kusa

Old Japanese: 臭し (kusasi)

Japanese: 臭い (kusai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kusa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 臭ーせん (khusāsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 臭さり (kusasari)
Okinawan: 臭さん (kusasan)
Okinoerabu: 臭さん (kusasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 臭さむっ (xsāsam)
Tokunoshima: 臭い (kusai)
Yoron: 臭さん (kusasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 臭 (fusa)
Yaeyama: 臭さーん (fusasān)
Yonaguni: 臭ーん (tsān)


kukui

Old Japanese: 茎 (kuki₂, kuku)

Japanese: 茎 (kuki, kuku)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 茎 (guchi)
Kunigami: 茎 (guchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 茎 (xuxi)
Okinawan: 茎 (guchi)
Okinoerabu: 茎 (kūchī, kūkī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 茎 (xki)
Tokunoshima: 茎 (kuki)
Yoron: 茎 (kuki)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yaeyama: 茎 (fukï)


natu

Old Japanese: 夏 (natu)

Japanese: 夏 (natsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *natu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 夏 (natsu)
Kunigami: 夏 (nachī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 夏 (natsï)
Okinawan: 夏 (nachi)
Okinoerabu: 夏 (nachi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 夏 (nat)
Tokunoshima: 夏 (natsï)
Yoron: 夏 (nachi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 夏 (natsï)
Yaeyama: 夏 (natsï)
Yonaguni: 夏 (nachi)


enu

Old Japanese: 犬, 狗 (inu)

Japanese: 犬, 狗 (inu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *enu
Northern Ryukyuan: 亦奴 (inu) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 犬 (in)
⇒ Kunigami: 犬子等 (innukwā) (< *enu-kura "puppy")
Northern Amami Ōshima: 犬 (in)
Okinawan: 犬 (in)
Okinoerabu: 犬 (inu, inū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 犬 (in)
Tokunoshima: 犬 (in, ïn)
Yoron: 犬 (inu)
Southern Ryukyuan: *enu (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: 犬 (in)
Yaeyama: 犬 (in)
Yonaguni: 犬 (in, inu)


sinu

Old Japanese: 死ぬ (sinu)

Japanese: 死ぬ (shinu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sini
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 死にゅい (shinyui)
Kunigami: 死ぬん (shinun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 死みゅり (shimyuri)
Okinawan: 死ぬん (shinun)
Okinoerabu: 死にゅん (shinyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 死にゅむっ (shinyum)
Tokunoshima: 死み (sïmi)
Yoron: 死にゅん (shinyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 死 (sun)
Yaeyama: 死ぬん (sïnun)
Yonaguni: 死ぬん (nnun)

There is some uncertainty about derivation.
* This term might be a fusion of borrowed element *si from Old Chinese 死 (OC *hljiʔ) + native verb *inu (“to go away; to die”, reflected as Classical Japanese 去ぬ (inu)). In kanbun texts, the compound 死去 is attested as far back as 721.
* Alternatively, this might be a purely native term, with the phonological and semantic overlap with Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX) entirely accidental.


uku

Old Japanese: 浮 (uku)

Japanese: 浮く (uku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *uki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 浮ちゅい (uchui)
Kunigami: 浮ちゅん (fuchun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 浮く゚り (uxuri)
Okinawan: 浮ちゅん (uchun)
Yoron: 浮きゅん (ukyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Miyako: 浮かー上がㇲ゙ (ukāgaz), 浮か上がㇲ゙ (ukagaz) (< *uki-agari)
Yaeyama: 浮っけーるん (ukkērun)


kata-

Old Japanese: 片 (kata-)

Japanese: 片 (kata-)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kata-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 片 (hata-)
Kunigami: 片 (hata-)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 片 (xaθa-)
Okinawan: 片 (kata-)
Okinoerabu: 片 (hata-)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 片 (kata-)
Tokunoshima: 片 (kata-)
Yoron: 片 (hata-)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 片 (kata-)
Yaeyama: 片 (kata-)
Yonaguni: 片 (kata-)


tonari

Old Japanese: 隣 (to₁nari)

Japanese: 隣 (tonari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tonari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 隣 (θunai)
Kunigami: 隣 (thunai)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 隣 (θonari)
Okinawan: 隣 (tunai)
Okinoerabu: 隣 (tunai)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 隣 (θunāri, θunar)
Tokunoshima: 隣 (tunai)
Yoron: 隣 (tunai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 隣 (tunaz)
Yaeyama: 隣 (tunarï)
Yonaguni: 隣 (tunai)

Possibly a compound with the first word being *to (“outside, other”).


kansai

Old Japanese: 風 (kaze, kaza)

Japanese: 風 (kaze, kaza)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kaze
Northern Ryukyuan: 칸즤 (/kʰan.t͡sɨi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 風 (haji, hadi)
Kunigami: 風 (hajī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 風 (kaze, xaze)
Okinawan: 風 (kaji)
Okinoerabu: 風 (haji, hajī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 風 (kade, kadï)
Tokunoshima: 風 (kazï, kadï, kadi)
Yoron: 風 (hadi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 風 (kaji)
Yaeyama: 風 (kaji)
Yonaguni: 風 (kaji, kadi)


pinsa

Old Japanese: 膝 (piza, “knee”)

Japanese: 膝 (hiza)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pisa (“foot, leg”)
Northern Ryukyuan: 피샤 (/pʰi.sja/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kunigami: 足 (phisā)
Okinawan: 足 (fisa)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 足 (psïsa)
Yaeyama: 足 (psïsa)


asaru

Old Japanese: 漁る (asaru)

Japanese: 漁る (asaru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *asari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 漁ゆい (asayui), 漁うい (asaui)
Kunigami: 漁ーるん (hasārun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 漁るり (asaruri)
Okinawan: 漁ゆん (asayun)
Okinoerabu: 漁ゆん (asayun)
Yoron: 漁ゆん (asayun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 漁り゚っ (asal)
Yaeyama: 漁るん (asarun)


wataru

Old Japanese: 渡る (wataru)

Japanese: 渡る (wataru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *watari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 渡－るん (watārun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 渡るり (waθaruri)
Okinawan: 渡ゆん (watayun)
Okinoerabu: 渡ゆん (waθayun)
Tokunoshima: 渡るい (waθarui)
Yoron: 渡ゆん (watayun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 渡ㇲ゙ (bataz)
Yaeyama: 渡るん (badarun)
Yonaguni: 渡るん (batarun)

Possibly from a root *wat- (“moving across”).


awo

Old Japanese: 青 (awo)

Japanese: 青 (ao), 青い (aoi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ao
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 青 (ō), 青さい (ōsai)
Kunigami: 青 (ō), 青せん (ōsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 青 (ō), 青さり (ōsari)
Okinawan: 青 (ō), 青さん (ōsan)
Okinoerabu: 青 (ō), 青さん (ōsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 青 (ō), 青さむっ (ōsam)
Tokunoshima: 青 (au), 青さい (ausai)
Yoron: 青 (ō), 青さん (ōsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 青 (au, ō)
Yaeyama: 青 (au), 青さん (ausan)
Yonaguni: 青 (au), 青ん (aun)


turu

vine

Old Japanese: 蔓 (turu)

Japanese: 蔓 (tsuru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *turu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Northern Amami Ōshima: 蔓 (tsïru)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 蔓 (tsïru)

Yonaguni: 蔓 (chirun)

line, string

Old Japanese: 弦 (turu)

desc

Japanese: 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string; metal handle attached to both sides of a pot, under which the pot hangs”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *turu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: 弦 (chiru)

Okinoerabu: 弦 (chiru)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yonaguni: 弦 (chirun)

The core meaning appears to be vine; line; string as a noun, and to hang down, as a line or string; to form or take the shape of a line or string (both transitive and intransitive) as a verb.
Cognate with *tura (“vine; line, string; line (of things), queue, procession”).


turu

head

*turu (infinitive 1 *turi, infinitive 2 *turay)

1 *turi (infinitive)
2 *turay (infinitive)

to hang; to fish

Old Japanese: 釣る, 吊る (turu)

Japanese: 釣る, 吊る (tsuru)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *turi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Okinawan: 釣いーん (chīn), 釣ゆん (chiyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 釣 (tsïï)
Yonaguni: 釣るん (chirun)

to form or take the shape of a line or string

Old Japanese: 連る (turu)

Japanese: 連れる (tsureru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ture

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 連りーるん (chirīrun)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 連るぃるり (tsïrïruri)

Okinawan: 連りゆん (tsiriyun)

Yoron: 連りゅん (chiryun)


turu

Old Japanese: 鶴 (turu)

Japanese: 鶴 (tsuru)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *turu (tone class A)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鶴 (turu)
Kunigami: 鶴 (chirū /tɕìɾúː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鶴 (tsïru)
Okinawan: 鶴 (tsiru /tsíɾù/)
Okinoerabu: 鶴 (tsuru /tsùɾú/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鶴 (tïru /tɨ̀ɾû/)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 鶴ん鳥 (tsïruntui) (< *turu-n-tui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鶴 (churu)
Yaeyama: 鶴 (tsïru /tsɨ́ɾù/)
⇒ Yonaguni: 鶴鳩 (chiru-hatu /tɕìɾû.hàtù/) (< *turu-pato)

Appears to be distinct from *turu meaning vine; line; string; to hang.
Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a Pre-Proto-Japonic root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind (see pronunciation section below). May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Turkic *turunya (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”), Hungarian daru (“crane”).

a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)


əru

Old Japanese: 織 (oru)

Japanese: 織る (oru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 織ゆい (uyui)
Kunigami: 織ん (un)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 織るり (ururi)
Okinawan: 織ゆん (uyun)
Okinoerabu: 織ゆん (uyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 織ゆむっ (uyum)
Tokunoshima: 織るい (urui)
Yoron: 織ゆん (uyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 織イ゚ (uɿ)
Yaeyama: 織るん (urun)
Yonaguni: 織るん (urun)


əru

Old Japanese: 下 (oru)

Japanese: 下りる (oriru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ore
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 下りゆい, 降りゆい (uriyui)
Kunigami: 下りるん, 降りるん (urirun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 下りぃるり, 降りぃるり (urïruri)
Okinawan: 下りゆん, 降りゆん (uriyun)
Okinoerabu: 下りゆん, 降りゆん (uriyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 下りゆむっ, 降りゆむっ (uriyum), 下りぃゆむっ, 降りぃゆむっ (urïyum)
Tokunoshima: 下りぃりぃ, 降りぃりぃ (urïrï)
Yoron: 下りゅん, 降りゅん (uryun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 下りーㇲ゙, 降りーㇲ゙ (urīz)
Yaeyama: 下りん, 降りん (urin), 下りるん, 降りるん (urirun)
Yonaguni: 下りるん, 降りるん (urirun)


mi-

Old Japanese: 見る (mi₁ru)

Japanese: 見る (miru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 見ゅん (myun)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 見ゅーり (myūri)

Okinawan: 見ーん (nūn)

Tokunoshima: 見ゅい (myui)

Yoron: 見ゅん (myun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 見ㇲ゙ (mīz)

Yaeyama: 見るん (mirun)

Yonaguni: 見ぬん (nnun)

Likely related to Proto-Japonic *mai (“eye”).


karasu

Old Japanese: 烏, 鴉 (karasu)

desc

Heian LHH, Tokyo 1 􂀿HLL(L)􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿HHH(H)􂁀 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2)/1 􂀿LLH ~ LLL(H)􂁀 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten), Kagoshima B 􂀿LLH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 烏, 鴉 (karasu, Heian LHH, Tokyo 1 [HLL(L)], Kyoto 0 [HHH(H)] (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2)/1 [LLH ~ LLL(H)] (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten), Kagoshima B [LLH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *garasu (with inital consonant voicing; tone class C)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 烏, 鴉 (garasā)
Kunigami: 烏, 鴉 (garāshi /gàɾàːɕí/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 烏, 鴉 (garasï)
Okinawan: 烏, 鴉 (garasi /gàɾàsì/)
Okinoerabu: 烏, 鴉 (garashi /gàɾàɕí/)
Tokunoshima: 烏, 鴉 (gara /gáɾà/) (with irregular deletion of *-su; Thorpe (1983, 275) speculates this deletion was a remnant of this word being bimorphemic. See also the Proto-Japonic entry.)
Yoron: 烏, 鴉 (garashi /gàɾàɕì/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 烏, 鴉 (garasa)
Yaeyama: 烏, 鴉 (garasï /gárásɨ́/)
Yonaguni: 烏, 鴉 (garachi /gàɾátɕî/)


mape

Old Japanese: 前 (mape₁)

Japanese: 前 (mae)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mae
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 前 (mëë)
Kunigami: 前 (mē)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 前 (mëë, me)
Okinawan: 前 (mē)
Okinoerabu: 前 (me)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 前 (mëë, më)
Tokunoshima: 前 (mëë)
Yoron: 前 (mē)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 前 (mai)
Yaeyama: 前 (mai)
Yonaguni: 前 (mai)

Compound of *may (“eye”) + *pia (“direction”). Final *y in *may gets deleted, as no consonant clusters can exist in Proto-Japonic.


kətə

Old Japanese: 事 (ko₂to₂)

Japanese: 事 (koto)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *koto
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 事 (xutu)
Kunigami: 事 (khutū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 事 (kutu, xutu)
Okinawan: 事 (kutu)
Okinoerabu: 事 (kutu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 事 (xutu)
Tokunoshima: 事 (kutu)
Yoron: 事 (futu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 事 (kutu)
Yaeyama: 事 (kutu)
Yonaguni: 事 (kutu)

Speculatively, may be related to verb 語る (kataru, “to tell [a story, etc.]”). However the pitch accent patterns do not match.
Possibly related to Korean 것 (geot), but the Korean term historically ended in -s, which is difficult to reconcile.

matter, abstract thing (as opposed to *mənə (“concrete thing”))


kətə

Old Japanese: 言 (ko₂to₂)

Japanese: 言 (koto)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *koto

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 言 (futū, khutū)

Okinawan: 言 (kutu)

Yoron: 言 (futu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 言 (kutu)

Yaeyama: 言 (kutu)


yasu

Old Japanese: 安し (yasusi)

desc

(yasusi) Heian LLF (= B), (yasui) Tokyo 2 􂀿LH(L) (= B)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HLL(L) (= B)􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 安い (yasui, (yasusi) Heian LLF (= B), (yasui) Tokyo 2 [LH(L) (= B)], Kyoto 2 [HLL(L) (= B)], Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yasu (tone class B)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 安さい (yassai)
Kunigami: 安しぇん (yasshen /jáꞯ̂ɕèɴ/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 安さり (yassari)
Okinawan: 安さん (yassan /jàꞯsàɴ/)
Okinoerabu: 安さん (yasan /jàsàɴ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 安さむっ (yassam /jàꞯsàm̩/)
Tokunoshima: 安さん (yasai /jàsàɪ̀/)
Yoron: 安さん (yassan /jáꞯ̂sàɴ/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 安 (yasï)
Yaeyama: 安さーん (yassān /jáꞯsáɴ/)
Yonaguni: 安つぁん (dattsan /dàꞯtsâɴ/)


yoru

Old Japanese: 夜 (yo₁ru)

Japanese: 夜 (yoru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yoru
Northern Ryukyuan: 이우루 (/i.u.ru/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 夜 (yuru)
Kunigami: 夜 (yurū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 夜 (yuru)
Okinawan: 夜 (yuru)
Okinoerabu: 夜 (yuru, yurū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 夜 (yuru)
Tokunoshima: 夜 (yuru)
Yoron: 夜 (yuru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 夜 (yūz)
Yaeyama: 夜 (yūrï)
Yonaguni: 夜 (duru)

From *yo. Compare Proto-Japonic *piru (“day, daytime”) from *pi (“day”).


muku

Old Japanese: 向く (muku)

Japanese: 向く (muku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *muki


nanka

Old Japanese: 長 (naga)

Japanese: 長い, 永い (nagai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *naga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 長ーさい, 永ーさい (nagāsai, nāsai)
Kunigami: 長ーせん, 永ーせん (nagāsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 長さり, 永さり (nagasari)
Okinawan: 長さん, 永さん (nagasan)
Okinoerabu: 長さん, 永さん (nagasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 長ーさむっ, 永ーさむっ (nagasam)
Tokunoshima: 長あい, 永あい (nagaai)
Yoron: 長さん, 永さん (nagasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 長, 永 (naga)
Yaeyama: 長ーさん, 永ーさん (nāsan)
Yonaguni: 長ーん, 永ーん (nān)


ninka

Japanese: 苦い (nigai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *niga
Northern Ryukyuan: 리가사 (/ri.ka.sa/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 苦さい (nyāsai)
Kunigami: 苦ーせん (jāsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 苦さり (nigyasari)
Okinawan: 苦さん (njasan)
Okinoerabu: 苦さん (nigyasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 苦ーさむっ (nigyāsam)
Tokunoshima: 苦ーい (ingyāi)
Yoron: 苦さん (ninjasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 苦 (ngya)
Yaeyama: 苦さん (ngasan)
Yonaguni: 苦ん (ndan)


tika

Old Japanese: 近 (tika)

