terzā

terzā (nominative singular)
terzās (nominative plural)
terza (singular vocative)
terzās (plural vocative)
terzam (accusative singular)
terzans (accusative plural)
terzās (genitive singular)
terzāzom (genitive plural)
terzāi (dative singular)
terzais (dative plural)
terzād (ablative singular)
terzais (ablative plural)
terzāi (locative singular)
terzais (locative plural)

Latin: terra

desc

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras, gen. sg. or nom. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *terseh₂ (“dry land”), from *ters- (“dry”).


əngʷnis

əngʷnis (nominative singular)
əngʷnēs (nominative plural)
əngʷnis (singular vocative)
əngʷnēs (plural vocative)
əngʷnim (accusative singular)
əngʷnins (accusative plural)
əngʷneis (genitive singular)
əngʷnjom (genitive plural)
əngʷnei (dative singular)
əngʷniβos (dative plural)
əngʷnīd (ablative singular)
əngʷniβos (ablative plural)
əngʷnei (locative singular)
əngʷniβos (locative plural)

Latin: ignis (see there for further descendants)


lawāðrom

lawāðrom (nominative singular)
lawāðrā (nominative plural)
lawāðrom (singular vocative)
lawāðrā (plural vocative)
lawāðrom (accusative singular)
lawāðrā (accusative plural)
lawāðrosjo (genitive singular)
lawāðrī (genitive singular)
lawāðrom (genitive plural)
lawāðrōi (dative singular)
lawāðrois (dative plural)
lawāðrōd (ablative singular)
lawāðrois (ablative plural)
lawāðrei (locative singular)
lawāðrois (locative plural)

Latin: lavābrum

Latin: lābrum

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom, from *lewh₃- (“to rinse, wash, bathe”), probably remodeled after *lawāō (“to wash, bathe”) + *-ðrom.


wizgā

wizgā (nominative singular)
wizgās (nominative plural)
wizga (singular vocative)
wizgās (plural vocative)
wizgam (accusative singular)
wizgans (accusative plural)
wizgās (genitive singular)
wizgāzom (genitive plural)
wizgāi (dative singular)
wizgais (dative plural)
wizgād (ablative singular)
wizgais (ablative plural)
wizgāi (locative singular)
wizgais (locative plural)

Latin: virga

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *wisgeh₂ (“flexible rod or stick”), and cognate with Proto-Germanic *wiskaz (“bundle of hay or straw, wisp”). The Proto-Indo-European term is sometimes taken as an extension of Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to produce, procreate”), or alternatively from a stem *weyḱs- (see *weyḱ- (“to enter”)).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*weyḱ-</i> (“to enter”))


auzis

auzis (nominative singular)
auzēs (nominative plural)
auzis (singular vocative)
auzēs (plural vocative)
auzim (accusative singular)
auzins (accusative plural)
auzeis (genitive singular)
auzjom (genitive plural)
auzei (dative singular)
auziβos (dative plural)
auzīd (ablative singular)
auziβos (ablative plural)
auzei (locative singular)
auziβos (locative plural)

Latin: auris, ōris
→ English: aur-

⇒ Latin: auricula (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (“ear”).


treiðlom

treiðlom (nominative singular)
treiðlā (nominative plural)
treiðlom (singular vocative)
treiðlā (plural vocative)
treiðlom (accusative singular)
treiðlā (accusative plural)
treiðlosjo (genitive singular)
treiðlī (genitive singular)
treiðlom (genitive plural)
treiðlōi (dative singular)
treiðlois (dative plural)
treiðlōd (ablative singular)
treiðlois (ablative plural)
treiðlei (locative singular)
treiðlois (locative plural)

Latin: trībulum


pūgjō

pūgjō (nominative singular)
pūgjes (nominative plural)
pūgjō (singular vocative)
pūgjes (plural vocative)
pūgjem (accusative singular)
pūgjens (accusative plural)
pūgjes (genitive singular)
pūgjos (genitive singular)
pūgjom (genitive plural)
pūgjei (dative singular)
pūgjβos (dative plural)
pūgji? pūgje? (ablative singular)
pūgjβos (ablative plural)
pūgji? pūgje? (locative singular)
pūgjβos (locative plural)

Latin: pūgiō


supoleigaklom

supoleigaklom (nominative singular)
supoleigaklā (nominative plural)
supoleigaklom (singular vocative)
supoleigaklā (plural vocative)
supoleigaklom (accusative singular)
supoleigaklā (accusative plural)
supoleigaklosjo (genitive singular)
supoleigaklī (genitive singular)
supoleigaklom (genitive plural)
supoleigaklōi (dative singular)
supoleigaklois (dative plural)
supoleigaklōd (ablative singular)
supoleigaklois (ablative plural)
supoleigaklei (locative singular)
supoleigaklois (locative plural)

Latin: subligāculum


serwos

serwos (nominative singular)
serwōs (nominative plural)
serwoi (nominative plural)
serwe (singular vocative)
serwōs (plural vocative)
serwoi (plural vocative)
serwom (accusative singular)
serwons (accusative plural)
serwosjo (genitive singular)
serwī (genitive singular)
serwom (genitive plural)
serwōi (dative singular)
serwois (dative plural)
serwōd (ablative singular)
serwois (ablative plural)
serwei (locative singular)
serwois (locative plural)

Latin: servus (see there for further descendants)

Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *ser- + *-wos, but the exact sense of the root *ser- from which *serwos derives is uncertain. Either:
* “to bind”, in the sense “one who is bound (in duty/labor)”, or originally denoting a physical binding;
* “to guard” (comparing Ancient Greek ῥύομαι (rhúomai)), thus perhaps originally meaning one whose job it is to protect. This seems to be the commonly favored sense;
* “to plunder”, based on the assumption that the Latin sense of “slave” is original and those taken captive in war were converted to servants.
See *ser- for the various senses.


termenos

termenos (nominative singular)
termenōs (nominative plural)
termenoi (nominative plural)
termene (singular vocative)
termenōs (plural vocative)
termenoi (plural vocative)
termenom (accusative singular)
termenons (accusative plural)
termenosjo (genitive singular)
termenī (genitive singular)
termenom (genitive plural)
termenōi (dative singular)
termenois (dative plural)
termenōd (ablative singular)
termenois (ablative plural)
termenei (locative singular)
termenois (locative plural)

Latin: terminus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: teremniss

Umbrian: termnas

Venetic: termonios

From Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥ (“peg, boundary post”).


pūr

pūr (nominative singular)
purā (nominative plural)
pūr (singular vocative)
purā (plural vocative)
pūr (accusative singular)
purā (accusative plural)
pures (genitive singular)
puros (genitive singular)
purom (genitive plural)
purei (dative singular)
purβos (dative plural)
puri? pure? (ablative singular)
purβos (ablative plural)
puri? pure? (locative singular)
purβos (locative plural)

⇒ Latin: pūrgō (see there for further descendants)

desc

abl. sg. with suffixed <i class="Latn mention" lang="xum">-to</i>

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌉𐌓 (pir), pir (nom./acc. sg.), 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌄 (pure, abl. sg.), pureto (abl. sg. with suffixed -to)

<i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*-āsios</i> adjective

⇒ Oscan: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌉𐌀𐌝 (purasiaí, loc. sg.) (*-āsios adjective)

From Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥. The N-stem oblique paradigm was lost, with the noun being a pure R-stem; if it retained its oblique N-stem pattern, its oblique base would have most likely been *pun-.


putlos

putlos (masculine nominative singular)
putlā (feminine nominative singular)
putlom (neuter nominative singular)
putle (masculine singular vocative)
putla (feminine singular vocative)
putlom (neuter singular vocative)
putlom (accusative masculine singular)
putlam (accusative feminine singular)
putlom (accusative neuter singular)
putlosjo (genitive masculine singular)
putlī (genitive masculine singular)
putlās (feminine genitive singular)
putlosjo (genitive neuter singular)
putlī (genitive neuter singular)
putlōi (dative masculine singular)
putlāi (dative feminine singular)
putlōi (dative neuter singular)
putlōd (ablative masculine singular)
putlād (ablative feminine singular)
putlōd (ablative neuter singular)
putlei (locative masculine singular)
putlāi (feminine locative singular)
putlei (locative neuter singular)
putlōs (masculine nominative plural)
putloi (masculine nominative plural)
putlās (feminine nominative plural)
putlā (neuter nominative plural)
putlōs (masculine plural vocative)
putloi (masculine plural vocative)
putlās (feminine plural vocative)
putlā (neuter plural vocative)
putlons (accusative masculine plural)
putlans (accusative feminine plural)
putlā (accusative neuter plural)
putlom (genitive masculine plural)
putlāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
putlom (genitive neuter plural)
putlois (dative masculine plural)
putlais (dative feminine plural)
putlois (dative neuter plural)
putlois (ablative masculine plural)
putlais (ablative feminine plural)
putlois (ablative neuter plural)
putlois (locative masculine plural)
putlais (feminine locative plural)
putlois (locative neuter plural)

