mēns

mēns (nominative singular)
mēnses (nominative plural)
mēns (singular vocative)
mēnses (plural vocative)
mēnsem (accusative singular)
mēnsens (accusative plural)
mēnses (genitive singular)
mēnsos (genitive singular)
mēnsom (genitive plural)
mēnsei (dative singular)
mēnsβos (dative plural)
mēnsi? mēnse? (ablative singular)
mēnsβos (ablative plural)
mēnsi? mēnse? (locative singular)
mēnsβos (locative plural)

Latin: mēnsis (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Marsian: mesene (loc./abl. sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌍𐌄 (menzne, abl. sg.)


swonaō

swonaō (active first-person indicative present singular)
swonaōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
swonās (active indicative present second-person singular)
swonāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
swonāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
swonātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
swonāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
swonāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
swonātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
swonām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
swonaont (active indicative plural present third-person)
swonaontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
swonaēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
swonaēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
swonaēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
swonaēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
swonaēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
swonaētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
swonaēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
swonaēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
swonaētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
swonaēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
swonaēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
swonaēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
swonā (active imperative present second-person singular)
swonāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
swonāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
swonātōd (active future imperative)
swonānts (present)
swonatos (past)
swonatum (tu-derivative)
swonazi (s-derivative)

Latin: sonō (1st-conjugation verb) (see there for further descendants)

>? Umbrian: sonitu (3sg. impv.), sunitu

From Proto-Indo-European *swonh₂-éye-ti, from *swenh₂- (“to sound”) + *-éyeti (iterative suffix).


olō

olō (active first-person indicative present singular)
olōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
olas (active indicative present second-person singular)
olazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
olat (active indicative present singular third-person)
olator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
olamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
olamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
olates (active indicative plural present second-person)
olent (active indicative plural present third-person)
olentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
olām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
olār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
olās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
olāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
olād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
olātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
olāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
olāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
olātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
olānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
olāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ola (active imperative present second-person singular)
olazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
olate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
olatōd (active future imperative)
olants (present)
olatos (past)
olatus (tu-derivative)
olazi (s-derivative)

Umbrian: holtu (3sg. impv.)

Athematic verb from Proto-Indo-European *h₃elh₁- (“to destroy”).

der

verb with uncertain but destructive meaning


sokjos

sokjos (nominative singular)
sokjōs (nominative plural)
sokjoi (nominative plural)
sokje (singular vocative)
sokjōs (plural vocative)
sokjoi (plural vocative)
sokjom (accusative singular)
sokjons (accusative plural)
sokjosjo (genitive singular)
sokjī (genitive singular)
sokjom (genitive plural)
sokjōi (dative singular)
sokjois (dative plural)
sokjōd (ablative singular)
sokjois (ablative plural)
sokjei (locative singular)
sokjois (locative plural)

Latin: socius, socia

desc

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌏𐌂𐌉𐌀𐌉 (sociai, “female companion, girlfriend”, dat. sg. f. and voc. pl. f.)

Thematization of Proto-Indo-European *sokʷh₂ṓy (“follower”).


Seɣomō

Seɣomō (nominative singular)
Seɣomō (singular vocative)

Latin: Sēmō

Oscan: 𐌔𐌄𐌄𐌌𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌝 (seemuneí, dat. sg.)

Paelignian: semunu (gen.pl.)

Derived by Osthoff, and also coincidentally Weiss, from the root Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to take hold, overpower”).


Gāwjos

Gāwjos (nominative singular)
Gāwjom (accusative singular)
Gāwjons (accusative plural)
Gāwjom (genitive plural)
Gāwjois (dative plural)
Gāwjois (ablative plural)
Gāwjois (locative plural)

Latino-Faliscan:

Latin: Gāius, (archaic) Gāvius

desc

Faliscan: 𐌂𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏 (cauio, nom. sg. m.), 𐌂𐌀𐌖𐌉 (caui, gen. sg. m.), 𐌂𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌀 (cauia, nom. sg. f.)

Sabellic:

Oscan: 𐌂𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌔 (gavis), 𐌂𐌀𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌔 (gaavis)

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *geh₂w- (“to rejoice”), whence also Latin gaudeō and gaudium.


Gnaiwos

Gnaiwos (nominative singular)
Gnaiwom (accusative singular)
Gnaiwons (accusative plural)
Gnaiwom (genitive plural)
Gnaiwois (dative plural)
Gnaiwois (ablative plural)
Gnaiwois (locative plural)

Old Latin: Gnaivos

Latin: Gnaeus

Oscan: 𐌂𐌍𐌀𐌉𐌅𐌔 (gnaivs)


kelō

kelō (active first-person indicative present singular)
kelōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
kelas (active indicative present second-person singular)
kelazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
kelat (active indicative present singular third-person)
kelator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
kalamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
kalamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
kalates (active indicative plural present second-person)
kalent (active indicative plural present third-person)
kalentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
kelām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kelār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kelās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kelāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kelād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kelātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kelāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kelāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kelātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kelānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kelāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kela (active imperative present second-person singular)
kelazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
kelate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
kelatōd (active future imperative)
kelants (present)
kelatos (past)
kelatus (tu-derivative)
kelazi (s-derivative)

desc

Latin: calō (finite verb), kalendae (from the gerund)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (kařetu, 3sg. impv.)

Athematic verb from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call”).


peilā

peilā (nominative singular)
peilās (nominative plural)
peila (singular vocative)
peilās (plural vocative)
peilam (accusative singular)
peilans (accusative plural)
peilās (genitive singular)
peilāzom (genitive plural)
peilāi (dative singular)
peilais (dative plural)
peilād (ablative singular)
peilais (ablative plural)
peilāi (locative singular)
peilais (locative plural)

Latin: pīla (see there for further descendants)


peilāō

peilāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
peilāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
peilās (active indicative present second-person singular)
peilāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
peilāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
peilātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
peilāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
peilāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
peilātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
peilām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
peilānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
peilāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
peilāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
peilāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
peilāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
peilāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
peilāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
peilāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
peilāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
peilāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
peilāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
peilāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
peilāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
peilāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
peilā (active imperative present second-person singular)
peilāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
peilāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
peilātōd (active future imperative)
peilānts (present)
peilātos (past)
peilātum (tu-derivative)
peilāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: pīlō (“to fix”) (see there for further descendants)

From *peilā (“pillar”) + *-āō (denominative verb suffix).


porkā

porkos (nominative singular)
porkōs (nominative plural)
porkoi (nominative plural)
porke (singular vocative)
porkōs (plural vocative)
porkoi (plural vocative)
porkom (accusative singular)
porkons (accusative plural)
porkosjo (genitive singular)
porkī (genitive singular)
porkom (genitive plural)
porkōi (dative singular)
porkois (dative plural)
porkōd (ablative singular)
porkois (ablative plural)
porkei (locative singular)
porkois (locative plural)

Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌊𐌀 (purka), porca (acc. pl.)


preiwos

preiwos (masculine nominative singular)
preiwā (feminine nominative singular)
preiwom (neuter nominative singular)
preiwe (masculine singular vocative)
preiwa (feminine singular vocative)
preiwom (neuter singular vocative)
preiwom (accusative masculine singular)
preiwam (accusative feminine singular)
preiwom (accusative neuter singular)
preiwosjo (genitive masculine singular)
preiwī (genitive masculine singular)
preiwās (feminine genitive singular)
preiwosjo (genitive neuter singular)
preiwī (genitive neuter singular)
preiwōi (dative masculine singular)
preiwāi (dative feminine singular)
preiwōi (dative neuter singular)
preiwōd (ablative masculine singular)
preiwād (ablative feminine singular)
preiwōd (ablative neuter singular)
preiwei (locative masculine singular)
preiwāi (feminine locative singular)
preiwei (locative neuter singular)
preiwōs (masculine nominative plural)
preiwoi (masculine nominative plural)
preiwās (feminine nominative plural)
preiwā (neuter nominative plural)
preiwōs (masculine plural vocative)
preiwoi (masculine plural vocative)
preiwās (feminine plural vocative)
preiwā (neuter plural vocative)
preiwons (accusative masculine plural)
preiwans (accusative feminine plural)
preiwā (accusative neuter plural)
preiwom (genitive masculine plural)
preiwāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
preiwom (genitive neuter plural)
preiwois (dative masculine plural)
preiwais (dative feminine plural)
preiwois (dative neuter plural)
preiwois (ablative masculine plural)
preiwais (ablative feminine plural)
preiwois (ablative neuter plural)
preiwois (locative masculine plural)
preiwais (feminine locative plural)
preiwois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: prīvus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌅𐌄𐌓 (prever, abl. pl. m.)