Japanese: 近い (chikai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tika
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 近さい (chikasai)
Kunigami: 近ーしぇん (shichāshen, hichāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 近さり (chikyasari)
Okinawan: 近さん (chichasan, chikasan)
Okinoerabu: 近さん (chikyasan, chikasan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 近さむっ (chikyasam)
Tokunoshima: 近ーい (tsïkyāi)
Yoron: 近ーさん (kyāsan, chichasan, chikasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 近 (tsïka)
Yaeyama: 近さん (tsïkasan)
Yonaguni: 近ーん (ttān)


-tu

Old Japanese: つ (-tu)

Japanese: つ (-tsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *-tu

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: とぅ (-tu), ちゅ (-chu)

Kunigami: ち (-chi)

Northern Amami Ōshima: つぃ (-tsï)

Okinawan: ち (-chi)

Okinoerabu: ち (-chi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: とっ (-t)

Tokunoshima: つぃ (-tsï)

Yoron: ち (-chi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: つぃ (-tsï)

Yaeyama: ずぃ (-zï)

Yonaguni: ち (-chi)


nanuka

Old Japanese: 七日 (nanuka)

Japanese: 七日 (nanoka, nanuka)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nanuka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 七日 (nanka) (in compounds)
Kunigami: 七日 (nankā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 七日 (nanxa)
Okinawan: 七日 (nanka)
Okinoerabu: 七日 (nankā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 七日 (nanka)
Tokunoshima: 七日 (nanka)
Yoron: 七日 (nanuka)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 七日 (nanuka)
Yaeyama: 七日 (nanuka, nanka)
Yonaguni: 七日 (nanka)


yanto

Old Japanese: 宿 (yado₁)

Japanese: 宿 (yado)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yado
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 宿 (yadu)
Kunigami: 宿 (yadu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 宿 (yado)
Okinawan: 宿 (yadu)
Okinoerabu: 宿 (yadu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 宿 (yado)
Tokunoshima: 宿 (yadu)
Yoron: 宿 (yadu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 宿 (yadu)
Yaeyama: 宿 (yadu)
Yonaguni: 宿 (dadu)

Compound of *ya (“house”) + *to (“door”).


-nu

Old Japanese: ぬ (nu), ず (-zu) (< *-nu, *-n(i)su)

Japanese: ぬ (-nu), ず (-zu) (literary)

suffixed with the irrealis *-na and <i class="Latn mention" lang="jpx-pro">*wu</i> (“to have; to sit”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *-nai (suffixed with the irrealis *-na and *wu (“to have; to sit”))
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: ねーん (-nēn), ねーらん (-nēran)
Kunigami: ねー (-nē), ぬ (-nu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: ねん (-nen)
Okinawan: ねーん (-nēn)
Okinoerabu: ん (-n)
Southern Amami Ōshima: ねむっ (-nem), ねーむっ (-nēm)
Yoron: ねん (-nen), ねんぬ (-nennu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: なーん (-nān)
Yaeyama: ねーぬ (-nēnu)
Yonaguni: みぬん (-minun)

kikanu

Negativizes a verb in the irrealis stem.


suso

Old Japanese: 裾 (suso₁)

Japanese: 裾 (suso)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *suso
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 裾 (susu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 裾 (susu)
Okinawan: 裾 (susu)
Okinoerabu: 裾 (susū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 裾 (ssu, sïsu)
Yaeyama: 裾 (ssu)


uwo

Old Japanese: 魚 (uwo)

Japanese: 魚 (uo, io)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *iwo (< *iwo)
Northern Ryukyuan: 亦窩 (io) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 魚 (iyu)
Kunigami: 魚 ('yū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 魚 ('yu)
Okinawan: 魚 (iyu, iu)
Okinoerabu: 魚 ('yū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 魚 ('yū)
Tokunoshima: 魚 ('yu)
Yoron: 魚 ('yū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 魚 (zzu)
Yaeyama: 魚 (izu)
Yonaguni: 魚 (iyu)

Possibly sound-symbolic.
The *u ~ *i alteration is common in various words, but no explanation is given for why this phenomenon exists.


əni

Old Japanese: 鬼 (oni)

Japanese: 鬼 (oni)

→ English: oni

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oni
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鬼 (oni, uni)
Kunigami: 鬼 (unī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鬼 (umi)
Okinawan: 鬼 (uni)
Okinoerabu: 鬼 (unī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鬼 (unï)
Tokunoshima: 鬼 (unī)
Yoron: 鬼 (uni)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鬼 (un)
Yaeyama: 鬼 (un)
Yonaguni: 鬼 (un)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Possibly an ancient nativized borrowing from Old Chinese 隱 (OC *qɯnʔ, *qɯns, “to hide”).


sawo

Old Japanese: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sawo)

Japanese: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sao)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sao
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sō)
Kunigami: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sō)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sō)
Okinawan: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sō)
Okinoerabu: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sō)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 竿, 棹, 桿 (so, sō)
Tokunoshima: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sau)
Yoron: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sō)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sau, sō)
Yaeyama: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sō)
Yonaguni: 竿, 棹, 桿 (sū)


yowa

desc

Old Japanese: 弱 (yo₁wa, in compounds), 弱し (yo₁wasi)

Japanese: 弱い (yowai)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yowa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 弱さい (yuwasai)
Kunigami: 弱せん (yōsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 弱さり (yowasari)
Okinawan: 弱さん (yōsan)
Okinoerabu: 弱さん (yūsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 弱さむっ (yuwāsam, yiwāsam)
Tokunoshima: 弱い (yuwai)
Yoron: 弱さん (yuwasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 弱 (yū)
Yaeyama: 弱さん (yōsan)
Yonaguni: 弱ん (duwan)


mənə

Old Japanese: 物 (mo₂no₂)

Japanese: 物 (mono)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mono
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 物 (munu)
Kunigami: 物 (munū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 物 (mun)
Okinawan: 物 (munu, mun)
Okinoerabu: 物 (munu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 物 (mun)
Tokunoshima: 物 (mun)
Yoron: 物 (munu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 物 (munu)
Yaeyama: 物 (munu)
Yonaguni: 物 (munu)

concrete thing (as opposed to *kətə (“abstract thing”))


uwu

desc

Old Japanese: 植う (uu, transitive and intransitive) (< *uwu)

Japanese: 植える (ueru, transitive), 植わる (uwaru, intransitive), 植ゆ (uyu, transitive, obsolete)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *uwe (transitive)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 植ぃーゆい (wïïyui)
Kunigami: 植いるん (uirun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 植ぃーるり (wïïruri)
Okinawan: 植ーゆん (wīyun)
Okinoerabu: 植いゆん (uiyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 植ぃーゆむっ (wïïyum)
Tokunoshima: 植いり (uiri)
Yoron: 植いゆん (uiyun)
Southern Ryukyuan: *iwe
Miyako: 植ーㇲ゙ (ibīz)
Yaeyama: 植びん (ibin), 植びるん (ibirun)
Yonaguni: 植るん (birun)


ania

Old Japanese: 姉 (ane)

Japanese: 姉 (ane)


nə

Old Japanese: の (no₂)

Japanese: の (no)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *no
Northern Ryukyuan: 노 (/no/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: ぬ (nu)
Kunigami: ぬ (nu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: ぬ (nu)
Okinawan: ぬ (nu)
Okinoerabu: ぬ (nu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: ぬ (nu)
Tokunoshima: ぬ (nu)
Yoron: ぬ (nu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: ぬ (nu)
Yaeyama: ぬ (nu)
Yonaguni: ぬ (nu)

Probably an apophonic form of *-na (“genitive marker”).


namasu

Old Japanese: 鮮 (namasu)

Japanese: 膾, 鱠 (namasu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *namasu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 膾, 鱠 (namāshī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 膾, 鱠 (namasï)
Okinawan: 膾, 鱠 (namashi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 膾, 鱠 (namāshi, namas)
Yoron: 膾, 鱠 (namashi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 膾, 鱠 (namasï)
Yaeyama: 膾, 鱠 (namasï)

Possibly a compound with the first element being *nama (“raw”).


pama

Old Japanese: 濱 (pama)

Japanese: 浜 (hama)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pama
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 浜 (fama, hama)
Kunigami: 浜 (phamā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 浜 (hama)
Okinawan: 浜 (hama)
Okinoerabu: 浜 (hama)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 浜 (hama)
Tokunoshima: 浜 (hāma)
Yoron: 浜 (pama)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 浜 (pama)
Yaeyama: 浜 (pama)
Yonaguni: 浜 (hama)


punai

Old Japanese: 船, 舟 (pune, puna)

Japanese: 船, 舟 (fune, funa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pune
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class C)
Araki: 船, 舟 (punï) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 船, 舟 (puni) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 船, 舟 (punï) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 船, 舟 (puni) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 船, 舟 (funï) (tone class BC)
Wan: 船, 舟 (punï) (tone class C)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 船, 舟 (hin)
Iejima: 船, 舟 (phuni)
Nago: 船, 舟 (phuni) (tone class C)
Nakijin: 船, 舟 (phuni) (tone class C)
Oku: 船, 舟 (hin)
Sumuide: 船, 舟 (puni)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 船, 舟 (funï) (tone class C)
Yamatohama: 船, 舟 (funï)
Yuwan: 船, 舟 (funï)
Okinawan:
Naha: 船, 舟 (funi)
Shuri: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class B)
Okinoerabu:
Kamishiro: 船, 舟 (hīni) (tone class C)
Serikaku: 船, 舟 (hinni)
Tetechina: 船, 舟 (hini)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 船, 舟 (funï)
Shodon: 船, 舟 (funï) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 船, 舟 (fūnï) (tone class C)
Inō: 船, 舟 (funï)
San: 船, 舟 (funï) (tone class C)
Yoron: 船, 舟 (puni) (tone class C)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 船, 舟 (funi)
Ikema: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class C)
Minna: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class C)
Nagahama: 船, 舟 (funi)
Ōgami: 船, 舟 (funi)
Ōura: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class C)
Sarahama: 船, 舟 (funi)
Shiokawa: 船, 舟 (funi)
Tarama: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class C)
Uechi: 船, 舟 (funi)
Yonaha: 船, 舟 (funi)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class BC)
Ishigaki: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class BC)
Kuroshima: 船, 舟 (funi)
Sonai: 船, 舟 (funi)
Taketomi: 船, 舟 (funi) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 船, 舟 (nni) (tone class C)


tumay

Old Japanese: 爪 (tume₂, tuma)

Japanese: 爪 (tsume, tsuma)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tume
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 爪 (tumi, tsumi)
Kunigami: 爪 (chimī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 爪 (chimï, tsïmï)
Okinawan: 爪 (chimi)
Okinoerabu: 爪 (chimi, chimī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 爪 (tïmï)
Tokunoshima: 爪 (tsïmï)
Yoron: 爪 (chimi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 爪 (tsïmi)
Yaeyama: 爪 (tsïmi)
Yonaguni: 爪 (nmi)

Note the similarity with Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁m(uə)ŋʔ (“nail, claw”), whence Vietnamese móng (“nail, claw”).


mentu

Old Japanese: 水 (mi₁du)

Japanese: 水 (mizu)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mezu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 水 (midu, mïzu)
Kunigami: 水 (mijī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 水 (mïzï, mïji)
Okinawan: 水 (miji)
Okinoerabu: 水 (miji, mijī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 水 (mït)
Tokunoshima: 水 (mïzï)
Yoron: 水 (miji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 水 (mizï)
Yaeyama: 水 (mizï)
Yonaguni: 水 (min)

A suffixed form of a root *me, also seen in Goguryeo 買 (*me, “river, water”). Related with Goguryeo 買召, 彌鄒 (*medu).


pitə

Old Japanese: 一 (pi₁to₂)

Japanese: 一 (hito)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pito, *pite
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 一 (tī)
Kunigami: 一 (tī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 一 (tï, tïï)
Okinawan: 一 (tī)
Okinoerabu: 一 (tī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 一 (tï)
Tokunoshima: 一 (tïï, θī)
Yoron: 一 (tī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 一 (psïtu, psïti)
Yaeyama: 一 (pïti)
Yonaguni: 一 (ttu)


pitə

Old Japanese: 人 (pi₁to₂)

Japanese: 人 (hito)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pito
Northern Ryukyuan: 피죠 (/pʰi.tsjo/), 피츄 (/pʰi.tsʰju/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 人 (tchu, chu)
Kunigami: 人 (chū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 人 (tchu, chu)
Okinawan: 人 (tchu)
Okinoerabu: 人 (chū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 人 (chū)
Tokunoshima: 人 (chu, chū)
Yoron: 人 (pichu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 人 (psïtu)
Yaeyama: 人 (pïtu)
Yonaguni: 人 (ttū)


kəi

Southern Eastern Old Japanese: 木 (ke₂)

Old Japanese: 木, 樹 (ki₂, ko₂)

Japanese: 木, 樹 (ki, ko)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ke
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 木, 樹 (xïï, hī)
Kunigami: 木, 樹 (khī /kʰǐː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 木, 樹 (kï, xï, xïï)
Okinawan: 木, 樹 (kī /kìː/)
Okinoerabu: 木, 樹 (hī /çǐː/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 木, 樹 (xïï /kʰɨ̀ˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 木, 樹 (kï /kɨ́/)
Yoron: 木, 樹 (hī, shī /çǐː, ɕǐː/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 木, 樹 (kī)
Yaeyama: 木, 樹 (kī /kíː/)
Yonaguni: 木, 樹 (kī /kìː/)


tukui

Eastern Old Japanese: 都久 (tuku)

Old Japanese: 月 (tuki₂, tuku)

Japanese: 月 (tsuki, tsuku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tuki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 月 (tuchi, tsuki)
Kunigami: 月 (shichī, hichī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 月 (tsïki, chiki)
Okinawan: 月 (tsichi, chichi)
Okinoerabu: 月 (chiki)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 月 (θki)
Tokunoshima: 月 (tsïki)
Yoron: 月 (chiki)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 月 (tsïksï, tsïkï)
Yaeyama: 月 (tsïkï)
Yonaguni: 月 (ttī)


mətə

Old Japanese: 元 (mo₂to₂)

Japanese: 元 (moto)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moto
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 元 (mutu)
Kunigami: 元 (mutu, mutū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 元 (muθu)
Okinawan: 元 (mūtu, mutu)
Okinoerabu: 元 (mutu)
Tokunoshima: 元 (mutu)
Yoron: 元 (mutu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 元 (mutu)
Yaeyama: 元 (mutu)
Yonaguni: 元 (mutu)


kusori

Old Japanese: 薬 (kusuri)

Japanese: 薬 (kusuri)

desc

→ Ainu: クスリ (kusuri, “hot springs; medicine”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kusori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 薬 (kusui)
Kunigami: 薬 (khusui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 薬 (kusuri, xusuri)
Okinawan: 薬 (kusui)
Okinoerabu: 薬 (kusui, kusuī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 薬 (xusur)
Tokunoshima: 薬 (kusïri, kushuri, kushuï)
Yoron: 薬 (kusui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 薬 (fusūz)
Yaeyama: 薬 (fushirï) (< *kuseri)
Yonaguni: 薬 (tsuri)


pantui

Old Japanese: 恥 (padi)

Japanese: 恥 (haji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pazi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 恥 (paji)
Kunigami: 恥 (phajī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 恥 (haji)
Okinawan: 恥 (haji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 恥 (haji)
Yoron: 恥 (paji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 恥 (pazï)
Yaeyama: 恥 (pazï)
Yonaguni: 恥 (hadi)

Infinitive and nominal form of *pantu
shame


monki

Old Japanese: 麦 (mugi₁)

Japanese: 麦 (mugi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mogi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 麦 (mugi)
Kunigami: 麦 (mujī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 麦 (mugi)
Okinawan: 麦 (muji)
Okinoerabu: 麦 (mugi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 麦 (mugi)
Tokunoshima: 麦 (mugī)
Yoron: 麦 (mugi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 麦 (mugzï)
Yaeyama: 麦 (mun)
Yonaguni: 麦 (mun)

Possibly an ancient nativized borrowing from Old Chinese 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ).
Beyond Old Chinese, might be a Wanderwort. Compare Proto-Tungusic *murgi (“barley”) and Middle Korean 밇 (milh, “wheat”).


