kə-

⇒ Proto-Japonic: *kə-re (nominalized)
Old Japanese: 此れ (ko₂re)
Japanese: 此れ (kore)
Proto-Ryukyuan: *kore
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 此り (furi)
Kunigami: 此りー (furī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 此れぃ (xurï)
Okinawan: 此り (kuri)
Okinoerabu: 此り (furi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 此り (xuri), 此るっ (xur) (< *kori)
Tokunoshima: 此り (xuri, kuri), 此れぃ (xurï)
Yoron: 此り (furi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 此り (kuri), 此い (kui)
Yaeyama: 此り (kuri)
>? Yonaguni: 此 (kū)

⇒ Proto-Japonic: *kə-nə (attributive)
Old Japanese: 此の (ko₂no₂)
Japanese: 此の (kono)
Proto-Ryukyuan: *kono
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 此ん (fun), 此ぬ (funu, kunu)
Kunigami: 此ぬ (funu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 此ん (xun)
Okinawan: 此ぬ (kunu)
Okinoerabu: 此ぬ (funu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 此ん (xun)
Tokunoshima: 此ん (kun)
Yoron: 此ぬ (funu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 此ぬ (kunu)
Yaeyama: 此ぬ (kunu)
Yonaguni: 此ぬ (kunu)

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *koma (“here”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 此間 (fuma)
Kunigami: 此間 (fumā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 此間 (xuma)
Okinawan: 此間 (kuma)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 此間 (xuma)
Tokunoshima: 此間 (kuma)
Yoron: 此間 (fuma)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 此間 (kuma)
Yaeyama: 此間 (kuma)
Yonaguni: 此間 (kuma)

Old Japanese: 此方 (ko₂ti, “here”)

Japanese: 此方 (kochi, kotchi)


nenpuru

Old Japanese: 眠る (neburu)

Japanese: 眠る (nemuru)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *neburi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 眠ぶい (nïnbui), 眠びゅい (nïnbyui), 眠じゅい (nïnjui)
Kunigami: 眠ん (ninbin /níɴbîɴ/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 眠るり (nïbururi)
Okinawan: 眠じゅん (ninjun /níɴdʑùɴ/)
Okinoerabu: 眠ゆん (nibuyun /nìbújúɴ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 眠っゆむっ (nïpyum /nɨ́pjùm̩/), 眠りゅむっ (nïpryum /nɨ́pɾʲùm̩/)
Tokunoshima: 眠びゅい (ninbyui /nɪ́ɴbʲúɪ́/)
Yoron: 眠ゆん (nibuyun /nìbùjùɴ/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 眠ゔっ (niv)
Yaeyama: 眠ん (ninbun /níbùɴ/)
Yonaguni: 眠どぅん (nindun /nìɴdúɴ/)

From *ne- (“to sleep”, H accent).
The relation to *pur- (“to fall”, L accent) (c.f. English fall asleep) can be discarded due to the accent discrepancy.


nanpai

Old Japanese: 鍋 (nabe₂)

desc

Heian LF, Tokyo 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 1:25 􂀿LF ~ LH(L)􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 鍋 (nabe, Heian LF, Tokyo 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 1:25 [LF ~ LH(L)], Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nabe (tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鍋 (nabi)
Kunigami: 鍋 (nabi /nábì/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鍋 (nabï)
Okinawan: 鍋 (nābi /nàːbì/)
Okinoerabu: 鍋 (nabi /nàbî/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鍋 (nabï /nàbɨ̀ˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 鍋 (nabï /nábɨ̀/)
Yoron: 鍋 (nabi /nábí/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鍋 (nabi)
Yaeyama: 鍋 (nabi /nábí/)
Yonaguni: 鍋 (nabi /nàbî/)

In Japanese sources, explained as originally a compound of Old Japanese elements 肴 (na, “small snack, hors d'oeuvre”) + 瓮 (pe, “a pot or pan for holding food or beverages”).
If this derivation is correct, the medial /-n-/ in the Proto-Japonic (which triggers the rendaku shift from /p/ to /b/) may be the reduced form of the genitive *nə.
* nanpai = na + n[ə] + pai