From *prei (“before”) + *-wos (adjective suffix), the former from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”), with semantic shift "(being) in front" > "being separate".


prō

Latin: prō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: (contracted) 𐌐𐌓 (pr), pr., (uncontracted) pru

Innovative instrumental singular *próh₁ from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward”).


superād

Feminine singular ablative of *superos used adverbially.


superād

Latin: suprā (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra), subra


soupos

soupos (masculine nominative singular)
soupā (feminine nominative singular)
soupom (neuter nominative singular)
soupe (masculine singular vocative)
soupa (feminine singular vocative)
soupom (neuter singular vocative)
soupom (accusative masculine singular)
soupam (accusative feminine singular)
soupom (accusative neuter singular)
souposjo (genitive masculine singular)
soupī (genitive masculine singular)
soupās (feminine genitive singular)
souposjo (genitive neuter singular)
soupī (genitive neuter singular)
soupōi (dative masculine singular)
soupāi (dative feminine singular)
soupōi (dative neuter singular)
soupōd (ablative masculine singular)
soupād (ablative feminine singular)
soupōd (ablative neuter singular)
soupei (locative masculine singular)
soupāi (feminine locative singular)
soupei (locative neuter singular)
soupōs (masculine nominative plural)
soupoi (masculine nominative plural)
soupās (feminine nominative plural)
soupā (neuter nominative plural)
soupōs (masculine plural vocative)
soupoi (masculine plural vocative)
soupās (feminine plural vocative)
soupā (neuter plural vocative)
soupons (accusative masculine plural)
soupans (accusative feminine plural)
soupā (accusative neuter plural)
soupom (genitive masculine plural)
soupāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
soupom (genitive neuter plural)
soupois (dative masculine plural)
soupais (dative feminine plural)
soupois (dative neuter plural)
soupois (ablative masculine plural)
soupais (ablative feminine plural)
soupois (ablative neuter plural)
soupois (locative masculine plural)
soupais (feminine locative plural)
soupois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: suppus (archaic)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌚 (supaf), 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌀 (supa), 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌔 (supes)

From a vṛddhi e-grade adjective *h₁éwpos from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewp-, whence also *upó and *upéri.


juwənkos

juwənkos (masculine nominative singular)
juwənkā (feminine nominative singular)
juwənkom (neuter nominative singular)
juwənke (masculine singular vocative)
juwənka (feminine singular vocative)
juwənkom (neuter singular vocative)
juwənkom (accusative masculine singular)
juwənkam (accusative feminine singular)
juwənkom (accusative neuter singular)
juwənkosjo (genitive masculine singular)
juwənkī (genitive masculine singular)
juwənkās (feminine genitive singular)
juwənkosjo (genitive neuter singular)
juwənkī (genitive neuter singular)
juwənkōi (dative masculine singular)
juwənkāi (dative feminine singular)
juwənkōi (dative neuter singular)
juwənkōd (ablative masculine singular)
juwənkād (ablative feminine singular)
juwənkōd (ablative neuter singular)
juwənkei (locative masculine singular)
juwənkāi (feminine locative singular)
juwənkei (locative neuter singular)
juwənkōs (masculine nominative plural)
juwənkoi (masculine nominative plural)
juwənkās (feminine nominative plural)
juwənkā (neuter nominative plural)
juwənkōs (masculine plural vocative)
juwənkoi (masculine plural vocative)
juwənkās (feminine plural vocative)
juwənkā (neuter plural vocative)
juwənkons (accusative masculine plural)
juwənkans (accusative feminine plural)
juwənkā (accusative neuter plural)
juwənkom (genitive masculine plural)
juwənkāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
juwənkom (genitive neuter plural)
juwənkois (dative masculine plural)
juwənkais (dative feminine plural)
juwənkois (dative neuter plural)
juwənkois (ablative masculine plural)
juwənkais (ablative feminine plural)
juwənkois (ablative neuter plural)
juwənkois (locative masculine plural)
juwənkais (feminine locative plural)
juwənkois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: iuvencus, iuvenca (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: iuengar (nom. pl. f.), 𐌉𐌅𐌄𐌊𐌀 (iveka), iuenga (acc. pl. f.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós (“young”).


medestos

medestos (masculine nominative singular)
medestā (feminine nominative singular)
medestom (neuter nominative singular)
medeste (masculine singular vocative)
medesta (feminine singular vocative)
medestom (neuter singular vocative)
medestom (accusative masculine singular)
medestam (accusative feminine singular)
medestom (accusative neuter singular)
medestosjo (genitive masculine singular)
medestī (genitive masculine singular)
medestās (feminine genitive singular)
medestosjo (genitive neuter singular)
medestī (genitive neuter singular)
medestōi (dative masculine singular)
medestāi (dative feminine singular)
medestōi (dative neuter singular)
medestōd (ablative masculine singular)
medestād (ablative feminine singular)
medestōd (ablative neuter singular)
medestei (locative masculine singular)
medestāi (feminine locative singular)
medestei (locative neuter singular)
medestōs (masculine nominative plural)
medestoi (masculine nominative plural)
medestās (feminine nominative plural)
medestā (neuter nominative plural)
medestōs (masculine plural vocative)
medestoi (masculine plural vocative)
medestās (feminine plural vocative)
medestā (neuter plural vocative)
medestons (accusative masculine plural)
medestans (accusative feminine plural)
medestā (accusative neuter plural)
medestom (genitive masculine plural)
medestāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
medestom (genitive neuter plural)
medestois (dative masculine plural)
medestais (dative feminine plural)
medestois (dative neuter plural)
medestois (ablative masculine plural)
medestais (ablative feminine plural)
medestois (ablative neuter plural)
medestois (locative masculine plural)
medestais (feminine locative plural)
medestois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: modestus (“moderate, modest”) (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: (referring to some quality of augural birds) mersto (acc. sg. m.), mersta, meersta (acc. sg. f), merstu (abl. sg. m.), merstaf, mersto (acc. pl. f.)

From *medos (“measure, judgement”) + *-tos (adjectival suffix).

af

adjective of unclear meaning, see reconstruction notes


-wos

Latin: -vus, -uus

araō (“to plough”) + *-wos → *arawos (“ploughable”)


proβwāō

proβwāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
proβwāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
proβwās (active indicative present second-person singular)
proβwāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
proβwāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
proβwātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
proβwāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
proβwāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
proβwātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
proβwām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
proβwānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
proβwāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
proβwāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
proβwāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
proβwāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
proβwāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
proβwāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
proβwāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
proβwāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
proβwāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
proβwāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
proβwāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
proβwāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
proβwāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
proβwā (active imperative present second-person singular)
proβwāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
proβwāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
proβwātōd (active future imperative)
proβwānts (present)
proβwātos (past)
proβwātum (tu-derivative)
proβwāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: probō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌄𐌃 (prúfatted, perf. 3sg.)

From *proβwos (“correct, proper”) + *-āō (factitive deadjectival suffix).


katezwā

katezwā (nominative singular)
katezwās (nominative plural)
katezwa (singular vocative)
katezwās (plural vocative)
katezwam (accusative singular)
katezwans (accusative plural)
katezwās (genitive singular)
katezwāzom (genitive plural)
katezwāi (dative singular)
katezwais (dative plural)
katezwād (ablative singular)
katezwais (ablative plural)
katezwāi (locative singular)
katezwais (locative plural)

Latin: caterva

desc

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌌𐌖 (kateramu), caterahamo (2pl. impv. passive)

A derivative of an s-stem noun *katos that also appears in Latin catēna (from *kateznā).


kleitrā

kleitrā (nominative singular)
kleitrās (nominative plural)
kleitra (singular vocative)
kleitrās (plural vocative)
kleitram (accusative singular)
kleitrans (accusative plural)
kleitrās (genitive singular)
kleitrāzom (genitive plural)
kleitrāi (dative singular)
kleitrais (dative plural)
kleitrād (ablative singular)
kleitrais (ablative plural)
kleitrāi (locative singular)
kleitrais (locative plural)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌌 (kletram, acc. sg.), 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀 (kletra, abl. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléytreh₂, or independently from *ḱley- (“to lean”) + *-trom (instrument noun suffix), and then femininized (perhaps from the collective).

suf

A type of equipment for supporting another entity sitting upon it.


-elā

-elā (nominative singular)
-elās (nominative plural)
-ela (singular vocative)
-elās (plural vocative)
-elam (accusative singular)
-elans (accusative plural)
-elās (genitive singular)
-elāzom (genitive plural)
-elāi (dative singular)
-elais (dative plural)
-elād (ablative singular)
-elais (ablative plural)
-elāi (locative singular)
-elais (locative plural)

desc

Latin: -ula, -ella (diminutive suffixes)

arkā (“chest”) + *-elā → *arkelā (“small chest”)


okris

okris (nominative singular)
okrēs (nominative plural)
okris (singular vocative)
okrēs (plural vocative)
okrim (accusative singular)
okrins (accusative plural)
okreis (genitive singular)
okrjom (genitive plural)
okrei (dative singular)
okriβos (dative plural)
okrīd (ablative singular)
okriβos (ablative plural)
okrei (locative singular)
okriβos (locative plural)

Latin: ocris

⇒ Latin: mediocris (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Marrucinian: ocres (gen. sg.)

South Picene: 𐌏𐌊𐌓𐌄𐌝 (okreí, loc. sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌓 (ukar), ocar (nom. sg.), ocrem, ocre (acc. sg.), ocrer (gen. sg.), 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌄 (ukre), ocre (dat. sg.), ocre (loc. sg.)


likēt

likēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
likēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
likēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
likēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
likēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
likētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
likēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
likēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
likētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
likēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
likēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
likēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
likēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
likēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
likēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
likēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
likēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
likēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
likēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
likēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
likēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
likēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
likēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
likēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
likē (active imperative present second-person singular)
likēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
likēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
likētōd (active future imperative)
likēnts (present)
liketum (tu-derivative)
likēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: licet (“to be permitted”), liceō (“to be for sale”), liceor (“to bid at an auction”)

Oscan: 𐌋𐌝𐌊𐌝𐌕𐌖𐌃 (líkítud), licitud (3sg. impv.), λεικειτ (leikeit, 3sg. pres.)

