wan-

*wanáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wanáwti

Sanskrit: वनोति (vanóti)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wan-

Sanskrit: वन् (van)

Proto-Iranian: *wan-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬥 (van)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wʾnytn' (wānīdan)

→ Old Armenian: վանեմ (vanem)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-, *wen-. Cognate with English win, Old Armenian գուն (gun).


kanH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanH-

Sanskrit: कन् (kan)

Proto-Iranian: *kanH-, *čanH- / *činH-

desc

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬥- (kan-, “to love, take pleasure in”)

qualifier

Shughni: чу̊н (čū̊n, “please; I swear”) (the existence of this word is uncertain)

*kanHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanHati

desc

Sanskrit: कनति (kanati, “to be pleased with, enjoy”)

*čánHas (deverbative noun)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćánHas

Sanskrit: चनस् (cánas, “delight, satisfaction”)

Proto-Iranian: *čínHah, *čánHah

Avestan: -𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (-cinah-), -𐬗𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵- (-canah-, “desire, affection”), in the compounds 𐬀𐬱𐬀-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (aša-cinah-, “attached to aša”), 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (nāⁱri-cinah-, “desiring a woman/women”), 𐬴𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬋-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (ṣ̌aētō-cinah-, “desiring money”), 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀- (haoma-cina-, “desiring haoma”), etc.

Old Persian: 𐎨𐎴𐏃 (c-n-h /canah-/, “desire”), in the compound 𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎨𐎴𐎠 (a-s-p-c-n-a /Aspacanāʰ/, “a male given name”, literally “lover of horses”) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian:

Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (šʾdcn /šād-čan, šād-žan/, “happy, glad”)

desc

Sogdian: [script needed] (-cn /-čan/, “a morpheme forming future participles; a suffix with the meaning “inclined to; belonging to””), [script needed] (pʾšcn /pāš-čan/, “showing reverence”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dirsū-jsinä, “wishing to see”), [script needed] (daṃjanai, “building”) ← *dama-čana-ka- (literally “connected with the building”)

Ossetian:

Iron: -дзинад (-ʒinad, “abstract suffix”); -дзӕн (-ʒæn), -дзын (-ʒyn, “future tense marker”)

Digor: -дзийнадӕ (-ʒijnadæ, “abstract suffix”); -дзин (-ʒin, “future tense marker”)

→ Old Armenian: -ճան (-čan)

⇒? Proto-Iranian: *čanHadāru (literally “auspicious tree”)

>? Middle Persian: cynʾl (činar, “oriental plane tree”)

>? Parthian: *čan(a)dār-

desctree

>? Georgian: ჭადარი (č̣adari, “plane tree; poplar”), ჭანდარი (č̣andari) — nonstandard
→ Armenian: ճանդարի (čandari) (Tbilisi)
→ Mingrelian: ჭანდარი (č̣andari), ჭადარი (č̣adari)
→ Abkhaz: a-ҷанда́р (a-čʼandár)
→ Svan: ჭანდა̈რ (č̣andär)

>? Middle Armenian: ճանդարի (čandari, “plane tree”), ճանդար (čandar), ճանտարի (čantari), ջանդարի (ǰandari), ջանտարի (ǰantari)
Armenian: տնջրի (tnǰri, “plane tree; poplar?”), ճանդար (čandar, “log”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: चकान (cakāná), चाकन (cākana)

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬬- (cinv-), 𐬗𐬀𐬐𐬀𐬥- (cakan-), 𐬗𐬁𐬑𐬥- (cāxn-), -𐬐𐬁𐬙𐬀- (-kāta-), 𐬐𐬁𐬚𐬉 (kāθē)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kenh₂- (“to be pleased, enjoy”), infixed nasal stem of *keh₂- (“to like, wish”).


kanH-

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: खन् (khan, “to dig”), चात्वाल (cātvāla, “ceremonial hole”)

desc

Persian: کَندَن (kandan, “to dig”), چال (čâl, “pit, hole”), Persian: آکندن (âkandan, “to fill, bury”)

A root of unclear origin, possibly from a root Proto-Indo-European *kenh₁- (“to dig”); tentatively cognate with Phrygian [script needed] (keneman, “a monument or a part of it”), as well as perhaps Lithuanian kója (“leg”). The unetymological aspiration of the Sanskrit descendants is perhaps from analogy with another word with similar phonetics and semantics, usually assumed to be खा (khā, “source, spring”).


wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd- (see there for further descendants)


wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛 (vaēd)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wndʾtn' (“find”)


gʰawš-

*gʰáwšas

*gʰáwšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰawṣ-

Sanskrit: घुष् (ghuṣ)


Had-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Had-

Sanskrit: अद् (ad)

