en

Old Latin: en

Latin: in (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: en, -en, -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), 𐌄𐌌- (em-)

Paelignian: i, -e, em-, in-

South Picene: -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), -𐌄𐌍 (-en)

Umbrian: -𐌄𐌌 (-em), -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌄 (-e), -em, -eme, en-

Venetic: 𐌄𐌔 (es, “unto”) (< *ens)


is

Latin: is, ea, id

Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)

Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)

South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)


ad

Latin: ad (see there for further descendants)

Osco-Umbrian:

⇒ Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az) (*ad-s)

Umbrian: -𐌀𐌛 (-ař)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”).


so

so (masculine nominative singular)
sā (feminine nominative singular)
sod (neuter nominative singular)
se (masculine singular vocative)
sa (feminine singular vocative)
sod (neuter singular vocative)
som (accusative masculine singular)
sam (accusative feminine singular)
sod (accusative neuter singular)
sosjo (genitive masculine singular)
sosjās (feminine genitive singular)
sosjo (genitive neuter singular)
sōi (dative masculine singular)
sāi (dative feminine singular)
sōi (dative neuter singular)
sōd (ablative masculine singular)
sād (ablative feminine singular)
sōd (ablative neuter singular)
sei (locative masculine singular)
sāi (feminine locative singular)
sei (locative neuter singular)
soi (masculine nominative plural)
sās (feminine nominative plural)
sā (neuter nominative plural)
soi (masculine plural vocative)
sās (feminine plural vocative)
sā (neuter plural vocative)
sons (accusative masculine plural)
sans (accusative feminine plural)
sā (accusative neuter plural)
som (genitive masculine plural)
sāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
som (genitive neuter plural)
sois (dative masculine plural)
sais (dative feminine plural)
sois (dative neuter plural)
sois (ablative masculine plural)
sais (ablative feminine plural)
sois (ablative neuter plural)
sois (locative masculine plural)
sais (feminine locative plural)
sois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: sum, sam, sōs (attested in Ennius)

South Picene: 𐌔𐌀 (sa, nom. sg. f. or nom. pl. n.)

From Proto-Indo-European *só, with initial *s- levelled throughout the entire declension.


et

Latin: et (see there for further descendants)

Paelignian: et

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌕 (et), et

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éti (“yet, still, also”), which De Vaan further believes to be an "old locative singular to a root noun from *h₁et- (“to go beyond”)."


sei

Latin: sī

From *sei, an innovated thematic locative singular of Proto-Indo-European *só.


ho

ho (masculine nominative singular)
hā (feminine nominative singular)
hod (neuter nominative singular)
he (masculine singular vocative)
ha (feminine singular vocative)
hod (neuter singular vocative)
hom (accusative masculine singular)
ham (accusative feminine singular)
hod (accusative neuter singular)
hosjo (genitive masculine singular)
hosjās (feminine genitive singular)
hosjo (genitive neuter singular)
hōi (dative masculine singular)
hāi (dative feminine singular)
hōi (dative neuter singular)
hōd (ablative masculine singular)
hād (ablative feminine singular)
hōd (ablative neuter singular)
hei (locative masculine singular)
hāi (feminine locative singular)
hei (locative neuter singular)
hoi (masculine nominative plural)
hās (feminine nominative plural)
hā (neuter nominative plural)
hoi (masculine plural vocative)
hās (feminine plural vocative)
hā (neuter plural vocative)
hons (accusative masculine plural)
hans (accusative feminine plural)
hā (accusative neuter plural)
hom (genitive masculine plural)
hāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
hom (genitive neuter plural)
hois (dative masculine plural)
hais (dative feminine plural)
hois (dative neuter plural)
hois (ablative masculine plural)
hais (ablative feminine plural)
hois (ablative neuter plural)
hois (locative masculine plural)
hais (feminine locative plural)
hois (locative neuter plural)

⇒? Umbrian: erihont, 𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕 (erahunt)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰe (a particle), with pronominal inflection added.


kaput

kaput (nominative singular)
kaputā (nominative plural)
kaput (singular vocative)
kaputā (plural vocative)
kaput (accusative singular)
kaputā (accusative plural)
kaputes (genitive singular)
kaputos (genitive singular)
kaputom (genitive plural)
kaputei (dative singular)
kaputβos (dative plural)
kaputi? kapute? (ablative singular)
kaputβos (ablative plural)
kaputi? kapute? (locative singular)
kaputβos (locative plural)

Latin: caput, capud n, capus m, cabo (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“seize, hold”), possibly of substrate origin.


per

Latin: per


op

Latin: ob

Oscan: 𐌞𐌐 (úp), op

Venetic: op


kom

Old Latin: com

Latin: cum (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: com

Umbrian: com

Oscan: com

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, along, at”).


nei

Latin: nī

Oscan: nei

From Proto-Indo-European *ne extended by a particle *ī or *i.


tri-

Latin: tri- (see there for further descendants)

desc

in <i class="Ital mention" lang="xum">𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌁𐌛𐌉𐌜𐌖</i> (tribřiçu)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌉- (tri-) (in 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌁𐌛𐌉𐌜𐌖 (tribřiçu))


ek

Latin: ec-, ⇒ ecce

Sabellic:

Marrucinian: ecan (acc. sg. f.)

Oscan: 𐌄𐌊 (ek, nom. sg. m.), 𐌄𐌊𐌞𐌊 (ekúk, nom. sg. m.), 𐌄𐌊𐌝𐌊 (ekík, nom./acc. sg. n.), 𐌄𐌊𐌀𐌔𐌔 (ekass, acc. pl. f.), 𐌄𐌊𐌀 (eka, acc. pl. f.)

Paelignian: ecuc (nom. sg. m.), ecic (nom. sg. n.)

Breaking it down element by element:
* The initial *e- has been compared to that of Ancient Greek ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos, “that”).
* The *-k- is from the deictic particle *ke.


fortis

fortis (nominative singular)
fortēs (nominative plural)
fortis (singular vocative)
fortēs (plural vocative)
fortim (accusative singular)
fortins (accusative plural)
forteis (genitive singular)
fortjom (genitive plural)
fortei (dative singular)
fortiβos (dative plural)
fortīd (ablative singular)
fortiβos (ablative plural)
fortei (locative singular)
fortiβos (locative plural)

Latin: fors

Paelignian: forte (gen. sg.) (if not borrowed from Latin)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, with semantic shift from "load" > "chance, luck". For the semantic development, compare Proto-Germanic *buriz (“favorable wind”), from the same root.


manus

manus (nominative singular)
manowes (nominative plural)
manus (singular vocative)
manowes (plural vocative)
manum (accusative singular)
manuns (accusative plural)
manous (genitive singular)
manwom (genitive plural)
manowei (dative singular)
manuβos (dative plural)
manūd (ablative singular)
manuβos (ablative plural)
manou (locative singular)
manuβos (locative plural)

Latin: manus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: manim (accusative singular)

South Picene: manus (ablative plural)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌖𐌅𐌄 (manuve) (locative singular), 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌉 (mani), mani (ablative singular), 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌚 (manf) (accusative plural)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”), though de Vaan follows Schrijver reconstructing a *mon-u- derivation. Compare Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand; protection, security”), Hittite [script needed] (manii̯aḫḫ-ⁱ, “to distribute, entrust”) (the latter said to be from *mn-ieh₂- by Kloekhorst).


super

Latin: super (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super)


eno

Oscan: in, ini

Umbrian: eno, enu

Unsorted formations:

Latin: enim

Oscan: inim

Paelignian: inom

Umbrian: enom, enem

Umbrian: inuk, inumek


reis

reis (nominative singular)
rēs (nominative plural)
reis (singular vocative)
rēs (plural vocative)
reim (accusative singular)
rēm (accusative singular)
reins? *rens? (accusative plural)
rēs (genitive singular)
rēom (genitive plural)
rēi (dative singular)
reiβos (*rēβos?) (dative plural)
rīd? (ablative singular)
rē? (ablative singular)
reiβos (*rēβos?) (ablative plural)
rēi (locative singular)
reiβos (*rēβos?) (locative plural)

Latin: rēs

Umbrian: ri (genitive singular)

From Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”).


gustus

gustus (nominative singular)
gustowes (nominative plural)
gustus (singular vocative)
gustowes (plural vocative)
gustum (accusative singular)
gustuns (accusative plural)
gustous (genitive singular)
gustwom (genitive plural)
gustowei (dative singular)
gustuβos (dative plural)
gustūd (ablative singular)
gustuβos (ablative plural)
gustou (locative singular)
gustuβos (locative plural)

Latin: gustus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”).


ki

Latin: cis

See Proto-Indo-European *ḱís for relatives.


seks

Latin: sex (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: 𐌆𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌏𐌔 (zestos)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌔 (sehs)


status

status (nominative singular)
statowes (nominative plural)
status (singular vocative)
statowes (plural vocative)
statum (accusative singular)
statuns (accusative plural)
statous (genitive singular)
statwom (genitive plural)
statowei (dative singular)
statuβos (dative plural)
statūd (ablative singular)
statuβos (ablative plural)
statou (locative singular)
statuβos (locative plural)

Latin: status (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s, from *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-tus.


ad-

Latin: ad-

Sabellic:

desc

Oscan: 𐌀𐌃- (ad-) (base form), a- (before /s/)

South Picene: 𐌀𐌃- (ad-)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌛- (ař-)

Volscian: ar-

Effectively the preposition *ad (“to”) used as a prefix.


-os

-os (masculine nominative singular)
-ā (feminine nominative singular)
-om (neuter nominative singular)
-e (masculine singular vocative)
-a (feminine singular vocative)
-om (neuter singular vocative)
-om (accusative masculine singular)
-am (accusative feminine singular)
-om (accusative neuter singular)
-osjo (genitive masculine singular)
-ī (genitive masculine singular)
-ās (feminine genitive singular)
-osjo (genitive neuter singular)
-ī (genitive neuter singular)
-ōi (dative masculine singular)
-āi (dative feminine singular)
-ōi (dative neuter singular)
-ōd (ablative masculine singular)
-ād (ablative feminine singular)
-ōd (ablative neuter singular)
-ei (locative masculine singular)
-āi (feminine locative singular)
-ei (locative neuter singular)
-ōs (masculine nominative plural)
-oi (masculine nominative plural)
-ās (feminine nominative plural)
-ā (neuter nominative plural)
-ōs (masculine plural vocative)
-oi (masculine plural vocative)
-ās (feminine plural vocative)
-ā (neuter plural vocative)
-ons (accusative masculine plural)
-ans (accusative feminine plural)
-ā (accusative neuter plural)
-om (genitive masculine plural)
-āzōm (feminine genitive plural)
-om (genitive neuter plural)
-ois (dative masculine plural)
-ais (dative feminine plural)
-ois (dative neuter plural)
-ois (ablative masculine plural)
-ais (ablative feminine plural)
-ois (ablative neuter plural)
-ois (locative masculine plural)
-ais (feminine locative plural)
-ois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: -us


anti

Latin: ante

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌕 (ant)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“in front, opposite”).


esto

estā (feminine)
estod (neuter)
esto (masculine nominative singular)
estā (feminine nominative singular)
estod (neuter nominative singular)
este (masculine singular vocative)
esta (feminine singular vocative)
estod (neuter singular vocative)
estom (accusative masculine singular)
estam (accusative feminine singular)
estod (accusative neuter singular)
estosjo (genitive masculine singular)
estosjās (feminine genitive singular)
estosjo (genitive neuter singular)
estōi (dative masculine singular)
estāi (dative feminine singular)
estōi (dative neuter singular)
estōd (ablative masculine singular)
estād (ablative feminine singular)
estōd (ablative neuter singular)
estei (locative masculine singular)
estāi (feminine locative singular)
estei (locative neuter singular)
estoi (masculine nominative plural)
estās (feminine nominative plural)
estā (neuter nominative plural)
estoi (masculine plural vocative)
estās (feminine plural vocative)
estā (neuter plural vocative)
estons (accusative masculine plural)
estans (accusative feminine plural)
estā (accusative neuter plural)
estom (genitive masculine plural)
estāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
estom (genitive neuter plural)
estois (dative masculine plural)
estais (dative feminine plural)
estois (dative neuter plural)
estois (ablative masculine plural)
estais (ablative feminine plural)
estois (ablative neuter plural)
estois (locative masculine plural)
estais (feminine locative plural)
estois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: iste

desc

South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌔 (estas, nom pl fem.)

