ȷ́ʰánuš

ȷ́ʰánuš (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰánuH (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰánawas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰánaw (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰánuH (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰánawas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰánum (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰánuH (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰánunš (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰánuH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyā (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰánubʰiš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰánwas (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyā (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰánaway (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyā (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰánubʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰánwas (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰánuwās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰánuHnaHam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰánāw (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰánuwaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰánušu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰánuṣ

Sanskrit: हनु (hánu)

Proto-Iranian: *jánuš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬎 (zānu)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *jánukah

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: erzink, erzing, çene

Central Kurdish: چەناگە (çenage), چەنەگە (çenege)

Southern Kurdish: چناکە (çnake)

Laki: زِنج (zinc)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫟 (znx /zanax/)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: چەناکە (čanāka), زنج (zinǰ)

Zazaki: çenge

→ Persian: چانه (čâne), (Qazwini Dialect) چکن (čakan), چک (čak, “upper/lower jaw”)

desc

Digor Ossetian: закъӕ (zak’æ), зекъӕ (zek’æ)

Iron Ossetian: зачъе (zaḱ’e)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫗𐫇𐫃 (dnwg /danūg/)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: چناْ (čena)

Nahavandi: زنج (zenj)

Bakhtiari: زنج (zenj)

Southern Luri: زنج (zenj)

Pashto: زنه (zana)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus with inexplicable aspiration of *ȷ́.


ȷ́ámbʰas

ȷ́ámbʰas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ámbʰāw (dual nominative)
ȷ́ámbʰās (nominative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰāsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰa (singular vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰāw (dual vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰās (plural vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰāsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰāw (accusative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰaH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyā (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ámbʰāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ámbʰāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyā (ablative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyā (dative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ámbʰayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ámbʰānaHam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ámbʰay (locative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ámbʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ámbʰas

desctree

Sanskrit: जम्भ (jámbha)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Bengali: জাবর (jabor)
Maharastri Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))
Old Marathi:
*
*
Marathi: जबडा (jabḍā)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi: ਜਬਾੜਾ (jabāṛā)
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Romani: ćham (“cheek”)
Angloromani: cham
Sauraseni Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Old Hindi:
Hindustani:
Hindi: जबड़ा (jabṛā)
Urdu: جَبْڑَا (jabṛā)
*
→ Hindi: जंभ (jambh) (learned)

Proto-Iranian: *jámbah

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīma)

desc

Ormuri: [script needed] (zāmbə), [script needed] (zām, “jaw”)

Pashto: ژامه (žā́ma)

Proto-Nuristani: *ĵambi

Waigali: [Term?] (zumpi, “molar”)


ȷ́ʰángʰas

ȷ́ʰángʰas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰángʰāw (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰángʰās (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰāsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰa (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰāw (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰās (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰāsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰāw (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰaH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyā (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰángʰāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyā (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyā (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰángʰānaHam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰay (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰángʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰángʰaH f

Sanskrit: जङ्घा (jáṅghā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jángah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬧𐬔𐬀 m (zaṇga)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زەنگاڵ (zengall, “leggings”) (< zeng + -all)

Digor Ossetian: зӕнгӕ (zængæ)

Iron Ossetian: зӕнг (zæng)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*zánga)

Middle Persian: (/zang/):

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zng, “ankle, shank”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (pdfnq /paδfang/, “joint (ankle or wrist)”) (< *pad- + *ȷ́ángah)

q

from Middle Iranian <i class="Latn mention" lang="und">*zang(a)-pān</i>

→ Old Armenian: զանգապան (zangapan, “greaves”) (from Middle Iranian *zang(a)-pān)

Armenian: զանգապան (zangapan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéngʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“to walk, step”) + *-os.


