kaput

kaput (nominative singular)
kaputā (nominative plural)
kaput (singular vocative)
kaputā (plural vocative)
kaput (accusative singular)
kaputā (accusative plural)
kaputes (genitive singular)
kaputos (genitive singular)
kaputom (genitive plural)
kaputei (dative singular)
kaputβos (dative plural)
kaputi? kapute? (ablative singular)
kaputβos (ablative plural)
kaputi? kapute? (locative singular)
kaputβos (locative plural)

Latin: caput, capud n, capus m, cabo (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“seize, hold”), possibly of substrate origin.


fortis

fortis (nominative singular)
fortēs (nominative plural)
fortis (singular vocative)
fortēs (plural vocative)
fortim (accusative singular)
fortins (accusative plural)
forteis (genitive singular)
fortjom (genitive plural)
fortei (dative singular)
fortiβos (dative plural)
fortīd (ablative singular)
fortiβos (ablative plural)
fortei (locative singular)
fortiβos (locative plural)

Latin: fors

desc

Paelignian: forte (gen. sg.) (if not borrowed from Latin)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, with semantic shift from "load" > "chance, luck". For the semantic development, compare Proto-Germanic *buriz (“favorable wind”), from the same root.


manus

manus (nominative singular)
manowes (nominative plural)
manus (singular vocative)
manowes (plural vocative)
manum (accusative singular)
manuns (accusative plural)
manous (genitive singular)
manwom (genitive plural)
manowei (dative singular)
manuβos (dative plural)
manūd (ablative singular)
manuβos (ablative plural)
manou (locative singular)
manuβos (locative plural)

Latin: manus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: manim (accusative singular)

South Picene: manus (ablative plural)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌖𐌅𐌄 (manuve) (locative singular), 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌉 (mani), mani (ablative singular), 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌚 (manf) (accusative plural)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”), though de Vaan follows Schrijver reconstructing a *mon-u- derivation. Compare Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand; protection, security”), Hittite [script needed] (manii̯aḫḫ-ⁱ, “to distribute, entrust”) (the latter said to be from *mn-ieh₂- by Kloekhorst).


reis

reis (nominative singular)
rēs (nominative plural)
reis (singular vocative)
rēs (plural vocative)
reim (accusative singular)
rēm (accusative singular)
reins? *rens? (accusative plural)
rēs (genitive singular)
rēom (genitive plural)
rēi (dative singular)
reiβos (*rēβos?) (dative plural)
rīd? (ablative singular)
rē? (ablative singular)
reiβos (*rēβos?) (ablative plural)
rēi (locative singular)
reiβos (*rēβos?) (locative plural)

Latin: rēs

Umbrian: ri (genitive singular)

From Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”).


gustus

gustus (nominative singular)
gustowes (nominative plural)
gustus (singular vocative)
gustowes (plural vocative)
gustum (accusative singular)
gustuns (accusative plural)
gustous (genitive singular)
gustwom (genitive plural)
gustowei (dative singular)
gustuβos (dative plural)
gustūd (ablative singular)
gustuβos (ablative plural)
gustou (locative singular)
gustuβos (locative plural)

Latin: gustus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”).


status

status (nominative singular)
statowes (nominative plural)
status (singular vocative)
statowes (plural vocative)
statum (accusative singular)
statuns (accusative plural)
statous (genitive singular)
statwom (genitive plural)
statowei (dative singular)
statuβos (dative plural)
statūd (ablative singular)
statuβos (ablative plural)
statou (locative singular)
statuβos (locative plural)

Latin: status (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s, from *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-tus.


mari

mari (nominative singular)
marjā (nominative plural)
mari (singular vocative)
marjā (plural vocative)
mari (accusative singular)
marjā (accusative plural)
mareis (genitive singular)
marjom (genitive plural)
marei (dative singular)
mariβos (dative plural)
marīd (ablative singular)
mariβos (ablative plural)
marei (locative singular)
mariβos (locative plural)

Latin: mare (see there for further descendants)


hostis

hostis (nominative singular)
hostēs (nominative plural)
hostis (singular vocative)
hostēs (plural vocative)
hostim (accusative singular)
hostins (accusative plural)
hosteis (genitive singular)
hostjom (genitive plural)
hostei (dative singular)
hostiβos (dative plural)
hostīd (ablative singular)
hostiβos (ablative plural)
hostei (locative singular)
hostiβos (locative plural)

Latin: hostis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis (“stranger”).


pets

pets (nominative singular)
pedes (nominative plural)
pets (singular vocative)
pedes (plural vocative)
pedem (accusative singular)
pedens (accusative plural)
pedes (genitive singular)
pedos (genitive singular)
pedom (genitive plural)
pedei (dative singular)
pedβos (dative plural)
pedi? pede? (ablative singular)
pedβos (ablative plural)
pedi? pede? (locative singular)
pedβos (locative plural)

Latin: pēs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌉 (peři), persi (abl. sg.)


dents

dents (nominative singular)
dentes (nominative plural)
dents (singular vocative)
dentes (plural vocative)
dentem (accusative singular)
dentens (accusative plural)
dentes (genitive singular)
dentos (genitive singular)
dentom (genitive plural)
dentei (dative singular)
dentβos (dative plural)
denti? dente? (ablative singular)
dentβos (ablative plural)
denti? dente? (locative singular)
dentβos (locative plural)

Latin: dēns (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌃𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌄 (dunte)


serpents

serpents (nominative singular)
serpentes (nominative plural)
serpents (singular vocative)
serpentes (plural vocative)
serpentem (accusative singular)
serpentens (accusative plural)
serpentes (genitive singular)
serpentos (genitive singular)
serpentom (genitive plural)
serpentei (dative singular)
serpentβos (dative plural)
serpenti? serpente? (ablative singular)
serpentβos (ablative plural)
serpenti? serpente? (locative singular)
serpentβos (locative plural)

Latin: serpens


fronts

fronts (nominative singular)
frontes (nominative plural)
fronts (singular vocative)
frontes (plural vocative)
frontem (accusative singular)
frontens (accusative plural)
frontes (genitive singular)
frontos (genitive singular)
frontom (genitive plural)
frontei (dative singular)
frontβos (dative plural)
fronti? fronte? (ablative singular)
frontβos (ablative plural)
fronti? fronte? (locative singular)
frontβos (locative plural)

Latin: frōns


ensis

ensis (nominative singular)
ensēs (nominative plural)
ensis (singular vocative)
ensēs (plural vocative)
ensim (accusative singular)
ensins (accusative plural)
enseis (genitive singular)
ensjom (genitive plural)
ensei (dative singular)
ensiβos (dative plural)
ensīd (ablative singular)
ensiβos (ablative plural)
ensei (locative singular)
ensiβos (locative plural)

Latin: ēnsis

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ensi- (“sword, large knife”).


sāls

sāls (nominative singular)
sales (nominative plural)
sāls (singular vocative)
sales (plural vocative)
salem (accusative singular)
salens (accusative plural)
sales (genitive singular)
salos (genitive singular)
salom (genitive plural)
salei (dative singular)
salβos (dative plural)
sali? sale? (ablative singular)
salβos (ablative plural)
sali? sale? (locative singular)
salβos (locative plural)

Latin: sāl (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌑𐌀𐌋𐌖 (salu, acc. sg.)


tempos

tempos (nominative singular)
tempezā (nominative plural)
tempos (singular vocative)
tempezā (plural vocative)
tempos (accusative singular)
tempezā (accusative plural)
tempezes (genitive singular)
tempezos (genitive singular)
tempezom (genitive plural)
tempezei (dative singular)
tempezβos (dative plural)
tempezi? tempeze? (ablative singular)
tempezβos (ablative plural)
tempezi? tempeze? (locative singular)
tempezβos (locative plural)

Latin: tempus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch, string”), whence also templum (“shrine”). Originally the word meant "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
Or from Proto-Indo-European *temh₂- (“to cut”). Thus a section (of time). See also Latin temnō, tondeō, templum, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō). Compare the etymology of English time.
* Note that as indicated by the the adverb temperī the noun would originally have declined like genus.

stretch; or section, period (of time. See etymology)


mortis

mortis (nominative singular)
mortēs (nominative plural)
mortis (singular vocative)
mortēs (plural vocative)
mortim (accusative singular)
mortins (accusative plural)
morteis (genitive singular)
mortjom (genitive plural)
mortei (dative singular)
mortiβos (dative plural)
mortīd (ablative singular)
mortiβos (ablative plural)
mortei (locative singular)
mortiβos (locative plural)

Latin: mors


hortos

hortos (nominative singular)
hortōs (nominative plural)
hortoi (nominative plural)
horte (singular vocative)
hortōs (plural vocative)
hortoi (plural vocative)
hortom (accusative singular)
hortons (accusative plural)
hortosjo (genitive singular)
hortī (genitive singular)
hortom (genitive plural)
hortōi (dative singular)
hortois (dative plural)
hortōd (ablative singular)
hortois (ablative plural)
hortei (locative singular)
hortois (locative plural)

Latin: hortus (“garden”) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌇𐌞𐌓𐌆 (húrz, “enclosure”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos, from *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”). De Vaan is suspicious of the o-grade in the Celtic and Greek cognates (*-tós usually demanding the zero grade), believing that the similar o-grade *gʰórdʰos (from *gʰerdʰ- + *-os) must have contaminated it.


atta

attā (nominative singular)
attās (nominative plural)
atta (singular vocative)
attās (plural vocative)
attam (accusative singular)
attans (accusative plural)
attās (genitive singular)
attāzom (genitive plural)
attāi (dative singular)
attais (dative plural)
attād (ablative singular)
attais (ablative plural)
attāi (locative singular)
attais (locative plural)

Latin: atta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *átta. Cognates include Hittite 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (attas), Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta), Old Church Slavonic отьць (otĭcĭ) and Ancient Greek ἄττα (átta).


stips

stips (nominative singular)
stipes (nominative plural)
stips (singular vocative)
stipes (plural vocative)
stipem (accusative singular)
stipens (accusative plural)
stipes (genitive singular)
stipos (genitive singular)
stipom (genitive plural)
stipei (dative singular)
stipβos (dative plural)
stipi? stipe? (ablative singular)
stipβos (ablative plural)
stipi? stipe? (locative singular)
stipβos (locative plural)

Latin: stips

Root noun from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“stiff”), whence also Latin stīpō (“to crowd up”).


partis

partis (nominative singular)
partēs (nominative plural)
partis (singular vocative)
partēs (plural vocative)
partim (accusative singular)
partins (accusative plural)
parteis (genitive singular)
partjom (genitive plural)
partei (dative singular)
partiβos (dative plural)
partīd (ablative singular)
partiβos (ablative plural)
partei (locative singular)
partiβos (locative plural)

Latin: pars

Faliscan: partis

Umbrian: pars

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to grant”), see also Proto-Celtic *ɸrasnā (“part”).


mentis

Latin: mēns

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *men-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *méntis
Proto-Italic *mentis
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *méntis, from *men- + *-tis.


katos

katos (nominative singular)
katesā (nominative plural)
katos (singular vocative)
katesā (plural vocative)
katos (accusative singular)
katesā (accusative plural)
kateses (genitive singular)
katesos (genitive singular)
katesom (genitive plural)
katesei (dative singular)
katesβos (dative plural)
katesi? katese? (ablative singular)
katesβos (ablative plural)
katesi? katese? (locative singular)
katesβos (locative plural)

Unknown. See the derived catēna (“chain”) for more discussion.

catēna

chain; see there for further descendants


aos

aos (nominative singular)
aezā (nominative plural)
aos (singular vocative)
aezā (plural vocative)
aos (accusative singular)
aezā (accusative plural)
aezes (genitive singular)
aezos (genitive singular)
aezom (genitive plural)
aezei (dative singular)
aezβos (dative plural)
aezi? aeze? (ablative singular)
aezβos (ablative plural)
aezi? aeze? (locative singular)
aezβos (locative plural)

Latin: aes

From earlier *ajos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyos.


portus

portus (nominative singular)
portowes (nominative plural)
portus (singular vocative)
portowes (plural vocative)
portum (accusative singular)
portuns (accusative plural)
portous (genitive singular)
portwom (genitive plural)
portowei (dative singular)
portuβos (dative plural)
portūd (ablative singular)
portuβos (ablative plural)
portou (locative singular)
portuβos (locative plural)

Latin: portus (see there for further descendants)


kord

kord (nominative singular)
kordā (nominative plural)
kord (singular vocative)
kordā (plural vocative)
kord (accusative singular)
kordā (accusative plural)
kordes (genitive singular)
kordos (genitive singular)
kordom (genitive plural)
kordei (dative singular)
kordβos (dative plural)
kordi? korde? (ablative singular)
kordβos (ablative plural)
kordi? korde? (locative singular)
kordβos (locative plural)

Latin: cor

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d-, oblique of *ḱḗr (“heart”).


awis

awis (nominative singular)
awēs (nominative plural)
awis (singular vocative)
awēs (plural vocative)
awim (accusative singular)
awins (accusative plural)
aweis (genitive singular)
awjom (genitive plural)
awei (dative singular)
awiβos (dative plural)
awīd (ablative singular)
awiβos (ablative plural)
awei (locative singular)
awiβos (locative plural)

Latin: avis, aucellus (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌅𐌄𐌔 (aves)


fars

fars (nominative singular)
farsā (nominative plural)
fars (singular vocative)
farsā (plural vocative)
fars (accusative singular)
farsā (accusative plural)
farses (genitive singular)
farsos (genitive singular)
farsom (genitive plural)
farsei (dative singular)
farsβos (dative plural)
farsi? farse? (ablative singular)
farsβos (ablative plural)
farsi? farse? (locative singular)
farsβos (locative plural)

Latin: far (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌓 (far)

desc

Umbrian: far (acc. sg), farer (gen. sg.)

