katezwā

katezwā (nominative singular)
katezwās (nominative plural)
katezwa (singular vocative)
katezwās (plural vocative)
katezwam (accusative singular)
katezwans (accusative plural)
katezwās (genitive singular)
katezwāzom (genitive plural)
katezwāi (dative singular)
katezwais (dative plural)
katezwād (ablative singular)
katezwais (ablative plural)
katezwāi (locative singular)
katezwais (locative plural)

Latin: caterva

desc

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌌𐌖 (kateramu), caterahamo (2pl. impv. passive)

A derivative of an s-stem noun *katos that also appears in Latin catēna (from *kateznā).


kleitrā

kleitrā (nominative singular)
kleitrās (nominative plural)
kleitra (singular vocative)
kleitrās (plural vocative)
kleitram (accusative singular)
kleitrans (accusative plural)
kleitrās (genitive singular)
kleitrāzom (genitive plural)
kleitrāi (dative singular)
kleitrais (dative plural)
kleitrād (ablative singular)
kleitrais (ablative plural)
kleitrāi (locative singular)
kleitrais (locative plural)

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌌 (kletram, acc. sg.), 𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌀 (kletra, abl. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”), suffixed with *-trom, and then femininized.

A type of equipment for supporting another entity sitting upon it.


-elā

-elā (nominative singular)
-elās (nominative plural)
-ela (singular vocative)
-elās (plural vocative)
-elam (accusative singular)
-elans (accusative plural)
-elās (genitive singular)
-elāzom (genitive plural)
-elāi (dative singular)
-elais (dative plural)
-elād (ablative singular)
-elais (ablative plural)
-elāi (locative singular)
-elais (locative plural)

Latin: -ula, -ella (diminutive suffixes)

arkā (“chest”) + *-elā → *arkelā (“small chest”)


okris

okris (nominative singular)
okrēs (nominative plural)
okris (singular vocative)
okrēs (plural vocative)
okrim (accusative singular)
okrins (accusative plural)
okreis (genitive singular)
okrjom (genitive plural)
okrei (dative singular)
okriβos (dative plural)
okrīd (ablative singular)
okriβos (ablative plural)
okrei (locative singular)
okriβos (locative plural)

Latin: ocris

⇒ Latin: mediocris (see there for further descendants)

Sabellic:

Marrucinian: ocres (gen. sg.)

South Picene: 𐌏𐌊𐌓𐌄𐌝 (okreí, loc. sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌓 (ukar), ocar (nom. sg.), ocrem, ocre (acc. sg.), ocrer (gen. sg.), 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌄 (ukre), ocre (dat. sg.), ocre (loc. sg.)


likēt

likēō (active first-person indicative present singular)
likēōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
likēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
likēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
likēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
likētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
likēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
likēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
likētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
likēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
likēnt (active indicative plural present third-person)
likēntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
likēām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
likēār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
likēās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
likēāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
likēād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
likēātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
likēāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
likēāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
likēātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
likēām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
likēānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
likēāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
likē (active imperative present second-person singular)
likēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
likēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
likētōd (active future imperative)
likēnts (present)
liketos (past)
liketum (tu-derivative)
likēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: licet (“to be permitted”), liceō (“to be for sale”), liceor (“to bid at an auction”)

Oscan: 𐌋𐌝𐌊𐌝𐌕𐌖𐌃 (líkítud), licitud (3sg. impv.), λεικειτ (leikeit, 3sg. pres.)

Unknown, though links to Lithuanian reikė́ti (“to need”) have been proposed.


praiteros

praiteros (masculine nominative singular)
praiterā (feminine nominative singular)
praiterom (neuter nominative singular)
praitere (masculine singular vocative)
praitera (feminine singular vocative)
praiterom (neuter singular vocative)
praiterom (accusative masculine singular)
praiteram (accusative feminine singular)
praiterom (accusative neuter singular)
praiterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
praiterī (genitive masculine singular)
praiterās (feminine genitive singular)
praiterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
praiterī (genitive neuter singular)
praiterōi (dative masculine singular)
praiterāi (dative feminine singular)
praiterōi (dative neuter singular)
praiterōd (ablative masculine singular)
praiterād (ablative feminine singular)
praiterōd (ablative neuter singular)
praiterei (locative masculine singular)
praiterāi (feminine locative singular)
praiterei (locative neuter singular)
praiterōs (masculine nominative plural)
praiteroi (masculine nominative plural)
praiterās (feminine nominative plural)
praiterā (neuter nominative plural)
praiterōs (masculine plural vocative)
praiteroi (masculine plural vocative)
praiterās (feminine plural vocative)
praiterā (neuter plural vocative)
praiterons (accusative masculine plural)
praiterans (accusative feminine plural)
praiterā (accusative neuter plural)
praiterom (genitive masculine plural)
praiterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
praiterom (genitive neuter plural)
praiterois (dative masculine plural)
praiterais (dative feminine plural)
praiterois (dative neuter plural)
praiterois (ablative masculine plural)
praiterais (ablative feminine plural)
praiterois (ablative neuter plural)
praiterois (locative masculine plural)
praiterais (feminine locative plural)
praiterois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: praeter

Umbrian: pretra (“first”, acc. pl. f.)