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖 (estu, acc sg masc.), 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌄 (este, acc sg neut.)

A compound pronoun from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)es- + *só, with the s-initial forms of the latter element replaced with t-initial forms.


mari

mari (nominative singular)
marjā (nominative plural)
mari (singular vocative)
marjā (plural vocative)
mari (accusative singular)
marjā (accusative plural)
mareis (genitive singular)
marjom (genitive plural)
marei (dative singular)
mariβos (dative plural)
marīd (ablative singular)
mariβos (ablative plural)
marei (locative singular)
mariβos (locative plural)

Latin: mare (see there for further descendants)


pro-

Latin: prō-, pro-

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌞- (prú-), 𐌐𐌓𐌖- (pru-)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌖- (pru-), pro-

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“towards, forwards”).

inh

pro- (see the Latin entry for further meanings)


hostis

hostis (nominative singular)
hostēs (nominative plural)
hostis (singular vocative)
hostēs (plural vocative)
hostim (accusative singular)
hostins (accusative plural)
hosteis (genitive singular)
hostjom (genitive plural)
hostei (dative singular)
hostiβos (dative plural)
hostīd (ablative singular)
hostiβos (ablative plural)
hostei (locative singular)
hostiβos (locative plural)

Latin: hostis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis (“stranger”).


ito

ito (masculine nominative singular)
itā (feminine nominative singular)
itod (neuter nominative singular)
ite (masculine singular vocative)
ita (feminine singular vocative)
itod (neuter singular vocative)
itom (accusative masculine singular)
itam (accusative feminine singular)
itod (accusative neuter singular)
itosjo (genitive masculine singular)
itosjās (feminine genitive singular)
itosjo (genitive neuter singular)
itōi (dative masculine singular)
itāi (dative feminine singular)
itōi (dative neuter singular)
itōd (ablative masculine singular)
itād (ablative feminine singular)
itōd (ablative neuter singular)
itei (locative masculine singular)
itāi (feminine locative singular)
itei (locative neuter singular)
itoi (masculine nominative plural)
itās (feminine nominative plural)
itā (neuter nominative plural)
itoi (masculine plural vocative)
itās (feminine plural vocative)
itā (neuter plural vocative)
itons (accusative masculine plural)
itans (accusative feminine plural)
itā (accusative neuter plural)
itom (genitive masculine plural)
itāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
itom (genitive neuter plural)
itois (dative masculine plural)
itais (dative feminine plural)
itois (dative neuter plural)
itois (ablative masculine plural)
itais (ablative feminine plural)
itois (ablative neuter plural)
itois (locative masculine plural)
itais (feminine locative plural)
itois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: ita, item, ⇒ itidem

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌊 (itek)

De Vaan speculates a compound pronoun *h₁i- + *to-.


pets

pets (nominative singular)
pedes (nominative plural)
pets (singular vocative)
pedes (plural vocative)
pedem (accusative singular)
pedens (accusative plural)
pedes (genitive singular)
pedos (genitive singular)
pedom (genitive plural)
pedei (dative singular)
pedβos (dative plural)
pedi? pede? (ablative singular)
pedβos (ablative plural)
pedi? pede? (locative singular)
pedβos (locative plural)

Latin: pēs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌉 (peři), persi (abl. sg.)


endo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁(e)ndó (“inside”).


endo

Old Latin: endo, indu, indu-, indi-

Latin: indu, indu-, indi-


tū

egō (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
tū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mē (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tē (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sē (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mei (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tei (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sei (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
meɣei (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
teβei (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
seβei (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
med (ablative first-person personal pronoun singular)
ted (ablative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sed (ablative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
meos (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
towos (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sowos (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
nōs (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
wōs (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōs (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōs (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nosterom (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
westerom (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōβei (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōβei (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōβei (ablative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōβei (ablative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nosteros (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
westeros (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)

Latin: tū

desc

Oscan: 𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌌 (tiium), 𐌕𐌉𐌞 (tiú, nom.), 𐌕𐌉𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tifei), 𐌕𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tfei, dat.)

South Picene: 𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom, acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌝 (tefeí), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌇 (tefeh, dat.)

Umbrian: tiom, 𐌕𐌉𐌖 (tiu), tio, teio (acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄 (tefe), tefe (dat.)


magis

magis (masculine nominative singular)
magis (feminine nominative singular)
magiz (neuter nominative singular)
magis (masculine singular vocative)
magis (feminine singular vocative)
magiz (neuter singular vocative)
magizem (accusative masculine singular)
magizem (accusative feminine singular)
magiz (accusative neuter singular)
magizes (genitive masculine singular)
magizos (genitive masculine singular)
magizes (feminine genitive singular)
magizos (feminine genitive singular)
magizes (genitive neuter singular)
magizos (genitive neuter singular)
magizei (dative masculine singular)
magizei (dative feminine singular)
magizei (dative neuter singular)
magizi? magize? (ablative masculine singular)
magizi? magize? (ablative feminine singular)
magizi? magize? (ablative neuter singular)
magizi? magize? (locative masculine singular)
magizi? magize? (feminine locative singular)
magizi? magize? (locative neuter singular)
magizes (masculine nominative plural)
magizes (feminine nominative plural)
magizā (neuter nominative plural)
magizes (masculine plural vocative)
magizes (feminine plural vocative)
magizā (neuter plural vocative)
magizens (accusative masculine plural)
magizens (accusative feminine plural)
magizā (accusative neuter plural)
magizom (genitive masculine plural)
magizom (feminine genitive plural)
magizom (genitive neuter plural)
magizəβos (dative masculine plural)
magizβos (dative feminine plural)
magizβos (dative neuter plural)
magizəβos (ablative masculine plural)
magizβos (ablative feminine plural)
magizβos (ablative neuter plural)
magizəβos (locative masculine plural)
magizβos (feminine locative plural)
magizβos (locative neuter plural)

Oscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌉𐌔 (mais)

Latin: magis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European m̥ǵh₂-is, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂yōs. Zero-grade doublet of *magjōs.


dents

dents (nominative singular)
dentes (nominative plural)
dents (singular vocative)
dentes (plural vocative)
dentem (accusative singular)
dentens (accusative plural)
dentes (genitive singular)
dentos (genitive singular)
dentom (genitive plural)
dentei (dative singular)
dentβos (dative plural)
denti? dente? (ablative singular)
dentβos (ablative plural)
denti? dente? (locative singular)
dentβos (locative plural)

Latin: dēns (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌃𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌄 (dunte)


serpents

serpents (nominative singular)
serpentes (nominative plural)
serpents (singular vocative)
serpentes (plural vocative)
serpentem (accusative singular)
serpentens (accusative plural)
serpentes (genitive singular)
serpentos (genitive singular)
serpentom (genitive plural)
serpentei (dative singular)
serpentβos (dative plural)
serpenti? serpente? (ablative singular)
serpentβos (ablative plural)
serpenti? serpente? (locative singular)
serpentβos (locative plural)

Latin: serpens


ana-

Oscan: ανα- (ana-)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌍- (an-), an-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“on”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná) and Proto-Germanic *an.


fronts

fronts (nominative singular)
frontes (nominative plural)
fronts (singular vocative)
frontes (plural vocative)
frontem (accusative singular)
frontens (accusative plural)
frontes (genitive singular)
frontos (genitive singular)
frontom (genitive plural)
frontei (dative singular)
frontβos (dative plural)
fronti? fronte? (ablative singular)
frontβos (ablative plural)
fronti? fronte? (locative singular)
frontβos (locative plural)

Latin: frōns


duō

Latin: duo (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: duom

Oscan: 𐌃𐌖𐌔 (dus)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌚 (tuf), dur


ensis

ensis (nominative singular)
ensēs (nominative plural)
ensis (singular vocative)
ensēs (plural vocative)
ensim (accusative singular)
ensins (accusative plural)
enseis (genitive singular)
ensjom (genitive plural)
ensei (dative singular)
ensiβos (dative plural)
ensīd (ablative singular)
ensiβos (ablative plural)
ensei (locative singular)
ensiβos (locative plural)

Latin: ēnsis

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ensi- (“sword, large knife”).


sāls

sāls (nominative singular)
sales (nominative plural)
sāls (singular vocative)
sales (plural vocative)
salem (accusative singular)
salens (accusative plural)
sales (genitive singular)
salos (genitive singular)
salom (genitive plural)
salei (dative singular)
salβos (dative plural)
sali? sale? (ablative singular)
salβos (ablative plural)
sali? sale? (locative singular)
salβos (locative plural)

Latin: sāl (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌑𐌀𐌋𐌖 (salu, acc. sg.)


posti

Latin: post, poste (archaic)

Oscan: post, púst, pustin

Umbrian: posti, pusti

Apocopated forms: post, pus

South Picene: 𐌐𐌏𐌔𐌕𐌉𐌍 (postin)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pós
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *pós-ti
Proto-Italic *posti
From Proto-Indo-European *pós (“after”), with an adverbial marker *-ti.


tempos

tempos (nominative singular)
tempezā (nominative plural)
tempos (singular vocative)
tempezā (plural vocative)
tempos (accusative singular)
tempezā (accusative plural)
tempezes (genitive singular)
tempezos (genitive singular)
tempezom (genitive plural)
tempezei (dative singular)
tempezβos (dative plural)
tempezi? tempeze? (ablative singular)
tempezβos (ablative plural)
tempezi? tempeze? (locative singular)
tempezβos (locative plural)

Latin: tempus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch, string”), whence also templum (“shrine”). Originally the word meant "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
Or from Proto-Indo-European *temh₂- (“to cut”). Thus a section (of time). See also Latin temnō, tondeō, templum, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō). Compare the etymology of English time.
* Note that as indicated by the the adverb temperī the noun would originally have declined like genus.

der

stretch; or section, period (of time. See etymology)


mortis

mortis (nominative singular)
mortēs (nominative plural)
mortis (singular vocative)
mortēs (plural vocative)
mortim (accusative singular)
mortins (accusative plural)
morteis (genitive singular)
mortjom (genitive plural)
mortei (dative singular)
mortiβos (dative plural)
mortīd (ablative singular)
mortiβos (ablative plural)
mortei (locative singular)
mortiβos (locative plural)

