is

Latin: is, ea, id

Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)

Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)

South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)


so

so (masculine nominative singular)
sā (feminine nominative singular)
sod (neuter nominative singular)
se (masculine singular vocative)
sa (feminine singular vocative)
sod (neuter singular vocative)
som (accusative masculine singular)
sam (accusative feminine singular)
sod (accusative neuter singular)
sosjo (genitive masculine singular)
sosjās (feminine genitive singular)
sosjo (genitive neuter singular)
sōi (dative masculine singular)
sāi (dative feminine singular)
sōi (dative neuter singular)
sōd (ablative masculine singular)
sād (ablative feminine singular)
sōd (ablative neuter singular)
sei (locative masculine singular)
sāi (feminine locative singular)
sei (locative neuter singular)
soi (masculine nominative plural)
sās (feminine nominative plural)
sā (neuter nominative plural)
soi (masculine plural vocative)
sās (feminine plural vocative)
sā (neuter plural vocative)
sons (accusative masculine plural)
sans (accusative feminine plural)
sā (accusative neuter plural)
som (genitive masculine plural)
sāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
som (genitive neuter plural)
sois (dative masculine plural)
sais (dative feminine plural)
sois (dative neuter plural)
sois (ablative masculine plural)
sais (ablative feminine plural)
sois (ablative neuter plural)
sois (locative masculine plural)
sais (feminine locative plural)
sois (locative neuter plural)

desc

Latin: sum, sam, sōs (attested in Ennius)

South Picene: 𐌔𐌀 (sa, nom. sg. f. or nom. pl. n.)

From Proto-Indo-European *só, with initial *s- levelled throughout the entire declension.


ho

ho (masculine nominative singular)
hā (feminine nominative singular)
hod (neuter nominative singular)
he (masculine singular vocative)
ha (feminine singular vocative)
hod (neuter singular vocative)
hom (accusative masculine singular)
ham (accusative feminine singular)
hod (accusative neuter singular)
hosjo (genitive masculine singular)
hosjās (feminine genitive singular)
hosjo (genitive neuter singular)
hōi (dative masculine singular)
hāi (dative feminine singular)
hōi (dative neuter singular)
hōd (ablative masculine singular)
hād (ablative feminine singular)
hōd (ablative neuter singular)
hei (locative masculine singular)
hāi (feminine locative singular)
hei (locative neuter singular)
hoi (masculine nominative plural)
hās (feminine nominative plural)
hā (neuter nominative plural)
hoi (masculine plural vocative)
hās (feminine plural vocative)
hā (neuter plural vocative)
hons (accusative masculine plural)
hans (accusative feminine plural)
hā (accusative neuter plural)
hom (genitive masculine plural)
hāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
hom (genitive neuter plural)
hois (dative masculine plural)
hais (dative feminine plural)
hois (dative neuter plural)
hois (ablative masculine plural)
hais (ablative feminine plural)
hois (ablative neuter plural)
hois (locative masculine plural)
hais (feminine locative plural)
hois (locative neuter plural)

⇒? Umbrian: erihont, 𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕 (erahunt)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰe (a particle), with pronominal inflection added.


ek

Latin: ec-, ⇒ ecce

Sabellic:

Marrucinian: ecan (acc. sg. f.)

Oscan: 𐌄𐌊 (ek, nom. sg. m.), 𐌄𐌊𐌞𐌊 (ekúk, nom. sg. m.), 𐌄𐌊𐌝𐌊 (ekík, nom./acc. sg. n.), 𐌄𐌊𐌀𐌔𐌔 (ekass, acc. pl. f.), 𐌄𐌊𐌀 (eka, acc. pl. f.)

Paelignian: ecuc (nom. sg. m.), ecic (nom. sg. n.)