From *prai (“before”) + *-teros (contrastive adjective suffix).


sakrātrīks

sakrātrīks (nominative singular)
sakrātrīkes (nominative plural)
sakrātrīks (singular vocative)
sakrātrīkes (plural vocative)
sakrātrīkem (accusative singular)
sakrātrīkens (accusative plural)
sakrātrīkes (genitive singular)
sakrātrīkos (genitive singular)
sakrātrīkom (genitive plural)
sakrātrīkei (dative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (dative plural)
sakrātrīki? sakrātrīke? (ablative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (ablative plural)
sakrātrīki? sakrātrīke? (locative singular)
sakrātrīkβos (locative plural)

Marrucinian: sacracrix

Paelignian: sacaracirix

From *sakrāō (“to sanctify”) + *-trīks (female agent noun suffix).


-trīks

-tōr (masculine)
-trīks (nominative singular)
-trīkes (nominative plural)
-trīks (singular vocative)
-trīkes (plural vocative)
-trīkem (accusative singular)
-trīkens (accusative plural)
-trīkes (genitive singular)
-trīkos (genitive singular)
-trīkom (genitive plural)
-trīkei (dative singular)
-trīkβos (dative plural)
-trīki? -trīke? (ablative singular)
-trīkβos (ablative plural)
-trīki? -trīke? (locative singular)
-trīkβos (locative plural)

Latin: -trīx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: -crix

Paelignian: -cirix

From Proto-Indo-European *-trih₂ followed by an unknown additional velar suffix.

sakrāō (“to sanctify”) + *-trīks → *sakrātrīks (“priestess”)


togā

togā (nominative singular)
togās (nominative plural)
toga (singular vocative)
togās (plural vocative)
togam (accusative singular)
togans (accusative plural)
togās (genitive singular)
togāzom (genitive plural)
togāi (dative singular)
togais (dative plural)
togād (ablative singular)
togais (ablative plural)
togāi (locative singular)
togais (locative plural)

desc

Latin: toga (“toga; an article of clothing”) (see there for further descendants)

South Picene: 𐌕𐌏𐌊𐌀𐌌 (tokam, “grave (stone)”, acc. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *togéh₂, an *-éh₂ noun from the root *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


taθlā

taθlā (nominative singular)
taθlās (nominative plural)
taθla (singular vocative)
taθlās (plural vocative)
taθlam (accusative singular)
taθlans (accusative plural)
taθlās (genitive singular)
taθlāzom (genitive plural)
taθlāi (dative singular)
taθlais (dative plural)
taθlād (ablative singular)
taθlais (ablative plural)
taθlāi (locative singular)
taθlais (locative plural)

Latin: tabula (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌄 (tafle, loc. sg.)

See Latin tabula for etymological discussion.


sakrāō

sakrāō (active first-person indicative present singular)
sakrāōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
sakrās (active indicative present second-person singular)
sakrāzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
sakrāt (active indicative present singular third-person)
sakrātor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
sakrāmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
sakrāmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
sakrātes (active indicative plural present second-person)
sakrām(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
sakrānt (active indicative plural present third-person)
sakrāntor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
sakrāēm? (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sakrāēr? (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sakrāēs? (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sakrāēzo? (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sakrāēd? (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sakrāētor? (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sakrāēmos? (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sakrāēmor? (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sakrāētes? (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sakrāēm(e?)n(ai?)? (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sakrāēnd? (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sakrāēntor? (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sakrā (active imperative present second-person singular)
sakrāzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
sakrāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
sakrātōd (active future imperative)
sakrānts (present)
sakrātos (past)
sakrātum (tu-derivative)
sakrāzi (s-derivative)

Latin: sacrō (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (sakarater, 3pl.pres.pass.), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌝𐌓 (sakraitír), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌇𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌓 (sakrahiter, 3sg.pres.subj.pass.), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌚𐌉𐌓 (sakrafir, pres.pass.inf.), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌔 (sakrannas, nom.pl.f. gerund), 𐌔𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌀𐌍𐌍 (sakrann, nom.sg.f gerund)