Latin: mors


hortos

hortos (nominative singular)
hortōs (nominative plural)
hortoi (nominative plural)
horte (singular vocative)
hortōs (plural vocative)
hortoi (plural vocative)
hortom (accusative singular)
hortons (accusative plural)
hortosjo (genitive singular)
hortī (genitive singular)
hortom (genitive plural)
hortōi (dative singular)
hortois (dative plural)
hortōd (ablative singular)
hortois (ablative plural)
hortei (locative singular)
hortois (locative plural)

Latin: hortus (“garden”) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌇𐌞𐌓𐌆 (húrz, “enclosure”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos, from *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”). De Vaan is suspicious of the o-grade in the Celtic and Greek cognates (*-tós usually demanding the zero grade), believing that the similar o-grade *gʰórdʰos (from *gʰerdʰ- + *-os) must have contaminated it.


dwi-

Latin: bi-, du-

desc

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖- (tu-), du- (as in 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌀𐌊 (tuplak) and dupursus)


atta

attā (nominative singular)
attās (nominative plural)
atta (singular vocative)
attās (plural vocative)
attam (accusative singular)
attans (accusative plural)
attās (genitive singular)
attāzom (genitive plural)
attāi (dative singular)
attais (dative plural)
attād (ablative singular)
attais (ablative plural)
attāi (locative singular)
attais (locative plural)

Latin: atta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *átta. Cognates include Hittite 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (attas), Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta), Old Church Slavonic отьць (otĭcĭ) and Ancient Greek ἄττα (átta).


stips

stips (nominative singular)
stipes (nominative plural)
stips (singular vocative)
stipes (plural vocative)
stipem (accusative singular)
stipens (accusative plural)
stipes (genitive singular)
stipos (genitive singular)
stipom (genitive plural)
stipei (dative singular)
stipβos (dative plural)
stipi? stipe? (ablative singular)
stipβos (ablative plural)
stipi? stipe? (locative singular)
stipβos (locative plural)

Latin: stips

Root noun from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“stiff”), whence also Latin stīpō (“to crowd up”).


formos

formos (masculine nominative singular)
formā (feminine nominative singular)
formom (neuter nominative singular)
forme (masculine singular vocative)
forma (feminine singular vocative)
formom (neuter singular vocative)
formom (accusative masculine singular)
formam (accusative feminine singular)
formom (accusative neuter singular)
formosjo (genitive masculine singular)
formī (genitive masculine singular)
formās (feminine genitive singular)
formosjo (genitive neuter singular)
formī (genitive neuter singular)
formōi (dative masculine singular)
formāi (dative feminine singular)
formōi (dative neuter singular)
formōd (ablative masculine singular)
formād (ablative feminine singular)
formōd (ablative neuter singular)
formei (locative masculine singular)
formāi (feminine locative singular)
formei (locative neuter singular)
formōs (masculine nominative plural)
formoi (masculine nominative plural)
formās (feminine nominative plural)
formā (neuter nominative plural)
formōs (masculine plural vocative)
formoi (masculine plural vocative)
formās (feminine plural vocative)
formā (neuter plural vocative)
formons (accusative masculine plural)
formans (accusative feminine plural)
formā (accusative neuter plural)
formom (genitive masculine plural)
formāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
formom (genitive neuter plural)
formois (dative masculine plural)
formais (dative feminine plural)
formois (dative neuter plural)
formois (ablative masculine plural)
formais (ablative feminine plural)
formois (ablative neuter plural)
formois (locative masculine plural)
formais (feminine locative plural)
formois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: formus (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *xʷormos, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰormos, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


partis

partis (nominative singular)
partēs (nominative plural)
partis (singular vocative)
partēs (plural vocative)
partim (accusative singular)
partins (accusative plural)
parteis (genitive singular)
partjom (genitive plural)
partei (dative singular)
partiβos (dative plural)
partīd (ablative singular)
partiβos (ablative plural)
partei (locative singular)
partiβos (locative plural)

Latin: pars

Faliscan: partis

Umbrian: pars

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to grant”), see also Proto-Celtic *ɸrasnā (“part”).


mentis

Latin: mēns

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *men-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *méntis
Proto-Italic *mentis
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *méntis, from *men- + *-tis.


supo

Latin: sub (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: συπ (sup)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌖 (supu), su


katos

katos (nominative singular)
katesā (nominative plural)
katos (singular vocative)
katesā (plural vocative)
katos (accusative singular)
katesā (accusative plural)
kateses (genitive singular)
katesos (genitive singular)
katesom (genitive plural)
katesei (dative singular)
katesβos (dative plural)
katesi? katese? (ablative singular)
katesβos (ablative plural)
katesi? katese? (locative singular)
katesβos (locative plural)

Unknown. See the derived catēna (“chain”) for more discussion.

catēna

chain; see there for further descendants


katos

katos (masculine nominative singular)
katā (feminine nominative singular)
katom (neuter nominative singular)
kate (masculine singular vocative)
kata (feminine singular vocative)
katom (neuter singular vocative)
katom (accusative masculine singular)
katam (accusative feminine singular)
katom (accusative neuter singular)
katosjo (genitive masculine singular)
katī (genitive masculine singular)
katās (feminine genitive singular)
katosjo (genitive neuter singular)
katī (genitive neuter singular)
katōi (dative masculine singular)
katāi (dative feminine singular)
katōi (dative neuter singular)
katōd (ablative masculine singular)
katād (ablative feminine singular)
katōd (ablative neuter singular)
katei (locative masculine singular)
katāi (feminine locative singular)
katei (locative neuter singular)
katōs (masculine nominative plural)
katoi (masculine nominative plural)
katās (feminine nominative plural)
katā (neuter nominative plural)
katōs (masculine plural vocative)
katoi (masculine plural vocative)
katās (feminine plural vocative)
katā (neuter plural vocative)
katons (accusative masculine plural)
katans (accusative feminine plural)
katā (accusative neuter plural)
katom (genitive masculine plural)
katāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
katom (genitive neuter plural)
katois (dative masculine plural)
katais (dative feminine plural)
katois (dative neuter plural)
katois (ablative masculine plural)
katais (ablative feminine plural)
katois (ablative neuter plural)
katois (locative masculine plural)
katais (feminine locative plural)
katois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: catus, Catō

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₃tós (“sharpened”), from *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”). Cognate with Old Irish cath (“wise, able”), Sanskrit शित (śitá-, “whetted, sharpened, slender”).


oinos

oinos (masculine nominative singular)
oinā (feminine nominative singular)
oinom (neuter nominative singular)
oine (masculine singular vocative)
oina (feminine singular vocative)
oinom (neuter singular vocative)
oinom (accusative masculine singular)
oinam (accusative feminine singular)
oinom (accusative neuter singular)
oinosjo (genitive masculine singular)
oinī (genitive masculine singular)
oinās (feminine genitive singular)
oinosjo (genitive neuter singular)
oinī (genitive neuter singular)
oinōi (dative masculine singular)
oināi (dative feminine singular)
oinōi (dative neuter singular)
oinōd (ablative masculine singular)
oinād (ablative feminine singular)
oinōd (ablative neuter singular)
oinei (locative masculine singular)
oināi (feminine locative singular)
oinei (locative neuter singular)

desctree

Old Latin: oinos
Latin: ūnus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌔 (uinus)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌍𐌔 (uns)


aos

aos (nominative singular)
aezā (nominative plural)
aos (singular vocative)
aezā (plural vocative)
aos (accusative singular)
aezā (accusative plural)
aezes (genitive singular)
aezos (genitive singular)
aezom (genitive plural)
aezei (dative singular)
aezβos (dative plural)
aezi? aeze? (ablative singular)
aezβos (ablative plural)
aezi? aeze? (locative singular)
aezβos (locative plural)

Latin: aes

From earlier *ajos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyos.


potis

head

*potis (comparative *potjōs, superlative *potisemos)

potjōs (comparative)
potisemos (superlative)
potis (masculine nominative singular)
potis (feminine nominative singular)
pote (neuter nominative singular)
potis (masculine singular vocative)
potis (feminine singular vocative)
pote (neuter singular vocative)
potim (accusative masculine singular)
potim (accusative feminine singular)
pote (accusative neuter singular)
poteis (genitive masculine singular)
poteis (feminine genitive singular)
potjes (genitive neuter singular)
potei (dative masculine singular)
potei (dative feminine singular)
potei (dative neuter singular)
potīd (ablative masculine singular)
potīd (ablative feminine singular)
potīd (ablative neuter singular)
potei (locative masculine singular)
potei (feminine locative singular)
potei (locative neuter singular)
potēs (masculine nominative plural)
potēs (feminine nominative plural)
potjā (neuter nominative plural)
potēs (masculine plural vocative)
potēs (feminine plural vocative)
potjā (neuter plural vocative)
potins (accusative masculine plural)
potins (accusative feminine plural)
potjā (accusative neuter plural)
potjom (genitive masculine plural)
potjom (feminine genitive plural)
potjom (genitive neuter plural)
potiβos (dative masculine plural)
potiβos (dative feminine plural)
potiβos (dative neuter plural)
potiβos (ablative masculine plural)
potiβos (ablative feminine plural)
potiβos (ablative neuter plural)
potiβos (locative masculine plural)
potiβos (feminine locative plural)
potiβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: potis


ratos

ratos (masculine nominative singular)
ratā (feminine nominative singular)
ratom (neuter nominative singular)
rate (masculine singular vocative)
rata (feminine singular vocative)
ratom (neuter singular vocative)
ratom (accusative masculine singular)
ratam (accusative feminine singular)
ratom (accusative neuter singular)
ratosjo (genitive masculine singular)
ratī (genitive masculine singular)
ratās (feminine genitive singular)
ratosjo (genitive neuter singular)
ratī (genitive neuter singular)
ratōi (dative masculine singular)
ratāi (dative feminine singular)
ratōi (dative neuter singular)
ratōd (ablative masculine singular)
ratād (ablative feminine singular)
ratōd (ablative neuter singular)
ratei (locative masculine singular)
ratāi (feminine locative singular)
ratei (locative neuter singular)
ratōs (masculine nominative plural)
ratoi (masculine nominative plural)
ratās (feminine nominative plural)
ratā (neuter nominative plural)
ratōs (masculine plural vocative)
ratoi (masculine plural vocative)
ratās (feminine plural vocative)
ratā (neuter plural vocative)
ratons (accusative masculine plural)
ratans (accusative feminine plural)
ratā (accusative neuter plural)
ratom (genitive masculine plural)
ratāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
ratom (genitive neuter plural)
ratois (dative masculine plural)
ratais (dative feminine plural)
ratois (dative neuter plural)
ratois (ablative masculine plural)
ratais (ablative feminine plural)
ratois (ablative neuter plural)
ratois (locative masculine plural)
ratais (feminine locative plural)
ratois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: ratus

From *h₂rh₁-tós. Past participle of *rēōr, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- (“to think”).


portus

portus (nominative singular)
portowes (nominative plural)
portus (singular vocative)
portowes (plural vocative)
portum (accusative singular)
portuns (accusative plural)
portous (genitive singular)
portwom (genitive plural)
portowei (dative singular)
portuβos (dative plural)
portūd (ablative singular)
portuβos (ablative plural)
portou (locative singular)
portuβos (locative plural)

Latin: portus (see there for further descendants)


-de

Latin: inde, quamde, unde, clandestīnus

From Proto-Indo-European *de, an 'indeclinable deictic particle', related by ablaut to the -do in *endo.