Breaking it down element by element:
* The initial *e- has been compared to that of Ancient Greek ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos, “that”).
* The *-k- is from the deictic particle *ke.


eno

Oscan: in, ini

Umbrian: eno, enu

Unsorted formations:

Latin: enim

Oscan: inim

Paelignian: inom

Umbrian: enom, enem

Umbrian: inuk, inumek


ki

Latin: cis

See Proto-Indo-European *ḱís for relatives.


esto

estā (feminine)
estod (neuter)
esto (masculine nominative singular)
estā (feminine nominative singular)
estod (neuter nominative singular)
este (masculine singular vocative)
esta (feminine singular vocative)
estod (neuter singular vocative)
estom (accusative masculine singular)
estam (accusative feminine singular)
estod (accusative neuter singular)
estosjo (genitive masculine singular)
estosjās (feminine genitive singular)
estosjo (genitive neuter singular)
estōi (dative masculine singular)
estāi (dative feminine singular)
estōi (dative neuter singular)
estōd (ablative masculine singular)
estād (ablative feminine singular)
estōd (ablative neuter singular)
estei (locative masculine singular)
estāi (feminine locative singular)
estei (locative neuter singular)
estoi (masculine nominative plural)
estās (feminine nominative plural)
estā (neuter nominative plural)
estoi (masculine plural vocative)
estās (feminine plural vocative)
estā (neuter plural vocative)
estons (accusative masculine plural)
estans (accusative feminine plural)
estā (accusative neuter plural)
estom (genitive masculine plural)
estāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
estom (genitive neuter plural)
estois (dative masculine plural)
estais (dative feminine plural)
estois (dative neuter plural)
estois (ablative masculine plural)
estais (ablative feminine plural)
estois (ablative neuter plural)
estois (locative masculine plural)
estais (feminine locative plural)
estois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: iste

South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌔 (estas, nom pl fem.)

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖 (estu, acc sg masc.), 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌄 (este, acc sg neut.)

A compound pronoun from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)es- + *só, with the s-initial forms of the latter element replaced with t-initial forms.


ito

ito (masculine nominative singular)
itā (feminine nominative singular)
itod (neuter nominative singular)
ite (masculine singular vocative)
ita (feminine singular vocative)
itod (neuter singular vocative)
itom (accusative masculine singular)
itam (accusative feminine singular)
itod (accusative neuter singular)
itosjo (genitive masculine singular)
itosjās (feminine genitive singular)
itosjo (genitive neuter singular)
itōi (dative masculine singular)
itāi (dative feminine singular)
itōi (dative neuter singular)
itōd (ablative masculine singular)
itād (ablative feminine singular)
itōd (ablative neuter singular)
itei (locative masculine singular)
itāi (feminine locative singular)
itei (locative neuter singular)
itoi (masculine nominative plural)
itās (feminine nominative plural)
itā (neuter nominative plural)
itoi (masculine plural vocative)
itās (feminine plural vocative)
itā (neuter plural vocative)
itons (accusative masculine plural)
itans (accusative feminine plural)
itā (accusative neuter plural)
itom (genitive masculine plural)
itāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
itom (genitive neuter plural)
itois (dative masculine plural)
itais (dative feminine plural)
itois (dative neuter plural)
itois (ablative masculine plural)
itais (ablative feminine plural)
itois (ablative neuter plural)
itois (locative masculine plural)
itais (feminine locative plural)
itois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: ita, item, ⇒ itidem

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌊 (itek)

De Vaan speculates a compound pronoun *h₁i- + *to-.


tū

egō (first-person nominative singular)
tū (nominative second-person singular)
mē (accusative first-person singular)
tē (accusative second-person singular)
sē (accusative reflexive singular)
mei (first-person genitive singular)
tei (genitive second-person singular)
sei (genitive reflexive singular)
meɣei (dative first-person singular)
teβei (dative second-person singular)
seβei (dative reflexive singular)
med (ablative first-person singular)
ted (ablative second-person singular)
sed (ablative reflexive singular)
meos (first-person possessive singular)
towos (possessive second-person singular)
sowos (possessive reflexive singular)
nōs (first-person nominative singular)
wōs (nominative second-person singular)
as singular (nominative reflexive singular)
nōs (accusative first-person singular)
wōs (accusative second-person singular)
as singular (accusative reflexive singular)
nosterom (first-person genitive singular)
westerom (genitive second-person singular)
as singular (genitive reflexive singular)
nōβei (dative first-person singular)
wōβei (dative second-person singular)
as singular (dative reflexive singular)
nōβei (ablative first-person singular)
wōβei (ablative second-person singular)
as singular (ablative reflexive singular)
nosteros (first-person possessive singular)
westeros (possessive second-person singular)
as singular (possessive reflexive singular)

Latin: tū

Oscan: 𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌌 (tiium), 𐌕𐌉𐌞 (tiú, nom.), 𐌕𐌉𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tifei), 𐌕𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tfei, dat.)