From *sakros (“sacred”) + *-āō (deadjectival verb suffix).


komwertō

komwertō (active first-person indicative present singular)
komwertōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
komwertes (active indicative present second-person singular)
komwertezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
komwertet (active indicative present singular third-person)
komwertetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
komwertomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
komwertomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
komwertetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
komwertem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
komwertont (active indicative plural present third-person)
komwertontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
komwertām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
komwertār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
komwertās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
komwertāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
komwertād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
komwertātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
komwertāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
komwertāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
komwertātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
komwertām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
komwertānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
komwertāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
komwortai (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
komwortistai? (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
komwortei (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
komwortme? (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
komworte (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
komwortēri (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
komwerte (active imperative present second-person singular)
komwertezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
komwertete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
komwertetōd (active future imperative)
komwertents (present)
komworssos (past)
komworssum (tu-derivative)
komwertezi (s-derivative)

Latin: convertō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌖 (kuvertu, 3sg. impv.), 𐌊𐌖𐌅𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌔 (kuvurtus), couortus, courtust (3sg. fut. perf.), couortuso


nerteros

nerteros (masculine nominative singular)
nerterā (feminine nominative singular)
nerterom (neuter nominative singular)
nertere (masculine singular vocative)
nertera (feminine singular vocative)
nerterom (neuter singular vocative)
nerterom (accusative masculine singular)
nerteram (accusative feminine singular)
nerterom (accusative neuter singular)
nerterosjo (genitive masculine singular)
nerterī (genitive masculine singular)
nerterās (feminine genitive singular)
nerterosjo (genitive neuter singular)
nerterī (genitive neuter singular)
nerterōi (dative masculine singular)
nerterāi (dative feminine singular)
nerterōi (dative neuter singular)
nerterōd (ablative masculine singular)
nerterād (ablative feminine singular)
nerterōd (ablative neuter singular)
nerterei (locative masculine singular)
nerterāi (feminine locative singular)
nerterei (locative neuter singular)
nerterōs (masculine nominative plural)
nerteroi (masculine nominative plural)
nerterās (feminine nominative plural)
nerterā (neuter nominative plural)
nerterōs (masculine plural vocative)
nerteroi (masculine plural vocative)
nerterās (feminine plural vocative)
nerterā (neuter plural vocative)
nerterons (accusative masculine plural)
nerterans (accusative feminine plural)
nerterā (accusative neuter plural)
nerterom (genitive masculine plural)
nerterāzōm (feminine genitive plural)
nerterom (genitive neuter plural)
nerterois (dative masculine plural)
nerterais (dative feminine plural)
nerterois (dative neuter plural)
nerterois (ablative masculine plural)
nerterais (ablative feminine plural)
nerterois (ablative neuter plural)
nerterois (locative masculine plural)
nerterais (feminine locative plural)
nerterois (locative neuter plural)

Oscan: 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌊 (nertrak, abl. sg.)

Umbrian: nertru (abl. sg.), (with postposition) 𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌊𐌖 (netruku), nertruco

Cognate to Ancient Greek ἐνέρτερος, νέρτερος (enérteros, nérteros, “lower”), Proto-Germanic *nurþraz (“north”), Sanskrit नरक (naraka, “Hell”), and Old Armenian ներքին (nerkʻin).

cog

ἐνέρτερος, νέρτερος


fworom

fworom (nominative singular)
fworā (nominative plural)
fworom (singular vocative)
fworā (plural vocative)
fworom (accusative singular)
fworā (accusative plural)
fworosjo (genitive singular)
fworī (genitive singular)
fworom (genitive plural)
fworōi (dative singular)
fworois (dative plural)
fworōd (ablative singular)
fworois (ablative plural)
fworei (locative singular)
fworois (locative plural)

Latin: forum (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌖𐌓𐌖 (furu), furo (acc. sg.)

From earlier *θworom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwor-om (“enclosure, courtyard, i.e. something enclosed by the door, or the place outside, i.e. through the door”), from *dʰwer- (“door, gate”).
Other Indo-European thematic derivatives of this root are Old Church Slavonic дворъ (dvorŭ, “court, courtyard”), Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra, “door, gate, passage”) and Lithuanian dvãras (“estate”).