Many apparent cognates can be found around Europe, such as Old Irish bairgen (“bread”), Welsh bara (“bread”), Proto-Slavic *boršьno, and Proto-Germanic *baraz (“barley”), tentatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers- (“spike, bristle”). The matching s-stem in Germanic could point to *bʰéros ~ *bʰéresos. However, De Vaan doubts the existence of an inherited Indo-European root for these, given the *a shared by the words, and wonders if they were derived from a foreign source.


domos

domos (nominative singular)
domōs (nominative plural)
domoi (nominative plural)
dome (singular vocative)
domōs (plural vocative)
domoi (plural vocative)
domom (accusative singular)
domons (accusative plural)
domosjo (genitive singular)
domī (genitive singular)
domom (genitive plural)
domōi (dative singular)
domois (dative plural)
domōd (ablative singular)
domois (ablative plural)
domei (locative singular)
domois (locative plural)

Latin: domus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dṓm, from root *dem- (“to build”).


tauros

tauros (nominative singular)
taurōs (nominative plural)
tauroi (nominative plural)
taure (singular vocative)
taurōs (plural vocative)
tauroi (plural vocative)
taurom (accusative singular)
taurons (accusative plural)
taurosjo (genitive singular)
taurī (genitive singular)
taurom (genitive plural)
taurōi (dative singular)
taurois (dative plural)
taurōd (ablative singular)
taurois (ablative plural)
taurei (locative singular)
taurois (locative plural)

Latin: taurus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: ταυρομ (taurom, acc. sg.)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌖𐌚 (turuf, acc. pl.), toru (acc. pl. in Latin script)

From Proto-Indo-European *táwros (“wild bull, aurochs”).


pugnos

pugnos (nominative singular)
pugnōs (nominative plural)
pugnoi (nominative plural)
pugne (singular vocative)
pugnōs (plural vocative)
pugnoi (plural vocative)
pugnom (accusative singular)
pugnons (accusative plural)
pugnosjo (genitive singular)
pugnī (genitive singular)
pugnom (genitive plural)
pugnōi (dative singular)
pugnois (dative plural)
pugnōd (ablative singular)
pugnois (ablative plural)
pugnei (locative singular)
pugnois (locative plural)

Latin: pugnus

From Proto-Indo-European *puǵnos, *puḱnos, from *pewǵ- (“prick, punch”).


mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūzes (nominative plural)
mūs (singular vocative)
mūzes (plural vocative)
mūzem (accusative singular)
mūzens (accusative plural)
mūzes (genitive singular)
mūzos (genitive singular)
mūzom (genitive plural)
mūzei (dative singular)
mūzβos (dative plural)
mūzi? mūze? (ablative singular)
mūzβos (ablative plural)
mūzi? mūze? (locative singular)
mūzβos (locative plural)

Latin: mūs (see there for further descendants)


fontis

fontis (nominative singular)
fontēs (nominative plural)
fontis (singular vocative)
fontēs (plural vocative)
fontim (accusative singular)
fontins (accusative plural)
fonteis (genitive singular)
fontjom (genitive plural)
fontei (dative singular)
fontiβos (dative plural)
fontīd (ablative singular)
fontiβos (ablative plural)
fontei (locative singular)
fontiβos (locative plural)

Latin: fōns (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to flow”) suffixed by *-tis. The o-grade and masculine gender are unexpected; they may have been due to contamination from some other now-lost derivative(s) of that root where the o-grade and/or masculine gender is expected.
An alternative way to get around these morphological problems is to instead reconstruct *fwonts, an *-onts formation. The root in this case could be either *dʰew- (“to run, flow”) or *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).

der

fondlire

a locale in Iguvium; abl. pl. with postposition


apros

apros (nominative singular)
aprōs (nominative plural)
aproi (nominative plural)
apre (singular vocative)
aprōs (plural vocative)
aproi (plural vocative)
aprom (accusative singular)
aprons (accusative plural)
aprosjo (genitive singular)
aprī (genitive singular)
aprom (genitive plural)
aprōi (dative singular)
aprois (dative plural)
aprōd (ablative singular)
aprois (ablative plural)
aprei (locative singular)
aprois (locative plural)

desctree

Latin: aper
Sardinian: apru
Italian: apro

desc

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌚 (apruf), abrof (acc. pl.)

Similar words across European languages include Proto-Germanic *eburaz (“boar”), Proto-Slavic *veprь (“boar”), and Latvian vepris (“castrated boar”). Given that these words cannot be related by regular sound correspondences, they are probably borrowed from a lost, unknown substrate language.
The *a instead of *e in the Italic word possibly arose under the influence of *kapros (“goat”).


agros

agros (nominative singular)
agrōs (nominative plural)
agroi (nominative plural)
agre (singular vocative)
agrōs (plural vocative)
agroi (plural vocative)
agrom (accusative singular)
agrons (accusative plural)
agrosjo (genitive singular)
agrī (genitive singular)
agrom (genitive plural)
agrōi (dative singular)
agrois (dative plural)
agrōd (ablative singular)
agrois (ablative plural)
agrei (locative singular)
agrois (locative plural)

Latin: ager (see there for further descendants)

Osco-Umbrian:

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌂𐌄𐌓 (acer, nom.sg.), 𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌄 (acre, gen.sg)

loc.sg. + <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*en</i>

South Picene: akren (loc.sg. + *en)

⇒ *agrolos m (“small plot of land”, noun)

Latin: agellus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌂𐌄𐌓𐌋𐌋𐌞𐌃 (agerllúd, ablative singular)


anats

anats (nominative singular)
anates (nominative plural)
anats (singular vocative)
anates (plural vocative)
anatem (accusative singular)
anatens (accusative plural)
anates (genitive singular)
anatos (genitive singular)
anatom (genitive plural)
anatei (dative singular)
anatβos (dative plural)
anati? anate? (ablative singular)
anatβos (ablative plural)
anati? anate? (locative singular)
anatβos (locative plural)

Latin: anas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”). Cognate with Lithuanian ántis, Sanskrit आति (āti).


fōr

fōr (nominative singular)
fōres (nominative plural)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōres (plural vocative)
fōrem (accusative singular)
fōrens (accusative plural)
fōres (genitive singular)
fōros (genitive singular)
fōrom (genitive plural)
fōrei (dative singular)
fōrβos (dative plural)
fōri? fōre? (ablative singular)
fōrβos (ablative plural)
fōri? fōre? (locative singular)
fōrβos (locative plural)

Latin: fūr (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰṓr, from the root *bʰer- (“to carry”) (see *ferō). Cognate with Ancient Greek φώρ (phṓr).


neptis

neptis (nominative singular)
neptēs (nominative plural)
neptis (singular vocative)
neptēs (plural vocative)
neptim (accusative singular)
neptins (accusative plural)
nepteis (genitive singular)
neptjom (genitive plural)
neptei (dative singular)
neptiβos (dative plural)
neptīd (ablative singular)
neptiβos (ablative plural)
neptei (locative singular)
neptiβos (locative plural)

Latin: neptis

From earlier *neptī, from Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂.


karō

karō (nominative singular)
karnes (nominative plural)
karones (nominative plural)
karō (singular vocative)
karnes (plural vocative)
karones (plural vocative)
karnem (accusative singular)
karonem (accusative singular)
karnens (accusative plural)
karonens (accusative plural)
karnes (genitive singular)
karones (genitive singular)
karnos (genitive singular)
karonos (genitive singular)
karnom (genitive plural)
karonom (genitive plural)
karnei (dative singular)
karonei (dative singular)
karnβos (dative plural)
karonβos (dative plural)
karni? karne? (ablative singular)
karni? karone? (ablative singular)
karorne? (ablative singular)
karorone? (ablative singular)
karnβos (ablative plural)
karonβos (ablative plural)
karni? karne? (locative singular)
karni? karone? (locative singular)
karorne? (locative singular)
karorone? (locative singular)
karnβos (locative plural)
karonβos (locative plural)

Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: karneis (genitive singular)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kér(H)-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


peku

peku (pekū?) (nominative singular)
pekwā (nominative plural)
pekūā? (nominative plural)
peku (pekū?) (singular vocative)
pekwā (plural vocative)
pekūā? (plural vocative)
peku (pekū?) (accusative singular)
pekwā (accusative plural)
pekūā? (accusative plural)
pekous (genitive singular)
pekwos (genitive singular)
pekwom (pekowom?) (genitive plural)
pekowei (dative singular)
pekuβos (dative plural)
pekūd (ablative singular)
pekuβos (ablative plural)
pekou? (locative singular)
pekuβos (locative plural)

Latin: pecū

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌒𐌏 (peqo, “wealth”, acc. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *péḱu (“cattle”).


grānom

grānom (nominative singular)
grānā (nominative plural)
grānom (singular vocative)
grānā (plural vocative)
grānom (accusative singular)
grānā (accusative plural)
grānosjo (genitive singular)
grānī (genitive singular)
grānom (genitive plural)
grānōi (dative singular)
grānois (dative plural)
grānōd (ablative singular)
grānois (ablative plural)
grānei (locative singular)
grānois (locative plural)

Latin: grānum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (“grain”).


toutā

toutā (nominative singular)
toutās (nominative plural)
touta (singular vocative)
toutās (plural vocative)
toutam (accusative singular)
toutans (accusative plural)
toutās (genitive singular)
toutāzom (genitive plural)
toutāi (dative singular)
toutais (dative plural)
toutād (ablative singular)
toutais (ablative plural)
toutāi (locative singular)
toutais (locative plural)

Latin: tōtus (see there for further descendants)

Aequian: tous (nominative singular)

Marrucinian: toutai (dative singular)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌏𐌖𐌕𐌏 (touto)

Umbrian: totam (accusative singular)

Volscian: toticu (ablative singular)


wiros

wiros (nominative singular)
wirōs (nominative plural)
wiroi (nominative plural)
wire (singular vocative)
wirōs (plural vocative)
wiroi (plural vocative)
wirom (accusative singular)
wirons (accusative plural)
wirosjo (genitive singular)
wirī (genitive singular)
wirom (genitive plural)
wirōi (dative singular)
wirois (dative plural)
wirōd (ablative singular)
wirois (ablative plural)
wirei (locative singular)
wirois (locative plural)

Latin: vir

Umbrian: uiro, ueiro (accusative plural)


medos

medos (nominative singular)
medesā (nominative plural)
medos (singular vocative)
medesā (plural vocative)
medos (accusative singular)
medesā (accusative plural)
medeses (genitive singular)
medesos (genitive singular)
medesom (genitive plural)
medesei (dative singular)
medesβos (dative plural)
medesi? medese? (ablative singular)
medesβos (ablative plural)
medesi? medese? (locative singular)
medesβos (locative plural)

Latin: modus (either secondarily transferred to the second declension or conflated with a co-existing second-declension noun)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌛𐌔 (meřs), mers

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”) suffixed with the neuter noun-forming suffix *-os.


jokos

jokos (nominative singular)
jokōs (nominative plural)
jokoi (nominative plural)
joke (singular vocative)
jokōs (plural vocative)
jokoi (plural vocative)
jokom (accusative singular)
jokons (accusative plural)
jokosjo (genitive singular)
jokī (genitive singular)
jokom (genitive plural)
jokōi (dative singular)
jokois (dative plural)
jokōd (ablative singular)
jokois (ablative plural)
jokei (locative singular)
jokois (locative plural)

Latin: iocus (“joke, amusement”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *yók-os, from *yek- (“to utter”) + *-os (action noun suffix).


denɣwā

denɣwā (nominative singular)
denɣwās (nominative plural)
denɣwa (singular vocative)
denɣwās (plural vocative)
denɣwam (accusative singular)
denɣwans (accusative plural)
denɣwās (genitive singular)
denɣwāzom (genitive plural)
denɣwāi (dative singular)
denɣwais (dative plural)
denɣwād (ablative singular)
denɣwais (ablative plural)
denɣwāi (locative singular)
denɣwais (locative plural)

Old Latin: dinguā

Latin: lingua (influenced by lingō (“to lick”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: *𐌚𐌀𐌍𐌂𐌅𐌞 (*fangvú, nom.sg.), 𐌚𐌀𐌍𐌂𐌅𐌀𐌌 (fangvam, acc.sg.), 𐌚𐌀𐌍𐌂𐌖𐌀 (fangua, nom.pl.)


owis

owis (nominative singular)
owēs (nominative plural)
owis (singular vocative)
owēs (plural vocative)
owim (accusative singular)
owins (accusative plural)
oweis (genitive singular)
owjom (genitive plural)
owei (dative singular)
owiβos (dative plural)
owīd (ablative singular)
owiβos (ablative plural)
owei (locative singular)
owiβos (locative plural)

Latin: ovis

with postposed <i class="Ital mention" lang="xum">𐌊𐌖𐌌</i> (kum)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌌 (uvem, acc. sg.), 𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌚 (uvef, acc. pl), 𐌖𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌖𐌌 (uvikum, abl. sg.) (with postposed 𐌊𐌖𐌌 (kum))


jugom

jugom (nominative singular)
jugā (nominative plural)
jugom (singular vocative)
jugā (plural vocative)
jugom (accusative singular)
jugā (accusative plural)
jugosjo (genitive singular)
jugī (genitive singular)
jugom (genitive plural)
jugōi (dative singular)
jugois (dative plural)
jugōd (ablative singular)
jugois (ablative plural)
jugei (locative singular)
jugois (locative plural)

Latin: iugum


nēr

nēr (nominative singular)
neres (nominative plural)
nēr (singular vocative)
neres (plural vocative)
nerem (accusative singular)
nerens (accusative plural)
neres (genitive singular)
neros (genitive singular)
nerom (genitive plural)
nerei (dative singular)
nerβos (dative plural)
neri? nere? (ablative singular)
nerβos (ablative plural)
neri? nere? (locative singular)
nerβos (locative plural)

Oscan: 𐌍𐌉𐌉𐌓 (niir, nom.sg.), 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌌 (nerum, gen.pl.)