nē

Latin: nē (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: ni

Umbrian: ne


pernos

pernos (masculine nominative singular)
pernā (feminine nominative singular)
pernom (neuter nominative singular)
perne (masculine singular vocative)
perna (feminine singular vocative)
pernom (neuter singular vocative)
pernom (accusative masculine singular)
pernam (accusative feminine singular)
pernom (accusative neuter singular)
pernosjo (genitive masculine singular)
pernī (genitive masculine singular)
pernās (feminine genitive singular)
pernosjo (genitive neuter singular)
pernī (genitive neuter singular)
pernōi (dative masculine singular)
pernāi (dative feminine singular)
pernōi (dative neuter singular)
pernōd (ablative masculine singular)
pernād (ablative feminine singular)
pernōd (ablative neuter singular)
pernei (locative masculine singular)
pernāi (feminine locative singular)
pernei (locative neuter singular)
pernōs (masculine nominative plural)
pernoi (masculine nominative plural)
pernās (feminine nominative plural)
pernā (neuter nominative plural)
pernōs (masculine plural vocative)
pernoi (masculine plural vocative)
pernās (feminine plural vocative)
pernā (neuter plural vocative)
pernons (accusative masculine plural)
pernans (accusative feminine plural)
pernā (accusative neuter plural)
pernom (genitive masculine plural)
pernāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
pernom (genitive neuter plural)
pernois (dative masculine plural)
pernais (dative feminine plural)
pernois (dative neuter plural)
pernois (ablative masculine plural)
pernais (ablative feminine plural)
pernois (ablative neuter plural)
pernois (locative masculine plural)
pernais (feminine locative plural)
pernois (locative neuter plural)

desc

compounded with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">diēs</i> (“day”)

⇒ Latin: perendiē (compounded with diēs (“day”))

Oscan: 𐌐𐌄𐌓𐌍𐌀𐌝 (pernaí, dat. sg. f.) (goddess name)

Umbrian: perne (dat. sg. n.)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌓𐌍𐌀𐌉𐌀𐌚 (pernaiaf, acc. pl. f.), 𐌐𐌄𐌓𐌍𐌀𐌉𐌄𐌔 (pernaies, abl. pl. f)

Related to Lithuanian pernai and Proto-Germanic *fernaz.


kord

kord (nominative singular)
kordā (nominative plural)
kord (singular vocative)
kordā (plural vocative)
kord (accusative singular)
kordā (accusative plural)
kordes (genitive singular)
kordos (genitive singular)
kordom (genitive plural)
kordei (dative singular)
kordβos (dative plural)
kordi? korde? (ablative singular)
kordβos (ablative plural)
kordi? korde? (locative singular)
kordβos (locative plural)

Latin: cor

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d-, oblique of *ḱḗr (“heart”).


par-

paris (masculine nominative singular)
paris (feminine nominative singular)
pare (neuter nominative singular)
paris (masculine singular vocative)
paris (feminine singular vocative)
pare (neuter singular vocative)
parim (accusative masculine singular)
parim (accusative feminine singular)
pare (accusative neuter singular)
pareis (genitive masculine singular)
pareis (feminine genitive singular)
parjes (genitive neuter singular)
parei (dative masculine singular)
parei (dative feminine singular)
parei (dative neuter singular)
parīd (ablative masculine singular)
parīd (ablative feminine singular)
parīd (ablative neuter singular)
parei (locative masculine singular)
parei (feminine locative singular)
parei (locative neuter singular)
parēs (masculine nominative plural)
parēs (feminine nominative plural)
parjā (neuter nominative plural)
parēs (masculine plural vocative)
parēs (feminine plural vocative)
parjā (neuter plural vocative)
parins (accusative masculine plural)
parins (accusative feminine plural)
parjā (accusative neuter plural)
parjom (genitive masculine plural)
parjom (feminine genitive plural)
parjom (genitive neuter plural)
pariβos (dative masculine plural)
pariβos (dative feminine plural)
pariβos (dative neuter plural)
pariβos (ablative masculine plural)
pariβos (ablative feminine plural)
pariβos (ablative neuter plural)
pariβos (locative masculine plural)
pariβos (feminine locative plural)
pariβos (locative neuter plural)
paros (masculine nominative singular)
parā (feminine nominative singular)
parom (neuter nominative singular)
pare (masculine singular vocative)
para (feminine singular vocative)
parom (neuter singular vocative)
parom (accusative masculine singular)
param (accusative feminine singular)
parom (accusative neuter singular)
parosjo (genitive masculine singular)
parī (genitive masculine singular)
parās (feminine genitive singular)
parosjo (genitive neuter singular)
parī (genitive neuter singular)
parōi (dative masculine singular)
parāi (dative feminine singular)
parōi (dative neuter singular)
parōd (ablative masculine singular)
parād (ablative feminine singular)
parōd (ablative neuter singular)
parei (locative masculine singular)
parāi (feminine locative singular)
parei (locative neuter singular)
parōs (masculine nominative plural)
paroi (masculine nominative plural)
parās (feminine nominative plural)
parā (neuter nominative plural)
parōs (masculine plural vocative)
paroi (masculine plural vocative)
parās (feminine plural vocative)
parā (neuter plural vocative)
parons (accusative masculine plural)
parans (accusative feminine plural)
parā (accusative neuter plural)
parom (genitive masculine plural)
parāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
parom (genitive neuter plural)
parois (dative masculine plural)
parais (dative feminine plural)
parois (dative neuter plural)
parois (ablative masculine plural)
parais (ablative feminine plural)
parois (ablative neuter plural)
parois (locative masculine plural)
parais (feminine locative plural)
parois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: pars (“prescribed”, nom. sg.)


awis

awis (nominative singular)
awēs (nominative plural)
awis (singular vocative)
awēs (plural vocative)
awim (accusative singular)
awins (accusative plural)
aweis (genitive singular)
awjom (genitive plural)
awei (dative singular)
awiβos (dative plural)
awīd (ablative singular)
awiβos (ablative plural)
awei (locative singular)
awiβos (locative plural)

Latin: avis, aucellus (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌅𐌄𐌔 (aves)


fars

fars (nominative singular)
farsā (nominative plural)
fars (singular vocative)
farsā (plural vocative)
fars (accusative singular)
farsā (accusative plural)
farses (genitive singular)
farsos (genitive singular)
farsom (genitive plural)
farsei (dative singular)
farsβos (dative plural)
farsi? farse? (ablative singular)
farsβos (ablative plural)
farsi? farse? (locative singular)
farsβos (locative plural)

Latin: far (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌓 (far)

Umbrian: far (acc. sg), farer (gen. sg.)

Many apparent cognates can be found around Europe, such as Old Irish bairgen (“bread”), Welsh bara (“bread”), Proto-Slavic *boršьno, and Proto-Germanic *baraz (“barley”), tentatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers- (“spike, bristle”). The matching s-stem in Germanic could point to *bʰéros ~ *bʰéresos. However, De Vaan doubts the existence of an inherited Indo-European root for these, given the *a shared by the words, and wonders if they were derived from a foreign source.


superne

desc

Latin: supernē, (of unclear relationship) supernus

Umbrian: superne

A derivative of *super. The derivational pathway is unclear, and boils down to a chicken and egg problem of which of Latin supernus or supernē came first. Two options exist:
* An *-ēd adverb derived from the *-nos adjective *supernos (whence also Latin supernus). This route is preferred by Untermann, Devoto, and Vetter.
* An adverb ending in the same enclitic as Latin pōne, after which the thematic adjective supernus would be formed. If Latin supernē really did have a long vowel, it would have to be analogical. This scenario is favoured by De Vaan, Poultney, and Cerri.


domos

domos (nominative singular)
domōs (nominative plural)
domoi (nominative plural)
dome (singular vocative)
domōs (plural vocative)
domoi (plural vocative)
domom (accusative singular)
domons (accusative plural)
domosjo (genitive singular)
domī (genitive singular)
domom (genitive plural)
domōi (dative singular)
domois (dative plural)
domōd (ablative singular)
domois (ablative plural)
domei (locative singular)
domois (locative plural)

Latin: domus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dṓm, from root *dem- (“to build”).


statos

statos (masculine nominative singular)
statā (feminine nominative singular)
statom (neuter nominative singular)
state (masculine singular vocative)
stata (feminine singular vocative)
statom (neuter singular vocative)
statom (accusative masculine singular)
statam (accusative feminine singular)
statom (accusative neuter singular)
statosjo (genitive masculine singular)
statī (genitive masculine singular)
statās (feminine genitive singular)
statosjo (genitive neuter singular)
statī (genitive neuter singular)
statōi (dative masculine singular)
statāi (dative feminine singular)
statōi (dative neuter singular)
statōd (ablative masculine singular)
statād (ablative feminine singular)
statōd (ablative neuter singular)
statei (locative masculine singular)
statāi (feminine locative singular)
statei (locative neuter singular)
statōs (masculine nominative plural)
statoi (masculine nominative plural)
statās (feminine nominative plural)
statā (neuter nominative plural)
statōs (masculine plural vocative)
statoi (masculine plural vocative)
statās (feminine plural vocative)
statā (neuter plural vocative)
statons (accusative masculine plural)
statans (accusative feminine plural)
statā (accusative neuter plural)
statom (genitive masculine plural)
statāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
statom (genitive neuter plural)
statois (dative masculine plural)
statais (dative feminine plural)
statois (dative neuter plural)
statois (ablative masculine plural)
statais (ablative feminine plural)
statois (ablative neuter plural)
statois (locative masculine plural)
statais (feminine locative plural)
statois (locative neuter plural)

Old Latin: statod (/statōd/, ablative)

Latin: status

Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌞𐌔 (statús)

Volscian: statom

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂tós (“placed, standing”), from *steh₂- (“stand (up)”).


tauros

tauros (nominative singular)
taurōs (nominative plural)
tauroi (nominative plural)
taure (singular vocative)
taurōs (plural vocative)
tauroi (plural vocative)
taurom (accusative singular)
taurons (accusative plural)
taurosjo (genitive singular)
taurī (genitive singular)
taurom (genitive plural)
taurōi (dative singular)
taurois (dative plural)
taurōd (ablative singular)
taurois (ablative plural)
taurei (locative singular)
taurois (locative plural)

Latin: taurus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: ταυρομ (taurom, acc. sg.)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌖𐌚 (turuf, acc. pl.), toru (acc. pl. in Latin script)

From Proto-Indo-European *táwros (“wild bull, aurochs”).


pugnos

pugnos (nominative singular)
pugnōs (nominative plural)
pugnoi (nominative plural)
pugne (singular vocative)
pugnōs (plural vocative)
pugnoi (plural vocative)
pugnom (accusative singular)
pugnons (accusative plural)
pugnosjo (genitive singular)
pugnī (genitive singular)
pugnom (genitive plural)
pugnōi (dative singular)
pugnois (dative plural)
pugnōd (ablative singular)
pugnois (ablative plural)
pugnei (locative singular)
pugnois (locative plural)

Latin: pugnus

From Proto-Indo-European *puǵnos, *puḱnos, from *pewǵ- (“prick, punch”).