əku

Old Japanese: 起 (oku)

Japanese: 起きる (okiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oke
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 起ぃゆい (uïyui, wïïyui)
Kunigami: 起き゚るん (fukirun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 起るり (fïïruri)
Okinawan: 起きゆん (ukiyun)
Okinoerabu: 起いゆん (uiyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 起ひぃーゅむっ ('wïhïïyum)
Tokunoshima: 起いゆい (uiyui)
Yoron: 起いゆん (uiyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 起きㇲ゙ (ukiz)
Yaeyama: 起きるん (ukirun), 起きん (ukin)
Yonaguni: 起ぎるん (ugirun)


əku

Old Japanese: 置, 措, 擱 (oku)

Japanese: 置く, 措く, 擱く (oku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 置ちゅい, 措ちゅい, 擱ちゅい (uchui)
Kunigami: 置ちゅん, 措ちゅん, 擱ちゅん (fuchun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 置く゚り, 措く゚り, 擱く゚り (uxuri)
Okinawan: 置ちゅん, 措ちゅん, 擱ちゅん (uchun)
Okinoerabu: 置ちゅん, 措ちゅん, 擱ちゅん (uchun), 置ちゅちゅん, 措ちゅちゅん, 擱ちゅちゅん (uchuchun)
Tokunoshima: 置き, 措き, 擱き (uki)
Yoron: 置っきゅん, 措っきゅん, 擱っきゅん (ukkyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 置きぃ, 措きぃ, 擱きぃ (uksï)

to place something, to put something somewhere


əyənku

Japanese: 泳ぐ (oyogu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oyogi
Northern Ryukyuan: *oyegi
Kikai: 泳にぃーすん (ūnyīsun)
Kunigami: 泳じゅん (uijun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 泳ぐり ('wïïguri)
Okinawan: 泳じゅん ('wījun)
Okinoerabu: 泳ぎゅん (uigyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 泳ぎゅむっ ('wïgyum)
Tokunoshima: 泳ぃーぎ ('wïïgi)
Yoron: 泳ぎゅん (uigyun)
Southern Ryukyuan: *uVgi
Miyako: 泳ぎぃ (ūgzï)
Yaeyama: 泳むん (umun)
Yonaguni: 泳く゚ん (ungun)


kuntira

Old Japanese: くぢら (kudira)

Japanese: 鯨 (kujira)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuzira
Northern Ryukyuan: *kujira, *gujira
Kikai: 鯨 (kujja, kuiya)
Kunigami: 鯨 (kujja)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鯨 (gujira, xujiya)
Okinawan: 鯨 (gujira)
Okinoerabu: 鯨 (gujiya)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鯨 (gujirya, gujrya)
Tokunoshima: 鯨 (gunja)
Yoron: 鯨 (gūja, gūjā)
Southern Ryukyuan: *fuzïra
Miyako: 鯨 (fudza)
Yaeyama: 鯨 (futtsa)


siroy

Eastern Old Japanese: 志利 (siri), 志流 (siru)

Old Japanese: 尻, 臀, 後 (siri)

Japanese: 尻, 臀, 後 (shiri, “buttocks”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *siri-oi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 尻, 臀, 後 (shirī)

desc

Northern Amami Ōshima: 尻 (only used as a suffix), 臀, 後 (shiri)

Okinawan: 尻, 臀, 後 (shirī)

Yoron: 尻前, 臀前, 後前 (shuimē) (< *siri-oi-mae)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 尻, 臀, 後 (shī)

Yaeyama: 尻, 臀, 後 (shī)

Yonaguni: 尻, 臀, 後 (chui)

Possibly cognate with *osiro (“behind”).


-nka

Old Japanese: が (ga)

Japanese: が (ga, nominative marker), Japanese: が / ヶ (ga, obsolete possessive marker)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: が (ga)
Kunigami: が (ga)
Northern Amami Ōshima: が (ga)
Okinawan: が (ga)
Okinoerabu: が (ga)
Southern Amami Ōshima: が (ga)
Tokunoshima: が (ga)
Yoron: が (ga)
Southern Ryukyuan
Miyako: が (ga)
Yaeyama: が (ga)
Yonaguni: か゚ (ng'a)

According to one theory, possibly from an otherwise-unattested emphatic particle *ka, with the nasal from compounding with the genitive forms of pronouns such as *wana ka (“my”) > *wanka, which was resegmented as *wa-nka.
However, there is a lack of evidence for such an emphatic particle. The closest match in various modern references is an emphasizing prefix か (ka-) that attaches to certain adverbs from the 800s, and to certain adjectives from the early 1000s.

adnominative marker: the preceding nominal acts to quality the following nominal in some fashion

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


pəsi

Old Japanese: 星 (posi)

Japanese: 星 (hoshi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *posi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 星 (pushi, fushi)
Kunigami: 星 (phushī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 星 (fushi)
Okinawan: 星 (fushi)
Okinoerabu: 星 (fushi, fushī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 星 (fushi, fush)
Tokunoshima: 星 (fusï)
Yoron: 星 (pushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 星 (pusï)
Yaeyama: 星 (pusï)
Yonaguni: 星 (fuchi)

May speculatively be related to Old Korean 星利 (*PYEli), but see the reconstruction notes for issues.


pəsi

Old Japanese: 欲し (po₂si)

Japanese: 欲しい (hoshii)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *posi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 欲しゃい (fushai), 欲さい (fusai)
Kunigami: 欲っしぇん (phusshen), 欲しぇん (-bushen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 欲しゃり (hoshari, -boshari)
Okinawan: 欲しゃん (fushan, -bushan), 欲さん (fusan, -busan)
Okinoerabu: 欲しゃん (fushan, -bushan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 欲しゃむっ (fusham, -busham)
Tokunoshima: 欲さい (fusai)
Yoron: 欲しゃん (pushan, -bushan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 欲す (pusï)
Yaeyama: 欲さーん (pusān)
Yonaguni: 欲さん (fusan, -busan)

May very speculatively be related with Middle Korean ᄇᆞ〮라다〮 (pólàtá), but this is rejected by Vovin (2010) due to irregular sound correspondences.
Related to Old Japanese 欲る (poru, “to want, to desire”).


mukantai

Old Japanese: 呉公 (mukate)

Japanese: 百足 (mukade, mukaze)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mukaze

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 百足 (mukade, mukadi, mukaze)

Kunigami: 百足 (mukāji)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 百足 (moxaze)

Okinawan: 百足 (nkaji)

Okinoerabu: 百足 (mukaji)

Tokunoshima: 百足 (nukade)

Yoron: 百足 (mukadi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 百足 (nkaji)

Yaeyama: 百足 (ngasa)

Yonaguni: 百足 (nkadi)


kutui

Old Japanese: 口 (kuti, kutu)

Japanese: 口 (kuchi, kutsu)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuti
Northern Ryukyuan: 키지 (/kʰɨ.t͡si/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 口 (kuchi)
Kunigami: 口 (khuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 口 (kuchi, xuchi)
Okinawan: 口 (kuchi)
Okinoerabu: 口 (kuchi, kuchī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 口 (kuch)
Tokunoshima: 口 (kutsï)
Yoron: 口 (kuchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 口 (futsï)
Yaeyama: 口 (futsï)
Yonaguni: 口 (ttī)

Possibly cognate with Goguryeo *古次 (*kuci, “mouth”).


ətə

Old Japanese: 音 (oto₂)

Japanese: 音 (oto)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oto
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 音 (utu)
Kunigami: 音 (futū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 音 (uθu)
Okinawan: 音 (utu)
Okinoerabu: 音 (utu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 音 (uθu)
Tokunoshima: 音 (utu)
Yoron: 音 (utu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 音 (utu)
Yaeyama: 音 (utu)
Yonaguni: 音 (utu)


əpə

Old Japanese: 大, 多 (opo₂)

desc

Japanese: 大 (ō-), 大きい (ōkii, “big, large”), 大きな (ōkina, “big, large (attributive only)”), 大いに (ōi ni, “very, greatly”), 多い (ōi, “many, much”), 多く (ōku, “a lot, mostly”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *opo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 大さい, 多さい (ussai, ufisai, ubisai)
Kunigami: 大ーせん, 多ーせん (fupōsen, pōsen, fupīsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 大っさり, 多っさり (fïssari)
Okinawan: 大さん, 多さん (ufusan, ufisan)
Okinoerabu: 大いさん, 多いさん (fūsan, fuisan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 大ーさむっ, 多ーさむっ (ufūsam, fūsam, fïïsam)
Tokunoshima: 大ーい, 多ーい (hōi, fëëi)
Yoron: 大さん, 多さん (upusan), 大しゃん, 多しゃん (upishan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 大, 多 (upu)
Yaeyama: 大さん, 多さん (ufusan)
Yonaguni: 大さん, 多さん (ubusan) (< *oposi)


tukur-

Old Japanese: 作る (tukuru)

Japanese: 作る (tsukuru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tukori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 作ゅい (tsukkyui)
>? Kunigami: 作ーるん (shikōrun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 作るり (tsïkururi)
Okinawan: 作ゆん (tsukuyun, chukuyun)
Okinoerabu: 作ゆん (tsukuyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 作りゅむっ (θïkryum)
Tokunoshima: 作るい (tsïkurui)
Yoron: 作ゆん (chikuyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 作ーㇲ゙ (tsïfūz)
Yaeyama: 作るん (tsïkurun)
Yonaguni: 作るん (kkurun)


sunkOy

Old Japanese: 杉 (sugi₂)

Japanese: 杉 (sugi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sugi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 杉 (sugi)

⇒ Kunigami: 杉木 (shijīki)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 杉 (sïgi, sïgï)

Okinawan: 杉 (shiji)

Okinoerabu: 杉 (shizgi)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 杉 (sïgï)

Tokunoshima: 杉 (sïïgï)

Yoron: 杉 (shigi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 杉 (sïgi)

Yaeyama: 杉 (sïgï)

Cryptomeria japonica
Cryptomeria japonica#Translingual


kəkərə

Old Japanese: 心 (ko₂ko₂ro₂)
Japanese: 心 (kokoro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kokoro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Kamikatetsu: 心 (xukuru) (tone class AB)
Nakasato: 心 (kukuru) (tone class AB)
Sakamine: 心 (xukuru) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 心 (kukuru) (tone class BC)
Wan: 心 (kukuru) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 心 (kukhuru)
Iheya: 心 (kukhurū)
Kudaka: 心 (fukuru)
Nakijin: 心 (khukūru) (tone class BC)
Oku: 心 (kukhuru)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 心 (xōro)
Sani: 心 (xōro)
Yamatohama: 心 (xohoro)
Yuwan: 心 (xūru)
Okinawan:
Shuri: 心 (kukuru) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Serikaku: 心 (kukurū)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 心 (xuhoro)
Shodon: 心 (xohoro) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 心 (kukuru)
Isen: 心 (xukuru)
Kametsu: 心 (kukuru)
Matsubara: 心 (xukuru) (tone class B)
San: 心 (kukuru)
Yoron: 心 (kukuru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 心 (kukuru)
Irabu: 心 (kukuru)
Minna: 心 (kukuru) (tone class C)
Sawada: 心 (kukuru)
Tarama: 心 (kukuru) (tone class C)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 心 (kukuru) (tone class BC)
Hatoma: 心 (kukuru)
Ishigaki: 心 (kukuru) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 心 (kukuru)
Kuroshima: 心 (kukuru)
Sonai: 心 (kukuru)
Taketomi: 心 (kukuru) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 心 (kuguru) (tone class B)


munai

Old Japanese: 胸 (mune, muna-)

desc

mune: Heian HL, Tokyo 3 􂀿LH-L􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL-L􂁀, Kagoshima A [HL-L

Japanese: 胸 (mune, muna-, mune: Heian HL, Tokyo 3 [LH-L], Kyoto 2 [HL-L], Kagoshima A [HL-L)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mune
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 胸 (muni, munï)
Kunigami: 胸 (nī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 胸 (munï)
Okinawan: 胸 (nni)
Okinoerabu: 胸 (nī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 胸 (munï)
Tokunoshima: 胸 (nïï)
Yoron: 胸 (nī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 胸 (mmi)
Yaeyama: 胸 (nni)
Yonaguni: 胸 (nni)


munai

Old Japanese: 棟 (mune, muna-)

desc

mune: Heian HH, Tokyo 0 􂀿LH-H􂁀, Kyoto 0 􂀿HH-H􂁀, Kagoshima A 􂀿HL-L􂁀

Japanese: 棟 (mune, muna-, mune: Heian HH, Tokyo 0 [LH-H], Kyoto 0 [HH-H], Kagoshima A [HL-L])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mune
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 棟 (nī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 棟 (munï)
Okinawan: 棟 (nni)
Okinoerabu: 棟 (nī)
Tokunoshima: 棟 (nëë)
Yoron: 棟 (nī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 棟 (mmi)
Yaeyama: 棟 (nni)
Yonaguni: 棟 (nni)


musi ~ mosi

Old Japanese: 蟲 (musi)

Japanese: 虫 (mushi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mosi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 虫 (mushi)
Kunigami: 虫 (mushī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 虫 (mushi)
Okinawan: 虫 (mushi)
Okinoerabu: 虫 (mushī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 虫 (mush)
Tokunoshima: 虫 (musï)
Yoron: 虫 (mushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 虫 (musï)
Yaeyama: 虫 (musï)
Yonaguni: 虫 (muchi)


wopitə

Old Japanese: をひと (wopi₁to₂)

Japanese: 夫 (otto)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *woto
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 夫 (wutu)
Kunigami: 夫 (wutū, wuttū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 夫 (wuθu)
Okinawan: 夫 (wutu)
Okinoerabu: 夫 (wutu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 夫 (wutu)
Tokunoshima: 夫 (wutu)
Yoron: 夫 (wutu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 夫 (butu)
Yaeyama: 夫 (budu)
Yonaguni: 夫 (butu)

Compound of *wo (“man”) + *pitə (“person”).


warə

Japanese: 悪い (warui) (< warosi < unattested *waro₂)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *warO

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 悪っさい (wassai)

Kunigami: 悪っせん (wassen)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 悪さり (warusari)

Okinawan: 悪っさん (wassan)

Okinoerabu: 悪さん (warosan)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 悪さむっ (warsam)

Tokunoshima: 悪っさい (wassai)

Yoron: 悪さん (warusan)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 悪ㇲ゙ (bāz)

Yaeyama: 悪はーん (barahān)

Yonaguni: 悪さん (barasan) (< *warosi)


e-ku

Old Japanese: 幾 (iku, ikura)

Japanese: 幾 (iku, ikura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *e-ku
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 幾 (ixu-)
Kunigami: 幾 (iku-)
Okinawan: 幾 (iku-)
Yoron: 幾 (iku-)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 幾 (ifu-)
Yaeyama: 幾 (ifu-)
⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *e-ku-tu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 幾とぅ (ixutu), 幾つ (ixutsu)
Kunigami: 幾っちー (hikutchī)
Okinawan: 幾つぃ (ikutsi), 幾ち (ikuchi)
Okinoerabu: 幾ち (ikuchi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 幾ち (ixuchi), 幾ーち (ixūchi), 幾とっ (ixut)
Tokunoshima: 幾ち (ikuchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 幾つ (ifutsï)
Yaeyama: 幾つぃ (ifutsï)
Yonaguni: 幾ち (iguchi)
⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *e-ku-tari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 幾人 (ixutai)
Kunigami: 幾人 (hikutai)
Okinawan: 幾人 (ikutai)
Okinoerabu: 幾人 (ikutai)
Tokunoshima: 幾人 (ikutai)
Yoron: 幾人 (ikutai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 幾人 (ifutaz)
Yaeyama: 幾人 (ifutārï)


munanki

Old Japanese: むなぎ (munagi₁)

Japanese: 鰻 (unagi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *munagi, *onagi

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 鰻 (unagi)

Kunigami: 鰻 (unāji)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 鰻 (onagi)

Okinawan: 鰻 ('nnaji)

Okinoerabu: 鰻 (unagi, unaji)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 鰻 (unag)

Tokunoshima: 鰻 (unāgi)

Yoron: 鰻 (unagi)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 鰻 (mnagzï, unagzï)

Yaeyama: 鰻 (ūnai)

Yonaguni: 鰻 (nada) (< *munagi-ya)


upai

Old Japanese: 上 (upe₂, upa)

Japanese: 上 (ue, uwa)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ue
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 上 (wïï)
Kunigami: 上 (ui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 上 ('wïï)
Okinawan: 上 ('wī)
Okinoerabu: 上 (ui)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 上 ('wïï)
Tokunoshima: 上 ('wïï)
Yoron: 上 (ui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 上 (ui)
Ikema: 上 (ui) (tone class A)
Irabu: 上 (ui)
Tarama: 上 (ui) (tone class A)
Yaeyama: 上 (ui) (tone class A)
Yonaguni: 上 (ui) (tone class A)


kuwu

Old Japanese: 蹴う (kuu)
Japanese: 蹴る (keru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *k(y/V)e