griHwáH

griHwáH (nominative singular)
griHwáy (dual nominative)
griHwā́s (nominative plural)
gríHway (singular vocative)
gríHway (dual vocative)
gríHwās (plural vocative)
griHwā́m (accusative singular)
griHwáy (accusative dual)
griHwā́s (accusative plural)
griHwáH (instrumental singular)
-ayaH (instrumental singular)
griHwáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
griHwáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
griHwáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
griHwáyaHs (ablative singular)
griHwáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
griHwáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
griHwáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
griHwáyaHi (dative singular)
griHwáHbʰyā (dative dual)
griHwáHbʰyām (dative dual)
griHwáHbʰyas (dative plural)
griHwáyaHs (genitive singular)
griHwáyHās (dual genitive)
griHwáHnaHam (genitive plural)
griHwáyaH (locative singular)
griHwáyHaw (dual locative)
griHwáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *griHwáH

Sanskrit: ग्रीवा (grīvā́)

Pali: gīvā

Prakrit: 𑀕𑀻𑀯𑀸 (gīvā)

desc

Old Hindi: गिउ (giu), गिव (giva), गिय (giya), गीव (gīva)

Proto-Iranian: *griHwáH

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬁 (grīuuā)

Pashto: ګروه (grë́wa), ګروې (grë́we), ګرېوه (gréwá)

Middle Persian: (/grīw/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (CWLE), [Book Pahlavi needed] (glyw')

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *griHwáHnah (“neck, collar”)

Pashto: گرېوان (grewā́n), گرېبان (grebā́n)

⇒ Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (glywbʾn' /grīwbān/, “neck-guard”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: գրապան (grapan), գրապանակ (grapanak)
Middle Armenian: գրպան (grpan)
→ Armenian: գրպան (grpan)

desc

Proto-Nuristani: *grīwí (“collar, neck”) (< *griHwíyaH)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: géř

Kativiri: gřë́k, gë́ř

Prasuni: gīk

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: gřṓṛ

Waigali: grëv

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂
Proto-Indo-Iranian *griHwáH
From Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂.


Hnā́kš

Hnā́kš ~ Hnakʰás (canonical masculine)
Hnā́kš (nominative singular)

desc

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnakʰás m, *Hnakʰám n (thematicized)

Sanskrit: नख (nakhá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́xš ~ *Hnaxás (see there for further descendants)

Leveled from earlier *Hnā́kʰš ~ *Hnaǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʷʰ-s ~ *h₃negʷʰ-és, from *h₃negʷʰ- (“nail”).


Hákši

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣi

Sanskrit: अक्षि (ákṣi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Háxši, *Háši

Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬌 (aši, “both eyes”)

Middle Persian: (/aš/, “devil eye”)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾš)

Pazend script: 𐬀𐬱 (aš)

q

< *HáčiH <abbr title="dual number">du</abbr>

Proto-Nuristani: (< *HáčiH du)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: ačé

Prasuni: ižĩ́, ižī́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: aćĩ́

Tregami: ac̣ĩ́ (with irregular c̣ from Indo-Aryan)

Waigali: ačẽ

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: (remodeled after अक्षाणि (akṣāṇi))

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ačẽ́


káćšas

káćšas (nominative singular)
káćšā (dual nominative)
káćšāw (dual nominative)
káćšās (nominative plural)
káćšāsas (nominative plural)
káćša (singular vocative)
káćšā (dual vocative)
káćšāw (dual vocative)
káćšās (plural vocative)
káćšāsas (plural vocative)
káćšam (accusative singular)
káćšā (accusative dual)
káćšāw (accusative dual)
káćšāns (accusative plural)
káćšaH (instrumental singular)
káćšaybʰyā (dual instrumental)
káćšaybʰyām (dual instrumental)
káćšāyš (instrumental plural)
káćšāt (ablative singular)
káćšaybʰyā (ablative dual)
káćšaybʰyām (ablative dual)
káćšaybʰyas (ablative plural)
káćšāy (dative singular)
káćšaybʰyā (dative dual)
káćšaybʰyām (dative dual)
káćšaybʰyas (dative plural)
káćšasya (genitive singular)
káćšayās (dual genitive)
káćšānaHam (genitive plural)
káćšay (locative singular)
káćšayaw (dual locative)
káćšayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káṭṣas

