terzā

terzā (nominative singular)
terzās (nominative plural)
terza (singular vocative)
terzās (plural vocative)
terzam (accusative singular)
terzans (accusative plural)
terzās (genitive singular)
terzāzom (genitive plural)
terzāi (dative singular)
terzais (dative plural)
terzād (ablative singular)
terzais (ablative plural)
terzāi (locative singular)
terzais (locative plural)

Latin: terra

desc

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras, gen. sg. or nom. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *terseh₂, from *ters- (“dry”).


əngʷnis

əngʷnis (nominative singular)
əngʷnēs (nominative plural)
əngʷnis (singular vocative)
əngʷnēs (plural vocative)
əngʷnim (accusative singular)
əngʷnins (accusative plural)
əngʷneis (genitive singular)
əngʷnjom (genitive plural)
əngʷnei (dative singular)
əngʷniβos (dative plural)
əngʷnīd (ablative singular)
əngʷniβos (ablative plural)
əngʷnei (locative singular)
əngʷniβos (locative plural)

Latin: ignis (see there for further descendants)


lawāðrom

lawāðrom (nominative singular)
lawāðrā (nominative plural)
lawāðrom (singular vocative)
lawāðrā (plural vocative)
lawāðrom (accusative singular)
lawāðrā (accusative plural)
lawāðrosjo (genitive singular)
lawāðrī (genitive singular)
lawāðrom (genitive plural)
lawāðrōi (dative singular)
lawāðrois (dative plural)
lawāðrōd (ablative singular)
lawāðrois (ablative plural)
lawāðrei (locative singular)
lawāðrois (locative plural)

Latin: lavābrum

Latin: lābrum

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom, from *lewh₃- (“to rinse, wash, bathe”), probably remodeled after *lawāō (“to wash, bathe”) + *-ðrom.


lawō

lawō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
lawō (active first-person indicative present singular)
lawōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
lawas (active indicative present second-person singular)
lawazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
lawat (active indicative present singular third-person)
lawator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
lawamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
lawamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
lawates (active indicative plural present second-person)
lawent (active indicative plural present third-person)
lawentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
lawām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lawār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lawās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lawāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lawād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
lawātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lawāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
lawāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lawātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
lawānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
lawāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lawa (active imperative present second-person singular)
lawazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
lawate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
lawatōd (active future imperative)
lawants (present)
lawatos (past)
lawatus (tu-derivative)
lawazi (s-derivative)

backformed from compounds ending in <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-luō</i>

Latin: lavō (third-conjugation verb), luō (backformed from compounds ending in -luō)

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌖𐌕𐌖 (vutu, 3sg. impv.)

Athematic present from the root *lewh₃- (“to wash”).
The unrounding of presumed original *o to *a is generally attributed to Thurneysen-Havet's law, which unrounds original PIE *o before *w (Italic *-ow- from original *-ew- does not unround). The source of such an o-grade verb formation is uncertain.
* LIV, reconstructing a first-conjugation verb *lawāō, starts with a noun *lowh₃-éh₂, from which a denominative *lowh₃-éh₂-yeti would be made.
* Schrijver starts with a simple o-grade athematic *lówh₃ti.
* Meiser reconstructs a reduplicated Proto-Indo-European *lelówh₃ti (“to wash”). This is odd, since o-grade is generally not expected in reduplicated athematic presents.
No matter the origin of the unrounded -a-, the -a- would be generalized to all related words in Latin.

inh

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

lavō

first-conjugation verb; see there for further descendants


krūros

head

*krūros (comparative *krūrjōs, superlative *krūrisemos)

krūrjōs (comparative)
krūrisemos (superlative)
krūros (masculine nominative singular)
krūrā (feminine nominative singular)
krūrom (neuter nominative singular)
krūre (masculine singular vocative)
krūra (feminine singular vocative)
krūrom (neuter singular vocative)
krūrom (accusative masculine singular)
krūram (accusative feminine singular)
krūrom (accusative neuter singular)
krūrosjo (genitive masculine singular)
krūrī (genitive masculine singular)
krūrās (feminine genitive singular)
krūrosjo (genitive neuter singular)
krūrī (genitive neuter singular)
krūrōi (dative masculine singular)
krūrāi (dative feminine singular)
krūrōi (dative neuter singular)
krūrōd (ablative masculine singular)
krūrād (ablative feminine singular)
krūrōd (ablative neuter singular)
krūrei (locative masculine singular)
krūrāi (feminine locative singular)
krūrei (locative neuter singular)
krūrōs (masculine nominative plural)
krūroi (masculine nominative plural)
krūrās (feminine nominative plural)
krūrā (neuter nominative plural)
krūrōs (masculine plural vocative)
krūroi (masculine plural vocative)
krūrās (feminine plural vocative)
krūrā (neuter plural vocative)
krūrons (accusative masculine plural)
krūrans (accusative feminine plural)
krūrā (accusative neuter plural)
krūrom (genitive masculine plural)
krūrāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
krūrom (genitive neuter plural)
krūrois (dative masculine plural)
krūrais (dative feminine plural)
krūrois (dative neuter plural)
krūrois (ablative masculine plural)
krūrais (ablative feminine plural)
krūrois (ablative neuter plural)
krūrois (locative masculine plural)
krūrais (feminine locative plural)
krūrois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: crūdus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kruh₂rós (“bloody”). Equivalent to *kruwōs (“blood”) + *-ros.


mandnō

*mandnō first-singular present indicative

mandnō (active first-person indicative present singular)
mandnōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
mandnes (active indicative present second-person singular)
mandnezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
mandnet (active indicative present singular third-person)
mandnetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
mandnomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
mandnomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
mandnetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
mandnem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
mandnont (active indicative plural present third-person)
mandnontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
mandnām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
mandnār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
mandnās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mandnāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
mandnād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
mandnātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
mandnāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
mandnāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
mandnātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
mandnām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
mandnānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
mandnāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
mandne (active imperative present second-person singular)
mandnezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
mandnete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
mandnetōd (active future imperative)
mandnents (present)
mandatos (past)
mandatum (tu-derivative)
mandnezi (s-derivative)

Latin: mandūcō

From Proto-Indo-European *menth₂-/*mendʰ- (“to chew”).


wizgā

wizgā (nominative singular)
wizgās (nominative plural)
wizga (singular vocative)
wizgās (plural vocative)
wizgam (accusative singular)
wizgans (accusative plural)
wizgās (genitive singular)
wizgāzom (genitive plural)
wizgāi (dative singular)
wizgais (dative plural)
wizgād (ablative singular)
wizgais (ablative plural)
wizgāi (locative singular)
wizgais (locative plural)

Latin: virga

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *wisgeh₂ (“flexible rod or stick”), and cognate with Proto-Germanic *wiskaz (“bundle of hay or straw, wisp”). The Proto-Indo-European term is sometimes taken as an extension of Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to produce, procreate”), or alternatively from a stem *weyḱs- (see *weyḱ- (“to enter”)).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*weyḱ-</i> (“to enter”))


orjōr

head

*orjōr first-singular present indicative

orjōr first-singular present indicative (canonical)
orjōr (active first-person indicative present singular)
orjezo (active indicative present second-person singular)
orjetor (active indicative present singular third-person)
orjomor (active first-person indicative plural present)
orjem(e?)n (active indicative plural present second-person)
orjontor (active indicative plural present third-person)
orjār (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
orjāzo (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
orjātor (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
orjāmor (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
orjām(e?)n (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
orjāntor (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
orjezo (active imperative present second-person singular)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
orjents (present)
ortos (past)
ortum (tu-derivative)
orjezi (s-derivative)

Latin: orior
⇒ Romanian: urca

⇒ Latin: orīgō (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: orto (participle perfect)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”); alternatively from *h₁rey- (“to rise”).


auzis

auzis (nominative singular)
auzēs (nominative plural)
auzis (singular vocative)
auzēs (plural vocative)
auzim (accusative singular)
auzins (accusative plural)
auzeis (genitive singular)
auzjom (genitive plural)
auzei (dative singular)
auziβos (dative plural)
auzīd (ablative singular)
auziβos (ablative plural)
auzei (locative singular)
auziβos (locative plural)

Latin: auris, ōris
→ English: aur-

⇒ Latin: auricula (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (“ear”).


wertō

head

*wertō first-singular present indicative

wertō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
wertō (active first-person indicative present singular)
wertōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
wertes (active indicative present second-person singular)
wertezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
wertet (active indicative present singular third-person)
wertetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
wertomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
wertomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
wertetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
wertem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
wertont (active indicative plural present third-person)
wertontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
wertām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
wertār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
wertās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
wertāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
wertād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
wertātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
wertāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
wertāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
wertātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
wertām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
wertānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
wertāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
wortai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
wortistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
wortei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
wortme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
worte (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
wortēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
werte (active imperative present second-person singular)
wertezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
wertete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
wertetōd (active future imperative)
wertents (present)
worssos (past)
worssum (tu-derivative)
wertezi (s-derivative)

Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌔 (vurtus, 3sg. fut. perf.)