stengʷō

stengʷō (active first-person indicative present singular)
stengʷōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
stengʷes (active indicative present second-person singular)
stengʷezo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
stengʷet (active indicative present singular third-person)
stengʷetor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
stengʷomos (active first-person indicative plural present)
stengʷomor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
stengʷetes (active indicative plural present second-person)
stengʷem(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
stengʷont (active indicative plural present third-person)
stengʷontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
stengʷām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
stengʷār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
stengʷās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
stengʷāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
stengʷād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
stengʷātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
stengʷāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
stengʷāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
stengʷātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
stengʷām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
stengʷānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
stengʷāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
stengʷe (active imperative present second-person singular)
stengʷezo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
stengʷete (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
stengʷetōd (active future imperative)
stengʷents (present)
stengʷezi (s-derivative)

Latin: stinguō (see there for further descendants)

This verb is traditionally reconstructed as *stingō and derived from a root *steyg- (“to stick, sting”). The labiovelar in this word in Latin would have to be analogical to other verbs with a labiovelar like unguō and ninguit.
De Vaan, going against everyone else, derives this from Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ- (“to push”), relating this to Proto-Germanic *stinkwaną.


klāwelā

klāwelā (nominative singular)
klāwelās (nominative plural)
klāwela (singular vocative)
klāwelās (plural vocative)
klāwelam (accusative singular)
klāwelans (accusative plural)
klāwelās (genitive singular)
klāwelāzom (genitive plural)
klāwelāi (dative singular)
klāwelais (dative plural)
klāwelād (ablative singular)
klāwelais (ablative plural)
klāwelāi (locative singular)
klāwelais (locative plural)

Latin: clāvula (“graft, scion”)

desc

Umbrian: (a type of sacrificial instrument) 𐌊𐌋𐌀𐌅𐌋𐌀𐌚 (klavlaf, acc. pl.), 𐌊𐌋𐌀𐌅𐌋𐌄𐌔 (klavles, abl. pl.)

From *klāwā (feminine of *klāwos, whence Latin clāva (“club”)) + *-elā (feminine diminutive suffix).


orβetā

orβetā (nominative singular)
orβetās (nominative plural)
orβeta (singular vocative)
orβetās (plural vocative)
orβetam (accusative singular)
orβetans (accusative plural)
orβetās (genitive singular)
orβetāzom (genitive plural)
orβetāi (dative singular)
orβetais (dative plural)
orβetād (ablative singular)
orβetais (ablative plural)
orβetāi (locative singular)
orβetais (locative plural)

Latin: orbita (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌓𐌚𐌄𐌕𐌀 (urfeta)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to turn”). Two derivational pathways are equally possible, requiring different reconstructions of the Proto-Italic word:
* *orβetā would require a derivation from the past participle of an iterative verb *orbeō.
* *orβitā would require a feminine substantivization in *-ā of a *-t-extension of the i-stem *orβis that appears in Latin orbis (“circle”).
The reconstruction *orβetā is selected arbitrarily, with no opinion on the likeliness of *orβetā over *orβitā.


triðus

triðus (nominative singular)
triðowes (nominative plural)
triðus (singular vocative)
triðowes (plural vocative)
triðum (accusative singular)
triðuns (accusative plural)
triðous (genitive singular)
triðwom (genitive plural)
triðowei (dative singular)
triðuβos (dative plural)
triðūd (ablative singular)
triðuβos (ablative plural)
triðou (locative singular)
triðuβos (locative plural)

Latin: tribus (see there for further descendants)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌚𐌖 (trifu), trifo (acc. sg.), trifor (gen. sg.), 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌚𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (trefiper, abl. sg. with postposition)

See Latin tribus for etymological discussion.


trozeō

trozeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
trozeōr (first-person indicative passive present singular)
trozēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
trozēzo (indicative passive present second-person singular)
trozēt (active indicative present singular third-person)
trozētor (indicative passive present singular third-person)
trozēmos (active first-person indicative plural present)
trozēmor (first-person indicative passive plural present)
trozētes (active indicative plural present second-person)
trozēm(e?)n (indicative passive plural present second-person)
trozeont (active indicative plural present third-person)
trozeontor (indicative passive plural present third-person)
trozeām (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
trozeār (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
trozeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
trozeāzo (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
trozeād (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
trozeātor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
trozeāmos (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
trozeāmor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
trozeātes (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
trozeām(e?)n (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
trozeānd (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
trozeāntor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
trozē (active imperative present second-person singular)
trozēzo (imperative passive present second-person singular)
trozēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
2nd + 3rd sing. (future imperative plural second-person)
trozētōd (active future imperative)
trozēnts (present)
trozetos (past)
trozetum (tu-derivative)
trozēzi (s-derivative)

Latin: terreō

Umbrian: tursitu (3sg. impv.), tursituto (3pl. impv.), tursiandu (3pl. pass. subj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *tros-éye-ti, a causative made to the root *tres- (“to tremble”).