South Picene: 𐌍𐌝𐌓 (nír, nom.sg.), 𐌍𐌄𐌓⁚ (ner, acc.pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌚 (nerf, acc.pl.), 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌔 (nerus, dat.pl.)


patēr

patēr (nominative singular)
patres (nominative plural)
pater (singular vocative)
patres (plural vocative)
patrem (accusative singular)
patrens (accusative plural)
patres (genitive singular)
patros (genitive singular)
patrom (genitive plural)
patrei (dative singular)
patrβos (dative plural)
patri? patre? (ablative singular)
patrβos (ablative plural)
patri? patre? (locative singular)
patrβos (locative plural)

Aequian: patre (dative singular)

Faliscan: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (pater)

Latin: pater (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌓 (patír)

South Picene: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌑𐌇 (patereíh, dative singular)

Umbrian: 𐌉𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (iupater) (from *Dyēus ph₂ter)


mātēr

mātēr (nominative singular)
mātres (nominative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātres (plural vocative)
mātrem (accusative singular)
mātrens (accusative plural)
mātres (genitive singular)
mātros (genitive singular)
mātrom (genitive plural)
mātrei (dative singular)
mātrβos (dative plural)
mātri? mātre? (ablative singular)
mātrβos (ablative plural)
mātri? mātre? (locative singular)
mātrβos (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄 (mate)

Latin: māter (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (maatreís)

South Picene: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌑𐌇 (matereíh) (dative singular)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌓 (matrer) (genitive singular)


gʷōs

gʷōs (nominative singular)
gʷowes (nominative plural)
gʷōs (singular vocative)
gʷowes (plural vocative)
gʷōm (accusative singular)
gʷouns? *gʷowens? (accusative plural)
gʷowes (genitive singular)
gʷowos (genitive singular)
gʷowom (genitive plural)
gʷowei (dative singular)
gʷouβos (dative plural)
gʷowi? gʷowe? (ablative singular)
gʷouβos (ablative plural)
gʷowi? gʷowe? (locative singular)
gʷouβos (locative plural)

Osco-Umbrian:

Umbrian: bum

>? Volscian: bim (acc.sg.)

⇒? South Picene: [script needed] (boúediín)

→ Latin: bōs


anamos

anamos (nominative singular)
anamōs (nominative plural)
anamoi (nominative plural)
aname (singular vocative)
anamōs (plural vocative)
anamoi (plural vocative)
anamom (accusative singular)
anamons (accusative plural)
anamosjo (genitive singular)
anamī (genitive singular)
anamom (genitive plural)
anamōi (dative singular)
anamois (dative plural)
anamōd (ablative singular)
anamois (ablative plural)
anamei (locative singular)
anamois (locative plural)

Latin: animus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: anima (“breath, wind, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌𐌞𐌌 (anamúm, accusative singular)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).
Formally cognate with Proto-Hellenic *ánemos; compare also Proto-Celtic *anaman from *h₂énh₁-mn̥.


werβom

werβom (nominative singular)
werβā (nominative plural)
werβom (singular vocative)
werβā (plural vocative)
werβom (accusative singular)
werβā (accusative plural)
werβosjo (genitive singular)
werβī (genitive singular)
werβom (genitive plural)
werβōi (dative singular)
werβois (dative plural)
werβōd (ablative singular)
werβois (ablative plural)
werβei (locative singular)
werβois (locative plural)

Latin: verbum (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Umbrian: 𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄 (uerfale)

earlier form: *werðom, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om


djous

djous (nominative singular)
djowes (nominative plural)
djou (singular vocative)
djowes (plural vocative)
djēm (accusative singular)
djowens (accusative plural)
djowes (genitive singular)
-os (genitive singular)
djowom (genitive plural)
djowei (dative singular)
djouβos (dative plural)
djowe? (ablative singular)
djouβos (ablative plural)
djowe? (locative singular)
djouβos (locative plural)

Old Latin: Diovis (old standalone form of Iovis (“Jove”) prior to conflation with nominatives from *djous patēr like Diēspiter (“Jupiter”) to form later Iuppiter, Iovis; also preserved in compound Vēdiovis (literally “Anti-Jove”)), diovos, diovei and other forms

Latin: diēs (nominative back-formed from accusative), Iovis (genitive), diūs (preserved in fossilised expressions mē-diūs-fidius (interjection) and nū-diūs-tertius (“day before yesterday”)), diū (possibly from the endingless variant of the locative), originally "during the day" (compare noctū) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌃𐌉𐌞𐌅𐌄𐌝 (diúveí), 𐌉𐌞𐌅𐌄𐌝 (iúveí), 𐌉𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌝 (iuveí)

Picene: iuve

Umbrian: 𐌉𐌖𐌅𐌄 (iuve)


djēm

From Proto-Indo-European *dyēm, from earlier *dyew-m by Stang's law.


deiwos

deiwos (nominative singular)
deiwōs (nominative plural)
deiwoi (nominative plural)
deiwe (singular vocative)
deiwōs (plural vocative)
deiwoi (plural vocative)
deiwom (accusative singular)
deiwons (accusative plural)
deiwosjo (genitive singular)
deiwī (genitive singular)
deiwom (genitive plural)
deiwōi (dative singular)
deiwois (dative plural)
deiwōd (ablative singular)
deiwois (ablative plural)
deiwei (locative singular)
deiwois (locative plural)

Old Latin: deivos (Duenos inscription)

Latin: deus, Latin: dīvus

Oscan: 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌅𐌀𐌝 (deívaí), 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌅𐌀𐌔 (deívas), deiuatud, deiuaid, deiuast, deiuatuns

Venetic: 𐌃𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌏𐌔 (deivos, acc.pl.) (possibly)

Umbrian: deueia, dei, di

Volscian: deue (dat.sg.)


deiwā

deiwā (nominative singular)
deiwās (nominative plural)
deiwa (singular vocative)
deiwās (plural vocative)
deiwam (accusative singular)
deiwans (accusative plural)
deiwās (genitive singular)
deiwāzom (genitive plural)
deiwāi (dative singular)
deiwais (dative plural)
deiwād (ablative singular)
deiwais (ablative plural)
deiwāi (locative singular)
deiwais (locative plural)

Old Latin: deivā, Deiānā

Latin: dea, dīva, Dīvāna, Dīāna

Oscan: 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌅𐌀𐌝 (deívaí, dat. sg.), 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌅𐌀𐌔 (deívas, gen. sg.)


wezor

wezor (nominative singular)
weznā (nominative plural)
wezor (singular vocative)
weznā (plural vocative)
wezor (accusative singular)
weznā (accusative plural)
weznes (genitive singular)
weznos (genitive singular)
weznom (genitive plural)
weznei (dative singular)
weznβos (dative plural)
wezni? wezne? (ablative singular)
weznβos (ablative plural)
wezni? wezne? (locative singular)
weznβos (locative plural)

Latin: vēr

⇒ Umbrian: urnasier (dat.abl.pl.), urnasiaru (“name of an early spring month”, gen.pl.f.)

From Proto-Indo-European *wésr̥ ~ *uséns, *wósr̥ ~ *wésn̥s.


wentos

wentos (nominative singular)
wentōs (nominative plural)
wentoi (nominative plural)
wente (singular vocative)
wentōs (plural vocative)
wentoi (plural vocative)
wentom (accusative singular)
wentons (accusative plural)
wentosjo (genitive singular)
wentī (genitive singular)
wentom (genitive plural)
wentōi (dative singular)
wentois (dative plural)
wentōd (ablative singular)
wentois (ablative plural)
wentei (locative singular)
wentois (locative plural)

Latin: ventus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts. The vowel was originally long, but was shortened through Osthoff's law.


gʷītā

gʷītā (nominative singular)
gʷītās (nominative plural)
gʷīta (singular vocative)
gʷītās (plural vocative)
gʷītam (accusative singular)
gʷītans (accusative plural)
gʷītās (genitive singular)
gʷītāzom (genitive plural)
gʷītāi (dative singular)
gʷītais (dative plural)
gʷītād (ablative singular)
gʷītais (ablative plural)
gʷītāi (locative singular)
gʷītais (locative plural)

Latin: vīta (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌁𐌉𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌌 (biitam, accusative singular)

Possibly corresponds to a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wo-teh₂ (compare Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”), Old Irish bethu, bethad, Irish beatha, Welsh bywyd, Old Church Slavonic животъ (životŭ, “life”), Lithuanian gyvatà (“life”), Sanskrit जीवित (jīvitá), Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬊 (gaiio, “life”) [accusative 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬎𐬨 (jiiātum)]), ultimately from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).


atnos

atnos (nominative singular)
atnōs (nominative plural)
atnoi (nominative plural)
atne (singular vocative)
atnōs (plural vocative)
atnoi (plural vocative)
atnom (accusative singular)
atnons (accusative plural)
atnosjo (genitive singular)
atnī (genitive singular)
atnom (genitive plural)
atnōi (dative singular)
atnois (dative plural)
atnōd (ablative singular)
atnois (ablative plural)
atnei (locative singular)
atnois (locative plural)

Latin: annus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌊𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌉 (akenei, loc. sg.)

Umbrian: acnu

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-nó-s, from *h₂et-. Compare Proto-Germanic *aþna- (“year”), Sanskrit अत्न (atna, “sun”).

perennis

*per-atn-is (compound adj. of unclear meaning)


wijā

wijā (nominative singular)
wijās (nominative plural)
wija (singular vocative)
wijās (plural vocative)
wijam (accusative singular)
wijans (accusative plural)
wijās (genitive singular)
wijāzom (genitive plural)
wijāi (dative singular)
wijais (dative plural)
wijād (ablative singular)
wijais (ablative plural)
wijāi (locative singular)
wijais (locative plural)

Latin: via

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌉𐌀 (via) (abl. sg.)

Oscan: 𐌅𐌝𐌀𐌌 (víam) (acc. sg.)