desctree

Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Dardic:
Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (kaċyāl)
Kalami: [script needed] (kac̣āl)
Kashmiri: کَژھ (kaċh)
Khowar: [script needed] (kuṣkomul)
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (kaċal), [script needed] (xac̣em, “my armpit”)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (kačalīn)
Savi: [script needed] (kačal)
Shumashti: [script needed] (xaċī)
Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (kačī)
Torwali: [script needed] (kaṣāl)
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ކަކ (kak)
Sinhalese: කැස (kæsa)
Khasa Prakrit:
Nepali: काख (kākh, “lap”)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Assamese: কাষ (kax), কাখ (kakh)
Bengali: কাছ (kach)
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: कांख (kāṅkh)
Maithili: कांख (kāṅkh)
Magahi: 𑂍𑂰𑂀𑂎 (kã̄kh)
Odia: କାଖ (kākha)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Marathi: कास (kās)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਕੱਛ (kaccha)
Shahmukhi script: کَچّھ (kacch)
Sindhi:
Arabic script: کَچھ (kach)
Devanagari script: कछ (kach)
Pali: kaccha
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Gujarati: કાખ (kākh)
Hindustani:
Hindi: कांख (kāṅkh)
Urdu: کانکھ (kā̃kh)
Kumaoni: काख (kākh, “lap”)
Romani: kakh

Proto-Iranian: *kášah

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬱𐬀 (kaša)

Northwestern Iranian:

Gurani: کەش (keş)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: کۆش (koş, “lap”)

Southwestern Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kš /kaš/)

Persian: کش (kaš)

Proto-Nuristani: *káča

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: kāčkařū

Prasuni: kuṣlogu

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: kačãt

From Proto-Indo-European *kóḱs-o-s, from *koḱs- (“joint”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *koksā (whence Latin coxa (“hip”)), Old Irish coss (“foot”), Tocharian B kakse (“midriff, loins”).


kapā́las

kapā́las (nominative singular)
kapā́lā (dual nominative)
kapā́lāw (dual nominative)
kapā́lās (nominative plural)
kapā́lāsas (nominative plural)
kapā́la (singular vocative)
kapā́lā (dual vocative)
kapā́lāw (dual vocative)
kapā́lās (plural vocative)
kapā́lāsas (plural vocative)
kapā́lam (accusative singular)
kapā́lā (accusative dual)
kapā́lāw (accusative dual)
kapā́lāns (accusative plural)
kapā́laH (instrumental singular)
kapā́laybʰyā (dual instrumental)
kapā́laybʰyām (dual instrumental)
kapā́lāyš (instrumental plural)
kapā́lāt (ablative singular)
kapā́laybʰyā (ablative dual)
kapā́laybʰyām (ablative dual)
kapā́laybʰyas (ablative plural)
kapā́lāy (dative singular)
kapā́laybʰyā (dative dual)
kapā́laybʰyām (dative dual)
kapā́laybʰyas (dative plural)
kapā́lasya (genitive singular)
kapā́layās (dual genitive)
kapā́lānaHam (genitive plural)
kapā́lay (locative singular)
kapā́layaw (dual locative)
kapā́layšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kapā́las

desctree

Sanskrit: कपाल (kapā́la)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀸𑀟 (kavāḍa)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀮𑁆𑀮 (kavalla)
Old Marathi:
Marathi: कौल (kaul, “tile”)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi: ਕੌਲ (kaul, “bowl”), ਕੌਲੀ (kaullī)
Pali: kapāla, kapalla
→ Old Khmer: កបាល (kapāla), ក្បាល (kpāla)
→ Khmer: ក្បាល (kbaal)
→ Lao: ກະບານ (ka bān)
→ Thai: กบาล (gà-baan)
Prakrit:
Hindi: कपार् (kapār), कपाल् (kapāl)
Gujarati: કપાળ (kapāḷ)
Saurashtra: ꢒꢨꢵꢳ꣄ (kabāḷ)

Proto-Iranian: *kapā́lah

Gurani: کاپۆڵیە (kāpɔłiya)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kepû, kepî,

Central Kurdish: کەپۆ (kepo), کەپۆڵ (kepoll), کەپۆڵِک (kepollik), کاپۆڵ (kapoll), کاپۆڵِک (kapollik)

Southern Kurdish: کەپوو (kepû), کەپووڵ (kepûll), کەپووڵک (kepûllik)

Laki: کەپووڵک (kepûllik)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: کںپوو (kəpu)

From Proto-Indo-European *káp-ōl- (“*cup, bowl > head”), possibly from *kap- (“to seize, hold”).


