HáHugdʰay

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: ओहते (óhate, 3pl.ind.med. / 3sg.subj.med.)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬔𐬆𐬛𐬁 (aogədā, “to speak”, 3sg.inj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁é-h₁ugʰ-tor, deponent reduplicated present of *h₁wegʷʰ- (“to promise; to praise”).


Hásmi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásmi

Sanskrit: अस्मि (ásmi)

Proto-Iranian: *Háhmi

Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬨𐬍 (ahmī)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 (aʰmiy)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi, from *h₁es- (“to be”).

first-person singular present indicative of *Has-


Hásti

Has- (root)
Hásti (active indicative singular third-person)
áHasam (active first-person indicative singular)
áHaswa (active dual first-person indicative)
áHasma (active first-person indicative plural)
áHasiHs (active indicative second-person singular)
áHastam (active dual indicative second-person)
áHasta (active indicative plural second-person)
áHasiHt (active indicative singular third-person)
áHastām (active dual indicative third-person)
áHasant (active indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásti

desctree

Sanskrit: अस्ति (ásti)
Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺 (asti)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi)
Old Marathi: 𑘁𑘝𑘲 (ātī), 𑘁𑘞𑘲 (āthī)
Marathi: आथि (āthi) (poetic)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi)
Old Hindi: आथना (āthanā)
Hindustani: āthnā
Hindi: आथना
Urdu: آتَھنا (āthanā)
Sindhi:
Arabic script: اَٿَ (atha)
Devanagari script: अथ (atha)
Konkani:
Kodiali: असूंचे (asūñce)
Goan: आस्चे (āsce)
Maharashtrian: आस्चे (āsce) (not to be confused with Marathi असणे (asṇe, “to be”), which comes from Sanskrit आक्षेति (ā́kṣeti, “to be”)
Dardic:
Northeast Pashayi: āsta
Northwest Pashayi: āsta
Southeast Pashayi: āsta
Southwest Pashayi: āsta
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: ඇති (æti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hásti

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (asti), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (astī)

Northwestern Iranian:

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: e

Central Kurdish: ە (e)

Southern Kurdish: is

Zazaki: esto, esta, estê

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (astiy)

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭲𐭩 (ast)

Persian: است (ast), هست (hast)

Tajik: аст (ast), ҳаст (hast)

Proto-Nuristani: *ásati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: asë́-

Kativiri: asë́-

Prasuni: so, -so

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: së-

Tregami: -s

Waigali: -ës-


Hátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátti

Sanskrit: अत्ति (átti)


Háyti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háyti

Sanskrit: एति (éti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Háyti

desc

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬌 (aēti), 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬍 (aētī), 𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (āⁱti)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹 (a-i-t-i-y /aitiy/)

desctree

Proto-Nuristani: *e-
Kamkata-viri:
Northeastern: e-
Southeastern: ye-
Western: e-
Waigali:
Kegal: e-
Nisheigram: e-
Waigal: ē-
Zhonchigal: ē-
 (see there for further descendants)


námati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *námati

Sanskrit: नमति (námati)
Pali: नमति (namati)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Odia: ନଇଁବା (naĩbā)
Maharastri Prakrit: णमइ (ṇamaï), णवइ (ṇavaï)
Old Marathi: 𑘩𑘪𑘜𑘹 (lavaṇe)
Marathi: लवणे (lavṇe)
Sauraseni Prakrit: णमदि (ṇamadi), णवदि (ṇavadi)
Gujarati: નમવું (namvũ)
Hindi: नमना (namnā), नवना (navnā), नवाना (navānā)
Urdu: نَونَا (naunā)
Punjabi: nivṇā
Gurmukhi script: ਨਿਵਣਾ
Shahmukhi script: نوݨا
Nepali: नुहुनु (nuhunu)

Proto-Iranian: *námati

Central Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (nəmaⁱte)

Northeastern Iranian:

desc

Late Khotanese: [script needed] (nonda-), [script needed] (nauda-, “obeisance, worship”)

Sogdian:

Sogdian script: 𐼻𐼺𐼰𐼴 (nmʾw, 1sg.pres.inj.)

Old Sogdian script: 𐼎𐼍𐼀𐼊 (nmʾy, 2sg.pres.opt.)

Syriac script: ܢܡܬܝܣܩ (nmtysq, 3sg.pres.dur.)

Northwestern Iranian:

Gurani: نەمای (namāy), نامیای (nāmyāy, “to bend down”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: نەوین (newîn)

Southern Kurdish: نەمیان (nemyan)

Southwestern Iranian:

Classical Persian: نمیدن (namīdan, “to bend (down); to pay attation”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hapanámati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬙𐬀 (apanəmata, 3sg.med.inj.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean: 𐫀𐫁𐫗𐫀𐫖𐫀𐫅 (ʾbnʾmʾd)

Parthian:

Parthian: 𐫀𐫁𐫗𐫜𐫤 (ʾbnft /aβnaft/, “to withdraw, depart”, perf.pass.)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *németi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *námati
From Proto-Indo-European *ném-e-ti, from *nem-


witˢtás

From Proto-Indo-European *widtós (“seen, known”).


dʰárati

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰér-e-ti, from *dʰer- (“to support, hold”) + *-eti (thematic present suffix).


dádaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dádaHti

Sanskrit: ददाति (dádāti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dádaHti

Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬛𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dadāⁱti)

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (daδāⁱti)

desc

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (d-d-a-tu-u-v /dadātuv/)

Middle Persian:

Classical Persian: دادن (dādan)

Dari: دادن (dādan)

Iranian Persian: دادن (dâdan)

Tajik: додан (dodan)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: dan

Central Kurdish: دان (dan)}


ǰʰatás

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥-tó-s, from *gʷʰen- (“to kill”).

past participle of *ǰʰánti (“to kill, strike”)


gʰáwšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰáwṣati

Sanskrit: घोषति (ghóṣati)

Pali: ghoseti

Proto-Iranian: *gáwšati

Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬏𐬱𐬙𐬁 (gūštā) (< *gáwšta)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nigáwšati

Baluchi: نگوشگ (negóšag, “to listen, pay attention”)

Parthian:

Manichaean: 𐫗𐫃𐫇𐫢𐫀 (ngwšʾ, 2sg.pres.; 3sg.subj.)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: (/niyōšēnd/)

Manichaean: 𐫗𐫏𐫇𐫢𐫏𐫗𐫅 (nywšynd, 3pl.pres.)

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (ndwhšynd, 3pl.pres.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patigáwšati

Khotanese: [script needed] (pyuṣ-)

From Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰéwseti (“to hear, to listen”), from *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-. The Proto-Indo-Iranian root is *gʰawš-.


Hyáȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: यजति (yájati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyájati

Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yazaⁱti)

→ Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫉𐫏𐫏𐫅 (yzyyd)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (YḎBHWN-tn' /yaštan/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (yzm /yazam/, 1sg.pres.)

Classical Persian: یشتن (yaštan)

Khotanese: [script needed] (gyaṣ-)

Parthian: [script needed] (yštg, “to venerate”, perf.pass.)

Old Persian: 𐎹𐎭𐎫𐎡𐎹 (y-d-t-i-y /yadataiy/)

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼊𐼈𐼚𐼊 (ʾyzty)

→ Old Armenian: յազեմ (yazem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyaȷ́atásProto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyaȷ́atásSanskrit: यजतProto-Iranian: *Hyajatáh


sárȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sárȷ́ati ~ *sr̥ȷ́ánti

Sanskrit: सृजति (sṛjáti) (leveling)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sárȷ́ana

Sanskrit: सर्जन (sárjana)

⇒ Sanskrit: अपसर्जन (apasarjana, “abandonment”)

⇒? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sárȷ́kas (secondary)

Sanskrit: सर्ग (sárga, “pouring, rush”)

⇒? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sr̥ȷ́kás (secondary)

Sanskrit: सृक (sṛká), सृग (sṛgá, “arrow, spear”)

Proto-Iranian: *hr̥játi

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (har^əzaⁱti)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬀 (har^əzana)

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬀 (apahar^əzana, “dismissal”)

Bactrian: υιρζ (uirz)

Central Kurdish: ھێڵان (hêllan, “leave, let, allow”), ھێڵ- (hêll-)

Parthian: 𐫍𐫏𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫅 (hyrzyd)

Zazaki: eştene (“to throw”) (present stem erz-)

eẍë́l, iẍë́l

Pashto: ايښودل (iẍodë́l, eśodë́l), اښودل (iẍodë́l), ايخودل (ixodë́l), ايښول (iẍawë́l), ايښوول (iśowë́l), اېښل (eẍë́l, iẍë́l, “to place”)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*hr̥zati)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean: 𐫍𐫏𐫓𐫏𐫅 (hylyd)

Pahlavi: [script needed] (ŠḆKWN-tn /hištan/)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hawahr̥játi

𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌 (auuaŋhər^əzāmi)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎺𐏃𐎼𐎭 (a-v-h-r-d /avahard-/, “to let go, abandon”)

→ Old Armenian: ապահարզան (apaharzan, “divorce”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sérǵ-e-ti ~ *sl̥ǵ-én-ti, from *selǵ- (“to stand”) + *-éti. Cognate with Old English āseolcan (whence English sulk), Middle High German selken (“drizzle”), possibly Hittite 𒊭𒀠𒀝𒍣 (ša-al-ak-zi /šalkzi/, “knead, mix”), although the semantic connection is weak. See also Old Armenian զերծանեմ (zercanem).


HráwdHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráwdHti ~ *Hrúdʰanti

Sanskrit: रोदिति (róditi) ~ रुदन्ति (rudánti)

→ Kannada: ರೋದಿಸು (rōdisu)

⇒ Sanskrit: रोदति (rodáti)

Pali: rodati

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: रोना (ronā)

Nepali: रुनु (runu)

Punjabi: ਰੋਣਾ (roṇā)

From Proto-Indo-European *HréwdH-ti, from *HrewdH- (“to weep”) + *-ti (athematic present suffix).


dyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyáti

Sanskrit: द्यति (dyáti)

Proto-Iranian: *dyáti

Avestan: *𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (*diiāⁱti)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬍⸱𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬄𐬨 (nī.diiātąm))

desc

Munji: [script needed] (wil-, “to open”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dh₁-yé-ti, from *deh₁- (“to bind”) + *-yéti. Cognate with Ancient Greek δέω (déō).


smárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smárati

Sanskrit: स्मरति (smárati)

Middle Indo-Aryan:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: সোঁবৰ্ (xü̃bor)

Pali: sumarati, sarati (“to remember”)

Proto-Iranian: *smárati

Avestan: 𐬯𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (smaraⁱti), 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (marəṇti, 3pl.)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ژماردن (jmardin, “to count”)

Northern Kurdish: hejmartin (“to count, to calculate”)

Middle Persian:

Persian: شمردن (šomordan, “calculate”)

Tajik: шумурдан (šumurdan)

Pashto: شمېرل (śmerë́l, “to count”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mér-e-ti, from *(s)mer- (“to remember”) + *-eti (thematic present suffix).


Hrámati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrámati

Sanskrit: रमते (rámate)

Gujarati: રમવું (ramvũ, “to play”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrámati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ramaⁱti)

Khotanese: ram-

desc

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶𐎴 (a-r-i-y-a-r-m-n /ariyāramna-/) (with 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 (a-r-i-y /ariyā/, “Aryan”))

Middle Persian:

Persian: آرامیدن (ârâmidan)

Northern Luri: آرم (arem)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀριαράμνης (Ariarámnēs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rém-e-ti, from *h₁rem- (“to rest”) + *-eti (thematic present suffix).


Háȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ati

Sanskrit: अजति (ájati)
Pali: ajati

Proto-Iranian: *Hájati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (azaⁱti)

desc

Northern Kurdish: ajotin (āžōten, “to drive; guide”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti, from the root *h₂eǵ-.


pr̥šćáti

iir-conj-pres

pr̥šćyáytʰām

pr̥šćáyHātʰām

pr̥šćyáytʰās

pr̥šćyáyHātʰām

pr̥šćáyHātām

iir-conj-impf

ápr̥šćaytʰām

ápr̥šćyatʰās

práštum (infinitive)
pr̥štwáH (gerund)
pr̥štás
pŕ̥šćyas (future participle passive)
pr̥šćā́mi (active first-person indicative singular)
pr̥šćā́was (active dual first-person indicative)
pr̥šćā́mas (active first-person indicative plural)
pr̥šćáy (first-person indicative singular)
pr̥šćā́wadʰHay (dual first-person indicative)
pr̥šćā́madʰHay (first-person indicative plural)
pr̥šćyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
pr̥šćyā́wadʰHay (dual first-person indicative passive)
pr̥šćyā́madʰHay (first-person indicative passive plural)
pr̥šćási (active indicative second-person singular)
pr̥šćátʰas (active dual indicative second-person)
pr̥šćátʰa (active indicative plural second-person)
pr̥šćásay (indicative second-person singular)
pr̥šćáytʰay (dual indicative second-person)
pr̥šćádʰway (indicative plural second-person)
pr̥šćyásay (indicative passive second-person singular)
pr̥šćyáytʰay (dual indicative passive second-person)
pr̥šćyádʰway (indicative passive plural second-person)
pr̥šćáti (active indicative singular third-person)
pr̥šćátas (active dual indicative third-person)
pr̥šćánti (active indicative plural third-person)
pr̥šćátay (indicative singular third-person)
pr̥šćáytay (dual indicative third-person)
pr̥šćántay (indicative plural third-person)
pr̥šćyátay (indicative passive singular third-person)
pr̥šćyáytay (dual indicative passive third-person)
pr̥šćyántay (indicative passive plural third-person)
pr̥šćā́ni (active first-person imperative singular)
pr̥šćā́wa (active dual first-person imperative)
pr̥šćā́ma (active first-person imperative plural)
pr̥šćáHay (first-person imperative singular)
pr̥šćā́wadʰHay (dual first-person imperative)
pr̥šćā́madʰHay (first-person imperative plural)
pr̥šćyáHay (first-person imperative passive singular)
pr̥šćyā́wadʰHay (dual first-person imperative passive)
pr̥šćyā́madʰHay (first-person imperative passive plural)
pr̥šćá (active imperative second-person singular)
pr̥šćátam (active dual imperative second-person)
pr̥šćáta (active imperative plural second-person)
pr̥šćáswa (imperative second-person singular)
pr̥šćáytʰām (dual imperative second-person)
pr̥šćádʰwam (imperative plural second-person)
pr̥šćyáswa (imperative passive second-person singular)
pr̥šćyáytʰām (dual imperative passive second-person)
pr̥šćyádʰwam (imperative passive plural second-person)
pr̥šćátu (active imperative singular third-person)
pr̥šćátām (active dual imperative third-person)
pr̥šćántu (active imperative plural third-person)
pr̥šćátām (imperative singular third-person)
pr̥šćáytām (dual imperative third-person)
pr̥šćántam (imperative plural third-person)
pr̥šćyátām (imperative passive singular third-person)
pr̥šćyáytām (dual imperative passive third-person)
pr̥šćyántam (imperative passive plural third-person)
pr̥šćáyHam (active first-person optative singular)
pr̥šćáywa (active dual first-person optative)
pr̥šćáymas (active first-person optative plural)
pr̥šćáyHa (first-person optative singular)
pr̥šćáywadʰHi (dual first-person optative)
pr̥šćáymadʰHi (first-person optative plural)
pr̥šćyáyHa (first-person optative passive singular)
pr̥šćyáywadʰHi (dual first-person optative passive)
pr̥šćyáymadʰHi (first-person optative passive plural)
pr̥šćáys (active optative second-person singular)
pr̥šćáytam (active dual optative second-person)
pr̥šćáyta (active optative plural second-person)
pr̥šćáytʰās (optative second-person singular)
pr̥šćáyHātʰām (dual optative second-person)
pr̥šćáydʰwam (optative plural second-person)
pr̥šćyáytʰās (optative passive second-person singular)
pr̥šćyáyHātʰām (dual optative passive second-person)
pr̥šćyáydʰwam (optative passive plural second-person)
pr̥šćáyt (active optative singular third-person)
pr̥šćáytām (active dual optative third-person)
pr̥šćáyHunt (active optative plural third-person)
pr̥šćáyta (optative singular third-person)
pr̥šćáyHātām (dual optative third-person)
pr̥šćáyrant (optative plural third-person)
pr̥šćyáyta (optative passive singular third-person)
pr̥šćyáyHātām (dual optative passive third-person)
pr̥šćyáyrant (optative passive plural third-person)
pr̥šćánt (active dual optative participle)
pr̥šćámHnas (dual optative participle)
pr̥šćyámHnas (dual optative participle passive)
ápr̥šćam (active first-person indicative singular)
ápr̥šćāwa (active dual first-person indicative)
ápr̥šćāma (active first-person indicative plural)
ápr̥šćay (first-person indicative singular)
ápr̥šćāwadʰHi (dual first-person indicative)
ápr̥šćāmadʰHi (first-person indicative plural)
ápr̥ščyay (first-person indicative passive singular)
ápr̥šćyāwadʰHi (dual first-person indicative passive)
ápr̥šćyāmadʰHi (first-person indicative passive plural)
ápr̥šćas (active indicative second-person singular)
ápr̥šćatam (active dual indicative second-person)
ápr̥šćata (active indicative plural second-person)
ápr̥šćatʰās (indicative second-person singular)
ápr̥šćaytʰām (dual indicative second-person)
ápr̥šćadʰwam (indicative plural second-person)
ápr̥šćyatʰās (indicative passive second-person singular)
ápr̥šćyaytʰām (dual indicative passive second-person)
ápr̥šćyadʰwam (indicative passive plural second-person)
ápr̥šćat (active indicative singular third-person)
ápr̥šćatām (active dual indicative third-person)
ápr̥šćant (active indicative plural third-person)
ápr̥šćata (indicative singular third-person)
ápr̥šćaytām (dual indicative third-person)
ápr̥šćanta (indicative plural third-person)
ápr̥šćyata (indicative passive singular third-person)
ápr̥šćyaytām (dual indicative passive third-person)
ápr̥šćyanta (indicative passive plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥šśáti

Sanskrit: पृच्छति (pṛccháti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥sáti

desc

Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pər^əsaⁱti), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬁 (fraštā, aor.inj.med.)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pulśtä)

Northern Kurdish: pirsîn

Parthian: 𐫛𐫇𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫅 (pwrsyd /pursēd/)

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎼𐎿𐎠𐎷𐎹 (p-r-s-a-mi-y /pạrsāmiy/, “to ask, punish”, 1sg.pres.act.)

Middle Persian: (/pursēd/)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫅 (pwrsyd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwrsyt)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: πορσοδο (porsodo)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mš-), [script needed] (bš-)

Parthian: 𐫀𐫛𐫡𐫘𐫤𐫏 (ʾprsty)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *preḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-sḱéti
Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱéti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥šćáti
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱéti.


náćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náśyati

Sanskrit: नश्यति (náśyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *nácyati

Central Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nasiieⁱti)

Northwestern Iranic:

Northern Kurdish: binisîn (“to perish”)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian:

desc

Middle Persian: wnʾsytn' (wināhīdan, “to spoil, damage, destroy”)

From Proto-Indo-European *néḱ-ye-ti, from *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”) + *-yeti (ye-present suffix).


ȷ́ānáHti

iir-conj-pres

ȷ́ānHiHtʰā́s

ȷ́ānHiHā́tʰām

ȷ́ānHiHā́tām

ȷ́náHtum (infinitive)
ȷ́naHtwáH (gerund)
ȷ́naHtás
ȷ́náyHyas (future participle passive)
ȷ́ānáHmi (active first-person indicative singular)
ȷ́ānHwás (active dual first-person indicative)
ȷ́ānHmás (active first-person indicative plural)
ȷ́ānHáy (first-person indicative singular)
ȷ́ānHwádʰHay (dual first-person indicative)
ȷ́ānHmádʰHay (first-person indicative plural)
ȷ́naHyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
ȷ́naHyáHwadʰHay (dual first-person indicative passive)
ȷ́naHyáHmadʰHay (first-person indicative passive plural)
ȷ́ānáHsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ȷ́ānHtʰás (active dual indicative second-person)
ȷ́ānHtʰá (active indicative plural second-person)
ȷ́ānHšáy (indicative second-person singular)
ȷ́ānáHtʰay (dual indicative second-person)
ȷ́ānHdʰHwáy (indicative plural second-person)
ȷ́naHyásay (indicative passive second-person singular)
ȷ́naHyáytʰay (dual indicative passive second-person)
ȷ́naHyádʰHway (indicative passive plural second-person)
ȷ́ānáHti (active indicative singular third-person)
ȷ́ānHtás (active dual indicative third-person)
ȷ́ānHánti (active indicative plural third-person)
ȷ́ānHtáy (indicative singular third-person)
ȷ́ānáHtay (dual indicative third-person)
ȷ́ānHatáy (indicative plural third-person)
ȷ́naHyátay (indicative passive singular third-person)
ȷ́naHyáytay (dual indicative passive third-person)
ȷ́naHyántay (indicative passive plural third-person)
ȷ́ānáHni (active first-person imperative singular)
ȷ́ānáHwa (active dual first-person imperative)
ȷ́ānáHma (active first-person imperative plural)
ȷ́ānáHy (first-person imperative singular)
ȷ́ānáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative)
ȷ́ānáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative plural)
ȷ́naHyáHy (first-person imperative passive singular)
ȷ́naHyáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative passive)
ȷ́naHyáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative passive plural)
ȷ́ānHdʰí (active imperative second-person singular)
ȷ́ānHtám (active dual imperative second-person)
ȷ́ānHtá (active imperative plural second-person)
ȷ́ānHšwá (imperative second-person singular)
ȷ́ānáHtʰām (dual imperative second-person)
ȷ́ānHdʰHwám (imperative plural second-person)
ȷ́naHyáswa (imperative passive second-person singular)
ȷ́naHyáytʰām (dual imperative passive second-person)
ȷ́naHyádʰHwam (imperative passive plural second-person)
ȷ́ānáHtu (active imperative singular third-person)
ȷ́ānHtā́m (active dual imperative third-person)
ȷ́ānHántu (active imperative plural third-person)
ȷ́ānHtā́m (imperative singular third-person)
ȷ́ānáHtām (dual imperative third-person)
ȷ́ānHatám (imperative plural third-person)
ȷ́naHyátām (imperative passive singular third-person)
ȷ́naHyáytām (dual imperative passive third-person)
ȷ́naHyántam (imperative passive plural third-person)
ȷ́ānHyáHm (active first-person optative singular)
ȷ́ānHyáHwa (active dual first-person optative)
ȷ́ānHyáHmas (active first-person optative plural)
ȷ́ānHiHá (first-person optative singular)
ȷ́ānHiHwádʰHi (dual first-person optative)
ȷ́ānHiHmádʰHi (first-person optative plural)
ȷ́naHyáyHa (first-person optative passive singular)
ȷ́naHyáywadʰHi (dual first-person optative passive)
ȷ́naHyáymadʰHi (first-person optative passive plural)
ȷ́ānHyáHs (active optative second-person singular)
ȷ́ānHyáHtam (active dual optative second-person)
ȷ́ānHyáHta (active optative plural second-person)
ȷ́ānHiHtʰā́s (optative second-person singular)
ȷ́ānHiHā́tʰām (dual optative second-person)
ȷ́ānHiHdʰHwám (optative plural second-person)
ȷ́naHyáytʰās (optative passive second-person singular)
ȷ́naHyáyHātʰām (dual optative passive second-person)
ȷ́naHyáydʰHwam (optative passive plural second-person)
ȷ́ānHyáHt (active optative singular third-person)
ȷ́ānHyáHtām (active dual optative third-person)
ȷ́ānHyunt (active optative plural third-person)
ȷ́ānHiHtá (optative singular third-person)
ȷ́ānHiHā́tām (dual optative third-person)
ȷ́ānHiHránt (optative plural third-person)
ȷ́naHyáyta (optative passive singular third-person)
ȷ́naHyáyHātām (dual optative passive third-person)
ȷ́naHyáyrant (optative passive plural third-person)
ȷ́ānánt (active dual optative participle)
ȷ́ānaHnás (dual optative participle)
ȷ́naHyámHnas (dual optative participle passive)
aȷ́ānáHm (active first-person indicative singular)
aȷ́ānHwá (active dual first-person indicative)
aȷ́ānHmá (active first-person indicative plural)
aȷ́ānHí (first-person indicative singular)
aȷ́ānHwádʰHi (dual first-person indicative)
aȷ́ānHmádʰHi (first-person indicative plural)
aȷ́naHyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
aȷ́naHyáHwadʰHi (dual first-person indicative passive)
aȷ́naHyámadʰHi (first-person indicative passive plural)
aȷ́ānáHs (active indicative second-person singular)
aȷ́ānHtám (active dual indicative second-person)
aȷ́ānHtá (active indicative plural second-person)
aȷ́ānHtʰás (indicative second-person singular)
aȷ́ānáHtʰām (dual indicative second-person)
aȷ́ānHdʰHwám (indicative plural second-person)
aȷ́naHyátʰās (indicative passive second-person singular)
aȷ́naHyáytʰām (dual indicative passive second-person)
aȷ́naHyádʰHwam (indicative passive plural second-person)
aȷ́ānáHt (active indicative singular third-person)
aȷ́ānHtā́m (active dual indicative third-person)
aȷ́ānHánt (active indicative plural third-person)
aȷ́ānHtá (indicative singular third-person)
aȷ́ānáHtām (dual indicative third-person)
aȷ́ānHatá (indicative plural third-person)
aȷ́naHyáta (indicative passive singular third-person)
aȷ́naHyáytām (dual indicative passive third-person)
aȷ́naHyánta (indicative passive plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ānáHti