South Picene: 𐌅𐌝𐌀𐌌 (víam) (acc. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *wih₁eh₂, from *weyh₁-. Cognate with Lithuanian vyti.


sniks

sniks (nominative singular)
sniɣʷes (nominative plural)
sniks (singular vocative)
sniɣʷes (plural vocative)
sniɣʷem (accusative singular)
sniɣʷens (accusative plural)
sniɣʷes (genitive singular)
sniɣʷos (genitive singular)
sniɣʷom (genitive plural)
sniɣʷei (dative singular)
sniɣʷβos (dative plural)
sniɣʷi? sniɣʷe? (ablative singular)
sniɣʷβos (ablative plural)
sniɣʷi? sniɣʷe? (locative singular)
sniɣʷβos (locative plural)

Latin: nix


kerazrom

kerazrom (nominative singular)
kerazrā (nominative plural)
kerazrom (singular vocative)
kerazrā (plural vocative)
kerazrom (accusative singular)
kerazrā (accusative plural)
kerazrosjo (genitive singular)
kerazrī (genitive singular)
kerazrom (genitive plural)
kerazrōi (dative singular)
kerazrois (dative plural)
kerazrōd (ablative singular)
kerazrois (ablative plural)
kerazrei (locative singular)
kerazrois (locative plural)

Latin: cerebrum

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂srom, from *ḱerh₂-.


keiwis

keiwis (nominative singular)
keiwēs (nominative plural)
keiwis (singular vocative)
keiwēs (plural vocative)
keiwim (accusative singular)
keiwins (accusative plural)
keiweis (genitive singular)
keiwjom (genitive plural)
keiwei (dative singular)
keiwiβos (dative plural)
keiwīd (ablative singular)
keiwiβos (ablative plural)
keiwei (locative singular)
keiwiβos (locative plural)

Old Latin: ceivis, *cẹ̄vis

Latin: cīvis

q

probably borrowed from Old Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">*cẹ̄vis</i>

Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌖𐌔 (keus) (probably borrowed from Old Latin *cẹ̄vis)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to settle, be lying down”).


klāwis

klāwis (nominative singular)
klāwēs (nominative plural)
klāwis (singular vocative)
klāwēs (plural vocative)
klāwim (accusative singular)
klāwins (accusative plural)
klāweis (genitive singular)
klāwjom (genitive plural)
klāwei (dative singular)
klāwiβos (dative plural)
klāwīd (ablative singular)
klāwiβos (ablative plural)
klāwei (locative singular)
klāwiβos (locative plural)

Latin: clāvis (see there for further descendants)

Possibly an i-stem derivation of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kleh₂w- (“nail, pin, hook - instruments, of old use for locking doors”); compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀏𐀨𐀹𐀡𐀫 (ka-ra-wi-po-ro /klāwi-pʰoros/, “key-bearer”). Possibly *(s)kleh₂w- gave *klāwos, Latin clāvus; alternatively Latin clāvis may have been borrowed from Ancient Greek κλείς (kleís), ultimately from the same Indo-European source.


kapros

kapros (nominative singular)
kaprōs (nominative plural)
kaproi (nominative plural)
kapre (singular vocative)
kaprōs (plural vocative)
kaproi (plural vocative)
kaprom (accusative singular)
kaprons (accusative plural)
kaprosjo (genitive singular)
kaprī (genitive singular)
kaprom (genitive plural)
kaprōi (dative singular)
kaprois (dative plural)
kaprōd (ablative singular)
kaprois (ablative plural)
kaprei (locative singular)
kaprois (locative plural)

Latin: caper

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌌 (kaprum, acc.sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“billy goat”). Cognate with Old Norse hafr.


auzom

auzom (nominative singular)
auzā (nominative plural)
auzom (singular vocative)
auzā (plural vocative)
auzom (accusative singular)
auzā (accusative plural)
auzosjo (genitive singular)
auzī (genitive singular)
auzom (genitive plural)
auzōi (dative singular)
auzois (dative plural)
auzōd (ablative singular)
auzois (ablative plural)
auzei (locative singular)
auzois (locative plural)

Old Latin: ausum

Latin: aurum (see there for further descendants)

Sabine: *ausom

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-o- (“glow”), from *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”).


auzōs

auzōs (nominative singular)
auzōzes (nominative plural)
auzōs (singular vocative)
auzōzes (plural vocative)
auzōzem (accusative singular)
auzōzens (accusative plural)
auzōzes (genitive singular)
auzōzos (genitive singular)
auzōzom (genitive plural)
auzōzei (dative singular)
auzōzβos (dative plural)
auzōzi? auzōze? (ablative singular)
auzōzβos (ablative plural)
auzōzi? auzōze? (locative singular)
auzōzβos (locative plural)

Latin: aurōra (with ā-stem extension)


wīs

wīs (nominative singular)
wīs (singular vocative)
wīm (accusative singular)
wīes (genitive singular)
wīei (dative singular)
wīe (ablative singular)
wīe (locative singular)

desctree

with plural forms from an extended form of the root, possibly the same root as <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">vir</i>

Latin: vīs (with plural forms from an extended form of the root, possibly the same root as vir)
→ English: vis, vim

Faliscan: ves

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁s (“force, vehemence”), from *weyh₁- (“to rush”).


waðom

waðom (nominative singular)
waðā (nominative plural)
waðom (singular vocative)
waðā (plural vocative)
waðom (accusative singular)
waðā (accusative plural)
waðosjo (genitive singular)
waðī (genitive singular)
waðom (genitive plural)
waðōi (dative singular)
waðois (dative plural)
waðōd (ablative singular)
waðois (ablative plural)
waðei (locative singular)
waðois (locative plural)

Latin: vadum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wh₂dʰóm, from *weh₂dʰ- (“to advance”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wadą.


flōs

flōs (nominative singular)
flōzes (nominative plural)
flōs (singular vocative)
flōzes (plural vocative)
flōzem (accusative singular)
flōzens (accusative plural)
flōzes (genitive singular)
flōzos (genitive singular)
flōzom (genitive plural)
flōzei (dative singular)
flōzβos (dative plural)
flōzi? flōze? (ablative singular)
flōzβos (ablative plural)
flōzi? flōze? (locative singular)
flōzβos (locative plural)

Latin: flōs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰléh₃s ~ *bʰl̥h₃s-és, from *bʰleh₃- (“bloom, flower”).


frātēr

frātēr (nominative singular)
frātres (nominative plural)
frāter (singular vocative)
frātres (plural vocative)
frātrem (accusative singular)
frātrens (accusative plural)
frātres (genitive singular)
frātros (genitive singular)
frātrom (genitive plural)
frātrei (dative singular)
frātrβos (dative plural)
frātri? frātre? (ablative singular)
frātrβos (ablative plural)
frātri? frātre? (locative singular)
frātrβos (locative plural)

Latin: frāter

Oscan: 𐌚𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌞𐌌 (fratrúm) (accusative singular)

Umbrian: frater (nominative plural), fratrum, fratrom (genitive plural)

Venetic: 𐌇𐌅𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉 (fraterei) (dative singular)


swezōr

swezōr (nominative singular)
swezres (nominative plural)
swezor (singular vocative)
swezres (plural vocative)
swezrem (accusative singular)
swezrens (accusative plural)
swezres (genitive singular)
swezros (genitive singular)
swezrom (genitive plural)
swezrei (dative singular)
swezrβos (dative plural)
swezri? swezre? (ablative singular)
swezrβos (ablative plural)
swezri? swezre? (locative singular)
swezrβos (locative plural)

Latin: soror (see there for further descendants)


jowos

jowos (nominative singular)
jowezā (nominative plural)
jowos (singular vocative)
jowezā (plural vocative)
jowos (accusative singular)
jowezā (accusative plural)
jowezes (genitive singular)
jowezos (genitive singular)
jowezom (genitive plural)
jowezei (dative singular)
jowezβos (dative plural)
jowezi? joweze? (ablative singular)
jowezβos (ablative plural)
jowezi? joweze? (locative singular)
jowezβos (locative plural)

Old Latin: ious

Latin: iūs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew- (“straight, right”).


lakus

lakus (nominative singular)
lakowes (nominative plural)
lakus (singular vocative)
lakowes (plural vocative)
lakum (accusative singular)
lakuns (accusative plural)
lakous (genitive singular)
lakwom (genitive plural)
lakowei (dative singular)
lakuβos (dative plural)
lakūd (ablative singular)
lakuβos (ablative plural)
lakou (locative singular)
lakuβos (locative plural)

Latin: lacus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“pond, pool, lake”), with unrounding of the o after the l pinguis (/ɫ/).


ekwos

ekwos (nominative singular)
ekwōs (nominative plural)
ekwoi (nominative plural)
ekwe (singular vocative)
ekwōs (plural vocative)
ekwoi (plural vocative)
ekwom (accusative singular)
ekwons (accusative plural)
ekwosjo (genitive singular)
ekwī (genitive singular)
ekwom (genitive plural)
ekwōi (dative singular)
ekwois (dative plural)
ekwōd (ablative singular)
ekwois (ablative plural)
ekwei (locative singular)
ekwois (locative plural)

Old Latin: equos, ecus

Latin: equus

Faliscan: eqo (dative singular)

Venetic: 𐌄𐌊𐌅𐌏𐌍 (ekvon) (accusative singular)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.


nizdos

nizdos (nominative singular)
nizdōs (nominative plural)
nizdoi (nominative plural)
nizde (singular vocative)
nizdōs (plural vocative)
nizdoi (plural vocative)
nizdom (accusative singular)
nizdons (accusative plural)
nizdosjo (genitive singular)
nizdī (genitive singular)
nizdom (genitive plural)
nizdōi (dative singular)
nizdois (dative plural)
nizdōd (ablative singular)
nizdois (ablative plural)
nizdei (locative singular)
nizdois (locative plural)

Latin: nīdus (see there for further descendants)


gnātjō

gnātjō (nominative singular)
gnātīnes (nominative plural)
gnātjō (singular vocative)
gnātīnes (plural vocative)
gnātīnem (accusative singular)
gnātīnens (accusative plural)
gnātīnes (genitive singular)
gnātīnos (genitive singular)
gnātīnom (genitive plural)
gnātīnei (dative singular)
gnātīnβos (dative plural)
gnātīni? gnātīne? (ablative singular)
gnātīnβos (ablative plural)
gnātīni? gnātīne? (locative singular)
gnātīnβos (locative plural)

Latin: nātiō (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌍𐌄 (natine) (ablative singular)

Extended from *gnātis, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis.


petnā

petnā (nominative singular)
petnās (nominative plural)
petna (singular vocative)
petnās (plural vocative)
petnam (accusative singular)
petnans (accusative plural)
petnās (genitive singular)
petnāzom (genitive plural)
petnāi (dative singular)
petnais (dative plural)
petnād (ablative singular)
petnais (ablative plural)
petnāi (locative singular)
petnais (locative plural)

Latin: penna

From Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). The oblique stem of the original noun was extended with ā-stem endings; compare Proto-Germanic *feþrō (“feather”), which was similarly extended, but from the nominative stem.
The original PIE nominative stem is preserved in Latin accipiter from *aku-peter (literally “sharp wing, keen wing”).


folgos

folgos (nominative singular)
folgezā (nominative plural)
folgos (singular vocative)
folgezā (plural vocative)
folgos (accusative singular)
folgezā (accusative plural)
folgezes (genitive singular)
folgezos (genitive singular)
folgezom (genitive plural)
folgezei (dative singular)
folgezβos (dative plural)
folgezi? folgeze? (ablative singular)
folgezβos (ablative plural)
folgezi? folgeze? (locative singular)
folgezβos (locative plural)

Latin: fulgur

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-g-e-, from *bʰel- (“shiny”). See also Proto-Germanic *blaikaz, Ancient Greek φλόξ (phlóx, “flame”).


fūmos

fūmos (nominative singular)
fūmōs (nominative plural)
fūmoi (nominative plural)
fūme (singular vocative)
fūmōs (plural vocative)
fūmoi (plural vocative)
fūmom (accusative singular)
fūmons (accusative plural)
fūmosjo (genitive singular)
fūmī (genitive singular)
fūmom (genitive plural)
fūmōi (dative singular)
fūmois (dative plural)
fūmōd (ablative singular)
fūmois (ablative plural)
fūmei (locative singular)
fūmois (locative plural)

Latin: fūmus (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *θūmos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós. Cognates include Ancient Greek θυμός (thumós), Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá) and Old Church Slavonic дꙑмъ (dymŭ), English dust.


jekʷor

jekʷor (nominative singular)
jekʷenā (nominative plural)
jekʷor (singular vocative)
jekʷenā (plural vocative)
jekʷor (accusative singular)
jekʷenā (accusative plural)
jekʷenes (genitive singular)
jekʷenos (genitive singular)
jekʷenom (genitive plural)
jekʷenei (dative singular)
jekʷenβos (dative plural)
jekʷeni? jekʷene? (ablative singular)
jekʷenβos (ablative plural)
jekʷeni? jekʷene? (locative singular)
jekʷenβos (locative plural)

Latin: iecur, iocur


rowos

rowos (nominative singular)
rowezā (nominative plural)
rowos (singular vocative)
rowezā (plural vocative)
rowos (accusative singular)
rowezā (accusative plural)
rowezes (genitive singular)
rowezos (genitive singular)
rowezom (genitive plural)
rowezei (dative singular)
rowezβos (dative plural)
rowezi? roweze? (ablative singular)
rowezβos (ablative plural)
rowezi? roweze? (locative singular)
rowezβos (locative plural)

Latin: rūs

From Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁os, from *rewh₁- (“open space, field”). Cognate with Old Irish róe (“flat field”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵- (rauuah-, “open space”), English room.


louks

louks (nominative singular)
loukes (nominative plural)
louks (singular vocative)
loukes (plural vocative)
loukem (accusative singular)
loukens (accusative plural)
loukes (genitive singular)
loukos (genitive singular)
loukom (genitive plural)
loukei (dative singular)
loukβos (dative plural)
louki? louke? (ablative singular)
loukβos (ablative plural)
louki? louke? (locative singular)
loukβos (locative plural)

Latin: lūx

Oscan: luc

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *léwks
Proto-Italic *louks
From Proto-Indo-European *léwks.


neks

neks (nominative singular)
nekes (nominative plural)
neks (singular vocative)
nekes (plural vocative)
nekem (accusative singular)
nekens (accusative plural)
nekes (genitive singular)
nekos (genitive singular)
nekom (genitive plural)
nekei (dative singular)
nekβos (dative plural)
neki? neke? (ablative singular)
nekβos (ablative plural)
neki? neke? (locative singular)
nekβos (locative plural)