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 蹴ん (kin)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 蹴るり (xïruri)

Okinawan: 蹴ゆん (kiyun)

Okinoerabu: 蹴ゆん (hïyun)

Tokunoshima: 蹴ゆい (kïyui)

Yoron: 蹴ゆん (shiyun)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 蹴ーㇲ゙ (kīz)

Yaeyama: 蹴るん (kirun)

Yonaguni: 蹴るん (kirun)


kepu

Old Japanese: 今日 (ke₁pu)

Japanese: 今日 (kyō)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *keu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Araki: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Nakasato: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 今日 (kyū) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 今日 (shū) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 今日 (xyū) (tone class BC)
Wan: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)
Kunigami:
Hentona: 今日 (sū)
Iejima: 今日 (chū) (tone class AC)
Nakijin: 今日 (khū) (tone class C)
Oku: 今日 (sū)
Sumuide: 今日 (kū)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 今日 (kyū) (tone class C)
Yamatohama: 今日 (xïu)
Yuwan: 今日 (kyū)
Okinawan:
Naha: 今日 (chū)
Shuri: 今日 (chū) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Serikaku: 今日 (hyū)
Wadomari: 今日 (hyū) (tone class C)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 今日 (xyū)
Shodon: 今日 (xyu)
Tokunoshima:
Asama: 今日 (xyū) (tone class AC)
Inō: 今日 (xyū)
Kametsu: 今日 (xyū)
Yoron: 今日 (shū) (tone class C)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 今日 (kyū)
Hirara: 今日 (kyū)
Ikema: 今日 (kyū) (tone class C)
Irabu: 今日 (kyū)
Karimata: 今日 (kyū)
Kugai: 今日 (kyū)
Kurima: 今日 (kyū)
Ōgami: 今日 (kī)
Ōura: 今日 (kyū)
Sarahama: 今日 (kyū)
Shimajiri: 今日 (kyū)
Tarama: 今日 (kiu) (tone class B)
Uechi: 今日 (kyū)
Uruka: 今日 (kyū)
Yonaha: 今日 (kyū)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 今日 (kyū)
Hatoma: 今日 (kyū)
Ishigaki: 今日 (kyū) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 今日 (kyū)
Kuroshima: 今日 (kyū)
Sonai: 今日 (kyū)
Taketomi: 今日 (kyū)
Yonaguni: 今日 (sū) (tone class C)


namita

Old Japanese: 涙 (nami₁ta, nami₁da)

Japanese: 涙 (namida)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *na(n)da

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: 涙 (nada)

Kunigami: 涙 (nadā)

Northern Amami Ōshima: 涙 (nada)

Okinawan: 涙 (nada)

⇒ Okinoerabu: 目涙 (mīnada) (< *menada)

Southern Amami Ōshima: 涙 (nada)

Tokunoshima: 涙 (nada)

Yoron: 涙 (nada)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 涙 (nada)

Yaeyama: 涙 (nada)

Yonaguni: 涙 (nuda)

Possibly a compound with the first word being *nami (“wave”), in the sense that tears ripple when touching the ground. However, this is semantically problematic.
Alternatively, possibly a loanword from a Kra-Dai language; compare Thai น้ำตา (nám-dtaa, “tear”). However, that connection presents other problems in semantics and syntax.


kanasi

Old Japanese: 悲し (kanasi, “emotionally overwhelming: dear, beloved, sad”)
Japanese: 悲しい (kanashii, “sad”)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kanasi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 悲しゃい, 哀しゃい, 愛しゃい (hanashai), 悲さい, 哀さい, 愛さい (hanasai)
Kunigami: 悲ーしぇん, 哀ーしぇん, 愛ーしぇん (hanāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 悲しゃり, 哀しゃり, 愛しゃり (xanashari)
Okinawan: 悲しゃん, 哀しゃん, 愛しゃん (kanashan), 悲さん, 哀さん, 愛さん (kanasan)
Okinoerabu: 悲しゃん, 哀しゃん, 愛しゃん (hanashan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 悲ーしゃむっ, 哀ーしゃむっ, 愛ーしゃむっ (xanāsham)
Tokunoshima: 悲あい, 哀あい, 愛あい (kanaai)
Yoron: 悲しゃん, 哀しゃん, 愛しゃん (hanashan, kanashan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 悲す, 哀す, 愛す (kanasï)
Yaeyama: 悲しゃーん, 哀しゃーん, 愛しゃーん (kanasān)
Yonaguni: 悲さん, 哀さん, 愛さん (kanasan)

Appears to be derived from verb *kanu (“to be two things at the same time; to worry about multiple options; to be stuck between options”).


pirə

Old Japanese: 広 (piro₂)

Japanese: 広い (hiroi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *piro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 広さい (pirusai)
Kunigami: 広ーしぇん (pirūshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 広さり (hirusari)
Okinawan: 広さん (firusan)
Okinoerabu: 広さん (hyūsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 広さむっ (hiryusam)
Tokunoshima: 広あい (fïroai)
Yoron: 広さん (pyūsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 広 (pïsu)
Yaeyama: 広さん (pïsusan)
Yonaguni: 広ん (tswan)


sir-

Old Japanese: 知る (siru)

Japanese: 知る (shiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *siri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 知ん (shin) (only used as a suffix)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 知るり (shiruri)
Okinawan: 知ゆん (shiyun)
Yoron: 知っちゅん (shitchun) (< *sir-i-t-e-wori)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 知 (ssï)
Yaeyama: 知すん (sïsun)
Yonaguni: 知ん (chun)


yəkə

Old Japanese: 横 (yo₂ko₂)

Japanese: 横 (yoko)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yoko
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 横 (yuku)
Kunigami: 横 (yukū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 横 (yuku)
Okinawan: 横 (yuku)
Okinoerabu: 横 (yukū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 横 (yuku)
Yoron: 横 (yuku)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 横 (yuku)
Yaeyama: 横 (yuku)
Yonaguni: 横 (dugu)


kərə

Old Japanese: 頃 (ko₂ro₂)

Japanese: 頃 (koro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *koro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 頃 (guru) (in compounds)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 頃 (xoro)
Okinawan: 頃 (kuru)
Yoron: 頃 (guru) (in compounds)


wasai

Old Japanese: 早稲 (wase, wasa)

Japanese: 早稲 (wase, wasa)
→ Okinoerabu: 早稲 (washe)

(possibly) → Korean: 쌀 (ssal, “rice”) (< Pre-Proto-Japonic *wasar)

According to Vovin, from Pre-Proto-Japonic *wasar, which was borrowed into late Old Korean as 菩薩 (reconstructed phonetically by Vovin as /pasʌr/), later attested as Middle Korean ᄡᆞᆯ (psol), modern Korean 쌀 (ssal, “rice”).


kamui

Old Japanese: 神 (kami₂, kamu)

Japanese: 神 (kami, kan)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kami
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 神 (kami)
Kunigami: 神 (khamī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 神 (xami)
Okinawan: 神 (kami)
Okinoerabu: 神 (hamī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 神 (kami)
Tokunoshima: 神 (kamī)
Yoron: 神 (kami)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 神 (kam)
Yaeyama: 神 (kan)
Yonaguni: 神 (kami, kan)

(possibly) → Ainu: カムイ (kamuy)

(possibly) → Korean: 검 (geom)


təwə

Old Japanese: 十 (to₂wo)

Japanese: 十 (tō)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *towo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 十 (θū)
Kunigami: 十 (thū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 十 (θū)
Okinawan: 十 (tū)
Okinoerabu: 十 (tū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 十 (tū)
Tokunoshima: 十 (tū)
Yoron: 十 (tū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 十 (tū)
Yaeyama: 十 (tū)
Yonaguni: 十 (tū)

Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 德 (*tək).
According to Ono (1970), related to *tawa or *təwə (“bend”) from the common hand-counting method of showing the number 10 by bending all fingers over the bent thumb, although this is rejected by Miller (1971), who instead proposed a relationship with Proto-Tungusic *ʒuban (“ten”).
However, the Altaic hypothesis is nowadays widely rejected, so the Tungusic comparison remains unlikely.


panki

Old Japanese: 脛 (pagi₁, “shin”)

Japanese: 脛 (hagi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pagi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 脛 (hagi)
Okinoerabu: 脛 (hagi, haji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 脛 (hagi)
Yoron: 脛 (pagi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 脛 (pagzï)
Yaeyama: 脛 (pan)
Yonaguni: 脛 (han)


nanta

Old Japanese: 灘 (nada)

desc

Japanese: 灘 (nada, Tokyo HL(L), Kyoto HL(L))

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nada (tone class B)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 灘 (nadā /nàdǎː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 灘 (nada)
Okinawan: 灘 (nada /nàdà/)

an area at sea with strong currents that is difficult to pass through


kəkənə

Old Japanese: 九 (ko₂ko₂no₂)

Japanese: 九 (kokono)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kokono
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 九 (xunu)
Kunigami: 九 (khunu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 九 (xunu)
Okinawan: 九 (kukunu)
Okinoerabu: 九 (kunu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 九 (xunu)
Tokunoshima: 九 (kunu)
Yoron: 九 (kunu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 九 (kukunu)
Yaeyama: 九 (kukunu)
Yonaguni: 九 (kugunu)


kankai

Old Japanese: 陰, 影 (kage₂, kaga)

Japanese: 陰, 影 (kage, kaga)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kage, *kaga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 陰, 影 (han'gi, han'gï, hai. han'gā)
Kunigami: 陰, 影 (hagi, khāgi, khāgā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 陰, 影 (xage)
Okinawan: 陰, 影 (kāgi, kaji, kāgā)
Okinoerabu: 陰, 影 (hagi, haga)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 陰, 影 (kagë)
Tokunoshima: 陰, 影 (xagï, xaga)
Yoron: 陰, 影 (hagi, haga)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 陰, 影 (kagi)
Yaeyama: 陰, 影 (kai, kagi)
Yonaguni: 陰, 影 (kan'gi)


tanai

Old Japanese: 種 (tane)

Japanese: 種 (tane)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tane
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 種 (θanï, “seed”)
Kunigami: 種 (thanī, “penis”)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 種 (θane, θanï, “seed”)
Okinawan: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)
Okinoerabu: 種 (θani, θanī, “seed”)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 種 (θanï, “seed”)
Tokunoshima: 種 (θanï, “seed”)
Yoron: 種 (tani, “seed”)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)
Yaeyama: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)
Yonaguni: 種 (tani, “seed, penis”)


tuyə

Old Japanese: 強し (tuyo₂si)

Japanese: 強い (tsuyoi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ti(y)o
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 強さい (tsusai)
Kunigami: 強ーせん (chūsen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 強ーさり (chūsari)
Okinawan: 強ーさん (chūsan)
Okinoerabu: 強ーさん (chūsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 強ーさむっ (chūsam)
Tokunoshima: 強い (chōi)
Yoron: 強ーさん (chūsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 強 (tsū)
Yaeyama: 強ーさん (tsūsan)
Yonaguni: 強さん (susan) (< *tiyosi)


təki

Old Japanese: 時 (to₂ki₁)

Japanese: 時 (toki)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *toki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 時 (tuki)
Kunigami: 時 (tuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 時 (θuki)
Okinawan: 時 (tuchi)
Okinoerabu: 時 (tuki)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 時 (tuk) (Koniya dialect)
Tokunoshima: 時 (tuki)
Yoron: 時 (tuki) (Chabana dialect)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 時 (tuksï)
Yaeyama: 時 (tuksï)
Yonaguni: 時 (tuti)


kanpu

Old Japanese: かぶ (kabu, “head”)

desc

Japanese: 株 (kabu, “stump”), 頭 (kabu, “head”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kabu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 株 (khabū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 株 (gabu)
Okinawan: 株 (kabu)


təpə

Old Japanese: 遠 (to₂po₂)

Japanese: 遠い (tōi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *towo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 遠さい (θūsai)
Kunigami: 遠しぇん (thūshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 遠さり (θūsari)
Okinawan: 遠さん (tūsan)
Okinoerabu: 遠さん (tūsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 遠さむっ (tūsam)
Tokunoshima: 遠はーい (tōhāi)
Yoron: 遠さん (tūsan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 遠 (tū)
Yaeyama: 遠さん (tūsan)
Yonaguni: 遠ん (twan)


tə

Old Japanese: と (to₂)

Japanese: と (to)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *to
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: と゚ぅ (θu)
Kunigami: とぅ (thu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: と゚ぅ (θu)
Okinawan: とぅ (tu)
Okinoerabu: とぅ (tu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: とぅ (tu)
Tokunoshima: とぅ (tu)
Yoron: とぅ (tu)
Southern Ryukyuan: *to (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: とぅ (tu)
Yaeyama: とぅ (tu)
Yonaguni: とぅ (tu)


təkərə

Old Japanese: 所 (to₂ko₂ro₂)

Japanese: 所 (tokoro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tokoro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 所 (θukuru)
Kunigami: 所 (thukurū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 所 (θoro)
Okinawan: 所 (tukuru)
Okinoerabu: 所 (tukuru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 所 (θuro)
Tokunoshima: 所 (tukuru)
Yoron: 所 (tukuru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 所 (tukuru)
Yaeyama: 所 (tukuru)
Yonaguni: 所 (tuguru)

A surface analysis suggests that this could be an ancient compound of *to (“place”, as in Old Japanese 跡 ⟨ato₁⟩, “footprint, track”, from “foot place, where one has stepped”) + *kə (noun-forming suffixing element denoting “place”, as in Old Japanese ここ ⟨ko₂ko₂⟩, “here”, from “this place”) + *-rə (noun-forming suffixing element, apparently indicating within a general area, possibly as in Old Japanese 心 ⟨ko₂ko₂ro₂⟩, “heart, mind, emotions”, Old Japanese 頃 ⟨ko₂ro₂⟩, “general span of time, around a certain time”, Old Japanese うつろ ⟨uturo₂⟩, “hollowness, empty interior”). The inital *to- changed to *tə- due to Arisaka's law.


pinkai

Old Japanese: 髭 (pi₁ge₂)

Japanese: 髭 (hige)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pige
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 髭 (pini)
Kunigami: 髭 (pijī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 髭 (higi)
Okinawan: 髭 (fiji)
Okinoerabu: 髭 (higī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 髭 (higi)
Tokunoshima: 髭 (sïgi)
Yoron: 髭 (pigi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 髭 (psïgi)
Yaeyama: 髭 (psïni)
Yonaguni: 髭 (ngi)

May originally be a compound with the second component being *kay (“hair”).


misV

Old Japanese: 未醤 (*mi₂sau)

Japanese: 味噌 (miso) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *miso
Northern Ryukyuan: 미쇼 (/mi.sjo/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 味噌 (misu)
Kunigami: 味噌 (misū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 味噌 (misu)
Okinawan: 味噌 (nsu, nnsu)
Okinoerabu: 味噌 (mishū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 味噌 (misu)
Tokunoshima: 味噌 (mishu)
Yoron: 味噌 (mishu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 味噌 (msu)
Yaeyama: 味噌 (mishu)
Yonaguni: 味噌 (nsu)


təri

Old Japanese: 鳥 (to₂ri)

Japanese: 鳥 (tori)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鳥 (θui)
Kunigami: 鳥 (thui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鳥 (θuri)
Okinawan: 鳥 (tui)
Okinoerabu: 鳥 (tui)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鳥 (tur)
Tokunoshima: 鳥 (tui)
Yoron: 鳥 (tui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鳥 (tūz)
Yaeyama: 鳥 (turï)
Yonaguni: 鳥 (tui)


tuyu

Old Japanese: 露 (tuyu)

Japanese: 露 (tsuyu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tuyu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 露 (tuyu)
Kunigami: 露 (chiyu, chiyū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 露 (tsïyu)
Okinawan: 露 (chiyu)
Okinoerabu: 露 (chiyu)
Tokunoshima: 露 (tsïyu)
Yoron: 露 (chū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 露 (tsïv)
Yaeyama: 露 (tsïyu, chū)
Yonaguni: 露 (chiyu)


anpura

Old Japanese: 脂, 油 (abura)