From Proto-Indo-European *wértti (“to be turning around”), from the root *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).


serwāō

head

*serwāō first-singular present indicative

serwāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
serwāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
serwās (active indicative present second-person singular)
serwāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
serwāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
serwātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
serwāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
serwāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
serwātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
serwām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
serwānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
serwāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
serwāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
serwāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
serwāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
serwāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
serwāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
serwāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
serwāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
serwāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
serwāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
serwāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
serwāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
serwāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
serwā (active imperative present second-person singular)
serwāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
serwāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
serwātōd (active future imperative)
serwānts (present)
serwātos (past)
serwātum (tu-derivative)
serwāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: servo

Umbrian: seritu (2nd sing. imp. act. fut)

From Proto-Indo-European *serweh₂yeti, from *ser- (“to guard”).


treiðlom

treiðlom (nominative singular)
treiðlā (nominative plural)
treiðlom (singular vocative)
treiðlā (plural vocative)
treiðlom (accusative singular)
treiðlā (accusative plural)
treiðlosjo (genitive singular)
treiðlī (genitive singular)
treiðlom (genitive plural)
treiðlōi (dative singular)
treiðlois (dative plural)
treiðlōd (ablative singular)
treiðlois (ablative plural)
treiðlei (locative singular)
treiðlois (locative plural)

Latin: trībulum


tergēō

*tergēō first-singular present indicative

tergēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
tergēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
tergēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
tergēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
tergēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
tergētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
tergēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
tergēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
tergētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
tergēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
tergēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
tergēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
tergēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
tergēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
tergēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tergēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
tergēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tergēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
tergēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tergēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
tergēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tergēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
tergēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tergēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
tergē (active imperative present second-person singular)
tergēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
tergēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
tergētōd (active future imperative)
tergēnts (present)
tergatos (past)
tergatum (tu-derivative)
tergēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: tergeō

Umbrian: terkantur (third-person plural present passive subjunctive)

From Proto-Indo-European *ter-g-, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (to rub; to drill).


pūgjō

pūgjō (nominative singular)
pūgjes (nominative plural)
pūgjō (singular vocative)
pūgjes (plural vocative)
pūgjem (accusative singular)
pūgjens (accusative plural)
pūgjes (genitive singular)
pūgjos (genitive singular)
pūgjom (genitive plural)
pūgjei (dative singular)
pūgjβos (dative plural)
pūgji? pūgje? (ablative singular)
pūgjβos (ablative plural)
pūgji? pūgje? (locative singular)
pūgjβos (locative plural)

Latin: pūgiō


pāzēō

*pāzēō first-singular present indicative

pāzēō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
pāzēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
pāzēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
pāzēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
pāzēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
pāzēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
pāzētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
pāzēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
pāzēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
pāzētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
pāzēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
pāzēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
pāzēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
pāzēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
pāzēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
pāzēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
pāzēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
pāzēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
pāzēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
pāzēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
pāzēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
pāzēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
pāzēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
pāzēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
pāzēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
pāzē (active imperative present second-person singular)
pāzēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
pāzēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
pāzētōd (active future imperative)
pāzēnts (present)
pāzatos (past)
pāzatum (tu-derivative)
pāzēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: pāreō

From earlier *pāzējō, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-s- (“watch, see”), s-present of *peh₂- (“protect”).


supoleigaklom

supoleigaklom (nominative singular)
supoleigaklā (nominative plural)
supoleigaklom (singular vocative)
supoleigaklā (plural vocative)
supoleigaklom (accusative singular)
supoleigaklā (accusative plural)
supoleigaklosjo (genitive singular)
supoleigaklī (genitive singular)
supoleigaklom (genitive plural)
supoleigaklōi (dative singular)
supoleigaklois (dative plural)
supoleigaklōd (ablative singular)
supoleigaklois (ablative plural)
supoleigaklei (locative singular)
supoleigaklois (locative plural)

Latin: subligāculum


merēō

head

*merēō first-singular present indicative

merēō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
merēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
merēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
merēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
merēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
merētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
merēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
merēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
merēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
merēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
merēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
merēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
merēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
merē (active imperative present second-person singular)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
merēnts (present)
merēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: mereō

Faliscan: mereto (participle perfect)

From earlier *merējō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mr̥-éh₁-yeti, from *(s)mer- (“to assign, allot”).


stlātos

*stlātos (comparative *stlātjōs, superlative *stlātisemos, adverb *stlātēd)

stlātjōs (comparative)
stlātisemos (superlative)
stlātēd (adverb)
stlātos (masculine nominative singular)
stlātā (feminine nominative singular)
stlātom (neuter nominative singular)
stlāte (masculine singular vocative)
stlāta (feminine singular vocative)
stlātom (neuter singular vocative)
stlātom (accusative masculine singular)
stlātam (accusative feminine singular)
stlātom (accusative neuter singular)
stlātosjo (genitive masculine singular)
stlātī (genitive masculine singular)
stlātās (feminine genitive singular)
stlātosjo (genitive neuter singular)
stlātī (genitive neuter singular)
stlātōi (dative masculine singular)
stlātāi (dative feminine singular)
stlātōi (dative neuter singular)
stlātōd (ablative masculine singular)
stlātād (ablative feminine singular)
stlātōd (ablative neuter singular)
stlātei (locative masculine singular)
stlātāi (feminine locative singular)
stlātei (locative neuter singular)
stlātōs (masculine nominative plural)
stlātoi (masculine nominative plural)
stlātās (feminine nominative plural)
stlātā (neuter nominative plural)
stlātōs (masculine plural vocative)
stlātoi (masculine plural vocative)
stlātās (feminine plural vocative)
stlātā (neuter plural vocative)
stlātons (accusative masculine plural)
stlātans (accusative feminine plural)
stlātā (accusative neuter plural)
stlātom (genitive masculine plural)
stlātāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
stlātom (genitive neuter plural)
stlātois (dative masculine plural)
stlātais (dative feminine plural)
stlātois (dative neuter plural)
stlātois (ablative masculine plural)
stlātais (ablative feminine plural)
stlātois (ablative neuter plural)
stlātois (locative masculine plural)
stlātais (feminine locative plural)
stlātois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: lātus (see there for further descendants)


serwos

serwos (nominative singular)
serwōs (nominative plural)
serwoi (nominative plural)
serwe (singular vocative)
serwōs (plural vocative)
serwoi (plural vocative)
serwom (accusative singular)
serwons (accusative plural)
serwosjo (genitive singular)
serwī (genitive singular)
serwom (genitive plural)
serwōi (dative singular)
serwois (dative plural)
serwōd (ablative singular)
serwois (ablative plural)
serwei (locative singular)
serwois (locative plural)

Latin: servus (see there for further descendants)

Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *ser- + *-wos, but the exact sense of the root *ser- from which *serwos derives is uncertain. Either:
* “to bind”, in the sense “one who is bound (in duty/labor)”, or originally denoting a physical binding;
* “to guard”, thus perhaps originally meaning one whose job it is to protect. This seems to be the commonly favored sense;
* “to plunder”, based on the assumption that the Latin sense of “slave” is original and those taken captive in war were converted to servants.
See *ser- for the various senses.


gʷelāō

*gʷelāō first-singular present indicative

gʷelāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
gʷelāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
gʷelās (active indicative present second-person singular)
gʷelāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
gʷelāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
gʷelātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
gʷelāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
gʷelāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
gʷelātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
gʷelām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
gʷelānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
gʷelāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
gʷelāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gʷelāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gʷelāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷelāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷelāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷelāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷelāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gʷelāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gʷelāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷelāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷelāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷelāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷelā (active imperative present second-person singular)
gʷelāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
gʷelāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
gʷelātōd (active future imperative)
gʷelānts (present)
gʷelātos (past)
gʷelātum (tu-derivative)
gʷelāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: volō

