kʷoteros

kʷoteros (masculine nominative singular)
kʷoterā (feminine nominative singular)
kʷoterom (neuter nominative singular)
kʷotere (masculine singular vocative)
kʷotera (feminine singular vocative)
kʷoterom (neuter singular vocative)
kʷoterom (accusative masculine singular)
kʷoteram (accusative feminine singular)
kʷoterom (accusative neuter singular)
kʷoterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
kʷoterī (genitive masculine singular)
kʷoterās (feminine genitive singular)
kʷoterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
kʷoterī (genitive neuter singular)
kʷoterōi (dative masculine singular)
kʷoterāi (dative feminine singular)
kʷoterōi (dative neuter singular)
kʷoterōd (ablative masculine singular)
kʷoterād (ablative feminine singular)
kʷoterōd (ablative neuter singular)
kʷoterei (locative masculine singular)
kʷoterāi (feminine locative singular)
kʷoterei (locative neuter singular)
kʷoterōs (masculine nominative plural)
kʷoteroi (masculine nominative plural)
kʷoterās (feminine nominative plural)
kʷoterā (neuter nominative plural)
kʷoterōs (masculine plural vocative)
kʷoteroi (masculine plural vocative)
kʷoterās (feminine plural vocative)
kʷoterā (neuter plural vocative)
kʷoterons (accusative masculine plural)
kʷoterans (accusative feminine plural)
kʷoterā (accusative neuter plural)
kʷoterom (genitive masculine plural)
kʷoterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
kʷoterom (genitive neuter plural)
kʷoterois (dative masculine plural)
kʷoterais (dative feminine plural)
kʷoterois (dative neuter plural)
kʷoterois (ablative masculine plural)
kʷoterais (ablative feminine plural)
kʷoterois (ablative neuter plural)
kʷoterois (locative masculine plural)
kʷoterais (feminine locative plural)
kʷoterois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: uter


postəmmos

postəmmos (masculine nominative singular)
postəmmā (feminine nominative singular)
postəmmom (neuter nominative singular)
postəmme (masculine singular vocative)
postəmma (feminine singular vocative)
postəmmom (neuter singular vocative)
postəmmom (accusative masculine singular)
postəmmam (accusative feminine singular)
postəmmom (accusative neuter singular)
postəmmosjo (genitive masculine singular)
postəmmī (genitive masculine singular)
postəmmās (feminine genitive singular)
postəmmosjo (genitive neuter singular)
postəmmī (genitive neuter singular)
postəmmōi (dative masculine singular)
postəmmāi (dative feminine singular)
postəmmōi (dative neuter singular)
postəmmōd (ablative masculine singular)
postəmmād (ablative feminine singular)
postəmmōd (ablative neuter singular)
postəmmei (locative masculine singular)
postəmmāi (feminine locative singular)
postəmmei (locative neuter singular)
postəmmōs (masculine nominative plural)
postəmmoi (masculine nominative plural)
postəmmās (feminine nominative plural)
postəmmā (neuter nominative plural)
postəmmōs (masculine plural vocative)
postəmmoi (masculine plural vocative)
postəmmās (feminine plural vocative)
postəmmā (neuter plural vocative)
postəmmons (accusative masculine plural)
postəmmans (accusative feminine plural)
postəmmā (accusative neuter plural)
postəmmom (genitive masculine plural)
postəmmāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
postəmmom (genitive neuter plural)
postəmmois (dative masculine plural)
postəmmais (dative feminine plural)
postəmmois (dative neuter plural)
postəmmois (ablative masculine plural)
postəmmais (ablative feminine plural)
postəmmois (ablative neuter plural)
postəmmois (locative masculine plural)
postəmmais (feminine locative plural)
postəmmois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: postumus

desc

Oscan: posmom (acc sg. neuter), 𐌐𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌌𐌀𐌔 (pustmas, nom pl. feminine)

From *posti + *-təmmos, the second element being from Proto-Indo-European *-tm̥mós.


olnos

olnos (masculine nominative singular)
olnā (feminine nominative singular)
olnom (neuter nominative singular)
olne (masculine singular vocative)
olna (feminine singular vocative)
olnom (neuter singular vocative)
olnom (accusative masculine singular)
olnam (accusative feminine singular)
olnom (accusative neuter singular)
olnosjo (genitive masculine singular)
olnī (genitive masculine singular)
olnās (feminine genitive singular)
olnosjo (genitive neuter singular)
olnī (genitive neuter singular)
olnōi (dative masculine singular)
olnāi (dative feminine singular)
olnōi (dative neuter singular)
olnōd (ablative masculine singular)
olnād (ablative feminine singular)
olnōd (ablative neuter singular)
olnei (locative masculine singular)
olnāi (feminine locative singular)
olnei (locative neuter singular)
olnōs (masculine nominative plural)
olnoi (masculine nominative plural)
olnās (feminine nominative plural)
olnā (neuter nominative plural)
olnōs (masculine plural vocative)
olnoi (masculine plural vocative)
olnās (feminine plural vocative)
olnā (neuter plural vocative)
olnons (accusative masculine plural)
olnans (accusative feminine plural)
olnā (accusative neuter plural)
olnom (genitive masculine plural)
olnāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
olnom (genitive neuter plural)
olnois (dative masculine plural)
olnais (dative feminine plural)
olnois (dative neuter plural)
olnois (ablative masculine plural)
olnais (ablative feminine plural)
olnois (ablative neuter plural)
olnois (locative masculine plural)
olnais (feminine locative plural)
olnois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: ollus, olle (Old Latin)

Latin: ille (Classical Latin)

Oscan: 𐌞𐌋𐌋𐌄𐌝𐌔 (úlleís, gen sg m.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no-s or Proto-Indo-European *h₂l̥-no-s, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”).


kluēō

kluēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
kluēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
kluēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
kluēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
kluēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
kluētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
kluēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
kluēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
kluētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
kluēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
kluēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
kluēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
kluēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kluēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kluēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kluēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kluēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kluēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kluēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kluēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kluēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kluēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kluēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kluēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kluē (active imperative present second-person singular)
kluēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
kluēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
kluētōd (active future imperative)
kluēnts (present)
klutos (past)
klutum (tu-derivative)
kluēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: clueō

South Picene: 𐌊𐌃𐌖𐌝𐌞 (kduíú, 1sg. present)

From earlier *kluējō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥w-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Compare Lithuanian klausýti, Old Church Slavonic слоушати (slušati, “to hear”), Sanskrit श्रोषति (śroṣati), and Ancient Greek κλέος (kléos, “glory, renown”).


oltm̥mos

oltm̥mos (masculine nominative singular)
oltm̥mā (feminine nominative singular)
oltm̥mom (neuter nominative singular)
oltm̥me (masculine singular vocative)
oltm̥ma (feminine singular vocative)
oltm̥mom (neuter singular vocative)
oltm̥mom (accusative masculine singular)
oltm̥mam (accusative feminine singular)
oltm̥mom (accusative neuter singular)
oltm̥mosjo (genitive masculine singular)
oltm̥mī (genitive masculine singular)
oltm̥mās (feminine genitive singular)
oltm̥mosjo (genitive neuter singular)
oltm̥mī (genitive neuter singular)
oltm̥mōi (dative masculine singular)
oltm̥māi (dative feminine singular)
oltm̥mōi (dative neuter singular)
oltm̥mōd (ablative masculine singular)
oltm̥mād (ablative feminine singular)
oltm̥mōd (ablative neuter singular)
oltm̥mei (locative masculine singular)
oltm̥māi (feminine locative singular)
oltm̥mei (locative neuter singular)
oltm̥mōs (masculine nominative plural)
oltm̥moi (masculine nominative plural)
oltm̥mās (feminine nominative plural)
oltm̥mā (neuter nominative plural)
oltm̥mōs (masculine plural vocative)
oltm̥moi (masculine plural vocative)
oltm̥mās (feminine plural vocative)
oltm̥mā (neuter plural vocative)
oltm̥mons (accusative masculine plural)
oltm̥mans (accusative feminine plural)
oltm̥mā (accusative neuter plural)
oltm̥mom (genitive masculine plural)
oltm̥māzōm (feminine genitive plural)
oltm̥mom (genitive neuter plural)
oltm̥mois (dative masculine plural)
oltm̥mais (dative feminine plural)
oltm̥mois (dative neuter plural)
oltm̥mois (ablative masculine plural)
oltm̥mais (ablative feminine plural)
oltm̥mois (ablative neuter plural)
oltm̥mois (locative masculine plural)
oltm̥mais (feminine locative plural)
oltm̥mois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: ultimus

desc

Oscan: 𐌞𐌋𐌕𐌉𐌖𐌌𐌀𐌌 (últiumam, acc. sg. fem.)

From the o-grade of *h₂el- (“beyond, other”) suffixed with superlative *-tm̥mos.


skapelā

skapelā (nominative singular)
skapelās (nominative plural)
skapela (singular vocative)
skapelās (plural vocative)
skapelam (accusative singular)
skapelans (accusative plural)
skapelās (genitive singular)
skapelāzom (genitive plural)
skapelāi (dative singular)
skapelais (dative plural)
skapelād (ablative singular)
skapelais (ablative plural)
skapelāi (locative singular)
skapelais (locative plural)

Latin: scapulae pl

Umbrian: scapla


salawos

salawos (masculine nominative singular)
salawā (feminine nominative singular)
salawom (neuter nominative singular)
salawe (masculine singular vocative)
salawa (feminine singular vocative)
salawom (neuter singular vocative)
salawom (accusative masculine singular)
salawam (accusative feminine singular)
salawom (accusative neuter singular)
salawosjo (genitive masculine singular)
salawī (genitive masculine singular)
salawās (feminine genitive singular)
salawosjo (genitive neuter singular)
salawī (genitive neuter singular)
salawōi (dative masculine singular)
salawāi (dative feminine singular)
salawōi (dative neuter singular)
salawōd (ablative masculine singular)
salawād (ablative feminine singular)
salawōd (ablative neuter singular)
salawei (locative masculine singular)
salawāi (feminine locative singular)
salawei (locative neuter singular)
salawōs (masculine nominative plural)
salawoi (masculine nominative plural)
salawās (feminine nominative plural)
salawā (neuter nominative plural)
salawōs (masculine plural vocative)
salawoi (masculine plural vocative)
salawās (feminine plural vocative)
salawā (neuter plural vocative)
salawons (accusative masculine plural)
salawans (accusative feminine plural)
salawā (accusative neuter plural)
salawom (genitive masculine plural)
salawāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
salawom (genitive neuter plural)
salawois (dative masculine plural)
salawais (dative feminine plural)
salawois (dative neuter plural)
salawois (ablative masculine plural)
salawais (ablative feminine plural)
salawois (ablative neuter plural)
salawois (locative masculine plural)
salawais (feminine locative plural)
salawois (locative neuter plural)

Latino-Faliscan:

Latin: salvus (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌀𐌋𐌖𐌄𐌔 (salues, nom. pl. masc.)