⇒? Latin: pullus

Faliscan: putellio

Oscan: puklúm

South Picene: puqloh

Paelignian: puclois

Marsian: pucles


weikos

weikos (nominative singular)
weikōs (nominative plural)
weikoi (nominative plural)
weike (singular vocative)
weikōs (plural vocative)
weikoi (plural vocative)
weikom (accusative singular)
weikons (accusative plural)
weikosjo (genitive singular)
weikī (genitive singular)
weikom (genitive plural)
weikōi (dative singular)
weikois (dative plural)
weikōd (ablative singular)
weikois (ablative plural)
weikei (locative singular)
weikois (locative plural)

Latin: vīcus

→ Etruscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌖 (viku)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyḱós, from *weyḱ- (“village, settlement”).


wokā

wokā (nominative singular)
wokās (nominative plural)
woka (singular vocative)
wokās (plural vocative)
wokam (accusative singular)
wokans (accusative plural)
wokās (genitive singular)
wokāzom (genitive plural)
wokāi (dative singular)
wokais (dative plural)
wokād (ablative singular)
wokais (ablative plural)
wokāi (locative singular)
wokais (locative plural)

Latin: vacca


weizos

weizos (nominative singular)
weizōs (nominative plural)
weizoi (nominative plural)
weize (singular vocative)
weizōs (plural vocative)
weizoi (plural vocative)
weizom (accusative singular)
weizons (accusative plural)
weizosjo (genitive singular)
weizī (genitive singular)
weizom (genitive plural)
weizōi (dative singular)
weizois (dative plural)
weizōd (ablative singular)
weizois (ablative plural)
weizei (locative singular)
weizois (locative plural)

Latin: vīrus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”).


odjom

odjom (nominative singular)
odjā (nominative plural)
odjom (singular vocative)
odjā (plural vocative)
odjom (accusative singular)
odjā (accusative plural)
odjosjo (genitive singular)
odjī (genitive singular)
odjom (genitive plural)
odjōi (dative singular)
odjois (dative plural)
odjōd (ablative singular)
odjois (ablative plural)
odjei (locative singular)
odjois (locative plural)

Latin: odium

Oscan: oiim

A full-grade or o-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to hate”); related to *ōdai, which is derived from a reduplication of the root.


kruks

kruks (nominative singular)
krukes (nominative plural)
kruks (singular vocative)
krukes (plural vocative)
krukem (accusative singular)
krukens (accusative plural)
krukes (genitive singular)
krukos (genitive singular)
krukom (genitive plural)
krukei (dative singular)
krukβos (dative plural)
kruki? kruke? (ablative singular)
krukβos (ablative plural)
kruki? kruke? (locative singular)
krukβos (locative plural)

Latin: crux

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


reipā

reipā (nominative singular)
reipās (nominative plural)
reipa (singular vocative)
reipās (plural vocative)
reipam (accusative singular)
reipans (accusative plural)
reipās (genitive singular)
reipāzom (genitive plural)
reipāi (dative singular)
reipais (dative plural)
reipād (ablative singular)
reipais (ablative plural)
reipāi (locative singular)
reipais (locative plural)

Latin: rīpa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁réyp-eh₂ (“steep slope”), from the root *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”).


bakklom

bakklom (nominative singular)
bakklā (nominative plural)
bakklom (singular vocative)
bakklā (plural vocative)
bakklom (accusative singular)
bakklā (accusative plural)
bakklosjo (genitive singular)
bakklī (genitive singular)
bakklom (genitive plural)
bakklōi (dative singular)
bakklois (dative plural)
bakklōd (ablative singular)
bakklois (ablative plural)
bakklei (locative singular)
bakklois (locative plural)

Latin: baculum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *baktlom, from *bak- (“stick”).


feβros

feβros (nominative singular)
feβrozā (nominative plural)
feβros (singular vocative)
feβrozā (plural vocative)
feβros (accusative singular)
feβrozā (accusative plural)
feβrozes (genitive singular)
feβrozos (genitive singular)
feβrozom (genitive plural)
feβrozei (dative singular)
feβrozβos (dative plural)
feβrozi? feβroze? (ablative singular)
feβrozβos (ablative plural)
feβrozi? feβroze? (locative singular)
feβrozβos (locative plural)

Latin: fiber


flāgmen

flāgmen (nominative singular)
flāgmenes (nominative plural)
flāgmen (singular vocative)
flāgmenes (plural vocative)
flāgmenem (accusative singular)
flāgmenens (accusative plural)
flāgmenes (genitive singular)
flāgmenos (genitive singular)
flāgmenom (genitive plural)
flāgmenei (dative singular)
flāgmenβos (dative plural)
flāgmeni? flāgmene? (ablative singular)
flāgmenβos (ablative plural)
flāgmeni? flāgmene? (locative singular)
flāgmenβos (locative plural)

Latin: flāmen

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰlag- (“to hit, strike, beat”). Other etymologies point to *bʰleh₂- (no meaning given) or *bʰel- (“to shine, burn”).


flagros

flagros (nominative singular)
flagrōs (nominative plural)
flagroi (nominative plural)
flagre (singular vocative)
flagrōs (plural vocative)
flagroi (plural vocative)
flagrom (accusative singular)
flagrons (accusative plural)
flagrosjo (genitive singular)
flagrī (genitive singular)
flagrom (genitive plural)
flagrōi (dative singular)
flagrois (dative plural)
flagrōd (ablative singular)
flagrois (ablative plural)
flagrei (locative singular)
flagrois (locative plural)

⇒ Latin: flagrō (see there for further descendants)


flagmā

flagmā (nominative singular)
flagmās (nominative plural)
flagma (singular vocative)
flagmās (plural vocative)
flagmam (accusative singular)
flagmans (accusative plural)
flagmās (genitive singular)
flagmāzom (genitive plural)
flagmāi (dative singular)
flagmais (dative plural)
flagmād (ablative singular)
flagmais (ablative plural)
flagmāi (locative singular)
flagmais (locative plural)

Latin: flamma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to shine”).


kʷelōnos

kʷelōnos (nominative singular)
kʷelōnōs (nominative plural)
kʷelōnoi (nominative plural)
kʷelōne (singular vocative)
kʷelōnōs (plural vocative)
kʷelōnoi (plural vocative)
kʷelōnom (accusative singular)
kʷelōnons (accusative plural)
kʷelōnosjo (genitive singular)
kʷelōnī (genitive singular)
kʷelōnom (genitive plural)
kʷelōnōi (dative singular)
kʷelōnois (dative plural)
kʷelōnōd (ablative singular)
kʷelōnois (ablative plural)
kʷelōnei (locative singular)
kʷelōnois (locative plural)

Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷel-h₃onh₂-os, from *kʷel- (“to domesticate, tame”).


knuks

knuks (nominative singular)
knukes (nominative plural)
knuks (singular vocative)
knukes (plural vocative)
knukem (accusative singular)
knukens (accusative plural)
knukes (genitive singular)
knukos (genitive singular)
knukom (genitive plural)
knukei (dative singular)
knukβos (dative plural)
knuki? knuke? (ablative singular)
knukβos (ablative plural)
knuki? knuke? (locative singular)
knukβos (locative plural)

Latin: nux

From a root *knu- also found in Proto-Celtic *knūs (source of Irish cnó, Welsh cnau) and Proto-Germanic *hnuts (source of English nut, German Nuss). Based on the form of the nouns, semantic category, and the restriction of the root to western European branches, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European origin. De Vaan suggests that it is related to Latin nūgae (“trifles”), and cites the irregular alternations between Latin nux and nūgae as additional evidence for substrate origin.


auktōr

auktōr (nominative singular)
auktōres (nominative plural)
auktōr (singular vocative)
auktōres (plural vocative)
auktōrem (accusative singular)
auktōrens (accusative plural)
auktōres (genitive singular)
auktōros (genitive singular)
auktōrom (genitive plural)
auktōrei (dative singular)
auktōrβos (dative plural)
auktōri? auktōre? (ablative singular)
auktōrβos (ablative plural)
auktōri? auktōre? (locative singular)
auktōrβos (locative plural)