Sanskrit: जानाति (jānā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jānáHti

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zānaⁱti)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: زانگ (zánag)

Northern Kurdish: zanîn

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dānestan)

Persian: دانستن (dānestan)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: دۏنسن (dönesen)

Bakhtiari: دۊنستن (dunesten)

Southern Luri: دۊنستن (dunesten)

Proto-Nuristani: *jānā́ti

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: źaňë́-

Kativiri: zařé-

From earlier *ȷ́n̥náHti, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti, from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).


ćr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥náwti

desctree

Sanskrit: शृणोति (śṛṇóti)
Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 (suṇaï) (see there for further descendants)
Pali: suṇāti

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥náwti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (surunaoⁱti) (from earlier *sərənao-)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


bʰárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárati

Sanskrit: भरति (bhárati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *bárati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (baraⁱti)

Gurani: بەردەی (barday)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: birin

Central Kurdish: بردن (birdin)

Southern Kurdish: بردن (birdin)

Talysh: barde

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 (b-r-t-i-y /baratiy/)

Middle Persian: (/burdan/)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫡𐫅𐫗 (bwrdn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (YḆLWN-tn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwltn')

Zazaki: berdene


bʰáwdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *báwdʰati

Sanskrit: बोधति (bódhati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *báwdati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (baoδaⁱti), 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (baoδaⁱte)

Parthian: 𐫁𐫇𐫘𐫏𐫅 (bwsyd, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*baudatiy)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫛𐫏𐫇𐫘𐫏𐫗𐫅 (pywsynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)


Hwásati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwásati

Sanskrit: वसति (vásati, “to dwell”, 3sg.act.) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwáhati

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaŋhaⁱti, “to dwell, remain”, 3sg.pres.act.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéseti, from *h₂wes- (“to dwell”) + *-eti (thematic present suffix).


dʰáwgdʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwgdʰi ~ *duźʰánti

Sanskrit: दोग्धि (dógdhi, 3sg.act.) ~ दुहन्ति (duhánti, 3pl.act.)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás

Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá, “milk”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáwgdi (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰti (“to be productive”).


Hárǰʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárźʰati

desc

Sanskrit: अर्हति (árhati, “to be worth”)

Pali: arahati (“to deserve”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hárǰati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ar^əjaⁱti, “to be worth”)

Gurani: ئێژای (ɛžāy, “to be worth”), ئێژ- (ɛž-)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: hêjan (“to be worth”), hêj-

Central Kurdish: ئەژیان (ejyan), ئەژ- (ej-), ھەژیان (hejyan, “to be worth”), ھەژ- (hej-)

Persian: ارزیدن (arzidan, “to cost, to be of value”), ارز- (arz-)

→ Old Armenian: արժեմ (aržem)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to cost, have value”).


mányatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mányatay

Sanskrit: मन्यते (mányate) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *mányatay
Old Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬉 (maniietē)
Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬈 (maⁱniiete)
Old Persian: 𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 (m-n-i-y-a-t-i-y /maniyātaiy/)
Middle Persian: (/menēd/)
Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫗𐫏𐫏𐫅 (mnyyd)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mynyt)
Sogdian: 𐼺𐼷𐼻𐽂 (mynt)

From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-yé-toy ~ *mn̥-yó-ror, from *men- (“to think”) + *-yétor (3sg.mid.).


trāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trāsáyati

desc

Sanskrit: त्रासयति (trāsáyati), त्रासयते (trāsáyate)

Proto-Iranian: *θrāháyati

Avestan: 𐬚𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬈 (θrā̊ŋhaiiete)

From Proto-Indo-European *tros-éye-ti, from *tres- (“to tremble”) + *-éyeti.

causative of *trásati (“to tremble (with fear); to be afraid of”): to cause to tremble (with fear), frighten


kr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥náwti

desctree

Vedic Sanskrit: कृणोति (kṛṇóti)
Classical Sanskrit: क॒रोति॑ (karóti) (< *kr̥róti < kr̥ṇóti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥náwti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (kər^ənaoⁱti, “makes, does”)

Old Persian: 𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎢𐎫𐎡𐎹 (ku-u-n-u-t-i-y /kunautiy/)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫅 (kwnyd)

Proto-Nuristani: *kunóti

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ku

Kativiri: ku

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: ko

Waigali: kõ

→ Proto-Permic: *karni (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti, from *kʷer- (“to do, make”) + *-néwti.


Hákart

Hákart ~ *Hákrant (canonical)
*Háčart (alternative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákart

Sanskrit: अकर् (ákar), अक्रन् (ákran)

Proto-Iranian: *Hákart, *Háčart

Central Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬝 (cōr^ət̰, 3sg.aor.act.inj.)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian: кӕнын (kænyn), конд (kond)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: کول (kawël, krël)

Northwestern Iranian: (< *kr̥-ta-)

Baluchi: [script needed] (kan-, ku(r)t-)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kirin

Zazaki: kerden, kerd

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎫𐎠 (a-ku-u-t-a /akutā/, 3sg.aor.med.ind.)

Middle Persian: (/kard/)

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫏𐫡𐫅 (kyrd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (krt')

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁é-kʷer-t ~ *h₁é-kʷr-ent, from *h₁é + *kʷer- (“to do, make”) + *-t (root aorist verb suffix).


pinášti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pináṣṭi

Sanskrit: पिनष्टि (pináṣṭi)

Assamese: পিহা (piha)

Bengali: পিষা (piśa)

Hindi: पीसना (pīsnā)

Marathi: पिसणे (pisṇe)

Pali: piṃsati, पिंसति (piṃsati)

Proto-Iranian: *pinášti

desc

Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬧𐬙- (pišaṇt-, “crushing, bruising”, pres.part.) (with weak stem from *pīš- < *pinš-)

From Proto-Indo-European *pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti, from *peys- (“to grind”) + *-né-, with PIE *s becoming *š by analogy.


pádyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pádyati

Sanskrit: पद्यते (pádyate)

Proto-Iranian: *pádyati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬈 (paⁱδiiāⁱte, 3sg.pres.subj.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *péd-ye-ti, from *ped- (“to walk, stumble”) + *-yeti.


ȷ́áwšati

Proto-Iranian: *jáwšati

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysūṣde)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dwšynd /dōšēnd/, 3pl.pres.ind.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwseti (“to taste, try”).


čáštay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáṣtay

Sanskrit: चष्टे (cáṣṭe)

Proto-Iranian: *čáštay

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬈 (cašte)

From earlier *čáćštay, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéḱ-s-ti ~ kʷḱ-s-énti, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”) + *-sti.


HayšHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HayṣHáyati

Sanskrit: एषयति (eṣáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *HayšHáyati

desc

𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (parāaēšaiiamna, med.caus.part.)

Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎹𐎶 (f-r-a-i-š-y-m /frāišayam/, 1sg.caus.impf.ind.), 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎹 (f-r-a-i-š-y /frāišaya/, 3sg.caus.impf.ind.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁oysh₂-éye-ti, from *h₁eysh₂- (“to strengthen, propel”) + *-éyeti.


HíšHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HíṣHyati

Sanskrit: इष्यति (íṣyati)

Proto-Iranian: *HíšHyati

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬌𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬁 (fraēiš́iiā, 1st.pres.act.ind.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ish₂-yé-ti, from *h₁eysh₂- (“to strengthen, propel”) + *-yéti.


láylayždʰi

desc

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráyrayẓḍʰi ~ *ráyriźʰáti

Vedic Sanskrit: रेरिहत् (rérihat, ptc.pres.act.), रेरिहाणा (rérihāṇā, ptc.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *ráyrayždi ~ *ráyrijáti

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬭𐬌𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (raērizaⁱte, 3sg.pres.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *léy-loyǵʰ-ti ~ *léy-liǵʰ-n̥ti, intensive of *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”).


ćráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráyati

Sanskrit: श्रयति (śráyati)

Proto-Iranian: *crayati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬙𐬀 (sraiiata, sg.pres.inj.med.)


kšnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣnáwti

Sanskrit: क्ष्णौति (kṣṇáuti, “to whet, sharpen”)

Proto-Iranian: *xšnáwti

Old Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬆𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬱𐬁 (xšnəuuīšā, 2sg.pres.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHxšnáwti (“to hear (< to sharpen (one's ears))”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬆𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬱𐬁 (xšnəuuīšā)

Gurani: ژنەۋای (žnawāy), ئەژنەۋای (ažnawāy), ئەژنیەی (ažniyay)

Kurdish:

Southern Kurdish: ژنەوین (jnewîn), ژنەفتن (jneftin), ئەژنەوین (ejnewîn), ئەژنەفتن (ejneftin)

Laki: شِنەفتن (şineftin)

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫢𐫗𐫇𐫏𐫅 (ʾšnwyd), 𐫀𐫢𐫗𐫇𐫏𐫏𐫅 (ʾšnwyyd)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎧𐏁𐎵𐎢𐎷𐎡𐎹 (a-x-š-nu-u-mi-i-y /āxšnumiy, āxšnūmiy/, “to hear”)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (šnwynd /āšnūyind/, 3pl.pres.act.)


Hišćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiśćáti

desctree

Sanskrit: इच्छति (iccháti)
Pali: icchati
Prakrit: 𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (icchaï, “wants”) (collides with descendant of ईप्सति (īpsati, “desires to obtain”) in the sense "desires to obtain", from the root आप् (āp, “to obtain”))
Central Indo-Aryan:
Old Hindi: ईछना (īchanā)
Hindi: ईछना (īchnā)
→ Hindi: इच्छना (icchanā) (semi-learned)
Western Indo-Aryan:
Old Gujarati: ईछइ (īchai)
Gujarati: ઇછવું (ichavũ)
→ Gujarati: ઇચ્છવું (icchavũ) (semi-learned)

Proto-Iranian: *Hišáti

Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (isaⁱti)

→? Proto-Finnic: *iso (see there for further descendants)

→ Pre-Finnic?: *iša

Proto-Finnic: *iha

desc

Finnish: ihana, ihailla, ihastua, ihanne

Estonian: iha

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂i-sḱé-ti, from *h₂eys- (“to wish, desire, seek”) + *-sḱéti. Compare Proto-Slavic *jьskati.


riktás

From Proto-Indo-European *likʷ-tó-s, from *leykʷ- (“to leave”) + *-tós.

past participle of *Hárićat (“to be left, abandoned”)


síždati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍati

Sanskrit: सीदति (sī́dati)

Pali: sīdati

Proto-Iranian: *híždati

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬍𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (hīšasat̰, 3sg.des.act.)


páčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćati

Sanskrit: पचति (pácati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pačati

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pacaⁱti)

Northeastern Iranian:

Proto-Scythian:

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: фицун (ficun), фунхт- (funxt-)

Iron Ossetian: фыцын (fycyn), фыхт- (fyxt-), фых- (fyx-)

Proto-Saka-Wakhi:

Khotanese: [script needed] (pajs-, “to cook”); [script needed] (pach-, “to be cooked”), [script needed] (paś)

pəṣ̌t, pəč̣-

Wakhi: (/pəṣ̌t, pəč̣-/)

Arabic script: پوڜت, پوڇ-

Cyrillic script: пәш̣т, пәч̣-

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Khwarezmian: پڅ- (pc- /*pac-/, “to cook”); پس- (ps- /*pas(s)-/, “to be cooked, become ripe”)

Sogdian: (/(ə)pač-; puγd; puxs-/, “to cook, to boil”)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾpc-), [script needed] (pc-); [script needed] (pwγt /puγd/, “cooking”); [script needed] (pwγs- /puxs-/)

Syriac script: ܦܨ- (pc-)

Yagnobi: пашта (pašta), пач- (pač-, “to cook; to bake”); пӯхта (püxta), пӯхс- (püxs-, “to be cooked, boiled, ripen”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Ormuri-Parachi:

Ormuri: پخوک (puxọ̄k), بيژ- (bīž-)

Parachi: پهوک (phȫk), پېچ- (pēč-)

Pashto: پخول (paxawə́l), پوخ- (póx-)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: پتک (patk), پچ- (pač-, “to boil; cook”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: پەحتن (peḧtin /paħtin/), پژ- (pij- /piž-/)

Northern Kurdish: pehtin (/pahtin/), pêj- (/pēž-/)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: پٚختٚن (pəxtən), پٚز- (pəz-, “to cook, bake”) (influenced from Persian)

Old Mazanderani: بپتن (baptan), بپج- (bapij-, “to cook”) بپته (bapta, “cooked (ppp)”)

Mazanderani: بپتن (bapetën)

Shahmirzadi: بپته (bäpetà, “cooked (ppp)”)

Komisenian:

Lasgerdi: [script needed] (bæpizœ, “cooked (ppp)”)

Sangisari: [script needed] (bepižé, “cooked (ppp)”)

Sorkhei: [script needed] (påt, “cooked (ppp)”)

Old Median:

Abuzeydabadi: پووه (powa), پچ- (peč-)

Abyanehi: پایه (pāya), پج- (paj-)

Hamadani: پتن (petän), پج- (pej-)

Khunsari: پت (pet), پز- (pez-)

Nayini: پخته (paxte), پز- (pez-)

Qohrudi: پاده (pāda), پیچ- (pīč-)

Parthian: (/puxtan, paž-/)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (pwxtn),𐫛𐫝- (pc-)

> Parthian: 𐫛𐫝𐫃 (pcg /pažag/, “cook”) (> *páčakah)

Zazaki: pewten (/pawtan/), poten (/pōtan/), poc- (/pōj-/), pewc- (/pawj-/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/puxtan, paz-/, “to cook; bake”)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (pwxtn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwhtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (APPWNtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (pc-)


yunákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yunákti ~ *yunȷ́ánti

Sanskrit: युनक्ति (yunákti), युन्जन्ति (yunjánti)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀁𑀚𑀇 (juṃjaï)

Marathi: जुंपणे (jumpṇe, “to yoke, make work”)

Pali: yuñjati

Proto-Iranian: *yunákti ~ *yunǰánti

Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yujiieⁱti)

From Proto-Indo-European *yunégti (“to be joining”).


bʰinátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰinátti

Vedic Sanskrit: भिनत्ति (bhinátti)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰinédti (“to be splitting”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *findō.


Hr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥náwti

Sanskrit: ऋणोति (ṛṇóti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥náwti

desc

𐬟𐬭𐬇𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬇𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (frə̄rənuuaⁱṇti)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥-néw-ti, from *h₃er- (“to run, stir, spring”) + *-néwti.


dʰrúǰʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *drúźʰyati

Sanskrit: द्रुह्यति (drúhyati)

Proto-Iranian: *drújyati

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙 (ādrujiiaṇt, pres.part.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (družaⁱti)

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (drwzynd)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎯𐎢𐎽𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 (a-du-u-ru-u-ji-i-y /ad(u)rujiya/)

Northern Luri: درۊزاْ (deruze, “lier”)

Middle Persian: (/drōzēd/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫉𐫏𐫅 (drwzyd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwcyt)

→ Old Armenian: դրժեմ (držem)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrugʰ-yé-ti, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”).


dʰádʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dádʰaHti

desctree

Sanskrit: दधाति (dádhāti)
Dardic:
Kalasha: dyek
Pali: dahati

Proto-Iranian: *dádaHtī

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (dadaⁱtī)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, from *dʰeh₁-.


matˢtás

From Proto-Indo-European *m̥h₂d-tó-s, from *meh₂d- (“to be wet, become wet”) + *-tós.

af

past participle of *mádati (“to become intoxicated”)


sáčatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáćatay

Sanskrit: सचते (sácate)

Proto-Iranian: *háčatay

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬉 (hacaitē)

Parthian:

Manichaean: 𐫍𐫟𐫘𐫏𐫅 (hxsyd)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (hʾcym /hāzēm/, 1sg.pres.ind), [script needed] (hʾcydy /hāzē/, 2sg.pres.ind)

→ Old Armenian: հաճ (hač)

From Proto-Indo-European *sékʷetor (mediopassive), from *sekʷ-.


wr̥dᶻdʰás

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰ-tó-s, from *werdʰ- (“to grow”).

past participle of *Háwr̥dʰat (“to be growing”)


dʰāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰāráyati

Sanskrit: धारयति (dhāráyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dāráyati (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰor-éye-ti, from *dʰer- (“to support, hold”) + *-éyeti.

causative of *dʰar- (“to hold, have”): to bear, hold


náyHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náyHati

desctree

Sanskrit: नय॑ति (náyati)
Dardic:
Khowar: [script needed] (neik)
Kashmiri: نیُن (nyun, “to take”)
Torwali: [script needed] (nei)
Prakrit: 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei), 𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (ṇedi), 𑀡𑀬𑀤𑀺 (ṇayadi) — Śaurasenī (see there for further descendants)
Pali: nayati, neti

Proto-Iranian: *náyHatī

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (naiieⁱti)

desc

Sogdian: [script needed] (n'y'ty, 3sg.subj)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎴𐎹 (a-n-y /anaya/, 3sg.impf.ind)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (nʾyd, 3sg.pres.ind)

From Proto-Indo-European *néyHeti, thematic present of *neyH- (“to lead”).


kr̥tás

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-tó-s, from *kʷer- (“to do”) + *-tós.

past participle of *Hákart (“to do, make”)


tárHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHati

Sanskrit: तरति (tárati)

Pali: tarati

⇒ Sanskrit: तारयति (tāráyati, causative)

Proto-Iranian: *tárHati

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: тӕрун (tærun)

Iron Ossetian: тӕрын (tæryn)

From Proto-Indo-European *térh₂-e-ti, from *terh₂- (“to cross over”).


HwáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwáHyati

Sanskrit: वायति (vā́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *HwáHyatī

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (frāuuaiieⁱti), 𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (uuiamna, pres.part) (< PIE *h₁uh₂-ye-mh₁nos (middle participle))

⇒ Sogdian:

Buddhist: [script needed] (ʾʾwʾ, “to empty”) (< PII *ā-HwáH-)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wéh₂-ye-ti, from *h₁weh₂-.


ǰʰánti

ǰʰántum (infinitive)
ǰʰantwáH (gerund)
ǰʰatás
gʰā́tyas (future participle passive)
ǰʰánmi (active first-person indicative singular)
ǰʰanwás (active dual first-person indicative)
ǰʰanmás (active first-person indicative plural)
gʰnáy (first-person indicative singular)
ǰʰanwádʰHay (dual first-person indicative)
ǰʰanmádʰHay (first-person indicative plural)
ǰʰanyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
ǰʰanyáHwadʰHay (dual first-person indicative passive)
ǰʰanyáHmadʰHay (first-person indicative passive plural)
ǰʰansi (active indicative second-person singular)
ǰʰatʰás (active dual indicative second-person)
ǰʰatʰá (active indicative plural second-person)
ǰʰasáy (indicative second-person singular)
gʰnā́tʰay (dual indicative second-person)
ǰʰadʰHwáy (indicative plural second-person)
ǰʰanyásay (indicative passive second-person singular)
ǰʰanyáytʰay (dual indicative passive second-person)
ǰʰanyádʰHway (indicative passive plural second-person)
ǰʰánti (active indicative singular third-person)
ǰʰátás (active dual indicative third-person)
gʰnánti (active indicative plural third-person)
ǰʰatáy (indicative singular third-person)
gʰnā́tay (dual indicative third-person)
gʰnatáy (indicative plural third-person)
ǰʰanyátay (indicative passive singular third-person)
ǰʰanyáytay (dual indicative passive third-person)
ǰʰanyántay (indicative passive plural third-person)
ǰʰánaHni (active first-person imperative singular)
ǰʰánaHwa (active dual first-person imperative)
ǰʰánaHma (active first-person imperative plural)
ǰʰánaHy (first-person imperative singular)
ǰʰanáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative)
ǰʰanáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative plural)
ǰʰanyáHy (first-person imperative passive singular)
ǰʰanyáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative passive)
ǰʰanyáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative passive plural)
ǰʰadʰí (active imperative second-person singular)
ǰʰatám (active dual imperative second-person)
ǰʰntá (active imperative plural second-person)
ǰʰaswá (imperative second-person singular)
gʰnā́tʰām (dual imperative second-person)
ǰʰadʰHwám (imperative plural second-person)
ǰʰanyáswa (imperative passive second-person singular)
ǰʰanyáytʰām (dual imperative passive second-person)
ǰʰanyádʰHwam (imperative passive plural second-person)
ǰʰántu (active imperative singular third-person)
ǰʰatā́m (active dual imperative third-person)
gʰnántu (active imperative plural third-person)
ǰʰatā́m (imperative singular third-person)
gʰnā́tām (dual imperative third-person)
gʰnatā́m (imperative plural third-person)
ǰʰanyátām (imperative passive singular third-person)
ǰʰanyáytām (dual imperative passive third-person)
ǰʰanyántam (imperative passive plural third-person)
ǰʰanyáHm (active first-person optative singular)
ǰʰanyáHwa (active dual first-person optative)
ǰʰanyáHmas (active first-person optative plural)
gʰniHá (first-person optative singular)
gʰniHwádʰHi (dual first-person optative)
gʰniHmádʰHi (first-person optative plural)
ǰʰanyáyHa (first-person optative passive singular)
ǰʰanyáywadʰHi (dual first-person optative passive)
ǰʰanyáymadʰHi (first-person optative passive plural)
ǰʰanyáHs (active optative second-person singular)
ǰʰanyáHtam (active dual optative second-person)
ǰʰanyáHta (active optative plural second-person)
gʰniHtʰā́s (optative second-person singular)
gʰniHā́tʰām (dual optative second-person)
gʰniHdʰHwám (optative plural second-person)
ǰʰanyáytʰās (optative passive second-person singular)
ǰʰanyáyHātʰām (dual optative passive second-person)
ǰʰanyáydʰHwam (optative passive plural second-person)
ǰʰanyáHt (active optative singular third-person)
ǰʰanyáHtām (active dual optative third-person)
ǰʰanyáHyunt (active optative plural third-person)
gʰniHtá (optative singular third-person)
gʰniHātām (dual optative third-person)
gʰniHránt (optative plural third-person)
ǰʰanyáyta (optative passive singular third-person)
ǰʰanyáyHātām (dual optative passive third-person)
ǰʰanyáyrant (optative passive plural third-person)
gʰnánt (active dual optative participle)
ǰʰanaHnás (dual optative participle)
ǰʰanyámHnas (dual optative participle passive)
áǰʰanam (active first-person indicative singular)
aǰʰanwá (active dual first-person indicative)
aǰʰanmá (active first-person indicative plural)
agʰnHí (first-person indicative singular)
aǰʰanwádʰHi (dual first-person indicative)
aǰʰanmádʰHi (first-person indicative plural)
aǰʰanyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
aǰʰanyáHwadʰHi (dual first-person indicative passive)
aǰʰanyáHmadʰHi (first-person indicative passive plural)
áǰʰans (active indicative second-person singular)
aǰʰatám (active dual indicative second-person)
aǰʰatá (active indicative plural second-person)
aǰʰatʰā́s (indicative second-person singular)
agʰnáHtʰām (dual indicative second-person)
aǰʰadʰHwám (indicative plural second-person)
aǰʰanyátʰās (indicative passive second-person singular)
aǰʰanyáytʰām (dual indicative passive second-person)
aǰʰanyádʰHwam (indicative passive plural second-person)
áǰʰant (active indicative singular third-person)
aǰʰatā́m (active dual indicative third-person)
agʰnánt (active indicative plural third-person)
aǰʰatá (indicative singular third-person)
agʰnáHtām (dual indicative third-person)
agʰnatá (indicative plural third-person)
aǰʰanyáta (indicative passive singular third-person)
aǰʰanyáytām (dual indicative passive third-person)
aǰʰanyánta (indicative passive plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰánti

Sanskrit: हन्ति (hánti)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰánti

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (jaⁱṇti)

Northern Kurdish: jenîn, jendin (“to hit, to strike; to play an instrument”)

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎫𐎡𐎹 (j-t-i-y /jaⁿtiy/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (znyt /zanēd/)

Persian: زدن (zadan)

Parthian: 𐫋𐫗𐫏𐫅 (jnyd /zanēd/)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫋𐫗𐫏𐫅 (jnyd /zanēd/)

Proto-Nuristani: *ǰánati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ǰaňë́-

Kativiri: ǰařé-

Prasuni: žnü-

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: ẓã-


gatás

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥tós. Cognate with Proto-Hellenic *gʷətós.

past participle of *Hágant (“to be going, coming”)


HriHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HriHyáti

Sanskrit: रीयते (rī́yate, 3sg.med.pres)

Proto-Iranian: *HriHyáti (“to defecate”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lytn /rīdan/)

Persian: ریدن (ridan)

Northern Kurdish: rîtin

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃riH-yé-ti, from *h₃reyH- (“to flow”) + *-yéti.


krā́mHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krā́mHati (“go towards, cross over, walk”)

Sanskrit: क्रामति (krā́mati)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀇 (kammaï)

Pali: kamati

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀤𑀺 (kammadi)

Proto-Iranian: *xrā́mHati

Classical Persian: خرامیدن (“to strut, prance”)

Dari: خرامیدن

Dari: خرامیدن

Persian: خرامیدن (xarâmidan)

Tajik: хиромидан (xiromidan)

Sogdian:

Buddhist: [script needed] (xrʾm, “to come”, 2sg.pres.)

Wakhi: [script needed] (čər(ə)m), [script needed] (čərn-, “to enter, go in”)

Proto-Nuristani: *krā́mati (“to thresh”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: křamë́-

Kativiri: křamřé-

Prasuni: kimë-

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: křā́mie-

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾rḗmH-ti ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾rémH-n̥ti.


sáHdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáHdʰati

Sanskrit: साधति (sā́dhati)

From Proto-Indo-European *séHdʰ-e-ti, from *seHdʰ- + *-eti.


ȷ́ʰuHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ह्वयति (hváyati, “to call”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *juHáyati

Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (zbaiiā, 1sg.subj.) (stem to be read as /zuu̯ai̯a-/)

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zbaiieⁱti)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰuH-éye-ti, from *ǵʰewH- (“to call”).


stā́wti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stā́wti

Sanskrit: स्तौति (stáuti)

Proto-Iranian: *stā́wti

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬎𐬨𐬍 (stāumī, 1sg.ind)

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (staoti)

Khotanese: stav-

desc

Middle Persian: stwtn' (/stūdan/), stʾdytn' (/stāyīdan/, “to praise”)

Classical Persian: ستودن (sitūdan)

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾst'w-)

From Proto-Indo-European *stḗw-ti, Narten present of *stew-.


bʰáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHti

Sanskrit: भाति (bhā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *báHtī

Avestan:

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀-𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fra-uuāⁱti)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂-ti, athematic root present of *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).


twr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twr̥Háti

Sanskrit: तुरति (turáti, “to hurry”)

⇒ Sanskrit: तुर (turá, “prompt”)

⇒ Sanskrit: तुर (turí, “swift”)

⇒ Sanskrit: तुरया (turayā, “quickly”)

⇒ Sanskrit: तुरण (turaṇa, “swift”)

⇒ Sanskrit: तुरण्यति (turaṇyati, “to hurry, be quick”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: तूर्णस् (tūrnás, “quickly”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twr̥Htás

Sanskrit: त्वरा (tūrtá, “expeditious, quick”)

Proto-Iranian: *θwr̥Háti

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *niθwr̥Háti (+ *ni-)

q

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬝 (niduuārat̰, “to hasten”, 3sg.pres.act.subj.) (contaminated by 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (duuaraⁱti, “to run”))

Middle Persian: (“to hurry”)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nswbʾlyh /nihārih/)

Persian: نهاریدن (/nehāridan/, “to escape”)

Parthian: (/niδfārīd/, “to hasten, hurry”)

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫜𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫅 (nydfʾryd), 𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫜𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫏𐫅 (nydfʾryyd)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *niθwr̥Htáh

Parthian: (“hastening, swift”)

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫜𐫇𐫡𐫅𐫃 (nydfwrdg /niδfurdag/)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaθwr̥Hati (+ *upa-)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaθwr̥Háh

Sogdian: [script needed] (pδβʾr /pθfār, pθvār/)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twr̥H-é-ti, from *(s)twerH-.


wáȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáźʰati

Sanskrit: वहति (váhati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wájati

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vazaⁱti)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéǵʰeti, from *weǵʰ- (“to bring, transport”).


pr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥náHti

Sanskrit: पृणाति (pṛṇā́ti)

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl-n̥-h₁-énti, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


watáti

Proto-Iranian: *watáti

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *frawatáti (+ *fra-)

desc

𐬟𐬭𐬀 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬇𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍

𐬟𐬭𐬀 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬙𐬏

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬙і

Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬇𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (fra vātə̄iiāmahī, “to be familiar with”, 1pl.caus.impv.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬙𐬏 (fra vātōiiōtū, 1pl.caus.impv.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬙і (fravātōiiōtі, 3sg.caus.impv.)

Khotanese: [script needed] (hot-, “to be able”)

Parthian: (“to understand, know”)

Manichaean script: 𐫜𐫡𐫇𐫅𐫏𐫅 (frwdyd /frawadid/)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hamwatáti (“to hope for, believe”) (+ *ham-)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wiwatáti (+ *wi-)

Parthian: (“to separate, distinguish”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫅𐫏𐫅 (wywdyd /wiwadid/)

From Proto-Indo-European *wetéti, from *wet- (“to be familiar with”) + *-éti. Cognate with Middle Irish feithid (“to observe, watch over, wait”).

cog

𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬵𐬈

Proto-Iranian: *Hapiwatáti; Younger Avestan


dʰáǰʰati

dʰáǰʰāmi (active first-person indicative singular)
dʰáǰʰāwas (active dual first-person indicative)
dʰáǰʰāmas (active first-person indicative plural)
dʰáǰʰasi (active indicative second-person singular)
dʰáǰʰatʰas (active dual indicative second-person)
dʰáǰʰatʰa (active indicative plural second-person)
dʰáǰʰati (active indicative singular third-person)
dʰáǰʰatas (active dual indicative third-person)
dʰáǰʰanti (active indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáźʰati

Sanskrit: दहति (dáhati)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Braj: दाझन (dājhan)

Gujarati: દાઝવું (dājhvũ)

Proto-Iranian: *dáǰatī

desc

Zazaki: dej (“pain”), dejaene (“to ache, hurt”)

Gurani: داخ (dax, “brand; sorrow”)

Northern Kurdish: dax (“brand; sorrow”)

Central Kurdish: داخ (dax, “brand; sorrow”)

Southern Kurdish: داخ (dax, “brand; sorrow”)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dažaⁱti)

Middle Persian: dcyt (dazēd)

Persian: داغ (dâġ) (see there for further descendants)


wačyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waćyátay

Sanskrit: वच्यते (vacyáte)

Dardic:

Kalami: [script needed] (bač, “to go”)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (vaccaï)

Assamese: বাচিব (basibo, “to escape, be saved”)

Maithili: बचब (bacaba), बचाब (bacāba, “to escape, be saved”)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (vaccaï)

Konkani: वच्चे (vacce, “to go”)

Marathi: वाचणे (vācṇe, “to be saved”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀤𑀺 (vaccadi)

Garhwali: बच्णु (bacṇu)

Hindustani:

Hindi: बचना (bacnā, “to escape, be saved”)

Urdu: بچنا (bacnā, “to escape, be saved”)

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: ਬਚਣਾ (bacṇā, “to escape, be saved”)

From Proto-Indo-European *wn̥k-yé-tor, innovative zero-grade ye-passive of *wenk- (“to bend”) + *-yéti.


násatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *násatay

Vedic Sanskrit: नसते (násate)

From Proto-Indo-European *nés-e-tor (“to return home”), deponent of *nes- (“to return home”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νέομαι (néomai).


ǰíHwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́íHwati

Sanskrit: जीवति (jī́vati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰíHwati

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (juuaⁱti)

Northwestern Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: jîyan, ژِیان (jiyan)

Southwestern Iranian:

desc

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎪𐎡𐎺𐎫𐎶 (a-ji-i-v-t-m /ajīvatam/, 3du.impf.)

Middle Persian: zyw-stn’ (zī(wi)stan)

Persian: زیستن (zistan)

Proto-Nuristani: *ǰīváti

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: jǖ́-

Kativiri: jëvé-

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷíh₃weti, from *gʷih₃wós (“alive, living”), from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”). Cognate with Proto-Hellenic *ďṓwō, Proto-Italic *gʷīwō.


wáypati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáypati

Sanskrit: वेपते (vépate, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *wáypati (“to swing, shake”)

Central Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (vaēpaiia, “to shake away; to destroy”, 2sg.impv.caus.), 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaēpaiieⁱti, “to be homosexual”, 3sg.caus.)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian: (“to change (color)”)

Digor Ossetian: (ӕйй)евун ((æjj)evun), (ӕйй)ивд ((æjj)ivd)

Iron Ossetian: и́вын (ívyn), ивд (ivd)

Southeastern Iranian:

>? Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:

Shughni: wib (“cry to bullock”) (Khufi)

Yazghulami: wipt (“to turn round a team bullocks while threshing”)

Southwestern Iranian:

Persian: گیفر (geyfar, “butterchurn”)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyp-e-ti, from *weyp- (“to shake, tremble”) + *-eti.


Hwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwáyati

desctree

Sanskrit: वयति (váyati)
Dardic:
Domaaki: [script needed] (bu)
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (wayek)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (wayek)
Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (wayek)
Southwest Pashayi: [script needed] (wayek)
Kashmiri: وُونُن (vuvnun)
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ވިޔަން (viyan̊)
Sinhalese: වියනවා (wiyanawā)
Maharastri Prakrit:
Old Marathi: 𑘪𑘪𑘜𑘹 (vavaṇe), 𑘪𑘻𑘪𑘜𑘹 (vovaṇe)
Marathi: ओवणे (ovṇe)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: বোৱা (büa)
Pali: vāyati

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂w-éye-ti, from *h₂ew- (“to weave”).


ádʰiHayti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ádʰiHayti

desc

Sanskrit: अध्येति (ádhyeti, “to turn the mind towards”)

Proto-Nuristani: *ãdéti (< *ãdyáyti with dissimilatory loss of the first *y)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: dí-

Kativiri: dí-

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: dí-

Tregami: di-

Waigali: di-

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰí (“below, under”) + *Háyti (“to go”).


mriyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mriyátay

desctree

Sanskrit: म्रियते (mriyáte)
Dardic:
Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (mi)
Khowar: [script needed] (brik)
Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (miryōnu)
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (bli)
Kashmiri: مَرُن (marun)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (le)
Shina: [script needed] (miroiki)
Shumashti: [script needed] (lī)
Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (le)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: මියනවා (miyanawā)
Pali: mīyati, miyyati

Proto-Iranian: *mriyátay

desc

Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬈 (miriiete, 3sg.pres.med.ind.)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎶𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎠 (a-m-r-i-y-t-a /am(a)riyatā/, 3sg.impf.med.ind.)

Proto-Nuristani: *mriyáte

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: mře

Kativiri: mře

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: mře

Waigali: mře

From earlier *mr̥yátay, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥-yé-tor, from *mer- (“to die”).


śćinátˢti

sčáytˢtum (infinitive)
sčitˢtwáH (gerund)
sčidnás
sčáydyas (future participle passive)
sčinádmi (active first-person indicative singular)
sčindwás (active dual first-person indicative)
sčindmás (active first-person indicative plural)
sčindáy (first-person indicative singular)
sčindwádʰHay (dual first-person indicative)
sčindmádʰHay (first-person indicative plural)
sčidyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
sčidwadʰHay (dual first-person indicative passive)
sčidmadʰHay (first-person indicative passive plural)
sčinátsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sčintˢtʰás (active dual indicative second-person)
sčintˢtʰá (active indicative plural second-person)
sčintsáy (indicative second-person singular)
čindáHtʰay (dual indicative second-person)
činddʰHwáy (indicative plural second-person)
sčidyásay (indicative passive second-person singular)
sčidyáytʰay (dual indicative passive second-person)
sčidyádʰHway (indicative passive plural second-person)
sčinátˢti (active indicative singular third-person)
sčintˢtás (active dual indicative third-person)
sčindánti (active indicative plural third-person)
sčintˢtáy (indicative singular third-person)
sčindáHtay (dual indicative third-person)
sčindatáy (indicative plural third-person)
sčidyátay (indicative passive singular third-person)
sčidyáytay (dual indicative passive third-person)
sčidyántay (indicative passive plural third-person)
sčinádaHni (active first-person imperative singular)
sčinádaHwa (active dual first-person imperative)
sčinádaHma (active first-person imperative plural)
sčinádaHy (first-person imperative singular)
sčinadáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative)
sčinadáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative plural)
sčidyáHy (first-person imperative passive singular)
sčidyáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative passive)
sčidyáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative passive plural)
sčinddʰí (active imperative second-person singular)
sčintˢtám (active dual imperative second-person)
sčintˢtá (active imperative plural second-person)
sčintswá (imperative second-person singular)
sčindáHtʰām (dual imperative second-person)
sčinddʰHwám (imperative plural second-person)
sčidyáswa (imperative passive second-person singular)
sčidyáytʰām (dual imperative passive second-person)
sčidyádʰHwam (imperative passive plural second-person)
sčinátˢtu (active imperative singular third-person)
sčintˢtā́m (active dual imperative third-person)
sčindántu (active imperative plural third-person)
sčintˢtā́m (imperative singular third-person)
sčindáHtām (dual imperative third-person)
sčindatám (imperative plural third-person)
sčidyátām (imperative passive singular third-person)
sčidyáytām (dual imperative passive third-person)
sčidyántam (imperative passive plural third-person)
sčindyáHm (active first-person optative singular)
sčindyáHwa (active dual first-person optative)
sčindyáHmas (active first-person optative plural)
sčindiHá (first-person optative singular)
sčindiHwádʰHi (dual first-person optative)
sčindiHmádʰHi (first-person optative plural)
sčidyáyHa (first-person optative passive singular)
sčidyáywadʰHi (dual first-person optative passive)
sčidyáymadʰHi (first-person optative passive plural)
sčindyáHs (active optative second-person singular)
sčindyáHtam (active dual optative second-person)
sčindyáHta (active optative plural second-person)
sčindiHtʰā́s (optative second-person singular)
sčindiHā́tʰām (dual optative second-person)
sčindiHdʰHwám (optative plural second-person)
sčidyáytʰās (optative passive second-person singular)
sčidyáyHātʰām (dual optative passive second-person)
sčidyáydʰHwam (optative passive plural second-person)
sčindyáHt (active optative singular third-person)
sčindyáHtām (active dual optative third-person)
sčindyunt (active optative plural third-person)
sčindiHtá (optative singular third-person)
sčindiHā́tām (dual optative third-person)
sčindiHránt (optative plural third-person)
sčidyáyta (optative passive singular third-person)
sčidyáyHātām (dual optative passive third-person)
sčidyáyrant (optative passive plural third-person)
sčindánt (active dual optative participle)
sčindaHnás (dual optative participle)
sčidyámHnas (dual optative participle passive)
asčinádam (active first-person indicative singular)
asčindwá (active dual first-person indicative)
asčindmá (active first-person indicative plural)
asčindHí (first-person indicative singular)
asčindwádʰHi (dual first-person indicative)
asčindmádʰHi (first-person indicative plural)
asčidyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
asčidyáHwadʰHi (dual first-person indicative passive)
asčidyámadʰHi (first-person indicative passive plural)
asčinát (active indicative second-person singular)
asčináts (active indicative second-person singular)
sčintˢtám (active dual indicative second-person)
asčitˢdtá (active indicative plural second-person)
asčintˢtʰás (indicative second-person singular)
asčindáHtʰām (dual indicative second-person)
asčinddʰHwám (indicative plural second-person)
asčidyátʰās (indicative passive second-person singular)
asčidyáytʰām (dual indicative passive second-person)
asčidyádʰHwam (indicative passive plural second-person)
asčinát (active indicative singular third-person)
asčintˢtā́m (active dual indicative third-person)
asčindánt (active indicative plural third-person)
asčintˢtá (indicative singular third-person)
asčindáHtām (dual indicative third-person)
asčindatá (indicative plural third-person)
asčidyáta (indicative passive singular third-person)
asčidyáytām (dual indicative passive third-person)
asčidyánta (indicative passive plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćinátti

Sanskrit: छिनत्ति (chinátti) (see there for further descendants)

Pali: chindati

Proto-Nuristani: *cinnáti (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *skinátˢti, from Proto-Indo-European *skinédti (“to be cutting off”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *skindō.


str̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *str̥náHti

Sanskrit: स्तृणाति (stṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *str̥náHti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (stər^ənāⁱti)

Late Khotanese: [script needed] (star-)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: стӕрун (stærun), ӕстӕрун (æstærun), ӕстӕрнун (æstærnun)

Iron Ossetian: стӕрын (stæryn)

Old Persian: *str̥nāti

⇒ Old Persian: *wistr̥nāti

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wstltn' /wistardan/)

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to strew”).


krā́mHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krā́mHati

Sanskrit: क्रामति (krāmati)

⇒ Sanskrit: क्रम (kráma) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: सम्क्रम (samkramá, “passage, bridge”)

Assamese: সাঁকো (xãkü)

Bengali: সাঁকো (śãkō)

Hindi: साँका (sā̃kā), साँखो (sā̃kho), साँखू (sā̃khū), साँखा (sā̃khā)

Kumaoni: साँगो, साँङो

Kumaoni: साँगो, साँङो

Marathi: सांकव (sāṅkav), सांकू (sāṅkū)

Nepali: साँगु (sā̃gu), साँघु (sā̃ghu)

Odia: ସାଙ୍କୁଆ (sāṅkuā)

Odia: ସାଙ୍କୁଆ (sāṅkuā)

Pali: saṅkama

Proto-Iranian: *xrā́mHti

Old Persian: *xrāmiti

⇒ Old Persian: *āxrāmiti (+ 𐎠 (a-))

Middle Persian: (“to stride”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫖 (ʾxrʾm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhlʾmydyt /āxrāmēd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ǧrāmiti

Wakhi: čərəmd, čirimd (3sg.), čərəng (pf.), črəngtu, črəngtыw (“to go in, enter”, subj.)

Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *tiǧrāmiti (+ *ti- < *ati-)

Proto-Saka: *tīrāmiti

Khotanese: [script needed] (trāmäte, “to enter, cross”)

Sogdian: (/xrām/, “to move, go”, 2sg.pres.impv.)

Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫖 (xrʾm)

Sogdian script: 𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼺 (ɣrʾm)

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼍 (ɣrʾm), 𐼉𐼘𐼀𐼍 (xrʾm)

Unknown; presumably from earlier *krḗmH-ti ~ *krémH-n̥ti.


