See ad in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ad"
},
"expansion": "Latin: ad",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: ad (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Osco-Umbrian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌀𐌆",
"der": "1",
"qq": "*ad-s"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az) (*ad-s)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az) (*ad-s)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "-𐌀𐌛"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: -𐌀𐌛 (-ař)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: -𐌀𐌛 (-ař)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xvo",
"2": "ar-"
},
"expansion": "Volscian: ar-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Volscian: ar-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*h₂éd>at",
"id": "to"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂éd",
"4": "",
"5": "near, at"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "*ad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ad",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Italic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Italic prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ad-"
},
{
"sense": "*ad-(nē)-kʷod",
"word": "arnipo"
},
{
"sense": "*ad-(nē)-kʷod",
"word": "adpúd"
}
],
"glosses": [
"toward, to, on, up to, for"
],
"id": "en-ad-itc-pro-prep-KL4tPzXU",
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"up",
"up"
],
[
"for",
"for"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ad"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "ad-"
},
{
"sense": "*ad-(nē)-kʷod",
"word": "arnipo"
},
{
"sense": "*ad-(nē)-kʷod",
"word": "adpúd"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ad"
},
"expansion": "Latin: ad",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: ad (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Osco-Umbrian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌀𐌆",
"der": "1",
"qq": "*ad-s"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az) (*ad-s)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az) (*ad-s)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "-𐌀𐌛"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: -𐌀𐌛 (-ař)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: -𐌀𐌛 (-ař)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xvo",
"2": "ar-"
},
"expansion": "Volscian: ar-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Volscian: ar-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*h₂éd>at",
"id": "to"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂éd",
"4": "",
"5": "near, at"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "*ad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ad",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Italic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Italic lemmas",
"Proto-Italic prepositions",
"Proto-Italic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Italic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"toward, to, on, up to, for"
],
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"up",
"up"
],
[
"for",
"for"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ad"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ad meaning in Proto-Italic (2.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Italic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (9c82c1c and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.