Japanese: 脂, 油 (abura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *abura
Northern Ryukyuan: 아부라 (/a.pu.ra/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai:
Aden: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Kamikatetsu: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Onotsu: 脂, 油 (abba) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Shiomichi: 脂, 油 (anba, abba) (tone class AB)
Shitōke: 脂, 油 (abba) (tone class BC)
Wan: 脂, 油 (anba) (tone class AB)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 脂, 油 (anda)
Hentona: 脂, 油 (anra)
Kudaka: 脂, 油 (anra)
Nago: 脂, 油 (anda) (tone class B)
Nakijin: 脂, 油 (andā) (tone class BC)
Sakimotobu: 脂, 油 (anra) (tone class C)
Sumuide: 脂, 油 (anda)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 脂, 油 (abura)
Yamatohama: 脂, 油 (abura)
Yuwan: 脂, 油 (abura)
Okinawan:
Itoman: 脂, 油 (anra)
Naha: 脂, 油 (anra)
Shuri: 脂, 油 (anda) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Serikaku: 脂, 油 (aburā)
Tetechina: 脂, 油 (abura)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 脂, 油 (apra)
Shodon: 脂, 油 (apra) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 脂, 油 (anba)
Isen: 脂, 油 (anba)
Kametsu: 脂, 油 (anba)
Yoron: 脂, 油 (abura) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Bora: 脂, 油 (avva)
Hirara: 脂, 油 (avva)
Ikema: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class B)
Irabu: 脂, 油 (avva)
Karimata: 脂, 油 (avva)
Kugai: 脂, 油 (avva)
Kurima: 脂, 油 (avva)
Minna: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class B)
Miyaguni: 脂, 油 (avva)
Nagahama: 脂, 油 (avva)
Ōgami: 脂, 油 (avva)
Ōura: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class AB)
Sarahama: 脂, 油 (avva)
Sawada: 脂, 油 (avva)
Shiokawa: 脂, 油 (avva)
Tarama: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class B)
Uechi: 脂, 油 (avva)
Uruka: 脂, 油 (avva)
Yonaha: 脂, 油 (avva) (tone class AB)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 脂, 油 (aba) (tone class BC)
Hatoma: 脂, 油 (aba)
Ishigaki: 脂, 油 (aba) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 脂, 油 (aba)
Kuroshima: 脂, 油 (ava)
Taketomi: 脂, 油 (aba) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 脂, 油 (anda) (tone class B)

Related to *anpuru (“to fry, grill, roast”).


esoi

Eastern Old Japanese: 於思 (osi), 於須 (osu)

Old Japanese: 石 (isi)
Japanese: 石 (ishi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *esi
Northern Ryukyuan: 亦石, 一實 (ishi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 石 (ishi)
Kunigami: 石 (ishī, hishī, shī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 石 (ishi)
Okinawan: 石 (ishi)
Okinoerabu: 石 (ishi, ishī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 石 (ishi, ish)
Tokunoshima: 石 (isï)
Yoron: 石 (ishi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 石 (isï)
Yaeyama: 石 (ishi)
Yonaguni: 石 (ichi)


yəynta

Old Japanese: 枝 (yeda)

Japanese: 枝 (eda)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yoda
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 枝 (yuda)
Kunigami: 枝 (yudā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 枝 (yoda, yuda)
Okinawan: 枝 (yuda, yida)
Okinoerabu: 枝 (yedā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 枝 (yeda)
Tokunoshima: 枝 (yuda, yeda, yida)
Yoron: 枝 (yuda)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 枝 (yuda)
Yaeyama: 枝 (yuda)
Yonaguni: 枝 (duda)


səri

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 剃い (suri)
Okinoerabu: 剃い (sui)
Tokunoshima: 剃い (shui)
Yoron: 剃い (sui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 剃イ゚ (suɿ)


yəmə

Old Japanese: 黄泉 (yo₂mo)

Japanese: 黄泉 (yomo)

Possibly related to *yama (“forest; mountain”), as forests and mountains were often paired with the underworld.


yamatə

Old Japanese: 大和 (yamato₂)

Japanese: 大和 (yamato)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yamato
Northern Ryukyuan: 야마도 (/ja.ma.to/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 大和 (yamatu)
Kunigami: 大和 (yamatū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 大和 (yamaθo)
Okinawan: 大和 (yamatu)
Okinoerabu: 大和 (yamatu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 大和 (yamatu)
Tokunoshima: 大和 (yamatu)
Yoron: 大和 (yamatu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 大和 (yamatu)
Yaeyama: 大和 (yamatu)
Yonaguni: 大和 (damatu)

Possibly a compound with the first member being *yama (“mountain”). See also *to, *təkərə.


tuntumi

Old Japanese: 鼓 (tudumi₁)

Japanese: 鼓 (tsuzumi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tudumi
Northern Ryukyuan: つづみ (tudumi) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: 鼓 (tsutsumi, tsuzumi)
Kunigami: 鼓 (chijīmi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 鼓 (tsïzïn)
Okinawan: 鼓 (chijin)
Okinoerabu: 鼓 (chijin)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鼓 (θïdïn, θidim)
Tokunoshima: 鼓 (tsïzïmi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鼓 (tsïzïm)
Yaeyama: 鼓 (tsïzïn)
Yonaguni: 鼓 (chidin)


asita

Old Japanese: 明日, 朝 (asita)

Japanese: 明日, 朝 (ashita)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *asita (“tomorrow”)
Northern Ryukyuan: 阿者 (acha) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 明日 (acha)
Kunigami: 明日 (hachā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 明日 (acha)
Okinawan: 明日 (acha)
Okinoerabu: 明日 (nācha)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 明日 (acha)
Tokunoshima: 明日 (acha)
Yoron: 明日 (atchā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 明日 (acha)
Yaeyama: 明日 (atcha)
Yonaguni: 明日 (ata)

Related to an *as- root cognate with *asa (“morning”) and Old Japanese 明日 (asu, “tomorrow”).


nis-a-

Old Japanese: 似 (nisu)

Japanese: 似せる (niseru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nise
Northern Ryukyuan:
Okinawan: 偽 (にし, nishi)


wənə

Old Japanese: 斧 (wono₂)

Japanese: 斧 (ono)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wono
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 斧 (ūnu)
Kunigami: 斧 (ūnū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 斧 (un)
Okinawan: 斧 (ūn)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 斧 (wun)
Yoron: 斧 (ūnu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 斧 (būna)
Yaeyama: 斧 (buinu, būnu)
Yonaguni: 斧 (bunu)


kəwai

Old Japanese: 聲 (ko₂we)

Japanese: 声 (koe, kowa-)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *koe
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 声 (kui)
Kunigami: 声 (fui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 声 (xui)
Okinawan: 声 (kwī)
Okinoerabu: 声 (kwī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 声 (kui)
Tokunoshima: 声 (kui)
Yoron: 声 (fui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 声 (kui)
Yaeyama: 声 (kui)
Yonaguni: 声 (kui)


intu

Old Japanese: 出づ (idu)

Japanese: 出る (deru, intransitive)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ide (intransitive)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 出じゆい (ijiyui)
Kunigami: 出じるん (ijirun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 出じるり (ijiruri)
Okinawan: 出じゆん ('njiyun)
Okinoerabu: 出じゆん (ijiyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 出じゆむっ (ijiyum), 出じーゆむっ (ijīyum)
Tokunoshima: 出じゆい (ijiyui)
Yoron: 出じゅん (ijun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 出でぃーㇲ゙ (idīz)
Yaeyama: 出でぃるん (idirun)
Yonaguni: 出るん (ndirun)

Old Japanese: 出だす (idasu)

Japanese: 出す (dasu, transitive)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *idasi (transitive)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 出じゃしゅい (ijashui)
Kunigami: 出じゃーすん (ijāsun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 出じゃすり (ijasuri)
Okinawan: 出じゃしゅん ('njashun)
Okinoerabu: 出じゃしゅん (ijashun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 出じゃーしゅむっ (ijāshum)
Tokunoshima: 出じゃしゅい (ijashui)
Yoron: 出じゃしゅん (ijashun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 出だしぃ (idasï)
Yaeyama: 出だしぃん (idasïn)
Yonaguni: 出だん (ndan)

(transitive) to bring out, to make something appear


erə

Old Japanese: 色 (iro₂)

Japanese: 色 (iro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ero
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 色 (iru)
Kunigami: 色 (irū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 色 (iru)
Okinawan: 色 (iru)
Okinoerabu: 色 (irū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 色 (iryu)
Tokunoshima: 色 (iru)
Yoron: 色 (iru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 色 (iru)
Yaeyama: 色 (iru)
Yonaguni: 色 (iru)


sipo

Old Japanese: 潮, 塩 (sipo)

desc

Heian LL, Tokyo 2 􂀿LH(L)􂁀, Kyoto 2 􂀿HL(L)􂁀, Kagoshima B 􂀿LH(L)􂁀

Japanese: 潮, 塩 (shio, Heian LL, Tokyo 2 [LH(L)], Kyoto 2 [HL(L)], Kagoshima B [LH(L)])

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sio (“tide”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 潮 (shū, sū)
Kunigami: 潮 (sū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 潮 (shū)
Okinawan: 潮 (shū)
Okinoerabu: 潮 (shū)
Tokunoshima: 潮 (shū)
Yoron: 潮 (shū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 潮 (sū, ssu)
Yaeyama: 潮 (sū)
Yonaguni: 潮 (sū)

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *masio (“salt”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 真塩 (mashu, masu)
Kunigami: 真塩 (masu /másù/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 真塩 (mashu)
Okinawan: 真塩 (māshu /màːɕù/)
Okinoerabu: 真塩 (mashu /màɕú/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 真塩 (mashu /màɕùˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 真塩 (mashu /máɕù/)
Yoron: 真塩 (mashu /máɕú/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 真塩 (māsū)
Yaeyama: 真塩 (māsu /máːsú/)
Yonaguni: 真塩 (masu /màsû/)


itu ~ etu

Old Japanese: 五 (itu)

Japanese: 五 (itsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *etu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 五 (itsu)
Kunigami: 五 (hichi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 五 (itsï)
Okinawan: 五 (ichi)
Okinoerabu: 五 (ichi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 五 (itï)
Tokunoshima: 五 (itsï)
Yoron: 五 (ichi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 五 (itsï)
Yaeyama: 五 (itsï)
Yonaguni: 五 (ichi)

Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 于次 (ucha).


itu ~ etu

Old Japanese: 何時 (itu)

Japanese: 何時 (itsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *etu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 何時 (itsu)
Kunigami: 何時 (hichī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 何時 (itsï)
Okinawan: 何時 (ichi)
Okinoerabu: 何時 (ichī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 何時 (ichi, itī, it)
Tokunoshima: 何時 (itsïï)
Yoron: 何時 (ichi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 何時 (itsï)
Yaeyama: 何時 (itsï)
Yonaguni: 何時 (ichi)


yə

Old Japanese: 四 (yo₂)

Japanese: 四 (yo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 四 (yū-)
Kunigami: 四 (yū-)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 四 (yū-)
Okinawan: 四 (yū-)
Okinoerabu: 四 (yū-)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 四 (yū-)
Tokunoshima: 四 (yū-)
Yoron: 四 (yū-)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 四 (yū-)
Yaeyama: 四 (yū-)
Yonaguni: 四 (dū-)


yə

Old Japanese: 世 (yo₂)

Japanese: 世 (yo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 世 (yū)
Kunigami: 世 (yū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 世 (yū)
Okinawan: 世 (yū)
Okinoerabu: 世 (yū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 世 (yū)
Tokunoshima: 世 (yū)
Yoron: 世 (yū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 世 (yū)
Yaeyama: 世 (yū)
Yonaguni: 世 (dū)

Seemingly connected to Old Japanese 節 (yo₂, “section”), but the accent values do not match.


yə

desc

⇒ Old Japanese: よち (yo₂ti, “same-age child”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *yono-
Northern Ryukyuan: ゑん (wen) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: いぃん (yin-)
Kunigami: ゆぬ (yunu-)
Northern Amami Ōshima: ゆん (yun-)
Okinawan: いぃぬ (yinu-), いぃん (yin-)
Okinoerabu: ゆぬ (yunu-)
Southern Amami Ōshima: いぃぬ (yinu-)
⇒ Tokunoshima: いぬい (inui, “first birthday”) (< *yono-(p)i)
Yoron: ゆぬ (yunu-)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: ゆぬ (yunu-)
Yaeyama: ゆぬ (yunu-)
Yonaguni: どぅぬ (dunu-)


untura

Old Japanese: 鶉 (udura)

Japanese: 鶉 (uzura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *uzura
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 鶉 (uddamī)
Kunigami: 鶉 (enjā)
Okinawan: 鶉 (ujira)
Okinoerabu: 鶉 (uzïra)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 鶉 (utrā)
Tokunoshima: 鶉 (unza)
Yoron: 鶉 (ujira)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 鶉 (vdza)
Yaeyama: 鶉 (utcha)
Yonaguni: 鶉 (uduru)


itoko

Old Japanese: いとこ (ito₁ko₁)

Japanese: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *itoko
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ituku)
Kunigami: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (hichīkū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (iθoxo)
Okinawan: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichuku)
Okinoerabu: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itoko, iθōxo)
Tokunoshima: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itōko)
Yoron: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichū)
Southern Ryukyuan: *ituku
Miyako: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichifu)
Yaeyama: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (ichifu)
Yonaguni: 従兄弟, 従姉妹, 愛子 (itigu, ichigu)


yəməy

Old Japanese: 黃泉 (yo₂mi₂)

Japanese: 黄泉 (yomi)

(Proto-Japanese):
the netherworld, underworld


makura

Old Japanese: 枕 (makura)

Japanese: 枕 (makura)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *makura
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 枕 (makka)
Kunigami: 枕 (makkā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 枕 (makura)
Okinawan: 枕 (makkwa)
Okinoerabu: 枕 (makura)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 枕 (makra)
Tokunoshima: 枕 (makkwa)
Yoron: 枕 (makkura)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 枕 (maffa)
Yaeyama: 枕 (maffa)
Yonaguni: 枕 (magura)


konpo

Old Japanese: 蜘蛛 (kumo₁) (spelled 久毛 in MYS.5.892)

Japanese: 蜘蛛 (kumo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kobu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蜘蛛 (xubū)
Kunigami: 蜘蛛 (fubu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蜘蛛 (xubu)
Okinawan: 蜘蛛 (kubu, kūbā) (< *kobu, *kobuCa)
Okinoerabu: 蜘蛛 (hibū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蜘蛛 (xup)
Tokunoshima: 蜘蛛 (xubu)
Yoron: 蜘蛛 (fubu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蜘蛛 (kuv)
Yaeyama: 蜘蛛 (kubu)
Yonaguni: 蜘蛛 (kubu)


-tay

Old Japanese: て (te)

Japanese: て (te)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *-te
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: てﾟぃ (θi)
Kunigami: てぃ (thi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: とぃ (tï)
Okinawan: てぃ (ti)
Okinoerabu: てﾟぃ (θi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: とぃ (tï)
Tokunoshima: てﾟぃ (θi)
Yoron: てぃ (ti)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: ってぃ (tti) (< *site)
Yaeyama: ってぃ (tti)
Yonaguni: てぃ (ti)

Regular continuative / adverbial / conjunctive conjugation of completion auxiliary -tu. Bjarke Frellesvig and Alexander Vovin both describe an ancient copular /t/ element, manifesting in this verb suffix, and in the Old Japanese genitive particle つ (tu) and adverbial / quotative particle と (to₂).

conjunctive form of the completion marker (in verbs)


yak-

head

*yak- (infinitive *yaki, {{{1}}} *yakai)

Old Japanese: 焼 (yaku)

desc

Japanese: 焼く (yak-, transitive), 焼ける (yakeru, intransitive)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yak- (transitive)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 焼きゅい (yakyui)
Kunigami: 焼ちゅん (yachun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 焼く゚り (yaxuri)
Okinawan: 焼ちゅん (yachun)
Okinoerabu: 焼きゅん (yakyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 焼きゅむっ (yakyum)
Tokunoshima: 焼き (yaki)
Yoron: 焼きゅん (yakyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 焼きぃ (yaksï)
Yaeyama: 焼くん (yakun)
Yonaguni: 焼ぐん (dagun)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yake- (intransitive)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 焼きーるん (yakīrun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 焼へるり (yeheruri)
Okinawan: 焼きゆん (yakiyun)
Yoron: 焼きゅん (yakyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 焼きーㇲ゙ (yakīz)
Yaeyama: 焼きるん (yakirun)
Yonaguni: 焼ぎるん (dagirun)

(intransitive) to be cooked, to be grilled


kunpi

Old Japanese: 首 (kubi₁)

Japanese: 首 (kubi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kubi
Northern Ryukyuan: くび (kubi) (Omoro Sōshi, 1531)
Kikai: 首 (kubi)
Kunigami: 首 (kubī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 首 (kubi)
Okinawan: 首 (kubi)
Okinoerabu: 首 (kubi, kubī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 首 (kup)
Tokunoshima: 首 (kubi, xubi)
Yoron: 首 (kubi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 首 (fugzï)
Yaeyama: 首 (fubï)
Yonaguni: 首 (un, “collar”)


wepi

Old Japanese: 酔 (wepi₁)

