, 油 (ava)
Taketomi: 脂, 油 (aba) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 脂, 油 (anda) (tone class B)

Related to *anpuru (“to fry, grill, roast”).


isoi

Old Japanese: 石 (isi)
Japanese: 石 (ishi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *isi
Northern Ryukyuan: 亦石, 一實 (ishi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 石 (ishi)
Kunigami: 石 (ishī, hishī, shī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 石 (ishi)
Okinawan: 石 (ishi)
Okinoerabu: 石 (ishi, ishī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 石 (ishi, ish)
Tokunoshima: 石 (isï)
Yoron: 石 (ishi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 石 (isï)
Yaeyama: 石 (ishi)
Yonaguni: 石 (ichi)


yəynta

Old Japanese: 枝 (yeda)

Japanese: 枝 (eda)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yoda, *yeda (apophonic)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 枝 (yuda)
Kunigami: 枝 (yudā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 枝 (yoda, yuda)
Okinawan: 枝 (yuda, yida)
Okinoerabu: 枝 (yedā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 枝 (yeda)
Tokunoshima: 枝 (yuda, yeda, yida)
Yoron: 枝 (yuda)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 枝 (yuda)
Yaeyama: 枝 (yuda)
Yonaguni: 枝 (duda)


səri

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 剃い (suri)
Okinoerabu: 剃い (sui)
Tokunoshima: 剃い (shui)
Yoron: 剃い (sui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 剃イ゚ (suɿ)


yəmə

Old Japanese: 黄泉 (yo₂mo)

Japanese: 黄泉 (yomo)

Possibly related to *yama (“forest; mountain”), as forests and mountains were often paired with the underworld.


tuntumi

Old Japanese: 鼓 (tudumi₁)

Japanese: 鼓 (tsuzumi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tudumi
Northern Ryukyuan: つづみ (tudumi) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: 鼓 (tsutsumi, tsuzumi)
Kunigami: 鼓 (chijīmi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鼓 (tsïzïn)
Okinawan: 鼓 (chijin)
Okinoerabu: 鼓 (chijin)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鼓 (θïdïn, θidim)
Tokunoshima: 鼓 (tsïzïmi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鼓 (tsïzïm)
Yaeyama: 鼓 (tsïzïn)
Yonaguni: 鼓 (chidin)


asita

Old Japanese: 明日, 朝 (asita)

Japanese: 明日, 朝 (ashita)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *asita (“tomorrow”)
Northern Ryukyuan: 阿者 (acha) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 明日 (acha)
Kunigami: 明日 (hachā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 明日 (acha)
Okinawan: 明日 (acha)
Okinoerabu: 明日 (nācha)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 明日 (acha)
Tokunoshima: 明日 (acha)
Yoron: 明日 (atchā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 明日 (acha)
Yaeyama: 明日 (atcha)
Yonaguni: 明日 (ata)

Related to an *as- root cognate with *asa (“morning”) and Old Japanese 明日 (asu, “tomorrow”).


wənə

Old Japanese: 斧 (wono₂)

Japanese: 斧 (ono)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wono
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 斧 (ūnu, gunu)
Kunigami: 斧 (ūnū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 斧 (wun)
Okinawan: 斧 (ūn)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 斧 (wun)
Yoron: 斧 (ūnu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 斧 (būna)
Yaeyama: 斧 (buinu, būnu)
Yonaguni: 斧 (bunu)


kəwai

Old Japanese: 聲 (ko₂we)

Japanese: 声 (koe, kowa-)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *koe
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 声 (kui)
Kunigami: 声 (fui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 声 (xui)
Okinawan: 声 (kwī)
Okinoerabu: 声 (kwī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 声 (kui)
Tokunoshima: 声 (kui)
Yoron: 声 (fui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 声 (kui)
Yaeyama: 声 (kui)
Yonaguni: 声 (kui)


erə

Old Japanese: 色 (iro₂)

Japanese: 色 (iro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ero
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 色 (iru)
Kunigami: 色 (irū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 色 (iru)
Okinawan: 色 (iru)
Okinoerabu: 色 (irū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 色 (iryu)
Tokunoshima: 色 (iru)
Yoron: 色 (iru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 色 (iru)
Yaeyama: 色 (iru)
Yonaguni: 色 (iru)


sipo

Old Japanese: 潮, 塩 (sipo)

desc

Heian LL, Tokyo 2 􂀿LH(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 潮, 塩 (shio, Heian LL, Tokyo 2 [LH(L)], Kyoto 2 [HL(L)], Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

Proto-Ainu: *sippO HL

Ainu: シㇷ゚ポ (sippo) (Hokkaido)

Ainu: シㇱポ (sispo) (Sakhalin)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sio (“tide”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 潮 (shū, sū)
Kunigami: 潮 (sū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 潮 (shū)
Okinawan: 潮 (shū)
Okinoerabu: 潮 (shū)
Tokunoshima: 潮 (shū)
Yoron: 潮 (shū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 潮 (sū, ssu)
Yaeyama: 潮 (sū)
Yonaguni: 潮 (sū)

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *masio (“salt”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 真塩 (mashu, masu)
Kunigami: 真塩 (masu /másù/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 真塩 (mashu)
Okinawan: 真塩 (māshu /màːɕù/)
Okinoerabu: 真塩 (mashu /màɕú/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 真塩 (mashu /màɕùˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 真塩 (mashu /máɕù/)
Yoron: 真塩 (mashu /máɕú/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 真塩 (māsū)
Yaeyama: 真塩 (māsu /máːsú/)
Yonaguni: 真塩 (masu /màsû/)