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₁éh₂yeti, *gʷelH- (“throw”). De Vaan explains the semantic shift by taking the original meaning of *gʷelH- as "to raise the arm", which then shifted to "to fly".


monēō

*monēō first-singular present indicative

monēō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
monēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
monēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
monēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
monēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
monēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
monētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
monēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
monēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
monētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
monēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
monēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
monēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
monēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
monēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
monēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
monēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
monēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
monēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
monēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
monēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
monēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
monēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
monēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
monēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
monē (active imperative present second-person singular)
monēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
monēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
monētōd (active future imperative)
monēnts (present)
monatos (past)
monatum (tu-derivative)
monēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: maneō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *monējō, from Proto-Indo-European *moné(h₁)yeti, from *men- (“to stay, remain”).


mentjōr

*mentjōr first-singular present indicative

mentjōr (active first-person indicative present singular)
mentjezo (active indicative present second-person singular)
mentjetor (active indicative present singular third-person)
mentjomor (active first-person indicative plural present)
mentjem(e?)n (active indicative plural present second-person)
mentjontor (active indicative plural present third-person)
mentjār (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
mentjāzo (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mentjātor (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
mentjāmor (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
mentjām(e?)n (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
mentjāntor (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
mentjezo (active imperative present second-person singular)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
mentjents (present)
mentos (past)
mentum (tu-derivative)
mentjezi (s-derivative)

Latin: mentior


molgeō

*molgeō first-singular present indicative

molgeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
molgeōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
molgēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
molgēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
molgēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
molgētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
molgēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
molgēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
molgētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
molgēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
molgeont (active indicative plural present third-person)
molgeontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
molgeām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
molgeār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
molgeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
molgeāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
molgeād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
molgeātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
molgeāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
molgeāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
molgeātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
molgeām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
molgeānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
molgeāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
molgē (active imperative present second-person singular)
molgēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
molgēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
molgētōd (active future imperative)
molgēnts (present)
molgetos (past)
molgetum (tu-derivative)
molgēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: mulgeō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *molgejō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂molǵéyeti, from *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”).


leɣʷis

*leɣʷis (comparative *leɣʷjōs, superlative *leɣʷisemos)

leɣʷjōs (comparative)
leɣʷisemos (superlative)
leɣʷis (masculine nominative singular)
leɣʷis (feminine nominative singular)
leɣʷe (neuter nominative singular)
leɣʷis (masculine singular vocative)
leɣʷis (feminine singular vocative)
leɣʷe (neuter singular vocative)
leɣʷim (accusative masculine singular)
leɣʷim (accusative feminine singular)
leɣʷe (accusative neuter singular)
leɣʷeis (genitive masculine singular)
leɣʷeis (feminine genitive singular)
leɣʷjes (genitive neuter singular)
leɣʷei (dative masculine singular)
leɣʷei (dative feminine singular)
leɣʷei (dative neuter singular)
leɣʷīd (ablative masculine singular)
leɣʷīd (ablative feminine singular)
leɣʷīd (ablative neuter singular)
leɣʷei (locative masculine singular)
leɣʷei (feminine locative singular)
leɣʷei (locative neuter singular)
leɣʷēs (masculine nominative plural)
leɣʷēs (feminine nominative plural)
leɣʷjā (neuter nominative plural)
leɣʷēs (masculine plural vocative)
leɣʷēs (feminine plural vocative)
leɣʷjā (neuter plural vocative)
leɣʷins (accusative masculine plural)
leɣʷins (accusative feminine plural)
leɣʷjā (accusative neuter plural)
leɣʷjom (genitive masculine plural)
leɣʷjom (feminine genitive plural)
leɣʷjom (genitive neuter plural)
leɣʷiβos (dative masculine plural)
leɣʷiβos (dative feminine plural)
leɣʷiβos (dative neuter plural)
leɣʷiβos (ablative masculine plural)
leɣʷiβos (ablative feminine plural)
leɣʷiβos (ablative neuter plural)
leɣʷiβos (locative masculine plural)
leɣʷiβos (feminine locative plural)
leɣʷiβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: levis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léngʰus. Contamination from *breɣʷis may be to blame for the loss of the N and the change from a U-stem to an I-stem.


melō

melō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
melō (active first-person indicative present singular)
melōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
melas (active indicative present second-person singular)
melazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
melat (active indicative present singular third-person)
melator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
malamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
malamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
malates (active indicative plural present second-person)
malent (active indicative plural present third-person)
malentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
melām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
melār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
melās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
melāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
melād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
melātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
melāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
melāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
melātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
melānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
melāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
memolai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
memolistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
memolei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
memolme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
memole (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
memolēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
mela (active imperative present second-person singular)
melazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
melate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
melatōd (active future imperative)
melants (present)
maltos (past)
maltus (tu-derivative)
melazi (s-derivative)

Latin: molō

Faliscan: meletom (participle perfect)

Umbrian: maletu (participle perfect)

From Proto-Indo-European *mélh₂-ti, from *melh₂- (“to grind”).


termenos

termenos (nominative singular)
termenōs (nominative plural)
termenoi (nominative plural)
termene (singular vocative)
termenōs (plural vocative)
termenoi (plural vocative)
termenom (accusative singular)
termenons (accusative plural)
termenosjo (genitive singular)
termenī (genitive singular)
termenom (genitive plural)
termenōi (dative singular)
termenois (dative plural)
termenōd (ablative singular)
termenois (ablative plural)
termenei (locative singular)
termenois (locative plural)

Latin: terminus (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: teremniss

Umbrian: termnas

Venetic: termonios

From Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥ (“peg, boundary post”).


pūr

pūr (nominative singular)
purā (nominative plural)
pūr (singular vocative)
purā (plural vocative)
pūr (accusative singular)
purā (accusative plural)
pures (genitive singular)
puros (genitive singular)
purom (genitive plural)
purei (dative singular)
purβos (dative plural)
puri? pure? (ablative singular)
purβos (ablative plural)
puri? pure? (locative singular)
purβos (locative plural)

⇒ Latin: pūrgō (see there for further descendants)

desc

abl. sg. with suffixed <i class="Latn mention" lang="xum">-to</i>

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌉𐌓 (pir), pir (nom./acc. sg.), 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌄 (pure, abl. sg.), pureto (abl. sg. with suffixed -to)

<i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*-āsios</i> adjective

⇒ Oscan: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌉𐌀𐌝 (purasiaí, loc. sg.) (*-āsios adjective)


putlos

putlos (masculine nominative singular)
putlā (feminine nominative singular)
putlom (neuter nominative singular)
putle (masculine singular vocative)
putla (feminine singular vocative)
putlom (neuter singular vocative)
putlom (accusative masculine singular)
putlam (accusative feminine singular)
putlom (accusative neuter singular)
putlosjo (genitive masculine singular)
putlī (genitive masculine singular)
putlās (feminine genitive singular)
putlosjo (genitive neuter singular)
putlī (genitive neuter singular)
putlōi (dative masculine singular)
putlāi (dative feminine singular)
putlōi (dative neuter singular)
putlōd (ablative masculine singular)
putlād (ablative feminine singular)
putlōd (ablative neuter singular)
putlei (locative masculine singular)
putlāi (feminine locative singular)
putlei (locative neuter singular)
putlōs (masculine nominative plural)
putloi (masculine nominative plural)
putlās (feminine nominative plural)
putlā (neuter nominative plural)
putlōs (masculine plural vocative)
putloi (masculine plural vocative)
putlās (feminine plural vocative)
putlā (neuter plural vocative)
putlons (accusative masculine plural)
putlans (accusative feminine plural)
putlā (accusative neuter plural)
putlom (genitive masculine plural)
putlāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
putlom (genitive neuter plural)
putlois (dative masculine plural)
putlais (dative feminine plural)
putlois (dative neuter plural)
putlois (ablative masculine plural)
putlais (ablative feminine plural)
putlois (ablative neuter plural)
putlois (locative masculine plural)
putlais (feminine locative plural)
putlois (locative neuter plural)

⇒? Latin: pullus

Faliscan: putellio

Oscan: puklúm

South Picene: puqloh

Paelignian: puclois

Marsian: pucles


fingō

head

*fingō first-singular present indicative

fingō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
fingō (active first-person indicative present singular)
fingōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
finges (active indicative present second-person singular)
fingezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
finget (active indicative present singular third-person)
fingetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
fingomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
fingomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
fingetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
fingem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
fingont (active indicative plural present third-person)
fingontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
fingām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
fingār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
fingās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
fingāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
fingād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
fingātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
fingāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
fingāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
fingātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
fingām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
fingānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
fingāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
fiθiɣai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
fiθiɣistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
fiθiɣei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
fiθiɣme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
fiθiɣe (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
fiθiɣēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
feiksom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
feikses (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
feiksed (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
feiksome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
feiksete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
feiksond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
finge (active imperative present second-person singular)
fingezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
fingete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
fingetōd (active future imperative)
fingents (present)
fiktos (past)
fiktum (tu-derivative)
fingezi (s-derivative)

Latin: fingo

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked) (3s.pf)

Oscan: fifikus (2s.fut.pf)

Umbrian: fiktu (3s.ipv.II)

From earlier *θingō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form”).