rinákti

ráyktum (infinitive)
riktwáH (gerund)
riktás
ráykyas (future participle passive)
rináčmi (active first-person indicative singular)
rinčwás (active dual first-person indicative)
rinčmás (active first-person indicative plural)
rinčáy (first-person indicative singular)
rinčwádʰHay (dual first-person indicative)
rinčmádʰHay (first-person indicative plural)
ričyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
ričyáHwadʰHay (dual first-person indicative passive)
ričyáHmadʰHay (first-person indicative passive plural)
rinákši (active indicative second-person singular)
rinktʰás (active dual indicative second-person)
rinktʰá (active indicative plural second-person)
rinkšáy (indicative second-person singular)
rinčā́tʰay (dual indicative second-person)
ringdʰwáy (indicative plural second-person)
ričyásay (indicative passive second-person singular)
ričyáytʰay (dual indicative passive second-person)
ričyádʰway (indicative passive plural second-person)
rinákti (active indicative singular third-person)
rinktás (active dual indicative third-person)
rinčánti (active indicative plural third-person)
rinktáy (indicative singular third-person)
rinčā́tay (dual indicative third-person)
rinčā́tay (indicative plural third-person)
ricyátay (indicative passive singular third-person)
ricyáytay (dual indicative passive third-person)
ricyántay (indicative passive plural third-person)
rináčaHni (active first-person imperative singular)
rináčaHwa (active dual first-person imperative)
rináčaHma (active first-person imperative plural)
rináčaHy (first-person imperative singular)
rinačáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative)
rinačáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative plural)
ričyáHy (first-person imperative passive singular)
ričyáHwadʰHaHy (dual first-person imperative passive)
ričyáHmadʰHaHy (first-person imperative passive plural)
ringdʰí (active imperative second-person singular)
rinktám (active dual imperative second-person)
rinktá (active imperative plural second-person)
rinkšwá (imperative second-person singular)
rinčā́tʰām (dual imperative second-person)
ringdʰwám (imperative plural second-person)
ričyáswa (imperative passive second-person singular)
ričyáytʰām (dual imperative passive second-person)
ričyádʰwam (imperative passive plural second-person)
rinktú (active imperative singular third-person)
rinktā́m (active dual imperative third-person)
rinčántu (active imperative plural third-person)
rinktā́m (imperative singular third-person)
rinčā́tām (dual imperative third-person)
rinčátām (imperative plural third-person)
ričyátām (imperative passive singular third-person)
ričyáytām (dual imperative passive third-person)
ričyántam (imperative passive plural third-person)
rinčyáHm (active first-person optative singular)
rinčyáHwa (active dual first-person optative)
rinčáHma (active first-person optative plural)
rinčíHya (first-person optative singular)
rinčíHwadʰHi (dual first-person optative)
rinčíHmadʰHi (first-person optative plural)
ričyáyHa (first-person optative passive singular)
ričyáywadʰHi (dual first-person optative passive)
ričyáymadʰHi (first-person optative passive plural)
rinčyáHs (active optative second-person singular)
rinčyáHtam (active dual optative second-person)
rinčyáHta (active optative plural second-person)
rinčíHtʰās (optative second-person singular)
rinčíHyātʰām (dual optative second-person)
rinčíHdʰwam (optative plural second-person)
ričyáytʰās (optative passive second-person singular)
ričyáyHātʰām (dual optative passive second-person)
ričyáydʰwam (optative passive plural second-person)
rinčyáHt (active optative singular third-person)
rinčyáHtām (active dual optative third-person)
rinčyúnt (active optative plural third-person)
rinčíHta (optative singular third-person)
rinčíHyātām (dual optative third-person)
rinčíHrant (optative plural third-person)
ričyáyta (optative passive singular third-person)
ričyáyHātām (dual optative passive third-person)
ričyáyrant (optative passive plural third-person)
rinčánt (active dual optative participle)
rinčáHnas (dual optative participle)
ričyámHnas (dual optative participle passive)
arináčam (active first-person indicative singular)
arinčwá (active dual first-person indicative)
arinčmá (active first-person indicative plural)
arinčí (first-person indicative singular)
arinčwádʰHi (dual first-person indicative)
arinčmádʰHi (first-person indicative plural)
aričyáy (first-person indicative passive singular)
aričyáHwadʰHi (dual first-person indicative passive)
aričyáHmadʰHi (first-person indicative passive plural)
arináčs (active indicative second-person singular)
arinktám (active dual indicative second-person)
arinktá (active indicative plural second-person)
arinktʰā́s (indicative second-person singular)
arinčā́tʰām (dual indicative second-person)
aringdʰwám (indicative plural second-person)
aričyátʰās (indicative passive second-person singular)
aričyáytʰām (dual indicative passive second-person)
aričyádʰwam (indicative passive plural second-person)
arinákt (active indicative singular third-person)
arinktā́m (active dual indicative third-person)
arinčánt (active indicative plural third-person)
arinktá (indicative singular third-person)
arinčā́tām (dual indicative third-person)
arinčátām (indicative plural third-person)
aričyáta (indicative passive singular third-person)
aričyáytām (dual indicative passive third-person)
aričyánta (indicative passive plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rinákti

Sanskrit: रिणक्ति (riṇákti)

Proto-Iranian: *rináxti

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬌 (ⁱrinaxti)

From Proto-Indo-European *linékʷti, from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *linkʷeti, Proto-Italic *linkʷō.


ćíkšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíkṣati

Sanskrit: शिक्ष॑ति (śíkṣati)

Proto-Iranian: *cíxšati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (sixšəmna, “learned”, ptc.pres.med.), 𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬌 (asixšaṇti, “not learning”, ptc.pres.act.(neg.)), 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sixšaiia), 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sixšiia, “to be learned”, gerundive)

From earlier *ćíćkšeti, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱí-ḱₔk-se-ti, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”).. Compare शक्नोति (śaknoti).


wáyHti

wáyHmi (active first-person indicative singular)
wiHwás (active dual first-person indicative)
wiHmás (active first-person indicative plural)
wáyHsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wiHtʰás (active dual indicative second-person)
wiHtá (active indicative plural second-person)
wáyHti (active indicative singular third-person)
wiHtás (active dual indicative third-person)
wiHánti (active indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyti

Sanskrit: वेति (véti, “persecute, strive, chase”)

Proto-Iranian: *wáyHti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaēⁱti, “to hunt, chase”)

Ossetian: (“to hurry, walk, jump”)

Digor Ossetian: уайун (wajun)

Iron Ossetian: уа́йын (wájyn)

Middle Persian: (“to fly, soar”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫀𐫏𐫀𐫅 (wʾyʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾdynynd /wāyēnēnd/)

→? Old Armenian: վայել (vayel)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁-ti, from *weyh₁- (“to chase; to suppress”) + *-ti.


ćuHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHáyati

desc

Sanskrit: श्वयति (śváyati, “to swell, increase, grow”)

Proto-Iranian: *cuHáyati

Khotanese: [script needed] (hasviṃdä, 3p.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁-éye-ti, from *ḱewh₁- (“to swell; to be strong”) + *-éyeti. Cognate with Ancient Greek κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant”).


píbati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píbati

Sanskrit: पिबति (píbati) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *pí-ph₃-e-ti, from *peh₃-.


bʰadᶻdʰás

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰn̥dʰ-tó-s, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, bind”) + *-tós.

past participle of *bʰándʰati (“to bind”)


garȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garźʰáyati

desc

Sanskrit: गर्हयति (garhayati), गर्हयते (garhayate, “to accuse, blame”)

Proto-Iranian: *garjáyati

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: girizîn

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (glcytn' /garzīdan/, “to complain; to confess”)

Ossetian: (“to moan”)

Digor Ossetian: гъӕрзун (ǧærzun)

Iron Ossetian: хъӕрзын (qærzyn)

From Proto-Indo-European *galǵʰ-éye-ti, from *galǵʰ- (“to complain, lament”) + *-éyeti. See *gárȷ́ʰati.

suf

causative of *gárȷ́ʰati (“to complain, lament”): to accuse; to confess


pláwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pláwati

Sanskrit: प्लवते (plávate)

Proto-Iranian: *fráwati

desc

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (frafrauuaⁱti, pres.ind.3sg), 𐬎𐬯𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬃𐬥𐬙𐬈 (usfrauuā̊nte, pres.sub.med.3pl)

From Proto-Indo-European *pléw-e-ti, from the root *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”).


mráwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bráwHti

Sanskrit: ब्रवीति (brávīti)

Proto-Iranian: *mráwHtī

Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mraoⁱti)

From Proto-Indo-European *mléwHti, from the root *mlewH-.


bʰuHtás

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-tó-s, from *bʰuH- (“to be”).


slágžʰati

Proto-Iranian: *(h)lágžati

Baluchi: لغوشای (laǧušaǧ)

Pashto: لغزېدل (lağzedël)

Persian: لغزیدن (laġzidan), لخشیدن (laxšīdan)

Uncertain; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *slég⁽ʷ⁾ʰ-se-ti, from *sleg⁽ʷ⁾ʰ- + *-seti. Possibly cognate with Latin langueō (“to be limp, sluggish”), laxus (“spacious, wide, loose”), Old English slæc, Old Saxon slac, Old Norse slakr (“slack”), Old Irish lac (“slack”), Ancient Greek λαγαίω (lagaíō, “to release”).


ǰámati

Proto-Iranian: *ǰámati

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷém-e-ti, from *gʷem- (“to go”) + *-eti.


tŕ̥Hwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥Hwati

Sanskrit: तूर्वति (tū́rvati)

Proto-Iranian: *tŕ̥Hwati

desc

𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬁

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬁 (taᵘruuaiiāmā, 1pl.subj.act.)

𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (taᵘruuaiieⁱti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (trw-)

Parthian: (/tarwēd/)

Manichaean script: 𐫎𐫡𐫇𐫏𐫅 (ṯrwyd), 𐫤𐫡𐫇𐫏𐫅 (trwyd)

Northern Kurdish: tewirîn (“pass through, pass by”)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫎𐫡𐫇𐫏𐫅 (ṯrwyd /tarwēd/)

From Proto-Indo-European *térh₂-u-ti ~ *tr̥h₂-w-enti, from *terh₂-. Cognate with Hittite 𒋻𒄴𒍣 (tar-uḫ-zi, “to overpower”).


tr̥Hwáns

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂w-ónt-s, participle of *térh₂uti (“to overcome, be able”). Cognate with Proto-Anatolian *tr̥Hʷánts (“an Anatolian storm god”).

cog

present active participle of *tŕ̥Hwati (“to overcome, be able”)


títarHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati

q

Sanskrit: तिरति (tiráti, “to bring through”) (dissimilated from *titiráti, or from *tr̥h₂-éti), तित्रत् (títrat, pres.ptc.)

⇒ Sanskrit: तिर (tira)

Proto-Iranian: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬝 (titarat̰, “to overcome”, 3sg.pres.inj.act.), 𐬙𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙 (titaraṇt, pres.ptc.)

From Proto-Indo-European *tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti, i-reduplicated athematic root present of *terh₂-.


ȷ́ágrastay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *jágraṣṭar

desc

Sanskrit: जग्रसीत (jagrasīta, 3sg.opt.med.), जग्रसान (jagrasāná, ptc.med.)

Uncertain; possibly from earlier *ȷ́ágarstay after *-rst- heavy cluster avoidance (compare द्रष् (draṣṭā́, “seer”), from *derḱ- (“to see”)), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷé-gʷorh₃-s-tor ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-s-n̥tór, s-enlarged e-reduplicated athematic present of *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”). Alternatively suggested to be derived from a *gre(n)s- root, and cognate with Ancient Greek γράω (gráō, “to gnaw, eat”).


pinHáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pinHáwti

desc

Sanskrit: पिन्वति (pínvati, “to let swell, overflow”), पिन्वते (pínvate, “swells, overflows”, 3sg.med.) (rebuilt as class I present)

Proto-Iranian: *pinHáwti

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *frapinHáwti

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (frapinaoⁱti, “to flow forth to”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *pinHukah

Old Persian: *pinukah

Middle Persian: *pinug

Persian: پینو (pinu, “creamcheese, buttermilk”)

Wakhi: pənū (“butter”)

Secondary naw-present from *pináHti ~ *pinHánti, from Proto-Indo-European *pi-né-h₂-ti ~ *pi-nh₂-énti, from *peyh₂- (“to swell (with milk); to be swollen, fat”) + *-né-ti.


pipáyHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pipáyHa

q

Sanskrit: पीपाय (pīpā́ya, “is swollen, bristling”, 3sg.act.) (with analogical lengthening of root vowel in 3sg. after disappearance of laryngeal)

Proto-Iranian: *pipáyHa

desc

Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬌𐬎𐬱𐬍 (apipiiušī, “not lactating; not (breast-)feeding”, neg.ptc.pf.act.f.)

From Proto-Indo-European *pe-póyh₂-e ~ *pe-pih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *peyh₂- (“to swell (with milk); to be swollen, fat”).


bʰáydati

Proto-Iranian: *báydati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬜 (biδ) (in compound words)

𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬋.𐬠𐬌𐬜 (astō.biδ, “who breaks a bone”), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬋.𐬡𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬙𐬎 (astō.βiδātu),𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬋.𐬬𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬙𐬎 (astō.viδātu)

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (bītti, “is exhausted”)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*baid)

Persian: بید (bid, “moth, an insect who can split papers or garments or carpets”) (Perhaps)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéydeti from *bʰeyd-.