Unknown, though links to Lithuanian reikė́ti (“to need”) have been proposed.


praiteros

praiteros (masculine nominative singular)
praiterā (feminine nominative singular)
praiterom (neuter nominative singular)
praitere (masculine singular vocative)
praitera (feminine singular vocative)
praiterom (neuter singular vocative)
praiterom (accusative masculine singular)
praiteram (accusative feminine singular)
praiterom (accusative neuter singular)
praiterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
praiterī (genitive masculine singular)
praiterās (feminine genitive singular)
praiterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
praiterī (genitive neuter singular)
praiterōi (dative masculine singular)
praiterāi (dative feminine singular)
praiterōi (dative neuter singular)
praiterōd (ablative masculine singular)
praiterād (ablative feminine singular)
praiterōd (ablative neuter singular)
praiterei (locative masculine singular)
praiterāi (feminine locative singular)
praiterei (locative neuter singular)
praiterōs (masculine nominative plural)
praiteroi (masculine nominative plural)
praiterās (feminine nominative plural)
praiterā (neuter nominative plural)
praiterōs (masculine plural vocative)
praiteroi (masculine plural vocative)
praiterās (feminine plural vocative)
praiterā (neuter plural vocative)
praiterons (accusative masculine plural)
praiterans (accusative feminine plural)
praiterā (accusative neuter plural)
praiterom (genitive masculine plural)
praiterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
praiterom (genitive neuter plural)
praiterois (dative masculine plural)
praiterais (dative feminine plural)
praiterois (dative neuter plural)
praiterois (ablative masculine plural)
praiterais (ablative feminine plural)
praiterois (ablative neuter plural)
praiterois (locative masculine plural)
praiterais (feminine locative plural)
praiterois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: praeter

Umbrian: pretra (“first”, acc. pl. f.)

From *prai (“before”) + *-teros (contrastive adjective suffix).


-trīks

-tōr (masculine)
-trīks (nominative singular)
-trīkes (nominative plural)
-trīks (singular vocative)
-trīkes (plural vocative)
-trīkem (accusative singular)
-trīkens (accusative plural)
-trīkes (genitive singular)
-trīkos (genitive singular)
-trīkom (genitive plural)
-trīkei (dative singular)
-trīkβos (dative plural)
-trīki? -trīke? (ablative singular)
-trīkβos (ablative plural)
-trīki? -trīke? (locative singular)
-trīkβos (locative plural)

Latin: -trīx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: -crix

Paelignian: -cirix

From Proto-Indo-European *-trih₂ followed by an unknown additional velar suffix.

sakrāō (“to sanctify”) + *-trīks → *sakrātrīks (“priestess”)


sakrāō

sakrāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
sakrāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
sakrās (active indicative present second-person singular)
sakrāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
sakrāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
sakrātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
sakrāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
sakrāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
sakrātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
sakrām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
sakrānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
sakrāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
sakrāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sakrāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sakrāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sakrāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sakrāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sakrāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sakrāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sakrāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sakrāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sakrāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sakrāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sakrāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sakrā (active imperative present second-person singular)
sakrāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
sakrāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
sakrātōd (active future imperative)
sakrānts (present)
sakrātos (past)
sakrātum (tu-derivative)
sakrāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: sacrō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (sakarater, 3pl.pres.pass.), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌝𐌓 (sakraitír), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌇𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌓 (sakrahiter, 3sg.pres.subj.pass.), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌚𐌉𐌓 (sakrafir, pres.pass.inf.), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌔 (sakrannas, nom.pl.f. gerund), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌍𐌍 (sakrann, nom.sg.f gerund)

From *sakros (“sacred”) + *-āō (deadjectival verb suffix).


sakrātrīks

sakrātrīks (nominative singular)
sakrātrīkes (nominative plural)
sakrātrīks (singular vocative)
sakrātrīkes (plural vocative)
sakrātrīkem (accusative singular)
sakrātrīkens (accusative plural)
sakrātrīkes (genitive singular)
sakrātrīkos (genitive singular)
sakrātrīkom (genitive plural)
sakrātrīkei (dative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (dative plural)
sakrātrīki? sakrātrīke? (ablative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (ablative plural)
sakrātrīki? sakrātrīke? (locative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (locative plural)

Marrucinian: sacracrix

Paelignian: sacaracirix

From *sakrāō (“to sanctify”) + *-trīks (female agent noun suffix).


togā

togā (nominative singular)
togās (nominative plural)
toga (singular vocative)
togās (plural vocative)
togam (accusative singular)
togans (accusative plural)
togās (genitive singular)
togāzom (genitive plural)
togāi (dative singular)
togais (dative plural)
togād (ablative singular)
togais (ablative plural)
togāi (locative singular)
togais (locative plural)

desc

Latin: toga (“toga; an article of clothing”) (see there for further descendants)

South Picene: 𐌕𐌏𐌊𐌀𐌌 (tokam, “grave (stone)”, acc. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *togéh₂, an *-éh₂ noun from the root *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


taθlā

taθlā (nominative singular)
taθlās (nominative plural)
taθla (singular vocative)
taθlās (plural vocative)
taθlam (accusative singular)
taθlans (accusative plural)
taθlās (genitive singular)
taθlāzom (genitive plural)
taθlāi (dative singular)
taθlais (dative plural)
taθlād (ablative singular)
taθlais (ablative plural)
taθlāi (locative singular)
taθlais (locative plural)

Latin: tabula (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌄 (tafle, loc. sg.)

See Latin tabula for etymological discussion.


komwertō

komwertō (active first-person indicative present singular)
komwertōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
komwertes (active indicative present second-person singular)
komwertezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
komwertet (active indicative present singular third-person)
komwertetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
komwertomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
komwertomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
komwertetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
komwertem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
komwertont (active indicative plural present third-person)
komwertontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
komwertām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
komwertār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
komwertās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
komwertāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
komwertād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
komwertātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
komwertāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
komwertāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
komwertātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
komwertām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
komwertānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
komwertāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
komwortai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
komwortistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
komwortei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
komwortme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
komworte (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
komwortēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
komwerte (active imperative present second-person singular)
komwertezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
komwertete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
komwertetōd (active future imperative)
komwertents (present)
komworssos (past)
komworssum (tu-derivative)
komwertezi (s-derivative)

Latin: convertō (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌖 (kuvertu, 3sg. impv.), 𐌊𐌖𐌅𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌔 (kuvurtus), couortus, courtust (3sg. fut. perf.), couortuso


nerteros

nerteros (masculine nominative singular)
nerterā (feminine nominative singular)
nerterom (neuter nominative singular)
nertere (masculine singular vocative)
nertera (feminine singular vocative)
nerterom (neuter singular vocative)
nerterom (accusative masculine singular)
nerteram (accusative feminine singular)
nerterom (accusative neuter singular)
nerterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
nerterī (genitive masculine singular)
nerterās (feminine genitive singular)
nerterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
nerterī (genitive neuter singular)
nerterōi (dative masculine singular)
nerterāi (dative feminine singular)
nerterōi (dative neuter singular)
nerterōd (ablative masculine singular)
nerterād (ablative feminine singular)
nerterōd (ablative neuter singular)
nerterei (locative masculine singular)
nerterāi (feminine locative singular)
nerterei (locative neuter singular)
nerterōs (masculine nominative plural)
nerteroi (masculine nominative plural)
nerterās (feminine nominative plural)
nerterā (neuter nominative plural)
nerterōs (masculine plural vocative)
nerteroi (masculine plural vocative)
nerterās (feminine plural vocative)
nerterā (neuter plural vocative)
nerterons (accusative masculine plural)
nerterans (accusative feminine plural)
nerterā (accusative neuter plural)
nerterom (genitive masculine plural)
nerterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
nerterom (genitive neuter plural)
nerterois (dative masculine plural)
nerterais (dative feminine plural)
nerterois (dative neuter plural)
nerterois (ablative masculine plural)
nerterais (ablative feminine plural)
nerterois (ablative neuter plural)
nerterois (locative masculine plural)
nerterais (feminine locative plural)
nerterois (locative neuter plural)

Oscan: 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌊 (nertrak, abl. sg.)

Umbrian: nertru (abl. sg.), (with postposition) 𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌊𐌖 (netruku), nertruco

Cognate to Ancient Greek ἐνέρτερος, νέρτερος (enérteros, nérteros, “lower”), Proto-Germanic *nurþraz (“north”), Sanskrit नरक (naraka, “Hell”), and Old Armenian ներքին (nerkʻin).

cog

ἐνέρτερος, νέρτερος


stengʷō

stengʷō (active first-person indicative present singular)
stengʷōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
stengʷes (active indicative present second-person singular)
stengʷezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
stengʷet (active indicative present singular third-person)
stengʷetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
stengʷomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
stengʷomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
stengʷetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
stengʷem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
stengʷont (active indicative plural present third-person)
stengʷontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
stengʷām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
stengʷār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
stengʷās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
stengʷāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
stengʷād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
stengʷātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
stengʷāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
stengʷāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
stengʷātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
stengʷām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
stengʷānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
stengʷāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
stengʷe (active imperative present second-person singular)
stengʷezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
stengʷete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
stengʷetōd (active future imperative)
stengʷents (present)
stengʷezi (s-derivative)

Latin: stinguō (see there for further descendants)

This verb is traditionally reconstructed as *stingō and derived from a root *steyg- (“to stick, sting”). The labiovelar in this word in Latin would have to be analogical to other verbs with a labiovelar like unguō and ninguit.
De Vaan, going against everyone else, derives this from Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ- (“to push”), relating this to Proto-Germanic *stinkwaną.


fworom

fworom (nominative singular)
fworā (nominative plural)
fworom (singular vocative)
fworā (plural vocative)
fworom (accusative singular)
fworā (accusative plural)
fworosjo (genitive singular)
fworī (genitive singular)
fworom (genitive plural)
fworōi (dative singular)
fworois (dative plural)
fworōd (ablative singular)
fworois (ablative plural)
fworei (locative singular)
fworois (locative plural)

Latin: forum (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌖𐌓𐌖 (furu), furo (acc. sg.)