(possibly) → Ainu: シㇷ゚ポ (sippo)


yə

Old Japanese: 世 (yo₂)

Japanese: 世 (yo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 世 (yū)
Kunigami: 世 (yū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 世 (yū)
Okinawan: 世 (yū)
Okinoerabu: 世 (yū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 世 (yū)
Tokunoshima: 世 (yū)
Yoron: 世 (yū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 世 (yū)
Yaeyama: 世 (yū)
Yonaguni: 世 (dū)

Seemingly connected to Old Japanese 節 (yo₂, “section”), but the accent values do not match.


untura

Old Japanese: 鶉 (udura)

Japanese: 鶉 (uzura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *uzura
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鶉 (uddamī)
Kunigami: 鶉 (enjā)
Okinawan: 鶉 (ujira)
Okinoerabu: 鶉 (uzïra)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鶉 (utrā)
Tokunoshima: 鶉 (unza)
Yoron: 鶉 (ujira)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鶉 (vdza)
Yaeyama: 鶉 (utcha)
Yonaguni: 鶉 (uduru)


itoko

Old Japanese: いとこ (ito₁ko₁)

Japanese: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *itoko
Northern Ryukyuan:
→ Kikai: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ituku)
Kunigami: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (hichīkū)
→ Northern Amami Ōshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko)
Okinawan: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichuku)
→ Okinoerabu: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko)
→ Southern Amami Ōshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko)
→ Tokunoshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itōko)
Yoron: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichū)
→ Southern Ryukyuan: *ituku
Miyako: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichifu)
Yaeyama: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichifu)
Yonaguni: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itigu, ichigu)


yəməy

Old Japanese: 黃泉 (yo₂mi₂)

Japanese: 黄泉 (yomi)

(Proto-Japanese):
the netherworld, underworld


mat-

Old Japanese: 松 (matu)

desc

Heian LH, Tokyo 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 1 􂀿LH ~ LL(H)􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 松 (matsu, Heian LH, Tokyo 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 1 [LH ~ LL(H)], Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *matu (tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 松 (matu)
Kunigami: 松 (machi /mátɕì/)
⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 松木 (matsïgï)
Okinawan: 松 (mātsi /màːtsì/)
⇒ Okinoerabu: 松木 (machigi /màtɕígí/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 松 (mat /mát̩/)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 松木 (matsïgï /mátsɨ̀gɨ̀/)
⇒ Yoron: 松木 (machigi /mátɕígí/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 松 (matsï)
Yaeyama: 松 (matsï /mátsɨ́/)
Yonaguni: 松 (machi /màtɕî/)


makura

Old Japanese: 枕 (makura)

Japanese: 枕 (makura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *makura
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 枕 (makka)
Kunigami: 枕 (makkā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 枕 (makura)
Okinawan: 枕 (makkwa)
Okinoerabu: 枕 (makura)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 枕 (makra)
Tokunoshima: 枕 (makkwa)
Yoron: 枕 (makkura)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 枕 (maffa)
Yaeyama: 枕 (maffa)
Yonaguni: 枕 (magura)


konpo

Old Japanese: 蜘蛛 (kumo₁) (spelled 久毛 in MYS.5.892)

Japanese: 蜘蛛 (kumo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kobu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蜘蛛 (kubū)
Kunigami: 蜘蛛 (fubu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蜘蛛 (kubu)
Okinawan: 蜘蛛 (kubu, kūbā) (< *kobu, *kobu-ya)
Okinoerabu: 蜘蛛 (hibū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蜘蛛 (kup)
Tokunoshima: 蜘蛛 (kubu)
Yoron: 蜘蛛 (fubu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蜘蛛 (kuv)
Yaeyama: 蜘蛛 (kubu)
Yonaguni: 蜘蛛 (kubu)


kunpi

Old Japanese: 首 (kubi₁)

Japanese: 首 (kubi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kubi
Northern Ryukyuan: くび (kubi) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: 首 (kubi)
Kunigami: 首 (kubī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 首 (kubi)
Okinawan: 首 (kubi)
Okinoerabu: 首 (kubi, kubī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 首 (kup)
Tokunoshima: 首 (kubi, xubi)
Yoron: 首 (kubi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 首 (fugzï)
Yaeyama: 首 (fubï)
Yonaguni: 首 (un, “collar”)


wepi

Old Japanese: 酔 (wepi₁)

Japanese: 酔い (yoi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wei

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 酔い (ui)

Okinawan: 酔い (wī)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 酔ゔ (bivu)

Yaeyama: 酔ーりぃ (byūrï)

Infinitive and nominal form of *wep-
poison, drunkness


asya

Old Japanese: 汗 (ase)

Japanese: 汗 (ase)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ase
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 汗 (ashi)
Kunigami: 汗 (hashī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 汗 (asï)
Okinawan: 汗 (ashi)
Okinoerabu: 汗 (ashi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 汗 (asï)
Tokunoshima: 汗 (ashï)
Yoron: 汗 (ashi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 汗 (ashi)
Yaeyama: 汗 (ashi)
Yonaguni: 汗 (ashi)


napai

Old Japanese: 苗 (nape₂, napa-)

Japanese: 苗 (nae)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nawe

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: 苗 (nē)

Tokunoshima: 苗 (nai)


pitunsi

Old Japanese: 羊 (pi₁tuzi)

Japanese: 羊 (hitsuji, “sheep”)