ȷ́ʰr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰr̥ṇHtáy (3sg.pres.ind.med.)

Sanskrit: हृणीते (hṛṇīté)

⇒ Sanskrit: हृणि (hṛṇi), घृणि (ghṛṇi, “anger”) (only in dictionaries)

⇒ Sanskrit: हृणीयते (hṛṇīyate, “be angry”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: (“to be angry”)

Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬁 (zaranaēmā, 1pl.pres.opt.act.)

Of uncertain origin.
Rix derives the verb from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰR̥-né-H-ti ~ *ǵʰR̥-n-H-énti, from *ǵʰeRH- (“to be angry”).
However, Cheung and Mayrhofer refrain from assigning any etymology.


čálHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćálHati

Sanskrit: चरति (cárati), चलति (cálati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čárHati

Central Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬥𐬍 (carānī, “to move, approach”, 1sg.subj.)

Northeastern Iranian:

Digor Ossetian: цӕрун (cærun, “to live”)

Iron Ossetian: цӕрын (cæryn, “to live”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: څرېدل (caredal, “to pasture, graze”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: çerîn (“to graze”)

Central Kurdish: چەرین (çerîn)

Zazaki: çerayen

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: [script needed] (caratiy)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (carīdan), [script needed] (carag, “pasture, grazing; flock”)

Persian: چریدن (čaridan, “to graze”)

Tajik: чаридан (čaridan)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: قۏئڵ (qöeł, “foot, wheel”)

Nahavandi: قول (qol)

Bakhtiari: گںل (gal, “foot”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷélh₁-e-ti, from *kʷelh₁- (“to move”).


paprā́Ha

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paprā́Ha

Sanskrit: पप्रा (paprā́), पप्रौ (papráu)

Proto-Iranian: *pafrā́Hay

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬉 (pafrē, 3sg.pf.med.)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬄𐬨𐬞𐬁𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬈 (hąmpāfrāⁱte, 3sg.pf.subj.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr, i-reduplicated stative of *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


pr̥Hyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hyátay

desc

Sanskrit: पूर्यते (pū́ryate), पूर्यते (pūryáte)

Proto-Iranian: *fr̥Hyátay

Khotanese: [script needed] (pīdẹ)

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-yé-tor, ye-deponent of *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


dʰHtás

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-tó-s, *dʰeh₁-tó-s, from *dʰeh₁- (“to do”) + *-tós.

past participle of *HádʰaHt (“to place; to create”)


bʰarȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *barźʰáyati

Sanskrit: बर्हयति (barháyati)

Proto-Iranian: *barjáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Husbarjáyati

𐬎𐬯𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬥𐬌

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬥𐬌 (usbar^əzaiieni, caus.pres.subj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, from *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up”) + *-éyeti.


bʰáyHatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáyHatay

Sanskrit: भयते (bháyate, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *báyHatay

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙𐬉 (baiieṇtē, 3pl.pres.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéyh₂-e-tor ~ *bʰéyh₂-o-ntor, middle voice thematic root present of *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear”).


bʰibʰáyHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bibʰáyHa

q

Sanskrit: बिभाय (bibhā́ya) (with analogical lengthening of root vowel in 3sg. after disappearance of laryngeal)

⇒ Sanskrit: बिभेति (bibhéti)

Proto-Iranian: *bibáyHa

desc

Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (biβiuuāh, 3pl.pf.act.)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear”).


prináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prináHti

q

Sanskrit: प्रीणाति (prīṇā́ti) (in the Rigveda most often with short /i/)

Proto-Iranian: *friHnáHti

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (friiąnmahī, 1pl.pres.act.), 𐬟𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬁𐬌 (frīnāi, 1sg.sub.pres.med.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHfriHnáHti (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *pri-né-H-ti ~ *pri-n-H-énti, nasal infix present of *preyH- (“to love; to please”).


ćšáyti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáyti

Sanskrit: क्षेति (kṣéti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *šáyti

Avestan: 𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬌𐬙𐬌 (šaēⁱti)

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱéy-ti (“to settle; to dwell”).


ćáHsti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáHsti

Sanskrit: शास्ति (śā́sti)

Proto-Iranian: *caHsti (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéh₁s-ti ~ ḱh₁s-énti, from *ḱeh₁s- (“to teach”) + *-ti.


ȷ́árHans

present active participle of *ȷ́árHati (“to grow old”)


ǰáyans

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷéy-o-nt-s, present participle of *gʷéy-e-ti (“to win”).

present active participle of *ǰáyati (“to win, conquer”)


ǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: जयति (jáyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰayati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (jaiiāi, 1sg.pres.subj.act.)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷéy-eti, from *gʷey- (“to win”) + *-eti.


párdatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párdatay

Sanskrit: पर्दते (párdate) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *párdatay

Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pər^əδaⁱti)


bʰudᶻdʰás

past participle of *bʰáwdʰati (“to be awake”)


wawā́ča

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wawā́ća

Sanskrit: ववाच (vavā́ca), उवाच (uvā́ca)

Proto-Iranian: *wawā́ča

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬆𐬨𐬁 (vaoxəmā, 1pl.pf.act.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬈 (vaoce, 3sg.pf.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *wekʷ- (“to speak”).


Háwawčat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwawćat

Sanskrit: अवोचत् (ávocat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwawčat

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬝 (vaocat̰, 3sg.aor.inj.act.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁é-we-wk-e-t, reduplicated thematic root aorist of *wekʷ- (“to speak”).


ȷ́ʰáršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰárṣati

Sanskrit: हर्षति (hárṣati) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰérs-e-ti, thematic root present *ǵʰers- (“to stand on end”).


ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰr̥ṣyáti

Sanskrit: हृष्यति (hṛṣyati)

Proto-Iranian: *jr̥šyáti

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (zar^əšiiamna, ptc.pres.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti, ye-present of *ǵʰers- (“to stand on end”).


Háȷ́ʰāȷ́ʰaršt

head

*Háȷ́ʰāȷ́ʰaršt ~ *Háȷ́ʰaȷ́ʰr̥šant

*Háȷ́ʰāȷ́ʰaršt ~ *Háȷ́ʰaȷ́ʰr̥šant

Háȷ́ʰāȷ́ʰaršt ~ *Háȷ́ʰaȷ́ʰr̥šant (canonical)

desc

*Háȷ́āźʰarṣt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́āźʰarṣt ~ *Háȷ́āźʰṛṣant

Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁é-ǵʰo-ǵʰers-t ~ *h₁é-ǵʰo-ǵʰr̥s-ént, o-reduplicated athematic root aorist of *ǵʰers- (“to stand on end”).


ȷ́ʰaršáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰarṣáyati

Sanskrit: हर्षयति (harṣáyati)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰors-éye-ti, eye-causative of *ǵʰers- (“to stand on end”).


ǰáwti

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáwti (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷéh₁u-ti ~ *gʷuh₁-énti, from *gʷeh₁w- (“to increase, gain”) + *-ti.


Hrákšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrákṣati

desc

Sanskrit: रक्ष॑ति (rákṣati, “to guard, protect”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráxšati

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: *raxši

desctree

→ Old Armenian: երաշխիք (erašxikʻ, “pledge, guarantee”)
Armenian: երաշխիք (erašxikʻ)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHráxšati (+ *aH-)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian: (“to fit, match”)

Digor Ossetian: арӕхсун (aræxsun)

Iron Ossetian: арӕхсын (aræxsyn)

Sogdian:

Buddhist: [script needed] (’’r’xst, “to rely on, trust”)

desc

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hraxšakarah (+ *Hákart + *-ah)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: lškl (/laškar/, “army”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patiHráxšati (+ *pati-)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: pārṣṣa (“antidote”)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lékseti, from *h₂lek- + *-seti.


ćaknáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaknáwti

desctree

Sanskrit: श॒क्नोति॑ (śaknóti, “to be able to; be strong or powerful”)
Pali: sakkoti
Prakrit: 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (sakkaï), 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀇 (sakkei), 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁄𑀤𑀺 (sakkaṇodi), 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀼𑀡𑁄𑀤𑀺 (sakkuṇodi) — Śaurasenī
Apabhramsa: सक्कइ (sakkaï) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱₔk-néw-ti ~ *ḱₔk-nw-énti, from *ḱek- (“to be able to”) + *-néwti.


sáȷ́ʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay

desctree

Sanskrit: सह॑ते (sáhate)
Pali: sahati
Prakrit: 𑀲𑀳𑀇 (sahaï) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present), from *seǵʰ-. Compare the nominal form *sáȷ́ʰas (“power”).


Hwárdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwárdʰati

Sanskrit: वर्ध॑ति (várdhati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwárdati

Central Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (varədaⁱti)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: wʾlytn (wālīdan, inf), wʾlynyt (wālēnīd, perf.pass)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (wʾrynd, 3pl.ind)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHwárdati (+ *aH-)

Ossetian: (“to spare/save money”)

Iron Ossetian: авӕрдын (aværdyn)

Digor Ossetian: авӕрдун (aværdun)

Uncertain.
Some forms to compare are:
* Per Schindler, a metathesised verb from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”), making it a doublet of *Hráwdʰati (whence Sanskrit रोध॑ति (ródhati, “to grow”)).
* Per Cheung, perhaps semantically influenced by Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“to increase, grow”), making it a doublet of *Hr̥dʰnáwti and *Hr̥dʰyáti.
* Proto-Balto-Slavic *rádīˀtei (“to give birth”).
* Proto-Slavic *verdъ (“wart, growth”).


pHtás

pHtás (nominative singular)
pHtáH (dual nominative)
pHtā́s (nominative plural)
pHtá (singular vocative)
pHtáH (dual vocative)
pHtā́s (plural vocative)
pHtám (accusative singular)
pHtáH (accusative dual)
pHtáns (accusative plural)
pHtásya (genitive singular)
pHtā́m (genitive plural)
pHtā́t (ablative singular)
pHtámas (ablative plural)
pHtā́y (dative singular)
pHtámas (dative plural)
pHtáy (locative singular)
pHtáyšu (locative plural)
pHtáH (instrumental singular)
pHtā́š (instrumental plural)
pHtáH (nominative singular)
pHtáHa (dual nominative)
pHtáHas (nominative plural)
pHtáH (singular vocative)
pHtáHa (dual vocative)
pHtáHas (plural vocative)
pHtáHa (accusative singular)
pHtáHa (accusative dual)
pHtáHas (accusative plural)
pHtáHs (genitive singular)
pHtáHaHam (genitive plural)
pHtáHs (ablative singular)
pHtáHmas (ablative plural)
pHtáHay (dative singular)
pHtáHmas (dative plural)
pHtáH (locative singular)
pHtáHi (locative singular)
pHtáHsu (locative plural)
pHtáHH (instrumental singular)
pHtáHbʰi (instrumental plural)
pHtám (nominative singular)
pHtáy (dual nominative)
pHtáyH (dual nominative)
pHtáH (nominative plural)
pHtám (singular vocative)
pHtáy (dual vocative)
pHtáyH (dual vocative)
pHtáH (plural vocative)
pHtáy (accusative dual)
pHtáyH (accusative dual)
pHtáH (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पी॒त (pītá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Classical Persian: نبید (na-bid, “wine”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtás
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tós.


gasćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gasćati

Sanskrit: गच्छ॑ति (gácchati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gascati

q

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jasaⁱti) (with 𐬘- (j-) from athematic root aorist 𐬘𐬇𐬥 (jə̄n))

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*ni-</i>

⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (nγs-, “to arrive”) (+ *ni-)


krináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krináHti

Sanskrit: क्री॒णाति॑ (krīṇā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *xrináHti

Khotanese: ggän-

Middle Persian:

Manichaean: 𐫟𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅 (xrynyd)

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (ZḆNN-tn' /xrīdan/)

Sogdian:

Buddhist: [script needed] (xr’yn)

Sogdian: [script needed] (xr’yn)