From earlier *θworom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwor-om (“enclosure, courtyard, i.e. something enclosed by the door, or the place outside, i.e. through the door”), from *dʰwer- (“door, gate”).
Other Indo-European thematic derivatives of this root are Old Church Slavonic дворъ (dvorŭ, “court, courtyard”), Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra, “door, gate, passage”) and Lithuanian dvãras (“estate”).


klāwelā

klāwelā (nominative singular)
klāwelās (nominative plural)
klāwela (singular vocative)
klāwelās (plural vocative)
klāwelam (accusative singular)
klāwelans (accusative plural)
klāwelās (genitive singular)
klāwelāzom (genitive plural)
klāwelāi (dative singular)
klāwelais (dative plural)
klāwelād (ablative singular)
klāwelais (ablative plural)
klāwelāi (locative singular)
klāwelais (locative plural)

Latin: clāvula (“graft, scion”)

desc

Umbrian: (a type of sacrificial instrument) 𐌊𐌋𐌀𐌅𐌋𐌀𐌚 (klavlaf, acc. pl.), 𐌊𐌋𐌀𐌅𐌋𐌄𐌔 (klavles, abl. pl.)

From *klāwā (feminine of *klāwos, whence Latin clāva (“club”)) + *-elā (feminine diminutive suffix).


orβetā

orβetā (nominative singular)
orβetās (nominative plural)
orβeta (singular vocative)
orβetās (plural vocative)
orβetam (accusative singular)
orβetans (accusative plural)
orβetās (genitive singular)
orβetāzom (genitive plural)
orβetāi (dative singular)
orβetais (dative plural)
orβetād (ablative singular)
orβetais (ablative plural)
orβetāi (locative singular)
orβetais (locative plural)

Latin: orbita (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌓𐌚𐌄𐌕𐌀 (urfeta)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to turn”). Two derivational pathways are equally possible, requiring different reconstructions of the Proto-Italic word:
* *orβetā would require a derivation from the past participle of an iterative verb *orbeō.
* *orβitā would require a feminine substantivization in *-ā of a *-t-extension of the i-stem *orβis that appears in Latin orbis (“circle”).
The reconstruction *orβetā is selected arbitrarily, with no opinion on the likeliness of *orβetā over *orβitā.


trozeō

trozeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
trozeōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
trozēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
trozēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
trozēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
trozētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
trozēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
trozēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
trozētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
trozēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
trozeont (active indicative plural present third-person)
trozeontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
trozeām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
trozeār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
trozeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
trozeāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
trozeād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
trozeātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
trozeāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
trozeāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
trozeātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
trozeām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
trozeānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
trozeāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
trozē (active imperative present second-person singular)
trozēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
trozēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
trozētōd (active future imperative)
trozēnts (present)
trozetos (past)
trozetum (tu-derivative)
trozēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: terreō

desc

Umbrian: tursitu (3sg. impv.), tursituto (3pl. impv.), tursiandu (3pl. pass. subj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *tros-éye-ti, a causative made to the root *tres- (“to tremble”).


triðus

triðus (nominative singular)
triðowes (nominative plural)
triðus (singular vocative)
triðowes (plural vocative)
triðum (accusative singular)
triðuns (accusative plural)
triðous (genitive singular)
triðwom (genitive plural)
triðowei (dative singular)
triðuβos (dative plural)
triðūd (ablative singular)
triðuβos (ablative plural)
triðou (locative singular)
triðuβos (locative plural)

Latin: tribus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌚𐌖 (trifu), trifo (acc. sg.), trifor (gen. sg.), 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌚𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (trefiper, abl. sg. with postposition)

See Latin tribus for etymological discussion.


kaprīnos

kaprīnos (masculine nominative singular)
kaprīnā (feminine nominative singular)
kaprīnom (neuter nominative singular)
kaprīne (masculine singular vocative)
kaprīna (feminine singular vocative)
kaprīnom (neuter singular vocative)
kaprīnom (accusative masculine singular)
kaprīnam (accusative feminine singular)
kaprīnom (accusative neuter singular)
kaprīnosjo (genitive masculine singular)
kaprīnī (genitive masculine singular)
kaprīnās (feminine genitive singular)
kaprīnosjo (genitive neuter singular)
kaprīnī (genitive neuter singular)
kaprīnōi (dative masculine singular)
kaprīnāi (dative feminine singular)
kaprīnōi (dative neuter singular)
kaprīnōd (ablative masculine singular)
kaprīnād (ablative feminine singular)
kaprīnōd (ablative neuter singular)
kaprīnei (locative masculine singular)
kaprīnāi (feminine locative singular)
kaprīnei (locative neuter singular)
kaprīnōs (masculine nominative plural)
kaprīnoi (masculine nominative plural)
kaprīnās (feminine nominative plural)
kaprīnā (neuter nominative plural)
kaprīnōs (masculine plural vocative)
kaprīnoi (masculine plural vocative)
kaprīnās (feminine plural vocative)
kaprīnā (neuter plural vocative)
kaprīnons (accusative masculine plural)
kaprīnans (accusative feminine plural)
kaprīnā (accusative neuter plural)
kaprīnom (genitive masculine plural)
kaprīnāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
kaprīnom (genitive neuter plural)
kaprīnois (dative masculine plural)
kaprīnais (dative feminine plural)
kaprīnois (dative neuter plural)
kaprīnois (ablative masculine plural)
kaprīnais (ablative feminine plural)
kaprīnois (ablative neuter plural)
kaprīnois (locative masculine plural)
kaprīnais (feminine locative plural)
kaprīnois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: caprīnus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: cabriner (gen. sg. m/n)

From *kapros (“goat”) + *-īnos (“pertaining to”).


werom

werom (nominative singular)
werā (nominative plural)
werom (singular vocative)
werā (plural vocative)
werom (accusative singular)
werā (accusative plural)
werosjo (genitive singular)
werī (genitive singular)
werom (genitive plural)
werōi (dative singular)
werois (dative plural)
werōd (ablative singular)
werois (ablative plural)
werei (locative singular)
werois (locative plural)

desc

Oscan: 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌖 (veru, acc. pl.), 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌔 (veruis, loc. pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌀 (vera, acc. pl.), 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌄 (verufe), verofe (acc. pl. with postposition), 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌔 (veres), verir (abl. pl.), verisco (abl. pl. with postposition)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to cover, shut”). Untermann alternatively envisions a derivation from *wer- (“to watch”) instead.


fāmā

fāmā (nominative singular)
fāmās (nominative plural)
fāma (singular vocative)
fāmās (plural vocative)
fāmam (accusative singular)
fāmans (accusative plural)
fāmās (genitive singular)
fāmāzom (genitive plural)
fāmāi (dative singular)
fāmais (dative plural)
fāmād (ablative singular)
fāmais (ablative plural)
fāmāi (locative singular)
fāmais (locative plural)

Latin: fāma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂meh₂, from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”). Cognate to Ancient Greek φήμη (phḗmē, “talk”).

⇒ Oscan: αfααματεδ

Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌕 (faamat, 3sg. pres.), 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌕 (faammant, 3pl. pres.), 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌄𐌃 (famatted), 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌃 (faamated, 3sg. perf.)


gʷrātos

gʷrātos (masculine nominative singular)
gʷrātā (feminine nominative singular)
gʷrātom (neuter nominative singular)
gʷrāte (masculine singular vocative)
gʷrāta (feminine singular vocative)
gʷrātom (neuter singular vocative)
gʷrātom (accusative masculine singular)
gʷrātam (accusative feminine singular)
gʷrātom (accusative neuter singular)
gʷrātosjo (genitive masculine singular)
gʷrātī (genitive masculine singular)
gʷrātās (feminine genitive singular)
gʷrātosjo (genitive neuter singular)
gʷrātī (genitive neuter singular)
gʷrātōi (dative masculine singular)
gʷrātāi (dative feminine singular)
gʷrātōi (dative neuter singular)
gʷrātōd (ablative masculine singular)
gʷrātād (ablative feminine singular)
gʷrātōd (ablative neuter singular)
gʷrātei (locative masculine singular)
gʷrātāi (feminine locative singular)
gʷrātei (locative neuter singular)
gʷrātōs (masculine nominative plural)
gʷrātoi (masculine nominative plural)
gʷrātās (feminine nominative plural)
gʷrātā (neuter nominative plural)
gʷrātōs (masculine plural vocative)
gʷrātoi (masculine plural vocative)
gʷrātās (feminine plural vocative)
gʷrātā (neuter plural vocative)
gʷrātons (accusative masculine plural)
gʷrātans (accusative feminine plural)
gʷrātā (accusative neuter plural)
gʷrātom (genitive masculine plural)
gʷrātāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
gʷrātom (genitive neuter plural)
gʷrātois (dative masculine plural)
gʷrātais (dative feminine plural)
gʷrātois (dative neuter plural)
gʷrātois (ablative masculine plural)
gʷrātais (ablative feminine plural)
gʷrātois (ablative neuter plural)
gʷrātois (locative masculine plural)
gʷrātais (feminine locative plural)
gʷrātois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: grātus (see there for further descendants)