Osco-Umbrian:

Oscan: 𐌔𐌀𐌋𐌀𐌖𐌔 (salaus)

Umbrian: saluuom, saluom (acc. sg. masc./neut.), saluam (acc. sg. fem.), salua (acc. pl. fem.)

Marrucinian: salaus, salas

From Proto-Indo-European *sl̥h₂-wós, from *solh₂- (“whole”) + *-wós. Compare Latin sollus, from the o-grade.


seknom

seknom (nominative singular)
seknā (nominative plural)
seknom (singular vocative)
seknā (plural vocative)
seknom (accusative singular)
seknā (accusative plural)
seknosjo (genitive singular)
seknī (genitive singular)
seknom (genitive plural)
seknōi (dative singular)
seknois (dative plural)
seknōd (ablative singular)
seknois (ablative plural)
seknei (locative singular)
seknois (locative plural)

Latin: signum

Oscan: 𐌔𐌄𐌂𐌞𐌍𐌞𐌌 (segúnúm)

Neuter substantivization of Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) + *-nos (adjective suffix), with semantic shift "what is cut out" > "sign".


katelos

katelos (nominative singular)
katelōs (nominative plural)
kateloi (nominative plural)
katele (singular vocative)
katelōs (plural vocative)
kateloi (plural vocative)
katelom (accusative singular)
katelons (accusative plural)
katelosjo (genitive singular)
katelī (genitive singular)
katelom (genitive plural)
katelōi (dative singular)
katelois (dative plural)
katelōd (ablative singular)
katelois (ablative plural)
katelei (locative singular)
katelois (locative plural)

Latin: catulus

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌋 (katel, nom sg.)

Despite seemingly phonetically similar terms in other Indo-European languages such as Middle High German hatele (“goat”), Old Norse haðna (“young goat”), Serbo-Croatian kot (“(time of) having young, litter, breed”), dial. Polish kót (“place where forest animals young”), Russian око́т (okót, “lambing time, litter”), De Vaan doubts a Proto-Indo-European origin, and implicitly assigns these words to a common substrate origin.


mormīkā

mormīkā (nominative singular)
mormīkās (nominative plural)
mormīka (singular vocative)
mormīkās (plural vocative)
mormīkam (accusative singular)
mormīkans (accusative plural)
mormīkās (genitive singular)
mormīkāzom (genitive plural)
mormīkāi (dative singular)
mormīkais (dative plural)
mormīkād (ablative singular)
mormīkais (ablative plural)
mormīkāi (locative singular)
mormīkais (locative plural)

Latin: formica (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *morwi-, perhaps deformed due to taboo.


kertsnā

kertsnā (nominative singular)
kertsnās (nominative plural)
kertsna (singular vocative)
kertsnās (plural vocative)
kertsnam (accusative singular)
kertsnans (accusative plural)
kertsnās (genitive singular)
kertsnāzom (genitive plural)
kertsnāi (dative singular)
kertsnais (dative plural)
kertsnād (ablative singular)
kertsnais (ablative plural)
kertsnāi (locative singular)
kertsnais (locative plural)

Latin: cesna, cēna

Osco-Umbrian:

Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌍𐌖 (kersnu)

Umbrian: śesna

From Proto-Indo-European *kert-s-nh₂ (“portion”), from *kert-, an extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


patnō

patnō (active first-person indicative present singular)
patnōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
patnes (active indicative present second-person singular)
patnezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
patnet (active indicative present singular third-person)
patnetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
patnomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
patnomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
patnetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
patnem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
patnont (active indicative plural present third-person)
patnontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
patnām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
patnār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
patnās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
patnāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
patnād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
patnātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
patnāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
patnāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
patnātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
patnām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
patnānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
patnāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
patne (active imperative present second-person singular)
patnezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
patnete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
patnetōd (active future imperative)
patnents (present)
passos (past)
passum (tu-derivative)
patnezi (s-derivative)

Latin: pandō

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌔𐌝𐌍𐌔 (patensíns, 3sg. impf. subj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *pt-ne-h₂-ti, a nasal-infix present made from *peth₂- (“to spread out”).


Patnā

Patnā (nominative singular)
Patnās (nominative plural)
Patnās (plural vocative)
Patnās (genitive singular)
Patnāi (dative singular)
Patnād (ablative singular)
Patnāi (locative singular)

Latin: Panda

Oscan: 𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌝 (patanaí, dat. sg.)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *Patn-ol-ā (diminutive)

Umbrian: Padellar (gen. sg.)

From *patnō (“to spread”), from Proto-Indo-European *pt-ne-h₂-ti, a nasal-infix present made from *peth₂-.


proβwēd

Latin: probē

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌄 (prufe)

From *proβwos (“correct”) + *-ēd (adverb-forming suffix).


-ēd

desc

Latin: -ēd (Old Latin), -ē (Classical Latin)

Osco-Umbrian:

Oscan: -id

Umbrian: -𐌄 (-e)

Shows clear influence from the o-stem masculine ablative singular ending -ōd, and possibly the adverb suffix could be an ablaut variant thereof. Alternatively, it might be possible to derive the suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁ (instrumental ending) with the -d secondarily gained via the influence of the ablative ending.

der

proβwos (“correct”) + *-ēd → *proβwēd (“correctly”)

forms adverbs from o/ā-stem adjectives: -ly


iðei

Latin: ibī

Umbrian: 𐌉𐌚𐌄 (ife), ife

From the Proto-Indo-European pronominal root *i- and an uncertain second element, see reconstruction notes.


proβwos

proβwos (masculine nominative singular)
proβwā (feminine nominative singular)
proβwom (neuter nominative singular)
proβwe (masculine singular vocative)
proβwa (feminine singular vocative)
proβwom (neuter singular vocative)
proβwom (accusative masculine singular)
proβwam (accusative feminine singular)
proβwom (accusative neuter singular)
proβwosjo (genitive masculine singular)
proβwī (genitive masculine singular)
proβwās (feminine genitive singular)
proβwosjo (genitive neuter singular)
proβwī (genitive neuter singular)
proβwōi (dative masculine singular)
proβwāi (dative feminine singular)
proβwōi (dative neuter singular)
proβwōd (ablative masculine singular)
proβwād (ablative feminine singular)
proβwōd (ablative neuter singular)
proβwei (locative masculine singular)
proβwāi (feminine locative singular)
proβwei (locative neuter singular)
proβwōs (masculine nominative plural)
proβwoi (masculine nominative plural)
proβwās (feminine nominative plural)
proβwā (neuter nominative plural)
proβwōs (masculine plural vocative)
proβwoi (masculine plural vocative)
proβwās (feminine plural vocative)
proβwā (neuter plural vocative)
proβwons (accusative masculine plural)
proβwans (accusative feminine plural)
proβwā (accusative neuter plural)
proβwom (genitive masculine plural)
proβwāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
proβwom (genitive neuter plural)
proβwois (dative masculine plural)
proβwais (dative feminine plural)
proβwois (dative neuter plural)
proβwois (ablative masculine plural)
proβwais (ablative feminine plural)
proβwois (ablative neuter plural)
proβwois (locative masculine plural)
proβwais (feminine locative plural)
proβwois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: probus

Paelignian: pros

From Proto-Indo-European *pro-bʰuH-ó-s (“being in front”), from *pro- (“forward”) + *bʰuH- (“to be”).

probē

*proβw-ēd (“correctly, properly”, adverb)

improbē

⇒ *ən-proβw-ēd (“incorrectly, improperly”)


kʷuðei

Latin: ubī

Osco-Umbrian:

Oscan: 𐌐𐌖𐌚 (puf)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌚𐌄 (pufe)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷu- (“where”). Delabialization is expected before *u, but Osco-Umbrian reflexes indicate restoration of the labiovelar.


Kerēs

Kerēs (nominative singular)
Kerēs (singular vocative)

Latino-Faliscan:

Latin: Cerēs (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: 𐌂𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌔 (ceres, “Ceres”)

Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌓𐌓𐌝 (kerrí, dat. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₁-, *ḱerh₃- (“to feed, nourish”), with further connections to *ḱer- (“to grow”) uncertain. Cognate with Ancient Greek κορέννῡμῐ (korénnūmi, “to satiate”), Lithuanian šérti (“to feed”), Old High German hirso (“millet”).


rouðos

rouðos (masculine nominative singular)
rouðā (feminine nominative singular)
rouðom (neuter nominative singular)
rouðe (masculine singular vocative)
rouða (feminine singular vocative)
rouðom (neuter singular vocative)
rouðom (accusative masculine singular)
rouðam (accusative feminine singular)
rouðom (accusative neuter singular)
rouðosjo (genitive masculine singular)
rouðī (genitive masculine singular)
rouðās (feminine genitive singular)
rouðosjo (genitive neuter singular)
rouðī (genitive neuter singular)
rouðōi (dative masculine singular)
rouðāi (dative feminine singular)
rouðōi (dative neuter singular)
rouðōd (ablative masculine singular)
rouðād (ablative feminine singular)
rouðōd (ablative neuter singular)
rouðei (locative masculine singular)
rouðāi (feminine locative singular)
rouðei (locative neuter singular)
rouðōs (masculine nominative plural)
rouðoi (masculine nominative plural)
rouðās (feminine nominative plural)
rouðā (neuter nominative plural)
rouðōs (masculine plural vocative)
rouðoi (masculine plural vocative)
rouðās (feminine plural vocative)
rouðā (neuter plural vocative)
rouðons (accusative masculine plural)
rouðans (accusative feminine plural)
rouðā (accusative neuter plural)
rouðom (genitive masculine plural)
rouðāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
rouðom (genitive neuter plural)
rouðois (dative masculine plural)
rouðais (dative feminine plural)
rouðois (dative neuter plural)
rouðois (ablative masculine plural)
rouðais (ablative feminine plural)
rouðois (ablative neuter plural)
rouðois (locative masculine plural)
rouðais (feminine locative plural)
rouðois (locative neuter plural)

desc

Latin: rōbus (with irregular (dialectal?) ō)

Osco-Umbrian:

Umbrian: rofu (acc. pl. m.), rofa (acc. pl. f.)

→ Latin: rūfus (Osco-Umbrian loan due to -f-)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰ-ós, from *h₁rewdʰ-.


ongʷō

ongʷō (active first-person indicative present singular)
ongʷōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
ongʷes (active indicative present second-person singular)
ongʷezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ongʷet (active indicative present singular third-person)
ongʷetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
ongʷomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
ongʷomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
ongʷetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
ongʷem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
ongʷont (active indicative plural present third-person)
ongʷontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ongʷām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ongʷār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ongʷās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ongʷāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ongʷād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ongʷātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ongʷāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ongʷāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ongʷātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ongʷām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ongʷānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ongʷāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
onksom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
onkses (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
onksed (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
onksome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
onksete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
onksond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ongʷe (active imperative present second-person singular)
ongʷezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
ongʷete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
ongʷetōd (active future imperative)
ongʷents (present)
onktos (past)
onktum (tu-derivative)
ongʷezi (s-derivative)

Latin: ungō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌌𐌕𐌖 (umtu, imperative 3sg.)

