See kuru in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "呉",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "呉れる",
"3": "くれる",
"tr2": "kureru"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "*kure"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOkinoerabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nTokunoshima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOkinoerabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nTokunoshima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*kuru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Japonic",
"lang_code": "jpx-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to give"
],
"id": "en-kuru-jpx-pro-verb-jKZk8JaJ",
"links": [
[
"give",
"give"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kuru"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "くるるに",
"3": "狂ふ",
"4": "苦し",
"t1": "spinningly, turningly",
"t2": "go mad",
"t3": "painful, stressful, excruciating",
"tr1": "kururu ni",
"tr2": "kurupu",
"tr3": "kurusi"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "狂う",
"3": "苦しい",
"tr1": "kuruu",
"tr2": "kurushii"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "くるくる",
"t": "spinningly",
"tr": "kurukuru"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "繰",
"t": "to spin a thread",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "繰る",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "*kuri",
"t": "to spin a thread"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "*kuru",
"t": "painful"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーしぇん (-gurūshen, -gurīshen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOkinoerabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nTokunoshima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi), 苦ーい (xwëëi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\nYonaguni: 苦さん (-'ngurisan) (only used as a suffix)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーしぇん (-gurūshen, -gurīshen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOkinoerabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nTokunoshima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi), 苦ーい (xwëëi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\nYonaguni: 苦さん (-'ngurisan) (only used as a suffix)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "くるる に"
},
"expansion": "くるるに (kururu ni)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "転ぶ",
"3": "",
"4": "to tumble, to fall over",
"tr": "korobu"
},
"expansion": "Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The core underlying meaning seems to be spin; turn around and around, as in Japanese adverb くるるに (kururu ni) and related vowel-shifted root *koro and derivations such as Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”) and 転がる (korogaru, “to roll, to roll around”).\nThe derived sense of go mad (verb) and painful (adjective) arose from the way that someone suffering from convulsions would often turn around and around.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*kuru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Japonic",
"lang_code": "jpx-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 2 2 1 1 1 2 24 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 27 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 9 73 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "96 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Japonic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Japonic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to spin; to turn around and around"
],
"id": "en-kuru-jpx-pro-root-GlFny6RL",
"links": [
[
"spin",
"spin"
],
[
"turn",
"turn"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "kuru"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Japonic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Japonic lemmas",
"Proto-Japonic roots",
"Proto-Japonic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "呉",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "呉れる",
"3": "くれる",
"tr2": "kureru"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "*kure"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOkinoerabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nTokunoshima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOkinoerabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nTokunoshima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*kuru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Japonic",
"lang_code": "jpx-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to give"
],
"links": [
[
"give",
"give"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kuru"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Japonic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Japonic lemmas",
"Proto-Japonic roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "くるるに",
"3": "狂ふ",
"4": "苦し",
"t1": "spinningly, turningly",
"t2": "go mad",
"t3": "painful, stressful, excruciating",
"tr1": "kururu ni",
"tr2": "kurupu",
"tr3": "kurusi"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "狂う",
"3": "苦しい",
"tr1": "kuruu",
"tr2": "kurushii"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "くるくる",
"t": "spinningly",
"tr": "kurukuru"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "繰",
"t": "to spin a thread",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "繰る",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "*kuri",
"t": "to spin a thread"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
"2": "*kuru",
"t": "painful"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーしぇん (-gurūshen, -gurīshen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOkinoerabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nTokunoshima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi), 苦ーい (xwëëi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\nYonaguni: 苦さん (-'ngurisan) (only used as a suffix)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーしぇん (-gurūshen, -gurīshen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOkinoerabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami Ōshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nTokunoshima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi), 苦ーい (xwëëi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\nYonaguni: 苦さん (-'ngurisan) (only used as a suffix)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "くるる に"
},
"expansion": "くるるに (kururu ni)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "転ぶ",
"3": "",
"4": "to tumble, to fall over",
"tr": "korobu"
},
"expansion": "Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The core underlying meaning seems to be spin; turn around and around, as in Japanese adverb くるるに (kururu ni) and related vowel-shifted root *koro and derivations such as Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”) and 転がる (korogaru, “to roll, to roll around”).\nThe derived sense of go mad (verb) and painful (adjective) arose from the way that someone suffering from convulsions would often turn around and around.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*kuru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Japonic",
"lang_code": "jpx-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to spin; to turn around and around"
],
"links": [
[
"spin",
"spin"
],
[
"turn",
"turn"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "kuru"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kuru meaning in Proto-Japonic (6.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Japonic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.