Latin: nex

From Proto-Indo-European *neḱs (“death”), from the root *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).


porkos

porkos (nominative singular)
porkōs (nominative plural)
porkoi (nominative plural)
porke (singular vocative)
porkōs (plural vocative)
porkoi (plural vocative)
porkom (accusative singular)
porkons (accusative plural)
porkosjo (genitive singular)
porkī (genitive singular)
porkom (genitive plural)
porkōi (dative singular)
porkois (dative plural)
porkōd (ablative singular)
porkois (ablative plural)
porkei (locative singular)
porkois (locative plural)

Latin: porcus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos (“piglet”).


spēs

spēs (nominative singular)
spēzes (nominative plural)
spēs (singular vocative)
spēzes (plural vocative)
spēzem (accusative singular)
spēzens (accusative plural)
spēzes (genitive singular)
spēzos (genitive singular)
spēzom (genitive plural)
spēzei (dative singular)
spēzβos (dative plural)
spēzi? spēze? (ablative singular)
spēzβos (ablative plural)
spēzi? spēze? (locative singular)
spēzβos (locative plural)

Latin: spēs

From Proto-Indo-European *spéh₁s (“prosperity”).


attā

attā (nominative singular)
attās (nominative plural)
atta (singular vocative)
attās (plural vocative)
attam (accusative singular)
attans (accusative plural)
attās (genitive singular)
attāzom (genitive plural)
attāi (dative singular)
attais (dative plural)
attād (ablative singular)
attais (ablative plural)
attāi (locative singular)
attais (locative plural)

Latin: atta (see there for further descendants)


tristos

tristos (nominative singular)
tristōs (nominative plural)
tristoi (nominative plural)
triste (singular vocative)
tristōs (plural vocative)
tristoi (plural vocative)
tristom (accusative singular)
tristons (accusative plural)
tristosjo (genitive singular)
tristī (genitive singular)
tristom (genitive plural)
tristōi (dative singular)
tristois (dative plural)
tristōd (ablative singular)
tristois (ablative plural)
tristei (locative singular)
tristois (locative plural)

desc

Latin: testis (with secondary shift to the i-stems)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌔 (trstus, nom. pl)

From Proto-Indo-European *trito-sth₂-o-s (“third [person] standing”), from *tri- (“three”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”).


faznom

faznom (nominative singular)
faznā (nominative plural)
faznom (singular vocative)
faznā (plural vocative)
faznom (accusative singular)
faznā (accusative plural)
faznosjo (genitive singular)
faznī (genitive singular)
faznom (genitive plural)
faznōi (dative singular)
faznois (dative plural)
faznōd (ablative singular)
faznois (ablative plural)
faznei (locative singular)
faznois (locative plural)

Latin: fānum

Proto-Sabellic: *fēsna (< either *dʰéh₁s-n(o)-h₂, the collective of *dʰh₁s-nóm, or by analogy to Proto-Italic *fēsios)

Oscan: 𐌚𐌝𐌝𐌔𐌍𐌞 (fíísnú, nom. sg.), 𐌚𐌝𐌝𐌔𐌀𐌌 (fíísam), 𐌚𐌝𐌔𐌀𐌌 (físam, acc. sg.)

Paelignian: fesn(am) (acc. sg.)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌄𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌚𐌄 (fesnafe, acc. sg. + -en), fesnere (abl. pl. + -en)

From earlier *θaznom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁snóm, from *dʰéh₁s (“god; sacred place”).


loizā

loizā (nominative singular)
loizās (nominative plural)
loiza (singular vocative)
loizās (plural vocative)
loizam (accusative singular)
loizans (accusative plural)
loizās (genitive singular)
loizāzom (genitive plural)
loizāi (dative singular)
loizais (dative plural)
loizād (ablative singular)
loizais (ablative plural)
loizāi (locative singular)
loizais (locative plural)

Latin: līra, ⇒ dēlīrus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Oscan: 𐌋𐌖𐌉𐌔𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌚𐌔 (luisarifs, ablative plural, the name of a month, perhaps “in which the furrows are drawn”)

From Proto-Indo-European *lóyseh₂ (“following, track; furrow”), from *leys- (“track, furrow, trace, trail”).


wolpis

wolpis (nominative singular)
wolpēs (nominative plural)
wolpis (singular vocative)
wolpēs (plural vocative)
wolpim (accusative singular)
wolpins (accusative plural)
wolpeis (genitive singular)
wolpjom (genitive plural)
wolpei (dative singular)
wolpiβos (dative plural)
wolpīd (ablative singular)
wolpiβos (ablative plural)
wolpei (locative singular)
wolpiβos (locative plural)

desc

Latin: vulpēs, volpēs, vulpis (late, proscribed) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(H)ulp-i- (“marten, cat”), whence Proto-Indo-Iranian *HlawpaHćás. The traditional relation to Proto-Indo-European *h₂(w)lop- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”) (whence Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), Proto-Celtic *loɸernos, Lithuanian lãpė) is unclear and somewhat contested.


moiros

moiros (nominative singular)
moirōs (nominative plural)
moiroi (nominative plural)
moire (singular vocative)
moirōs (plural vocative)
moiroi (plural vocative)
moirom (accusative singular)
moirons (accusative plural)
moirosjo (genitive singular)
moirī (genitive singular)
moirom (genitive plural)
moirōi (dative singular)
moirois (dative plural)
moirōd (ablative singular)
moirois (ablative plural)
moirei (locative singular)
moirois (locative plural)

Latin: mūrus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *moy-ro-, from *mey- (“to strengthen”).


dekos

dekos (nominative singular)
dekozā (nominative plural)
dekos (singular vocative)
dekozā (plural vocative)
dekos (accusative singular)
dekozā (accusative plural)
dekozes (genitive singular)
dekozos (genitive singular)
dekozom (genitive plural)
dekozei (dative singular)
dekozβos (dative plural)
dekozi? dekoze? (ablative singular)
dekozβos (ablative plural)
dekozi? dekoze? (locative singular)
dekozβos (locative plural)

Latin: decus

From Proto-Indo-European *déḱos (“that which is proper”), from *deḱ- (“take, perceive”).


gʷeru

gʷeru (gʷerū?) (nominative singular)
gʷerwā (nominative plural)
gʷerūā? (nominative plural)
gʷeru (gʷerū?) (singular vocative)
gʷerwā (plural vocative)
gʷerūā? (plural vocative)
gʷeru (gʷerū?) (accusative singular)
gʷerwā (accusative plural)
gʷerūā? (accusative plural)
gʷerous (genitive singular)
gʷerwos (genitive singular)
gʷerwom (gʷerowom?) (genitive plural)
gʷerowei (dative singular)
gʷeruβos (dative plural)
gʷerūd (ablative singular)
gʷeruβos (ablative plural)
gʷerou? (locative singular)
gʷeruβos (locative plural)

Latin: verū (“spit”)

Umbrian 𐌁𐌄𐌓𐌅𐌀 (berva, acc.pl.), 𐌁𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌔 (berus, “sacrificial instrument”, abl.pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (“spit, spear”).


hemō

hemō (nominative singular)
hemones (nominative plural)
hemō (singular vocative)
hemones (plural vocative)
hemonem (accusative singular)
hemonens (accusative plural)
hemones (genitive singular)
hemonos (genitive singular)
hemonom (genitive plural)
hemonei (dative singular)
hemonβos (dative plural)
hemoni? hemone? (ablative singular)
hemonβos (ablative plural)
hemoni? hemone? (locative singular)
hemonβos (locative plural)

Old Latin: hemō

Latin: homō (see there for further descendants)

Osco-Umbrian:

Oscan: 𐌇𐌖𐌌𐌖𐌍𐌔 (humuns)

Umbrian: homonus

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ, perhaps via a phonetic by-form *ǵʰm̥mṓ reflected also in Germanic.


pikos

pikos (nominative singular)
pikōs (nominative plural)
pikoi (nominative plural)
pike (singular vocative)
pikōs (plural vocative)
pikoi (plural vocative)
pikom (accusative singular)
pikons (accusative plural)
pikosjo (genitive singular)
pikī (genitive singular)
pikom (genitive plural)
pikōi (dative singular)
pikois (dative plural)
pikōd (ablative singular)
pikois (ablative plural)
pikei (locative singular)
pikois (locative plural)

Latin: pīcus

desc

Umbrian: peico (acc. sg.), peiqu (abl. sg.)

See Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- for cognates; possibly originally an onomatopoeic word.


krāzrō

krāzrō (nominative singular)
krāzrenes (nominative plural)
krāzrō (singular vocative)
krāzrenes (plural vocative)
krāzrenem (accusative singular)
krāzrenens (accusative plural)
krāzrenes (genitive singular)
krāzrenos (genitive singular)
krāzrenom (genitive plural)
krāzrenei (dative singular)
krāzrenβos (dative plural)
krāzreni? krāzrene? (ablative singular)
krāzrenβos (ablative plural)
krāzreni? krāzrene? (locative singular)
krāzrenβos (locative plural)

Latin: crābrō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-s-r-o- ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-r-en- (literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”), from the root *ḱerh₂- (“head”).


fakinos

fakinos (nominative singular)
fakinozā (nominative plural)
fakinos (singular vocative)
fakinozā (plural vocative)
fakinos (accusative singular)
fakinozā (accusative plural)
fakinozes (genitive singular)
fakinozos (genitive singular)
fakinozom (genitive plural)
fakinozei (dative singular)
fakinozβos (dative plural)
fakinozi? fakinoze? (ablative singular)
fakinozβos (ablative plural)
fakinozi? fakinoze? (locative singular)
fakinozβos (locative plural)

Latin: facinus

From earlier *θakinos. Equivalent to *fakiō + *-nos.


aimos

aimos (nominative singular)
aimōs (nominative plural)
aimoi (nominative plural)
aime (singular vocative)
aimōs (plural vocative)
aimoi (plural vocative)
aimom (accusative singular)
aimons (accusative plural)
aimosjo (genitive singular)
aimī (genitive singular)
aimom (genitive plural)
aimōi (dative singular)
aimois (dative plural)
aimōd (ablative singular)
aimois (ablative plural)
aimei (locative singular)
aimois (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (“copy”). Related to *imā.


imā

imā (nominative singular)
imās (nominative plural)
ima (singular vocative)
imās (plural vocative)
imam (accusative singular)
imans (accusative plural)
imās (genitive singular)
imāzom (genitive plural)
imāi (dative singular)
imais (dative plural)
imād (ablative singular)
imais (ablative plural)
imāi (locative singular)
imais (locative plural)

Latin: imitor, imāgō

South Picene: imih

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (“copy, image”). Cognate with *aimos.


aiwotāts

aiwotāts (nominative singular)
aiwotātes (nominative plural)
aiwotāts (singular vocative)
aiwotātes (plural vocative)
aiwotātem (accusative singular)
aiwotātens (accusative plural)
aiwotātes (genitive singular)
aiwotātos (genitive singular)
aiwotātom (genitive plural)
aiwotātei (dative singular)
aiwotātβos (dative plural)
aiwotāti? aiwotāte? (ablative singular)
aiwotātβos (ablative plural)
aiwotāti? aiwotāte? (locative singular)
aiwotātβos (locative plural)

Latin: aevitās (perhaps; or rather restored after Latin aevum)

Proto-Italic: *aiotāts

Latin: aetās (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌔 (aítateís) (gen. sg.), 𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌌 (aitatúm) (acc. sg.)

Paelignian: aetatu (acc. sg.?), aetate (abl. sg.)