From 'Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ-e-ti, a simple thematic present to *h₃engʷ- (“to smear, anoint”).


ongʷn̥

ongʷn̥ (nominative singular)
ongʷenā (nominative plural)
ongʷn̥ (singular vocative)
ongʷenā (plural vocative)
ongʷn̥ (accusative singular)
ongʷenā (accusative plural)
ongʷenes (genitive singular)
ongʷenos (genitive singular)
ongʷenom (genitive plural)
ongʷenei (dative singular)
ongʷenβos (dative plural)
ongʷeni? ongʷene? (ablative singular)
ongʷenβos (ablative plural)
ongʷeni? ongʷene? (locative singular)
ongʷenβos (locative plural)

Latin: unguen

Osco-Umbrian:

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌍 (umen, acc. sg.), 𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄 (umne, abl. sg.)

→⇒ Latin: ōmentum (derived from an Osco-Umbrian borrowing)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat”).


n̥βris

n̥βris (nominative singular)
n̥βrēs (nominative plural)
n̥βris (singular vocative)
n̥βrēs (plural vocative)
n̥βrim (accusative singular)
n̥βrins (accusative plural)
n̥βreis (genitive singular)
n̥βrjom (genitive plural)
n̥βrei (dative singular)
n̥βriβos (dative plural)
n̥βrīd (ablative singular)
n̥βriβos (ablative plural)
n̥βrei (locative singular)
n̥βriβos (locative plural)

Latin: imber

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌚𐌓𐌝𐌔𐌔 (anafríss, “rain gods”)


louðortāts

louðortāts (nominative singular)
louðortātes (nominative plural)
louðortāts (singular vocative)
louðortātes (plural vocative)
louðortātem (accusative singular)
louðortātens (accusative plural)
louðortātes (genitive singular)
louðortātos (genitive singular)
louðortātom (genitive plural)
louðortātei (dative singular)
louðortātβos (dative plural)
louðortāti? louðortāte? (ablative singular)
louðortātβos (ablative plural)
louðortāti? louðortāte? (locative singular)
louðortātβos (locative plural)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌏 (loifirtato)

Old Latin: loebertās

Latin: lībertās (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰ-or-teh₂-t-s, itself derived from *h₁lewdʰ- (“people”), equivalent to *louðeros + *-tāts.


fworis

fworis (nominative singular)
fworēs (nominative plural)
fworis (singular vocative)
fworēs (plural vocative)
fworim (accusative singular)
fworins (accusative plural)
fworeis (genitive singular)
fworjom (genitive plural)
fworei (dative singular)
fworiβos (dative plural)
fworīd (ablative singular)
fworiβos (ablative plural)
fworei (locative singular)
fworiβos (locative plural)

Latin: foris

From earlier *θworis, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwṓr.


neɣʷrō

neɣʷrō (nominative singular)
neɣʷrōnes (nominative plural)
neɣʷrō (singular vocative)
neɣʷrōnes (plural vocative)
neɣʷrōnem (accusative singular)
neɣʷrōnens (accusative plural)
neɣʷrōnes (genitive singular)
neɣʷrōnos (genitive singular)
neɣʷrōnom (genitive plural)
neɣʷrōnei (dative singular)
neɣʷrōnβos (dative plural)
neɣʷrōni? neɣʷrōne? (ablative singular)
neɣʷrōnβos (ablative plural)
neɣʷrōni? neɣʷrōne? (locative singular)
neɣʷrōnβos (locative plural)

Latin:

Lanuvium: nebrundinēs pl

Praeneste: nefrōnēs pl


dikjō

dikjō (nominative singular)
dikīnes (nominative plural)
dikjō (singular vocative)
dikīnes (plural vocative)
dikīnem (accusative singular)
dikīnens (accusative plural)
dikīnes (genitive singular)
dikīnos (genitive singular)
dikīnom (genitive plural)
dikīnei (dative singular)
dikīnβos (dative plural)
dikīni? dikīne? (ablative singular)
dikīnβos (ablative plural)
dikīni? dikīne? (locative singular)
dikīnβos (locative plural)

Latin: diciō

From the same root as *deikō (“to say”).

𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌁𐌛𐌉𐌜𐌖

*tri-gʷu-dikjō (literally “command over three cows”)


fēzālis

head

*fēzālis (comparative *fēzāljōs, superlative *fēzālisemos)

fēzāljōs (comparative)
fēzālisemos (superlative)
fēzālis (masculine nominative singular)
fēzālis (feminine nominative singular)
fēzāle (neuter nominative singular)
fēzālis (masculine singular vocative)
fēzālis (feminine singular vocative)
fēzāle (neuter singular vocative)
fēzālim (accusative masculine singular)
fēzālim (accusative feminine singular)
fēzāle (accusative neuter singular)
fēzāleis (genitive masculine singular)
fēzāleis (feminine genitive singular)
fēzāljes (genitive neuter singular)
fēzālei (dative masculine singular)
fēzālei (dative feminine singular)
fēzālei (dative neuter singular)
fēzālīd (ablative masculine singular)
fēzālīd (ablative feminine singular)
fēzālīd (ablative neuter singular)
fēzālei (locative masculine singular)
fēzālei (feminine locative singular)
fēzālei (locative neuter singular)
fēzālēs (masculine nominative plural)
fēzālēs (feminine nominative plural)
fēzāljā (neuter nominative plural)
fēzālēs (masculine plural vocative)
fēzālēs (feminine plural vocative)
fēzāljā (neuter plural vocative)
fēzālins (accusative masculine plural)
fēzālins (accusative feminine plural)
fēzāljā (accusative neuter plural)
fēzāljom (genitive masculine plural)
fēzāljom (feminine genitive plural)
fēzāljom (genitive neuter plural)
fēzāliβos (dative masculine plural)
fēzāliβos (dative feminine plural)
fēzāliβos (dative neuter plural)
fēzāliβos (ablative masculine plural)
fēzāliβos (ablative feminine plural)
fēzāliβos (ablative neuter plural)
fēzāliβos (locative masculine plural)
fēzāliβos (feminine locative plural)
fēzāliβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: fērālis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁s-eh₂-li-s, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁s.


semalis

*semalis (comparative *semaljōs, superlative *semalisemos)

semaljōs (comparative)
semalisemos (superlative)
semalis (masculine nominative singular)
semalis (feminine nominative singular)
semale (neuter nominative singular)
semalis (masculine singular vocative)
semalis (feminine singular vocative)
semale (neuter singular vocative)
semalim (accusative masculine singular)
semalim (accusative feminine singular)
semale (accusative neuter singular)
semaleis (genitive masculine singular)
semaleis (feminine genitive singular)
semaljes (genitive neuter singular)
semalei (dative masculine singular)
semalei (dative feminine singular)
semalei (dative neuter singular)
semalīd (ablative masculine singular)
semalīd (ablative feminine singular)
semalīd (ablative neuter singular)
semalei (locative masculine singular)
semalei (feminine locative singular)
semalei (locative neuter singular)
semalēs (masculine nominative plural)
semalēs (feminine nominative plural)
semaljā (neuter nominative plural)
semalēs (masculine plural vocative)
semalēs (feminine plural vocative)
semaljā (neuter plural vocative)
semalins (accusative masculine plural)
semalins (accusative feminine plural)
semaljā (accusative neuter plural)
semaljom (genitive masculine plural)
semaljom (feminine genitive plural)
semaljom (genitive neuter plural)
semaliβos (dative masculine plural)
semaliβos (dative feminine plural)
semaliβos (dative neuter plural)
semaliβos (ablative masculine plural)
semaliβos (ablative feminine plural)
semaliβos (ablative neuter plural)
semaliβos (locative masculine plural)
semaliβos (feminine locative plural)
semaliβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₂-lo-, from *sem- (“together, one”).


arðōs

arðōs (nominative singular)
arðōzes (nominative plural)
arðōs (singular vocative)
arðōzes (plural vocative)
arðōzem (accusative singular)
arðōzens (accusative plural)
arðōzes (genitive singular)
arðōzos (genitive singular)
arðōzom (genitive plural)
arðōzei (dative singular)
arðōzβos (dative plural)
arðōzi? arðōze? (ablative singular)
arðōzβos (ablative plural)
arðōzi? arðōze? (locative singular)
arðōzβos (locative plural)

Latin: arbor (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“high; to grow”).


aljos

aljos (masculine nominative singular)
aljā (feminine nominative singular)
aljom (neuter nominative singular)
alje (masculine singular vocative)
alja (feminine singular vocative)
aljom (neuter singular vocative)
aljom (accusative masculine singular)
aljam (accusative feminine singular)
aljom (accusative neuter singular)
aljosjo (genitive masculine singular)
aljī (genitive masculine singular)
aljās (feminine genitive singular)
aljosjo (genitive neuter singular)
aljī (genitive neuter singular)
aljōi (dative masculine singular)
aljāi (dative feminine singular)
aljōi (dative neuter singular)
aljōd (ablative masculine singular)
aljād (ablative feminine singular)
aljōd (ablative neuter singular)
aljei (locative masculine singular)
aljāi (feminine locative singular)
aljei (locative neuter singular)
aljōs (masculine nominative plural)
aljoi (masculine nominative plural)
aljās (feminine nominative plural)
aljā (neuter nominative plural)
aljōs (masculine plural vocative)
aljoi (masculine plural vocative)
aljās (feminine plural vocative)
aljā (neuter plural vocative)
aljons (accusative masculine plural)
aljans (accusative feminine plural)
aljā (accusative neuter plural)
aljom (genitive masculine plural)
aljāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
aljom (genitive neuter plural)
aljois (dative masculine plural)
aljais (dative feminine plural)
aljois (dative neuter plural)
aljois (ablative masculine plural)
aljais (ablative feminine plural)
aljois (ablative neuter plural)
aljois (locative masculine plural)
aljais (feminine locative plural)
aljois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: alius (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

South Picene: alies (gen. sg. m/n)

Umbrian: arsir


piskis

piskis (nominative singular)
piskēs (nominative plural)
piskis (singular vocative)
piskēs (plural vocative)
piskim (accusative singular)
piskins (accusative plural)
piskeis (genitive singular)
piskjom (genitive plural)
piskei (dative singular)
piskiβos (dative plural)
piskīd (ablative singular)
piskiβos (ablative plural)
piskei (locative singular)
piskiβos (locative plural)