Paelignian: Brata (name of a woman)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-tó-s, from *gʷerH- (“to welcome, greet, praise”).


gʷrāt(i)s

gʷrāts (canonical feminine)
gʷrāts (nominative singular)
gʷrātes (nominative plural)
gʷrāts (singular vocative)
gʷrātes (plural vocative)
gʷrātem (accusative singular)
gʷrātens (accusative plural)
gʷrātes (genitive singular)
gʷrātos (genitive singular)
gʷrātom (genitive plural)
gʷrātei (dative singular)
gʷrātβos (dative plural)
gʷrāti? gʷrāte? (ablative singular)
gʷrātβos (ablative plural)
gʷrāti? gʷrāte? (locative singular)
gʷrātβos (locative plural)
gʷrātis (nominative singular)
gʷrātēs (nominative plural)
gʷrātis (singular vocative)
gʷrātēs (plural vocative)
gʷrātim (accusative singular)
gʷrātins (accusative plural)
gʷrāteis (genitive singular)
gʷrātjom (genitive plural)
gʷrātei (dative singular)
gʷrātiβos (dative plural)
gʷrātīd (ablative singular)
gʷrātiβos (ablative plural)
gʷrātei (locative singular)
gʷrātiβos (locative plural)

Latin: grātēs pl (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

desc

Oscan: 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις (bratēis), brateis (gen. sg.), βρατωμ (bratōm, acc. sg.)

Paelignian: brat., brais (abbreviated gen. sg. forms), bratom (acc. sg.)

Vestinian: brat. (abbreviated gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise”), suffixed with either *-tis, *-ts, or both as separate formations. A related formation with the past passive participle suffix also exists in Italic as *gʷrātos.

der

grace, mercy, favour from a higher authority


komstaēō

komstaēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
komstaēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
komstaēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
komstaēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
komstaēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
komstaētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
komstaēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
komstaēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
komstaētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
komstaēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
komstaēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
komstaēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
komstaēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
komstaēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
komstaēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
komstaēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
komstaēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
komstaēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
komstaēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
komstaēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
komstaēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
komstaēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
komstaēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
komstaēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
komstaē (active imperative present second-person singular)
komstaēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
komstaēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
komstaētōd (active future imperative)
komstaēnts (present)
komstaētum (tu-derivative)
komstaēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: constō (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: κωσ(τ)ιτ (kōs(t)it, 3pl. pres.)

From *kom- (“together”) + *staēō (“to stand”).


gnāwos

gnāwos (masculine nominative singular)
gnāwā (feminine nominative singular)
gnāwom (neuter nominative singular)
gnāwe (masculine singular vocative)
gnāwa (feminine singular vocative)
gnāwom (neuter singular vocative)
gnāwom (accusative masculine singular)
gnāwam (accusative feminine singular)
gnāwom (accusative neuter singular)
gnāwosjo (genitive masculine singular)
gnāwī (genitive masculine singular)
gnāwās (feminine genitive singular)
gnāwosjo (genitive neuter singular)
gnāwī (genitive neuter singular)
gnāwōi (dative masculine singular)
gnāwāi (dative feminine singular)
gnāwōi (dative neuter singular)
gnāwōd (ablative masculine singular)
gnāwād (ablative feminine singular)
gnāwōd (ablative neuter singular)
gnāwei (locative masculine singular)
gnāwāi (feminine locative singular)
gnāwei (locative neuter singular)
gnāwōs (masculine nominative plural)
gnāwoi (masculine nominative plural)
gnāwās (feminine nominative plural)
gnāwā (neuter nominative plural)
gnāwōs (masculine plural vocative)
gnāwoi (masculine plural vocative)
gnāwās (feminine plural vocative)
gnāwā (neuter plural vocative)
gnāwons (accusative masculine plural)
gnāwans (accusative feminine plural)
gnāwā (accusative neuter plural)
gnāwom (genitive masculine plural)
gnāwāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
gnāwom (genitive neuter plural)
gnāwois (dative masculine plural)
gnāwais (dative feminine plural)
gnāwois (dative neuter plural)
gnāwois (ablative masculine plural)
gnāwais (ablative feminine plural)
gnāwois (ablative neuter plural)
gnāwois (locative masculine plural)
gnāwais (feminine locative plural)
gnāwois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: nāvus, gnāvus

desc

Oscan: Γναυς (Gnaus, nom. sg. of a praenomen)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃wós, from *ǵneh₃- (“know”) (whence Latin nōscō (“to know, recognize”)) + *-wós (whence Latin -vus).


aiss

aiss (nominative singular)
aiθes (nominative plural)
aiss (singular vocative)
aiθes (plural vocative)
aiθem (accusative singular)
aiθens (accusative plural)
aiθes (genitive singular)
aiθos (genitive singular)
aiθom (genitive plural)
aiθei (dative singular)
aiθβos (dative plural)
aiθi? aiθe? (ablative singular)
aiθβos (ablative plural)
aiθi? aiθe? (locative singular)
aiθβos (locative plural)

Latin: aedis, aedēs

According to Schrijver, a root noun from from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-s, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite; fire”).


moltā

moltā (nominative singular)
moltās (nominative plural)
molta (singular vocative)
moltās (plural vocative)
moltam (accusative singular)
moltans (accusative plural)
moltās (genitive singular)
moltāzom (genitive plural)
moltāi (dative singular)
moltais (dative plural)
moltād (ablative singular)
moltais (ablative plural)
moltāi (locative singular)
moltais (locative plural)

Latin: multa (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: molto (nom. sg.), moltam (acc. sg.), moltas (gen. sg or acc. pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌖𐌕𐌖 (mutu, nom. sg.), 𐌌𐌖𐌕𐌀 (muta, nom. and acc. sg.), motar (gen. sg.)

Unknown. Possible derivations include:
* A substantivization of *moltos (“many”) (whence Latin multus), from an earlier base sense "quantity".
* If the Latin alternative form mulcta is more original and South Picene 𐌌𐌏𐌋𐌊𐌕𐌀𐌇 (molktah) belongs here, one can reconstruct an original *molktā, and relate this to Latin mulcō (“to damage”) and mulceō (“to stroke”).


moltāō

moltāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
moltāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
moltās (active indicative present second-person singular)
moltāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
moltāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
moltātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
moltāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
moltāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
moltātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
moltām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
moltānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
moltāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
moltāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
moltāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
moltāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
moltāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
moltāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
moltāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
moltāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
moltāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
moltāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
moltāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
moltāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
moltāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
moltā (active imperative present second-person singular)
moltāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
moltāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
moltātōd (active future imperative)
moltānts (present)
moltātos (past)
moltātum (tu-derivative)
moltāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: multō (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: moltaum (inf.)

From *moltā (“a fine”) + *-āō (denominal verb suffix).


adserō

adserō (active first-person indicative present singular)
adserōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
adseres (active indicative present second-person singular)
adserezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
adseret (active indicative present singular third-person)
adseretor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
adseromos (active first-person indicative plural present)
adseromor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
adseretes (active indicative plural present second-person)
adserem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
adseront (active indicative plural present third-person)
adserontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
adserām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
adserār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
adserās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
adserāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
adserād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
adserātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
adserāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
adserāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
adserātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
adserām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
adserānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
adserāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
adsere (active imperative present second-person singular)
adserezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
adserete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
adseretōd (active future imperative)
adserents (present)
adsertos (past)
adsertum (tu-derivative)
adserezi (s-derivative)

desc

Latin: asserō (“to join for oneself, claim for oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: aserum (“to seize”, inf.)


stipelā

stipelā (nominative singular)
stipelās (nominative plural)
stipela (singular vocative)
stipelās (plural vocative)
stipelam (accusative singular)
stipelans (accusative plural)
stipelās (genitive singular)
stipelāzom (genitive plural)
stipelāi (dative singular)
stipelais (dative plural)
stipelād (ablative singular)
stipelais (ablative plural)
stipelāi (locative singular)
stipelais (locative plural)

Latin: stipula (see there for further descendants)

From *stips (“stalk”) + *-elā (diminutive suffix).


stipelāō

stipelāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
stipelāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
stipelās (active indicative present second-person singular)
stipelāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
stipelāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
stipelātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
stipelāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
stipelāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
stipelātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
stipelām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
stipelānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
stipelāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
stipelāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
stipelāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
stipelāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
stipelāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
stipelāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
stipelāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
stipelāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
stipelāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
stipelāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
stipelāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
stipelāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
stipelāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
stipelā (active imperative present second-person singular)
stipelāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
stipelāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
stipelātōd (active future imperative)
stipelānts (present)
stipelātos (past)
stipelātum (tu-derivative)
stipelāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: stipulor (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌐𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌖 (steplatu), stiplatu (3sg. imp.), stiplo (2sg. imp.)