Proto-Iranian: *Had-

Avestan: 𐬀𐬛 (ad)

*Hátˢti (see there for further descendants)


Has-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Has-

Sanskrit: अस् (as)

Proto-Iranian: *Hah-

Avestan: 𐬀𐬵 (ah)

*Hás-ti (“(she, he, it) is”) < *h₁ésti

*Hás-mi (“(I) am”) < *h₁ésmi

*Hás-i (“(you) are”) < *h₁ési

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hási

Sanskrit: असि (ási)

Proto-Iranian: *Háhi

Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬍 (ahī)


dʰar-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰar-

Sanskrit: धृ (dhṛ)

Proto-Iranian: *dar-

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬭 (dār)

Bactrian: ληρ- (lēr-)

Parthian:

Manichaean: 𐫅𐫀𐫡 (dʾr)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian:

desc

present stem of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">داشتن</i> (dâštan, “to have”)

Persian: دار (dâr, present stem of داشتن (dâštan, “to have”))

Sogdian: [script needed] (δʾr)

Proto-Nuristani: *dar-

Northern Nuristani:

Prasuni: la-

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-. The long vowel in many Iranian descendants comes from the 'causative' (used as basic present verb) *dʰāráyati.


swap-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swap-

Sanskrit: स्वप् (svap)

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *hwápati
Northern Kurdish: xew (“sleep”)
Middle Persian: hwʾb (xvāb)
Persian: خواب (xvâb, xâb)
→ Urdu: خواب (xvāb)
Lurish:
Northern Luri: خاو (xāw)
Nahavandi: خۋ (xü)
Bakhtiari: خٱو (xaw)
Southern Luri: خٱو (xaw)

*swápati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápati

Vedic Sanskrit: स्वपति (svápati)

Classical Sanskrit: स्वपिति (svápiti)

*swápnas (“dream”)


waȷ́ʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waźʰ-

Sanskrit: वह् (vah, “to bear, carry”)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ব (bo)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *waj- (“to carry; to drive (a chariot or similar)”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬰- (vaz-, “to move, to run”)

Baluchi: [script needed] (gwast / gwaz-, “to pass”)

Khunsari: [script needed] (vuza / vuz-, “to run, to run away”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bezîn (“to run”), bazdan (“to flee, to escape, to run away”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: wc- (waz-, “to move [intransitive]; to blow (of wind)”)

Manichaean: wy- (“to move along”)

Parthian:

Manichaean: wz- (waz-, “to move swiftly, fly; to travel; to blow (of wind)”)

Zazaki: veştene (“to run”), vazdayen (“to run, to flee, to escape”)

→ Old Armenian: վազեմ (vazem)

→⇒? Old Armenian: աւազակ (awazak) (see there for further descendants)

*wáȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáźʰati

Sanskrit: वहति (váhati)

*wā́ȷ́ʰanam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́źʰanam

Sanskrit: वाहन (vā́hana)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-. Compare Latin vehō (“I carry, bear”).


yawg-

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: युज् (yuj)

*yu-ná-k-ti (“to yoke”)

*yáwg-as (athematic)

*yáwg-a-s (thematic)

*yug-ám


warš-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wárṣmā

Sanskrit: वर्ष्मन् (várṣman, “summit, top”)

From Proto-Indo-European *wers- > *werš- (Ruki sound law) > *warš-.


sarȷ́-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárȷ́ati (“to abandon, let go, discharge”)

From Proto-Indo-European *selǵ-. Cognate with Old English solcen (whence English sulk), Middle High German selken (“drizzle”), possibly Hittite 𒊭𒀠𒀝𒍣 (ša-al-ak-zi /šalkzi/, “knead, mix”), although the semantic connection is weak.


daH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daH-

Sanskrit: दा (dā)

Proto-Iranian: *daH-

*dá-dah-ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*dáH-nam (“gift”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHnam

Sanskrit: दान (dāna)

*dáH-tā (“giver”)

*dáH-tiš (“giving”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dítiṣ (from zero-grade?)

Sanskrit: दिति (díti)

*dítsati (desiderative)?