-nos

-nos (masculine nominative singular)
-nā (feminine nominative singular)
-nom (neuter nominative singular)
-ne (masculine singular vocative)
-na (feminine singular vocative)
-nom (neuter singular vocative)
-nom (accusative masculine singular)
-nam (accusative feminine singular)
-nom (accusative neuter singular)
-nosjo (genitive masculine singular)
-nī (genitive masculine singular)
-nās (feminine genitive singular)
-nosjo (genitive neuter singular)
-nī (genitive neuter singular)
-nōi (dative masculine singular)
-nāi (dative feminine singular)
-nōi (dative neuter singular)
-nōd (ablative masculine singular)
-nād (ablative feminine singular)
-nōd (ablative neuter singular)
-nei (locative masculine singular)
-nāi (feminine locative singular)
-nei (locative neuter singular)
-nōs (masculine nominative plural)
-noi (masculine nominative plural)
-nās (feminine nominative plural)
-nā (neuter nominative plural)
-nōs (masculine plural vocative)
-noi (masculine plural vocative)
-nās (feminine plural vocative)
-nā (neuter plural vocative)
-nons (accusative masculine plural)
-nans (accusative feminine plural)
-nā (accusative neuter plural)
-nom (genitive masculine plural)
-nāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
-nom (genitive neuter plural)
-nois (dative masculine plural)
-nais (dative feminine plural)
-nois (dative neuter plural)
-nois (ablative masculine plural)
-nais (ablative feminine plural)
-nois (ablative neuter plural)
-nois (locative masculine plural)
-nais (feminine locative plural)
-nois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: -nus

From Proto-Indo-European *-nós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).

Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.


sakros

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*sakros (comparative *sakrjōs, superlative *sakrisemos)

sakrjōs (comparative)
sakrisemos (superlative)
sakros (masculine nominative singular)
sakrā (feminine nominative singular)
sakrom (neuter nominative singular)
sakre (masculine singular vocative)
sakra (feminine singular vocative)
sakrom (neuter singular vocative)
sakrom (accusative masculine singular)
sakram (accusative feminine singular)
sakrom (accusative neuter singular)
sakrosjo (genitive masculine singular)
sakrī (genitive masculine singular)
sakrās (feminine genitive singular)
sakrosjo (genitive neuter singular)
sakrī (genitive neuter singular)
sakrōi (dative masculine singular)
sakrāi (dative feminine singular)
sakrōi (dative neuter singular)
sakrōd (ablative masculine singular)
sakrād (ablative feminine singular)
sakrōd (ablative neuter singular)
sakrei (locative masculine singular)
sakrāi (feminine locative singular)
sakrei (locative neuter singular)
sakrōs (masculine nominative plural)
sakroi (masculine nominative plural)
sakrās (feminine nominative plural)
sakrā (neuter nominative plural)
sakrōs (masculine plural vocative)
sakroi (masculine plural vocative)
sakrās (feminine plural vocative)
sakrā (neuter plural vocative)
sakrons (accusative masculine plural)
sakrans (accusative feminine plural)
sakrā (accusative neuter plural)
sakrom (genitive masculine plural)
sakrāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
sakrom (genitive neuter plural)
sakrois (dative masculine plural)
sakrais (dative feminine plural)
sakrois (dative neuter plural)
sakrois (ablative masculine plural)
sakrais (ablative feminine plural)
sakrois (ablative neuter plural)
sakrois (locative masculine plural)
sakrais (feminine locative plural)
sakrois (locative neuter plural)

desc

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌀 (sacra, nom.sg.f.), 𐌔𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌖 (sacru, nom.sg.n.)

Old Latin: sakros

Latin: sacer (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: σακαρο (sakaro)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌖 (sacru, nom.sg.f), sacr, 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀 (sakra), sacra, 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌄𐌚 (sakref), sacre


herjō

head

*herjō first-singular present indicative

herjō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
herjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
herjōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
herjes (active indicative present second-person singular)
herjezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
herjet (active indicative present singular third-person)
herjetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
herjomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
herjomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
herjetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
herjem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
herjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
herjontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
herjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
herjār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
herjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
herjāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
herjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
herjātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
herjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
herjāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
herjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
herjām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
herjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
herjāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
herai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
heristai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
herei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
herme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
here (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
herēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
herje (active imperative present second-person singular)
herjezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
herjete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
herjetōd (active future imperative)
herjents (present)
heritos (past)
heritum (tu-derivative)
herjezi (s-derivative)

desc

Latin: horior (deponent), hortor (frequentative)

Oscan: “to want”

(3s.pr.sb.) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌀𐌃 (heriiad)

(3s.fut.) herest

Umbrian: “to want”

(3s.pr.?) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉 (heri)

(3s.pr.sb.) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌄𐌉 (heriiei)

(3s.fut.) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌄𐌔 (heries), heriest

(2/3s.fut.) heries

(3s.ps.) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌄𐌓 (herter), 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌄 (herte), herti, hertei

(inf.ps.) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌚𐌉 (herifi)

(ppp., abl.sg.?) 𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌕𐌖 (eretu), heritu, hereitu

⇒ *herent-tāts f (“Herentas, an Italic goddess”, noun)

Paelignian: (nom.sg.) herentas

Oscan:

(gen.sg.) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌔 (herentateis), 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌕𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌔 (herettates)

(dat.sg.) 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝 (herentateí), 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌉 (heretatei)

⇒ Marrucinian: herentatia (“of Herentas”, adjective)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌔 (heris), 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉 (heri), heri, herie, heriei (repeated, stands for “either... or”)

⇒ Umbrian: pisher (“whoever”)

⇒? Umbrian: 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌍𐌕𐌉𐌄𐌔 (herinties), 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌍𐌕𐌉𐌄 (herintie)

⇒? Venetic: horvionte (“glad”, if interpreted as representing *hereionte)

From earlier *xerjō (to differentiate it from a later form *herjō if the shift */x/ > */h/ in the Italic languages already happened during late Proto-Italic), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥-yé-ti, from *gʰer- (“to yearn for”).


amβi

Latin: ambi-

Oscan: 𐌀𐌌- (am-), am-

Umbrian: am-


foðjō

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*foðjō first-singular present indicative

foðjō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
foðjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
foðjōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
foðjes (active indicative present second-person singular)
foðjezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
foðjet (active indicative present singular third-person)
foðjetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
foðjomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
foðjomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
foðjetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
foðjem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
foðjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
foðjontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
foðjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
foðjār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
foðjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
foðjāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
foðjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
foðjātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
foðjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
foðjāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
foðjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
foðjām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
foðjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
foðjāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
foðjai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
foðjistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
foðjei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
foðjme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
foðje (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
foðjēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
foðje (active imperative present second-person singular)
foðjezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
foðjete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
foðjetōd (active future imperative)
foðjents (present)
fossos (past)
fossum (tu-derivative)
foðjezi (s-derivative)

Latin: fodiō

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰódʰh₂ey, from the root *bʰedʰh₂-.


gāwidēō

*gāwidēō first-singular present indicative

gāwidēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
gāwidēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
gāwidēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
gāwidēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
gāwidēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
gāwidētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
gāwidēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
gāwidēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
gāwidētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
gāwidēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
gāwidēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
gāwidēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
gāwidēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gāwidēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gāwidēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gāwidēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gāwidēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gāwidēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gāwidēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gāwidēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gāwidēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gāwidēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gāwidēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gāwidēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gāwidai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
gāwidistai (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
gāwide (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
gāwided (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
gāwidomos (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
gāwidistes (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
gāwidēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
gāwidē (active imperative present second-person singular)
gāwidēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
gāwidēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
gāwidētōd (active future imperative)
gāwidēnts (present)
gāwidos (past)
gāwidum (tu-derivative)
gāwidēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: gaudeō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *gāwidējō, from Proto-Indo-European *geh₂widéh₁yeti, from *geh₂w- (“to rejoice”).