Latin: piscis (see there for further descendants)


frūks

frūks (nominative singular)
frūges (nominative plural)
frūks (singular vocative)
frūges (plural vocative)
frūgem (accusative singular)
frūgens (accusative plural)
frūges (genitive singular)
frūgos (genitive singular)
frūgom (genitive plural)
frūgei (dative singular)
frūgβos (dative plural)
frūgi? frūge? (ablative singular)
frūgβos (ablative plural)
frūgi? frūge? (locative singular)
frūgβos (locative plural)

Latin: frūx

Umbrian: frif (acc.pl)


sūs

sūs (nominative singular)
suwes (nominative plural)
sūs (singular vocative)
suwes (plural vocative)
sūm (accusative singular)
sūns (accusative plural)
suwes (genitive singular)
suwos (genitive singular)
suwom (genitive plural)
suwei (dative singular)
sūβos (dative plural)
suwi? suwe? (ablative singular)
sūβos (ablative plural)
suwi? suwe? (locative singular)
sūβos (locative plural)

Latin: sūs (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌉𐌌 (sim, acc. sg), 𐌔𐌉𐌚 (sif, acc. pl)


-plos

-plos (masculine nominative singular)
-plā (feminine nominative singular)
-plom (neuter nominative singular)
-ple (masculine singular vocative)
-pla (feminine singular vocative)
-plom (neuter singular vocative)
-plom (accusative masculine singular)
-plam (accusative feminine singular)
-plom (accusative neuter singular)
-plosjo (genitive masculine singular)
-plī (genitive masculine singular)
-plās (feminine genitive singular)
-plosjo (genitive neuter singular)
-plī (genitive neuter singular)
-plōi (dative masculine singular)
-plāi (dative feminine singular)
-plōi (dative neuter singular)
-plōd (ablative masculine singular)
-plād (ablative feminine singular)
-plōd (ablative neuter singular)
-plei (locative masculine singular)
-plāi (feminine locative singular)
-plei (locative neuter singular)
-plōs (masculine nominative plural)
-ploi (masculine nominative plural)
-plās (feminine nominative plural)
-plā (neuter nominative plural)
-plōs (masculine plural vocative)
-ploi (masculine plural vocative)
-plās (feminine plural vocative)
-plā (neuter plural vocative)
-plons (accusative masculine plural)
-plans (accusative feminine plural)
-plā (accusative neuter plural)
-plom (genitive masculine plural)
-plāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
-plom (genitive neuter plural)
-plois (dative masculine plural)
-plais (dative feminine plural)
-plois (dative neuter plural)
-plois (ablative masculine plural)
-plais (ablative feminine plural)
-plois (ablative neuter plural)
-plois (locative masculine plural)
-plais (feminine locative plural)
-plois (locative neuter plural)

From a root shaped like Proto-Indo-European *pel- of uncertain identity. Traces of a -pl- multiplier suffix is present in Anatolian, Greek, Germanic and Celtic.

forms multiplier adjectives from prefixed numerals


anɣʷis

anɣʷis (nominative singular)
anɣʷēs (nominative plural)
anɣʷis (singular vocative)
anɣʷēs (plural vocative)
anɣʷim (accusative singular)
anɣʷins (accusative plural)
anɣʷeis (genitive singular)
anɣʷjom (genitive plural)
anɣʷei (dative singular)
anɣʷiβos (dative plural)
anɣʷīd (ablative singular)
anɣʷiβos (ablative plural)
anɣʷei (locative singular)
anɣʷiβos (locative plural)

Latin: anguis (see there for further descendants)


pezdis

pezdis (nominative singular)
pezdēs (nominative plural)
pezdis (singular vocative)
pezdēs (plural vocative)
pezdim (accusative singular)
pezdins (accusative plural)
pezdeis (genitive singular)
pezdjom (genitive plural)
pezdei (dative singular)
pezdiβos (dative plural)
pezdīd (ablative singular)
pezdiβos (ablative plural)
pezdei (locative singular)
pezdiβos (locative plural)

Latin: pēdis

From Proto-Indo-European pesd- (“annoying insect”).


wormis

wormis (nominative singular)
wormēs (nominative plural)
wormis (singular vocative)
wormēs (plural vocative)
wormim (accusative singular)
wormins (accusative plural)
wormeis (genitive singular)
wormjom (genitive plural)
wormei (dative singular)
wormiβos (dative plural)
wormīd (ablative singular)
wormiβos (ablative plural)
wormei (locative singular)
wormiβos (locative plural)

Latin: vermis (see there for further descendants)


anɣustos

anɣustos (masculine nominative singular)
anɣustā (feminine nominative singular)
anɣustom (neuter nominative singular)
anɣuste (masculine singular vocative)
anɣusta (feminine singular vocative)
anɣustom (neuter singular vocative)
anɣustom (accusative masculine singular)
anɣustam (accusative feminine singular)
anɣustom (accusative neuter singular)
anɣustosjo (genitive masculine singular)
anɣustī (genitive masculine singular)
anɣustās (feminine genitive singular)
anɣustosjo (genitive neuter singular)
anɣustī (genitive neuter singular)
anɣustōi (dative masculine singular)
anɣustāi (dative feminine singular)
anɣustōi (dative neuter singular)
anɣustōd (ablative masculine singular)
anɣustād (ablative feminine singular)
anɣustōd (ablative neuter singular)
anɣustei (locative masculine singular)
anɣustāi (feminine locative singular)
anɣustei (locative neuter singular)
anɣustōs (masculine nominative plural)
anɣustoi (masculine nominative plural)
anɣustās (feminine nominative plural)
anɣustā (neuter nominative plural)
anɣustōs (masculine plural vocative)
anɣustoi (masculine plural vocative)
anɣustās (feminine plural vocative)
anɣustā (neuter plural vocative)
anɣustons (accusative masculine plural)
anɣustans (accusative feminine plural)
anɣustā (accusative neuter plural)
anɣustom (genitive masculine plural)
anɣustāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
anɣustom (genitive neuter plural)
anɣustois (dative masculine plural)
anɣustais (dative feminine plural)
anɣustois (dative neuter plural)
anɣustois (ablative masculine plural)
anɣustais (ablative feminine plural)
anɣustois (ablative neuter plural)
anɣustois (locative masculine plural)
anɣustais (feminine locative plural)
anɣustois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: angustus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ-us-t-, from *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow, tight”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *angustiz.


pelpā

pelpā (nominative singular)
pelpās (nominative plural)
pelpa (singular vocative)
pelpās (plural vocative)
pelpam (accusative singular)
pelpans (accusative plural)
pelpās (genitive singular)
pelpāzom (genitive plural)
pelpāi (dative singular)
pelpais (dative plural)
pelpād (ablative singular)
pelpais (ablative plural)
pelpāi (locative singular)
pelpais (locative plural)

Latin: pulpa (see there for further descendants)


sēmən

sēmən (nominative singular)
sēmenā (nominative plural)
sēmən (singular vocative)
sēmenā (plural vocative)
sēmən (accusative singular)
sēmenā (accusative plural)
sēmenes (genitive singular)
sēmenos (genitive singular)
sēmenom (genitive plural)
sēmenei (dative singular)
sēmenβos (dative plural)
sēmeni? sēmene? (ablative singular)
sēmenβos (ablative plural)
sēmeni? sēmene? (locative singular)
sēmenβos (locative plural)

Latin: sēmen (see there for further descendants)


wrādīks

wrādīks (nominative singular)
wrādīkes (nominative plural)
wrādīks (singular vocative)
wrādīkes (plural vocative)
wrādīkem (accusative singular)
wrādīkens (accusative plural)
wrādīkes (genitive singular)
wrādīkos (genitive singular)
wrādīkom (genitive plural)
wrādīkei (dative singular)
wrādīkβos (dative plural)
wrādīki? wrādīke? (ablative singular)
wrādīkβos (ablative plural)
wrādīki? wrādīke? (locative singular)
wrādīkβos (locative plural)

Latin: rādīx (see there for further descendants)


grāmen

grāmen (nominative singular)
grāmenes (nominative plural)
grāmen (singular vocative)
grāmenes (plural vocative)
grāmenem (accusative singular)
grāmenens (accusative plural)
grāmenes (genitive singular)
grāmenos (genitive singular)
grāmenom (genitive plural)
grāmenei (dative singular)
grāmenβos (dative plural)
grāmeni? grāmene? (ablative singular)
grāmenβos (ablative plural)
grāmeni? grāmene? (locative singular)
grāmenβos (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”).


termn̥

termn̥ (nominative singular)
termenā (nominative plural)
termn̥ (singular vocative)
termenā (plural vocative)
termn̥ (accusative singular)
termenā (accusative plural)
termenes (genitive singular)
termenos (genitive singular)
termenom (genitive plural)
termenei (dative singular)
termenβos (dative plural)
termeni? termene? (ablative singular)
termenβos (ablative plural)
termeni? termene? (locative singular)
termenβos (locative plural)

Latin: termen

desc

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌌𐌍𐌝𐌔𐌔 (teremníss, dat./abl. pl.)


pelnis

pelnis (nominative singular)
pelnēs (nominative plural)
pelnis (singular vocative)
pelnēs (plural vocative)
pelnim (accusative singular)
pelnins (accusative plural)
pelneis (genitive singular)
pelnjom (genitive plural)
pelnei (dative singular)
pelniβos (dative plural)
pelnīd (ablative singular)
pelniβos (ablative plural)
pelnei (locative singular)
pelniβos (locative plural)

Latin: pellis

From Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni-s, from *pel- (“skin”).


korteks

korteks (nominative singular)
kortekes (nominative plural)
korteks (singular vocative)
kortekes (plural vocative)
kortekem (accusative singular)
kortekens (accusative plural)
kortekes (genitive singular)
kortekos (genitive singular)
kortekom (genitive plural)
kortekei (dative singular)
kortekβos (dative plural)
korteki? korteke? (ablative singular)
kortekβos (ablative plural)
korteki? korteke? (locative singular)
kortekβos (locative plural)

Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kort-ek-s, an enlargement of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


ōwom

ōwom (nominative singular)
ōwā (nominative plural)
ōwom (singular vocative)
ōwā (plural vocative)
ōwom (accusative singular)
ōwā (accusative plural)
ōwosjo (genitive singular)
ōwī (genitive singular)
ōwom (genitive plural)
ōwōi (dative singular)
ōwois (dative plural)
ōwōd (ablative singular)
ōwois (ablative plural)
ōwei (locative singular)
ōwois (locative plural)

Latin: ōvum (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *ōwjom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


kornū

kornu (kornū?) (nominative singular)
kornwā (nominative plural)
kornūā? (nominative plural)
kornu (kornū?) (singular vocative)
kornwā (plural vocative)
kornūā? (plural vocative)
kornu (kornū?) (accusative singular)
kornwā (accusative plural)
kornūā? (accusative plural)
kornous (genitive singular)
kornwos (genitive singular)
kornwom (kornowom?) (genitive plural)
kornowei (dative singular)
kornuβos (dative plural)
kornūd (ablative singular)
kornuβos (ablative plural)
kornou? (locative singular)
kornuβos (locative plural)

Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱorh₂u, *ḱr̥h₂-no-s, both from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”).


kaudā

kaudā (nominative singular)
kaudās (nominative plural)
kauda (singular vocative)
kaudās (plural vocative)
kaudam (accusative singular)
kaudans (accusative plural)
kaudās (genitive singular)
kaudāzom (genitive plural)
kaudāi (dative singular)
kaudais (dative plural)
kaudād (ablative singular)
kaudais (ablative plural)
kaudāi (locative singular)
kaudais (locative plural)

Latin: cauda (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂u-d-eh₂ (“cleaved, separate”), from *keh₂w-.


waðemōniom

waðemōniom (nominative singular)
waðemōniā (nominative plural)
waðemōniom (singular vocative)
waðemōniā (plural vocative)
waðemōniom (accusative singular)
waðemōniā (accusative plural)
waðemōniosjo (genitive singular)
waðemōniī (genitive singular)
waðemōniom (genitive plural)
waðemōniōi (dative singular)
waðemōniois (dative plural)
waðemōniōd (ablative singular)
waðemōniois (ablative plural)
waðemōniei (locative singular)
waðemōniois (locative plural)

Latin: vadimōnium

Oscan: 𐌅𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌌 (vaamunim)


kriznis

kriznis (nominative singular)
kriznēs (nominative plural)
kriznis (singular vocative)
kriznēs (plural vocative)
kriznim (accusative singular)
kriznins (accusative plural)
krizneis (genitive singular)
kriznjom (genitive plural)
kriznei (dative singular)
krizniβos (dative plural)
kriznīd (ablative singular)
krizniβos (ablative plural)
kriznei (locative singular)
krizniβos (locative plural)

Latin: crīnis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


sangwens

sangwens (nominative singular)
sangwenes (nominative plural)
sangwens (singular vocative)
sangwenes (plural vocative)
sangwenem (accusative singular)
sangwenens (accusative plural)
sangwenes (genitive singular)
sangwenos (genitive singular)
sangwenom (genitive plural)
sangwenei (dative singular)
sangwenβos (dative plural)
sangweni? sangwene? (ablative singular)
sangwenβos (ablative plural)
sangweni? sangwene? (locative singular)
sangwenβos (locative plural)

Latin: sanguis (see there for further descendants)

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁sh₂-én-.


kerweiks

Latin: cervix

Traditionally thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂weyk-s, a compound of *ḱerh₂- and the root noun of *weyk-, literally "where the head turns." But there is no Italic cognates outside of Latin have been supplied, and per De Vaan, this etymology "is semantically very doubtful".


-diks

-diks (nominative singular)
-dikes (nominative plural)
-diks (singular vocative)
-dikes (plural vocative)
-dikem (accusative singular)
-dikens (accusative plural)
-dikes (genitive singular)
-dikos (genitive singular)
-dikom (genitive plural)
-dikei (dative singular)
-dikβos (dative plural)
-diki? -dike? (ablative singular)
-dikβos (ablative plural)
-diki? -dike? (locative singular)
-dikβos (locative plural)

Zero-grade compounding root noun formation from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show”).

Forms nouns indicating entities that dictate or point to things.


-elos

head

*-elos m (feminine *-elā, neuter *-elom)

-elā (feminine)
-elom (neuter)
-elos (nominative singular)
-elōs (nominative plural)
-eloi (nominative plural)
-ele (singular vocative)
-elōs (plural vocative)
-eloi (plural vocative)
-elom (accusative singular)
-elons (accusative plural)
-elosjo (genitive singular)
-elī (genitive singular)
-elom (genitive plural)
-elōi (dative singular)
-elois (dative plural)
-elōd (ablative singular)
-elois (ablative plural)
-elei (locative singular)
-elois (locative plural)

Latin: -ulus, -lus

Faliscan: -𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌔 (-elos)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-elós, thematized from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.


e(s)peso

Latin: ipse (see there for further descendants)

A compound pronoun from *h₁e + *só. Joining the two pronominal elements is either a particle *-pe (according to De Vaan) or a secondary epenthetic -p- that originally arose when -m-final endings of the first element came into contact with the initial *s of the second element.

𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌖𐌚

*e(s)pesō (with individualizing suffix *-ō)


wre-

Latin: re- (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌓𐌄- (re-)

wre- + *weidsō (“to look at, go see”) → *wreweidsō (“to check, revisit”)


kʷiskʷis

kʷidkʷid (neuter)
kʷiskʷis (masculine nominative singular)
kʷiskʷis (feminine nominative singular)
kʷidkʷid (neuter nominative singular)
kʷimkʷim (accusative masculine singular)
kʷimkʷim (accusative feminine singular)
kʷidkʷid (accusative neuter singular)
kʷēskʷēs (masculine nominative plural)
kʷēskʷēs (feminine nominative plural)
kʷīkʷī (neuter nominative plural)
kʷiakʷia (neuter nominative plural)
kʷinskʷins (accusative masculine plural)
kʷinskʷins (accusative feminine plural)
kʷīkʷī (accusative neuter plural)
kʷiakʷia (accusative neuter plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (dative masculine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (dative feminine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (dative neuter plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (ablative masculine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (ablative feminine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (ablative neuter plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (locative masculine plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (feminine locative plural)
kʷiβoskʷiβos (locative neuter plural)

Latin: quisquis

Sabellic:

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pispis, nom. sg.), poizepid (loc. sg. n.)

South Picene: 𐌐𐌉𐌌𐌐𐌝𐌇 (pimpíh, acc. sg.)


krās

Faliscan: 𐌂𐌓𐌀 (cra)

Latin: crās

Uncertain. De Vaan entertains a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head”), requiring a semantic evolution "of heads" → "at the front" → "tomorrow".


rektos

rektos (masculine nominative singular)
rektā (feminine nominative singular)
rektom (neuter nominative singular)
rekte (masculine singular vocative)
rekta (feminine singular vocative)
rektom (neuter singular vocative)
rektom (accusative masculine singular)
rektam (accusative feminine singular)
rektom (accusative neuter singular)
rektosjo (genitive masculine singular)
rektī (genitive masculine singular)
rektās (feminine genitive singular)
rektosjo (genitive neuter singular)
rektī (genitive neuter singular)
rektōi (dative masculine singular)
rektāi (dative feminine singular)
rektōi (dative neuter singular)
rektōd (ablative masculine singular)
rektād (ablative feminine singular)
rektōd (ablative neuter singular)
rektei (locative masculine singular)
rektāi (feminine locative singular)
rektei (locative neuter singular)
rektōs (masculine nominative plural)
rektoi (masculine nominative plural)
rektās (feminine nominative plural)
rektā (neuter nominative plural)
rektōs (masculine plural vocative)
rektoi (masculine plural vocative)
rektās (feminine plural vocative)
rektā (neuter plural vocative)
rektons (accusative masculine plural)
rektans (accusative feminine plural)
rektā (accusative neuter plural)
rektom (genitive masculine plural)
rektāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
rektom (genitive neuter plural)
rektois (dative masculine plural)
rektais (dative feminine plural)
rektois (dative neuter plural)
rektois (ablative masculine plural)
rektais (ablative feminine plural)
rektois (ablative neuter plural)
rektois (locative masculine plural)
rektais (feminine locative plural)
rektois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: rēctus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵtós, but since the e-grade and not the zero grade appears here, this participle might be a later invention to the e-grade present stem.


arawos

arawos (masculine nominative singular)
arawā (feminine nominative singular)
arawom (neuter nominative singular)
arawe (masculine singular vocative)
arawa (feminine singular vocative)
arawom (neuter singular vocative)
arawom (accusative masculine singular)
arawam (accusative feminine singular)
arawom (accusative neuter singular)
arawosjo (genitive masculine singular)
arawī (genitive masculine singular)
arawās (feminine genitive singular)
arawosjo (genitive neuter singular)
arawī (genitive neuter singular)
arawōi (dative masculine singular)
arawāi (dative feminine singular)
arawōi (dative neuter singular)
arawōd (ablative masculine singular)
arawād (ablative feminine singular)
arawōd (ablative neuter singular)
arawei (locative masculine singular)
arawāi (feminine locative singular)
arawei (locative neuter singular)
arawōs (masculine nominative plural)
arawoi (masculine nominative plural)
arawās (feminine nominative plural)
arawā (neuter nominative plural)
arawōs (masculine plural vocative)
arawoi (masculine plural vocative)
arawās (feminine plural vocative)
arawā (neuter plural vocative)
arawons (accusative masculine plural)
arawans (accusative feminine plural)
arawā (accusative neuter plural)
arawom (genitive masculine plural)
arawāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
arawom (genitive neuter plural)
arawois (dative masculine plural)
arawais (dative feminine plural)
arawois (dative neuter plural)
arawois (ablative masculine plural)
arawais (ablative feminine plural)
arawois (ablative neuter plural)
arawois (locative masculine plural)
arawais (feminine locative plural)
arawois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: arvus

acc. sg. with postposed <i class="Ital mention" lang="xum">𐌄𐌍</i> (en)

loc. sg. with postposed <i class="Ital mention" lang="xum">𐌄𐌍</i> (en)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌓𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌍 f (arvamen, acc. sg. with postposed 𐌄𐌍 (en)), 𐌀𐌓𐌅𐌄𐌍 f (arven, loc. sg. with postposed 𐌄𐌍 (en))

From *araō (“to plough”) + *-wos (adjective-forming suffix), ultimately from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”).


eteros

eteros (masculine nominative singular)
eterā (feminine nominative singular)
eterom (neuter nominative singular)
etere (masculine singular vocative)
etera (feminine singular vocative)
eterom (neuter singular vocative)
eterom (accusative masculine singular)
eteram (accusative feminine singular)
eterom (accusative neuter singular)
eterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
eterī (genitive masculine singular)
eterās (feminine genitive singular)
eterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
eterī (genitive neuter singular)
eterōi (dative masculine singular)
eterāi (dative feminine singular)
eterōi (dative neuter singular)
eterōd (ablative masculine singular)
eterād (ablative feminine singular)
eterōd (ablative neuter singular)
eterei (locative masculine singular)
eterāi (feminine locative singular)
eterei (locative neuter singular)
eterōs (masculine nominative plural)
eteroi (masculine nominative plural)
eterās (feminine nominative plural)
eterā (neuter nominative plural)
eterōs (masculine plural vocative)
eteroi (masculine plural vocative)
eterās (feminine plural vocative)
eterā (neuter plural vocative)
eterons (accusative masculine plural)
eterans (accusative feminine plural)
eterā (accusative neuter plural)
eterom (genitive masculine plural)
eterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
eterom (genitive neuter plural)
eterois (dative masculine plural)
eterais (dative feminine plural)
eterois (dative neuter plural)
eterois (ablative masculine plural)
eterais (ablative feminine plural)
eterois (ablative neuter plural)
eterois (locative masculine plural)
eterais (feminine locative plural)
eterois (locative neuter plural)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌌𐌀 (etrama, acc. sg. f. with postposed *ad), 𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌄 (etre, loc. sg. m/n), 𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌚 (etraf, acc. pl. f.), 𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌔 (etres, abl. pl. m/n), etru (abl. sg. m.)