Latin: auctor (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌖𐌓 (uhtur)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to grow”) + *-tōr (agent suffix).


wetelos

wetelā (feminine)
wetelos (nominative singular)
wetelōs (nominative plural)
weteloi (nominative plural)
wetele (singular vocative)
wetelōs (plural vocative)
weteloi (plural vocative)
wetelom (accusative singular)
wetelons (accusative plural)
wetelosjo (genitive singular)
wetelī (genitive singular)
wetelom (genitive plural)
wetelōi (dative singular)
wetelois (dative plural)
wetelōd (ablative singular)
wetelois (ablative plural)
wetelei (locative singular)
wetelois (locative plural)

Latin: vitulus

desc

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌉𐌕𐌋𐌖 (vitlu, accusative sg.), 𐌅𐌉𐌕𐌋𐌖𐌚 (vitluf, accusative pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”) + *-elos.


lēks

lēks (nominative singular)
lēges (nominative plural)
lēks (singular vocative)
lēges (plural vocative)
lēgem (accusative singular)
lēgens (accusative plural)
lēges (genitive singular)
lēgos (genitive singular)
lēgom (genitive plural)
lēgei (dative singular)
lēgβos (dative plural)
lēgi? lēge? (ablative singular)
lēgβos (ablative plural)
lēgi? lēge? (locative singular)
lēgβos (locative plural)

Latin: lēx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: lixs

desc

Oscan: ligud (ablative sg.), ligis (ablative pl.)


parezā

parezā (nominative singular)
parezās (nominative plural)
pareza (singular vocative)
parezās (plural vocative)
parezam (accusative singular)
parezans (accusative plural)
parezās (genitive singular)
parezāzom (genitive plural)
parezāi (dative singular)
parezais (dative plural)
parezād (ablative singular)
parezais (ablative plural)
parezāi (locative singular)
parezais (locative plural)

Latin: parra

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌌 (parfam, acc. sg.), parfa (abl. sg.)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *spḗr (“sparrow”), but these may instead be substrate loans from lost non-Indo-European languages.


skapelā

skapelā (nominative singular)
skapelās (nominative plural)
skapela (singular vocative)
skapelās (plural vocative)
skapelam (accusative singular)
skapelans (accusative plural)
skapelās (genitive singular)
skapelāzom (genitive plural)
skapelāi (dative singular)
skapelais (dative plural)
skapelād (ablative singular)
skapelais (ablative plural)
skapelāi (locative singular)
skapelais (locative plural)

Latin: scapulae pl

Umbrian: scapla


seknom

seknom (nominative singular)
seknā (nominative plural)
seknom (singular vocative)
seknā (plural vocative)
seknom (accusative singular)
seknā (accusative plural)
seknosjo (genitive singular)
seknī (genitive singular)
seknom (genitive plural)
seknōi (dative singular)
seknois (dative plural)
seknōd (ablative singular)
seknois (ablative plural)
seknei (locative singular)
seknois (locative plural)

Latin: signum

Oscan: 𐌔𐌄𐌂𐌞𐌍𐌞𐌌 (segúnúm)

Neuter substantivization of Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) + *-nos (adjective suffix), with semantic shift "what is cut out" > "sign".


katelos

katelos (nominative singular)
katelōs (nominative plural)
kateloi (nominative plural)
katele (singular vocative)
katelōs (plural vocative)
kateloi (plural vocative)
katelom (accusative singular)
katelons (accusative plural)
katelosjo (genitive singular)
katelī (genitive singular)
katelom (genitive plural)
katelōi (dative singular)
katelois (dative plural)
katelōd (ablative singular)
katelois (ablative plural)
katelei (locative singular)
katelois (locative plural)

Latin: catulus

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌋 (katel, nom sg.)

Despite seemingly phonetically similar terms in other Indo-European languages such as Middle High German hatele (“goat”), Old Norse haðna (“young goat”), Serbo-Croatian kot (“(time of) having young, litter, breed”), dial. Polish kót (“place where forest animals young”), Russian око́т (okót, “lambing time, litter”), De Vaan doubts a Proto-Indo-European origin, and implicitly assigns these words to a common substrate origin.


mormīkā

mormīkā (nominative singular)
mormīkās (nominative plural)
mormīka (singular vocative)
mormīkās (plural vocative)
mormīkam (accusative singular)
mormīkans (accusative plural)
mormīkās (genitive singular)
mormīkāzom (genitive plural)
mormīkāi (dative singular)
mormīkais (dative plural)
mormīkād (ablative singular)
mormīkais (ablative plural)
mormīkāi (locative singular)
mormīkais (locative plural)

Latin: formica (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *morwi-, perhaps deformed due to taboo.


kertsnā

kertsnā (nominative singular)
kertsnās (nominative plural)
kertsna (singular vocative)
kertsnās (plural vocative)
kertsnam (accusative singular)
kertsnans (accusative plural)
kertsnās (genitive singular)
kertsnāzom (genitive plural)
kertsnāi (dative singular)
kertsnais (dative plural)
kertsnād (ablative singular)
kertsnais (ablative plural)
kertsnāi (locative singular)
kertsnais (locative plural)

Latin: cesna, cēna

Osco-Umbrian:

Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌍𐌖 (kersnu)

Umbrian: śesna

From Proto-Indo-European *kert-s-nh₂ (“portion”), from *kert-, an extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


ongʷn̥

ongʷn̥ (nominative singular)
ongʷenā (nominative plural)
ongʷn̥ (singular vocative)
ongʷenā (plural vocative)
ongʷn̥ (accusative singular)
ongʷenā (accusative plural)
ongʷenes (genitive singular)
ongʷenos (genitive singular)
ongʷenom (genitive plural)
ongʷenei (dative singular)
ongʷenβos (dative plural)
ongʷeni? ongʷene? (ablative singular)
ongʷenβos (ablative plural)
ongʷeni? ongʷene? (locative singular)
ongʷenβos (locative plural)

Latin: unguen

Osco-Umbrian:

desc

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌍 (umen, acc. sg.), 𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄 (umne, abl. sg.)

→⇒ Latin: ōmentum (derived from an Osco-Umbrian borrowing)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat”).


n̥βris

n̥βris (nominative singular)
n̥βrēs (nominative plural)
n̥βris (singular vocative)
n̥βrēs (plural vocative)
n̥βrim (accusative singular)
n̥βrins (accusative plural)
n̥βreis (genitive singular)
n̥βrjom (genitive plural)
n̥βrei (dative singular)
n̥βriβos (dative plural)
n̥βrīd (ablative singular)
n̥βriβos (ablative plural)
n̥βrei (locative singular)
n̥βriβos (locative plural)

Latin: imber

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌚𐌓𐌝𐌔𐌔 (anafríss, “rain gods”)


louðortāts

louðortāts (nominative singular)
louðortātes (nominative plural)
louðortāts (singular vocative)
louðortātes (plural vocative)
louðortātem (accusative singular)
louðortātens (accusative plural)
louðortātes (genitive singular)
louðortātos (genitive singular)
louðortātom (genitive plural)
louðortātei (dative singular)
louðortātβos (dative plural)
louðortāti? louðortāte? (ablative singular)
louðortātβos (ablative plural)
louðortāti? louðortāte? (locative singular)
louðortātβos (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌏 (loifirtato)

Old Latin: loebertās

Latin: lībertās (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰ-or-teh₂-t-s, itself derived from *h₁lewdʰ- (“people”), equivalent to *louðeros + *-tāts.


fworis

fworis (nominative singular)
fworēs (nominative plural)
fworis (singular vocative)
fworēs (plural vocative)
fworim (accusative singular)
fworins (accusative plural)
fworeis (genitive singular)
fworjom (genitive plural)
fworei (dative singular)
fworiβos (dative plural)
fworīd (ablative singular)
fworiβos (ablative plural)
fworei (locative singular)
fworiβos (locative plural)

Latin: foris

From earlier *θworis, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwṓr.


neɣʷrō

neɣʷrō (nominative singular)
neɣʷrōnes (nominative plural)
neɣʷrō (singular vocative)
neɣʷrōnes (plural vocative)
neɣʷrōnem (accusative singular)
neɣʷrōnens (accusative plural)
neɣʷrōnes (genitive singular)
neɣʷrōnos (genitive singular)
neɣʷrōnom (genitive plural)
neɣʷrōnei (dative singular)
neɣʷrōnβos (dative plural)
neɣʷrōni? neɣʷrōne? (ablative singular)
neɣʷrōnβos (ablative plural)
neɣʷrōni? neɣʷrōne? (locative singular)
neɣʷrōnβos (locative plural)

Latin:

Praeneste: nefrōnēs pl

Lanuvium: nebrundinēs pl

'Ancients': nefrundinēs pl

Also ?? nefrendes pl (very likely conflated with forms from ne-frendo, vowel lengths unknown for comparison)


dikjō

dikjō (nominative singular)
dikīnes (nominative plural)
dikjō (singular vocative)
dikīnes (plural vocative)
dikīnem (accusative singular)
dikīnens (accusative plural)
dikīnes (genitive singular)
dikīnos (genitive singular)
dikīnom (genitive plural)
dikīnei (dative singular)
dikīnβos (dative plural)
dikīni? dikīne? (ablative singular)
dikīnβos (ablative plural)
dikīni? dikīne? (locative singular)
dikīnβos (locative plural)

Latin: diciō

From the same root as *deikō (“to say”).

𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌁𐌛𐌉𐌜𐌖

*tri-gʷu-dikjō (literally “command over three cows”)


piskis

piskis (nominative singular)
piskēs (nominative plural)
piskis (singular vocative)
piskēs (plural vocative)
piskim (accusative singular)
piskins (accusative plural)
piskeis (genitive singular)
piskjom (genitive plural)
piskei (dative singular)
piskiβos (dative plural)
piskīd (ablative singular)
piskiβos (ablative plural)
piskei (locative singular)
piskiβos (locative plural)

Latin: piscis (see there for further descendants)


arðōs

arðōs (nominative singular)
arðōzes (nominative plural)
arðōs (singular vocative)
arðōzes (plural vocative)
arðōzem (accusative singular)
arðōzens (accusative plural)
arðōzes (genitive singular)
arðōzos (genitive singular)
arðōzom (genitive plural)
arðōzei (dative singular)
arðōzβos (dative plural)
arðōzi? arðōze? (ablative singular)
arðōzβos (ablative plural)
arðōzi? arðōze? (locative singular)
arðōzβos (locative plural)

Latin: arbor (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“high; to grow”).


sūs

sūs (nominative singular)
suwes (nominative plural)
sūs (singular vocative)
suwes (plural vocative)
sūm (accusative singular)
sūns (accusative plural)
suwes (genitive singular)
suwos (genitive singular)
suwom (genitive plural)
suwei (dative singular)
sūβos (dative plural)
suwi? suwe? (ablative singular)
sūβos (ablative plural)
suwi? suwe? (locative singular)
sūβos (locative plural)

Latin: sūs (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: sim (acc. sg), 𐌔𐌉𐌚 (sif, acc. pl)


frūks

frūks (nominative singular)
frūges (nominative plural)
frūks (singular vocative)
frūges (plural vocative)
frūgem (accusative singular)
frūgens (accusative plural)
frūges (genitive singular)
frūgos (genitive singular)
frūgom (genitive plural)
frūgei (dative singular)
frūgβos (dative plural)
frūgi? frūge? (ablative singular)
frūgβos (ablative plural)
frūgi? frūge? (locative singular)
frūgβos (locative plural)

Latin: frūx

Umbrian: frif (acc.pl)


pezdis

pezdis (nominative singular)
pezdēs (nominative plural)
pezdis (singular vocative)
pezdēs (plural vocative)
pezdim (accusative singular)
pezdins (accusative plural)
pezdeis (genitive singular)
pezdjom (genitive plural)
pezdei (dative singular)
pezdiβos (dative plural)
pezdīd (ablative singular)
pezdiβos (ablative plural)
pezdei (locative singular)
pezdiβos (locative plural)

Latin: pēdis

From Proto-Indo-European pesd- (“annoying insect”).


anɣʷis

anɣʷis (nominative singular)
anɣʷēs (nominative plural)
anɣʷis (singular vocative)
anɣʷēs (plural vocative)
anɣʷim (accusative singular)
anɣʷins (accusative plural)
anɣʷeis (genitive singular)
anɣʷjom (genitive plural)
anɣʷei (dative singular)
anɣʷiβos (dative plural)
anɣʷīd (ablative singular)
anɣʷiβos (ablative plural)
anɣʷei (locative singular)
anɣʷiβos (locative plural)

Latin: anguis (see there for further descendants)


wormis

wormis (nominative singular)
wormēs (nominative plural)
wormis (singular vocative)
wormēs (plural vocative)
wormim (accusative singular)
wormins (accusative plural)
wormeis (genitive singular)
wormjom (genitive plural)
wormei (dative singular)
wormiβos (dative plural)
wormīd (ablative singular)
wormiβos (ablative plural)
wormei (locative singular)
wormiβos (locative plural)

Latin: vermis (see there for further descendants)


pelpā

pelpā (nominative singular)
pelpās (nominative plural)
pelpa (singular vocative)
pelpās (plural vocative)
pelpam (accusative singular)
pelpans (accusative plural)
pelpās (genitive singular)
pelpāzom (genitive plural)
pelpāi (dative singular)
pelpais (dative plural)
pelpād (ablative singular)
pelpais (ablative plural)
pelpāi (locative singular)
pelpais (locative plural)

Latin: pulpa (see there for further descendants)


sēmən

sēmən (nominative singular)
sēmenā (nominative plural)
sēmən (singular vocative)
sēmenā (plural vocative)
sēmən (accusative singular)
sēmenā (accusative plural)
sēmenes (genitive singular)
sēmenos (genitive singular)
sēmenom (genitive plural)
sēmenei (dative singular)
sēmenβos (dative plural)
sēmeni? sēmene? (ablative singular)
sēmenβos (ablative plural)
sēmeni? sēmene? (locative singular)
sēmenβos (locative plural)

Latin: sēmen (see there for further descendants)


wrādīks

wrādīks (nominative singular)
wrādīkes (nominative plural)
wrādīks (singular vocative)
wrādīkes (plural vocative)
wrādīkem (accusative singular)
wrādīkens (accusative plural)
wrādīkes (genitive singular)
wrādīkos (genitive singular)
wrādīkom (genitive plural)
wrādīkei (dative singular)
wrādīkβos (dative plural)
wrādīki? wrādīke? (ablative singular)
wrādīkβos (ablative plural)
wrādīki? wrādīke? (locative singular)
wrādīkβos (locative plural)

Latin: rādīx (see there for further descendants)


grāmen

grāmen (nominative singular)
grāmenes (nominative plural)
grāmen (singular vocative)
grāmenes (plural vocative)
grāmenem (accusative singular)
grāmenens (accusative plural)
grāmenes (genitive singular)
grāmenos (genitive singular)
grāmenom (genitive plural)
grāmenei (dative singular)
grāmenβos (dative plural)
grāmeni? grāmene? (ablative singular)
grāmenβos (ablative plural)
grāmeni? grāmene? (locative singular)
grāmenβos (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”).


termn̥

termn̥ (nominative singular)
termenā (nominative plural)
termn̥ (singular vocative)
termenā (plural vocative)
termn̥ (accusative singular)
termenā (accusative plural)
termenes (genitive singular)
termenos (genitive singular)
termenom (genitive plural)
termenei (dative singular)
termenβos (dative plural)
termeni? termene? (ablative singular)
termenβos (ablative plural)
termeni? termene? (locative singular)
termenβos (locative plural)

Latin: termen

desc

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌌𐌍𐌝𐌔𐌔 (teremníss, dat./abl. pl.)


korteks

korteks (nominative singular)
kortekes (nominative plural)
korteks (singular vocative)
kortekes (plural vocative)
kortekem (accusative singular)
kortekens (accusative plural)
kortekes (genitive singular)
kortekos (genitive singular)
kortekom (genitive plural)
kortekei (dative singular)
kortekβos (dative plural)
korteki? korteke? (ablative singular)
kortekβos (ablative plural)
korteki? korteke? (locative singular)
kortekβos (locative plural)

Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kort-ek-s, an enlargement of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


pelnis

pelnis (nominative singular)
pelnēs (nominative plural)
pelnis (singular vocative)
pelnēs (plural vocative)
pelnim (accusative singular)
pelnins (accusative plural)
pelneis (genitive singular)
pelnjom (genitive plural)
pelnei (dative singular)
pelniβos (dative plural)
pelnīd (ablative singular)
pelniβos (ablative plural)
pelnei (locative singular)
pelniβos (locative plural)

Latin: pellis

From Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni-s, from *pel- (“skin”).


sangwens

sangwens (nominative singular)
sangwenes (nominative plural)
sangwens (singular vocative)
sangwenes (plural vocative)
sangwenem (accusative singular)
sangwenens (accusative plural)
sangwenes (genitive singular)
sangwenos (genitive singular)
sangwenom (genitive plural)
sangwenei (dative singular)
sangwenβos (dative plural)
sangweni? sangwene? (ablative singular)
sangwenβos (ablative plural)
sangweni? sangwene? (locative singular)
sangwenβos (locative plural)

Latin: sanguis (see there for further descendants)

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁sh₂-én-.


ōwom

ōwom (nominative singular)
ōwā (nominative plural)
ōwom (singular vocative)
ōwā (plural vocative)
ōwom (accusative singular)
ōwā (accusative plural)
ōwosjo (genitive singular)
ōwī (genitive singular)
ōwom (genitive plural)
ōwōi (dative singular)
ōwois (dative plural)
ōwōd (ablative singular)
ōwois (ablative plural)
ōwei (locative singular)
ōwois (locative plural)

Latin: ōvum (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *ōwjom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


kornū

kornu (kornū?) (nominative singular)
kornwā (nominative plural)
kornūā? (nominative plural)
kornu (kornū?) (singular vocative)
kornwā (plural vocative)
kornūā? (plural vocative)
kornu (kornū?) (accusative singular)
kornwā (accusative plural)
kornūā? (accusative plural)
kornous (genitive singular)
kornwos (genitive singular)
kornwom (kornowom?) (genitive plural)
kornowei (dative singular)
kornuβos (dative plural)
kornūd (ablative singular)
kornuβos (ablative plural)
kornou? (locative singular)
kornuβos (locative plural)

Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱorh₂u, *ḱr̥h₂-no-s, both from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”). The U was reanalysed as the noun ending with an N spliced between the original base and the ending with the U extended to the oblique endings.


kaudā

kaudā (nominative singular)
kaudās (nominative plural)
kauda (singular vocative)
kaudās (plural vocative)
kaudam (accusative singular)
kaudans (accusative plural)
kaudās (genitive singular)
kaudāzom (genitive plural)
kaudāi (dative singular)
kaudais (dative plural)
kaudād (ablative singular)
kaudais (ablative plural)
kaudāi (locative singular)
kaudais (locative plural)

Latin: cauda (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂u-d-eh₂ (“cleaved, separate”), from *keh₂w-.


waðemōniom

waðemōniom (nominative singular)
waðemōniā (nominative plural)
waðemōniom (singular vocative)
waðemōniā (plural vocative)
waðemōniom (accusative singular)
waðemōniā (accusative plural)
waðemōniosjo (genitive singular)
waðemōniī (genitive singular)
waðemōniom (genitive plural)
waðemōniōi (dative singular)
waðemōniois (dative plural)
waðemōniōd (ablative singular)
waðemōniois (ablative plural)
waðemōniei (locative singular)
waðemōniois (locative plural)

Latin: vadimōnium

Oscan: 𐌅𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌌 (vaamunim)


kriznis

kriznis (nominative singular)
kriznēs (nominative plural)
kriznis (singular vocative)
kriznēs (plural vocative)
kriznim (accusative singular)
kriznins (accusative plural)
krizneis (genitive singular)
kriznjom (genitive plural)
kriznei (dative singular)
krizniβos (dative plural)
kriznīd (ablative singular)
krizniβos (ablative plural)
kriznei (locative singular)
krizniβos (locative plural)

Latin: crīnis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


kerweiks

Latin: cervix

Traditionally thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂weyk-s, a compound of *ḱerh₂- and the root noun of *weyk-, literally "where the head turns." But there is no Italic cognates outside of Latin have been supplied, and per De Vaan, this etymology "is semantically very doubtful".


wāss

wāss (nominative singular)
wāssā (nominative plural)
wāss (singular vocative)
wāssā (plural vocative)
wāss (accusative singular)
wāssā (accusative plural)
wāsses (genitive singular)
wāssos (genitive singular)
wāssom (genitive plural)
wāssei (dative singular)
wāssβos (dative plural)
wāssi? wāsse? (ablative singular)
wāssβos (ablative plural)
wāssi? wāsse? (locative singular)
wāssβos (locative plural)

Latin: vās (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌀𐌔𐌖𐌔 (vasus, abl. pl.), uasor (nom. pl.), uaso (acc. pl.)


lapets

lapets (nominative singular)
lapedes (nominative plural)
lapets (singular vocative)
lapedes (plural vocative)
lapedem (accusative singular)
lapedens (accusative plural)
lapedes (genitive singular)
lapedos (genitive singular)
lapedom (genitive plural)
lapedei (dative singular)
lapedβos (dative plural)
lapedi? lapede? (ablative singular)
lapedβos (ablative plural)
lapedi? lapede? (locative singular)
lapedβos (locative plural)

Latin: lapis

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (vapeře, loc. sg.)

Unknown. Probably from an unknown substrate language, judging by the presence of similar but phonologically non-homologous words around the Mediterranean like Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”).


mēns

mēns (nominative singular)
mēnses (nominative plural)
mēns (singular vocative)
mēnses (plural vocative)
mēnsem (accusative singular)
mēnsens (accusative plural)
mēnses (genitive singular)
mēnsos (genitive singular)
mēnsom (genitive plural)
mēnsei (dative singular)
mēnsβos (dative plural)
mēnsi? mēnse? (ablative singular)
mēnsβos (ablative plural)
mēnsi? mēnse? (locative singular)
mēnsβos (locative plural)

Latin: mēnsis (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Marsian: mesene (loc./abl. sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌍𐌄 (menzne, abl. sg.)


sokjos

sokjos (nominative singular)
sokjōs (nominative plural)
sokjoi (nominative plural)
sokje (singular vocative)
sokjōs (plural vocative)
sokjoi (plural vocative)
sokjom (accusative singular)
sokjons (accusative plural)
sokjosjo (genitive singular)
sokjī (genitive singular)
sokjom (genitive plural)
sokjōi (dative singular)
sokjois (dative plural)
sokjōd (ablative singular)
sokjois (ablative plural)
sokjei (locative singular)
sokjois (locative plural)

Latin: socius, socia

desc

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌏𐌂𐌉𐌀𐌉 (sociai, “female companion, girlfriend”, dat. sg. f. and voc. pl. f.)

Thematization of Proto-Indo-European *sokʷh₂ṓy (“follower”).


peilā

peilā (nominative singular)
peilās (nominative plural)
peila (singular vocative)
peilās (plural vocative)
peilam (accusative singular)
peilans (accusative plural)
peilās (genitive singular)
peilāzom (genitive plural)
peilāi (dative singular)
peilais (dative plural)
peilād (ablative singular)
peilais (ablative plural)
peilāi (locative singular)
peilais (locative plural)

Latin: pīla (see there for further descendants)


porkā

porkos (nominative singular)
porkōs (nominative plural)
porkoi (nominative plural)
porke (singular vocative)
porkōs (plural vocative)
porkoi (plural vocative)
porkom (accusative singular)
porkons (accusative plural)
porkosjo (genitive singular)
porkī (genitive singular)
porkom (genitive plural)
porkōi (dative singular)
porkois (dative plural)
porkōd (ablative singular)
porkois (ablative plural)
porkei (locative singular)
porkois (locative plural)

Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌊𐌀 (purka), porca (acc. pl.)


katezwā

katezwā (nominative singular)
katezwās (nominative plural)
katezwa (singular vocative)
katezwās (plural vocative)
katezwam (accusative singular)
katezwans (accusative plural)
katezwās (genitive singular)
katezwāzom (genitive plural)
katezwāi (dative singular)
katezwais (dative plural)
katezwād (ablative singular)
katezwais (ablative plural)
katezwāi (locative singular)
katezwais (locative plural)

Latin: caterva

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌌𐌖 (kateramu), caterahamo (2pl. impv. passive)

A derivative of an s-stem noun *katos that also appears in Latin catēna (from *kateznā).


kleitrā

kleitrā (nominative singular)
kleitrās (nominative plural)
kleitra (singular vocative)
kleitrās (plural vocative)
kleitram (accusative singular)
kleitrans (accusative plural)
kleitrās (genitive singular)
kleitrāzom (genitive plural)
kleitrāi (dative singular)
kleitrais (dative plural)
kleitrād (ablative singular)
kleitrais (ablative plural)
kleitrāi (locative singular)
kleitrais (locative plural)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌌 (kletram, acc. sg.), 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀 (kletra, abl. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléytreh₂, or independently from *ḱley- (“to lean”) + *-trom (instrument noun suffix), and then femininized (perhaps from the collective).

suf

A type of equipment for supporting another entity sitting upon it.


okris

okris (nominative singular)
okrēs (nominative plural)
okris (singular vocative)
okrēs (plural vocative)
okrim (accusative singular)
okrins (accusative plural)
okreis (genitive singular)
okrjom (genitive plural)
okrei (dative singular)
okriβos (dative plural)
okrīd (ablative singular)
okriβos (ablative plural)
okrei (locative singular)
okriβos (locative plural)

Latin: ocris

⇒ Latin: mediocris (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Marrucinian: ocres (gen. sg.)