From *aiwom (“age”) + *-tāts, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey-u- (“vital energy”), from *h₂ey-.


aiwom

aiwom (nominative singular)
aiwā (nominative plural)
aiwom (singular vocative)
aiwā (plural vocative)
aiwom (accusative singular)
aiwā (accusative plural)
aiwosjo (genitive singular)
aiwī (genitive singular)
aiwom (genitive plural)
aiwōi (dative singular)
aiwois (dative plural)
aiwōd (ablative singular)
aiwois (ablative plural)
aiwei (locative singular)
aiwois (locative plural)

Latin: aevum

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital energy”), from *h₂ey-.


farβā

farβā (nominative singular)
farβās (nominative plural)
farβa (singular vocative)
farβās (plural vocative)
farβam (accusative singular)
farβans (accusative plural)
farβās (genitive singular)
farβāzom (genitive plural)
farβāi (dative singular)
farβais (dative plural)
farβād (ablative singular)
farβais (ablative plural)
farβāi (locative singular)
farβais (locative plural)

desc

Latin: barba (with the initial /b-/ from assimilation)

Osco-Umbrian:

→⇒? Italian: farfecchie (“moustaches”)

Probably from earlier *farðā, which is reconstructed in *farβātos, from earlier *farðātos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”).


wōks

wōks (nominative singular)
wokes (nominative plural)
wōks (singular vocative)
wokes (plural vocative)
wokem (accusative singular)
wokens (accusative plural)
wokes (genitive singular)
wokos (genitive singular)
wokom (genitive plural)
wokei (dative singular)
wokβos (dative plural)
woki? woke? (ablative singular)
wokβos (ablative plural)
woki? woke? (locative singular)
wokβos (locative plural)

Latin: vōx, vocō (either a denominative from the oblique stem *wokʷ- or from an intermediate derivative *wokʷ-ā < *wokʷ-eh₂)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌏𐌂𐌏 (suboco, “invocation”) (< *sub-wok-(o-)); 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌏𐌂𐌀𐌖𐌖 (subocauu), 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌏𐌂𐌀𐌖 (subocau, “I invoke”) (< *sub-wok-ā-je-)

From Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (“speech, voice”), an o-grade root noun of *wekʷ- (“to speak”). The change from /kʷ/ to /k/ is unexpected; the expected descendant of *wṓkʷs is *wokʷs or *wōkʷs, which would have yielded the Latin vox stem voqu- or vōqu-.


karkros

karkros (nominative singular)
karkrōs (nominative plural)
karkroi (nominative plural)
karkre (singular vocative)
karkrōs (plural vocative)
karkroi (plural vocative)
karkrom (accusative singular)
karkrons (accusative plural)
karkrosjo (genitive singular)
karkrī (genitive singular)
karkrom (genitive plural)
karkrōi (dative singular)
karkrois (dative plural)
karkrōd (ablative singular)
karkrois (ablative plural)
karkrei (locative singular)
karkrois (locative plural)

Latin: carcer (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-kr̥- (“circular”), reduplication of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”) in the sense of "enclosure".


kankros

kankros (nominative singular)
kankrōs (nominative plural)
kankroi (nominative plural)
kankre (singular vocative)
kankrōs (plural vocative)
kankroi (plural vocative)
kankrom (accusative singular)
kankrons (accusative plural)
kankrosjo (genitive singular)
kankrī (genitive singular)
kankrom (genitive plural)
kankrōi (dative singular)
kankrois (dative plural)
kankrōd (ablative singular)
kankrois (ablative plural)
kankrei (locative singular)
kankrois (locative plural)

Latin: cancer (see there for further descendants)

Dissimilation from *karkros, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-kr̥- (“circular”), reduplication of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”) in the sense of "enclosure".
Semantic etymology: because the pincers of a crab form a circle.


faβros

faβros (nominative singular)
faβrōs (nominative plural)
faβroi (nominative plural)
faβre (singular vocative)
faβrōs (plural vocative)
faβroi (plural vocative)
faβrom (accusative singular)
faβrons (accusative plural)
faβrosjo (genitive singular)
faβrī (genitive singular)
faβrom (genitive plural)
faβrōi (dative singular)
faβrois (dative plural)
faβrōd (ablative singular)
faβrois (ablative plural)
faβrei (locative singular)
faβrois (locative plural)

Latin: faber

Paelignian: faber

From earlier *θaβros, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂bʰ-ró-s, from *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to fashion, fit”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dobrъ (“good, fit”), Lithuanian dabà (“habit, character”), Armenian դարբին (darbin, “smith”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (gadaban, “to happen; to be suitable”), English daft, deft.


rēks

rēks (nominative singular)
rēges (nominative plural)
rēks (singular vocative)
rēges (plural vocative)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgens (accusative plural)
rēges (genitive singular)
rēgos (genitive singular)
rēgom (genitive plural)
rēgei (dative singular)
rēgβos (dative plural)
rēgi? rēge? (ablative singular)
rēgβos (ablative plural)
rēgi? rēge? (locative singular)
rēgβos (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌓𐌄𐌗 (rex)

Latin: rēx


priisemokaps

priisemokaps (nominative singular)
priisemokapes (nominative plural)
priisemokaps (singular vocative)
priisemokapes (plural vocative)
priisemokapem (accusative singular)
priisemokapens (accusative plural)
priisemokapes (genitive singular)
priisemokapos (genitive singular)
priisemokapom (genitive plural)
priisemokapei (dative singular)
priisemokapβos (dative plural)
priisemokapi? priisemokape? (ablative singular)
priisemokapβos (ablative plural)
priisemokapi? priisemokape? (locative singular)
priisemokapβos (locative plural)

Latin: prīnceps

From *priisemos (“first”) + *-kaps (“catcher”).


formokaps

formokaps (nominative singular)
formokapes (nominative plural)
formokaps (singular vocative)
formokapes (plural vocative)
formokapem (accusative singular)
formokapens (accusative plural)
formokapes (genitive singular)
formokapos (genitive singular)
formokapom (genitive plural)
formokapei (dative singular)
formokapβos (dative plural)
formokapi? formokape? (ablative singular)
formokapβos (ablative plural)
formokapi? formokape? (locative singular)
formokapβos (locative plural)

Latin: forceps

From earlier *xʷormokaps. Equivalent to *formos (“warm”) + *-kaps (“catcher”), because forceps are used to catch warm objects.


manukaps

manukaps (nominative singular)
manukapes (nominative plural)
manukaps (singular vocative)
manukapes (plural vocative)
manukapem (accusative singular)
manukapens (accusative plural)
manukapes (genitive singular)
manukapos (genitive singular)
manukapom (genitive plural)
manukapei (dative singular)
manukapβos (dative plural)
manukapi? manukape? (ablative singular)
manukapβos (ablative plural)
manukapi? manukape? (locative singular)
manukapβos (locative plural)

Latin: manceps

From *manus (“hand”) + *-kaps (“catcher”).


moinos

moinos (nominative singular)
moinezā (nominative plural)
moinos (singular vocative)
moinezā (plural vocative)
moinos (accusative singular)
moinezā (accusative plural)
moinezes (genitive singular)
moinezos (genitive singular)
moinezom (genitive plural)
moinezei (dative singular)
moinezβos (dative plural)
moinezi? moineze? (ablative singular)
moinezβos (ablative plural)
moinezi? moineze? (locative singular)
moinezβos (locative plural)

Latin: moenus, mūnus

Oscan: muinikeí

From Proto-Indo-European *moy-nós, from *mey- (“to change, swap”).


moinokaps

moinokaps (nominative singular)
moinokapes (nominative plural)
moinokaps (singular vocative)
moinokapes (plural vocative)
moinokapem (accusative singular)
moinokapens (accusative plural)
moinokapes (genitive singular)
moinokapos (genitive singular)
moinokapom (genitive plural)
moinokapei (dative singular)
moinokapβos (dative plural)
moinokapi? moinokape? (ablative singular)
moinokapβos (ablative plural)
moinokapi? moinokape? (locative singular)
moinokapβos (locative plural)

Latin: mūniceps

From *moinos (“service”) + *-kaps (“taker”).


poomos

poomos (nominative singular)
poomōs (nominative plural)
poomoi (nominative plural)
poome (singular vocative)
poomōs (plural vocative)
poomoi (plural vocative)
poomom (accusative singular)
poomons (accusative plural)
poomosjo (genitive singular)
poomī (genitive singular)
poomom (genitive plural)
poomōi (dative singular)
poomois (dative plural)
poomōd (ablative singular)
poomois (ablative plural)
poomei (locative singular)
poomois (locative plural)

Latin: pōmus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂po-h₁ém-os (“taken off”), from *h₂epo (“off”) (whence *po-) + *h₁em- (“to take”) (whence *emō).


westis

westis (nominative singular)
westēs (nominative plural)
westis (singular vocative)
westēs (plural vocative)
westim (accusative singular)
westins (accusative plural)
westeis (genitive singular)
westjom (genitive plural)
westei (dative singular)
westiβos (dative plural)
westīd (ablative singular)
westiβos (ablative plural)
westei (locative singular)
westiβos (locative plural)

Latin: vestis

From Proto-Indo-European *wéstis (“clothes”), from *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).


dōnom

dōnom (nominative singular)
dōnā (nominative plural)
dōnom (singular vocative)
dōnā (plural vocative)
dōnom (accusative singular)
dōnā (accusative plural)
dōnosjo (genitive singular)
dōnī (genitive singular)
dōnom (genitive plural)
dōnōi (dative singular)
dōnois (dative plural)
dōnōd (ablative singular)
dōnois (ablative plural)
dōnei (locative singular)
dōnois (locative plural)

Latin: dōnum

Faliscan: donom

Aequian: donum

Marsian: dunom, donom

desc

Oscan: 𐌃𐌖𐌍𐌞𐌌 (dunúm), 𐌃𐌞𐌍𐌞𐌌 (dúnúm), 𐌃𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (dunum)

Paelignian: donom

Umbrian: 𐌃𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (dunum), 𐌃𐌖𐌍𐌖 (dunu)

Venetic: 𐌃𐌏𐌍𐌏𐌌 (donom)

South Picene: dunoi

Vestinian: duno

Volscian: duno

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₃nom, from *deh₃-.


jougos

jougos (nominative singular)
jougezā (nominative plural)
jougos (singular vocative)
jougezā (plural vocative)
jougos (accusative singular)
jougezā (accusative plural)
jougezes (genitive singular)
jougezos (genitive singular)
jougezom (genitive plural)
jougezei (dative singular)
jougezβos (dative plural)
jougezi? jougeze? (ablative singular)
jougezβos (ablative plural)
jougezi? jougeze? (locative singular)
jougezβos (locative plural)

Latin: iūgera pl

From Proto-Indo-European *yéwgos. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwgas.


loukos

loukos (nominative singular)
loukōs (nominative plural)
loukoi (nominative plural)
louke (singular vocative)
loukōs (plural vocative)
loukoi (plural vocative)
loukom (accusative singular)
loukons (accusative plural)
loukosjo (genitive singular)
loukī (genitive singular)
loukom (genitive plural)
loukōi (dative singular)
loukois (dative plural)
loukōd (ablative singular)
loukois (ablative plural)
loukei (locative singular)
loukois (locative plural)

Old Latin: loucos

Latin: lūcus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌋𐌞𐌅𐌊𐌄𐌝 (lúvkeí)

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌖𐌊𐌖 (vuku, acc. sg.), 𐌅𐌖𐌊𐌄𐌔 (vukes, gen. sg.), 𐌅𐌖𐌊𐌄 (vuke, loc. sg.)

Generally derived from Proto-Indo-European *lowk-os (“place of light”), from the root *lewk- (“light”).


nepōts

nepōts (nominative singular)
nepōtes (nominative plural)
nepōts (singular vocative)
nepōtes (plural vocative)
nepōtem (accusative singular)
nepōtens (accusative plural)
nepōtes (genitive singular)
nepōtos (genitive singular)
nepōtom (genitive plural)
nepōtei (dative singular)
nepōtβos (dative plural)
nepōti? nepōte? (ablative singular)
nepōtβos (ablative plural)
nepōti? nepōte? (locative singular)
nepōtβos (locative plural)

Latin: nepōs (see there for further descendants)


stērlā

stērlā (nominative singular)
stērlās (nominative plural)
stērla (singular vocative)
stērlās (plural vocative)
stērlam (accusative singular)
stērlans (accusative plural)
stērlās (genitive singular)
stērlāzom (genitive plural)
stērlāi (dative singular)
stērlais (dative plural)
stērlād (ablative singular)
stērlais (ablative plural)
stērlāi (locative singular)
stērlais (locative plural)

Latin: stēlla (see there for further descendants)

Diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.


ɣrondā

ɣrondā (nominative singular)
ɣrondās (nominative plural)
ɣronda (singular vocative)
ɣrondās (plural vocative)
ɣrondam (accusative singular)
ɣrondans (accusative plural)
ɣrondās (genitive singular)
ɣrondāzom (genitive plural)
ɣrondāi (dative singular)
ɣrondais (dative plural)
ɣrondād (ablative singular)
ɣrondais (ablative plural)
ɣrondāi (locative singular)
ɣrondais (locative plural)

Latin: grunda

For earlier *χrondā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂, from *gʰrendʰ- (“post, beam”).


wīnom

wīnom (nominative singular)
wīnā (nominative plural)
wīnom (singular vocative)
wīnā (plural vocative)
wīnom (accusative singular)
wīnā (accusative plural)
wīnosjo (genitive singular)
wīnī (genitive singular)
wīnom (genitive plural)
wīnōi (dative singular)
wīnois (dative plural)
wīnōd (ablative singular)
wīnois (ablative plural)
wīnei (locative singular)
wīnois (locative plural)

desc

Faliscan: 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom), 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏 (uino, acc.sg.)