morjōr

*morjōr first-singular present indicative

morjōr (active first-person indicative present singular)
morjezo (active indicative present second-person singular)
morjetor (active indicative present singular third-person)
morjomor (active first-person indicative plural present)
morjem(e?)n (active indicative plural present second-person)
morjontor (active indicative plural present third-person)
morjār (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
morjāzo (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
morjātor (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
morjāmor (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
morjām(e?)n (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
morjāntor (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
morjezo (active imperative present second-person singular)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
morjents (present)
morjezi (s-derivative)

Latin: morior (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥yétor (“to die”).


weikos

weikos (nominative singular)
weikōs (nominative plural)
weikoi (nominative plural)
weike (singular vocative)
weikōs (plural vocative)
weikoi (plural vocative)
weikom (accusative singular)
weikons (accusative plural)
weikosjo (genitive singular)
weikī (genitive singular)
weikom (genitive plural)
weikōi (dative singular)
weikois (dative plural)
weikōd (ablative singular)
weikois (ablative plural)
weikei (locative singular)
weikois (locative plural)

Latin: vīcus

→ Etruscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌖 (viku)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyḱós, from *weyḱ- (“village, settlement”).


stoltos

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*stoltos (comparative *stoltjōs, superlative *stoltisemos, adverb *stoltēd)

stoltjōs (comparative)
stoltisemos (superlative)
stoltēd (adverb)
stoltos (masculine nominative singular)
stoltā (feminine nominative singular)
stoltom (neuter nominative singular)
stolte (masculine singular vocative)
stolta (feminine singular vocative)
stoltom (neuter singular vocative)
stoltom (accusative masculine singular)
stoltam (accusative feminine singular)
stoltom (accusative neuter singular)
stoltosjo (genitive masculine singular)
stoltī (genitive masculine singular)
stoltās (feminine genitive singular)
stoltosjo (genitive neuter singular)
stoltī (genitive neuter singular)
stoltōi (dative masculine singular)
stoltāi (dative feminine singular)
stoltōi (dative neuter singular)
stoltōd (ablative masculine singular)
stoltād (ablative feminine singular)
stoltōd (ablative neuter singular)
stoltei (locative masculine singular)
stoltāi (feminine locative singular)
stoltei (locative neuter singular)
stoltōs (masculine nominative plural)
stoltoi (masculine nominative plural)
stoltās (feminine nominative plural)
stoltā (neuter nominative plural)
stoltōs (masculine plural vocative)
stoltoi (masculine plural vocative)
stoltās (feminine plural vocative)
stoltā (neuter plural vocative)
stoltons (accusative masculine plural)
stoltans (accusative feminine plural)
stoltā (accusative neuter plural)
stoltom (genitive masculine plural)
stoltāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
stoltom (genitive neuter plural)
stoltois (dative masculine plural)
stoltais (dative feminine plural)
stoltois (dative neuter plural)
stoltois (ablative masculine plural)
stoltais (ablative feminine plural)
stoltois (ablative neuter plural)
stoltois (locative masculine plural)
stoltais (feminine locative plural)
stoltois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: stultus


wokā

wokā (nominative singular)
wokās (nominative plural)
woka (singular vocative)
wokās (plural vocative)
wokam (accusative singular)
wokans (accusative plural)
wokās (genitive singular)
wokāzom (genitive plural)
wokāi (dative singular)
wokais (dative plural)
wokād (ablative singular)
wokais (ablative plural)
wokāi (locative singular)
wokais (locative plural)

Latin: vacca


pawjō

*pawjō first-singular present indicative

pawjō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
pawjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
pawjōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
pawis (active indicative present second-person singular)
pawizo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
pawit (active indicative present singular third-person)
pawitor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
pawimos (active first-person indicative plural present)
pawimor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
pawites (active indicative plural present second-person)
pawjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
pawjontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
pawjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
pawjār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
pawjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
pawjāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
pawjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
pawjātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
pawjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
pawjāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
pawjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
pawjām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
pawjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
pawjāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
pepawai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
pepawistai (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
pepawei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
pepawme (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
pepawe (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
pepawēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
pawi (active imperative present second-person singular)
pawizo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
pawite (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
pawitōd (active future imperative)
pawints (present)
pawitos (past)
pawitum (tu-derivative)
pawizi (s-derivative)

Latin: paviō

From Proto-Indo-European *paw-ye-ti, from *paw- (“to strike, hit”).


pawēō

*pawēō first-singular present indicative

pawēō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
pawēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
pawēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
pawēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
pawēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
pawēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
pawētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
pawēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
pawēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
pawētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
pawēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
pawēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
pawēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
pawēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
pawēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
pawēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
pawēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
pawēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
pawēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
pawēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
pawēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
pawēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
pawēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
pawēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
pawēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
pawai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
pawistai (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
pawe (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
pawed (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
pawomos (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
pawistes (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
pawēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
pawē (active imperative present second-person singular)
pawēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
pawēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
pawētōd (active future imperative)
pawēnts (present)
pawos (past)
pawum (tu-derivative)
pawēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: paveō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *pawējō, from Proto-Indo-European *paw-éh₁-ye-ti, from *paw- (“to strike, hit”); for this see Latin paviō (“to beat, strike”). The sense development would be "to strike" > "to strike with fear".
Alternatively, *paw- is a homophonous but separate root meaning "to fear", and is perhaps cognate with Proto-Celtic *oβnus (“fear”).


mortwos

mortwos (masculine nominative singular)
mortwā (feminine nominative singular)
mortwom (neuter nominative singular)
mortwe (masculine singular vocative)
mortwa (feminine singular vocative)
mortwom (neuter singular vocative)
mortwom (accusative masculine singular)
mortwam (accusative feminine singular)
mortwom (accusative neuter singular)
mortwosjo (genitive masculine singular)
mortwī (genitive masculine singular)
mortwās (feminine genitive singular)
mortwosjo (genitive neuter singular)
mortwī (genitive neuter singular)
mortwōi (dative masculine singular)
mortwāi (dative feminine singular)
mortwōi (dative neuter singular)
mortwōd (ablative masculine singular)
mortwād (ablative feminine singular)
mortwōd (ablative neuter singular)
mortwei (locative masculine singular)
mortwāi (feminine locative singular)
mortwei (locative neuter singular)
mortwōs (masculine nominative plural)
mortwoi (masculine nominative plural)
mortwās (feminine nominative plural)
mortwā (neuter nominative plural)
mortwōs (masculine plural vocative)
mortwoi (masculine plural vocative)
mortwās (feminine plural vocative)
mortwā (neuter plural vocative)
mortwons (accusative masculine plural)
mortwans (accusative feminine plural)
mortwā (accusative neuter plural)
mortwom (genitive masculine plural)
mortwāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
mortwom (genitive neuter plural)
mortwois (dative masculine plural)
mortwais (dative feminine plural)
mortwois (dative neuter plural)
mortwois (ablative masculine plural)
mortwais (ablative feminine plural)
mortwois (ablative neuter plural)
mortwois (locative masculine plural)
mortwais (feminine locative plural)
mortwois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: mortuus (see there for further descendants)

desc

Venetic: 𐌌𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌅𐌏𐌝 (murtuvoí, “dead”, dat.sg.)


opeō

opeō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
opeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
opeōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
opēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
opēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
opēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
opētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
opēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
opēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
opētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
opēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
opeont (active indicative plural present third-person)
opeontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
opeām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
opeār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
opeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
opeāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
opeād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
opeātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
opeāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
opeāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
opeātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
opeām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
opeānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
opeāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
opē (active imperative present second-person singular)
opēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
opēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
opētōd (active future imperative)
opēnts (present)
opetos (past)
opetum (tu-derivative)
opēzi (s-derivative)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖 (upetu)

>? Old Latin: opet (term of uncertain meaning in the Duenos Inscription)

⇒ *opetāō (frequentative)

Latin: optō

⇒? *op-ti- (“a wish (?)”)