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru


kensu

Old Japanese: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (ki₁zu)

desc

Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH(H)􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿HH(H)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL(L)􂁀

Japanese: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizu, Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [LH(H)], Kyoto 0 [HH(H)], Kagoshima A [HL(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kezu (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan: *kezu, *kezu-mono, *kizu
Kikai: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizu), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (hinmun)
Kunigami: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (khijī /kʰìdʑíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (xïnmuɴ)
Okinawan: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kídʑì/), 傷物, 疵物, 瑕物, 創物 (kijimun /kìdʑìmùɴ/)
Okinoerabu: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑíˑ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kit)
Tokunoshima: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑɨ́ˑ/)
Yoron: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kiji /kìdʑì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï)
Yaeyama: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kizï /kídzɨ̀/)
Yonaguni: 傷, 疵, 瑕, 創 (kidi /kìdí/)


arasi

Old Japanese: 嵐 (arasi)

desc

Heian LLL, Tokyo 2 􂀿HLL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HLL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima A [LHL(L)

Japanese: 嵐 (arashi, Heian LLL, Tokyo 2 [HLL(L)], Kyoto 2 [HLL(L)], Kagoshima A [LHL(L))

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *arasi (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 嵐 (arāshi /àɾáːɕì/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 嵐 (arashi)
Okinawan: 嵐 (arashi /áɾáɕì/)
Okinoerabu: 嵐 (arashi /àɾàɕí/)
Tokunoshima: 嵐 (arasï /àɾàsɨ́/)

The Japanese descendant term is analyzed in Japanese sources as from:
* arasi, as the continuative / nominative / stem form of verb 荒らす (arasu, “to make something wild, rough, savage”)
* ara- (the stem of adjective 荒い (arai, “rough, wild, savage”), and root of verbs 荒れる (areru, “to become wild, rough, savage”) and 荒らす (arasu, “to make something wild, rough, savage”)) + -si (suffixing element meaning "wind; direction")
* in consideration of pitch accent patterns, may be an ablaut from, or otherwise related to, Japanese 颪 (orosi, “a fall wind, a katabatic wind”, literally “falling, dropping (transitive)”)

Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:平山輝男


intu-re

Old Japanese: いづれ (idure)

Japanese: いずれ (izure), どれ (dore)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *iduro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: でぃる (diru)
Northern Amami Ōshima: でぃ゚る (dïru)
Okinawan: じる (jiru)
Okinoerabu: うどぅる (uduru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: でぃ゚るっ (dïr)
Tokunoshima: でぃん (din)
Yoron: いどぅーる (idūru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: んじー (njī)
Yaeyama: じり (jiri)
Yonaguni: んでぃ (ndi)


unkoku

Old Japanese: 動く (ugoku)

Japanese: 動く (ugoku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *igoki
Northern Ryukyuan:
>? Kunigami: 動ちゅん (ēchun)
Okinawan: 動ちゅん (njuchun)
Okinoerabu: 動ちゅん (unchun)
>? Tokunoshima: 動きゅい (inkyui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 動きぃ (uguksï)
Yaeyama: 動ん (ugun)


woru

Old Japanese: 居る (woru)

Japanese: 居る (oru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 居い (wui, ui, gui)
Kunigami: 居ん (wun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 居り (wuri)
Okinawan: 居ん (wun)
Okinoerabu: 居ん (un)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 居むっ (wum)
Tokunoshima: 居い (ūi)
Yoron: 居ゆん (fuyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 居むっ (um)
Yaeyama: 居ん (un)
Yonaguni: 居ん (bun)


sirami

Old Japanese: 虱, 蝨 (sirami)

desc

Japanese: 虱, 蝨 (shirami, Tokyo LHH, Kyoto LLH, Kagoshima LLH)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sirami
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 虱 (shiran)
Okinawan: 虱 (shiran)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yonaguni: 虱 (tsan)

A compound of *siro (“white”) + *-mi (“an uncertain suffix”). The "o" in *siro was replaced with an "a".

com

Pediculus humanus capitis
Pediculus humanus capitis

louse, especially the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis)


intomi

Old Japanese: 泉 (idumi)