From *stipelā (“straw”) + *-āō (denominative verb suffix).

af

Benjamin W. Fortson IV
de:Brian D. Joseph


menssā

menssā (nominative singular)
menssās (nominative plural)
menssa (singular vocative)
menssās (plural vocative)
menssam (accusative singular)
menssans (accusative plural)
menssās (genitive singular)
menssāzom (genitive plural)
menssāi (dative singular)
menssais (dative plural)
menssād (ablative singular)
menssais (ablative plural)
menssāi (locative singular)
menssais (locative plural)

Latin: mēnsa (“table”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌚𐌀 (mefa, “a type of sacrificial item”)

From a past participle *menssos of a verb *mētjōr (“to measure”) formed by analogy to that of *pendō (whence Latin pendō, pēnsus). In turn, *mētjōr is a derivative of *mētis (“measurement”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).


staθlom

staðlom (nominative singular)
staðlā (nominative plural)
staðlom (singular vocative)
staðlā (plural vocative)
staðlom (accusative singular)
staðlā (accusative plural)
staðlosjo (genitive singular)
staðlī (genitive singular)
staðlom (genitive plural)
staðlōi (dative singular)
staðlois (dative plural)
staðlōd (ablative singular)
staðlois (ablative plural)
staðlei (locative singular)
staðlois (locative plural)

Latin: stabulum (see there for further descendants)

desc

𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕

⇒ Oscan: (a denominative verb) 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕 (staflatasset, 3pl. perf. pass.), σταβαλανο (stabalano, gerund nom. pl. n.)

<i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*-āris</i> adjective

⇒ Umbrian: (*-āris adjective) staflarem (acc. sg. f.), staflare (acc. sg. n.)

An instrumental noun in *-ðlom (< Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom) from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”) (whence also *staēō (“to stand”)).


statuō

statuō (active first-person indicative present singular)
statuōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
statues (active indicative present second-person singular)
statuezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
statuet (active indicative present singular third-person)
statuetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
statuomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
statuomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
statuetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
statuem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
statuont (active indicative plural present third-person)
statuontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
statuām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
statuār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
statuās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
statuāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
statuād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
statuātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
statuāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
statuāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
statuātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
statuām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
statuānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
statuāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
statue (active imperative present second-person singular)
statuezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
statuete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
statuetōd (active future imperative)
statuents (present)
statūtos (past)
statūtum (tu-derivative)
statuezi (s-derivative)

Latin: statuō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀 (statita, past part. acc. pl. n.), ⇒ 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (statitatu, 3sg. imp.)

A denominative to *status (“setting up”); oddly enough by forming a third-conjugation verb instead of using the common denominative suffix *-āō.


soikos

soikos (nominative singular)
soikōs (nominative plural)
soikoi (nominative plural)
soike (singular vocative)
soikōs (plural vocative)
soikoi (plural vocative)
soikom (accusative singular)
soikons (accusative plural)
soikosjo (genitive singular)
soikī (genitive singular)
soikom (genitive plural)
soikōi (dative singular)
soikois (dative plural)
soikōd (ablative singular)
soikois (ablative plural)
soikei (locative singular)
soikois (locative plural)

According to Meiser, from Proto-Indo-European *sóykos, an o-grade *-os noun from the root *seyk- (“to reach”). Cognate to Lithuanian siekti (“to reach”) and Ancient Greek ῑ̔́κω (hī́kō, “to reach”).


soikāō

soikāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
soikāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
soikās (active indicative present second-person singular)
soikāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
soikāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
soikātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
soikāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
soikāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
soikātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
soikām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
soikānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
soikāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
soikāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
soikāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
soikāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
soikāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
soikāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
soikāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
soikāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
soikāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
soikāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
soikāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
soikāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
soikāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
soikā (active imperative present second-person singular)
soikāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
soikāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
soikātōd (active future imperative)
soikānts (present)
soikātos (past)
soikātum (tu-derivative)
soikāzi (s-derivative)

South Picene: 𐌐𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌍𐌕 (persukant, 3pl. pres.)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌖 (sukatu, 3sg. imp.)

According to Meiser, from *soikos (“swearing”) + *-āō (“denominative verb suffix”). The root would be Proto-Indo-European *seyk- (“to reach”), cognate to Lithuanian siekti (“to reach”).


hom(i)teros

homteros (canonical)
homteros (masculine nominative singular)
homiteros (masculine nominative singular)
homterā (feminine nominative singular)
homiterā (feminine nominative singular)
homterom (neuter nominative singular)
homiterom (neuter nominative singular)
homtere (masculine singular vocative)
homitere (masculine singular vocative)
homtera (feminine singular vocative)
homitera (feminine singular vocative)
homterom (neuter singular vocative)
homiterom (neuter singular vocative)
homterom (accusative masculine singular)
homiterom (accusative masculine singular)
homteram (accusative feminine singular)
homiteram (accusative feminine singular)
homterom (accusative neuter singular)
homiterom (accusative neuter singular)
homterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
homiterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
homterī (genitive masculine singular)
homiterī (genitive masculine singular)
homterās (feminine genitive singular)
homiterās (feminine genitive singular)
homterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
homiterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
homterī (genitive neuter singular)
homiterī (genitive neuter singular)
homterōi (dative masculine singular)
homiterōi (dative masculine singular)
homterāi (dative feminine singular)
homiterāi (dative feminine singular)
homterōi (dative neuter singular)
homiterōi (dative neuter singular)
homterōd (ablative masculine singular)
homiterōd (ablative masculine singular)
homterād (ablative feminine singular)
homiterād (ablative feminine singular)
homterōd (ablative neuter singular)
homiterōd (ablative neuter singular)
homterei (locative masculine singular)
homiterei (locative masculine singular)
homterāi (feminine locative singular)
homiterāi (feminine locative singular)
homterei (locative neuter singular)
homiterei (locative neuter singular)
homterōs (masculine nominative plural)
homiterōs (masculine nominative plural)
homteroi (masculine nominative plural)
homiteroi (masculine nominative plural)
homterās (feminine nominative plural)
homiterās (feminine nominative plural)
homterā (neuter nominative plural)
homiterā (neuter nominative plural)
homterōs (masculine plural vocative)
homiterōs (masculine plural vocative)
homteroi (masculine plural vocative)
homiteroi (masculine plural vocative)
homterās (feminine plural vocative)
homiterās (feminine plural vocative)
homterā (neuter plural vocative)
homiterā (neuter plural vocative)
homterons (accusative masculine plural)
homiterons (accusative masculine plural)
homterans (accusative feminine plural)
homiterans (accusative feminine plural)
homterā (accusative neuter plural)
homiterā (accusative neuter plural)
homterom (genitive masculine plural)
homiterom (genitive masculine plural)
homterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
homiterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
homterom (genitive neuter plural)
homiterom (genitive neuter plural)
homterois (dative masculine plural)
homiterois (dative masculine plural)
homterais (dative feminine plural)
homiterais (dative feminine plural)
homterois (dative neuter plural)
homiterois (dative neuter plural)
homterois (ablative masculine plural)
homiterois (ablative masculine plural)
homterais (ablative feminine plural)
homiterais (ablative feminine plural)
homterois (ablative neuter plural)
homiterois (ablative neuter plural)
homterois (locative masculine plural)
homiterois (locative masculine plural)
homterais (feminine locative plural)
homiterais (feminine locative plural)
homterois (locative neuter plural)
homiterois (locative neuter plural)

desc

Oscan: 𐌇𐌞𐌍𐌕𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌌 (húnttram, acc. sg. f.), 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌔 (huntrus, nom./acc. pl. m.), 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌔 (huntras, gen. sg. f.; nom./acc. pl. f.), 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌔 (huntruis, dat. pl. m.)

Umbrian: 𐌇𐌖𐌕𐌓𐌀 (hutra), hondra (“underneath”, prep.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóm(i) (“in the earth”, loc. sg.) from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


udmom

udmom (nominative singular)
udmā (nominative plural)
udmom (singular vocative)
udmā (plural vocative)
udmom (accusative singular)
udmā (accusative plural)
udmosjo (genitive singular)
udmī (genitive singular)
udmom (genitive plural)
udmōi (dative singular)
udmois (dative plural)
udmōd (ablative singular)
udmois (ablative plural)
udmei (locative singular)
udmois (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌖𐌌𐌏𐌌 (umom)

Hernican: 𐌖𐌃𐌌𐌏𐌌 (udmom)

Mancini, endorsed by Bakkum, derives this word from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water”), comparing this to Latin unda (“wave”).


līðrā

līðrā (nominative singular)
līðrās (nominative plural)
līðra (singular vocative)
līðrās (plural vocative)
līðram (accusative singular)
līðrans (accusative plural)
līðrās (genitive singular)
līðrāzom (genitive plural)
līðrāi (dative singular)
līðrais (dative plural)
līðrād (ablative singular)
līðrais (ablative plural)
līðrāi (locative singular)
līðrais (locative plural)

Latin: lībra (see there for further descendants)

Sicel: *lītrā

→ Ancient Greek: λίτρα (lítra) (see there for further descendants)

Weiss derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”) suffixed with a femininization of the instrumental/resultative suffix *-dʰrom, under the assumption that the term originally meant "pouring (of metal)" before evolving to mean a unit of weight.


kengō

kengō (active first-person indicative present singular)
kengōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
kenges (active indicative present second-person singular)
kengezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
kenget (active indicative present singular third-person)
kengetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
kengomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
kengomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
kengetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
kengem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
kengont (active indicative plural present third-person)
kengontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
kengām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kengār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kengās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kengāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kengād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kengātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kengāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kengāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kengātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kengām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kengānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kengāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kenksom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
kenkses (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
kenksed (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
kenksome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
kenksete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
kenksond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
kenge (active imperative present second-person singular)
kengezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
kengete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
kengetōd (active future imperative)
kengents (present)
kenktos (past)
kenktum (tu-derivative)
kengezi (s-derivative)

Latin: cingō (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Umbrian: śihitu (past part. acc. pl. m.), śihitir (dat. pl. m.) (used to describe certain high officials)

Unknown; see Latin cingō for discussion.