According to Martin (1987), possibly a compound of *pi (unknown, perhaps the same pi found in *pinkay (“beard”)) + *tu (completion particle) + *-n- (possibly a contraction of the genitive particle の (no)) + *-₍ᵤ₎si (related to animals, as in 肉 (shishi, “meat”, obsolete), 獣 (shishi, “animal (used for meat)”, obsolete), or possibly 牛 (ushi, “cow, ox”)).
That said, Martin's suggested compound is problematic.
* Completion suffix -tu only attaches to verbs.
* There is genitive particle tu, but this is never followed by genitive no.
* The case for unreduplicated si is weak; the "meat" sense is only ever attested as sisi, never as si.

com

unknown, perhaps the same pi found in <i class="Latn mention" lang="jpx-pro">*pinkay</i> (“beard”)

possibly a contraction of the genitive particle <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">の</i> (no)


pukoro

Old Japanese: 嚢 (pukuro₁)

Japanese: 袋 (fukuro)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pukoro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 袋 (fukku)
Kunigami: 袋 (phuku)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 袋 (fukoro)
Okinawan: 袋 (fukuru)
Okinoerabu: 袋 (fukuru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 袋 (fukru)
Tokunoshima: 袋 (fukku)
Yoron: 袋 (pukuru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 袋 (fukuru)
Yaeyama: 袋 (fukuru)
Yonaguni: 袋 (kkuru)


kunki

Old Japanese: 釘 (kugi₁)

Japanese: 釘 (kugi)

→ Ainu: クンギ (kungi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kugi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 釘 (kuni)
Kunigami: 釘 (kujī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 釘 (kugi)
Okinawan: 釘 (kuji)
Okinoerabu: 釘 (kugī, kuji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 釘 (kuk)
Tokunoshima: 釘 (kugi)
Yoron: 釘 (kugi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 釘 (fugzï)
Yaeyama: 釘 (fun)
Yonaguni: 釘 (fun)


patakai

desc

spelled as 波多気 in the Man'yōshū, circa 759 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

Old Japanese: 畑 (patake₂, spelled as 波多気 in the Man'yōshū, circa 759 CE)

Japanese: 畑 (hatake)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *patake
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)
Araki: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Nakasato: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 畑 (patē) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 畑 (patē) (tone class BC)
Wan: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Kunigami: 畑 (phatāki)
Nakijin: 畑 (phatāki) (tone class BC)
Sumuide: 畑 (pataki)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 畑 (hatëë)
Yamatohama: 畑 (hate)
Yuwan: 畑 (hatïï)
Okinawan:
Naha: 畑 (hataki)
Shuri: 畑 (hataki) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Kamishiro: 畑 (fatte) (tone class C)
Serikaku: 畑 (hatte)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 畑 (hatëhë)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 畑 (hatëë)
Kametsu: 畑 (hatëë)
Yoron: 畑 (pattai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 畑 (pataki)
Irabu: 畑 (pataki)
Karimata: 畑 (patagi)
Ōura: 畑 (patagi) (tone class C)
Sawada: 畑 (pataki)
Shimajiri: 畑 (pataki)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 畑 (pitegi) (tone class BC)
Ishigaki: 畑 (patagi) (tone class BC)
Kuroshima: 畑 (pataki)
Sonai: 畑 (patē)
Taketomi: 畑 (patagi) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 畑 (hatagi) (tone class A)

Probably borrowed from an ancestor of Korean 밭 (bat).


osirə

Eastern Old Japanese:

Hachijō: おしろ (oshiro)

Old Japanese: うしろ (usiro₁, usiro₂)

Japanese: 後ろ (ushiro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *usiro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Okinawan:
Shuri: 後 (ushiru, “nape of neck”) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Kamihirakawa: 後 (ushu)
Kunigami: 後 (ushu)
Tamina: 後 (ushū)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Shodon: 後 (ushryo)
Yoron:
Mugiya: 後 (ussū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 後 (ussu)
Minna: 後頭部 (usshu, “occiput”) (tone class C)
Yaeyama:
Aragusuku: 後頭部 (ussōn) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))
Hateruma: 後頭部 (ussu), 後頭部 (usson) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))
Ishigaki: 後頭部 (uson) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))
Kuroshima: 後頭部 (uson) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))
Taketomi: 後頭部 (ushon) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))
Yonaguni: 後 (utsu), 後頭部 (usungai) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))

*-rə element, appears to be noun forming suffix indicating a general area/place, compare *təkərə (“place”).


pintari

Old Japanese: 左 (pi₁dari)

Japanese: 左 (hidari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pidari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 左 (fidai) (tone class C)
Araki: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Nakasato: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 左 (pijai) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 左 (pijai) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 左 (pidai) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 左 (pidai) (tone class BC)
Wan: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 左 (tijai)
Hentona: 左 (fijai)
Nakijin: 左 (pizai) (tone class BC)
Sumuide: 左 (pizei)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 左 (hijari)
Yamatohama: 左 (hijari)
Yuwan: 左 (hijai)
Okinawan:
Naha: 左 (hijai)
Shuri: 左 (fijai) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Kamihirakawa: 左 (higē) (tone class BC)
Kunigami: 左 (hījai) (tone class C)
Serikaku: 左 (hijē)
Tetechina: 左 (hijai)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 左 (hijar)
Shodon: 左 (hijar) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 左 (sïgyari)
Kametsu: 左 (sïjai) (tone class C)
Yoron: 左 (pijai) (tone class C)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Aragusuku: 左 (psïdaz)
Bora: 左 (psïdaz)
Fukuzato: 左 (psïdaz)
Higa: 左 (psïdaz)
Hirara: 左 (psïdaz)
Ikema: 左 (hidai) (tone class A)
Irabu: 左 (pïdil)
Karimata: 左 (bïdaz, bzïdaz)
Kugai: 左 (psïdaz)
Kuninaka: 左 (psïdal)
Kurima: 左 (pïdal, psïdaz)
Minna: 左 (pidai) (tone class B)
Nagama: 左 (psïdaz)
Nakachi: 左 (pidiz)
Nishizato: 左 (psïdaz)
Ōgami: 左 (pïtaï)
Ōura: 左 (psïdaz) (tone class C)
Shimajiri: 左 (bzïdaz)
Shimozato: 左 (psïdaz)
Sunagawa: 左 (psïdaz)
Tarama: 左 (pidal) (tone class B)
Tomori: 左 (psïdaz)
Uechi: 左 (pïdal)
Uruka: 左 (psïdaz)
Yonaha: 左 (psïdaz)
Yaeyama:
Hatoma: 左 (pidari)
Hateruma: 左 (pinari) (tone class BC)
Ishigaki: 左 (pïdarï) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 左 (pindarï)
Kuroshima: 左 (pizari)
Sonai: 左 (pidari)
Taketomi: 左 (pidē) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 左 (ndai) (tone class C)