South Picene: 𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom, acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌝 (tefeí), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌇 (tefeh, dat.)

Umbrian: tiom, 𐌕𐌉𐌖 (tiu), tio, teio (acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄 (tefe), tefe (dat.)


nōs

Latin: nōs

From the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *wéy.


egō

Faliscan: 𐌄𐌒𐌏 (eqo), 𐌄𐌊𐌏 (eko), 𐌄𐌂𐌏 (eco)

Latin: ego

South Picene: 𐌄𐌊𐌞 (ekú)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌇𐌄 (mehe) (dative singular)

(Possibly) Venetic: 𐌄𐌙𐌏 (ego)


wōs

Faliscan: 𐌖𐌄𐌔 (ues)

Old Latin: vōs

Latin: vōs

Paelignian: uus (nominative, dative)

From the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́.


kʷis

kʷis (masculine nominative singular)
kʷis (feminine nominative singular)
kʷid (neuter nominative singular)
kʷim (accusative masculine singular)
kʷim (accusative feminine singular)
kʷid (accusative neuter singular)
kʷēs (masculine nominative plural)
kʷēs (feminine nominative plural)
kʷī (neuter nominative plural)
kʷia (neuter nominative plural)
kʷins (accusative masculine plural)
kʷins (accusative feminine plural)
kʷī (accusative neuter plural)
kʷia (accusative neuter plural)
kʷiβos (dative masculine plural)
kʷiβos (dative feminine plural)
kʷiβos (dative neuter plural)
kʷiβos (ablative masculine plural)
kʷiβos (ablative feminine plural)
kʷiβos (ablative neuter plural)
kʷiβos (locative masculine plural)
kʷiβos (feminine locative plural)
kʷiβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: quis, quid

Oscan: 𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pis), 𐌐𐌉𐌃 (pid)

Faliscan: 𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pis)

Paelignian: pid

South Picene: puih, pid

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌉 (pisi), pisi, 𐌐𐌉𐌛𐌉 (piři), 𐌐𐌉𐌛𐌄 (piře), 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (peře), pirse

Volscian: pis

Marrucinian: pis


kʷoi

kʷoi (masculine nominative singular)
kʷāi (feminine nominative singular)
kʷod (neuter nominative singular)
kʷom (accusative masculine singular)
kʷām (accusative feminine singular)
kʷod (accusative neuter singular)
kʷojjos (genitive masculine singular)
kʷojjos (genitive neuter singular)
kʷozmoi (dative masculine singular)
kʷojjei (dative masculine singular)
kʷozmoi (dative neuter singular)
kʷojjei (dative neuter singular)
kʷōd (ablative masculine singular)
kʷād (ablative feminine singular)
kʷōd (ablative neuter singular)
kʷoi (masculine nominative plural)
kʷōs (masculine nominative plural)
kʷās (feminine nominative plural)
kʷa (neuter nominative plural)
kʷai (neuter nominative plural)
kʷons (accusative masculine plural)
kʷāns (accusative feminine plural)
kʷa (accusative neuter plural)
kʷai (accusative neuter plural)
kʷozom (genitive masculine plural)
kʷāzom (feminine genitive plural)
kʷozom (genitive neuter plural)
kʷois (dative masculine plural)
kʷais (dative feminine plural)
kʷois (dative neuter plural)
kʷois (ablative masculine plural)
kʷais (ablative feminine plural)
kʷois (ablative neuter plural)
kʷois (locative masculine plural)
kʷais (feminine locative plural)
kʷois (locative neuter plural)