ōrāō

ōrāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
ōrāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
ōrās (active indicative present second-person singular)
ōrāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ōrāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
ōrātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
ōrāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
ōrāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
ōrātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
ōrām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
ōrānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
ōrāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ōrāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ōrāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ōrāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ōrāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ōrāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ōrāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ōrāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ōrāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ōrāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ōrāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ōrāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ōrāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ōrā (active imperative present second-person singular)
ōrāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
ōrāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
ōrātōd (active future imperative)
ōrānts (present)
ōrātos (past)
ōrātum (tu-derivative)
ōrāzi (s-derivative)

Latino-Faliscan:

Latin: ōrō (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: 𐌖𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄 (urate, 2pl. imp.) (if not Etruscan)

Sabellic:

Oscan: urust (3sg. fut. perf.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-, related to Attic Greek ἀρά (ará, “prayer”), and Sanskrit आर्यन्ति (āryanti, “praise”). There may have been a base root noun *ōr this verb was built upon.


-elom

-elom (nominative singular)
-elā (nominative plural)
-elom (singular vocative)
-elā (plural vocative)
-elom (accusative singular)
-elā (accusative plural)
-elosjo (genitive singular)
-elī (genitive singular)
-elom (genitive plural)
-elōi (dative singular)
-elois (dative plural)
-elōd (ablative singular)
-elois (ablative plural)
-elei (locative singular)
-elois (locative plural)

Latin: -ulum

Faliscan: -𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌌 (-elom)

Neuter counterpart to *-elos (diminutive suffix).


arkelātos

arkelātos (masculine nominative singular)
arkelātā (feminine nominative singular)
arkelātom (neuter nominative singular)
arkelāte (masculine singular vocative)
arkelāta (feminine singular vocative)
arkelātom (neuter singular vocative)
arkelātom (accusative masculine singular)
arkelātam (accusative feminine singular)
arkelātom (accusative neuter singular)
arkelātosjo (genitive masculine singular)
arkelātī (genitive masculine singular)
arkelātās (feminine genitive singular)
arkelātosjo (genitive neuter singular)
arkelātī (genitive neuter singular)
arkelātōi (dative masculine singular)
arkelātāi (dative feminine singular)
arkelātōi (dative neuter singular)
arkelātōd (ablative masculine singular)
arkelātād (ablative feminine singular)
arkelātōd (ablative neuter singular)
arkelātei (locative masculine singular)
arkelātāi (feminine locative singular)
arkelātei (locative neuter singular)
arkelātōs (masculine nominative plural)
arkelātoi (masculine nominative plural)
arkelātās (feminine nominative plural)
arkelātā (neuter nominative plural)
arkelātōs (masculine plural vocative)
arkelātoi (masculine plural vocative)
arkelātās (feminine plural vocative)
arkelātā (neuter plural vocative)
arkelātons (accusative masculine plural)
arkelātans (accusative feminine plural)
arkelātā (accusative neuter plural)
arkelātom (genitive masculine plural)
arkelātāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
arkelātom (genitive neuter plural)
arkelātois (dative masculine plural)
arkelātais (dative feminine plural)
arkelātois (dative neuter plural)
arkelātois (ablative masculine plural)
arkelātais (ablative feminine plural)
arkelātois (ablative neuter plural)
arkelātois (locative masculine plural)
arkelātais (feminine locative plural)
arkelātois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: arculāta n pl (“sacrificial cakes”)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌓𐌜𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌚 (arçlataf, “a type of sacrificial gift”, acc. pl.)

The base noun of this word is unclear. It could be either of:
* From *arkelā, from *arkā (“container”) + *-elā (diminutive suffix).
* From *arkʷelo-, a diminutive of the ancestor of Latin arcus (“arch”).

af

descriptor of sacrificial gifts with uncertain meaning, possibly either of:


dwis

Faliscan: 𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pis), 𐌐𐌉 (pi)

Latin: bis

From Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice”).


kupros

kupros (masculine nominative singular)
kuprā (feminine nominative singular)
kuprom (neuter nominative singular)
kupre (masculine singular vocative)
kupra (feminine singular vocative)
kuprom (neuter singular vocative)
kuprom (accusative masculine singular)
kupram (accusative feminine singular)
kuprom (accusative neuter singular)
kuprosjo (genitive masculine singular)
kuprī (genitive masculine singular)
kuprās (feminine genitive singular)
kuprosjo (genitive neuter singular)
kuprī (genitive neuter singular)
kuprōi (dative masculine singular)
kuprāi (dative feminine singular)
kuprōi (dative neuter singular)
kuprōd (ablative masculine singular)
kuprād (ablative feminine singular)
kuprōd (ablative neuter singular)
kuprei (locative masculine singular)
kuprāi (feminine locative singular)
kuprei (locative neuter singular)
kuprōs (masculine nominative plural)
kuproi (masculine nominative plural)
kuprās (feminine nominative plural)
kuprā (neuter nominative plural)
kuprōs (masculine plural vocative)
kuproi (masculine plural vocative)
kuprās (feminine plural vocative)
kuprā (neuter plural vocative)
kuprons (accusative masculine plural)
kuprans (accusative feminine plural)
kuprā (accusative neuter plural)
kuprom (genitive masculine plural)
kuprāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
kuprom (genitive neuter plural)
kuprois (dative masculine plural)
kuprais (dative feminine plural)
kuprois (dative neuter plural)
kuprois (ablative masculine plural)
kuprais (ablative feminine plural)
kuprois (ablative neuter plural)
kuprois (locative masculine plural)
kuprais (feminine locative plural)
kuprois (locative neuter plural)

desc

→ Latin: Cupra (borrowed from South Picene)

adverb in <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*-ēd</i>

⇒ South Picene: 𐌊𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌝 (kuprí), 𐌒𐌖𐌐𐌝𐌓𐌝𐌇 (qupíríh, “well”) (adverb in *-ēd)

Umbrian: 𐌂𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌔 (cupras), cubrar (gen. sg. f.)

From Proto-Indo-European *kuprós, whence also Proto-Celtic *kubros (“desired, desiring”). The root is *kwep- (“to boil”).


welnō

welnō (active first-person indicative present singular)
welnōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
welnas (active indicative present second-person singular)
welnazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
welnat (active indicative present singular third-person)
welnator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
welnamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
welnamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
welnates (active indicative plural present second-person)
welnent (active indicative plural present third-person)
welnentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
welnām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
welnār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
welnās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
welnāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
welnād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
welnātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
welnāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
welnāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
welnātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
welnānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
welnāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
wowolai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
wowolistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
wowolei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
wowolme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
wowole (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
wowolēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
welom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
weles (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
weled (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
welome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
welete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
welond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
welna (active imperative present second-person singular)
welnazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
welnate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
welnatōd (active future imperative)
welnants (present)
woltos (past)
woltus (tu-derivative)
welnazi (s-derivative)

Latin: vellō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit, strike”).


eɣwelnō

eɣwelnō (active first-person indicative present singular)
eɣwelnōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
eɣwelnas (active indicative present second-person singular)
eɣwelnazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
eɣwelnat (active indicative present singular third-person)
eɣwelnator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
eɣwelnamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
eɣwelnamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
eɣwelnates (active indicative plural present second-person)
eɣwelnent (active indicative plural present third-person)
eɣwelnentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
eɣwelnām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
eɣwelnār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
eɣwelnās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
eɣwelnāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
eɣwelnād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
eɣwelnātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
eɣwelnāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
eɣwelnāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
eɣwelnātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
eɣwelnānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
eɣwelnāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
eɣwowolai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
eɣwowolistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
eɣwowolei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
eɣwowolme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
eɣwowole (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
eɣwowolēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
eɣwelom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
eɣweles (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
eɣweled (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
eɣwelome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
eɣwelete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
eɣwelond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
eɣwelna (active imperative present second-person singular)
eɣwelnazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
eɣwelnate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
eɣwelnatōd (active future imperative)
eɣwelnants (present)
eɣwoltos (past)
eɣwoltus (tu-derivative)
eɣwelnazi (s-derivative)

Latin: ēvellō

desc

South Picene: 𐌄𐌇𐌖𐌄𐌋𐌝 (ehuelí, 3sg. perf. subj.)