Of uncertain derivation. Native Japonic roots tend to be mono- or disyllabic, suggesting that this might be either a compound or a borrowing.


kinəpu

Old Japanese: 昨日 (kino₂pu)

Japanese: 昨日 (kinō)

Yoron: → 昨日 (kinō)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kinou
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 昨日 (kinyū)
Kunigami: 昨日 (khinū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 昨日 (kinu)
Okinawan: 昨日 (chinū)
Okinoerabu: 昨日 (kinyu, kinyū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 昨日 (kinyu)
Tokunoshima: 昨日 (kinu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 昨日 (ksïnū)
Yaeyama: 昨日 (ksïnu)
Yonaguni: 昨日 (nnu, nnū)

From ⟨*ki⟩ (unknown? past?) + ⟨*nə⟩ (possessive marker) + ⟨*pu⟩ ("day"). See the Japanese entry 昨日 (kinō) for details.


sirosi

Old Japanese: 印 (sirusi)

Japanese: 印 (shirushi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sirosi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 印 (shirushi)
Kunigami: 印 (shirūshi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 印 (shirushi)
Okinawan: 印 (shirushi)
Okinoerabu: 印 (shirushi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 印 (shiryushi, shiryush)
Tokunoshima: 印 (shirushi)
Yoron: 印 (shirushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 印 (sïrusï)
Yaeyama: 印 (shirusï)
Yonaguni: 印 (chiruchi)

Infinitive and nominal form of *sirosu
mark, sign


paimpi

Old Japanese: 蛇 (pe₂mi₁)

Japanese: 蛇 (hebi, hemi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pabu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蛇 (pīpā) (< *pebu-ya)
Kunigami: 蛇 (phabū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蛇 (habu)
Okinawan: 蛇 (habu, fību, fībā) (< *pabu, *pebu, *pebu-ya)
→ Japanese: 波布 (habu)
Okinoerabu: 蛇 (hibu, hibū) (< *pebu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蛇 (hap)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蛇 (pav)
Yaeyama: 蛇 (pabu)
Yonaguni: 蛇 (hinpa) (< *pebu-ya)

Possibly cognate with Middle Korean ᄇᆡ얌 (poyyam), whence Korean 뱀 (baem) and Jeju 베염 (beyeom) – all meaning "snake, serpent".


umaNka

Old Japanese: 孫 (umago₁) (with change of *-ga to -go₁)

Japanese: 孫 (mago, mumago)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *Mmaga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 孫 (umangā)
Kunigami: 孫 ('māga)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 孫 ('maga)
Okinawan: 孫 ('nmaga)
Okinoerabu: 孫 ('māga)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 孫 (maga, magā)
Tokunoshima: 孫 ('maga, 'māga)
Yoron: 孫 (umaga)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 孫 (mmaga)
Yaeyama: 孫 (mā)
Yonaguni: 孫 (ma'ngu)


tikara

Old Japanese: 力 (tikara)

Japanese: 力 (chikara)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tikara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 力 (chikara)
Kunigami: 力 (chikāra, shikāra)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 力 (chikyara)
Okinawan: 力 (chikara)
Okinoerabu: 力 (chikara, chikyara, chikkyara)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 力 (chikyara, cikyara)
Tokunoshima: 力 (tsïkyara)
⇒ Yoron: てゃー力 (tyāchikara) (< *taya-tikara)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 力 (tsïkara)
Yaeyama: 力 (tsïkara)
Yonaguni: 力 (shikara)

From *ti (“spirit”) + *kara (“source, origin”), literally "having a spiritual source".


kəmai

Old Japanese: 米 (ko₂me₂)

Japanese: 米 (kome)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kome
Northern Ryukyuan: 姑米 (kumi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 米 (fumi)
Kunigami: 米 (fumī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 米 (xumï)
Okinawan: 米 (kumi)
Okinoerabu: 米 (fumi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 米 (kumï)
Tokunoshima: 米 (kumï)
Yoron: 米 (fumi)


pəsə

desc

Old Japanese: 臍 (poso, note: no phonetic man'yōgana available)

Japanese: 臍 (heso)

Japanese: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (hozo)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *poso
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu, fusu)
Kunigami: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (phusū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)
Okinawan: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)
Okinoerabu: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu, fusū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)
Tokunoshima: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fushu)
Yoron: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu)
Yaeyama: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu, pusï)
Yonaguni: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)

Might be cognate with Old Japanese 細し (poso₂si, “slender, thin”, modern 細い, hosoi), in reference to the thin size of a navel.

cog

modern <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">細い</i>, hosoi


yapyayama

Compound of *ya (“eight; many”) + *pya (“layer”) + *yama (“mountain”).