Japanese: 酔い (yoi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *we(w)i

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kunigami: 酔い (ui)

Okinawan: 酔い (wī)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: 酔ゔ (bivu)

Yaeyama: 酔ーりぃ (byūrï)

Infinitive and nominal form of *wepu
poison, drunkness


asya

Old Japanese: 汗 (ase)

Japanese: 汗 (ase)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ase
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 汗 (ashi)
Kunigami: 汗 (hashī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 汗 (asï)
Okinawan: 汗 (ashi)
Okinoerabu: 汗 (ashi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 汗 (asï)
Tokunoshima: 汗 (ashï)
Yoron: 汗 (ashi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 汗 (ashi)
Yaeyama: 汗 (ashi)
Yonaguni: 汗 (ashi)


entu

Eastern Old Japanese: いづ (idu)

⇒ Proto-Japonic: *entu-reOld Japanese: いづれJapanese: いずれ

どれProto-Ryukyuan: *iduroNorthern Ryukyuan:Kikai: でぃるNorthern Amami Ōshima: でぃ゚るOkinawan: じるOkinoerabu: うどぅるSouthern Amami Ōshima: でぃ゚るっTokunoshima: でぃんYoron: いどぅーるSouthern Ryukyuan:Miyako: んじーYaeyama: じりYonaguni: んでぃ


n-anu-

Eastern Old Japanese: 何 (aⁿ-)

Old Japanese: 何 (nani)

Japanese: 何 (nani)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nao
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 何 (nū)
Kunigami: 何 (nū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 何 (nū)
Okinawan: 何 (nū)
Okinoerabu: 何 (nū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 何 (nū)
Tokunoshima: 何 (nu)
Yoron: 何 (nū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 何 (nau, nō)
Yaeyama: 何 (nō)
Yonaguni: 何 (nū)


napai

Old Japanese: 苗 (nape₂, napa-)

Japanese: 苗 (nae)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nawe

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: 苗 (nē)

Tokunoshima: 苗 (nai)


nonk-

Proto-Japonic: *nonk-ar-ai-

Old Japanese: 逃る (NOGAR-)

Japanese: 逃れる (nogareru)

Proto-Japonic: *nonk-as- (transitive)

Japanese: 逃す (nogasu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nogas-

Proto-Japonic: *nink-ai- (intransitive)

Old Japanese: 逃ぐ (nigu)

Japanese: 逃げる (nigeru)

⇒ Proto-Ryukyuan: *pe-nige-

Proto-Japonic: *nink-as- (transitive)

Japanese: 逃がす (nigasu)


ank-a-

Old Japanese: 上ぐ (agu)

Japanese: 上げる (ageru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *age
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 上ぎゆい (agiyui)
Kunigami: 上ぎーるん (agīrun /ʔàgíːɾûŋ/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 上ぐぃるり (agïruri)
Okinawan: 上ぎゆん (agiyun /ʔágíjùŋ/)
Okinoerabu: 上ぎゆん (agiyun /ʔàgíjúŋ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 上ぐぃりゅむっ (agïryum)
Tokunoshima: 上ぐぃるい (agïrui /ʔàgɨ́ɾúɪ́/)
Yoron: 上ぎゅん (agyun /àgjùŋ/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 上ぎイ゚ (agiɿ)
Yaeyama: 上ぎん (agin /ʔágîŋ/), 上ぎるん (agirun /ʔágíɾùŋ/)
Yonaguni: 上き゚るん (a'ngirun /àŋíɾúŋ/)


pitunsi

Old Japanese: 羊 (pi₁tuzi)

Japanese: 羊 (hitsuji, “sheep”)

According to Martin (1987), possibly a compound of *pi (unknown, perhaps the same pi found in *pinkay (“beard”)) + *tu (completion particle) + *-n- (possibly a contraction of the genitive particle の (no)) + *-₍ᵤ₎si (related to animals, as in 肉 (shishi, “meat”, obsolete), 獣 (shishi, “animal (used for meat)”, obsolete), or possibly 牛 (ushi, “cow, ox”)).
That said, Martin's suggested compound is problematic.
* Completion suffix -tu only attaches to verbs.
* There is genitive particle tu, but this is never followed by genitive no.
* The case for unreduplicated si is weak; the "meat" sense is only ever attested as sisi, never as si.

com

unknown, perhaps the same pi found in <i class="Latn mention" lang="jpx-pro">*pinkay</i> (“beard”)

possibly a contraction of the genitive particle <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">の</i> (no)


sanpusi

Old Japanese: 寂し (sabusi)

Japanese: 寂しい (sabishii)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sabisi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 寂せん (sabisen)
Okinawan: 寂っさん (sabissan)
Yoron: 寂さん (sabisan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 寂す (sabsu)
Yaeyama: 寂っさ (sabissa)

Derived from verb *sanpu (“to grow wild, desolate, decrepit”, referring to both physical and emotional states), whence also modern Japanese 錆びる (sabiru, “to rust”, intransitive) and Japanese 錆 (sabi, “rust”).


sənpa

Old Japanese: 蕎麦 (so₂ba)

Japanese: 蕎麦 (soba)


pukoro

Old Japanese: 嚢 (pukuro₁)

Japanese: 袋 (fukuro)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pukoro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 袋 (fukku)
Kunigami: 袋 (phuku)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 袋 (fukoro)
Okinawan: 袋 (fukuru)
Okinoerabu: 袋 (fukuru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 袋 (fukru)
Tokunoshima: 袋 (fukku)
Yoron: 袋 (pukuru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 袋 (fukuru)
Yaeyama: 袋 (fukuru)
Yonaguni: 袋 (kkuru)


pukoru

Old Japanese: 膨, 脹 (pukuru)

Japanese: 膨れる, 脹れる (fukureru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pukore
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 膨っきゆい (pukkiyui), 膨っきぃゆい (fukkïyui), 膨っきうい (pukkiui)
Kunigami: 膨っきん (phukkin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 膨くりぃるり (fukurïruri)
Okinawan: 膨っくぃゆん (fukkwiyun)
Okinoerabu: 膨くりゆん (fukuriyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 膨くっりぃゆむっ (fukrïyum)
Tokunoshima: 膨っくいぃりぃ (fukkwïrï)
Yoron: 膨くりゅん (fukuryun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 膨くりㇲ゙ (fukuriz)
Yaeyama: 膨くりん (fukurin), 膨くりるん (fukurirun)
Yonaguni: 膨くりるん (kkurirun)


kərəsu

Old Japanese: ころす (ko₂ro₂su)

Japanese: 殺す (korosu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *korosi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 殺すん (kurusun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 殺っすり (xussuri)
Okinawan: 殺すん (kurusun)
Okinoerabu: 殺しゅん (kurushun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 殺っしゅむっ (kusshum)
Tokunoshima: 殺っしぃ (kusshï)
Yoron: 殺しゅん (furushun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 殺すぃ (kurusï)
Yaeyama: 殺しぃん (kurusïn)
Yonaguni: 殺ん (kurun)

May be an s-causative form of unattested *kəru (“to die”) (Thorpe 1983).


asump-

Eastern Old Japanese:

Hachijō: あすぶ (asubu)

Old Japanese: 遊ぶ (aso₁bu)

Japanese: 遊ぶ (asobu, asubu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *asub-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 遊びゅい (asubyui)
Kunigami: 遊びん (hashībin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 遊ぶり (asïburi)
Okinawan: 遊ぶん (ashibun)
Okinoerabu: 遊びゅん (ashibyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 遊ぴゅむっ (appyum)
Tokunoshima: 遊ぴ (asïbi)
Yoron: 遊びゅん (ashibyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 遊ぴぃ (asïpsï)
Yaeyama: 遊ぶん (asïbun, asubun)
Yonaguni: 遊ぶん (anbun)


mak-a-

Old Japanese: 負く (maku)

Japanese: 負ける (makeru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *make
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 負きゆい (makiyui), 負ーゆい (mēyui)
Kunigami: 負きーるん (makīrun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 負へるり (meheruri)
Okinawan: 負きゆん (makiyun)
Okinoerabu: 負きゆん (makiyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 負へぇゆむっ (mïhëyum)
Tokunoshima: 負ぇりぃ (mëërï)
Yoron: 負いゆん (maiyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 負き (maki)
Yaeyama: 負きるん (makirun)
Yonaguni: 負ぎるん (magirun)


kunki

Old Japanese: 釘 (kugi₁)

Japanese: 釘 (kugi)

→ Ainu: クンギ (kungi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kugi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 釘 (kuni)
Kunigami: 釘 (kujī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 釘 (kugi)
Okinawan: 釘 (kuji)
Okinoerabu: 釘 (kugī, kuji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 釘 (kuk)
Tokunoshima: 釘 (kugi)
Yoron: 釘 (kugi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 釘 (fugzï)
Yaeyama: 釘 (fun)
Yonaguni: 釘 (fun)


su⁽ⁿ⁾susi

desc

Nihon Shoki, 720 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

Old Japanese: 涼し (suzusi), 作陰 (sususi(ki₁), Nihon Shoki, 720 CE), 涼む (suzumu), 避暑 (suzumi₁, Nihon Shoki, 720 CE)

Japanese: 涼しい (suzushii)


patakai

spelled as 波多気 in the Man'yōshū, circa 759 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

Old Japanese: 畑 (patake₂, spelled as 波多気 in the Man'yōshū, circa 759 CE)

Japanese: 畑 (hatake)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *patake
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)
Araki: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Nakasato: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 畑 (patē) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 畑 (patē) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 畑 (patē) (tone class BC)
Wan: 畑 (hatē) (tone class C)
Kunigami: 畑 (phatāki)
Nakijin: 畑 (phatāki) (tone class BC)
Sumuide: 畑 (pataki)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 畑 (hatëë)
Yamatohama: 畑 (hate)
Yuwan: 畑 (hatïï)
Okinawan:
Naha: 畑 (hataki)
Shuri: 畑 (hataki) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Kamishiro: 畑 (fatte) (tone class C)
Serikaku: 畑 (hatte)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 畑 (hatëhë)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 畑 (hatëë)
Kametsu: 畑 (hatëë)
Yoron: 畑 (pattai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 畑 (pataki)
Irabu: 畑 (pataki)
Karimata: 畑 (patagi)
Ōura: 畑 (patagi) (tone class C)
Sawada: 畑 (pataki)
Shimajiri: 畑 (pataki)
Yaeyama:
Hateruma: 畑 (pitegi) (tone class BC)
Ishigaki: 畑 (patagi) (tone class BC)
Kuroshima: 畑 (pataki)
Sonai: 畑 (patē)
Taketomi: 畑 (patagi) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 畑 (hatagi) (tone class A)

Probably borrowed from an ancestor of Korean 밭 (bat).


tənpu

head

*tənpu (infinitive *tənpi, causative *tənpasu)

Old Japanese: 飛, 跳 (to₂bu)

Japanese: 飛ぶ, 跳ぶ (tobu)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tobi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 飛びん (tubin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 飛ぶり (θuburi)
Okinawan: 飛ぶん (tubun)
Okinoerabu: 飛びゅん (tubyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 飛びゅむっ (tubyum)
Tokunoshima: 飛びぃ (tubï)
Yoron: 飛びゅん (tubyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 飛びぃ (tubsï)
Yaeyama: 飛ぶん (tubun)
Yonaguni: 飛ぶん (tubun)


ariku

Old Japanese: 歩く (ariku, aruku)

Japanese: 歩く (aruku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ariki
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 歩きゅい (akkyui)
Kunigami: 歩ちゅん (acchun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 歩くり (akkuri)
Okinawan: 歩ちゅん (acchun)
Okinoerabu: 歩きゅん (akkyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 歩きゅむっ (akkyum, arkyum)
Tokunoshima: 歩きゅい (akkyui)
Yoron: 歩きゅん (aikyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 歩きぃ (azksï)
Yaeyama: 歩ぐん (aragun, arugun)
Yonaguni: 歩ぐん (aigun)

Thorpe suggests that this is possibly a compound of *ari (“to exist”) + *iku (“to go”), but this is problematic on both semantic and phonological grounds.


wontəru

Old Japanese: 躍, 踊, 跳 (wodo₂ru)

desc

Japanese: 躍る, 踊る, 跳る (odoru, “to dance”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wodori
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 躍ゆい, 踊ゆい, 跳ゆい (uduyui)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 躍るり, 踊るり, 跳るり (wudururi)
Okinawan: 躍ゆん, 踊ゆん, 跳ゆん (uduyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 躍ゆむっ, 踊ゆむっ, 跳ゆむっ (uduyum)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 躍ㇲ゙, 踊ㇲ゙, 跳ㇲ゙ (butuz)
Yaeyama: 躍るん, 踊るん, 跳るん (budurun)
Yonaguni: 躍るん, 踊るん, 跳るん (budurun)


sinənp-

Old Japanese: 忍 (sino₂bu, sino₂bi)

Japanese: 忍ぶ, 忍び (shinobu, shinobi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sinobi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 忍ーびん (shinūbin)
Okinawan: 忍ぶん (shinubun)

to suppress one's emotions, to endure, to put up with


osirə

Eastern Old Japanese:

Hachijō: おしろ (oshiro)

Old Japanese: うしろ (usiro₁, usiro₂)

Japanese: 後ろ (ushiro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *osiro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 後す (ussu)
Okinawan: 後る (ushiru)
Okinoerabu: 後ゅー (ushū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 後りょ (ushryo)
Yoron: 後すー (ussū)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 後す (ussu)
Yaeyama: 後そん (uson) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))
Yonaguni: 後か゚い (usungai) (< *usirogami (“occiput”))

*-rə element, appears to be noun forming suffix indicating a general area/place, compare *təkərə (“place”).


mə

Old Japanese: も (mo)

Japanese: も (mo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: む (mu), ん (n)

Kunigami: む (mu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: む (mu), ん (n)

Okinawan: ん (n)

Okinoerabu: む (mu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: む (mu), むっ (m)

Tokunoshima: ん (n)

Yoron: ん (n)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: ん (n)

Yonaguni: ん (n)

non-unique topic marker: also, even, too, as well


kinəpu

Old Japanese: 昨日 (kino₂pu)

Japanese: 昨日 (kinō)

Yoron: → 昨日 (kinō)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kinou
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 昨日 (kinyū)
Kunigami: 昨日 (khinū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 昨日 (kinu)
Okinawan: 昨日 (chinū)
Okinoerabu: 昨日 (kinyu, kinyū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 昨日 (kinyu)
Tokunoshima: 昨日 (kinu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 昨日 (ksïnū)
Yaeyama: 昨日 (ksïnu)
Yonaguni: 昨日 (nnu, nnū)

From ⟨*ki⟩ (unknown? past?) + ⟨*nə⟩ (possessive marker) + ⟨*pu⟩ ("day"). See the Japanese entry 昨日 (kinō) for details.


sirosi

Old Japanese: 印 (sirusi)

Japanese: 印 (shirushi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *sirosi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 印 (shirushi)
Kunigami: 印 (shirūshi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 印 (shirushi)
Okinawan: 印 (shirushi)
Okinoerabu: 印 (shirushi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 印 (shiryushi, shiryush)
Tokunoshima: 印 (shirushi)
Yoron: 印 (shirushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 印 (sïrusï)
Yaeyama: 印 (shirusï)
Yonaguni: 印 (chiruchi)

Infinitive and nominal form of *sirosu
mark, sign


isonku

desc

Old Japanese: 急ぐ (*iso₁gu), 急ぎ (iso₁gi₁)

Japanese: 急ぐ (isogu)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *isogi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 急がゆい (isugayui)
Kunigami: 急じゅん (isujun, isūjun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 急がるり (ishogaruri)
Okinawan: 急じゅん (isujun)
Okinoerabu: 急じゅん (isojun), 急がゆん (ishugayun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 急がゆむっ (ishogayum)
Tokunoshima: 急ぎゅい (isogyui), 急がるい (ishugarui)
Yoron: 急ぎゅん (ishugyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 急ぎぃ (isugzï)
Yaeyama: 急ぐん (isugun)
Yonaguni: 急く゚ん (isungun)


pintari

Old Japanese: 左 (pi₁dari)