feros

feros (masculine nominative singular)
ferā (feminine nominative singular)
ferom (neuter nominative singular)
fere (masculine singular vocative)
fera (feminine singular vocative)
ferom (neuter singular vocative)
ferom (accusative masculine singular)
feram (accusative feminine singular)
ferom (accusative neuter singular)
ferosjo (genitive masculine singular)
ferī (genitive masculine singular)
ferās (feminine genitive singular)
ferosjo (genitive neuter singular)
ferī (genitive neuter singular)
ferōi (dative masculine singular)
ferāi (dative feminine singular)
ferōi (dative neuter singular)
ferōd (ablative masculine singular)
ferād (ablative feminine singular)
ferōd (ablative neuter singular)
ferei (locative masculine singular)
ferāi (feminine locative singular)
ferei (locative neuter singular)
ferōs (masculine nominative plural)
feroi (masculine nominative plural)
ferās (feminine nominative plural)
ferā (neuter nominative plural)
ferōs (masculine plural vocative)
feroi (masculine plural vocative)
ferās (feminine plural vocative)
ferā (neuter plural vocative)
ferons (accusative masculine plural)
ferans (accusative feminine plural)
ferā (accusative neuter plural)
ferom (genitive masculine plural)
ferāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
ferom (genitive neuter plural)
ferois (dative masculine plural)
ferais (dative feminine plural)
ferois (dative neuter plural)
ferois (ablative masculine plural)
ferais (ablative feminine plural)
ferois (ablative neuter plural)
ferois (locative masculine plural)
ferais (feminine locative plural)
ferois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: ferus (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *xʷeros, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwéros, from *ǵʰwer- (“wild animal”).


magnos

head

*magnos (comparative *magjōs, superlative *magisVmos)

magjōs (comparative)
magisVmos (superlative)
magnos (masculine nominative singular)
magnā (feminine nominative singular)
magnom (neuter nominative singular)
magne (masculine singular vocative)
magna (feminine singular vocative)
magnom (neuter singular vocative)
magnom (accusative masculine singular)
magnam (accusative feminine singular)
magnom (accusative neuter singular)
magnosjo (genitive masculine singular)
magnī (genitive masculine singular)
magnās (feminine genitive singular)
magnosjo (genitive neuter singular)
magnī (genitive neuter singular)
magnōi (dative masculine singular)
magnāi (dative feminine singular)
magnōi (dative neuter singular)
magnōd (ablative masculine singular)
magnād (ablative feminine singular)
magnōd (ablative neuter singular)
magnei (locative masculine singular)
magnāi (feminine locative singular)
magnei (locative neuter singular)
magnōs (masculine nominative plural)
magnoi (masculine nominative plural)
magnās (feminine nominative plural)
magnā (neuter nominative plural)
magnōs (masculine plural vocative)
magnoi (masculine plural vocative)
magnās (feminine plural vocative)
magnā (neuter plural vocative)
magnons (accusative masculine plural)
magnans (accusative feminine plural)
magnā (accusative neuter plural)
magnom (genitive masculine plural)
magnāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
magnom (genitive neuter plural)
magnois (dative masculine plural)
magnais (dative feminine plural)
magnois (dative neuter plural)
magnois (ablative masculine plural)
magnais (ablative feminine plural)
magnois (ablative neuter plural)
magnois (locative masculine plural)
magnais (feminine locative plural)
magnois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: magnus

From Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂nós, from *méǵh₂s.


superos

superos (masculine nominative singular)
superā (feminine nominative singular)
superom (neuter nominative singular)
supere (masculine singular vocative)
supera (feminine singular vocative)
superom (neuter singular vocative)
superom (accusative masculine singular)
superam (accusative feminine singular)
superom (accusative neuter singular)
superosjo (genitive masculine singular)
superī (genitive masculine singular)
superās (feminine genitive singular)
superosjo (genitive neuter singular)
superī (genitive neuter singular)
superōi (dative masculine singular)
superāi (dative feminine singular)
superōi (dative neuter singular)
superōd (ablative masculine singular)
superād (ablative feminine singular)
superōd (ablative neuter singular)
superei (locative masculine singular)
superāi (feminine locative singular)
superei (locative neuter singular)
superōs (masculine nominative plural)
superoi (masculine nominative plural)
superās (feminine nominative plural)
superā (neuter nominative plural)
superōs (masculine plural vocative)
superoi (masculine plural vocative)
superās (feminine plural vocative)
superā (neuter plural vocative)
superons (accusative masculine plural)
superans (accusative feminine plural)
superā (accusative neuter plural)
superom (genitive masculine plural)
superāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
superom (genitive neuter plural)
superois (dative masculine plural)
superais (dative feminine plural)
superois (dative neuter plural)
superois (ablative masculine plural)
superais (ablative feminine plural)
superois (ablative neuter plural)
superois (locative masculine plural)
superais (feminine locative plural)
superois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: superus

Oscan: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌔 (supruis, dat. pl. m.)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌖 (supru, abl. sg. m.)

Formed by converting the adverb *super into a thematic adjective.


mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūzes (nominative plural)
mūs (singular vocative)
mūzes (plural vocative)
mūzem (accusative singular)
mūzens (accusative plural)
mūzes (genitive singular)
mūzos (genitive singular)
mūzom (genitive plural)
mūzei (dative singular)
mūzβos (dative plural)
mūzi? mūze? (ablative singular)
mūzβos (ablative plural)
mūzi? mūze? (locative singular)
mūzβos (locative plural)

Latin: mūs (see there for further descendants)


fontis

fontis (nominative singular)
fontēs (nominative plural)
fontis (singular vocative)
fontēs (plural vocative)
fontim (accusative singular)
fontins (accusative plural)
fonteis (genitive singular)
fontjom (genitive plural)
fontei (dative singular)
fontiβos (dative plural)
fontīd (ablative singular)
fontiβos (ablative plural)
fontei (locative singular)
fontiβos (locative plural)

Latin: fōns (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to flow”) suffixed by *-tis. The o-grade and masculine gender are unexpected; they may have been due to contamination from some other now-lost derivative(s) of that root where the o-grade and/or masculine gender is expected.
An alternative way to get around these morphological problems is to instead reconstruct *fwonts, an *-onts formation. The root in this case could be either *dʰew- (“to run, flow”) or *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).

der

fondlire

a locale in Iguvium; abl. pl. with postposition


apros

apros (nominative singular)
aprōs (nominative plural)
aproi (nominative plural)
apre (singular vocative)
aprōs (plural vocative)
aproi (plural vocative)
aprom (accusative singular)
aprons (accusative plural)
aprosjo (genitive singular)
aprī (genitive singular)
aprom (genitive plural)
aprōi (dative singular)
aprois (dative plural)
aprōd (ablative singular)
aprois (ablative plural)
aprei (locative singular)
aprois (locative plural)

desctree

Latin: aper
Sardinian: apru
Italian: apro

desc

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌚 (apruf), abrof (acc. pl.)

Similar words across European languages include Proto-Germanic *eburaz (“boar”), Proto-Slavic *veprь (“boar”), and Latvian vepris (“castrated boar”). Given that these words cannot be related by regular sound correspondences, they are probably borrowed from a lost, unknown substrate language.
The *a instead of *e in the Italic word possibly arose under the influence of *kapros (“goat”).


agros

agros (nominative singular)
agrōs (nominative plural)
agroi (nominative plural)
agre (singular vocative)
agrōs (plural vocative)
agroi (plural vocative)
agrom (accusative singular)
agrons (accusative plural)
agrosjo (genitive singular)
agrī (genitive singular)
agrom (genitive plural)
agrōi (dative singular)
agrois (dative plural)
agrōd (ablative singular)
agrois (ablative plural)
agrei (locative singular)
agrois (locative plural)

Latin: ager (see there for further descendants)

Osco-Umbrian:

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌂𐌄𐌓 (acer, nom.sg.), 𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌄 (acre, gen.sg)

loc.sg. + <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*en</i>

South Picene: akren (loc.sg. + *en)

⇒ *agrolos m (“small plot of land”, noun)

Latin: agellus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌂𐌄𐌓𐌋𐌋𐌞𐌃 (agerllúd, ablative singular)


meos

meos (masculine nominative singular)
meā (feminine nominative singular)
meom (neuter nominative singular)
mee (masculine singular vocative)
mea (feminine singular vocative)
meom (neuter singular vocative)
meom (accusative masculine singular)
meam (accusative feminine singular)
meom (accusative neuter singular)
meosjo (genitive masculine singular)
meī (genitive masculine singular)
meās (feminine genitive singular)
meosjo (genitive neuter singular)
meī (genitive neuter singular)
meōi (dative masculine singular)
meāi (dative feminine singular)
meōi (dative neuter singular)
meōd (ablative masculine singular)
meād (ablative feminine singular)
meōd (ablative neuter singular)
meei (locative masculine singular)
meāi (feminine locative singular)
meei (locative neuter singular)
meōs (masculine nominative plural)
meoi (masculine nominative plural)
meās (feminine nominative plural)
meā (neuter nominative plural)
meōs (masculine plural vocative)
meoi (masculine plural vocative)
meās (feminine plural vocative)
meā (neuter plural vocative)
meons (accusative masculine plural)
means (accusative feminine plural)
meā (accusative neuter plural)
meom (genitive masculine plural)
meāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
meom (genitive neuter plural)
meois (dative masculine plural)
meais (dative feminine plural)
meois (dative neuter plural)
meois (ablative masculine plural)
meais (ablative feminine plural)
meois (ablative neuter plural)
meois (locative masculine plural)
meais (feminine locative plural)
meois (locative neuter plural)
egō (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
tū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mē (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tē (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sē (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mei (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tei (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sei (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
meɣei (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
teβei (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
seβei (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
med (ablative first-person personal pronoun singular)
ted (ablative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sed (ablative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
meos (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
towos (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sowos (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
nōs (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
wōs (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōs (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōs (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nosterom (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
westerom (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōβei (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōβei (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōβei (ablative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōβei (ablative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nosteros (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
westeros (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)

Latin: meus

Oscan: miio (feminine nominative singular)

From *meyos, the thematization of *mey, the dative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁moi-; alternatively, from *mewos (influenced by *tweos and *sewos) or *memos. See Latin me (“me”).
Compare Proto-Slavic *mojь (“my”) from Proto-Balto-Slavic *majas, from PIE *moyos.


anats

anats (nominative singular)
anates (nominative plural)
anats (singular vocative)
anates (plural vocative)
anatem (accusative singular)
anatens (accusative plural)
anates (genitive singular)
anatos (genitive singular)
anatom (genitive plural)
anatei (dative singular)
anatβos (dative plural)
anati? anate? (ablative singular)
anatβos (ablative plural)
anati? anate? (locative singular)
anatβos (locative plural)

Latin: anas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”). Cognate with Lithuanian ántis, Sanskrit आति (āti).


fōr

fōr (nominative singular)
fōres (nominative plural)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōres (plural vocative)
fōrem (accusative singular)
fōrens (accusative plural)
fōres (genitive singular)
fōros (genitive singular)
fōrom (genitive plural)
fōrei (dative singular)
fōrβos (dative plural)
fōri? fōre? (ablative singular)
fōrβos (ablative plural)
fōri? fōre? (locative singular)
fōrβos (locative plural)

Latin: fūr (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰṓr, from the root *bʰer- (“to carry”) (see *ferō). Cognate with Ancient Greek φώρ (phṓr).