‹u,o›si

Old Japanese: 牛 (usi)

Japanese: 牛 (ushi)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *usi
Northern Ryukyuan: 우시 (/usi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 牛 (ushi)
Kunigami: 牛 (fushī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 牛 (ushi)
Okinawan: 牛 (ushi)
Okinoerabu: 牛 (ushī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 牛 (ush)
Tokunoshima: 牛 (usï)
Yoron: 牛 (ushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 牛 (usï)
Yaeyama: 牛 (usï)
Yonaguni: 牛 (uchi)


yontari

Old Japanese: 洟, 涎 (yo_?tari)

Japanese: 洟, 涎 (yodari)

⇒ Japanese: 涎 (yodare)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yodari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Kunigami: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 洟, 涎 (yodari)
Okinawan: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Okinoerabu: 洟, 涎 (yudai, yudē)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 洟, 涎 (yudāri)
Tokunoshima: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Yoron: 洟, 涎 (yūdai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Yaeyama: 洟, 涎 (yudarï)
Yonaguni: 洟, 涎 (dudai)


nəi

Old Japanese: 荷 (ni, no₂)

Japanese: 荷 (ni, no)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ne
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 荷 (nī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 荷 (ni)
Okinoerabu: 荷 (nī)
Middle Okinawan: 荷 (NI) (Ryūka Gikyoku)
Kunigami: 荷 (nī)
Okinawan: 荷 (ni)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 荷 (nïï)
Tokunoshima: 荷 (nï)
Yoron: 荷 (nī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 荷 (n, nī)
Yaeyama: 荷 (nī)
Yonaguni: 荷 (nī)


utui

Old Japanese: 内 (uti, utu-)

Japanese: 内 (uchi, utsu-)

desc

⇒ Old Japanese: 垣内 (kaki₁tu, “inside of a fence”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *uti
Northern Ryukyuan: 우지 (/u.tʃi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 内 (uchi)
Kunigami: 内 (fuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 内 (uchi)
Okinawan: 内 (uchi)
Okinoerabu: 内 (uchi)
Tokunoshima: 内 (uchi)
Yoron: 内 (uchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 内 (utsï, vtsï)
Yaeyama: 内 (utsï)
Yonaguni: 内 (uti)


wosanki

Eastern Old Japanese: 乎佐藝 (wosagi₁)

Old Japanese: 兔 (*usagi₁)

Japanese: 兎 (usagi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *osagi
Northern Ryukyuan: 烏撒及, 吾撒急 (usaki) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469-1470)
Kikai: 兎 (usagi)
Kunigami: 兎 (fusāji)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 兎 (osagi)
Okinawan: 兎 (usaji)
Okinoerabu: 兎 (usagī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 兎 (usag)
Tokunoshima: 兎 (ushāgi)
Yoron: 兎 (usagi)
Southern Ryukyuan: *usagi (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: 兎 (usagi)
Yaeyama: 兎 (ushāngï)
Yonaguni: 兎 (usangi)

Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 烏斯含 (*osegam).


ənpi

Old Japanese: 帶 (obi₁)

Japanese: 帯 (obi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *obi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (ubi, obi)
Kunigami: 箍 (ubī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 帯 (ubi)
Okinawan: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (ūbi)
Okinoerabu: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (ubī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 帯 (ubï)
Tokunoshima: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (obi)
Yoron: 箍 (ubi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 箍 (ubzï)
Yaeyama: 帯, 箍 (ubï)
→ Yonaguni: 箍 (ubī)

Infinitive and nominal form of *ənp-
obi, sash, girdle


awoi

Old Japanese: 藍 (awi)

Japanese: 藍 (ai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ai
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 藍 (ē)
Kunigami: 藍 (ē)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 藍 (yē)
Okinawan: 藍 (ē)
Okinoerabu: 藍 (ai)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 藍 (ē)
Tokunoshima: 藍 (ai)
Yoron: 藍 (ai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 藍 (āz)
Yaeyama: 藍 (ai)
Yonaguni: 藍 (ai)


nonsi

Eastern Old Japanese: 虹 (no₁zi, nuzi)

Old Japanese: 虹 (nizi)

Japanese: 虹 (niji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nozi, *noozi, *noogiri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 虹 (niji)
⇒ Kunigami: 天道虹 (thintōnōjiri) (< *tentau-noziri)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 虹 (nōgi)
Okinawan: 虹 (nūji)
Okinoerabu: 虹 (nōgi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 虹 (noki, nok)
Tokunoshima: 虹 (nōji)
⇒ Yoron: 虹 (gōnuji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 虹 (nūzï)
Yaeyama: 虹 (nūji)

Various dialectal forms have an initial palatal glide /mj-/, /nj-/, etc., implying a diphthongal or palatal origin of the initial mora. This issue has not been brought up in previous scholarship, however.


kansu

Old Japanese: 数 (kazu)

Japanese: 数 (kazu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kazu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 数 (kadu)
Kunigami: 数 (haji)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 数 (xazï)
Okinawan: 数 (kazi)
Okinoerabu: 数 (haji, kaji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 数 (xadï)
Tokunoshima: 数 (xazï)
Yoron: 数 (haji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 数 (kazï)
Yaeyama: 数 (kazï)
Yonaguni: 数 (kadi)


inəti

Old Japanese: 命 (ino₂ti)

Japanese: 命 (inochi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *inoti
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 命 (inuchi)
Kunigami: 命 (inuchī, nuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 命 (nyuchi, nyūchi)
Okinawan: 命 (inuchi, nuchi)
Okinoerabu: 命 (inuchi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 命 (inochi)
Tokunoshima: 命 (inucï)
Yoron: 命 (inuchi, nuchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 命 (nnutsï)
Yaeyama: 命 (nutsï)
Yonaguni: 命 (nutti)