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dítsati

Sanskrit: दित्सति (dítsati)


saw-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *su-

Sanskrit: सु- (su-)

Proto-Iranian: *hu-

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎- (hu-)

*sunáwti (“he presses out”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sunáwti

Sanskrit: सुनोति (sunóti)

*súrā (“nectar, wine”) (see there for further descendants)

*sáwHmas (“soma, haoma”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHmas

Sanskrit: सोम (sóma)

Proto-Iranian: *háwHmah

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma)

*sutás (“pressed”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sutás

Sanskrit: सुत (sutá)

Proto-Iranian: *hutáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬙𐬀 (huta)

From Proto-Indo-European *sew-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕω (húō), Latin sucus.


bʰaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaH-

Sanskrit: भा (bhā)

*bʰáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáH

Sanskrit: भा (bhā́)

*bʰáHti (“to be bright”)

*bʰáHas (“light, splendor, brilliance”)

*bʰáHmas

*bʰaHnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaHnam

Sanskrit: भान (bhāna)

Proto-Iranian: *baHnam

Ossetian: бон (bon, “day”)

desc

Sarikoli: [script needed] (vuyn, “light, radiance”)

Wakhi: [script needed] (voyn, “fire, light”)


Hwas-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwas-

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwah-

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵 (vaŋh, “to dwell, remain”)

Ossetian: уат (wat, “room; bed; place”)

*Hwásati (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-.


smar-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smar-

Sanskrit: स्मृ (smṛ)

*smarás (“recollection”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smarás

Sanskrit: स्मर (smará)

*smárati


bʰiš-

Proto-Iranian: *biš (“healing”)

Avestan:

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬱 (biš, “healing, remedy”)

𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬌𐬱 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬋

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬌 (paⁱti biši, “medicinal”), 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬌𐬱 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬋 (bišiš framātō, “skilled in medicine”)

*bʰišaȷ́- (“to heal”, root)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰiṣaȷ́-

Sanskrit: भिषक्ति (bhiṣákti), भिषज्यति (bhiṣajyáti)

Proto-Iranian: *bišaj-

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (bišaziiāt̰), 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬌𐬱 (bišaziiōiš, 2nd person optative singular), 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬌 (bišazāni)

Middle Persian: (/bišāzēnīdan, bišāz-/, “to heal, cure”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫗 (byšʾzynydn), 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫉- (byšʾz-)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (byšʾcynytn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (byšʾc-)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰišáȷ́ (“doctor, physician”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰiṣáȷ́

Sanskrit: भिषज् (bhiṣáj, “healer, physician”)

Proto-Iranian: *bišáj

Middle Persian: (/bišāz/, “doctor, healer, physician”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫉 (byšʾz), 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫝 (byšʾc)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *bišajkah (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰayšaȷ́ás (“curative, healing”)

Of obscure origin. Mayrhofer tentatively connects this to Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂-s (“to speak”); however, Cheung leaves the origin open, and speculates a borrowing from an unidentified non-Indo-European substrate language.


dʰawgʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawźʰ-

Sanskrit: दुह् (duh, “to milk”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawgʰ-

Sanskrit: दुघ् (dugh, “to milk”) (Vedic)

*dʰáwgdʰi ~ *dʰuǰʰánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwgdʰi

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás

Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá, “milk”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáwgdi

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dáwgah

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to prepare”).


rayš-

*ríšyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ríṣyati

Sanskrit: रिष्यति (ríṣyati)

Proto-Iranian: *ríšyati

Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ⁱrišiieⁱti)

*rayšás (“wound, injury”) (see there for further descendants)

*rayšáyati (“to hurt, cause injury”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rayṣáyati

Sanskrit: रेषयति (reṣáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *rayšáyati

desc

*𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: *𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (*raēšaiieⁱti)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (raēšaiiāt̰)

*rištás (“hurt, wounded, damaged”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riṣṭás

Sanskrit: रिष्ट (riṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *rištáh

Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (ⁱrišta)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Iranian:

Ossetian: рыст (ryst, “pain”)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)rey-s, an s-extension of *rey- (“to scratch, cut, tear”), and connected to Sanskrit लिख् (likh, “to write”), Old Norse rista (“to cut, carve”) and Lithuanian risums (“fissure, slit”). However, Cheung appears to be skeptical of this.

to be hurt, to be wounded, to suffer injury


rać-

*raćanáH < *rać-m̥-náH?

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raśanáH

Sanskrit: रशना (raśanā́, “rope; rein”)

Proto-Iranian: *racanā̆

Mazanderani: رسن (rasën)

Parthian:

Manichaean: [script needed] (rsn /rasan/)

→ Old Armenian: առասան (aṙasan)

*raćmíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raśmíṣ

Sanskrit: रश्मि (raśmí, “rope”)

*raćmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raśmā́

Sanskrit: रश्मन् (raśmán)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *reśmä

Proto-Samic: *reačmē (see there for further descendants)

Mordvinic: *riśmə

Erzya: рисьме (riśme)

Moksha: рисьме (riśme)

*rāćíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rāśíṣ

Sanskrit: राशि (rāśí)

From Proto-Indo-European *reḱ- (“to bind”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *rakkō (“parrel”) (whence Old English racca, Old Norse rakki), *rakindjaz (“chain”) (whence Old Norse rekendi).


Hyawdʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰ-

Sanskrit: युध् (yudh) (zero grade)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyawd-

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬜- (yūδ-)

Persian: جستن (justan,jōy-, “to search, seek”)

*Hyáwdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwdʰati

Sanskrit: योधति (yodhati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwdati

Old Persian: [script needed] (yaudatīy)

*Hyúdʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati

Sanskrit: युध्यति (yudhyati), युध्यते (yudhyate)

Pali: yujjhati

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: যুঁজা (zũza)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (jujjhaï)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀤𑀺 (jujjhadi)

Gujarati: ઝૂઝવું (jhūjhvũ)

Hindi: जूझना (jūjhnā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)

*Hyudʰyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰyás

Sanskrit: युध्य (yudhyá)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: যুঝা (jujha)

Middle Assamese: যুঝ (zuzh)

Assamese: যুঁজ (zũz)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛 (jujjha)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: जूझ (jūjh)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyudyáh

Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬀 (yudiia)

*Hyudᶻdʰás (“fought”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás

Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)

Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥 (juddha)

*Hyawdʰás (“warrior”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰás

Sanskrit: योध (yodhá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyawdáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬁-𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aspā-iiaoδa, “horse warrior”)

Unsorted formations:

Iranian:

Khotanese: 𑀚𑀼𑀯𑁆- (juv-, “to fight”)

Parthian: yws- (“to battle”), ywd- (“to strive for”)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (“to move, to be agitated”).


garȷ́ʰ-

*gárȷ́ʰ-a-ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárźʰati

Sanskrit: गर्हति (gárhati) (see there for further descendants)

*gárždʰi ~ *gr̥ȷ́ʰ-ánti (athematic root present)

Proto-Iranian: *gárždi ~ *gr̥jánti

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋𐬌 (gər^əzōi, 1st person sg. present med), 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬉 (gər^əzē)

*gr̥ȷ́ʰ-á-tay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥źʰátay

Sanskrit: गृहते (gṛhate, 3rd person pl.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥játay

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (gər^əzaⁱte, 3rd person sg.pres. thematic med.)

*garȷ́ʰ-áya-ti

*gr̥ȷ́ʰ-yá-ti

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥jyati

Old Persian: *𐎥𐎼𐎭𐎹 (*g-r-d-y /*grad-ya-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (gldystn' /griyistan/)

Persian: گریستن (geristan)

*ǰagárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agarźʰa

Sanskrit: जगर्ह (jagarha, 3sg.perf.med.)

Unsorted formations:

Bactrian: γιρζ- (girz-, “to complain”)

Northern Kurdish: girižīn, girîn

Middle Persian: [script needed] (g(y)lk' /gilag/, “complaint”)

Persian: گلا (gelâ)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गिला (gilā)

Urdu: گلا (gilā)

→ Punjabi: ਗਿਲਾ (gilā)

Parthian: [Term?] (/grzyšn/, “complaint”)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *galǵʰ-, cognate with Proto-West Germanic *klagu (“complaint, lament”), *klagōn (“to lament, complain”), Proto-Celtic *glagmā (whence Middle Irish glám (“shout, curse”), Scottish Gaelic glaim (“complaint, howling”)), perhaps ultimately of substrate origin.


yaw-

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to unite, bind”)

Avestan: 𐬫𐬎 (yu, “to bind, hold”)

desc

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎 (niiu, “to (re)bind, hold”)

From Proto-Indo-European *yew- (“to connect”), and cognate with Lithuanian jáuti / jaũti (“to mix, mingle, blend”), Latvian jũtis (“place of joint, crossroads”). Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”) may be an extension of the root.


yaw-

*yu-yáw-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuyáwti

Sanskrit: युयोति (yuyóti)

*yusćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuśćati

Sanskrit: युच्छति (yucchati)

*yutás (“separated”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yutás

desc

Sanskrit: युतद्वेषस् (yutá-dveṣas, “separated from enemies”)

Proto-Iranian: *yutáh

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀 (yūta)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾ /ǰud/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾk' /ǰudāg/)

Persian: جدا (jodâ)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíyutas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíyutas

Sanskrit: वियुत (víyuta)

Proto-Iranian: *wíyutah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀 (viiūta)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to separate”)

Traditionally considered a secondary derivation from Etymology 1, via the latter's prefixed formations (as a "de-binding"). However, Mayrhofer is skeptical due to the strong semantic divergence from Etymology 1, and separates the two roots. Cheung critiques Mayrhofer's analysis, noting that "many of the derivative formations of yav2 (sic) seem to be (relatively) late, hapax or nonce" (suggesting a secondary derivation), as well as Mayrhofer basing his argument on the supposed existence of a separate root for Etymology 2 in Proto-Indo-European, which does not seem to exist.