assos

assos (masculine nominative singular)
assā (feminine nominative singular)
assom (neuter nominative singular)
asse (masculine singular vocative)
assa (feminine singular vocative)
assom (neuter singular vocative)
assom (accusative masculine singular)
assam (accusative feminine singular)
assom (accusative neuter singular)
assosjo (genitive masculine singular)
assī (genitive masculine singular)
assās (feminine genitive singular)
assosjo (genitive neuter singular)
assī (genitive neuter singular)
assōi (dative masculine singular)
assāi (dative feminine singular)
assōi (dative neuter singular)
assōd (ablative masculine singular)
assād (ablative feminine singular)
assōd (ablative neuter singular)
assei (locative masculine singular)
assāi (feminine locative singular)
assei (locative neuter singular)
assōs (masculine nominative plural)
assoi (masculine nominative plural)
assās (feminine nominative plural)
assā (neuter nominative plural)
assōs (masculine plural vocative)
assoi (masculine plural vocative)
assās (feminine plural vocative)
assā (neuter plural vocative)
assons (accusative masculine plural)
assans (accusative feminine plural)
assā (accusative neuter plural)
assom (genitive masculine plural)
assāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
assom (genitive neuter plural)
assois (dative masculine plural)
assais (dative feminine plural)
assois (dative neuter plural)
assois (ablative masculine plural)
assais (ablative feminine plural)
assois (ablative neuter plural)
assois (locative masculine plural)
assais (feminine locative plural)
assois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: assus

Umbrian: aso (acc. sg. m.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂edtós (“dried”), from the root *h₂ed- related to Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō, “to dry”). See the Ancient Greek entry for more information.


hesternos

head

*hesternos (comparative *hesternjōs, superlative *hesternisəmos)

hesternjōs (comparative)
hesternisəmos (superlative)
hesternos (masculine nominative singular)
hesternā (feminine nominative singular)
hesternom (neuter nominative singular)
hesterne (masculine singular vocative)
hesterna (feminine singular vocative)
hesternom (neuter singular vocative)
hesternom (accusative masculine singular)
hesternam (accusative feminine singular)
hesternom (accusative neuter singular)
hesternosjo (genitive masculine singular)
hesternī (genitive masculine singular)
hesternās (feminine genitive singular)
hesternosjo (genitive neuter singular)
hesternī (genitive neuter singular)
hesternōi (dative masculine singular)
hesternāi (dative feminine singular)
hesternōi (dative neuter singular)
hesternōd (ablative masculine singular)
hesternād (ablative feminine singular)
hesternōd (ablative neuter singular)
hesternei (locative masculine singular)
hesternāi (feminine locative singular)
hesternei (locative neuter singular)
hesternōs (masculine nominative plural)
hesternoi (masculine nominative plural)
hesternās (feminine nominative plural)
hesternā (neuter nominative plural)
hesternōs (masculine plural vocative)
hesternoi (masculine plural vocative)
hesternās (feminine plural vocative)
hesternā (neuter plural vocative)
hesternons (accusative masculine plural)
hesternans (accusative feminine plural)
hesternā (accusative neuter plural)
hesternom (genitive masculine plural)
hesternāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
hesternom (genitive neuter plural)
hesternois (dative masculine plural)
hesternais (dative feminine plural)
hesternois (dative neuter plural)
hesternois (ablative masculine plural)
hesternais (ablative feminine plural)
hesternois (ablative neuter plural)
hesternois (locative masculine plural)
hesternais (feminine locative plural)
hesternois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: hesternus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyésteros + *-nos. The Proto-Italic reflex was generated by the apheresis of *dʰ-, otherwise it would be **θ(j)esternos.
Cognate with English yester- (cf. yesterday), German gestern (cf. Gestern) and Dutch gisteren.


meitō

meitō (active first-person indicative present singular)
meitōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
meites (active indicative present second-person singular)
meitezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
meitet (active indicative present singular third-person)
meitetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
meitomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
meitomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
meitetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
meitem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
meitont (active indicative plural present third-person)
meitontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
meitām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
meitār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
meitās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
meitāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
meitād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
meitātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
meitāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
meitāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
meitātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
meitām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
meitānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
meitāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
meite (active imperative present second-person singular)
meitezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
meitete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
meitetōd (active future imperative)
meitents (present)
missos (past)
missum (tu-derivative)
meitezi (s-derivative)

Latin: mittō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange”).


neptis

neptis (nominative singular)
neptēs (nominative plural)
neptis (singular vocative)
neptēs (plural vocative)
neptim (accusative singular)
neptins (accusative plural)
nepteis (genitive singular)
neptjom (genitive plural)
neptei (dative singular)
neptiβos (dative plural)
neptīd (ablative singular)
neptiβos (ablative plural)
neptei (locative singular)
neptiβos (locative plural)

Latin: neptis

From earlier *neptī, from Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂.


agjō

agjō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
agjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
agis (active indicative present second-person singular)
agit (active indicative present singular third-person)
agimos (active first-person indicative plural present)
agites (active indicative plural present second-person)
agjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
agjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
agjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
agjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
agjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
agjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
agjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
agi (active imperative present second-person singular)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
agints (present)
agizi (s-derivative)

Latin: aiiō, āiō; negō (< *ne-agjō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ǵyéti, from *h₁eǵ- (“to say”).


karō

karō (nominative singular)
karnes (nominative plural)
karones (nominative plural)
karō (singular vocative)
karnes (plural vocative)
karones (plural vocative)
karnem (accusative singular)
karonem (accusative singular)
karnens (accusative plural)
karonens (accusative plural)
karnes (genitive singular)
karones (genitive singular)
karnos (genitive singular)
karonos (genitive singular)
karnom (genitive plural)
karonom (genitive plural)
karnei (dative singular)
karonei (dative singular)
karnβos (dative plural)
karonβos (dative plural)
karni? karne? (ablative singular)
karni? karone? (ablative singular)
karorne? (ablative singular)
karorone? (ablative singular)
karnβos (ablative plural)
karonβos (ablative plural)
karni? karne? (locative singular)
karni? karone? (locative singular)
karorne? (locative singular)
karorone? (locative singular)
karnβos (locative plural)
karonβos (locative plural)

Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: karneis (genitive singular)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kér(H)-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


-tōr

-trīks (feminine)
-tōr (nominative singular)
-tores (nominative plural)
-tōr (singular vocative)
-tores (plural vocative)
-torem (accusative singular)
-torens (accusative plural)
-tores (genitive singular)
-toros (genitive singular)
-torom (genitive plural)
-torei (dative singular)
-torβos (dative plural)
-tori? -tore? (ablative singular)
-torβos (ablative plural)
-tori? -tore? (locative singular)
-torβos (locative plural)

Latin: -tor, -sor (see there for further descendants)

desc

in <i class="Ital mention" lang="osc">𐌓𐌄𐌂𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄𐌝</i> (regatureí)

in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="osc">ϝερσορει</i> (wersorei)

Oscan: -𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄𐌝 (-tureí, dat. sg.) (in 𐌓𐌄𐌂𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄𐌝 (regatureí)), -σορει (-sorei, dat. sg.) (in ϝερσορει (wersorei))

in <i class="Latn mention" lang="pgn">salavatur</i>

Paelignian: -tur (in salavatur)

in e.g. <i class="Ital mention" lang="xum">𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌖𐌓</i> (uhtur)

Umbrian: -𐌕𐌖𐌓 (-tur) (in e.g. 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌖𐌓 (uhtur))

Benjamin W. Fortson IV
de:Brian D. Joseph


peku

peku (pekū?) (nominative singular)
pekwā (nominative plural)
pekūā? (nominative plural)
peku (pekū?) (singular vocative)
pekwā (plural vocative)
pekūā? (plural vocative)
peku (pekū?) (accusative singular)
pekwā (accusative plural)
pekūā? (accusative plural)
pekous (genitive singular)
pekwos (genitive singular)
pekwom (pekowom?) (genitive plural)
pekowei (dative singular)
pekuβos (dative plural)
pekūd (ablative singular)
pekuβos (ablative plural)
pekou? (locative singular)
pekuβos (locative plural)

Latin: pecū

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌒𐌏 (peqo, “wealth”, acc. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *péḱu (“cattle”).


nōs

egō (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
tū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mē (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tē (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sē (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mei (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tei (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sei (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
meɣei (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
teβei (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
seβei (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
med (ablative first-person personal pronoun singular)
ted (ablative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sed (ablative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
meos (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
towos (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sowos (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
nōs (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
wōs (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōs (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōs (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nosterom (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
westerom (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōβei (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōβei (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nōβei (ablative first-person personal plural pronoun)
wōβei (ablative personal plural pronoun second-person)
nosteros (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
westeros (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)

Latin: nōs

From the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *wéy.


prai

Latin: prae

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌉 (prai)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄 (pre)

From Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i (“before, in front of”).


-kʷe

Faliscan: -𐌂𐌖𐌄 (-cue)

Old Latin: -𐌒𐌖𐌄

Latin: -que

Oscan: -𐌐 (-p), -𐌐𐌄 (-pe)

Umbrian: -𐌐 (-p)

(Possibly) Venetic: -𐌊𐌅𐌄 (-kve)

Forms distributives from interrogatives.


grānom

grānom (nominative singular)
grānā (nominative plural)
grānom (singular vocative)
grānā (plural vocative)
grānom (accusative singular)
grānā (accusative plural)
grānosjo (genitive singular)
grānī (genitive singular)
grānom (genitive plural)
grānōi (dative singular)
grānois (dative plural)
grānōd (ablative singular)
grānois (ablative plural)
grānei (locative singular)
grānois (locative plural)

Latin: grānum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (“grain”).


toutā

toutā (nominative singular)
toutās (nominative plural)
touta (singular vocative)
toutās (plural vocative)
toutam (accusative singular)
toutans (accusative plural)
toutās (genitive singular)
toutāzom (genitive plural)
toutāi (dative singular)
toutais (dative plural)
toutād (ablative singular)
toutais (ablative plural)
toutāi (locative singular)
toutais (locative plural)

Latin: tōtus (see there for further descendants)

Aequian: tous (nominative singular)

Marrucinian: toutai (dative singular)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌏𐌖𐌕𐌏 (touto)

Umbrian: totam (accusative singular)

Volscian: toticu (ablative singular)


wiros

wiros (nominative singular)
wirōs (nominative plural)
wiroi (nominative plural)
wire (singular vocative)
wirōs (plural vocative)
wiroi (plural vocative)
wirom (accusative singular)
wirons (accusative plural)
wirosjo (genitive singular)
wirī (genitive singular)
wirom (genitive plural)
wirōi (dative singular)
wirois (dative plural)
wirōd (ablative singular)
wirois (ablative plural)
wirei (locative singular)
wirois (locative plural)

Latin: vir

desc

Umbrian: uiro, ueiro (accusative plural)


kʷenkʷe

Latin: quīnque

Vulgar Latin: cīnque (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: *𐌂𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌂𐌖𐌄 (*cuincue)

⇒ Faliscan: 𐌂𐌖𐌉𐌂𐌕𐌏 (cuicto)

desctree

Oscan: 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe)
→⇒ Latin: Pompeiī
→⇒ Latin: Pompeius

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe)

From Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe. The assimilation *p...kʷ > *kʷ...kʷ is regular in Italic.