South Picene: 𐌏𐌊𐌓𐌄𐌝 (okreí, loc. sg.)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌓 (ukar), ocar (nom. sg.), ocrem, ocre (acc. sg.), ocrer (gen. sg.), 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌄 (ukre), ocre (dat. sg.), ocre (loc. sg.)


sakrātrīks

sakrātrīks (nominative singular)
sakrātrīkes (nominative plural)
sakrātrīks (singular vocative)
sakrātrīkes (plural vocative)
sakrātrīkem (accusative singular)
sakrātrīkens (accusative plural)
sakrātrīkes (genitive singular)
sakrātrīkos (genitive singular)
sakrātrīkom (genitive plural)
sakrātrīkei (dative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (dative plural)
sakrātrīki? sakrātrīke? (ablative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (ablative plural)
sakrātrīki? sakrātrīke? (locative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (locative plural)

Marrucinian: sacracrix

Paelignian: sacaracirix

From *sakrāō (“to sanctify”) + *-trīks (female agent noun suffix).


togā

togā (nominative singular)
togās (nominative plural)
toga (singular vocative)
togās (plural vocative)
togam (accusative singular)
togans (accusative plural)
togās (genitive singular)
togāzom (genitive plural)
togāi (dative singular)
togais (dative plural)
togād (ablative singular)
togais (ablative plural)
togāi (locative singular)
togais (locative plural)

desc

Latin: toga (“toga; an article of clothing”) (see there for further descendants)

South Picene: 𐌕𐌏𐌊𐌀𐌌 (tokam, “grave (stone)”, acc. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *togéh₂, an *-éh₂ noun from the root *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


taθlā

taθlā (nominative singular)
taθlās (nominative plural)
taθla (singular vocative)
taθlās (plural vocative)
taθlam (accusative singular)
taθlans (accusative plural)
taθlās (genitive singular)
taθlāzom (genitive plural)
taθlāi (dative singular)
taθlais (dative plural)
taθlād (ablative singular)
taθlais (ablative plural)
taθlāi (locative singular)
taθlais (locative plural)

Latin: tabula (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌄 (tafle, loc. sg.)

See Latin tabula for etymological discussion.


fworom

fworom (nominative singular)
fworā (nominative plural)
fworom (singular vocative)
fworā (plural vocative)
fworom (accusative singular)
fworā (accusative plural)
fworosjo (genitive singular)
fworī (genitive singular)
fworom (genitive plural)
fworōi (dative singular)
fworois (dative plural)
fworōd (ablative singular)
fworois (ablative plural)
fworei (locative singular)
fworois (locative plural)

Latin: forum (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌖𐌓𐌖 (furu), furo (acc. sg.)

From earlier *θworom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwor-om (“enclosure, courtyard, i.e. something enclosed by the door, or the place outside, i.e. through the door”), from *dʰwer- (“door, gate”).
Other Indo-European thematic derivatives of this root are Old Church Slavonic дворъ (dvorŭ, “court, courtyard”), Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra, “door, gate, passage”) and Lithuanian dvãras (“estate”).


klāwelā

klāwelā (nominative singular)
klāwelās (nominative plural)
klāwela (singular vocative)
klāwelās (plural vocative)
klāwelam (accusative singular)
klāwelans (accusative plural)
klāwelās (genitive singular)
klāwelāzom (genitive plural)
klāwelāi (dative singular)
klāwelais (dative plural)
klāwelād (ablative singular)
klāwelais (ablative plural)
klāwelāi (locative singular)
klāwelais (locative plural)

Latin: clāvula (“graft, scion”)

desc

Umbrian: (a type of sacrificial instrument) 𐌊𐌋𐌀𐌅𐌋𐌀𐌚 (klavlaf, acc. pl.), 𐌊𐌋𐌀𐌅𐌋𐌄𐌔 (klavles, abl. pl.)

From *klāwā (feminine of *klāwos, whence Latin clāva (“club”)) + *-elā (feminine diminutive suffix).


orβetā

orβetā (nominative singular)
orβetās (nominative plural)
orβeta (singular vocative)
orβetās (plural vocative)
orβetam (accusative singular)
orβetans (accusative plural)
orβetās (genitive singular)
orβetāzom (genitive plural)
orβetāi (dative singular)
orβetais (dative plural)
orβetād (ablative singular)
orβetais (ablative plural)
orβetāi (locative singular)
orβetais (locative plural)

Latin: orbita (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌓𐌚𐌄𐌕𐌀 (urfeta)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to turn”). Two derivational pathways are equally possible, requiring different reconstructions of the Proto-Italic word:
* *orβetā would require a derivation from the past participle of an iterative verb *orbeō.
* *orβitā would require a feminine substantivization in *-ā of a *-t-extension of the i-stem *orβis that appears in Latin orbis (“circle”).
The reconstruction *orβetā is selected arbitrarily, with no opinion on the likeliness of *orβetā over *orβitā.


triðus

triðus (nominative singular)
triðowes (nominative plural)
triðus (singular vocative)
triðowes (plural vocative)
triðum (accusative singular)
triðuns (accusative plural)
triðous (genitive singular)
triðwom (genitive plural)
triðowei (dative singular)
triðuβos (dative plural)
triðūd (ablative singular)
triðuβos (ablative plural)
triðou (locative singular)
triðuβos (locative plural)

Latin: tribus (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌚𐌖 (trifu), trifo (acc. sg.), trifor (gen. sg.), 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌚𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (trefiper, abl. sg. with postposition)

See Latin tribus for etymological discussion.


werom

werom (nominative singular)
werā (nominative plural)
werom (singular vocative)
werā (plural vocative)
werom (accusative singular)
werā (accusative plural)
werosjo (genitive singular)
werī (genitive singular)
werom (genitive plural)
werōi (dative singular)
werois (dative plural)
werōd (ablative singular)
werois (ablative plural)
werei (locative singular)
werois (locative plural)

Oscan: 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌖 (veru, acc. pl.), 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌔 (veruis, loc. pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌀 (vera, acc. pl.), 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌄 (verufe), verofe (acc. pl. with postposition), 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌔 (veres), verir (abl. pl.), verisco (abl. pl. with postposition)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to cover, shut”). Untermann alternatively envisions a derivation from *wer- (“to watch”) instead.


fāmā

fāmā (nominative singular)
fāmās (nominative plural)
fāma (singular vocative)
fāmās (plural vocative)
fāmam (accusative singular)
fāmans (accusative plural)
fāmās (genitive singular)
fāmāzom (genitive plural)
fāmāi (dative singular)
fāmais (dative plural)
fāmād (ablative singular)
fāmais (ablative plural)
fāmāi (locative singular)
fāmais (locative plural)

Latin: fāma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂meh₂, from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”). Cognate to Ancient Greek φήμη (phḗmē, “talk”).

⇒ Oscan: αfααματεδ

Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌕 (faamat, 3sg. pres.), 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌕 (faammant, 3pl. pres.), 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌄𐌃 (famatted), 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌃 (faamated, 3sg. perf.)


gʷrāt(i)s

gʷrāts (canonical feminine)
gʷrāts (nominative singular)
gʷrātes (nominative plural)
gʷrāts (singular vocative)
gʷrātes (plural vocative)
gʷrātem (accusative singular)
gʷrātens (accusative plural)
gʷrātes (genitive singular)
gʷrātos (genitive singular)
gʷrātom (genitive plural)
gʷrātei (dative singular)
gʷrātβos (dative plural)
gʷrāti? gʷrāte? (ablative singular)
gʷrātβos (ablative plural)
gʷrāti? gʷrāte? (locative singular)
gʷrātβos (locative plural)
gʷrātis (nominative singular)
gʷrātēs (nominative plural)
gʷrātis (singular vocative)
gʷrātēs (plural vocative)
gʷrātim (accusative singular)
gʷrātins (accusative plural)
gʷrāteis (genitive singular)
gʷrātjom (genitive plural)
gʷrātei (dative singular)
gʷrātiβos (dative plural)
gʷrātīd (ablative singular)
gʷrātiβos (ablative plural)
gʷrātei (locative singular)
gʷrātiβos (locative plural)

Latin: grātēs pl (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

desc

Oscan: 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις (bratēis), brateis (gen. sg.), βρατωμ (bratōm, acc. sg.)