From *h₁e- (pronominal element) + *-teros (constrastive adjective suffix).


wāss

wāss (nominative singular)
wāssā (nominative plural)
wāss (singular vocative)
wāssā (plural vocative)
wāss (accusative singular)
wāssā (accusative plural)
wāsses (genitive singular)
wāssos (genitive singular)
wāssom (genitive plural)
wāssei (dative singular)
wāssβos (dative plural)
wāssi? wāsse? (ablative singular)
wāssβos (ablative plural)
wāssi? wāsse? (locative singular)
wāssβos (locative plural)

Latin: vās (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌀𐌔𐌖𐌔 (vasus, abl. pl.), uasor (nom. pl.), uaso (acc. pl.)


wreweidsō

wreweidsō (active first-person indicative present singular)
wreweidsōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
wreweidses (active indicative present second-person singular)
wreweidsezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
wreweidset (active indicative present singular third-person)
wreweidsetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
wreweidsomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
wreweidsomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
wreweidsetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
wreweidsem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
wreweidsont (active indicative plural present third-person)
wreweidsontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
wreweidsām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
wreweidsār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
wreweidsās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
wreweidsāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
wreweidsād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
wreweidsātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
wreweidsāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
wreweidsāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
wreweidsātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
wreweidsām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
wreweidsānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
wreweidsāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
wreweidsom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
wreweidses (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
wreweidsed (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
wreweidsome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
wreweidsete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
wreweidsond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
wreweidse (active imperative present second-person singular)
wreweidsezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
wreweidsete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
wreweidsetōd (active future imperative)
wreweidsents (present)
wreweissos (past)
wreweissum (tu-derivative)
wreweidsezi (s-derivative)

Latin: revīsō (“to revisit”)

Umbrian: 𐌓𐌄𐌅𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖 (revestu, “to check”, 3sg. impv.)

From *wre- (“re-”) + *weidsō (“to look at, visit”).


komgʷənjō

komgʷənjō (active first-person indicative present singular)
komgʷənjōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
komgʷənis (active indicative present second-person singular)
komgʷənizo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
komgʷənit (active indicative present singular third-person)
komgʷənitor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
komgʷənimos (active first-person indicative plural present)
komgʷənimor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
komgʷənites (active indicative plural present second-person)
komgʷənjont (active indicative plural present third-person)
komgʷənjontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
komgʷənjām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
komgʷənjār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
komgʷənjās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
komgʷənjāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
komgʷənjād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
komgʷənjātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
komgʷənjāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
komgʷənjāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
komgʷənjātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
komgʷənjām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
komgʷənjānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
komgʷənjāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
komgʷegʷnai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
komgʷegʷnistai (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
komgʷegʷnei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
komgʷegʷnme (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
komgʷegʷne (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
komgʷegʷnēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
komgʷēnom (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
komgʷēnes (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
komgʷēned (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
komgʷenome (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
komgʷenete (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
komgʷenond (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
komgʷəni (active imperative present second-person singular)
komgʷənizo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
komgʷənite (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
komgʷənitōd (active future imperative)
komgʷənints (present)
komgʷəntos (past)
komgʷəntum (tu-derivative)
komgʷənizi (s-derivative)

Latin: conveniō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: 𐌊𐌞𐌌𐌁𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌃 (kúmbened, “it was agreed upon”, 3rd sg. perf.)

From *kom (“together”) + *gʷənjō (“to come”), literally “to come together”.


fēsios

fēsios (masculine nominative singular)
fēsiā (feminine nominative singular)
fēsiom (neuter nominative singular)
fēsie (masculine singular vocative)
fēsia (feminine singular vocative)
fēsiom (neuter singular vocative)
fēsiom (accusative masculine singular)
fēsiam (accusative feminine singular)
fēsiom (accusative neuter singular)
fēsiosjo (genitive masculine singular)
fēsiī (genitive masculine singular)
fēsiās (feminine genitive singular)
fēsiosjo (genitive neuter singular)
fēsiī (genitive neuter singular)
fēsiōi (dative masculine singular)
fēsiāi (dative feminine singular)
fēsiōi (dative neuter singular)
fēsiōd (ablative masculine singular)
fēsiād (ablative feminine singular)
fēsiōd (ablative neuter singular)
fēsiei (locative masculine singular)
fēsiāi (feminine locative singular)
fēsiei (locative neuter singular)
fēsiōs (masculine nominative plural)
fēsioi (masculine nominative plural)
fēsiās (feminine nominative plural)
fēsiā (neuter nominative plural)
fēsiōs (masculine plural vocative)
fēsioi (masculine plural vocative)
fēsiās (feminine plural vocative)
fēsiā (neuter plural vocative)
fēsions (accusative masculine plural)
fēsians (accusative feminine plural)
fēsiā (accusative neuter plural)
fēsiom (genitive masculine plural)
fēsiāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
fēsiom (genitive neuter plural)
fēsiois (dative masculine plural)
fēsiais (dative feminine plural)
fēsiois (dative neuter plural)
fēsiois (ablative masculine plural)
fēsiais (ablative feminine plural)
fēsiois (ablative neuter plural)
fēsiois (locative masculine plural)
fēsiais (feminine locative plural)
fēsiois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: fēriae (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌝𐌔𐌝𐌀𐌉𐌔 (fiísíais), 𐌚𐌉𐌉𐌔𐌉𐌉𐌔 (fiisiis), 𐌚𐌉𐌔𐌉𐌀𐌝𐌔 (fisiaís, dat.-abl. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁s-yos, from *dʰéh₁s (“god”) + *-yós (genitive adjective suffix). Formed identically to Ancient Greek θεῖος (theîos).


moweō

moweō (active first-person indicative present singular)
moweōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
mowēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
mowēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
mowēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
mowētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
mowēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
mowēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
mowētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
mowēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
moweont (active indicative plural present third-person)
moweontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
moweām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
moweār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
moweās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
moweāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
moweād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
moweātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
moweāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
moweāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
moweātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
moweām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
moweānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
moweāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
mowē (active imperative present second-person singular)
mowēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
mowēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
mowētōd (active future imperative)
mowēnts (present)
mowetos (past)
mowetum (tu-derivative)
mowēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: moveō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *mawejō, a causative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”). The root vowel -o- was taken from the aorist stem *mowa-, which would have come from the e-grade and thus not subject to Thurneysen-Havet's law for o-grade forms.


minosteros

minosteros (masculine nominative singular)
minosterā (feminine nominative singular)
minosterom (neuter nominative singular)
minostere (masculine singular vocative)
minostera (feminine singular vocative)
minosterom (neuter singular vocative)
minosterom (accusative masculine singular)
minosteram (accusative feminine singular)
minosterom (accusative neuter singular)
minosterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
minosterī (genitive masculine singular)
minosterās (feminine genitive singular)
minosterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
minosterī (genitive neuter singular)
minosterōi (dative masculine singular)
minosterāi (dative feminine singular)
minosterōi (dative neuter singular)
minosterōd (ablative masculine singular)
minosterād (ablative feminine singular)
minosterōd (ablative neuter singular)
minosterei (locative masculine singular)
minosterāi (feminine locative singular)
minosterei (locative neuter singular)
minosterōs (masculine nominative plural)
minosteroi (masculine nominative plural)
minosterās (feminine nominative plural)
minosterā (neuter nominative plural)
minosterōs (masculine plural vocative)
minosteroi (masculine plural vocative)
minosterās (feminine plural vocative)
minosterā (neuter plural vocative)
minosterons (accusative masculine plural)
minosterans (accusative feminine plural)
minosterā (accusative neuter plural)
minosterom (genitive masculine plural)
minosterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
minosterom (genitive neuter plural)
minosterois (dative masculine plural)
minosterais (dative feminine plural)
minosterois (dative neuter plural)
minosterois (ablative masculine plural)
minosterais (ablative feminine plural)
minosterois (ablative neuter plural)
minosterois (locative masculine plural)
minosterais (feminine locative plural)
minosterois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: minister (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: minstreis (gen. sg. f.)

From *minos- (“less”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix), if following De Vaan's reconstruction.


minōs

minōs (comparative masculine nominative singular)
minōs (comparative feminine nominative singular)
minos (comparative neuter nominative singular)
minōs (comparative masculine singular vocative)
minōs (comparative feminine singular vocative)
minos (comparative neuter singular vocative)
minōzem (accusative comparative masculine singular)
minōzem (accusative comparative feminine singular)
minos (accusative comparative neuter singular)
minōzes (comparative genitive masculine singular)
minōzos (comparative genitive masculine singular)
minōzes (comparative feminine genitive singular)
minōzos (comparative feminine genitive singular)
minōzes (comparative genitive neuter singular)
minōzos (comparative genitive neuter singular)
minōzei (comparative dative masculine singular)
minōzei (comparative dative feminine singular)
minōzei (comparative dative neuter singular)
minōzi? minōze? (ablative comparative masculine singular)
minōzi? minōze? (ablative comparative feminine singular)
minōzi? minōze? (ablative comparative neuter singular)
minōzi? minōze? (comparative locative masculine singular)
minōzi? minōze? (comparative feminine locative singular)
minōzi? minōze? (comparative locative neuter singular)
minōzes (comparative masculine nominative plural)
minōzes (comparative feminine nominative plural)
minōzā (comparative neuter nominative plural)
minōzes (comparative masculine plural vocative)
minōzes (comparative feminine plural vocative)
minōzā (comparative neuter plural vocative)
minōzens (accusative comparative masculine plural)
minōzens (accusative comparative feminine plural)
minōzā (accusative comparative neuter plural)
minōzom (comparative genitive masculine plural)
minōzom (comparative feminine genitive plural)
minōzom (comparative genitive neuter plural)
minōzəβos (comparative dative masculine plural)
minōzəβos (comparative dative feminine plural)
minōzəβos (comparative dative neuter plural)
minōzəβos (ablative comparative masculine plural)
minōzəβos (ablative comparative feminine plural)
minōzəβos (ablative comparative neuter plural)
minōzəβos (comparative locative masculine plural)
minōzəβos (comparative feminine locative plural)
minōzəβos (comparative locative neuter plural)

desc

Latin: minor (adjective), minus (adverb)