ćráwniš

ćráwniš (nominative singular)
ćráwniH (dual nominative)
ćráwnayas (nominative plural)
ćráwnay (singular vocative)
ćráwniH (dual vocative)
ćráwnayas (plural vocative)
ćráwnim (accusative singular)
ćráwniH (accusative dual)
ćráwninš (accusative plural)
ćráwniH (instrumental singular)
ćráwnibʰyā (dual instrumental)
ćráwnibʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćráwnibʰiš (instrumental plural)
ćráwnayš (ablative singular)
ćráwnibʰyā (ablative dual)
ćráwnibʰyām (ablative dual)
ćráwnibʰyas (ablative plural)
ćráwnayay (dative singular)
ćráwnibʰyā (dative dual)
ćráwnibʰyām (dative dual)
ćráwnibʰyas (dative plural)
ćráwnayš (genitive singular)
ćráwniyās (dual genitive)
ćráwniHnaHam (genitive plural)
ćráwnāy (locative singular)
ćráwniyaw (dual locative)
ćráwnišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwniṣ

Sanskrit: श्रोणि (śróṇi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cráwniš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: (“hip, thigh”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: c̣ṹ

Kativiri: c̣ú

Prasuni: ṭõ

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: c̣ũ

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlównis. Cognate with Proto-Italic *klounis.


púšćas

púšćas (nominative singular)
púšćā (dual nominative)
púšćāw (dual nominative)
púšćās (nominative plural)
púšćāsas (nominative plural)
púšća (singular vocative)
púšćā (dual vocative)
púšćāw (dual vocative)
púšćās (plural vocative)
púšćāsas (plural vocative)
púšćam (accusative singular)
púšćā (accusative dual)
púšćāw (accusative dual)
púšćāns (accusative plural)
púšćaH (instrumental singular)
púšćaybʰyā (dual instrumental)
púšćaybʰyām (dual instrumental)
púšćāyš (instrumental plural)
púšćāt (ablative singular)
púšćaybʰyā (ablative dual)
púšćaybʰyām (ablative dual)
púšćaybʰyas (ablative plural)
púšćāy (dative singular)
púšćaybʰyā (dative dual)
púšćaybʰyām (dative dual)
púšćaybʰyas (dative plural)
púšćasya (genitive singular)
púšćayās (dual genitive)
púšćānaHam (genitive plural)
púšćay (locative singular)
púšćayaw (dual locative)
púšćayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púśćas

Sanskrit: पुच्छ m or n (púccha)

desc

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙 (puccha), 𑀧𑀼𑀁𑀙 (puṃcha)

Old Marathi: पुंस (puṃsa), पूंस (pūṃsa)

Pali: puccha

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙 (puccha), 𑀧𑀼𑀁𑀙 (puṃcha)

Gujarati: પૂંછડી (pū̃chḍī)

Hindi: पूँछ (pū̃ch)

Punjabi: ਪੂਛ (pūch)

Proto-Iranian: *púŝah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬎𐬯𐬀 (pusa)

Classical Persian: فش (fuš, “tail of horse; tail”)

Possibly Proto-Indo-European *puḱ-so-s, cognate with Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz (“fox”). Alternatively borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


sáktʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáktʰi

Sanskrit: सक्थन् (sakthán) (nom. sg. सक्थि (sákthi))

Pali: satthi

Sauraseni Prakrit:

⇒ Hindi: साँथल (sā̃thal) (archaic)

Proto-Iranian: *háxtiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *satti

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun:

Sanu: sot

Waigali:

Nisheigram: sot


ćúšnas

ćúšnas (nominative singular)
ćúšnā (dual nominative)
ćúšnāw (dual nominative)
ćúšnās (nominative plural)
ćúšnāsas (nominative plural)
ćúšna (singular vocative)
ćúšnā (dual vocative)
ćúšnāw (dual vocative)
ćúšnās (plural vocative)
ćúšnāsas (plural vocative)
ćúšnam (accusative singular)
ćúšnā (accusative dual)
ćúšnāw (accusative dual)
ćúšnāns (accusative plural)
ćúšnaH (instrumental singular)
ćúšnaybʰyā (dual instrumental)
ćúšnaybʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćúšnāyš (instrumental plural)
ćúšnāt (ablative singular)
ćúšnaybʰyā (ablative dual)
ćúšnaybʰyām (ablative dual)
ćúšnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćúšnāy (dative singular)
ćúšnaybʰyā (dative dual)
ćúšnaybʰyām (dative dual)
ćúšnaybʰyas (dative plural)
ćúšnasya (genitive singular)
ćúšnayās (dual genitive)
ćúšnānaHam (genitive plural)
ćúšnay (locative singular)
ćúšnayaw (dual locative)
ćúšnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúšnas

Sanskrit: शुष्ण (śúṣṇa, “name of a demon slain by Indra”)

Proto-Iranian: *cúšnaH f

Shughni: [script needed] f (sāγ̌(d))

Bartagni: [script needed] f (sāwn, “big snake”)

Khufi: [script needed] f (sāw)

Rushani: [script needed] f (sāw, “kind of snake”)

Possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate. Compare Proto-Slavic *smokъ (“dragon”), which may be a borrowing from Proto-Iranian *cúšnakah.


HástʰH

HástʰH (nominative singular)
HástʰHi (nominative plural)
HástʰH (singular vocative)
HástʰHi (plural vocative)
HástʰH (accusative singular)
HástʰHi (accusative plural)
HástʰHs (ablative singular)
HástʰHs (genitive singular)
HástʰH (locative singular)
HástʰHi (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH

desctree

Sanskrit: अस्थि॑ (ásthi)
Dardic:
Kalasha: aṭhí
Khowar: استی (astī)
Pali: atthi
Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HástH
Central Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (asti)
Southeastern Iranian:
Pashto: هډ (haḍ, “bone, fruit stone”) (Perhaps)
Northwestern Iranian:
Gilaki: خش (xaš) (*asta > *ašt(a) > *haš)
Southwestern Iranian:
Middle Persian: (/ast/)
Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤 (ʾst)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾst')
Pazend script: 𐬀𐬯𐬙 (ast)
Classical Persian: است (ast)
Dari: است (ast)
Iranian Persian: است (ast)
Tajik: аст (ast)
Lurish:
Bakhtiari: خٱس (xas)
Southern Luri: هٱس (has)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


HrasáH

HrasáH (nominative singular)
Hrasáy (dual nominative)
Hrasáy (accusative dual)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrasáH

Sanskrit: रसा (rasā́, Rasā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HrahaH

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁 (raŋhā, “a mythical river”)

Proto-Scythian:

→ Ancient Greek: (unknown immediate source) Ῥᾶ (Rhâ, “Volga”), Ῥῶς (Rhôs)

⇒ *Hrahakah (“vein, artery”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: rrā (“veins”)

Sogdian: rʾk (“vein”)

Khwarezmian: rʾk (“vein”)

Western Iranian:

Middle Persian: lk' (rag), 𐫡𐫃 (rg /rag/)

Persian: رگ (rag)

Tajik: раг (rag)

Parthian: [script needed] (rhk, “vein”)

→ Old Armenian: երակ (erak)

Reflecting Proto-Indo-European *h₁res-éh₂, thematicized from the root noun *h₁rṓs (“dew, moisture”). Compare Proto-Balto-Slavic *rasā́ˀ and possibly Ancient Greek Ῥέα (Rhéa).

Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture

The name of a river, possibly originally: Volga

(mythology) Rasā, a mythical stream or primordial sea said to encircle the earth (or underworld) and skies