Probably a compound of *i (“breath”, possibly from *iki (“breath”)) + *nə (genitive case particle) + *ti (“spirit, force, soul”).

com

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="jpx-pro">*iki</i> (“breath”)


təmə

desc

Old Japanese: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (to₂mo₂)

Japanese: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (tomo)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tomo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 供 (tumu)
Kunigami: 供 (tumū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 供 (tomo)
Okinawan: 供 (tumu)
Yoron: 供 (tumu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 供 (tumu)
Yaeyama: 供 (tumu)
Yonaguni: 供 (tumu)


təmə

Old Japanese: 艫 (to₂mo)

Japanese: 艫 (tomo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tomo
Northern Ryukyuan: とも (tomo) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: 艫 (tumu)
Kunigami: 艫 (tumū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 艫 (tomo)
Okinawan: 艫 (tumu)
Okinoerabu: 艫 (tumū, tomo)
Tokunoshima: 艫 (tumu, tomo)
Yoron: 艫 (tumu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 艫 (tumu)
Yaeyama: 艫 (tumu)
Yonaguni: 艫 (tumu)


aponki

Old Japanese: あふぎ (apugi)

Japanese: 扇 (ōgi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *aogi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 扇 (ōgi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 扇 (ōgi)
Okinawan: 扇 (ōji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 扇 (ōg)
Yoron: 扇 (ōgi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 扇 (augzï)
Yaeyama: 扇 (onzï)
Yonaguni: 扇 (un)

Infinitive and nominal form of *aponku
fan


wopUi

Old Japanese: 甥 (wopi₂)

Japanese: 甥 (oi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *woi
Northern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Kikai: 甥子等 (wīkka, wikka, wuikkwa) (< *woi-kura)
⇒ Kunigami: 姪甥 (mīui) (< *mei-woi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 甥 (wui)
Okinawan: 甥 (wī)
⇒ Okinoerabu: 甥子等 (wuikwa) (< *woi-kura)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 甥 (wui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Miyako: 姪甥 (myūz) (< *mei-woi)
Yaeyama: 甥 (bui)
Yonaguni: 甥 (bui)

A compound with the first element being *wo (“male”).


yurOy

Eastern Old Japanese: 由流 (yuru)

Old Japanese: 百合 (yuri)

Japanese: 百合 (yuri)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yuri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 百合 (yuri)
Kunigami: 百合 (yuri)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 百合 (yuri)
Okinawan: 百合 (yui)
Okinoerabu: 百合 (yuri)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 百合 (yuri, yur)
Tokunoshima: 百合 (yui)
Yoron: 百合 (yuni)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 百合 (yūz)
Yaeyama: 百合 (yun)
Yonaguni: 百合 (duyu)


yənəi

Japanese: 米 (yo₂ne)

Japanese: 米 (yone, yona-)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yone, *yona
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 米 (yuni, yunï)
Okinawan: 米 (yuni, yuna)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 米 (yuni)
Yaeyama: 米 (yūni)
Yonaguni: 米 (duni, “enbankment”)


əya

Old Japanese: 親 (oya)

Japanese: 親 (oya)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oya
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 親 (uya)
Kunigami: 親 (uyā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 親 (uya)
Okinawan: 親 (uya)
Okinoerabu: 親 (uyā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 親 (uya)
Tokunoshima: 親 (uya)
Yoron: 親 (uya)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 親 (uya)
Yaeyama: 親 (uya)
Yonaguni: 親 (uya)

From *əyu (“to age, to get old”) + *-a (suffix forming deverbal nouns denoting the resultative object). To age, to get old → an elder/a grown-up (who is a parent/has children).


oyonpE

Old Japanese: 指 (oyo_?bi_?)

Japanese: 指 (yubi, oyobi)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oyobe
Northern Ryukyuan: *Oyebe, *eyebe
Kunigami: 指 (uibi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 指 (ibï)
Okinawan: 指 (ībi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 指 (ībï)
Tokunoshima: 指 (uibï, ïïbï, ūbï)
Yoron: 指 (uibi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 指 (uibi, uyibi)
Yaeyama: 指 (ubi)
Yonaguni: 指 (uyubi)


Onti

Old Japanese: 氏 (udi)

Japanese: 氏 (uji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *Odi


təsi

Old Japanese: 年, 歳 (to₂si)

Japanese: 年, 歳 (toshi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tosi
Northern Ryukyuan: 多失 (toshi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Kunigami: 年, 歳 (tushī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Okinawan: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Okinoerabu: 年, 歳 (tushi, tushī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Tokunoshima: 年, 歳 (tusï)
Yoron: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 年, 歳 (tusï)
Yaeyama: 年, 歳 (tusï)
Yonaguni: 年, 歳 (tuchi)


mǝti

Old Japanese: 黐 (mo₂ti)

Japanese: 黐 (mochi)

Probably originally the continuative or infinitive form of verb *mətu (“to hold”). Derivatives all refer to sticky items, suggesting a connection with the verb form's sense of "holding, keeping", becoming "holding → sticking → trapping", depending on the descendant term.

birdlime (a sticky substance smeared on branches to trap birds)


mǝti

Old Japanese: 糯 (mo₂ti)

Japanese: 糯 (mochi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moti
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 糯 (muchi)
Okinawan: 糯 (muchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Yaeyama: 糯粟 (mutsï-ā)


mapar-

Old Japanese: 回る (maparu)