Japanese: 泉 (izumi)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *idomi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 泉 (ijumi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 泉 (izumi, ijomi)
Okinawan: 泉 (ijun)
Okinoerabu: 泉 (ijumi, ijungō)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 泉 (ijumi)
Tokunoshima: 泉 (ijun)
⇒ Yoron: 泉 (ijungō)

*intu (“to go out”) + *-o (adnominal) + *mi (“water”, not used in isolation)


yukəpu

Old Japanese: 憩ふ (iko₂pu) (< *yikəpu)

Japanese: 憩う (ikou)

Japanese: ゆく (yuku), よく (yoku) (Kagoshima)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yukowi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 憩ゆい (yukuyui), 憩むい (yūmui), 憩みゅい (yūmyui), 憩にゅい (yūnyui) (< *yukowi, *yukowi-mi-wori)
Kunigami: 憩るん (yufurun), 憩みん (yufumin) (< *yukowiri, *yukowi-mi-wori)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 憩むり (yufumuri) (< *yukowi-mi-wori)
Okinawan: 憩ゆん (yukuyun)
Okinoerabu: 憩ゆん (yūyun)
Tokunoshima: 憩り (yukuri)
Yoron: 憩ゆん (yufuyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 憩 (yukū)
Yaeyama: 憩いん (yukuin)
Yonaguni: 憩 (dugun)


wonpa

Old Japanese: 叔母 (woba)

Japanese: 叔母 (oba)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *woba
Northern Ryukyuan: *woba, *woba-ma
Kikai: 叔母 (wuba, uba, guba)
⇒ Kunigami: 叔母まー (wubā-mā)
⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 叔母っけ (ba-kke)
⇒ Okinawan: 叔母まー (wuba-mā)
Okinoerabu: 叔母ば (bāba)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 叔母 (wuba)
Tokunoshima: 叔母 (bā)
Yoron: 叔母 (wuba)
Southern Ryukyuan: *boba, *boba-ma, *boba-EtE
Miyako: 叔母 (buba), 叔母ま (buba-ma)
Yaeyama: 叔母 (buba)
⇒ Yonaguni: 叔母いてぃ (ubaiti)


mosirə

Old Japanese: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musiro₂)

desc

Heian LLL, Tokyo 3 􂀿LHH-L􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HLL-L􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LLH-L􂁀

Japanese: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiro, Heian LLL, Tokyo 3 [LHH-L], Kyoto 2 [HLL-L], Kagoshima B [LLH-L])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mosiro (tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan: 모시루 (/mo.si.ru/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mussu)
Kunigami: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /músù/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiro)
Okinawan: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushiru /mùɕìɾù/)
Okinoerabu: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mushu /mùɕû/)
Tokunoshima: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musshu /múQɕù/)
Yoron: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musshū /múQɕúː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (mussu)
Yaeyama: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /músú/)
Yonaguni: 筵, 蓆, 席, 莚 (musu /mùsù/)


məsi

Old Japanese: 若し (mosi)

desc

Heian RL, Tokyo 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL(L)􂁀

Japanese: 若し (moshi, Heian RL, Tokyo 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 2 [HL(L)], Kagoshima A [HL(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mosi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 若し (mushi /múɕì/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 若し (moshi)
Okinawan: 若し (mushi /múɕì/)
Yoron: 若し (mushi /múɕí/)
Southern Ryukyuan: *mosi, *mosi-ka
⇒ Miyako: 若すか (musï-ka)
Yaeyama: 若しぃ (musï /músɨ̥̀/), 若しぃか (musï-ka /músɨ̥́-kà/)
⇒ Yonaguni: 若しかん (mushi-kan /mùɕí-káŋ/) (with irregular lack of fortition)


mi-ki

Old Japanese: 御酒 (mi₁ki₁)

desc

Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH(H)􂁀, 1 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL(L)􂁀

Japanese: 神酒, 御酒 (miki, Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [LH(H)], 1 [HL(L)], Kyoto 2 [HL(L)], Kagoshima A [HL(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *miki (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 神酒, 御酒 (michī /mìtɕíː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 神酒, 御酒 (miki)
Yoron: 神酒, 御酒 (miki /mìkì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 神酒, 御酒 (nksï)
Yaeyama: 神酒, 御酒 (misï /mísɨ̀/)
Yonaguni: 神酒, 御酒 (mitti)


kat-

Old Japanese: 勝つ (katu)