From *eɣ- (“out”) + *welnō (“to pull, tear”).


haβēō

haβēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
haβēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
haβēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
haβēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
haβēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
haβētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
haβēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
haβēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
haβētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
haβēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
haβēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
haβēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
haβēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
haβēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
haβēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
haβēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
haβēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
haβēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
haβēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
haβēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
haβēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
haβēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
haβēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
haβēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
haβē (active imperative present second-person singular)
haβēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
haβēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
haβētōd (active future imperative)
haβēnts (present)
haβetos (past)
haβetum (tu-derivative)
haβēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: habeō (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (habia, 3sg. pres. subj.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖 (habetu), habitu (3sg. imp.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (habetutu), habituto (3pl. imp.), habiest (3sg. fut.), habus (3sg. fut. perf.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄 (habe), habe (3sg. pres.)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-
Proto-Italic *haβēō
See Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ- for discussion.


haβjō

haβjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
haβjōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
haβis (active indicative present second-person singular)
haβizo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
haβit (active indicative present singular third-person)
haβitor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
haβimos (active first-person indicative plural present)
haβimor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
haβites (active indicative plural present second-person)
haβjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
haβjontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
haβjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
haβjār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
haβjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
haβjāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
haβjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
haβjātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
haβjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
haβjāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
haβjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
haβjām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
haβjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
haβjāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
hēpom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
hēpes (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
hēped (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
hapome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
hapete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
hapond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
haβi (active imperative present second-person singular)
haβizo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
haβite (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
haβitōd (active future imperative)
haβints (present)
haptos (past)
haptum (tu-derivative)
haβizi (s-derivative)

desc

Oscan: hafiest (3sg. fut.), hipid (3sg. perf. subj.), hipust (3sg. fut. perf.)

Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌖 (hahtu), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖 (hatu), hatu (3sg. imp.), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (hatutu), hatuto (3pl. imp.)

Sicel: γεπεδ (geped, 3sg. perf.)

From some sort of hybridization of semantically related roots present in *haβēō (“to have”) and *kapjō (“to take, seize”).


praihaβēō

praihaβēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
praihaβēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
praihaβēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
praihaβēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
praihaβēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
praihaβētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
praihaβēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
praihaβēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
praihaβētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
praihaβēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
praihaβēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
praihaβēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
praihaβēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
praihaβēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
praihaβēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
praihaβēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
praihaβēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
praihaβēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
praihaβēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
praihaβēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
praihaβēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
praihaβēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
praihaβēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
praihaβēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
praihaβē (active imperative present second-person singular)
praihaβēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
praihaβēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
praihaβētōd (active future imperative)
praihaβēnts (present)
praihaβetos (past)
praihaβetum (tu-derivative)
praihaβēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: praebeō

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehabia), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌉𐌀 (prehubria, 3sg. subj.)

From *prai- (“before, pre-”) + *haβēō (“to hold, have”).


prai-

Latin: prae- (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: prae-

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄- (pre-)


skaiwos

skaiwos (masculine nominative singular)
skaiwā (feminine nominative singular)
skaiwom (neuter nominative singular)
skaiwe (masculine singular vocative)
skaiwa (feminine singular vocative)
skaiwom (neuter singular vocative)
skaiwom (accusative masculine singular)
skaiwam (accusative feminine singular)
skaiwom (accusative neuter singular)
skaiwosjo (genitive masculine singular)
skaiwī (genitive masculine singular)
skaiwās (feminine genitive singular)
skaiwosjo (genitive neuter singular)
skaiwī (genitive neuter singular)
skaiwōi (dative masculine singular)
skaiwāi (dative feminine singular)
skaiwōi (dative neuter singular)
skaiwōd (ablative masculine singular)
skaiwād (ablative feminine singular)
skaiwōd (ablative neuter singular)
skaiwei (locative masculine singular)
skaiwāi (feminine locative singular)
skaiwei (locative neuter singular)
skaiwōs (masculine nominative plural)
skaiwoi (masculine nominative plural)
skaiwās (feminine nominative plural)
skaiwā (neuter nominative plural)
skaiwōs (masculine plural vocative)
skaiwoi (masculine plural vocative)
skaiwās (feminine plural vocative)
skaiwā (neuter plural vocative)
skaiwons (accusative masculine plural)
skaiwans (accusative feminine plural)
skaiwā (accusative neuter plural)
skaiwom (genitive masculine plural)
skaiwāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
skaiwom (genitive neuter plural)
skaiwois (dative masculine plural)
skaiwais (dative feminine plural)
skaiwois (dative neuter plural)
skaiwois (ablative masculine plural)
skaiwais (ablative feminine plural)
skaiwois (ablative neuter plural)
skaiwois (locative masculine plural)
skaiwais (feminine locative plural)
skaiwois (locative neuter plural)

desc

Faliscan: (as a female name) 𐌔𐌂𐌄𐌖𐌀 (sceua, nom. sg.), 𐌔𐌂𐌄𐌉𐌖𐌀𐌉 (sceiuai, gen. sg.)

Latin: scaevus

Paelignian: Scaifia

An exact cognate can be found in Ancient Greek σκαιός (skaiós), but trying to identify a root is problematic. De Vaan's comparison to descendants of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂ (“shade”) runs into the problem of having an incompatible root laryngeal (which De Vaan thinks was *h₂ instead of *h₃).


ekeso

head

*ekeso m (feminine *ekesā, neuter *ekesod)

ekesā (feminine)
ekesod (neuter)
ekeso (masculine nominative singular)
ekesā (feminine nominative singular)
ekesod (neuter nominative singular)
ekese (masculine singular vocative)
ekesa (feminine singular vocative)
ekesod (neuter singular vocative)
ekesom (accusative masculine singular)
ekesam (accusative feminine singular)
ekesod (accusative neuter singular)
ekesosjo (genitive masculine singular)
ekesosjās (feminine genitive singular)
ekesosjo (genitive neuter singular)
ekesōi (dative masculine singular)
ekesāi (dative feminine singular)
ekesōi (dative neuter singular)
ekesōd (ablative masculine singular)
ekesād (ablative feminine singular)
ekesōd (ablative neuter singular)
ekesei (locative masculine singular)
ekesāi (feminine locative singular)
ekesei (locative neuter singular)
ekesoi (masculine nominative plural)
ekesās (feminine nominative plural)
ekesā (neuter nominative plural)
ekesoi (masculine plural vocative)
ekesās (feminine plural vocative)
ekesā (neuter plural vocative)
ekesons (accusative masculine plural)
ekesans (accusative feminine plural)
ekesā (accusative neuter plural)
ekesom (genitive masculine plural)
ekesāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
ekesom (genitive neuter plural)
ekesois (dative masculine plural)
ekesais (dative feminine plural)
ekesois (dative neuter plural)
ekesois (ablative masculine plural)
ekesais (ablative feminine plural)
ekesois (ablative neuter plural)
ekesois (locative masculine plural)
ekesais (feminine locative plural)
ekesois (locative neuter plural)

Marrucinian: esuc (gen. pl. m.)

desc

Oscan: 𐌄𐌊𐌔𐌖𐌊 (eksuk, abl. sg. m./n.), exeic (loc. sg. n.), exac (abl. sg. f.), exaisc (abl. pl. f.)

Umbrian: eso (nom. sg. f. or nom./acc. pl. n.), essu, esu (abl. sg. m./n.), 𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌊𐌖 (esuku, abl. sg. m./n.), esa (abl. sg. f.), 𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌊 (esumek, gen. pl. n.), esome (gen. pl. n.), esir, isir (abl. pl. n.)

From the components of *eko (“this”) followed by Proto-Indo-European *só.


-ālis

-ālis (masculine nominative singular)
-ālis (feminine nominative singular)
-āle (neuter nominative singular)
-ālis (masculine singular vocative)
-ālis (feminine singular vocative)
-āle (neuter singular vocative)
-ālim (accusative masculine singular)
-ālim (accusative feminine singular)
-āle (accusative neuter singular)
-āleis (genitive masculine singular)
-āleis (feminine genitive singular)
-āljes (genitive neuter singular)
-ālei (dative masculine singular)
-ālei (dative feminine singular)
-ālei (dative neuter singular)
-ālīd (ablative masculine singular)
-ālīd (ablative feminine singular)
-ālīd (ablative neuter singular)
-ālei (locative masculine singular)
-ālei (feminine locative singular)
-ālei (locative neuter singular)
-ālēs (masculine nominative plural)
-ālēs (feminine nominative plural)
-āljā (neuter nominative plural)
-ālēs (masculine plural vocative)
-ālēs (feminine plural vocative)
-āljā (neuter plural vocative)
-ālins (accusative masculine plural)
-ālins (accusative feminine plural)
-āljā (accusative neuter plural)
-āljom (genitive masculine plural)
-āljom (feminine genitive plural)
-āljom (genitive neuter plural)
-āliβos (dative masculine plural)
-āliβos (dative feminine plural)
-āliβos (dative neuter plural)
-āliβos (ablative masculine plural)
-āliβos (ablative feminine plural)
-āliβos (ablative neuter plural)
-āliβos (locative masculine plural)
-āliβos (feminine locative plural)
-āliβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: -ālis, -āris

Oscan: -𐌀𐌓𐌝𐌌 (-arím, acc. sg. f.)

Paelignian: -ar (nom. sg.)

Umbrian: -ale (loc./abl. sg. or nom./acc. sg. n.), -alem (acc. sg.), -alir (gen. sg.), -arem (acc. sg. f.), -are (acc. sg. n.)