Oscan: 𐌖𐌚𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌔 (ufteis, genitive singular), 𐌖𐌇𐌚𐌕𐌉𐌔 (uhftis, nominative plural)

From probable earlier form *opejō, as in all the verbs of second conjugation. Disputed.
* Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to reach, seize”), whence also apīscor (“to reach, seize”), and Sanskrit आप् (āp, “to reach”), Hittite [script needed] (epp-ᶻⁱ / app-, “to reach”); and Hittite [script needed] (pai-ⁱ / pi-, “to give”), Lycian [script needed] (pije-, “to give”), and possibly Albanian jap (“to give”).
* Traditionally connected to Latin opīnor (“to believe”), though this is semantically difficult to explain.
* Semantic differences oppose also any connection to *h₃ep- (“to work”), whence Latin opus.


weizos

weizos (nominative singular)
weizōs (nominative plural)
weizoi (nominative plural)
weize (singular vocative)
weizōs (plural vocative)
weizoi (plural vocative)
weizom (accusative singular)
weizons (accusative plural)
weizosjo (genitive singular)
weizī (genitive singular)
weizom (genitive plural)
weizōi (dative singular)
weizois (dative plural)
weizōd (ablative singular)
weizois (ablative plural)
weizei (locative singular)
weizois (locative plural)

Latin: vīrus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”).


odjom

odjom (nominative singular)
odjā (nominative plural)
odjom (singular vocative)
odjā (plural vocative)
odjom (accusative singular)
odjā (accusative plural)
odjosjo (genitive singular)
odjī (genitive singular)
odjom (genitive plural)
odjōi (dative singular)
odjois (dative plural)
odjōd (ablative singular)
odjois (ablative plural)
odjei (locative singular)
odjois (locative plural)

Latin: odium

Oscan: oiim

A full-grade or o-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to hate”); related to *ōdai, which is derived from a reduplication of the root.


sankjō

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*sankjō first-singular present indicative

sankjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
sankjōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
sankis (active indicative present second-person singular)
sankizo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
sankit (active indicative present singular third-person)
sankitor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
sankimos (active first-person indicative plural present)
sankimor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
sankites (active indicative plural present second-person)
sankjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
sankjontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
sankjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sankjār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sankjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sankjāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sankjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sankjātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sankjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sankjāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sankjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sankjām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sankjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sankjāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sankai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
sankistai (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
sankei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
sankme (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
sanke (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
sankēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
sanki (active imperative present second-person singular)
sankizo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
sankite (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
sankitōd (active future imperative)
sankints (present)
sanktos (past)
sanktum (tu-derivative)
sankizi (s-derivative)

Latin: sanciō

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sanktos
Latin: sānctus
Oscan: 𐌔𐌀𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌞𐌑 (saahtúś, nom.acc.sg.n.)
Umbrian: 𐌔𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌀 (sahta), sahatam, sahata (acc.sg.), 𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌌𐌄 (satme), 𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌄 (sate), sahate

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂-né-k-ti ~ *sh₂-n-k-énti, from *seh₂k- (“to make sacred”).


potēō

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*potēō first-singular present indicative

potēō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
potēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
potēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
potēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
potēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
potēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
potētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
potēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
potēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
potētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
potēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
potēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
potēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
potēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
potēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
potēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
potēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
potēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
potēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
potēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
potēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
potēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
potēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
potēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
potēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
potē (active imperative present second-person singular)
potēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
potēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
potētōd (active future imperative)
potēnts (present)
potatos (past)
potatum (tu-derivative)
potēzi (s-derivative)

desc

perfect of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">possum</i>

Latin: potuī (perfect of possum), potēns (from the present participle)

Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌝𐌀𐌃 (pútíad), 𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌀𐌃 (putiiad, 3sg. subj.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌝𐌀𐌍𐌔 (pútíans), 𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌀𐌍𐌔 (putiians, 3pl. subj.)

A stative derivative verb shaped from the adjective *potis, from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“lord, master”).


kruks

kruks (nominative singular)
krukes (nominative plural)
kruks (singular vocative)
krukes (plural vocative)
krukem (accusative singular)
krukens (accusative plural)
krukes (genitive singular)
krukos (genitive singular)
krukom (genitive plural)
krukei (dative singular)
krukβos (dative plural)
kruki? kruke? (ablative singular)
krukβos (ablative plural)
kruki? kruke? (locative singular)
krukβos (locative plural)

Latin: crux

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


genatā

Latin: Mana Genita, Geneta Mana

Oscan:

desc

^𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌅𐌀𐌝·^𐌂𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌀𐌝

Samnite: 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌅𐌀𐌝·𐌂𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌀𐌝 (Deívaí Cenetaí, dat.sg.)

From *genatos (“born, *child?”), whence Latin genitus, see there for more.

Theonym or epithet of an Italic goddess of birth and/or children.


reipā

reipā (nominative singular)
reipās (nominative plural)
reipa (singular vocative)
reipās (plural vocative)
reipam (accusative singular)
reipans (accusative plural)
reipās (genitive singular)
reipāzom (genitive plural)
reipāi (dative singular)
reipais (dative plural)
reipād (ablative singular)
reipais (ablative plural)
reipāi (locative singular)
reipais (locative plural)

Latin: rīpa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁réyp-eh₂ (“steep slope”), from the root *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”).


konsēnts

konsēnts (masculine nominative singular)
konsēnts (feminine nominative singular)
konsēnts (neuter nominative singular)
konsēnts (masculine singular vocative)
konsēnts (feminine singular vocative)
konsēnts (neuter singular vocative)
konsēntem (accusative masculine singular)
konsēntem (accusative feminine singular)
konsēnts (accusative neuter singular)
konsēntes (genitive masculine singular)
konsēntos (genitive masculine singular)
konsēntes (feminine genitive singular)
konsēntos (feminine genitive singular)
konsēntes (genitive neuter singular)
konsēntos (genitive neuter singular)
konsēntei (dative masculine singular)
konsēntei (dative feminine singular)
konsēntei (dative neuter singular)
konsēnti? konsēnte? (ablative masculine singular)
konsēnti? konsēnte? (ablative feminine singular)
konsēnti? konsēnte? (ablative neuter singular)
konsēnti? konsēnte? (locative masculine singular)
konsēnti? konsēnte? (feminine locative singular)
konsēnti? konsēnte? (locative neuter singular)
konsēntes (masculine nominative plural)
konsēntes (feminine nominative plural)
konsēntā (neuter nominative plural)
konsēntes (masculine plural vocative)
konsēntes (feminine plural vocative)
konsēntā (neuter plural vocative)
konsēntens (accusative masculine plural)
konsēntens (accusative feminine plural)
konsēntā (accusative neuter plural)
konsēntom (genitive masculine plural)
konsēntom (feminine genitive plural)
konsēntom (genitive neuter plural)
konsēntəβos (dative masculine plural)
konsēntβos (dative feminine plural)
konsēntβos (dative neuter plural)
konsēntəβos (ablative masculine plural)
konsēntβos (ablative feminine plural)
konsēntβos (ablative neuter plural)
konsēntəβos (locative masculine plural)
konsēntβos (feminine locative plural)
konsēntβos (locative neuter plural)

⇒ Latin: Diī Cōnsentēs

Oscan: 𐌊𐌞𐌍𐌔𐌝𐌚 (kúnsíf)

Present participle of *konsēō (“to approve, judge, reckon”), an iterative *-éyeti formation to *kensō (“to evaluate verbally”). The two related verbs were conflated to form Latin cēnseō.


sentjō

head

*sentjō first-singular present indicative

sentjōr (active first-person indicative present singular)
sentjezo (active indicative present second-person singular)
sentjetor (active indicative present singular third-person)
sentjomor (active first-person indicative plural present)
sentjem(e?)n (active indicative plural present second-person)
sentjontor (active indicative plural present third-person)
sentjār (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sentjāzo (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sentjātor (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sentjāmor (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sentjām(e?)n (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sentjāntor (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sentjezo (active imperative present second-person singular)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
sentjents (present)
senssos (past)
senssum (tu-derivative)
sentjezi (s-derivative)

Latin: sentiō

From Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel, notice”).