Paelignian: brat., brais (abbreviated gen. sg. forms), bratom (acc. sg.)

Vestinian: brat. (abbreviated gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise”), suffixed with either *-tis, *-ts, or both as separate formations. A related formation with the past passive participle suffix also exists in Italic as *gʷrātos.

der

grace, mercy, favour from a higher authority


aiss

aiss (nominative singular)
aiθes (nominative plural)
aiss (singular vocative)
aiθes (plural vocative)
aiθem (accusative singular)
aiθens (accusative plural)
aiθes (genitive singular)
aiθos (genitive singular)
aiθom (genitive plural)
aiθei (dative singular)
aiθβos (dative plural)
aiθi? aiθe? (ablative singular)
aiθβos (ablative plural)
aiθi? aiθe? (locative singular)
aiθβos (locative plural)

Latin: aedis, aedēs

According to Schrijver, a root noun from from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-s, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite; fire”).


moltā

moltā (nominative singular)
moltās (nominative plural)
molta (singular vocative)
moltās (plural vocative)
moltam (accusative singular)
moltans (accusative plural)
moltās (genitive singular)
moltāzom (genitive plural)
moltāi (dative singular)
moltais (dative plural)
moltād (ablative singular)
moltais (ablative plural)
moltāi (locative singular)
moltais (locative plural)

Latin: multa (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: molto (nom. sg.), moltam (acc. sg.), moltas (gen. sg or acc. pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌖𐌕𐌖 (mutu, nom. sg.), 𐌌𐌖𐌕𐌀 (muta, nom. and acc. sg.), motar (gen. sg.)

Unknown. Possible derivations include:
* A substantivization of *moltos (“many”) (whence Latin multus), from an earlier base sense "quantity".
* If the Latin alternative form mulcta is more original and South Picene 𐌌𐌏𐌋𐌊𐌕𐌀𐌇 (molktah) belongs here, one can reconstruct an original *molktā, and relate this to Latin mulcō (“to damage”) and mulceō (“to stroke”).


stipelā

stipelā (nominative singular)
stipelās (nominative plural)
stipela (singular vocative)
stipelās (plural vocative)
stipelam (accusative singular)
stipelans (accusative plural)
stipelās (genitive singular)
stipelāzom (genitive plural)
stipelāi (dative singular)
stipelais (dative plural)
stipelād (ablative singular)
stipelais (ablative plural)
stipelāi (locative singular)
stipelais (locative plural)

Latin: stipula (see there for further descendants)

From *stips (“stalk”) + *-elā (diminutive suffix).


menssā

menssā (nominative singular)
menssās (nominative plural)
menssa (singular vocative)
menssās (plural vocative)
menssam (accusative singular)
menssans (accusative plural)
menssās (genitive singular)
menssāzom (genitive plural)
menssāi (dative singular)
menssais (dative plural)
menssād (ablative singular)
menssais (ablative plural)
menssāi (locative singular)
menssais (locative plural)

Latin: mēnsa (“table”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌚𐌀 (mefa, “a type of sacrificial item”)

From a past participle *menssos of a verb *mētjōr (“to measure”) formed by analogy to that of *pendō (whence Latin pendō, pēnsus). In turn, *mētjōr is a derivative of *mētis (“measurement”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).


staθlom

staðlom (nominative singular)
staðlā (nominative plural)
staðlom (singular vocative)
staðlā (plural vocative)
staðlom (accusative singular)
staðlā (accusative plural)
staðlosjo (genitive singular)
staðlī (genitive singular)
staðlom (genitive plural)
staðlōi (dative singular)
staðlois (dative plural)
staðlōd (ablative singular)
staðlois (ablative plural)
staðlei (locative singular)
staðlois (locative plural)

Latin: stabulum (see there for further descendants)

desc

𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕

⇒ Oscan: (a denominative verb) 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕 (staflatasset, 3pl. perf. pass.), σταβαλανο (stabalano, gerund nom. pl. n.)

<i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*-āris</i> adjective

⇒ Umbrian: (*-āris adjective) staflarem (acc. sg. f.), staflare (acc. sg. n.)

An instrumental noun in *-ðlom (< Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom) from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”) (whence also *staēō (“to stand”)).


soikos

soikos (nominative singular)
soikōs (nominative plural)
soikoi (nominative plural)
soike (singular vocative)
soikōs (plural vocative)
soikoi (plural vocative)
soikom (accusative singular)
soikons (accusative plural)
soikosjo (genitive singular)
soikī (genitive singular)
soikom (genitive plural)
soikōi (dative singular)
soikois (dative plural)
soikōd (ablative singular)
soikois (ablative plural)
soikei (locative singular)
soikois (locative plural)

According to Meiser, from Proto-Indo-European *sóykos, an o-grade *-os noun from the root *seyk- (“to reach”). Cognate to Lithuanian siekti (“to reach”) and Ancient Greek ῑ̔́κω (hī́kō, “to reach”).


udmom

udmom (nominative singular)
udmā (nominative plural)
udmom (singular vocative)
udmā (plural vocative)
udmom (accusative singular)
udmā (accusative plural)
udmosjo (genitive singular)
udmī (genitive singular)
udmom (genitive plural)
udmōi (dative singular)
udmois (dative plural)
udmōd (ablative singular)
udmois (ablative plural)
udmei (locative singular)
udmois (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌖𐌌𐌏𐌌 (umom)

Hernican: 𐌖𐌃𐌌𐌏𐌌 (udmom)

Mancini, endorsed by Bakkum, derives this word from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water”), comparing this to Latin unda (“wave”).


līðrā

līðrā (nominative singular)
līðrās (nominative plural)
līðra (singular vocative)
līðrās (plural vocative)
līðram (accusative singular)
līðrans (accusative plural)
līðrās (genitive singular)
līðrāzom (genitive plural)
līðrāi (dative singular)
līðrais (dative plural)
līðrād (ablative singular)
līðrais (ablative plural)
līðrāi (locative singular)
līðrais (locative plural)

Latin: lībra (see there for further descendants)

Sicel: *lītrā

→ Ancient Greek: λίτρα (lítra) (see there for further descendants)

Weiss derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”) suffixed with a femininization of the instrumental/resultative suffix *-dʰrom, under the assumption that the term originally meant "pouring (of metal)" before evolving to mean a unit of weight.


agʷnos

agʷnos (nominative singular)
agʷnōs (nominative plural)
agʷnoi (nominative plural)
agʷne (singular vocative)
agʷnōs (plural vocative)
agʷnoi (plural vocative)
agʷnom (accusative singular)
agʷnons (accusative plural)
agʷnosjo (genitive singular)
agʷnī (genitive singular)
agʷnom (genitive plural)
agʷnōi (dative singular)
agʷnois (dative plural)
agʷnōd (ablative singular)
agʷnois (ablative plural)
agʷnei (locative singular)
agʷnois (locative plural)

Latin: agnus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”).


pedom

pedom (nominative singular)
pedā (nominative plural)
pedom (singular vocative)
pedā (plural vocative)
pedom (accusative singular)
pedā (accusative plural)
pedosjo (genitive singular)
pedī (genitive singular)
pedom (genitive plural)
pedōi (dative singular)
pedois (dative plural)
pedōd (ablative singular)
pedois (ablative plural)
pedei (locative singular)
pedois (locative plural)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖𐌌 (peřum), 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖 (peřu), perso (acc. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ped-om, a derivative of *ped- (“to step”).