Faliscan: 𐌂𐌖𐌉 (cui)

Latin: quī, quae, quod

Oscan: 𐌐𐌀𐌝 (paí), pae, 𐌐𐌞𐌃 (púd), pod

Paelignian: puus

Umbrian: poi, 𐌐𐌖𐌛𐌄 (puře), porsi

Nominative cases in *-i built on Proto-Indo-European stems *kʷo-, *kʷeh₂-, from *kʷos.


kʷoteros

kʷoteros (masculine nominative singular)
kʷoterā (feminine nominative singular)
kʷoterom (neuter nominative singular)
kʷotere (masculine singular vocative)
kʷotera (feminine singular vocative)
kʷoterom (neuter singular vocative)
kʷoterom (accusative masculine singular)
kʷoteram (accusative feminine singular)
kʷoterom (accusative neuter singular)
kʷoterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
kʷoterī (genitive masculine singular)
kʷoterās (feminine genitive singular)
kʷoterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
kʷoterī (genitive neuter singular)
kʷoterōi (dative masculine singular)
kʷoterāi (dative feminine singular)
kʷoterōi (dative neuter singular)
kʷoterōd (ablative masculine singular)
kʷoterād (ablative feminine singular)
kʷoterōd (ablative neuter singular)
kʷoterei (locative masculine singular)
kʷoterāi (feminine locative singular)
kʷoterei (locative neuter singular)
kʷoterōs (masculine nominative plural)
kʷoteroi (masculine nominative plural)
kʷoterās (feminine nominative plural)
kʷoterā (neuter nominative plural)
kʷoterōs (masculine plural vocative)
kʷoteroi (masculine plural vocative)
kʷoterās (feminine plural vocative)
kʷoterā (neuter plural vocative)
kʷoterons (accusative masculine plural)
kʷoterans (accusative feminine plural)
kʷoterā (accusative neuter plural)
kʷoterom (genitive masculine plural)
kʷoterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
kʷoterom (genitive neuter plural)
kʷoterois (dative masculine plural)
kʷoterais (dative feminine plural)
kʷoterois (dative neuter plural)
kʷoterois (ablative masculine plural)
kʷoterais (ablative feminine plural)
kʷoterois (ablative neuter plural)
kʷoterois (locative masculine plural)
kʷoterais (feminine locative plural)
kʷoterois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: uter


olnos

olnos (masculine nominative singular)
olnā (feminine nominative singular)
olnom (neuter nominative singular)
olne (masculine singular vocative)
olna (feminine singular vocative)
olnom (neuter singular vocative)
olnom (accusative masculine singular)
olnam (accusative feminine singular)
olnom (accusative neuter singular)
olnosjo (genitive masculine singular)
olnī (genitive masculine singular)
olnās (feminine genitive singular)
olnosjo (genitive neuter singular)
olnī (genitive neuter singular)
olnōi (dative masculine singular)
olnāi (dative feminine singular)
olnōi (dative neuter singular)
olnōd (ablative masculine singular)
olnād (ablative feminine singular)
olnōd (ablative neuter singular)
olnei (locative masculine singular)
olnāi (feminine locative singular)
olnei (locative neuter singular)
olnōs (masculine nominative plural)
olnoi (masculine nominative plural)
olnās (feminine nominative plural)
olnā (neuter nominative plural)
olnōs (masculine plural vocative)
olnoi (masculine plural vocative)
olnās (feminine plural vocative)
olnā (neuter plural vocative)
olnons (accusative masculine plural)
olnans (accusative feminine plural)
olnā (accusative neuter plural)
olnom (genitive masculine plural)
olnāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
olnom (genitive neuter plural)
olnois (dative masculine plural)
olnais (dative feminine plural)
olnois (dative neuter plural)
olnois (ablative masculine plural)
olnais (ablative feminine plural)
olnois (ablative neuter plural)
olnois (locative masculine plural)
olnais (feminine locative plural)
olnois (locative neuter plural)

Old Latin: ollus, olle

Latin: ille

Oscan: 𐌞𐌋𐌋𐌄𐌝𐌔 (úlleís, gen sg m.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no-s or Proto-Indo-European *h₂l̥-no-s, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”).


e(s)peso

Latin: ipse (see there for further descendants)

A compound pronoun from *h₁e + *só. Joining the two pronominal elements is either a particle *-pe (according to De Vaan) or a secondary epenthetic -p- that originally arose when -m-final endings of the first element came into contact with the initial *s of the second element.

𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌖𐌚

*e(s)pesō (with individualizing suffix *-ō)


kʷiskʷis

kʷidkʷid (neuter)
kʷiskʷis (masculine nominative singular)
kʷiskʷis (feminine nominative singular)
kʷidkʷid (neuter nominative singular)
kʷimkʷim (accusative masculine singular)
kʷimkʷim (accusative feminine singular)
kʷidkʷid (accusative neuter singular)
kʷēskʷēs (masculine nominative plural)
kʷēskʷēs (feminine nominative plural)
kʷīkʷī (neuter nominative plural)
kʷiakʷia (neuter nominative plural)
kʷinskʷins (accusative masculine plural)
kʷinskʷins (accusative feminine plural)
kʷīkʷī (accusative neuter plural)
kʷiakʷia (accusative neuter plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (dative masculine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (dative feminine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (dative neuter plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (ablative masculine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (ablative feminine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (ablative neuter plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (locative masculine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (feminine locative plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: quisquis

Sabellic:

Oscan: 𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pispis, nom. sg.), poizepid (loc. sg. n.)

South Picene: 𐌐𐌉𐌌𐌐𐌝𐌇 (pimpíh, acc. sg.)


ekeso

head

*ekeso m (feminine *ekesā, neuter *ekesod)

ekesā (feminine)
ekesod (neuter)
ekeso (masculine nominative singular)
ekesā (feminine nominative singular)
ekesod (neuter nominative singular)
ekese (masculine singular vocative)
ekesa (feminine singular vocative)
ekesod (neuter singular vocative)
ekesom (accusative masculine singular)
ekesam (accusative feminine singular)
ekesod (accusative neuter singular)
ekesosjo (genitive masculine singular)
ekesosjās (feminine genitive singular)
ekesosjo (genitive neuter singular)
ekesōi (dative masculine singular)
ekesāi (dative feminine singular)
ekesōi (dative neuter singular)
ekesōd (ablative masculine singular)
ekesād (ablative feminine singular)
ekesōd (ablative neuter singular)
ekesei (locative masculine singular)
ekesāi (feminine locative singular)
ekesei (locative neuter singular)
ekesoi (masculine nominative plural)
ekesās (feminine nominative plural)
ekesā (neuter nominative plural)
ekesoi (masculine plural vocative)
ekesās (feminine plural vocative)
ekesā (neuter plural vocative)
ekesons (accusative masculine plural)
ekesans (accusative feminine plural)
ekesā (accusative neuter plural)
ekesom (genitive masculine plural)
ekesāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
ekesom (genitive neuter plural)
ekesois (dative masculine plural)
ekesais (dative feminine plural)
ekesois (dative neuter plural)
ekesois (ablative masculine plural)
ekesais (ablative feminine plural)
ekesois (ablative neuter plural)
ekesois (locative masculine plural)
ekesais (feminine locative plural)
ekesois (locative neuter plural)

Marrucinian: esuc (gen. pl. m.)

desc

Oscan: 𐌄𐌊𐌔𐌖𐌊 (eksuk, abl. sg. m./n.), exeic (loc. sg. n.), exac (abl. sg. f.), exaisc (abl. pl. f.)

Umbrian: eso (nom. sg. f. or nom./acc. pl. n.), essu, esu (abl. sg. m./n.), 𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌊𐌖 (esuku, abl. sg. m./n.), esa (abl. sg. f.), 𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌊 (esumek, gen. pl. n.), esome (gen. pl. n.), esir, isir (abl. pl. n.)

From the components of *eko (“this”) followed by Proto-Indo-European *só.