Latin: vīnum (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Celtic: *wīnom (see there for further descendants)

→ Etruscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌌 (vinum)

→ Proto-Germanic: *wīną (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *vīnò (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌉𐌍𐌖 (vinu), 𐌖𐌉𐌌𐌖 (uimu)

Volscian: 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌖 (uinu)

From Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom (“wine, vine”).


wenjā

wenjā (nominative singular)
wenjās (nominative plural)
wenja (singular vocative)
wenjās (plural vocative)
wenjam (accusative singular)
wenjans (accusative plural)
wenjās (genitive singular)
wenjāzom (genitive plural)
wenjāi (dative singular)
wenjais (dative plural)
wenjād (ablative singular)
wenjais (ablative plural)
wenjāi (locative singular)
wenjais (locative plural)

Latin: venia

From Proto-Indo-European *wn̥h₁yeh₂, from *wenh₁- (“to love”).


fīlios

fīlios (nominative singular)
fīliōs (nominative plural)
fīlioi (nominative plural)
fīlie (singular vocative)
fīliōs (plural vocative)
fīlioi (plural vocative)
fīliom (accusative singular)
fīlions (accusative plural)
fīliosjo (genitive singular)
fīliī (genitive singular)
fīliom (genitive plural)
fīliōi (dative singular)
fīliois (dative plural)
fīliōd (ablative singular)
fīliois (ablative plural)
fīliei (locative singular)
fīliois (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏 (fileo), 𐌇𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏 (hileo)

Latin: fīlius (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *θīlios, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁i-l-yo-s (“sucker”), from *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θῆλυς (thêlus, “feminine”). Displaced *suHnús.


klounis

klounis (nominative singular)
klounēs (nominative plural)
klounis (singular vocative)
klounēs (plural vocative)
klounim (accusative singular)
klounins (accusative plural)
klouneis (genitive singular)
klounjom (genitive plural)
klounei (dative singular)
klouniβos (dative plural)
klounīd (ablative singular)
klouniβos (ablative plural)
klounei (locative singular)
klouniβos (locative plural)

Latin: clūnis


wetos

wetos (nominative singular)
wetezā (nominative plural)
wetos (singular vocative)
wetezā (plural vocative)
wetos (accusative singular)
wetezā (accusative plural)
wetezes (genitive singular)
wetezos (genitive singular)
wetezom (genitive plural)
wetezei (dative singular)
wetezβos (dative plural)
wetezi? weteze? (ablative singular)
wetezβos (ablative plural)
wetezi? weteze? (locative singular)
wetezβos (locative plural)

Latin: vetus

From Proto-Indo-European *wétos (“year”).


rēgīnā

rēgīnā (nominative singular)
rēgīnās (nominative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnās (plural vocative)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnans (accusative plural)
rēgīnās (genitive singular)
rēgīnāzom (genitive plural)
rēgīnāi (dative singular)
rēgīnais (dative plural)
rēgīnād (ablative singular)
rēgīnais (ablative plural)
rēgīnāi (locative singular)
rēgīnais (locative plural)

Latin: rēgīna (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: regenai (dat.)

Presumably metathesized from earlier *rēgnīā, rebuilt as an ā-stem from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵnih₂, cognate with Proto-Celtic *rīganī (“queen”), Sanskrit राज्ञी (rā́jñī, “queen”). Perhaps influenced by or alternatively from *rēks ~ *rēges (“king”) + *-īnā (“belonging to”), compare Latin gallīna (“hen”) from gallus (“cock, rooster”).

af

An epithet of a goddess, such as Juno or Ceres.


fugā

fugā (nominative singular)
fugās (nominative plural)
fuga (singular vocative)
fugās (plural vocative)
fugam (accusative singular)
fugans (accusative plural)
fugās (genitive singular)
fugāzom (genitive plural)
fugāi (dative singular)
fugais (dative plural)
fugād (ablative singular)
fugais (ablative plural)
fugāi (locative singular)
fugais (locative plural)

Latin: fuga


korpos

korpos (nominative singular)
korpezā (nominative plural)
korpos (singular vocative)
korpezā (plural vocative)
korpos (accusative singular)
korpezā (accusative plural)
korpezes (genitive singular)
korpezos (genitive singular)
korpezom (genitive plural)
korpezei (dative singular)
korpezβos (dative plural)
korpezi? korpeze? (ablative singular)
korpezβos (ablative plural)
korpezi? korpeze? (locative singular)
korpezβos (locative plural)

Latin: corpus

From Proto-Indo-European *krep- (“body”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hrefaz (“body”).


uksōr

uksōr (nominative singular)
uksores (nominative plural)
uksōr (singular vocative)
uksores (plural vocative)
uksorem (accusative singular)
uksorens (accusative plural)
uksores (genitive singular)
uksoros (genitive singular)
uksorom (genitive plural)
uksorei (dative singular)
uksorβos (dative plural)
uksori? uksore? (ablative singular)
uksorβos (ablative plural)
uksori? uksore? (locative singular)
uksorβos (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌓 (uxor), 𐌖𐌗𐌏 (uxo)

Latin: uxor

Paelignian: usur

Unknown. Attempts have been made to derive it from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn, but are semantically and phonetically problematic.


argentom

argentom (nominative singular)
argentā (nominative plural)
argentom (singular vocative)
argentā (plural vocative)
argentom (accusative singular)
argentā (accusative plural)
argentosjo (genitive singular)
argentī (genitive singular)
argentom (genitive plural)
argentōi (dative singular)
argentois (dative plural)
argentōd (ablative singular)
argentois (ablative plural)
argentei (locative singular)
argentois (locative plural)

Latin: argentum (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Faliscan: 𐌀𐌓𐌂𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌌 (arcentelom) (with diminutive suffix)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌂𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌃 (aragetud) (abl. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), from *h₂erǵ- (“white, argent, glittering”).


ezos

ezos (nominative singular)
ezōs (nominative plural)
ezoi (nominative plural)
eze (singular vocative)
ezōs (plural vocative)
ezoi (plural vocative)
ezom (accusative singular)
ezons (accusative plural)
ezosjo (genitive singular)
ezī (genitive singular)
ezom (genitive plural)
ezōi (dative singular)
ezois (dative plural)
ezōd (ablative singular)
ezois (ablative plural)
ezei (locative singular)
ezois (locative plural)

Latin: erus


woss

woss (nominative singular)
waðes (nominative plural)
woss (singular vocative)
waðes (plural vocative)
waðem (accusative singular)
waðens (accusative plural)
waðes (genitive singular)
waðos (genitive singular)
waðom (genitive plural)
waðei (dative singular)
waðβos (dative plural)
waði? waðe? (ablative singular)
waðβos (ablative plural)
waði? waðe? (locative singular)
waðβos (locative plural)

Latin: vas (“bail”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wódʰs, a root noun from *wedʰ- (“to lead”).


opos

opos (nominative singular)
opā (nominative plural)
opos (singular vocative)
opā (plural vocative)
opos (accusative singular)
opā (accusative plural)
opes (genitive singular)
opos (genitive singular)
opom (genitive plural)
opei (dative singular)
opβos (dative plural)
opi? ope? (ablative singular)
opβos (ablative plural)
opi? ope? (locative singular)
opβos (locative plural)

Latin: opus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ép-os, from *h₃ep- (“to produce”) + *-os. Cognate with Sanskrit अपस् (ápas, “work”).


swekuros

swekuros (nominative singular)
swekurōs (nominative plural)
swekuroi (nominative plural)
swekure (singular vocative)
swekurōs (plural vocative)
swekuroi (plural vocative)
swekurom (accusative singular)
swekurons (accusative plural)
swekurosjo (genitive singular)
swekurī (genitive singular)
swekurom (genitive plural)
swekurōi (dative singular)
swekurois (dative plural)
swekurōd (ablative singular)
swekurois (ablative plural)
swekurei (locative singular)
swekurois (locative plural)

Latin: socer


swekrus

swekrus (nominative singular)
swekrowes (nominative plural)
swekrus (singular vocative)
swekrowes (plural vocative)
swekrum (accusative singular)
swekruns (accusative plural)
swekrous (genitive singular)
swekrwom (genitive plural)
swekrowei (dative singular)
swekruβos (dative plural)
swekrūd (ablative singular)
swekruβos (ablative plural)
swekrou (locative singular)
swekruβos (locative plural)

Latin: socrus

From earlier *swekrū, from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂.


haidos

haidos (nominative singular)
haidōs (nominative plural)
haidoi (nominative plural)
haide (singular vocative)
haidōs (plural vocative)
haidoi (plural vocative)
haidom (accusative singular)
haidons (accusative plural)
haidosjo (genitive singular)
haidī (genitive singular)
haidom (genitive plural)
haidōi (dative singular)
haidois (dative plural)
haidōd (ablative singular)
haidois (ablative plural)
haidei (locative singular)
haidois (locative plural)

Latin: haedus (see there for further descendants)

Sabine: fedos

Probably a loanword from a pre-Indo-European substrate language due to the fact that it cannot be derived from any known root; the putative shape of the borrowed word would be something like *gʰayd-, with the only sure cognate of Proto-Germanic *gaits (“goat”). According to Bjørn, from the same source as Proto-Semitic *gady-, Proto-Berber *a-ɣăyd, Proto-Nakh *gaaʒaᶰ.


hostipotis

hostipotis (nominative singular)
hostipotēs (nominative plural)
hostipotis (singular vocative)
hostipotēs (plural vocative)
hostipotim (accusative singular)
hostipotins (accusative plural)
hostipoteis (genitive singular)
hostipotjom (genitive plural)
hostipotei (dative singular)
hostipotiβos (dative plural)
hostipotīd (ablative singular)
hostipotiβos (ablative plural)
hostipotei (locative singular)
hostipotiβos (locative plural)

Latin: hospes (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Sabellic: *hostipots

Paelignian: hospus

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis
Proto-Indo-European *pótis
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis
Proto-Italic *hostipotis
From Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis (“lord; guest”), compound of *gʰóstis (“stranger”) and *pótis (“master”). Equivalent to *hostis + *potis.


pāks

pāks (nominative singular)
pākes (nominative plural)
pāks (singular vocative)
pākes (plural vocative)
pākem (accusative singular)
pākens (accusative plural)
pākes (genitive singular)
pākos (genitive singular)
pākom (genitive plural)
pākei (dative singular)
pākβos (dative plural)
pāki? pāke? (ablative singular)
pākβos (ablative plural)
pāki? pāke? (locative singular)
pākβos (locative plural)

Latin: pāx

Umbrian: pase (abl. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *péh₂ḱ-s (“peace”), from the root *peh₂ḱ- (“to join, to attach”).


omesos

omesos (nominative singular)
omesōs (nominative plural)
omesoi (nominative plural)
omese (singular vocative)
omesōs (plural vocative)
omesoi (plural vocative)
omesom (accusative singular)
omesons (accusative plural)
omesosjo (genitive singular)
omesī (genitive singular)
omesom (genitive plural)
omesōi (dative singular)
omesois (dative plural)
omesōd (ablative singular)
omesois (ablative plural)
omesei (locative singular)
omesois (locative plural)

Latin: umerus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌆𐌄 (uze), onse (loc. sg.)

See Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms for cognates; the *-e- in Latin umerus is of uncertain origin, given how all of its cognates have no vowel in that position.


poplos

poplos (nominative singular)
poplōs (nominative plural)
poploi (nominative plural)
pople (singular vocative)
poplōs (plural vocative)
poploi (plural vocative)
poplom (accusative singular)
poplons (accusative plural)
poplosjo (genitive singular)
poplī (genitive singular)
poplom (genitive plural)
poplōi (dative singular)
poplois (dative plural)
poplōd (ablative singular)
poplois (ablative plural)
poplei (locative singular)
poplois (locative plural)

Old Latin: poplos, poplus, populus

Latin: populus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌌 (puplum) and poplom (nom. sg.), 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖 (puplu) and poplo (acc. sg.), popler (gen. sg.), pople (dat., loc. sg.), poplu (abl. sg.)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (pupluper) and popluper ('able-bodied citizens', abl. sg.)

Origin unknown. Whatmough compares the Etruscan toponym 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌍𐌀 (pupluna), though this does not provide much further insight. A connection to *plēō (“to fill”), via a reduplicated form *po-plh₁-o-s is phonetically possible, albeit strange and semantically unclear, but compare Proto-Germanic *fulką (possibly) and Ancient Greek πλῆθος (plêthos) from this root.


hāns

hāns (nominative singular)
hanzes (nominative plural)
hanezes (nominative plural)
hāns (singular vocative)
hanzes (plural vocative)
hanezes (plural vocative)
hanzem (accusative singular)
hanezem (accusative singular)
hanzens (accusative plural)
hanezens (accusative plural)
hanzes (genitive singular)
hanezes (genitive singular)
hanzos (genitive singular)
hanezos (genitive singular)
hanzom (genitive plural)
hanezom (genitive plural)
hanzei (dative singular)
hanezei (dative singular)
hanzβos (dative plural)
hanezβos (dative plural)
hanzi? hanze? (ablative singular)
hanzi? haneze? (ablative singular)
hanenze? (ablative singular)
haneneze? (ablative singular)
hanzβos (ablative plural)
hanezβos (ablative plural)
hanzi? hanze? (locative singular)
hanzi? haneze? (locative singular)
hanenze? (locative singular)
haneneze? (locative singular)
hanzβos (locative plural)
hanezβos (locative plural)

Latin: ānser (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”).


kʷolpā

kʷolpā (nominative singular)
kʷolpās (nominative plural)
kʷolpa (singular vocative)
kʷolpās (plural vocative)
kʷolpam (accusative singular)
kʷolpans (accusative plural)
kʷolpās (genitive singular)
kʷolpāzom (genitive plural)
kʷolpāi (dative singular)
kʷolpais (dative plural)
kʷolpād (ablative singular)
kʷolpais (ablative plural)
kʷolpāi (locative singular)
kʷolpais (locative plural)

Latin: culpa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷolpeh₂ (“bend, turn”), from *kʷelp- (“to bend, turn”); cognate with Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos, “bosom, womb, hollow space”), Proto-Germanic *hwalbą (“vault, arch”), Old Prussian poquelbton (“kneeling”).