puragō

head

*puragō first-singular present indicative

puragō (active first-person indicative present singular)
puragōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
purages (active indicative present second-person singular)
puragezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
puraget (active indicative present singular third-person)
puragetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
puragomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
puragomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
puragetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
puragem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
puragont (active indicative plural present third-person)
puragontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
puragām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
puragār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
puragās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
puragāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
puragād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
puragātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
puragāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
puragāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
puragātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
puragām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
puragānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
puragāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
purēgai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
purēgistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
purēgei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
purēgme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
purēge (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
purēgēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
purage (active imperative present second-person singular)
puragezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
puragete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
puragetōd (active future imperative)
puragents (present)
puraktos (past)
puraktum (tu-derivative)
puragezi (s-derivative)

Latin: pūrgō (see there for further descendants)


feβros

feβros (nominative singular)
feβrozā (nominative plural)
feβros (singular vocative)
feβrozā (plural vocative)
feβros (accusative singular)
feβrozā (accusative plural)
feβrozes (genitive singular)
feβrozos (genitive singular)
feβrozom (genitive plural)
feβrozei (dative singular)
feβrozβos (dative plural)
feβrozi? feβroze? (ablative singular)
feβrozβos (ablative plural)
feβrozi? feβroze? (locative singular)
feβrozβos (locative plural)

Latin: fiber


fāgos

fāgos (nominative singular)
fāgezā (nominative plural)
fāgos (singular vocative)
fāgezā (plural vocative)
fāgos (accusative singular)
fāgezā (accusative plural)
fāgezes (genitive singular)
fāgezos (genitive singular)
fāgezom (genitive plural)
fāgezei (dative singular)
fāgezβos (dative plural)
fāgezi? fāgeze? (ablative singular)
fāgezβos (ablative plural)
fāgezi? fāgeze? (locative singular)
fāgezβos (locative plural)

Latin: fāgus


bakklom

bakklom (nominative singular)
bakklā (nominative plural)
bakklom (singular vocative)
bakklā (plural vocative)
bakklom (accusative singular)
bakklā (accusative plural)
bakklosjo (genitive singular)
bakklī (genitive singular)
bakklom (genitive plural)
bakklōi (dative singular)
bakklois (dative plural)
bakklōd (ablative singular)
bakklois (ablative plural)
bakklei (locative singular)
bakklois (locative plural)

Latin: baculum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *baktlom, from *bak- (“stick”).


flāgmen

flāgmen (nominative singular)
flāgmenes (nominative plural)
flāgmen (singular vocative)
flāgmenes (plural vocative)
flāgmenem (accusative singular)
flāgmenens (accusative plural)
flāgmenes (genitive singular)
flāgmenos (genitive singular)
flāgmenom (genitive plural)
flāgmenei (dative singular)
flāgmenβos (dative plural)
flāgmeni? flāgmene? (ablative singular)
flāgmenβos (ablative plural)
flāgmeni? flāgmene? (locative singular)
flāgmenβos (locative plural)

Latin: flāmen

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰlag- (“to hit, strike, beat”). Other etymologies point to *bʰleh₂- (no meaning given) or *bʰel- (“to shine, burn”).


folgēō

head

*folgēō first-singular present indicative

folgēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
folgēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
folgēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
folgēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
folgēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
folgētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
folgēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
folgēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
folgētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
folgēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
folgēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
folgēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
folgēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
folgēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
folgēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
folgēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
folgēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
folgēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
folgēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
folgēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
folgēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
folgēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
folgēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
folgēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
folksai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
folksistai (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
folkse (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
folksed (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
folksomos (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
folksistes (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
folksēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
folgē (active imperative present second-person singular)
folgēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
folgēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
folgētōd (active future imperative)
folgēnts (present)
folktos (past)
folktum (tu-derivative)
folgēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: fulgeō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *folgējō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to shimmer, gleam, shine”)

der

to blaze, flash, lighten, glitter, gleam, glare, glisten, shine


forktis

forktis (masculine nominative singular)
forktis (feminine nominative singular)
forkte (neuter nominative singular)
forktis (masculine singular vocative)
forktis (feminine singular vocative)
forkte (neuter singular vocative)
forktim (accusative masculine singular)
forktim (accusative feminine singular)
forkte (accusative neuter singular)
forkteis (genitive masculine singular)
forkteis (feminine genitive singular)
forktjes (genitive neuter singular)
forktei (dative masculine singular)
forktei (dative feminine singular)
forktei (dative neuter singular)
forktīd (ablative masculine singular)
forktīd (ablative feminine singular)
forktīd (ablative neuter singular)
forktei (locative masculine singular)
forktei (feminine locative singular)
forktei (locative neuter singular)
forktēs (masculine nominative plural)
forktēs (feminine nominative plural)
forktjā (neuter nominative plural)
forktēs (masculine plural vocative)
forktēs (feminine plural vocative)
forktjā (neuter plural vocative)
forktins (accusative masculine plural)
forktins (accusative feminine plural)
forktjā (accusative neuter plural)
forktjom (genitive masculine plural)
forktjom (feminine genitive plural)
forktjom (genitive neuter plural)
forktiβos (dative masculine plural)
forktiβos (dative feminine plural)
forktiβos (dative neuter plural)
forktiβos (ablative masculine plural)
forktiβos (ablative feminine plural)
forktiβos (ablative neuter plural)
forktiβos (locative masculine plural)
forktiβos (feminine locative plural)
forktiβos (locative neuter plural)

Old Latin: forctis

Latin: fortis (see there for further descendants)

desc

if not borrowed from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">fortius</i>

Oscan: fortis (“stronger”) (if not borrowed from Latin fortius)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”) or Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to bind fast, to be firm, strong”). If the second etymology is the correct one, then an earlier form of the word *θorktis can be reconstructed.

der

(figuratively), firm, resolute, steadfast, stout


flagmā

flagmā (nominative singular)
flagmās (nominative plural)
flagma (singular vocative)
flagmās (plural vocative)
flagmam (accusative singular)
flagmans (accusative plural)
flagmās (genitive singular)
flagmāzom (genitive plural)
flagmāi (dative singular)
flagmais (dative plural)
flagmād (ablative singular)
flagmais (ablative plural)
flagmāi (locative singular)
flagmais (locative plural)

Latin: flamma (see there for further descendants)


flagros

flagros (nominative singular)
flagrōs (nominative plural)
flagroi (nominative plural)
flagre (singular vocative)
flagrōs (plural vocative)
flagroi (plural vocative)
flagrom (accusative singular)
flagrons (accusative plural)
flagrosjo (genitive singular)
flagrī (genitive singular)
flagrom (genitive plural)
flagrōi (dative singular)
flagrois (dative plural)
flagrōd (ablative singular)
flagrois (ablative plural)
flagrei (locative singular)
flagrois (locative plural)

⇒ Latin: flagrō (see there for further descendants)


folkjō

head

*folkjō first-singular present indicative

folkjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
folkjōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
folkjes (active indicative present second-person singular)
folkjezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
folkjet (active indicative present singular third-person)
folkjetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
folkjomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
folkjomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
folkjetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
folkjem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
folkjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
folkjontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
folkjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
folkjār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
folkjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
folkjāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
folkjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
folkjātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
folkjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
folkjāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
folkjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
folkjām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
folkjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
folkjāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
fefolkai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
fefolkistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
fefolkei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
fefolkme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
fefolke (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
fefolkēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
folkje (active imperative present second-person singular)
folkjezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
folkjete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
folkjetōd (active future imperative)
folkjents (present)
folktos (past)
folktum (tu-derivative)
folkjezi (s-derivative)

Latin: fulciō


-kʷelā

Latin: -cola

From Proto-Indo-European *-kʷel-éh₂. from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel-.


kʷelōnos

kʷelōnos (nominative singular)
kʷelōnōs (nominative plural)
kʷelōnoi (nominative plural)
kʷelōne (singular vocative)
kʷelōnōs (plural vocative)
kʷelōnoi (plural vocative)
kʷelōnom (accusative singular)
kʷelōnons (accusative plural)
kʷelōnosjo (genitive singular)
kʷelōnī (genitive singular)
kʷelōnom (genitive plural)
kʷelōnōi (dative singular)
kʷelōnois (dative plural)
kʷelōnōd (ablative singular)
kʷelōnois (ablative plural)
kʷelōnei (locative singular)
kʷelōnois (locative plural)

Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷel-h₃onh₂-os, from *kʷel- (“to domesticate, tame”).