Japanese: 左 (hidari)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pidari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai:
Aden: 左 (fidai) (tone class C)
Araki: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Kamikatetsu: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Nakasato: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Onotsu: 左 (pijai) (tone class BC)
Sakamine: 左 (pijai) (tone class C)
Shiomichi: 左 (pidai) (tone class C)
Shitōke: 左 (pidai) (tone class BC)
Wan: 左 (hidari) (tone class C)
Kunigami:
Iejima: 左 (tijai)
Hentona: 左 (fijai)
Nakijin: 左 (pizai) (tone class BC)
Sumuide: 左 (pizei)
Northern Amami Ōshima:
Naze: 左 (hijari)
Yamatohama: 左 (hijari)
Yuwan: 左 (hijai)
Okinawan:
Naha: 左 (hijai)
Shuri: 左 (fijai) (tone class BC)
Okinoerabu:
Kamihirakawa: 左 (higē) (tone class BC)
Kunigami: 左 (hījai) (tone class C)
Serikaku: 左 (hijē)
Tetechina: 左 (hijai)
Southern Amami Ōshima:
Koniya: 左 (hijar)
Shodon: 左 (hijar) (tone class BC)
Tokunoshima:
Inō: 左 (sïgyari)
Kametsu: 左 (sïjai) (tone class C)
Yoron: 左 (pijai) (tone class C)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Aragusuku: 左 (psïdaz)
Bora: 左 (psïdaz)
Fukuzato: 左 (psïdaz)
Higa: 左 (psïdaz)
Hirara: 左 (psïdaz)
Ikema: 左 (hidai) (tone class A)
Irabu: 左 (pïdil)
Karimata: 左 (bïdaz, bzïdaz)
Kugai: 左 (psïdaz)
Kuninaka: 左 (psïdal)
Kurima: 左 (pïdal, psïdaz)
Minna: 左 (pidai) (tone class B)
Nagama: 左 (psïdaz)
Nakachi: 左 (pidiz)
Nishizato: 左 (psïdaz)
Ōgami: 左 (pïtaï)
Ōura: 左 (psïdaz) (tone class C)
Shimajiri: 左 (bzïdaz)
Shimozato: 左 (psïdaz)
Sunagawa: 左 (psïdaz)
Tarama: 左 (pidal) (tone class B)
Tomori: 左 (psïdaz)
Uechi: 左 (pïdal)
Uruka: 左 (psïdaz)
Yonaha: 左 (psïdaz)
Yaeyama:
Hatoma: 左 (pidari)
Hateruma: 左 (pinari) (tone class BC)
Ishigaki: 左 (pïdarï) (tone class BC)
Kohama: 左 (pindarï)
Kuroshima: 左 (pizari)
Sonai: 左 (pidari)
Taketomi: 左 (pidē) (tone class BC)
Yonaguni: 左 (ndai) (tone class C)

Of uncertain derivation. Native Japonic roots tend to be mono- or disyllabic, suggesting that this might be either a compound or a borrowing.


paimpi

Old Japanese: 蛇 (pe₂mi₁)

Japanese: 蛇 (hebi, hemi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pabu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 蛇 (pīpā) (< *pebuwa)
Kunigami: 蛇 (phabū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蛇 (habu)
Okinawan: 蛇 (habu, fību, fībā) (< *pabu, *pebu, *pebuwa)
→ Japanese: 波布 (habu)
Okinoerabu: 蛇 (hibu, hibū) (< *pebu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蛇 (hap)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蛇 (pav)
Yaeyama: 蛇 (pabu)
Yonaguni: 蛇 (hinpa) (< *pebuCa)

Possibly cognate with Korean 뱀 (baem, “snake”).


umaNka

Old Japanese: 孫 (umago₁) (with change of *-ga to -go₁)

Japanese: 孫 (mago, mumago)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *Mmaga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 孫 (umangā)
Kunigami: 孫 ('māga)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 孫 ('maga)
Okinawan: 孫 ('nmaga)
Okinoerabu: 孫 ('māga)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 孫 (maga, magā)
Tokunoshima: 孫 ('maga, 'māga)
Yoron: 孫 (umaga)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 孫 (mmaga)
Yaeyama: 孫 (mā)
Yonaguni: 孫 (ma'ngu) (< *Mmago)


mətu

Old Japanese: 持つ (mo₂tu)

Japanese: 持つ (motsu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moti
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 持ちゅい (muchui)
Kunigami: 持ちゅん (muchun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 持と゚ぅり (muθuri)
Okinawan: 持ちゅん (muchun)
Okinoerabu: 持ちゅん (muchun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 持ちゅむっ (muchum)
Tokunoshima: 持つぃ (mutsï)
Yoron: 持ちゅん (muchun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 持つぃ (mutsï)
Yaeyama: 持つん (mutsun)
Yonaguni: 持とぅん (mutun)


tikara

Old Japanese: 力 (tikara)

Japanese: 力 (chikara)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tikara
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 力 (chikara)
Kunigami: 力 (chikāra, shikāra)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 力 (chikyara)
Okinawan: 力 (chikara)
Okinoerabu: 力 (chikara, chikyara, chikkyara)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 力 (chikyara, cikyara)
Tokunoshima: 力 (tsïkyara)
⇒ Yoron: てゃー力 (tyāchikara) (< *taya-tikara)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 力 (tsïkara)
Yaeyama: 力 (tsïkara)
Yonaguni: 力 (shikara)

From *ti (“spirit”) + *kara (“source, origin”), literally "having a spiritual source".


moyu

Old Japanese: 燃 (mo₁yu)

Japanese: 燃える (moeru, intransitive), 燃やす (moyasu, transitive)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moye (intransitive)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 燃ぃゆい (muïyui), 燃ーゆい (mëëyui)
Kunigami: 燃いるん (muirun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 燃ーるり (mēruri)
Okinawan: 燃ーゆん (mēyun)
Okinoerabu: 燃ーゆん (mīyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 燃ーりゅむっ (mïïryum)
Tokunoshima: 燃ーぃ (mëëï)
Yoron: 燃いゆん (muiyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 燃いㇲ゙ (muiz)
Yaeyama: 燃いるん (muirun)
Yonaguni: 燃いるん (muirun)


nəmu

Old Japanese: 飲, 呑 (no₂mu)

Japanese: 飲む, 呑む (nomu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nomi
Northern Ryukyuan: 누미 (numi) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 飲みゅい, 呑みゅい (numyui)
Kunigami: 飲みん, 呑みん (numin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 飲むり, 呑むり (numuri)
Okinawan: 飲むん, 呑むん (numun, nunun)
Okinoerabu: 飲みゅん, 呑みゅん (numyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 飲みゅむっ, 呑みゅむっ (numyum)
Tokunoshima: 飲み, 呑み (numi)
Yoron: 飲みゅん, 呑みゅん (numyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 飲むっ, 呑むっ (num)
Yaeyama: 飲むん, 呑むん (numun)
Yonaguni: 飲むん, 呑むん (numun)


kəpa

Old Japanese: 強し (ko₂pa)

Japanese: 強い (kowai)

desc

⇒ Japanese: 怖い (kowai, “frightening, scary”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kowa, *kopa
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 強さい (fubasai)
Kunigami: 強ーしぇん (fupāshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 強さり (xohasari)
Okinawan: 強さん (kufasan)
Okinoerabu: 強さん (fāsan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 強ーさむっ (kwahāsam)
Tokunoshima: 強ーい (kwāi)
Yoron: 強さん (fupasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 強 (kupa)
Yaeyama: 強さん (kōsan)
Yonaguni: 強ん (kwan), 強ーん (kwān)


wasuru

Old Japanese: 忘る (wasuru)

Japanese: 忘れる (wasureru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wasure
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 忘ゆい (wasshiyui)
Kunigami: 忘ん (wasshin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 忘りぃるり (wasïrïruri)
Okinawan: 忘ゆん (washiyun)
Okinoerabu: 忘りゆん (washiriyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 忘りぃゆむっ (wasïrïyum)
Tokunoshima: 忘りぃ (wāsïrï)
Yoron: 忘りゅん (washiryun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 忘ㇲ゙ (basshiz)
Yaeyama: 忘きるん (basïkirun) (< *wasuke)
Yonaguni: 忘るん (bachirun)


kəmai

Old Japanese: 米 (ko₂me₂)

Japanese: 米 (kome)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kome
Northern Ryukyuan: 姑米 (kumi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 米 (fumi)
Kunigami: 米 (fumī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 米 (xumï)
Okinawan: 米 (kumi)
Okinoerabu: 米 (fumi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 米 (kumï)
Tokunoshima: 米 (kumï)
Yoron: 米 (fumi)


pəsə

desc

Old Japanese: 臍 (poso, note: no phonetic man'yōgana available)

Japanese: 臍 (heso)

Japanese: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (hozo)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *poso
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu, fusu)
Kunigami: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (phusū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)
Okinawan: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)
Okinoerabu: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu, fusū)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)
Tokunoshima: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fushu)
Yoron: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu)
Yaeyama: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (pusu, pusï)
Yonaguni: 臍, 蔕, 枘 (fusu)

Might be cognate with Old Japanese 細し (poso₂si, “slender, thin”, modern 細い, hosoi), in reference to the thin size of a navel.

cog

modern <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">細い</i>, hosoi


yapyayama

Compound of *ya (“eight; many”) + *pya (“layer”) + *yama (“mountain”).


yapyayama

Old Japanese: 八重山 (yape₁yama)

Japanese: 八重山 (yaeyama)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yapeyama
Northern Ryukyuan:
Okinawan: 八重山 (yēma)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako:
Hirara: 八重山 (yāma)
Ikema: 八重山 (yāma)
Irabu: 八重山 (yāma)
Ōgami: 八重山 (yāma)
Tarama: 八重山 (yāma) (tone class A)
Yaeyama:
Ishigaki: 八重山 (yaima) (tone class A)
Yonaguni: 八重山 (dāma) (tone class A)


ətu

Old Japanese: 落つ (otu)

Japanese: 落ちる (ochiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ote
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 落てぃゆい (utiyui)
Kunigami: 落て゚ぃるん (futirun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 落て゚ぃ゚るり (uθïruri)
Okinawan: 落てぃゆん (utiyun)
Okinoerabu: 落てぃゆん (utiyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 落と゚ぃ゚ーゅむっ (uθïïyum)
Tokunoshima: 落て゚ぃ゚り (uθïri)
Yoron: 落ちゅん (uchun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 落ーㇲ゙ (utīz)
Yaeyama: 落てぃるん (utirun)
Yonaguni: 落てぃるん (utirun)

Proto-Japonic: *ətəsuOld Japanese: 落とすJapanese: 落とすProto-Ryukyuan: *otosiNorthern Ryukyuan:Kunigami: 落と゚ぅすんNorthern Amami Ōshima: 落と゚ぅすりOkinawan: 落とぅすんYoron: 落とぅしゅんSouthern Ryukyuan:Miyako: 落とぅしぃYaeyama: 落たすんYonaguni: 落とぅん


ətəsu

Old Japanese: 落とす (oto₂su)

Japanese: 落とす (otosu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *otosi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 落と゚ぅすん (utusun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 落と゚ぅすり (uθusuri)
Okinawan: 落とぅすん (utusun)
Yoron: 落とぅしゅん (utushun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 落とぅしぃ (utusï)
Yaeyama: 落たすん (utasun)
Yonaguni: 落とぅん (utun)

Derived as a causative form of *ətu (“to fall”).


atarasi

Old Japanese: 可惜し (atarasi)

Japanese: 可惜し (atarashi), 可惜 (atara) (archaic)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *atarasi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: あたらさい (aθarasai)
Kunigami: はたーらせん (hatārasen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: あたらしゃり (aθarashari)
Okinawan: あたらしゃん (atarashan)
Okinoerabu: あたらしゃん (aθarashan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: あたらしゃㇺ (aθarasham)
Tokunoshima: あたらん (aθaran)
Yoron: あたらしゃん (atarashan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: あたらかかい゚ (atarakakaɿ) (< *ataraka-kari)
Yaeyama: あたらさーん (atarasān)
Yonaguni: あたらん (ataran)

A surface analysis suggests a derivation from *ataru, however the only phonetic match is 当たる (ataru, “to get hit, to compete”, attested 720). A standalone adverb in Old Japanese 可惜 (atara, “regrettably”) exists, so it might be derived from the adverb.


pantukasi

desc

Old Japanese: 恥づかし, 羞づかし, 辱づかし (padukasi)

Japanese: 恥ずかしい, 羞ずかしい, 辱ずかしい (hazukashii)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pazukasi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 恥っかしゃい, 羞っかしゃい, 辱っかしゃい (fakkashai)
Kunigami: 恥じかしぇん, 羞じかしぇん, 辱じかしぇん (phajikashen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 恥つぃ゚かしゃり, 羞つぃ゚かしゃり, 辱つぃ゚かしゃり (hatsïkashari)
Okinawan: 恥じかしゃん, 羞じかしゃん, 辱じかしゃん (hajikashan), 恥じかさん, 羞じかさん, 辱じかさん (hajikasan)
Okinoerabu: 恥じかさん, 羞じかさん, 辱じかさん (hajikashan)
Tokunoshima: 恥ずぃ゚かい, 羞ずぃ゚かい, 辱ずぃ゚かい (hazïkai)
Yoron: 恥んちかさん, 羞んちかさん, 辱んちかさん (panchikasan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 恥ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚, 羞ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚, 辱ずぃ゚かすぃ゚かい゚ (pazɿkasɿkaɿ)
Yaeyama: 恥つぃ゚かさーん, 羞つぃ゚かさーん, 辱つぃ゚かさーん (patsïkasān)
Yonaguni: 人恥んかん (ttuhankan), 人恥んかさん (ttuhankasan) (< *pito-padukasi)

*⟨pantu(i) -ka -si⟩ → */pantukasi/
Derived from, or related to verb *pantu (“to be ashamed”) or its derivative noun *pantuy (“shame”).
* If deriving from a compound, an analysis suggests these theories:
** The *⟨-ka⟩ suffix might be an adjectival suffix. However, there are no attestations of paduka on it's own.
** The *⟨-tukasi⟩ ending might alternatively be a reanalysis of the ending of *natukasi (“yearning for”) (whence Japanese 懐かしい (natsukashii, “nostalgic”), Kunigami 懐かせん (nachikasen), and Okinawan 懐かさん (nachikasan, “sad”)), itself deriving from 懐く (natsuku, “to get attached to, to be fond of”), ultimately from 馴れ付く (naretsuku, literally “get attached to”). However, there are no attestations of paduku ← padituku either.
** The *⟨-si⟩ suffix is an adjectival suffix, producing adjectives with シク活用 (shiku katsuyō, “-shiku conjugation”) in Old Japanese.


yontari

Old Japanese: 洟, 涎 (yo_?tari)

Japanese: 洟, 涎 (yodari)

⇒ Japanese: 涎 (yodare)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yodari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Kunigami: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 洟, 涎 (yodari)
Okinawan: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Okinoerabu: 洟, 涎 (yudai, yudē)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 洟, 涎 (yudāri)
Tokunoshima: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Yoron: 洟, 涎 (yūdai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 洟, 涎 (yudai)
Yaeyama: 洟, 涎 (yudarï)
Yonaguni: 洟, 涎 (dudai)


nəi

Old Japanese: 荷 (ni, no₂)

Japanese: 荷 (ni, no)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ne
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 荷 (nī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 荷 (ni)
Okinoerabu: 荷 (nī)
Middle Okinawan: 荷 (NI) (Ryūka Gikyoku)
Kunigami: 荷 (nī)
Okinawan: 荷 (ni)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 荷 (nïï)
Tokunoshima: 荷 (nï)
Yoron: 荷 (nī)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 荷 (n, nī)
Yaeyama: 荷 (nī)
Yonaguni: 荷 (nī)


utui

Old Japanese: 内 (uti, utu-)

Japanese: 内 (uchi, utsu-)

desc

⇒ Old Japanese: 垣内 (kaki₁tu, “inside of a fence”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *uti
Northern Ryukyuan: 우지 (/u.tʃi/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: 内 (uchi)
Kunigami: 内 (fuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 内 (uchi)
Okinawan: 内 (uchi)
Okinoerabu: 内 (uchi)
Tokunoshima: 内 (uchi)
Yoron: 内 (uchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 内 (utsï, vtsï)
Yaeyama: 内 (utsï)
Yonaguni: 内 (uti)


wosanki

Eastern Old Japanese: 乎佐藝 (wosagi₁)

Old Japanese: 兔 (*usagi₁)

Japanese: 兎 (usagi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *osagi
Northern Ryukyuan: 烏撒及, 吾撒急 (usaki) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469-1470)
Kikai: 兎 (usagi)
Kunigami: 兎 (fusāji)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 兎 (osagi)
Okinawan: 兎 (usaji)
Okinoerabu: 兎 (usagī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 兎 (usag)
Tokunoshima: 兎 (ushāgi)
Yoron: 兎 (usagi)
Southern Ryukyuan: *usagi (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: 兎 (usagi)
Yaeyama: 兎 (ushāngï)
Yonaguni: 兎 (usangi)

Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 烏斯含 (*osegam).