kastrom

kastrom (nominative singular)
kastrā (nominative plural)
kastrom (singular vocative)
kastrā (plural vocative)
kastrom (accusative singular)
kastrā (accusative plural)
kastrosjo (genitive singular)
kastrī (genitive singular)
kastrom (genitive plural)
kastrōi (dative singular)
kastrois (dative plural)
kastrōd (ablative singular)
kastrois (ablative plural)
kastrei (locative singular)
kastrois (locative plural)
kastrus (nominative singular)
kastrowes (nominative plural)
kastrus (singular vocative)
kastrowes (plural vocative)
kastrum (accusative singular)
kastruns (accusative plural)
kastrous (genitive singular)
kastrwom (genitive plural)
kastrowei (dative singular)
kastruβos (dative plural)
kastrūd (ablative singular)
kastruβos (ablative plural)
kastrou (locative singular)
kastruβos (locative plural)

Latin: castrum (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Oscan: castrous (gen. sg.), castrid (abl. sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌅𐌖𐌚 (kastruvuf, acc. pl.), castruo (acc. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut”) + *-trom. This word shows a zero-grade root and epenthetic insertion of -a-.


kowiriom

kowiriom (nominative singular)
kowiriā (nominative plural)
kowiriom (singular vocative)
kowiriā (plural vocative)
kowiriom (accusative singular)
kowiriā (accusative plural)
kowiriosjo (genitive singular)
kowiriī (genitive singular)
kowiriom (genitive plural)
kowiriōi (dative singular)
kowiriois (dative plural)
kowiriōd (ablative singular)
kowiriois (ablative plural)
kowiriei (locative singular)
kowiriois (locative plural)

⇒ Latin: cūria

Volscian: couehriu (abl. sg.)

From either:
* Usually envisioned as a derivative of something like *kom- (“together”) + *wiros (“man”) + *-jom, literally “assembly of men”.
* Vine envisions instead a derivation from *kom- (“together”) + *wēros (“true”) + *-jom, literally “[social group with] mutual trust”.


djēkelos

djēkelos (nominative singular)
djēkelōs (nominative plural)
djēkeloi (nominative plural)
djēkele (singular vocative)
djēkelōs (plural vocative)
djēkeloi (plural vocative)
djēkelom (accusative singular)
djēkelons (accusative plural)
djēkelosjo (genitive singular)
djēkelī (genitive singular)
djēkelom (genitive plural)
djēkelōi (dative singular)
djēkelois (dative plural)
djēkelōd (ablative singular)
djēkelois (ablative plural)
djēkelei (locative singular)
djēkelois (locative plural)

desc

with gender shift due to fluctuation in the gender of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">diēs</i>

Latin: diēcula (with gender shift due to fluctuation in the gender of diēs)

Oscan: zicolom (acc. sg.; gen. pl.), ziculud (abl. sg.), zicelei (loc. sg.)

if not related to <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*deikō</i> (“to show, say”)

>? Umbrian: 𐌕𐌉𐌜𐌄𐌋 (tiçel, nom. sg.), 𐌕𐌉𐌜𐌋𐌖 (tiçlu, abl. sg.) (if not related to *deikō (“to show, say”))

From *djē- (generalized from the acc. sg. of *djous) + *-kelos (diminutive suffix).

af

generalized from the acc. sg. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*djous</i>


pwīāklom

pwīāklom (nominative singular)
pwīāklā (nominative plural)
pwīāklom (singular vocative)
pwīāklā (plural vocative)
pwīāklom (accusative singular)
pwīāklā (accusative plural)
pwīāklosjo (genitive singular)
pwīāklī (genitive singular)
pwīāklom (genitive plural)
pwīāklōi (dative singular)
pwīāklois (dative plural)
pwīāklōd (ablative singular)
pwīāklois (ablative plural)
pwīāklei (locative singular)
pwīāklois (locative plural)

Latin: piāculum

desc

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌉𐌇𐌀𐌊𐌋𐌖 (pihaklu), pihaclo (gen. pl.), pihaclu (abl. sg.)

From *pwīāō (“to expiate”) + *-klom (instrumental suffix).


tepsrom

tepsrom (nominative singular)
tepsrā (nominative plural)
tepsrom (singular vocative)
tepsrā (plural vocative)
tepsrom (accusative singular)
tepsrā (accusative plural)
tepsrosjo (genitive singular)
tepsrī (genitive singular)
tepsrom (genitive plural)
tepsrōi (dative singular)
tepsrois (dative plural)
tepsrōd (ablative singular)
tepsrois (ablative plural)
tepsrei (locative singular)
tepsrois (locative plural)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌌 (tefúrúm)

desc

Umbrian: tefruto (abl. sg. with postposition), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌓𐌀 (tefra, acc. pl.)

Often believed to be a secondary derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tépos (“heat, warmth”) + *-rós (adjectival suffix). It is also often compared to Ancient Greek τέφρα (téphra, “ashes”).


arjēts

arjēts (nominative singular)
arjētes (nominative plural)
arjēts (singular vocative)
arjētes (plural vocative)
arjētem (accusative singular)
arjētens (accusative plural)
arjētes (genitive singular)
arjētos (genitive singular)
arjētom (genitive plural)
arjētei (dative singular)
arjētβos (dative plural)
arjēti? arjēte? (ablative singular)
arjētβos (ablative plural)
arjēti? arjēte? (locative singular)
arjētβos (locative plural)

Latin: ariēs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌄𐌕𐌖 (erietu, acc. sg.)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r-i-(e)t- (“certain domestic animal”). Cognate with Old Irish heirp (“kid”), erb, Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos).


nōmn̥

nōmn̥ (nominative singular)
nōmenā (nominative plural)
nōmn̥ (singular vocative)
nōmenā (plural vocative)
nōmn̥ (accusative singular)
nōmenā (accusative plural)
nōmenes (genitive singular)
nōmenos (genitive singular)
nōmenom (genitive plural)
nōmenei (dative singular)
nōmenβos (dative plural)
nōmeni? nōmene? (ablative singular)
nōmenβos (ablative plural)
nōmeni? nōmene? (locative singular)
nōmenβos (locative plural)

Latin: nōmen (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄𐌝𐌔 (numneís, gen. sg.)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌌 (numem), nome (nom./acc. sg.), nomner (gen. sg.), nomne (dat./abl. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃néh₃mn̥, De Vaan's preferred reconstruction for *h₁nómn̥.


peikā

peikā (nominative singular)
peikās (nominative plural)
peika (singular vocative)
peikās (plural vocative)
peikam (accusative singular)
peikans (accusative plural)
peikās (genitive singular)
peikāzom (genitive plural)
peikāi (dative singular)
peikais (dative plural)
peikād (ablative singular)
peikais (ablative plural)
peikāi (locative singular)
peikais (locative plural)

Latin: pīca (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: peica (acc./abl sg.)

See Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- for cognates; possibly originally an onomatopoeic word. Apparently a vṛddhi relative of *pikos (“woodpecker”).


tektom

tektom (nominative singular)
tektā (nominative plural)
tektom (singular vocative)
tektā (plural vocative)
tektom (accusative singular)
tektā (accusative plural)
tektosjo (genitive singular)
tektī (genitive singular)
tektom (genitive plural)
tektōi (dative singular)
tektois (dative plural)
tektōd (ablative singular)
tektois (ablative plural)
tektei (locative singular)
tektois (locative plural)

Latin: tēctum (see there for further descendants)

>? Umbrian: tettome (acc. sg. with postposition)

Substantivization of *tektos, past participle of *tegō (“to cover”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


agets

agets (nominative singular)
agetes (nominative plural)
agets (singular vocative)
agetes (plural vocative)
agetem (accusative singular)
agetens (accusative plural)
agetes (genitive singular)
agetos (genitive singular)
agetom (genitive plural)
agetei (dative singular)
agetβos (dative plural)
ageti? agete? (ablative singular)
agetβos (ablative plural)
ageti? agete? (locative singular)
agetβos (locative plural)

desc

⇒? Oscan: angetuzet (“to pronounce”, 3pl. fut. perf.)

⇒ South Picene: 𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌞𐌐𐌀𐌔 (aitúpas, 2sg. subj.)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌄𐌉𐌕𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌔 (eitipes, “to decree”, 3pl. perf.)


speks

speks (nominative singular)
spekes (nominative plural)
speks (singular vocative)
spekes (plural vocative)
spekem (accusative singular)
spekens (accusative plural)
spekes (genitive singular)
spekos (genitive singular)
spekom (genitive plural)
spekei (dative singular)
spekβos (dative plural)
speki? speke? (ablative singular)
spekβos (ablative plural)
speki? speke? (locative singular)
spekβos (locative plural)

⇒ Latin: auspex, prospex

From a root noun Proto-Indo-European *spóḱs (weak stem *speḱ-), as reconstructed by Weiss.