āzā

āzā (nominative singular)
āzās (nominative plural)
āza (singular vocative)
āzās (plural vocative)
āzam (accusative singular)
āzans (accusative plural)
āzās (genitive singular)
āzāzom (genitive plural)
āzāi (dative singular)
āzais (dative plural)
āzād (ablative singular)
āzais (ablative plural)
āzāi (locative singular)
āzais (locative plural)

Old Latin: āsā

Latin: āra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌔𐌀𐌝 (aasaí, loc. sg.), 𐌀𐌀𐌔𐌀𐌔 (aasas, nom. pl.), 𐌀𐌀𐌔𐌀𐌔𐌔 (aasass, acc. pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌔𐌀 (asa, abl. sg.), 𐌀𐌔𐌄 (ase, loc. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHsh₂- (“hearth, fireplace”), derived from the root *h₂eHs- (“to burn; hearth”).


ōs

ōs (nominative singular)
ōzes (nominative plural)
ōs (singular vocative)
ōzes (plural vocative)
ōzem (accusative singular)
ōzens (accusative plural)
ōzes (genitive singular)
ōzos (genitive singular)
ōzom (genitive plural)
ōzei (dative singular)
ōzβos (dative plural)
ōzi? ōze? (ablative singular)
ōzβos (ablative plural)
ōzi? ōze? (locative singular)
ōzβos (locative plural)

Latin: ōs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óh₃s (“mouth”).


lukʷos

lukʷos (nominative singular)
lukʷōs (nominative plural)
lukʷoi (nominative plural)
lukʷe (singular vocative)
lukʷōs (plural vocative)
lukʷoi (plural vocative)
lukʷom (accusative singular)
lukʷons (accusative plural)
lukʷosjo (genitive singular)
lukʷī (genitive singular)
lukʷom (genitive plural)
lukʷōi (dative singular)
lukʷois (dative plural)
lukʷōd (ablative singular)
lukʷois (ablative plural)
lukʷei (locative singular)
lukʷois (locative plural)

Osco-Umbrian: *lupos

→ Latin: lupus

From Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”).


luβros

luβros (nominative singular)
luβrōs (nominative plural)
luβroi (nominative plural)
luβre (singular vocative)
luβrōs (plural vocative)
luβroi (plural vocative)
luβrom (accusative singular)
luβrons (accusative plural)
luβrosjo (genitive singular)
luβrī (genitive singular)
luβrom (genitive plural)
luβrōi (dative singular)
luβrois (dative plural)
luβrōd (ablative singular)
luβrois (ablative plural)
luβrei (locative singular)
luβrois (locative plural)

Latin: liber (see there for further descendants)

Paelignian: lifar

From Proto-Indo-European *lubʰrós, from *lewbʰ- (“peel, cut off, harm”).


louksnā

louksnā (nominative singular)
louksnās (nominative plural)
louksna (singular vocative)
louksnās (plural vocative)
louksnam (accusative singular)
louksnans (accusative plural)
louksnās (genitive singular)
louksnāzom (genitive plural)
louksnāi (dative singular)
louksnais (dative plural)
louksnād (ablative singular)
louksnais (ablative plural)
louksnāi (locative singular)
louksnais (locative plural)

Latin: lūna < Old Latin losna (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian:

→ Etruscan: 𐌋𐌖𐌔𐌙𐌍𐌄𐌉 (lusχnei)


portā

portā (nominative singular)
portās (nominative plural)
porta (singular vocative)
portās (plural vocative)
portam (accusative singular)
portans (accusative plural)
portās (genitive singular)
portāzom (genitive plural)
portāi (dative singular)
portais (dative plural)
portād (ablative singular)
portais (ablative plural)
portāi (locative singular)
portais (locative plural)

Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥téh₂, from *per- (“to lead, cross over, pass”).


kaprā

kaprā (nominative singular)
kaprās (nominative plural)
kapra (singular vocative)
kaprās (plural vocative)
kapram (accusative singular)
kaprans (accusative plural)
kaprās (genitive singular)
kaprāzom (genitive plural)
kaprāi (dative singular)
kaprais (dative plural)
kaprād (ablative singular)
kaprais (ablative plural)
kaprāi (locative singular)
kaprais (locative plural)

Latin: capra

Umbrian: kabrum, cabriner


kerwos

kerwos (nominative singular)
kerwōs (nominative plural)
kerwoi (nominative plural)
kerwe (singular vocative)
kerwōs (plural vocative)
kerwoi (plural vocative)
kerwom (accusative singular)
kerwons (accusative plural)
kerwosjo (genitive singular)
kerwī (genitive singular)
kerwom (genitive plural)
kerwōi (dative singular)
kerwois (dative plural)
kerwōd (ablative singular)
kerwois (ablative plural)
kerwei (locative singular)
kerwois (locative plural)

Latin: cervus (see there for further descendants)


perītlom

perītlom (nominative singular)
perītlā (nominative plural)
perītlom (singular vocative)
perītlā (plural vocative)
perītlom (accusative singular)
perītlā (accusative plural)
perītlosjo (genitive singular)
perītlī (genitive singular)
perītlom (genitive plural)
perītlōi (dative singular)
perītlois (dative plural)
perītlōd (ablative singular)
perītlois (ablative plural)
perītlei (locative singular)
perītlois (locative plural)

Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *perih₂tlom, from *per- (“to try, risk”).


kʷoizā

kʷoizā (nominative singular)
kʷoizās (nominative plural)
kʷoiza (singular vocative)
kʷoizās (plural vocative)
kʷoizam (accusative singular)
kʷoizans (accusative plural)
kʷoizās (genitive singular)
kʷoizāzom (genitive plural)
kʷoizāi (dative singular)
kʷoizais (dative plural)
kʷoizād (ablative singular)
kʷoizais (ablative plural)
kʷoizāi (locative singular)
kʷoizais (locative plural)

Latin: cura (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷóyseh₂, from *kʷeys- (“to heed”).


kūlos

kūlos (nominative singular)
kūlōs (nominative plural)
kūloi (nominative plural)
kūle (singular vocative)
kūlōs (plural vocative)
kūloi (plural vocative)
kūlom (accusative singular)
kūlons (accusative plural)
kūlosjo (genitive singular)
kūlī (genitive singular)
kūlom (genitive plural)
kūlōi (dative singular)
kūlois (dative plural)
kūlōd (ablative singular)
kūlois (ablative plural)
kūlei (locative singular)
kūlois (locative plural)

Latin: culus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewHlo-, from *(s)kewH- (“cover, conceal, hide, skin”). Compare Proto-Celtic *kūlos (“posterior”).


worβis

worβis (nominative singular)
worβēs (nominative plural)
worβis (singular vocative)
worβēs (plural vocative)
worβim (accusative singular)
worβins (accusative plural)
worβeis (genitive singular)
worβjom (genitive plural)
worβei (dative singular)
worβiβos (dative plural)
worβīd (ablative singular)
worβiβos (ablative plural)
worβei (locative singular)
worβiβos (locative plural)

Latin: urbs (see there for further descendants)

Marsian: urbi

From Proto-Indo-European *werbʰ- (“to enclose”).


fameljā

fameljā (nominative singular)
fameljās (nominative plural)
famelja (singular vocative)
fameljās (plural vocative)
fameljam (accusative singular)
fameljans (accusative plural)
fameljās (genitive singular)
fameljāzom (genitive plural)
fameljāi (dative singular)
fameljais (dative plural)
fameljād (ablative singular)
fameljais (ablative plural)
fameljāi (locative singular)
fameljais (locative plural)

Latin: familia (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Oscan: famelo

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌛𐌉𐌀𐌔 (fameřias, nom. pl.)

From earlier form *θameljā. Derived from *famelos (“servant, slave”) (< earlier *θamelos).


famelos

famelos (nominative singular)
famelōs (nominative plural)
fameloi (nominative plural)
famele (singular vocative)
famelōs (plural vocative)
fameloi (plural vocative)
famelom (accusative singular)
famelons (accusative plural)
famelosjo (genitive singular)
famelī (genitive singular)
famelom (genitive plural)
famelōi (dative singular)
famelois (dative plural)
famelōd (ablative singular)
famelois (ablative plural)
famelei (locative singular)
famelois (locative plural)

Latin: famulus, famelus (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

desc

Oscan: 𐌚𐌌𐌋 (fml, nom. sg.) (abbreviation)

Paelignian: famel (nom. sg.)

From earlier *θamelos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁melós, from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”).


nokts

nokts (nominative singular)
noktes (nominative plural)
nokts (singular vocative)
noktes (plural vocative)
noktem (accusative singular)
noktens (accusative plural)
noktes (genitive singular)
noktos (genitive singular)
noktom (genitive plural)
noktei (dative singular)
noktβos (dative plural)
nokti? nokte? (ablative singular)
noktβos (ablative plural)
nokti? nokte? (locative singular)
noktβos (locative plural)

Latin: nox


fabā

head

*fabā<ref name=WJ/> ~ *fafā<ref name=deVaan/>

Latino-Faliscan:

Latin: faba (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: haba

Osco-Umbrian:

⇒? Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌚 (hapinaf)

→? Vulgar Latin:

Lucanian: fafa, ⇒ fafodda

Sicilian: fafa, ⇒ fafajana

Reflecting a root *bʰab-, *bʰabʰ- (“fava bean”) shared with Proto-Slavic *bobъ and Old Prussian babo. The *bʰa- is also shared with Ancient Greek φακός (phakós), Albanian bathë and Proto-Germanic *baunō. Ultimately likely from a European substrate.


praiɣodā

praiɣodā (nominative singular)
praiɣodās (nominative plural)
praiɣoda (singular vocative)
praiɣodās (plural vocative)
praiɣodam (accusative singular)
praiɣodans (accusative plural)
praiɣodās (genitive singular)
praiɣodāzom (genitive plural)
praiɣodāi (dative singular)
praiɣodais (dative plural)
praiɣodād (ablative singular)
praiɣodais (ablative plural)
praiɣodāi (locative singular)
praiɣodais (locative plural)

Latin: praeda (see there for further descendants)


kalowā

kalowā (nominative singular)
kalowās (nominative plural)
kalowa (singular vocative)
kalowās (plural vocative)
kalowam (accusative singular)
kalowans (accusative plural)
kalowās (genitive singular)
kalowāzom (genitive plural)
kalowāi (dative singular)
kalowais (dative plural)
kalowād (ablative singular)
kalowais (ablative plural)
kalowāi (locative singular)
kalowais (locative plural)

Latin: calva


feɣʷris

feɣʷris (nominative singular)
feɣʷrēs (nominative plural)
feɣʷris (singular vocative)
feɣʷrēs (plural vocative)
feɣʷrim (accusative singular)
feɣʷrins (accusative plural)
feɣʷreis (genitive singular)
feɣʷrjom (genitive plural)
feɣʷrei (dative singular)
feɣʷriβos (dative plural)
feɣʷrīd (ablative singular)
feɣʷriβos (ablative plural)
feɣʷrei (locative singular)
feɣʷriβos (locative plural)

Latin: febris

From earlier *θeɣʷris. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰris.


domanos

domanos (nominative singular)
domanōs (nominative plural)
domanoi (nominative plural)
domane (singular vocative)
domanōs (plural vocative)
domanoi (plural vocative)
domanom (accusative singular)
domanons (accusative plural)
domanosjo (genitive singular)
domanī (genitive singular)
domanom (genitive plural)
domanōi (dative singular)
domanois (dative plural)
domanōd (ablative singular)
domanois (ablative plural)
domanei (locative singular)
domanois (locative plural)

Latin: dominus (see there for further descendants)


domanā

domanos (masculine)
domanā (nominative singular)
domanās (nominative plural)
domana (singular vocative)
domanās (plural vocative)
domanam (accusative singular)
domanans (accusative plural)
domanās (genitive singular)
domanāzom (genitive plural)
domanāi (dative singular)
domanais (dative plural)
domanād (ablative singular)
domanais (ablative plural)
domanāi (locative singular)
domanais (locative plural)

Latin: domina (see there for further descendants)

desc

initial di- to alliterate with a derivative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*djous</i>

Oscan: διομανας (diomanas, gen. sg.) (initial di- to alliterate with a derivative of *djous)

Feminine counterpart to *domanos, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“home, house”), from *dem- (“to build”). The exact formation of this word is unclear; see Reconstruction notes.


kailom

kailom (nominative singular)
kailā (nominative plural)
kailom (singular vocative)
kailā (plural vocative)
kailom (accusative singular)
kailā (accusative plural)
kailosjo (genitive singular)
kailī (genitive singular)
kailom (genitive plural)
kailōi (dative singular)
kailois (dative plural)
kailōd (ablative singular)
kailois (ablative plural)
kailei (locative singular)
kailois (locative plural)

Latin: caelum (Relegated to masculine gender.)

Oscan: kaílam