Oscan: mins (adverb)

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small”) + *-yōs (comparative suffix). The appearance of *min- instead of the expected *mejj- is due to influence from the related verb *minuō (“to lessen”).


minuō

minuō (active first-person indicative present singular)
minuōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
minues (active indicative present second-person singular)
minuezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
minuet (active indicative present singular third-person)
minuetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
minuomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
minuomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
minuetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
minuem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
minuont (active indicative plural present third-person)
minuontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
minuām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
minuār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
minuās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
minuāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
minuād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
minuātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
minuāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
minuāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
minuātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
minuām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
minuānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
minuāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
minue (active imperative present second-person singular)
minuezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
minuete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
minuetōd (active future imperative)
minuents (present)
minoutos (past)
minoutum (tu-derivative)
minuezi (s-derivative)

Latin: minuō

Oscan: 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌅𐌖𐌌 (menvum, infinitive)

From Proto-Indo-European *minéwti, from *mey- (“small”) + *-néwti.


deiwīnos

deiwīnos (masculine nominative singular)
deiwīnā (feminine nominative singular)
deiwīnom (neuter nominative singular)
deiwīne (masculine singular vocative)
deiwīna (feminine singular vocative)
deiwīnom (neuter singular vocative)
deiwīnom (accusative masculine singular)
deiwīnam (accusative feminine singular)
deiwīnom (accusative neuter singular)
deiwīnosjo (genitive masculine singular)
deiwīnī (genitive masculine singular)
deiwīnās (feminine genitive singular)
deiwīnosjo (genitive neuter singular)
deiwīnī (genitive neuter singular)
deiwīnōi (dative masculine singular)
deiwīnāi (dative feminine singular)
deiwīnōi (dative neuter singular)
deiwīnōd (ablative masculine singular)
deiwīnād (ablative feminine singular)
deiwīnōd (ablative neuter singular)
deiwīnei (locative masculine singular)
deiwīnāi (feminine locative singular)
deiwīnei (locative neuter singular)
deiwīnōs (masculine nominative plural)
deiwīnoi (masculine nominative plural)
deiwīnās (feminine nominative plural)
deiwīnā (neuter nominative plural)
deiwīnōs (masculine plural vocative)
deiwīnoi (masculine plural vocative)
deiwīnās (feminine plural vocative)
deiwīnā (neuter plural vocative)
deiwīnons (accusative masculine plural)
deiwīnans (accusative feminine plural)
deiwīnā (accusative neuter plural)
deiwīnom (genitive masculine plural)
deiwīnāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
deiwīnom (genitive neuter plural)
deiwīnois (dative masculine plural)
deiwīnais (dative feminine plural)
deiwīnois (dative neuter plural)
deiwīnois (ablative masculine plural)
deiwīnais (ablative feminine plural)
deiwīnois (ablative neuter plural)
deiwīnois (locative masculine plural)
deiwīnais (feminine locative plural)
deiwīnois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: dīvīnus

Oscan: 𐌃𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌉𐌔 (deivinais, abl. pl. f.)


lapets

lapets (nominative singular)
lapedes (nominative plural)
lapets (singular vocative)
lapedes (plural vocative)
lapedem (accusative singular)
lapedens (accusative plural)
lapedes (genitive singular)
lapedos (genitive singular)
lapedom (genitive plural)
lapedei (dative singular)
lapedβos (dative plural)
lapedi? lapede? (ablative singular)
lapedβos (ablative plural)
lapedi? lapede? (locative singular)
lapedβos (locative plural)

Latin: lapis

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (vapeře, loc. sg.)

Unknown. Probably from an unknown substrate language, judging by the presence of similar but phonologically non-homologous words around the Mediterranean like Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”).


leɣō

leɣō (active first-person indicative present singular)
leɣōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
leɣes (active indicative present second-person singular)
leɣezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
leɣet (active indicative present singular third-person)
leɣetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
leɣomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
leɣomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
leɣetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
leɣem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
leɣont (active indicative plural present third-person)
leɣontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
leɣām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
leɣār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
leɣās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
leɣāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
leɣād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
leɣātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
leɣāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
leɣāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
leɣātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
leɣām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
leɣānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
leɣāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
leɣe (active imperative present second-person singular)
leɣezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
leɣete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
leɣetōd (active future imperative)
leɣents (present)
lektos (past)
lektum (tu-derivative)
leɣezi (s-derivative)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌄𐌂𐌄𐌕 (lecet, 3sg. pres.)

From Proto-Indo-European *légʰeti, thematic present from the root *legʰ- (“to lie”).

lectus

*lektos (“something to lie on”) (derived from past participle)


eɣ

Latin: ex

Sabellic:

Oscan: eh, εͱ

South Picene: 𐌄 (e)

Umbrian: 𐌄 (e), ehe


jouðeō

jouðeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
jouðeōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
jouðēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
jouðēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
jouðēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
jouðētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
jouðēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
jouðēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
jouðētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
jouðēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
jouðeont (active indicative plural present third-person)
jouðeontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
jouðeām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
jouðeār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
jouðeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
jouðeāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
jouðeād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
jouðeātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
jouðeāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
jouðeāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
jouðeātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
jouðeām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
jouðeānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
jouðeāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
jouðē (active imperative present second-person singular)
jouðēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
jouðēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
jouðētōd (active future imperative)
jouðēnts (present)
jussos (past)
jussum (tu-derivative)
jouðēzi (s-derivative)

Old Latin: ioubeō

desc

Latin: iubeō (with short vowel from past participle)

Oscan: ιουfετουδ (ioufetoud)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hyowdʰ-éye-ti, from *Hyewdʰ- (“to move”) + *-éyeti (causative suffix).


Loukjos

Loukjā (feminine)
Loukjos (nominative singular)
Loukjom (accusative singular)
Loukjons (accusative plural)
Loukjom (genitive plural)
Loukjois (dative plural)
Loukjois (ablative plural)
Loukjois (locative plural)

Latin: Lūcius (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌋𐌞𐌅𐌊𐌉𐌔 (lúvkis), λωϝκις (lōwkis)

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌖𐌅𐌜𐌉𐌔 (vuvçis)

From *louks (“light”) + *-jos (relational adjective suffix).


mēns

mēns (nominative singular)
mēnses (nominative plural)
mēns (singular vocative)
mēnses (plural vocative)
mēnsem (accusative singular)
mēnsens (accusative plural)
mēnses (genitive singular)
mēnsos (genitive singular)
mēnsom (genitive plural)
mēnsei (dative singular)
mēnsβos (dative plural)
mēnsi? mēnse? (ablative singular)
mēnsβos (ablative plural)
mēnsi? mēnse? (locative singular)
mēnsβos (locative plural)

Latin: mēnsis (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Marsian: mesene (loc./abl. sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌍𐌄 (menzne, abl. sg.)


olō

olō (active first-person indicative present singular)
olōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
olas (active indicative present second-person singular)
olazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
olat (active indicative present singular third-person)
olator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
olamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
olamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
olates (active indicative plural present second-person)
olent (active indicative plural present third-person)
olentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
olām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
olār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
olās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
olāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
olād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
olātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
olāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
olāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
olātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
olānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
olāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ola (active imperative present second-person singular)
olazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
olate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
olatōd (active future imperative)
olants (present)
olatos (past)
olatus (tu-derivative)
olazi (s-derivative)

Umbrian: holtu (3sg. impv.)

Athematic verb from Proto-Indo-European *h₃elh₁- (“to destroy”).

der

verb with uncertain but destructive meaning


swonaō

swonaō (active first-person indicative present singular)
swonaōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
swonās (active indicative present second-person singular)
swonāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
swonāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
swonātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
swonāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
swonāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
swonātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
swonām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
swonaont (active indicative plural present third-person)
swonaontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
swonaēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
swonaēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
swonaēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
swonaēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
swonaēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
swonaētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
swonaēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
swonaēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
swonaētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
swonaēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
swonaēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
swonaēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
swonā (active imperative present second-person singular)
swonāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
swonāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
swonātōd (active future imperative)
swonānts (present)
swonatos (past)
swonatum (tu-derivative)
swonazi (s-derivative)

Latin: sonō (1st-conjugation verb) (see there for further descendants)

>? Umbrian: sonitu (3sg. impv.), sunitu

From Proto-Indo-European *swonh₂-éye-ti, from *swenh₂- (“to sound”) + *-éyeti (iterative suffix).


sokjos

sokjos (nominative singular)
sokjōs (nominative plural)
sokjoi (nominative plural)
sokje (singular vocative)
sokjōs (plural vocative)
sokjoi (plural vocative)
sokjom (accusative singular)
sokjons (accusative plural)
sokjosjo (genitive singular)
sokjī (genitive singular)
sokjom (genitive plural)
sokjōi (dative singular)
sokjois (dative plural)
sokjōd (ablative singular)
sokjois (ablative plural)
sokjei (locative singular)
sokjois (locative plural)

Latin: socius, socia

desc

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌏𐌂𐌉𐌀𐌉 (sociai, “female companion, girlfriend”, dat. sg. f. and voc. pl. f.)

Thematization of Proto-Indo-European *sokʷh₂ṓy (“follower”).


Seɣomō

Seɣomō (nominative singular)
Seɣomō (singular vocative)

Latin: Sēmō

Oscan: 𐌔𐌄𐌄𐌌𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌝 (seemuneí, dat. sg.)

Paelignian: semunu (gen.pl.)

Derived by Osthoff, and also coincidentally Weiss, from the root Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to take hold, overpower”).


Gnaiwos

Gnaiwos (nominative singular)
Gnaiwom (accusative singular)
Gnaiwons (accusative plural)
Gnaiwom (genitive plural)
Gnaiwois (dative plural)
Gnaiwois (ablative plural)
Gnaiwois (locative plural)

Old Latin: Gnaivos

Latin: Gnaeus

Oscan: 𐌂𐌍𐌀𐌉𐌅𐌔 (gnaivs)


Gāwjos

Gāwjos (nominative singular)
Gāwjom (accusative singular)
Gāwjons (accusative plural)
Gāwjom (genitive plural)
Gāwjois (dative plural)
Gāwjois (ablative plural)
Gāwjois (locative plural)

Latino-Faliscan:

Latin: Gāius, (archaic) Gāvius

desc

Faliscan: 𐌂𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏 (cauio, nom. sg. m.), 𐌂𐌀𐌖𐌉 (caui, gen. sg. m.), 𐌂𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌀 (cauia, nom. sg. f.)