Japanese: 勝つ (katsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kati
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 勝ちゅい (xachui)
Kunigami: 勝ちゅん (khachun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 勝と゚ぅり (xaθuri)
Okinawan: 勝ちゅん (kachun)
Okinoerabu: 勝ちゅん (hachun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 勝ちゅむっ (kachum)
Tokunoshima: 勝ちゅい (kachui)
Yoron: 勝ちゅん (hachun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 勝つ (katsï)
Yaeyama: 勝つん (katsun)
Yonaguni: 勝とぅん (katun)


sunpa

Japanese: すば (suba, Nagasaki, Satsuma)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *suba
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: すば (suba)
Kunigami: しばー (shibā /ɕíbàː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: すぃば (sïba)
Okinawan: すぃば (siba /sìbà/)
Okinoerabu: しばー (shibā /ɕìbǎː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: すぃば (sïba /sɨ̀bàˑ/)
Tokunoshima: すぃば (sïba /sɨ̀bâ/), すぃびゃ (sïbya /sɨ̀bjâ/)
Yoron: しば (shiba /ɕìbá/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: すば (sïba)
Yaeyama: 口すば (futsï-suba /ɸù̥tsɨ́.sùbà/) (< *kuti-suba)
Yonaguni: んば (nba /m̀Nbà/)


yəy

Old Japanese: 良し (yo₂si, yesi)

Japanese: 良い (yoi, ii)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ye-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 良 (yī-)
Kunigami: 良 (hī-)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 良 (yī-)
Okinawan: 良 (yī-)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 良 (yī-)
Yoron: 良 (yi-)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yaeyama: 良 (ī-)
Yonaguni: 良 (ī, hī-)


-(a)ru

Old Japanese: る (-(a)ru)

Japanese: れる (-(a)reru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *-(a)re-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: りゆい (-(a)riyui)
Kunigami: りん (-(a)rin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: るぃるり (-(a)rïruri)
Okinawan: りゆん (-(a)riyun)
Okinoerabu: りゆん (-(a)riyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: りゆむっ (-(a)riyum)
Tokunoshima: るぃ (-(a)rï)
Yoron: りゅん (-(a)ryun)

In attested texts, this is attached to the form traditionally known as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs. Perhaps also existed in reconstructions such as *naru (“to be”), *maparu (“to spin”, intransitive), etc.

creates a passive verb from an active one


(y)ik-

Old Japanese: 行, 往 (iku, yuku)

Japanese: 行く, 往く (iku, yuku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ik-
Northern Ryukyuan
Okinawan: 行ちゅん (ichun)
Southern Ryukyuan
Miyako: 行きぃ (iksï)
Yonaguni: 行ぐん (igun)


panas-

Old Japanese: 話, 噺, 咄 (panasi, panasu)

Japanese: 話, 噺, 咄 (hanashi, hanasu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *panas-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 話 (phanāshī)
Okinawan: 話 (hanashi, hanasun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 話 (panasu)
Yaeyama: 話 (panasï, panasun)


kakapu

Old Japanese: かかふ (kakapu)
Hachijō: かこう (kakō)
>? Japanese: かこう (kakō, obsolete or dialect)
⇒ Japanese: かかわ (kakawa, obsolete)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kakau (tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: こ゚ー (xō)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Yamatohama: こ゚ほ (xoho)
Old Okinawan:
Kunigami:
Iejima: はほ (haho /hàhô/)
Nakijin-Yonamine: ほー (hō /hôː/)
Central-Southern Okinawan:
Shuri: かこー (kakō /kákóː/)
Yoron:
Mugiya Higashi-ku: かほー (kahō /kàhóː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Tarama: かくー (kakū)
Yaeyama:
Hatoma: かこー (kakō /kḁ̀kòː/)
Ishigaki: かこー (kakō /kákóː/)
Taketomi: かーふ (kāfu /kaːɸu/)
⇒ Yonaguni: びりかぐ (birikagu /bìɾìkàgù/) (< *WErE-kakau)