kʷelō

*kʷelō first-singular present indicative

kʷelō first-singular present indicative (canonical)
kʷelō (active first-person indicative present singular)
kʷelōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
kʷeles (active indicative present second-person singular)
kʷelezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
kʷelet (active indicative present singular third-person)
kʷeletor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
kʷelomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
kʷelomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
kʷeletes (active indicative plural present second-person)
kʷelem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
kʷelont (active indicative plural present third-person)
kʷelontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
kʷelām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kʷelār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kʷelās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷelāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷelād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷelātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷelāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kʷelāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kʷelātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷelām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷelānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷelāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷelom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
kʷeles (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
kʷeled (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
kʷolome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
kʷolete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
kʷolond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
kʷele (active imperative present second-person singular)
kʷelezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
kʷelete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
kʷeletōd (active future imperative)
kʷelents (present)
kʷoltos (past)
kʷoltum (tu-derivative)
kʷelezi (s-derivative)

Latin: colō

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷél-e-ti, from *kʷel- (“to turn”).


smīɣeslī

Latin: mīlle (see there for further descendants)

From *smih₂ǵʰéslih₂ (“having one thousand”), from *smih₂ (the feminine of Proto-Indo-European *sm̥- (“one”)) and a nominalized feminine form of *ǵʰés-lo- (“heap”), from *ǵʰes- (“hand”).


knuks

knuks (nominative singular)
knukes (nominative plural)
knuks (singular vocative)
knukes (plural vocative)
knukem (accusative singular)
knukens (accusative plural)
knukes (genitive singular)
knukos (genitive singular)
knukom (genitive plural)
knukei (dative singular)
knukβos (dative plural)
knuki? knuke? (ablative singular)
knukβos (ablative plural)
knuki? knuke? (locative singular)
knukβos (locative plural)

Latin: nux

From a root *knu- also found in Proto-Celtic *knūs (source of Irish cnó, Welsh cnau) and Proto-Germanic *hnuts (source of English nut, German Nuss). Based on the form of the nouns, semantic category, and the restriction of the root to western European branches, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European origin. De Vaan suggests that it is related to Latin nūgae (“trifles”), and cites the irregular alternations between Latin nux and nūgae as additional evidence for substrate origin.


sanktos

sanktos (masculine nominative singular)
sanktā (feminine nominative singular)
sanktom (neuter nominative singular)
sankte (masculine singular vocative)
sankta (feminine singular vocative)
sanktom (neuter singular vocative)
sanktom (accusative masculine singular)
sanktam (accusative feminine singular)
sanktom (accusative neuter singular)
sanktosjo (genitive masculine singular)
sanktī (genitive masculine singular)
sanktās (feminine genitive singular)
sanktosjo (genitive neuter singular)
sanktī (genitive neuter singular)
sanktōi (dative masculine singular)
sanktāi (dative feminine singular)
sanktōi (dative neuter singular)
sanktōd (ablative masculine singular)
sanktād (ablative feminine singular)
sanktōd (ablative neuter singular)
sanktei (locative masculine singular)
sanktāi (feminine locative singular)
sanktei (locative neuter singular)
sanktōs (masculine nominative plural)
sanktoi (masculine nominative plural)
sanktās (feminine nominative plural)
sanktā (neuter nominative plural)
sanktōs (masculine plural vocative)
sanktoi (masculine plural vocative)
sanktās (feminine plural vocative)
sanktā (neuter plural vocative)
sanktons (accusative masculine plural)
sanktans (accusative feminine plural)
sanktā (accusative neuter plural)
sanktom (genitive masculine plural)
sanktāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
sanktom (genitive neuter plural)
sanktois (dative masculine plural)
sanktais (dative feminine plural)
sanktois (dative neuter plural)
sanktois (ablative masculine plural)
sanktais (ablative feminine plural)
sanktois (ablative neuter plural)
sanktois (locative masculine plural)
sanktais (feminine locative plural)
sanktois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: sānctus

Oscan: 𐌔𐌀𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌞𐌑 (saahtúś, nom.acc.sg.n.)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌀 (sahta), sahatam, sahata (acc.sg.), 𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌌𐌄 (satme), 𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌄 (sate), sahate


auktōr

auktōr (nominative singular)
auktōres (nominative plural)
auktōr (singular vocative)
auktōres (plural vocative)
auktōrem (accusative singular)
auktōrens (accusative plural)
auktōres (genitive singular)
auktōros (genitive singular)
auktōrom (genitive plural)
auktōrei (dative singular)
auktōrβos (dative plural)
auktōri? auktōre? (ablative singular)
auktōrβos (ablative plural)
auktōri? auktōre? (locative singular)
auktōrβos (locative plural)

Latin: auctor

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌖𐌓 (uhtur)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to grow”) + *-tōr (agent suffix).


Septemos

Septemos (nominative singular)
Septemom (accusative singular)
Septemons (accusative plural)
Septemom (genitive plural)
Septemois (dative plural)
Septemois (ablative plural)
Septemois (locative plural)

Latin: Septimus

⇒ Latin: Septimius

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌌𐌔 (setums)

Literally "seventh", possibly indicating those born in September.


wetelos

wetelā (feminine)
wetelos (nominative singular)
wetelōs (nominative plural)
weteloi (nominative plural)
wetele (singular vocative)
wetelōs (plural vocative)
weteloi (plural vocative)
wetelom (accusative singular)
wetelons (accusative plural)
wetelosjo (genitive singular)
wetelī (genitive singular)
wetelom (genitive plural)
wetelōi (dative singular)
wetelois (dative plural)
wetelōd (ablative singular)
wetelois (ablative plural)
wetelei (locative singular)
wetelois (locative plural)

Latin: vitulus

desc

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌉𐌕𐌋𐌖 (vitlu, accusative sg.), 𐌅𐌉𐌕𐌋𐌖𐌚 (vitluf, accusative pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”) + *-elos.


Flōzā

Flōzā (nominative singular)
Flōzās (nominative plural)
Flōzās (plural vocative)
Flōzās (genitive singular)
Flōzāi (dative singular)
Flōzād (ablative singular)
Flōzāi (locative singular)

Latin: Flōra

Oscan: fluusaí (dative singular)

From an ā-thematic extension of *flōs (“flower”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰléh₃s ~ *bʰl̥h₃s-és, from *bʰleh₃- (“bloom, flower”).


lēks

lēks (nominative singular)
lēges (nominative plural)
lēks (singular vocative)
lēges (plural vocative)
lēgem (accusative singular)
lēgens (accusative plural)
lēges (genitive singular)
lēgos (genitive singular)
lēgom (genitive plural)
lēgei (dative singular)
lēgβos (dative plural)
lēgi? lēge? (ablative singular)
lēgβos (ablative plural)
lēgi? lēge? (locative singular)
lēgβos (locative plural)

Latin: lēx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: lixs

desc

Oscan: ligud (ablative sg.), ligis (ablative pl.)


kubāō

kubāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
kubāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
kubās (active indicative present second-person singular)
kubāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
kubāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
kubātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
kubāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
kubāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
kubātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
kubām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
kubānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
kubāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
kubāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kubāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kubāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kubāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kubāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kubāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kubāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kubāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kubāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kubāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kubāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kubāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kubā (active imperative present second-person singular)
kubāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
kubāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
kubātōd (active future imperative)
kubānts (present)
kubatos (past)
kubatum (tu-derivative)
kubāzi (s-derivative)

Latino-Faliscan:

Latin: cubō

Faliscan: 𐌂𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌕 (cupat), 𐌂𐌖𐌁𐌀𐌕 (cubat, 3sg present), 𐌂𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌍𐌕 (cupant, 3pl present)

Osco-Umbrian:

Marrucinian: cibat (3sg)

South Picene: 𐌒𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌕 (qupat, 3sg present)

Uncertain origin; De Vaan only assigns Welsh cysgu (“to sleep”) and its fellow Brythonic cognates as related, for which see Proto-Celtic *kuxsketi (“to sleep”) for more.


nounagm̥ta

Old Latin: *nūnāgintā

Latin: nōnāgintā (see there for further descendants)


parezā

parezā (nominative singular)
parezās (nominative plural)
pareza (singular vocative)
parezās (plural vocative)
parezam (accusative singular)
parezans (accusative plural)
parezās (genitive singular)
parezāzom (genitive plural)
parezāi (dative singular)
parezais (dative plural)
parezād (ablative singular)
parezais (ablative plural)
parezāi (locative singular)
parezais (locative plural)

Latin: parra

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌌 (parfam, acc. sg.), parfa (abl. sg.)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *spḗr (“sparrow”), but these may instead be substrate loans from lost non-Indo-European languages.