Sabellic:

Oscan: 𐌂𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌔 (gavis), 𐌂𐌀𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌔 (gaavis)

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *geh₂w- (“to rejoice”), whence also Latin gaudeō and gaudium.


kelō

kelō (active first-person indicative present singular)
kelōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
kelas (active indicative present second-person singular)
kelazo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
kelat (active indicative present singular third-person)
kelator (indicative passive present singular third-person)
kalamos (active first-person indicative plural present)
kalamor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
kalates (active indicative plural present second-person)
kalent (active indicative plural present third-person)
kalentor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
kelām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kelār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kelās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kelāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kelād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kelātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kelāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kelāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kelātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kelānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kelāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kela (active imperative present second-person singular)
kelazo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
kelate (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
kelatōd (active future imperative)
kelants (present)
kelatos (past)
kelatus (tu-derivative)
kelazi (s-derivative)

desc

Latin: calō (finite verb), kalendae (from the gerund)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (kařetu, 3sg. impv.)

Athematic verb from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call”).


peilā

peilā (nominative singular)
peilās (nominative plural)
peila (singular vocative)
peilās (plural vocative)
peilam (accusative singular)
peilans (accusative plural)
peilās (genitive singular)
peilāzom (genitive plural)
peilāi (dative singular)
peilais (dative plural)
peilād (ablative singular)
peilais (ablative plural)
peilāi (locative singular)
peilais (locative plural)

Latin: pīla (see there for further descendants)


prō

Latin: prō (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: (contracted) 𐌐𐌓 (pr), pr., (uncontracted) pru

Innovative instrumental singular *próh₁ from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward”).


peilāō

peilāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
peilāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
peilās (active indicative present second-person singular)
peilāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
peilāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
peilātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
peilāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
peilāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
peilātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
peilām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
peilānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
peilāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
peilāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
peilāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
peilāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
peilāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
peilāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
peilāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
peilāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
peilāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
peilāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
peilāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
peilāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
peilāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
peilā (active imperative present second-person singular)
peilāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
peilāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
peilātōd (active future imperative)
peilānts (present)
peilātos (past)
peilātum (tu-derivative)
peilāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: pīlō (“to fix”) (see there for further descendants)

From *peilā (“pillar”) + *-āō (denominative verb suffix).


preiwos

preiwos (masculine nominative singular)
preiwā (feminine nominative singular)
preiwom (neuter nominative singular)
preiwe (masculine singular vocative)
preiwa (feminine singular vocative)
preiwom (neuter singular vocative)
preiwom (accusative masculine singular)
preiwam (accusative feminine singular)
preiwom (accusative neuter singular)
preiwosjo (genitive masculine singular)
preiwī (genitive masculine singular)
preiwās (feminine genitive singular)
preiwosjo (genitive neuter singular)
preiwī (genitive neuter singular)
preiwōi (dative masculine singular)
preiwāi (dative feminine singular)
preiwōi (dative neuter singular)
preiwōd (ablative masculine singular)
preiwād (ablative feminine singular)
preiwōd (ablative neuter singular)
preiwei (locative masculine singular)
preiwāi (feminine locative singular)
preiwei (locative neuter singular)
preiwōs (masculine nominative plural)
preiwoi (masculine nominative plural)
preiwās (feminine nominative plural)
preiwā (neuter nominative plural)
preiwōs (masculine plural vocative)
preiwoi (masculine plural vocative)
preiwās (feminine plural vocative)
preiwā (neuter plural vocative)
preiwons (accusative masculine plural)
preiwans (accusative feminine plural)
preiwā (accusative neuter plural)
preiwom (genitive masculine plural)
preiwāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
preiwom (genitive neuter plural)
preiwois (dative masculine plural)
preiwais (dative feminine plural)
preiwois (dative neuter plural)
preiwois (ablative masculine plural)
preiwais (ablative feminine plural)
preiwois (ablative neuter plural)
preiwois (locative masculine plural)
preiwais (feminine locative plural)
preiwois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: prīvus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌅𐌄𐌓 (prever, abl. pl. m.)

From *prei (“before”) + *-wos (adjective suffix).


porkā

porkos (nominative singular)
porkōs (nominative plural)
porkoi (nominative plural)
porke (singular vocative)
porkōs (plural vocative)
porkoi (plural vocative)
porkom (accusative singular)
porkons (accusative plural)
porkosjo (genitive singular)
porkī (genitive singular)
porkom (genitive plural)
porkōi (dative singular)
porkois (dative plural)
porkōd (ablative singular)
porkois (ablative plural)
porkei (locative singular)
porkois (locative plural)

Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌊𐌀 (purka), porca (acc. pl.)


superād

Feminine singular ablative of *superos used adverbially.


superād

Latin: suprā (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra), subra


soupos

soupos (masculine nominative singular)
soupā (feminine nominative singular)
soupom (neuter nominative singular)
soupe (masculine singular vocative)
soupa (feminine singular vocative)
soupom (neuter singular vocative)
soupom (accusative masculine singular)
soupam (accusative feminine singular)
soupom (accusative neuter singular)
souposjo (genitive masculine singular)
soupī (genitive masculine singular)
soupās (feminine genitive singular)
souposjo (genitive neuter singular)
soupī (genitive neuter singular)
soupōi (dative masculine singular)
soupāi (dative feminine singular)
soupōi (dative neuter singular)
soupōd (ablative masculine singular)
soupād (ablative feminine singular)
soupōd (ablative neuter singular)
soupei (locative masculine singular)
soupāi (feminine locative singular)
soupei (locative neuter singular)
soupōs (masculine nominative plural)
soupoi (masculine nominative plural)
soupās (feminine nominative plural)
soupā (neuter nominative plural)
soupōs (masculine plural vocative)
soupoi (masculine plural vocative)
soupās (feminine plural vocative)
soupā (neuter plural vocative)
soupons (accusative masculine plural)
soupans (accusative feminine plural)
soupā (accusative neuter plural)
soupom (genitive masculine plural)
soupāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
soupom (genitive neuter plural)
soupois (dative masculine plural)
soupais (dative feminine plural)
soupois (dative neuter plural)
soupois (ablative masculine plural)
soupais (ablative feminine plural)
soupois (ablative neuter plural)
soupois (locative masculine plural)
soupais (feminine locative plural)
soupois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: suppus (archaic)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌚 (supaf), 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌀 (supa), 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌔 (supes)

From a vṛddhi e-grade adjective *h₁éwpos from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewp-, whence also *upó and *upéri.


juwənkos

juwənkos (masculine nominative singular)
juwənkā (feminine nominative singular)
juwənkom (neuter nominative singular)
juwənke (masculine singular vocative)
juwənka (feminine singular vocative)
juwənkom (neuter singular vocative)
juwənkom (accusative masculine singular)
juwənkam (accusative feminine singular)
juwənkom (accusative neuter singular)
juwənkosjo (genitive masculine singular)
juwənkī (genitive masculine singular)
juwənkās (feminine genitive singular)
juwənkosjo (genitive neuter singular)
juwənkī (genitive neuter singular)
juwənkōi (dative masculine singular)
juwənkāi (dative feminine singular)
juwənkōi (dative neuter singular)
juwənkōd (ablative masculine singular)
juwənkād (ablative feminine singular)
juwənkōd (ablative neuter singular)
juwənkei (locative masculine singular)
juwənkāi (feminine locative singular)
juwənkei (locative neuter singular)
juwənkōs (masculine nominative plural)
juwənkoi (masculine nominative plural)
juwənkās (feminine nominative plural)
juwənkā (neuter nominative plural)
juwənkōs (masculine plural vocative)
juwənkoi (masculine plural vocative)
juwənkās (feminine plural vocative)
juwənkā (neuter plural vocative)
juwənkons (accusative masculine plural)
juwənkans (accusative feminine plural)
juwənkā (accusative neuter plural)
juwənkom (genitive masculine plural)
juwənkāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
juwənkom (genitive neuter plural)
juwənkois (dative masculine plural)
juwənkais (dative feminine plural)
juwənkois (dative neuter plural)
juwənkois (ablative masculine plural)
juwənkais (ablative feminine plural)
juwənkois (ablative neuter plural)
juwənkois (locative masculine plural)
juwənkais (feminine locative plural)
juwənkois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: iuvencus, iuvenca (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: iuengar (nom. pl. f.), 𐌉𐌅𐌄𐌊𐌀 (iveka), iuenga (acc. pl. f.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós (“young”).


-wos

Latin: -vus, -uus

araō (“to plough”) + *-wos → *arawos (“ploughable”)


medestos

medestos (masculine nominative singular)
medestā (feminine nominative singular)
medestom (neuter nominative singular)
medeste (masculine singular vocative)
medesta (feminine singular vocative)
medestom (neuter singular vocative)
medestom (accusative masculine singular)
medestam (accusative feminine singular)
medestom (accusative neuter singular)
medestosjo (genitive masculine singular)
medestī (genitive masculine singular)
medestās (feminine genitive singular)
medestosjo (genitive neuter singular)
medestī (genitive neuter singular)
medestōi (dative masculine singular)
medestāi (dative feminine singular)
medestōi (dative neuter singular)
medestōd (ablative masculine singular)
medestād (ablative feminine singular)
medestōd (ablative neuter singular)
medestei (locative masculine singular)
medestāi (feminine locative singular)
medestei (locative neuter singular)
medestōs (masculine nominative plural)
medestoi (masculine nominative plural)
medestās (feminine nominative plural)
medestā (neuter nominative plural)
medestōs (masculine plural vocative)
medestoi (masculine plural vocative)
medestās (feminine plural vocative)
medestā (neuter plural vocative)
medestons (accusative masculine plural)
medestans (accusative feminine plural)
medestā (accusative neuter plural)
medestom (genitive masculine plural)
medestāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
medestom (genitive neuter plural)
medestois (dative masculine plural)
medestais (dative feminine plural)
medestois (dative neuter plural)
medestois (ablative masculine plural)
medestais (ablative feminine plural)
medestois (ablative neuter plural)
medestois (locative masculine plural)
medestais (feminine locative plural)
medestois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: modestus (“moderate, modest”) (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: (referring to some quality of augural birds) mersto (acc. sg. m.), mersta, meersta (acc. sg. f), merstu (abl. sg. m.), merstaf, mersto (acc. pl. f.)

From *medos (“measure, judgement”) + *-tos (adjectival suffix).

af

adjective of unclear meaning, see reconstruction notes


proβwāō

proβwāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
proβwāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
proβwās (active indicative present second-person singular)
proβwāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
proβwāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
proβwātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
proβwāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
proβwāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
proβwātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
proβwām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
proβwānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
proβwāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
proβwāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
proβwāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
proβwāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
proβwāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
proβwāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
proβwāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
proβwāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
proβwāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
proβwāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
proβwāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
proβwāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
proβwāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
proβwā (active imperative present second-person singular)
proβwāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
proβwāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
proβwātōd (active future imperative)
proβwānts (present)
proβwātos (past)
proβwātum (tu-derivative)
proβwāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: probō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌄𐌃 (prúfatted, perf. 3sg.)

From *proβwos (“correct, proper”) + *-āō (factitive deadjectival suffix).