panpakaru

Old Japanese: 憚 (pabakaru)

Japanese: 憚る (habakaru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pabakari


ənpi

Old Japanese: 帶 (obi₁)

Japanese: 帯 (obi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *obi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (ubi, obi)
Kunigami: 箍 (ubī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 帯 (ubi)
Okinawan: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (ūbi)
Okinoerabu: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (ubī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 帯 (ubï)
Tokunoshima: 箍 (ubi), 帯 (obi)
Yoron: 箍 (ubi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 箍 (ubzï)
Yaeyama: 帯, 箍 (ubï)
Yonaguni: 箍 (ubī)

Infinitive and nominal form of *ənp-
obi, sash, girdle


pikaru

Old Japanese: 光 (pikaru)

Japanese: 光る (hikaru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *pikari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 光ゆい (pikayui)
Kunigami: 光ーるん (pikārun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 光るり (hikyaruri)
Okinawan: 光ゆん (fichayun)
Okinoerabu: 光ゆん (hikayun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 光ーゆむっ (hikāyum, hikyāyum)
Tokunoshima: 光り (sïkyari), 光りぃ (sïkyarï)
Yoron: 光ゆん (pichayun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 光ーㇲ゙ (psïkāz)
Yaeyama: 光るん (pïkarun)
Yonaguni: 光るん (hikarun)

From stem *pika, cognate with modern ぴかぴか (pikapika), + *ru (verb suffix). Most likely cognate with *pi (“sun”).
Possibly cognate with Korean 빛 (bit).


wosamu

Old Japanese: 治, 修, 納, 収 (wosamu)

Japanese: 治める, 修める, 納める, 収める (osameru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wosame
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 治ーみん, 修ーみん, 納ーみん, 収ーみん (wusāmin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 治むぃるり, 修むぃるり, 納むぃるり, 収むぃるり (wosamïruri)
Okinawan: 治みゆん, 修みゆん, 納みゆん, 収みゆん (wusamiyun)
Yoron: 治みゅん, 修みゅん, 納みゅん, 収みゅん (usamyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Yaeyama: 治みるん, 修みるん, 納みるん, 収みるん (usamirun)


tontok-

Japanese: 届く (todoku)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *todok-


awoi

Old Japanese: 藍 (awi)

Japanese: 藍 (ai)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ai
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 藍 (ē)
Kunigami: 藍 (ē)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 藍 (yē)
Okinawan: 藍 (ē)
Okinoerabu: 藍 (ai)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 藍 (ē)
Tokunoshima: 藍 (ai)
Yoron: 藍 (ai)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 藍 (āz)
Yaeyama: 藍 (ai)
Yonaguni: 藍 (ai)


kukOru

Old Japanese: くくる (kukuru)

Japanese: 括る (kukuru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kukOri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 括－るん (kukūrun)
⇒ Northern Amami Ōshima: 巻っ括り (makkuri) (< *maki-kukori)
Okinawan: 括ゆん (kukuyun)
Yoron: 括ゆん (kukuyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 括ㇲ゙ (ffuz)


əsu

Old Japanese: 押, 圧, 推 (osu)

Japanese: 押す, 圧す, 推す (osu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *osi


nonsi

Eastern Old Japanese: 虹 (no₁zi, nuzi)

Old Japanese: 虹 (nizi)

Japanese: 虹 (niji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nozi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 虹 (niji)
⇒ Kunigami: 天道虹 (thintōnōjiri) (< *tentau-noziri)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 虹 (nōgi)
Okinawan: 虹 (nūji)
Okinoerabu: 虹 (nōgi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 虹 (noki, nok)
Tokunoshima: 虹 (nōji)
⇒ Yoron: 虹 (gōnuji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 虹 (nūzï)
Yaeyama: 虹 (nūji)

Various dialectal forms have an initial palatal glide /mj-/, /nj-/, etc., implying a diphthongal or palatal origin of the initial mora. This issue has not been brought up in previous scholarship, however.


kansu

Old Japanese: 数 (kazu)

Japanese: 数 (kazu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kazu
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 数 (kadu)
Kunigami: 数 (haji)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 数 (xazï)
Okinawan: 数 (kazi)
Okinoerabu: 数 (haji, kaji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 数 (xadï)
Tokunoshima: 数 (xazï)
Yoron: 数 (haji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 数 (kazï)
Yaeyama: 数 (kazï)
Yonaguni: 数 (kadi)


inəti

Old Japanese: 命 (ino₂ti)

Japanese: 命 (inochi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *inoti
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 命 (inuchi)
Kunigami: 命 (inuchī, nuchī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 命 (nyuchi, nyūchi)
Okinawan: 命 (inuchi, nuchi)
Okinoerabu: 命 (inuchi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 命 (inochi)
Tokunoshima: 命 (inucï)
Yoron: 命 (inuchi, nuchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 命 (nnutsï)
Yaeyama: 命 (nutsï)
Yonaguni: 命 (nutti)

Probably a compound of *i (“breath”, possibly from *iki (“breath”)) + *nə (genitive case particle) + *ti (“spirit, force, soul”).

com

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="jpx-pro">*iki</i> (“breath”)


təmə

desc

Old Japanese: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (to₂mo₂)

Japanese: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (tomo)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tomo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (tumu)
Kunigami: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (thumū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (θomo)
Okinawan: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (tumu)
Yoron: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (tumu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (tumu)
Yaeyama: 友, 供, 朋, 伴, 部, 侶, 共 (tumu)


aponki

Old Japanese: あふぎ (apugi)

Japanese: 扇 (ōgi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *aogi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 扇 (ōgi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 扇 (ōgi)
Okinawan: 扇 (ōji)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 扇 (ōg)
Yoron: 扇 (ōgi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 扇 (augzï)
Yaeyama: 扇 (onzï)
Yonaguni: 扇 (un)

Infinitive and nominal form of *aponku
fan


wopUi

Old Japanese: 甥 (wopi₂)

Japanese: 甥 (oi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *woi
Northern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Kikai: 甥子等 (wīkka, wikka, wuikkwa) (< *woi-kura)
⇒ Kunigami: 姪甥 (mīui) (< *mei-woi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 甥 (wui)
Okinawan: 甥 (wī)
⇒ Okinoerabu: 甥子等 (wuikwa) (< *woi-kura)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 甥 (wui)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Miyako: 姪甥 (myūz) (< *mei-woi)
Yaeyama: 甥 (bui)
Yonaguni: 甥 (bui)

A compound with the first element being *wo (“male”).


ninkiru

Old Japanese: 握る (nigi₁ru)

Japanese: 握る (nigiru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nigiri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 握んにゅい (ninnyui), 握ゆい (miguyui)
Kunigami: 握ーるん (nijīrun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 握んぎゅり (mingyuri)
Okinawan: 握ゆん (nijiyun)
Okinoerabu: 握んじゅん (minjun)
Tokunoshima: 握ぎゅい (mingyui), 握ゆい (nigiyui)
Yoron: 握んぎゅん (mingyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 握じぃー (ngzïï)
Yaeyama: 握ーるん (nīrun)


yurOy

Eastern Old Japanese: 由流 (yuru)

Old Japanese: 百合 (yuri)

Japanese: 百合 (yuri)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yuri
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 百合 (yuri)
Kunigami: 百合 (yuri)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 百合 (yuri)
Okinawan: 百合 (yui)
Okinoerabu: 百合 (yuri)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 百合 (yuri, yur)
Tokunoshima: 百合 (yui)
Yoron: 百合 (yuni)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 百合 (yūz)
Yaeyama: 百合 (yun)
Yonaguni: 百合 (duyu)


yənay

desc

Japanese: 米 (yone, yona, “grain (of rice)”)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yone
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 米 (yuni, yunï)
Okinawan: 米 (yuni, yuna)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 米 (yuni)
Yaeyama: 米 (yūni)
Yonaguni: 米 (duni, “ground raised from rice paddies, etc.”)


əya

Old Japanese: 親 (oya)

Japanese: 親 (oya)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oya
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 親 (uya)
Kunigami: 親 (uyā)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 親 (uya)
Okinawan: 親 (uya)
Okinoerabu: 親 (uyā)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 親 (uya)
Tokunoshima: 親 (uya)
Yoron: 親 (uya)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 親 (uya)
Yaeyama: 親 (uya)
Yonaguni: 親 (uya)

From *əyu (“to age, to get old”) + *-a (suffix forming deverbal nouns denoting the resultative object). To age, to get old → an elder/a grown-up (who is a parent/has children).


oyonpE

Old Japanese: 指 (oyo_?bi_?)

Japanese: 指 (yubi, oyobi)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *oyobe
Northern Ryukyuan: *Oyebe, *eyebe
Kunigami: 指 (uibi)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 指 (ibï)
Okinawan: 指 (ībi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 指 (ībï)
Tokunoshima: 指 (uibï, ïïbï, ūbï)
Yoron: 指 (uibi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 指 (uibi, uyibi)
Yaeyama: 指 (ubi)
Yonaguni: 指 (uyubi)


Onti

Old Japanese: 氏 (udi)

Japanese: 氏 (uji)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *Odi


yOnkamu

Old Japanese: 歪む (yugamu)

Japanese: 歪む (yugamu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yOgami
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 歪みゅい (yugamyui), 歪むい (yugamui), 歪にゅい (yuganyui, yuwanyui)
Kunigami: 歪ーみん (yugāmin)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 歪むり (yogamuri)
Okinawan: 歪むん (yugamun)
Yoron: 歪みゅん (yugamyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 歪むっ (yugam)


mǝti

Old Japanese: 黐 (mo₂ti)

Japanese: 黐 (mochi)

Probably originally the continuative or infinitive form of verb *mətu (“to hold”). Derivatives all refer to sticky items, suggesting a connection with the verb form's sense of "holding, keeping", becoming "holding → sticking → trapping", depending on the descendant term.

birdlime (a sticky substance smeared on branches to trap birds)


mǝti

Old Japanese: 糯 (mo₂ti)

Japanese: 糯 (mochi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moti
Northern Ryukyuan:
Northern Amami Ōshima: 糯 (muchi)
Okinawan: 糯 (muchi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Yaeyama: 糯粟 (mutsï-ā)


təsi

Old Japanese: 年, 歳 (to₂si)

Japanese: 年, 歳 (toshi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *tosi
Northern Ryukyuan: 多失 (toshi) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
Kikai: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Kunigami: 年, 歳 (tushī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Okinawan: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Okinoerabu: 年, 歳 (tushi, tushī)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Tokunoshima: 年, 歳 (tusï)
Yoron: 年, 歳 (tushi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 年, 歳 (tusï)
Yaeyama: 年, 歳 (tusï)
Yonaguni: 年, 歳 (tuchi)


maparu

Old Japanese: 回る (maparu)

Japanese: 回る (mawaru)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mawari
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 回るん (mārun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 回るり (mōruri)
Okinawan: 回ゆん (māyun)
Okinoerabu: 回ゆん (mōyun)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 回ゆむっ (mawayum)
Tokunoshima: 回りぃ (mārï)
Yoron: 回ゆん (mōyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 回ぃ (māz)
Yaeyama: 回るん (mārun)


onpo-

Old Japanese: 重 (omo)

Japanese: 重い (omoi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ubu-
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: うっさい (ussai), うぶっさい (ubussai)
Kunigami: うぶーしぇん (ubūshen)
Northern Amami Ōshima: うぶさり (ubusari)
Okinawan: っんぶさん ('nbusan)
Okinoerabu: うぶさん (ubusan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: うㇷ゚さむっ (upsam)
Tokunoshima: うぶあい (ubuai)
Yoron: うんさん (unsan)
Southern Ryukyuan: *ibu, *ubu
Miyako: いヴ (iv)
Yaeyama: いっさーん (issān), んぶさーん (nbusān)
Yonaguni: いんさん (insan), んぶさん (nbusan) (< *ibusi-)


nǝri

Old Japanese: 海苔 (no₂ri)

Japanese: 海苔 (nori)
English: nori

Proto-Ryukyuan: *nori


kəsi

Old Japanese: 腰 (ko₂si)

Japanese: 腰 (koshi)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kosi

hip, waist (also said of the lower back part)


kitunay

Old Japanese: 狐 (kitune)

Japanese: 狐 (kitsune)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kitune


yupu

Old Japanese: 夕 (yupu)

Japanese: 夕 (yū)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *yupu


kətənpa

Old Japanese: 言葉 (ko₂to₂ba)

Japanese: 言葉 (kotoba)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kotoba
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 言葉 (futūba)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 言葉 (xutuba)
Okinawan: 言葉 (kutuba)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 言葉 (kutuba)
Yoron: 言葉 (futuba)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 言葉 (kutuba)
Yaeyama: 言葉 (kutuba)
Yonaguni: 言葉 (kutuba)

Compound of elements *kətə (“word”) + *pa (“edge, beginning, end”).


memensu

Japanese: 蚯蚓 (mimizu, memezu)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *memezu
Northern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Kikai: 蚯蚓 (mimidā) (< *memezuCa)
⇒ Kunigami: 蚯蚓 (mimīja, miminja) (< *memezuCa)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 蚯蚓 (mïmïzï)
Okinawan: 蚯蚓 (mimiji)
⇒ Okinoerabu: 蚯蚓 (mīmindza) (< *memezuCa)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 蚯蚓 (mïmït)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 蚯蚓 (mïda) (< *memezuCa)
Yoron: 蚯蚓 (mīmiji)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 蚯蚓 (mimizï)
Yaeyama: 蚯蚓 (mimidzï)
Yonaguni: 蚯蚓 (dimimi) (< metathesis into *zumeme)


i-ka

Old Japanese: 如何 (ika)

Japanese: 如何 (ika, ikaga) (< ika, ika-ni-ka)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *i-ka
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 如何 (sha, sa), 如何な (ixana)
Kunigami: 如何 (cā, ikāna, hikāna)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 如何し (xyashi)
Okinawan: 如何 (chā, icha, ikana)
Okinoerabu: 如何 (icha, ikya)
⇒ Southern Amami Ōshima: 如何し (ikyashi, ixyāshi)
⇒ Tokunoshima: 如何すぃ (ikyasï)
Yoron: 如何 (ichā)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 如何 (ikya)
⇒ Yaeyama: 如何有ら (ikāra)
⇒ Yonaguni: 如何な (ikana)


tonku

Old Japanese: 研ぐ (to₁gu)

Japanese: 研ぐ (togu)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *togi
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 研じゅん (thujun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 研ぐり (θuguri)
Okinawan: 研じゅん (tujun)
Okinoerabu: 研じゅん (tujun)
Yoron: 研ぎゅん (tugyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 研げぃ (tugzï)
Yaeyama: 研ぐん (tugun), 研ーん (tōn)
Yonaguni: 研く゚ん (tungun)


mərə

Old Japanese: 諸 (moro₂)

Japanese: 諸 (moro)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *moro
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 諸 (muru, munu)
Kunigami: 諸 (murū)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 諸 (muru)
Okinawan: 諸 (muru)
Okinoerabu: 諸 (mūru)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 諸 (muru)
Tokunoshima: 諸 (muru, mūru)
Yoron: 諸 (muru)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Miyako: 諸人 (muztu, muzttu)
Yaeyama: 諸 (muru, mūru)
Yonaguni: 諸 (mūru, buru, būru)


kə-nə

Old Japanese: 此の (ko₂no₂)

Japanese: 此の (kono)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kono
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 此ん (fun), 此ぬ (funu, kunu)
Kunigami: 此ぬ (funu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 此ん (xun)
Okinawan: 此ぬ (kunu)
Okinoerabu: 此ぬ (funu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 此ん (xun)
Tokunoshima: 此ん (kun)
Yoron: 此ぬ (funu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 此ぬ (kunu)
Yaeyama: 此ぬ (kunu)
Yonaguni: 此ぬ (kunu)


kə-re

Old Japanese: 此れ (ko₂re)

Japanese: 此れ (kore)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kore
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 此り (furi)
Kunigami: 此りー (furī)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 此れぃ (xurï)
Okinawan: 此り (kuri)
Okinoerabu: 此り (furi)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 此り (xuri), 此るっ (xur) (< *kori)
Tokunoshima: 此り (xuri, kuri), 此れぃ (xurï)
Yoron: 此り (furi)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 此り (kuri), 此い (kui)
Yaeyama: 此り (kuri)
>? Yonaguni: 此 (kū)


apinta

Old Japanese: 間 (api₁da)

Japanese: 間 (aida)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *awida
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 間 (aida, ēda)
Kunigami: 間 (ējha)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 間 ('yēda)
Okinawan: 間 (ēja)
Okinoerabu: 間 (ēda)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 間 ('yēda)
Tokunoshima: 間 (aidā)
Yoron: 間 ('yēda)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 間 (aida)