ātros

ātros (masculine nominative singular)
ātrā (feminine nominative singular)
ātrom (neuter nominative singular)
ātre (masculine singular vocative)
ātra (feminine singular vocative)
ātrom (neuter singular vocative)
ātrom (accusative masculine singular)
ātram (accusative feminine singular)
ātrom (accusative neuter singular)
ātrosjo (genitive masculine singular)
ātrī (genitive masculine singular)
ātrās (feminine genitive singular)
ātrosjo (genitive neuter singular)
ātrī (genitive neuter singular)
ātrōi (dative masculine singular)
ātrāi (dative feminine singular)
ātrōi (dative neuter singular)
ātrōd (ablative masculine singular)
ātrād (ablative feminine singular)
ātrōd (ablative neuter singular)
ātrei (locative masculine singular)
ātrāi (feminine locative singular)
ātrei (locative neuter singular)
ātrōs (masculine nominative plural)
ātroi (masculine nominative plural)
ātrās (feminine nominative plural)
ātrā (neuter nominative plural)
ātrōs (masculine plural vocative)
ātroi (masculine plural vocative)
ātrās (feminine plural vocative)
ātrā (neuter plural vocative)
ātrons (accusative masculine plural)
ātrans (accusative feminine plural)
ātrā (accusative neuter plural)
ātrom (genitive masculine plural)
ātrāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
ātrom (genitive neuter plural)
ātrois (dative masculine plural)
ātrais (dative feminine plural)
ātrois (dative neuter plural)
ātrois (ablative masculine plural)
ātrais (ablative feminine plural)
ātrois (ablative neuter plural)
ātrois (locative masculine plural)
ātrais (feminine locative plural)
ātrois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: āter

desc

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 (atru), atro (acc. pl. n.), adrir, adrer (abl. pl. n.)

From an adjective derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”), with the colour sense arising from the colour of the soot made by a fire. De Vaan finds such a semantic shift hard to believe, but he cannot find any alternative etymologies.


aliteros

aliteros (masculine nominative singular)
aliterā (feminine nominative singular)
aliterom (neuter nominative singular)
alitere (masculine singular vocative)
alitera (feminine singular vocative)
aliterom (neuter singular vocative)
aliterom (accusative masculine singular)
aliteram (accusative feminine singular)
aliterom (accusative neuter singular)
aliterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
aliterī (genitive masculine singular)
aliterās (feminine genitive singular)
aliterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
aliterī (genitive neuter singular)
aliterōi (dative masculine singular)
aliterāi (dative feminine singular)
aliterōi (dative neuter singular)
aliterōd (ablative masculine singular)
aliterād (ablative feminine singular)
aliterōd (ablative neuter singular)
aliterei (locative masculine singular)
aliterāi (feminine locative singular)
aliterei (locative neuter singular)
aliterōs (masculine nominative plural)
aliteroi (masculine nominative plural)
aliterās (feminine nominative plural)
aliterā (neuter nominative plural)
aliterōs (masculine plural vocative)
aliteroi (masculine plural vocative)
aliterās (feminine plural vocative)
aliterā (neuter plural vocative)
aliterons (accusative masculine plural)
aliterans (accusative feminine plural)
aliterā (accusative neuter plural)
aliterom (genitive masculine plural)
aliterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
aliterom (genitive neuter plural)
aliterois (dative masculine plural)
aliterais (dative feminine plural)
aliterois (dative neuter plural)
aliterois (ablative masculine plural)
aliterais (ablative feminine plural)
aliterois (ablative neuter plural)
aliterois (locative masculine plural)
aliterais (feminine locative plural)
aliterois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: alter (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌋𐌕𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌌 (alttram), 𐌀𐌋𐌕𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌝 (alttreí), altrei, atrud

From *aljos (“beyond, other”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


moltos

head

*moltos (comparative *moltjōs, superlative *moltisemos)

moltjōs (comparative)
moltisemos (superlative)
moltos (masculine nominative singular)
moltā (feminine nominative singular)
moltom (neuter nominative singular)
molte (masculine singular vocative)
molta (feminine singular vocative)
moltom (neuter singular vocative)
moltom (accusative masculine singular)
moltam (accusative feminine singular)
moltom (accusative neuter singular)
moltosjo (genitive masculine singular)
moltī (genitive masculine singular)
moltās (feminine genitive singular)
moltosjo (genitive neuter singular)
moltī (genitive neuter singular)
moltōi (dative masculine singular)
moltāi (dative feminine singular)
moltōi (dative neuter singular)
moltōd (ablative masculine singular)
moltād (ablative feminine singular)
moltōd (ablative neuter singular)
moltei (locative masculine singular)
moltāi (feminine locative singular)
moltei (locative neuter singular)
moltōs (masculine nominative plural)
moltoi (masculine nominative plural)
moltās (feminine nominative plural)
moltā (neuter nominative plural)
moltōs (masculine plural vocative)
moltoi (masculine plural vocative)
moltās (feminine plural vocative)
moltā (neuter plural vocative)
moltons (accusative masculine plural)
moltans (accusative feminine plural)
moltā (accusative neuter plural)
moltom (genitive masculine plural)
moltāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
moltom (genitive neuter plural)
moltois (dative masculine plural)
moltais (dative feminine plural)
moltois (dative neuter plural)
moltois (ablative masculine plural)
moltais (ablative feminine plural)
moltois (ablative neuter plural)
moltois (locative masculine plural)
moltais (feminine locative plural)
moltois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: multus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ml̥tós (“crumbled, crumpled”), from *mel-.


medos

medos (nominative singular)
medesā (nominative plural)
medos (singular vocative)
medesā (plural vocative)
medos (accusative singular)
medesā (accusative plural)
medeses (genitive singular)
medesos (genitive singular)
medesom (genitive plural)
medesei (dative singular)
medesβos (dative plural)
medesi? medese? (ablative singular)
medesβos (ablative plural)
medesi? medese? (locative singular)
medesβos (locative plural)

desc

Latin: modus (either secondarily transferred to the second declension or conflated with a co-existing second-declension noun)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌛𐌔 (meřs), mers

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”) suffixed with the neuter noun-forming suffix *-os.


jokos

jokos (nominative singular)
jokōs (nominative plural)
jokoi (nominative plural)
joke (singular vocative)
jokōs (plural vocative)
jokoi (plural vocative)
jokom (accusative singular)
jokons (accusative plural)
jokosjo (genitive singular)
jokī (genitive singular)
jokom (genitive plural)
jokōi (dative singular)
jokois (dative plural)
jokōd (ablative singular)
jokois (ablative plural)
jokei (locative singular)
jokois (locative plural)

Latin: iocus (“joke, amusement”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *yók-os, from *yek- (“to utter”) + *-os (action noun suffix).


auti

Latin: aut

Oscan: 𐌀𐌅𐌕 (avt)


denɣwā

denɣwā (nominative singular)
denɣwās (nominative plural)
denɣwa (singular vocative)
denɣwās (plural vocative)
denɣwam (accusative singular)
denɣwans (accusative plural)
denɣwās (genitive singular)
denɣwāzom (genitive plural)
denɣwāi (dative singular)
denɣwais (dative plural)
denɣwād (ablative singular)
denɣwais (ablative plural)
denɣwāi (locative singular)
denɣwais (locative plural)

Old Latin: dinguā

Latin: lingua (influenced by lingō (“to lick”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: *𐌚𐌀𐌍𐌂𐌅𐌞 (*fangvú, nom.sg.), 𐌚𐌀𐌍𐌂𐌅𐌀𐌌 (fangvam, acc.sg.), 𐌚𐌀𐌍𐌂𐌖𐌀 (fangua, nom.pl.)


owis

owis (nominative singular)
owēs (nominative plural)
owis (singular vocative)
owēs (plural vocative)
owim (accusative singular)
owins (accusative plural)
oweis (genitive singular)
owjom (genitive plural)
owei (dative singular)
owiβos (dative plural)
owīd (ablative singular)
owiβos (ablative plural)
owei (locative singular)
owiβos (locative plural)

Latin: ovis

with postposed <i class="Ital mention" lang="xum">𐌊𐌖𐌌</i> (kum)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌌 (uvem, acc. sg.), 𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌚 (uvef, acc. pl), 𐌖𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌖𐌌 (uvikum, abl. sg.) (with postposed 𐌊𐌖𐌌 (kum))


jugom

jugom (nominative singular)
jugā (nominative plural)
jugom (singular vocative)
jugā (plural vocative)
jugom (accusative singular)
jugā (accusative plural)
jugosjo (genitive singular)
jugī (genitive singular)
jugom (genitive plural)
jugōi (dative singular)
jugois (dative plural)
jugōd (ablative singular)
jugois (ablative plural)
jugei (locative singular)
jugois (locative plural)

Latin: iugum


meðjos

head

*meðjos (comparative *meðjōs, superlative *meðjogisəmos)

meðjōs (comparative)
meðjogisəmos (superlative)
meðjos (masculine nominative singular)
meðjā (feminine nominative singular)
meðjom (neuter nominative singular)
meðje (masculine singular vocative)
meðja (feminine singular vocative)
meðjom (neuter singular vocative)
meðjom (accusative masculine singular)
meðjam (accusative feminine singular)
meðjom (accusative neuter singular)
meðjosjo (genitive masculine singular)
meðjī (genitive masculine singular)
meðjās (feminine genitive singular)
meðjosjo (genitive neuter singular)
meðjī (genitive neuter singular)
meðjōi (dative masculine singular)
meðjāi (dative feminine singular)
meðjōi (dative neuter singular)
meðjōd (ablative masculine singular)
meðjād (ablative feminine singular)
meðjōd (ablative neuter singular)
meðjei (locative masculine singular)
meðjāi (feminine locative singular)
meðjei (locative neuter singular)
meðjōs (masculine nominative plural)
meðjoi (masculine nominative plural)
meðjās (feminine nominative plural)
meðjā (neuter nominative plural)
meðjōs (masculine plural vocative)
meðjoi (masculine plural vocative)
meðjās (feminine plural vocative)
meðjā (neuter plural vocative)
meðjons (accusative masculine plural)
meðjans (accusative feminine plural)
meðjā (accusative neuter plural)
meðjom (genitive masculine plural)
meðjāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
meðjom (genitive neuter plural)
meðjois (dative masculine plural)
meðjais (dative feminine plural)
meðjois (dative neuter plural)
meðjois (ablative masculine plural)
meðjais (ablative feminine plural)
meðjois (ablative neuter plural)
meðjois (locative masculine plural)
meðjais (feminine locative plural)
meðjois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: medius (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌌𐌄𐌚𐌉𐌀𐌝 (mefiaí), 𐌌𐌄𐌚𐌉𐌞 (mefiú)

South Picene: 𐌌𐌄𐌚𐌉𐌝𐌍 (mefiín), (perhaps) 𐌌𐌄𐌚𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌝 (mefistruí)


ferō

ferō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
ferō (active first-person indicative present singular)
ferōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
feres (active indicative present second-person singular)
ferezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
feret (active indicative present singular third-person)
feretor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
feromos (active first-person indicative plural present)
feromor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
feretes (active indicative plural present second-person)
ferem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
feront (active indicative plural present third-person)
ferontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ferām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ferār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ferās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ferāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ferād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ferātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ferāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ferāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ferātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ferām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ferānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ferāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
fere (active imperative present second-person singular)
ferezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
ferete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
feretōd (active future imperative)
ferents (present)
fertos (past)
fertum (tu-derivative)
ferezi (s-derivative)

Latin: ferō, fertus (see there for further descendants)

desc

Marrucinian: feret (3rd plural present), ferenter (3rd plural present passive)

Umbrian: fertu (3rd singular imperative)

Volscian: ferom (infinitive)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer- (“to bear”).


nēr

nēr (nominative singular)
neres (nominative plural)
nēr (singular vocative)
neres (plural vocative)
nerem (accusative singular)
nerens (accusative plural)
neres (genitive singular)
neros (genitive singular)
nerom (genitive plural)
nerei (dative singular)
nerβos (dative plural)
neri? nere? (ablative singular)
nerβos (ablative plural)
neri? nere? (locative singular)
nerβos (locative plural)

Oscan: 𐌍𐌉𐌉𐌓 (niir, nom.sg.), 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌌 (nerum, gen.pl.)