Japanese: 回る (mawaru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mawari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 回るん (mārun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 回るり (mōruri)
Okinawan: 回ゆん (māyun)
Okinoerabu: 回ゆん (mōyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 回ゆむっ (mawayum)
Tokunoshima: 回りぃ (mārï)
Yoron: 回ゆん (mōyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 回ぃ (māz)
Yaeyama: 回るん (mārun)


nǝri

Old Japanese: 海苔 (no₂ri)

Japanese: 海苔 (nori)
English: nori

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nori


kəsi

Old Japanese: 腰 (ko₂si)

Japanese: 腰 (koshi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kosi

hip, waist (also said of the lower back part)


yupu

Old Japanese: 夕 (yupu)

Japanese: 夕 (yū)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yupu


kətənpa

Old Japanese: 言葉 (ko₂to₂ba)

Japanese: 言葉 (kotoba)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kotoba
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 言葉 (futūba)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 言葉 (xutuba)
Okinawan: 言葉 (kutuba)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 言葉 (kutuba)
Yoron: 言葉 (futuba)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 言葉 (kutuba)
Yaeyama: 言葉 (kutuba)
Yonaguni: 言葉 (kutuba)

Compound of elements *kətə (“word”) + *pa (“edge, beginning, end”).


memensu

Japanese: 蚯蚓 (mimizu, memezu)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *memezu
Northern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Kikai: 蚯蚓 (mimidā) (< *memezuCa)
⇒ Kunigami: 蚯蚓 (mimīja, miminja) (< *memezuCa)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蚯蚓 (mïmïzï)
Okinawan: 蚯蚓 (mimiji)
⇒ Okinoerabu: 蚯蚓 (mīmindza) (< *memezuCa)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蚯蚓 (mïmït)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 蚯蚓 (mïda) (< *memezuCa)
Yoron: 蚯蚓 (mīmiji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蚯蚓 (mimizï)
Yaeyama: 蚯蚓 (mimidzï)
Yonaguni: 蚯蚓 (dimimi) (< metathesis into *zumeme)


mərə

Old Japanese: 諸 (moro₂)

Japanese: 諸 (moro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 諸 (muru, munu)
Kunigami: 諸 (murū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 諸 (muru)
Okinawan: 諸 (muru)
Okinoerabu: 諸 (mūru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 諸 (muru)
Tokunoshima: 諸 (muru, mūru)
Yoron: 諸 (muru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Miyako: 諸人 (muztu, muzttu)
Yaeyama: 諸 (muru, mūru)
Yonaguni: 諸 (mūru, buru, būru)


apinta

Old Japanese: 間 (api₁da)

Japanese: 間 (aida)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *awida
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 間 (aida, ēda)
Kunigami: 間 (ējha)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 間 ('yēda)
Okinawan: 間 (ēja)
Okinoerabu: 間 (ēda)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 間 ('yēda)
Tokunoshima: 間 (aidā)
Yoron: 間 ('yēda)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 間 (aida)


nanpai

Old Japanese: 鍋 (nabe₂)

desc

Heian LF, Tokyo 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 1:25 􂀿LF ~ LH(L)􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 鍋 (nabe, Heian LF, Tokyo 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 1:25 [LF ~ LH(L)], Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nabe (tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鍋 (nabi)
Kunigami: 鍋 (nabi /nábì/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鍋 (nabï)
Okinawan: 鍋 (nābi /nàːbì/)
Okinoerabu: 鍋 (nabi /nàbî/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鍋 (nabï /nàbɨ̀ˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 鍋 (nabï /nábɨ̀/)
Yoron: 鍋 (nabi /nábí/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鍋 (nabi)
Yaeyama: 鍋 (nabi /nábí/)
Yonaguni: 鍋 (nabi /nàbî/)

In Japanese sources, explained as originally a compound of Old Japanese elements 肴 (na, “small snack, hors d'oeuvre”) + 瓮 (pe, “a pot or pan for holding food or beverages”).
If this derivation is correct, the medial /-n-/ in the Proto-Japonic (which triggers the rendaku shift from /p/ to /b/) may be the reduced form of the genitive *nə.
* nanpai = na + n[ə] + pai

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru


kensu

Old Japanese: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (ki₁zu)

desc

Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH(H)􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿HH(H)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL(L)􂁀

Japanese: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizu, Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [LH(H)], Kyoto 0 [HH(H)], Kagoshima A [HL(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kezu (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan: *kezu, *kezu-mono, *kizu
Kikai: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizu), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (hinmun)
Kunigami: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (khijī /kʰìdʑíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (xïnmuɴ)
Okinawan: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kídʑì/), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (kijimun /kìdʑìmùɴ/)
Okinoerabu: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑíˑ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kit)
Tokunoshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑɨ́ˑ/)
Yoron: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï)
Yaeyama: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï /kídzɨ̀/)
Yonaguni: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kidi /kìdí/)


arasi

Old Japanese: 嵐 (arasi)

desc

Heian LLL, Tokyo 2 􂀿HLL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HLL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima A [LHL(L)

Japanese: 嵐 (arashi, Heian LLL, Tokyo 2 [HLL(L)], Kyoto 2 [HLL(L)], Kagoshima A [LHL(L))

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *arasi (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 嵐 (arāshi /àɾáːɕì/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 嵐 (arashi)
Okinawan: 嵐 (arashi /áɾáɕì/)
Okinoerabu: 嵐 (arashi /àɾàɕí/)
Tokunoshima: 嵐 (arasï /àɾàsɨ́/)