South Picene: 𐌍𐌝𐌓 (nír, nom.sg.), 𐌍𐌄𐌓⁚ (ner, acc.pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌚 (nerf, acc.pl.), 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌔 (nerus, dat.pl.)


patēr

patēr (nominative singular)
patres (nominative plural)
pater (singular vocative)
patres (plural vocative)
patrem (accusative singular)
patrens (accusative plural)
patres (genitive singular)
patros (genitive singular)
patrom (genitive plural)
patrei (dative singular)
patrβos (dative plural)
patri? patre? (ablative singular)
patrβos (ablative plural)
patri? patre? (locative singular)
patrβos (locative plural)

Aequian: patre (dative singular)

Faliscan: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (pater)

Latin: pater (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌓 (patír)

South Picene: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌑𐌇 (patereíh, dative singular)

Umbrian: 𐌉𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (iupater) (from *Dyēus ph₂ter)


alβos

head

*alβos (comparative *alβjōs, superlative *alβisemos)

alβjōs (comparative)
alβisemos (superlative)
alβos (masculine nominative singular)
alβā (feminine nominative singular)
alβom (neuter nominative singular)
alβe (masculine singular vocative)
alβa (feminine singular vocative)
alβom (neuter singular vocative)
alβom (accusative masculine singular)
alβam (accusative feminine singular)
alβom (accusative neuter singular)
alβosjo (genitive masculine singular)
alβī (genitive masculine singular)
alβās (feminine genitive singular)
alβosjo (genitive neuter singular)
alβī (genitive neuter singular)
alβōi (dative masculine singular)
alβāi (dative feminine singular)
alβōi (dative neuter singular)
alβōd (ablative masculine singular)
alβād (ablative feminine singular)
alβōd (ablative neuter singular)
alβei (locative masculine singular)
alβāi (feminine locative singular)
alβei (locative neuter singular)
alβōs (masculine nominative plural)
alβoi (masculine nominative plural)
alβās (feminine nominative plural)
alβā (neuter nominative plural)
alβōs (masculine plural vocative)
alβoi (masculine plural vocative)
alβās (feminine plural vocative)
alβā (neuter plural vocative)
alβons (accusative masculine plural)
alβans (accusative feminine plural)
alβā (accusative neuter plural)
alβom (genitive masculine plural)
alβāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
alβom (genitive neuter plural)
alβois (dative masculine plural)
alβais (dative feminine plural)
alβois (dative neuter plural)
alβois (ablative masculine plural)
alβais (ablative feminine plural)
alβois (ablative neuter plural)
alβois (locative masculine plural)
alβais (feminine locative plural)
alβois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: albus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌋𐌚𐌖 (alfu)

Sabine: alpos

From Proto-Indo-European *albʰós (“white”).


plēnos

*plēnos (comparative *plēnjōs, superlative *plēnisemos)

plēnjōs (comparative)
plēnisemos (superlative)
plēnos (masculine nominative singular)
plēnā (feminine nominative singular)
plēnom (neuter nominative singular)
plēne (masculine singular vocative)
plēna (feminine singular vocative)
plēnom (neuter singular vocative)
plēnom (accusative masculine singular)
plēnam (accusative feminine singular)
plēnom (accusative neuter singular)
plēnosjo (genitive masculine singular)
plēnī (genitive masculine singular)
plēnās (feminine genitive singular)
plēnosjo (genitive neuter singular)
plēnī (genitive neuter singular)
plēnōi (dative masculine singular)
plēnāi (dative feminine singular)
plēnōi (dative neuter singular)
plēnōd (ablative masculine singular)
plēnād (ablative feminine singular)
plēnōd (ablative neuter singular)
plēnei (locative masculine singular)
plēnāi (feminine locative singular)
plēnei (locative neuter singular)
plēnōs (masculine nominative plural)
plēnoi (masculine nominative plural)
plēnās (feminine nominative plural)
plēnā (neuter nominative plural)
plēnōs (masculine plural vocative)
plēnoi (masculine plural vocative)
plēnās (feminine plural vocative)
plēnā (neuter plural vocative)
plēnons (accusative masculine plural)
plēnans (accusative feminine plural)
plēnā (accusative neuter plural)
plēnom (genitive masculine plural)
plēnāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
plēnom (genitive neuter plural)
plēnois (dative masculine plural)
plēnais (dative feminine plural)
plēnois (dative neuter plural)
plēnois (ablative masculine plural)
plēnais (ablative feminine plural)
plēnois (ablative neuter plural)
plēnois (locative masculine plural)
plēnais (feminine locative plural)
plēnois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: plēnus

Umbrian: plener (ablative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (“full”). The unexpected e-grade is analogical after some other related word(s) with inherited e-grade.


mātēr

mātēr (nominative singular)
mātres (nominative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātres (plural vocative)
mātrem (accusative singular)
mātrens (accusative plural)
mātres (genitive singular)
mātros (genitive singular)
mātrom (genitive plural)
mātrei (dative singular)
mātrβos (dative plural)
mātri? mātre? (ablative singular)
mātrβos (ablative plural)
mātri? mātre? (locative singular)
mātrβos (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄 (mate)

Latin: māter (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (maatreís)

South Picene: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌑𐌇 (matereíh) (dative singular)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌓 (matrer) (genitive singular)


gʷōs

gʷōs (nominative singular)
gʷowes (nominative plural)
gʷōs (singular vocative)
gʷowes (plural vocative)
gʷōm (accusative singular)
gʷouns? *gʷowens? (accusative plural)
gʷowes (genitive singular)
gʷowos (genitive singular)
gʷowom (genitive plural)
gʷowei (dative singular)
gʷouβos (dative plural)
gʷowi? gʷowe? (ablative singular)
gʷouβos (ablative plural)
gʷowi? gʷowe? (locative singular)
gʷouβos (locative plural)

Osco-Umbrian:

Umbrian: bum

>? Volscian: bim (acc.sg.)

desc

⇒? South Picene: [script needed] (boúediín)

→ Latin: bōs


-jōs

-jōs (masculine nominative singular)
-jōs (feminine nominative singular)
-jōz (neuter nominative singular)
-jōs (masculine singular vocative)
-jōs (feminine singular vocative)
-jōz (neuter singular vocative)
-jōzem (accusative masculine singular)
-jōzem (accusative feminine singular)
-jōz (accusative neuter singular)
-jōzes (genitive masculine singular)
-jōzos (genitive masculine singular)
-jōzes (feminine genitive singular)
-jōzos (feminine genitive singular)
-jōzes (genitive neuter singular)
-jōzos (genitive neuter singular)
-jōzei (dative masculine singular)
-jōzei (dative feminine singular)
-jōzei (dative neuter singular)
-jōzi? -jōze? (ablative masculine singular)
-jōzi? -jōze? (ablative feminine singular)
-jōzi? -jōze? (ablative neuter singular)
-jōzi? -jōze? (locative masculine singular)
-jōzi? -jōze? (feminine locative singular)
-jōzi? -jōze? (locative neuter singular)
-jōzes (masculine nominative plural)
-jōzes (feminine nominative plural)
-jōzā (neuter nominative plural)
-jōzes (masculine plural vocative)
-jōzes (feminine plural vocative)
-jōzā (neuter plural vocative)
-jōzens (accusative masculine plural)
-jōzens (accusative feminine plural)
-jōzā (accusative neuter plural)
-jōzom (genitive masculine plural)
-jōzom (feminine genitive plural)
-jōzom (genitive neuter plural)
-jōzəβos (dative masculine plural)
-jōzβos (dative feminine plural)
-jōzβos (dative neuter plural)
-jōzəβos (ablative masculine plural)
-jōzβos (ablative feminine plural)
-jōzβos (ablative neuter plural)
-jōzəβos (locative masculine plural)
-jōzβos (feminine locative plural)
-jōzβos (locative neuter plural)
-jōs (masculine nominative singular)
-jōs (feminine nominative singular)
-jez (neuter nominative singular)
-jōs (masculine singular vocative)
-jōs (feminine singular vocative)
-jez (neuter singular vocative)
-jezem (accusative masculine singular)
-jezem (accusative feminine singular)
-jez (accusative neuter singular)
-jezes (genitive masculine singular)
-jezos (genitive masculine singular)
-jezes (feminine genitive singular)
-jezos (feminine genitive singular)
-jezes (genitive neuter singular)
-jezos (genitive neuter singular)
-jezei (dative masculine singular)
-jezei (dative feminine singular)
-jezei (dative neuter singular)
-jezi? -jeze? (ablative masculine singular)
-jezi? -jeze? (ablative feminine singular)
-jezi? -jeze? (ablative neuter singular)
-jezi? -jeze? (locative masculine singular)
-jezi? -jeze? (feminine locative singular)
-jezi? -jeze? (locative neuter singular)
-jezes (masculine nominative plural)
-jezes (feminine nominative plural)
-jezā (neuter nominative plural)
-jezes (masculine plural vocative)
-jezes (feminine plural vocative)
-jezā (neuter plural vocative)
-jezens (accusative masculine plural)
-jezens (accusative feminine plural)
-jezā (accusative neuter plural)
-jezom (genitive masculine plural)
-jezom (feminine genitive plural)
-jezom (genitive neuter plural)
-jezəβos (dative masculine plural)
-jezβos (dative feminine plural)
-jezβos (dative neuter plural)
-jezəβos (ablative masculine plural)
-jezβos (ablative feminine plural)
-jezβos (ablative neuter plural)
-jezəβos (locative masculine plural)
-jezβos (feminine locative plural)
-jezβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: -ior


-jos

Latin: -ius


sistō

head

*sistō first-singular present indicative

sistō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
sistō (active first-person indicative present singular)
sistōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
sistes (active indicative present second-person singular)
sistezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
sistet (active indicative present singular third-person)
sistetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
sistomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
sistomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
sistetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
sistem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
sistont (active indicative plural present third-person)
sistontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
sistām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sistār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sistās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sistāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sistād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sistātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sistāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sistāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sistātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sistām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sistānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sistāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
stetai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
stetistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
stetei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
stetme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
stete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
stetēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
siste (active imperative present second-person singular)
sistezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
sistete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
sistetōd (active future imperative)
sistents (present)
statos (past)
statum (tu-derivative)
sistezi (s-derivative)

Latin: sistō

desc

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖 (sestu), 𐌔𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌄 (seste), 𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (restatu), 𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌚 (restef)

Volscian: sistiatiens

From Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti, from the root *steh₂-.