The Japanese descendant term is analyzed in Japanese sources as from:
* arasi, as the continuative / nominative / stem form of verb 荒らす (arasu, “to make something wild, rough, savage”)
* ara- (the stem of adjective 荒い (arai, “rough, wild, savage”), and root of verbs 荒れる (areru, “to become wild, rough, savage”) and 荒らす (arasu, “to make something wild, rough, savage”)) + -si (suffixing element meaning "wind; direction")
* in consideration of pitch accent patterns, may be an ablaut from, or otherwise related to, Japanese 颪 (orosi, “a fall wind, a katabatic wind”, literally “falling, dropping (transitive)”)

Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:平山輝男


sirami

Old Japanese: 虱, 蝨 (sirami)

desc

Japanese: 虱, 蝨 (shirami, Tokyo LHH, Kyoto LLH, Kagoshima LLH)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sirami
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 虱 (shiran)
Okinawan: 虱 (shiran)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yonaguni: 虱 (tsan)

A compound of *siro (“white”) + *-mi (“an uncertain suffix”). The "o" in *siro was replaced with an "a".

com

Pediculus humanus capitis
Pediculus humanus capitis

louse, especially the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis)


intomi

Old Japanese: 泉 (idumi)

Japanese: 泉 (izumi)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *idomi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 泉 (ijumi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 泉 (izumi, ijomi)
Okinawan: 泉 (ijun)
Okinoerabu: 泉 (ijumi, ijungō)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 泉 (ijumi)
Tokunoshima: 泉 (ijun)
⇒ Yoron: 泉 (ijungō)

*intu (“to go out”) + *-o (adnominal) + *mi (“water”, not used in isolation)


wonpa

Old Japanese: 叔母 (woba)

Japanese: 叔母 (oba)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *woba
Northern Ryukyuan: *woba, *woba-ma
Kikai: 叔母 (wuba, uba, guba)
⇒ Kunigami: 叔母まー (wubā-mā)
⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 叔母っけ (ba-kke)
⇒ Okinawan: 叔母まー (wuba-mā)
Okinoerabu: 叔母ば (bāba)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 叔母 (wuba)
Tokunoshima: 叔母 (bā)
Yoron: 叔母 (wuba)
Southern Ryukyuan: *boba, *boba-ma, *boba-EtE
Miyako: 叔母 (buba), 叔母ま (buba-ma)
Yaeyama: 叔母 (buba)
⇒ Yonaguni: 叔母いてぃ (ubaiti)


mosirə

Old Japanese: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musiro₂)

desc

Heian LLL, Tokyo 3 􂀿LHH-L􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HLL-L􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LLH-L􂁀

Japanese: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiro, Heian LLL, Tokyo 3 [LHH-L], Kyoto 2 [HLL-L], Kagoshima B [LLH-L])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mosiro (tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan: 모시루 (/mo.si.ru/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mussu)
Kunigami: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /músù/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiro)
Okinawan: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiru /mùɕìɾù/)
Okinoerabu: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushu /mùɕû/)
Tokunoshima: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musshu /múQɕù/)
Yoron: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musshū /múQɕúː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mussu)
Yaeyama: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /músú/)
Yonaguni: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /mùsù/)


mi-ki

Old Japanese: 御酒 (mi₁ki₁)

desc

Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH(H)􂁀, 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL(L)􂁀

Japanese: 神酒, 御酒 (miki, Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [LH(H)], 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 2 [HL(L)], Kagoshima A [HL(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *miki (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 神酒, 御酒 (michī /mìtɕíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 神酒, 御酒 (miki)
Yoron: 神酒, 御酒 (miki /mìkì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 神酒, 御酒 (nksï)
Yaeyama: 神酒, 御酒 (misï /mísɨ̀/)
Yonaguni: 神酒, 御酒 (mitti)


sunpa

Japanese: すば (suba, Nagasaki, Satsuma)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *suba
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: すば (suba)
Kunigami: しばー (shibā /ɕíbàː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: すぃば (sïba)
Okinawan: すぃば (siba /sìbà/)
Okinoerabu: しばー (shibā /ɕìbǎː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: すぃば (sïba /sɨ̀bàˑ/)
Tokunoshima: すぃば (sïba /sɨ̀bâ/), すぃびゃ (sïbya /sɨ̀bjâ/)
Yoron: しば (shiba /ɕìbá/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: すば (sïba)
Yaeyama: 口すば (futsï-suba /ɸù̥tsɨ́.sùbà/) (< *kuti-suba)
Yonaguni: んば (nba /m̀Nbà/)


panas-

Old Japanese: 話, 噺, 咄 (panasi, panasu)

Japanese: 話, 噺, 咄 (hanashi, hanasu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *panas-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 話 (phanāshī)
Okinawan: 話 (hanashi, hanasun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 話 (panasu)
Yaeyama: 話 (panasï, panasun)


kakapu

Old Japanese: かかふ (kakapu)
Hachijō: かこう (kakō)
>? Japanese: かこう (kakō, obsolete or dialect)
⇒ Japanese: かかわ (kakawa, obsolete)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kakau (tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: こ゚ー (xō)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Yamatohama: こ゚ほ (xoho)
Old Okinawan:
Kunigami:
Iejima: はほ (haho /hàhô/)
Nakijin-Yonamine: ほー (hō /hôː/)
Central-Southern Okinawan:
Shuri: かこー (kakō /kákóː/)
Yoron:
Mugiya Higashi-ku: かほー (kahō /kàhóː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Tarama: かくー (kakū)
Yaeyama:
Hatoma: かこー (kakō /kḁ̀kòː/)
Ishigaki: かこー (kakō /kákóː/)
Taketomi: かーふ (kāfu /kaːɸu/)
⇒ Yonaguni: びりかぐ (birikagu /bìɾìkàgù/) (< *WErE-kakau)