ćatám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śatám

Sanskrit: शत (śatá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *catám

Central Iranian:

desctree

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬀 (sata)
→ English: satem (learned) (from the masculine accusative singular 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 (satəm))

Northeastern Iranian:

Proto-Scythian:

Ossetian: сӕдӕ (sædæ)

Proto-Saka-Wakhi:

Khotanese: [script needed] (sata)

Wakhi: (/sad/)

Arabic script: سد

Cyrillic script: сад (sad)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: σαδο (sado)

Khwarezmian: سید (sy̌d /*səd/)

Sogdian: (/sat(u)/)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (st), [script needed] (100)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫤 (st), 𐫯 (100)

Syriac script: ܣܬܘ (stw)

Southeastern Iranian:

Ormuri-Parachi:

Ormuri: سو (/sū/)

Parachi: سو (/sȫ/)

Pashto: سل (sël)

Sanglechi: ساذ (sāδ)

Yidgha: شور (šōr)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: سد (/sad/)

Kurdish:

q

Central Kurdish: سەد (sed /sad/), صهد (ṣed /sˤad/) (the form of صهد (ṣed) is common for some Sorani dialects)

Laki: سەد (sed /sad/)

Northern Kurdish: sed (/sad/), sid (/sid/)

Southern Kurdish: سەد (sed /sad/)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *sata-

Caspian:

Gilaki: سد (/sad, səd/)

Old Mazanderani: صد (ṣd /sad/)

Mazanderani: صد (ṣd /sad/), سد (/sad/)

Parthian: (/sad/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭞 (100)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫅 (sd), 𐫯 (100)

Zaza-Gurani

Gurani: سەڎ (seð̞ /sað̞/)

Zazaki: se (/sa/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: *θatam (see there for further descendants)

→ Crimean Gothic: sada

→? Proto-Slavic: *sъto (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Uralic: *śëta (see there for further descendants)

سەدە

Kurdish: (maybe influenced by New Persian); Central Kurdish

sede

Kurdish: (maybe influenced by New Persian); Northern Kurdish

𐬯

Middle Persian: (/sadag/, “century; Sadeh festival”); Pazend script

→ Pashto: صده

→ Arabic: سدق (sadaq, “Sadeh festival”), سذق (saḏaq)


dáća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáśa

Sanskrit: दश (dáśa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dáca (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *dáca (see there for further descendants)


Háywas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háywas

Vedic Sanskrit: ऐव (aivá)

Classical Sanskrit: एव (evá)

Proto-Iranian: *Háywah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (aēuua)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: йеу (jew)

Iron Ossetian: иу (iw)

Zazaki: yew

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎡𐎺 (a-i-v /aiva/)
Middle Persian:
Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫇 (ʿyw /ēw/)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾy /ē/)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭸 (HD)
Persian: یو (yaw, yô, yu), ـی (-ê)
Tajik: -е (-ye)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Háywakah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾywk' /ēwak/)

Persian: یک (yek)

Tajik: як (yak)

Kurdish: yek

Bactrian: ιωγο (iōgo)


dwáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwáH

Sanskrit: द्व (dvá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dwáH

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (duua)

Bactrian: λοι (loi), λοοι (looi), λοο (loo)

Northern Kurdish: du

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: дууӕ (duwæ)

Iron Ossetian: дыууӕ (dywwæ)

Middle Persian: 𐭲𐭥𐭩𐭭 (tʿyn)

Persian: دو

Tajik: ду (du)

Baluchi: دو

Proto-Nuristani: *dū́ (see there for further descendants)


Háykas

desctree

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háykas
Mitanni:
→ Hurrian: 𒀀𒄿𒅗 (a-i-ka /aika/)
Sanskrit: एक (éka) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *eka

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ev

Kativiri: ev

Prasuni: (compounded with -pün)

Dewa: üpün

Kshtoki: üpǖn

Pronz: ipǖn, upǖn

Shtive: īpǖn

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun:

Masegal: ač

Sanu: ac̣

Waigali:

Nisheigram: e, ev

Zhonchigal: ek

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos through a variant *h₁óy-kos. Replaced in Iranian by *Háywas.


tráyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tráyas

Sanskrit: त्रि (trí) (त्रयस् m (tráyas, nom. pl.)), त्रीणि n (trī́ṇi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *θráyah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *tré

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: tre

Kativiri: tre

Prasuni: ćši, ći

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: trë

Tregami: tre

Waigali: tre

From Proto-Indo-European *tréyes. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þrīz, Latin trēs.


saptá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saptá

Sanskrit: सप्तन् (saptán) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *haptá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *sattá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: sút

Kativiri: sút

Prasuni: së́të, sët

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: sṓt

Tregami: sút

Waigali: sot


pratʰamás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰamás

Sanskrit: प्रथम (prathamá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *fratamáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fratəma)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdian: [script needed] (prtmw)

Western Iranian:

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠 (fratama)

Middle Persian: (/fradom/)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡𐫤𐫇𐫖 (prtwm)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pltwm)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: փարթամ (pʻartʻam)
Armenian: փարթամ (pʻartʻam)

From an earlier *pratamás, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-tm̥mós, from *pro- (“toward, forward”) + *-tm̥mós (absolute superlative suffix) and influenced by the /tʰ/ in *-ištʰas. Cognate with Latin primus, Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos).


pánča

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pánća

Sanskrit: पञ्चन् (páñcan)
Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀧𑀁𑀘 (paṃca) (see there for further descendants)
Dardic:
Kalasha: ponǰ
Kashmiri: پانٛژھ (pānċh)
Khowar: پونج (ponǰ)
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ފަހެހް (faheh)
Sinhalese: පහ (paha)
Pali: pañca
→ Burmese: ပဉ္စ (panyca.)
→ Khmer: បញ្ច (bɑɑbɑñcɑɑ)
→ Lao: ປັນຈະ (pan cha)
→ Shan: ပဵၼ်ႇၸႃႉ (pàen tsâ̰a)
→ Thai: ปัญจ, เบญจ
→ Malay:
Latin script: panca
Arabic script: ڤنچا
Indonesian: panca

→ Hurrian: 𒉺𒀭𒍝 (pa-an-za)

Proto-Iranian: *pánča (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *pánča

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: puč

Kativiri: puč

Prasuni: vuču, vuč

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: põć

Tregami: põč

Waigali: pũč


Hnáwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnáwa

Sanskrit: नवन् (návan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hnáwa

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (nauua)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdian: [script needed] (naw(a))

Yagnobi: нав (naw)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: نو (no)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: نۆ (no)

Northern Kurdish: neh

Zazaki: new

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: نه (në, ni)

Parachi: nō

Shughni: нов̌ (nōw)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎺 (n-v /nava/) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *núwa

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: nú

Kativiri: nú

Prasuni: nu

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: nó

Tregami: nṹ

Waigali: nu


saȷ́ʰásram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰásram

Sanskrit: सहस्र (sahásra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hajáhram (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-ǵʰéslom, from *sm̥- (“one; full”) + *ǵʰéslom (“thousand”).


čatwā́ras

head

*čatwā́ras m pl (feminine plural *čátasras, neuter plural *čatwā́r)

čatwā́r as (canonical masculine plural)
čátasras (feminine plural)
čatwā́r (neuter plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćatwā́ras

desc

Sanskrit: चतुर् (catur), चत्वारः (catvā́raḥ, m.pl.) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čaθwā́rah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *čatwā́ra

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: što

Kativiri: štëvo

Prasuni: čpu

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: ćatā

Tregami: čata

Waigali: čatā


HwiHćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwiHśatí

desctree

Sanskrit: विं॒श॒ति (viṃśatí)
Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀢𑀺 (vīsati)
Prakrit: 𑀯𑀻𑀲 (vīsa), 𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀤𑀺 (vīsadi) — Śaurasenī, 𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀇 (vīsaï) — Ardhamāgadhī, Māgadhī, Māhārāṣṭrī (see there for further descendants)
Dardic:
Kashmiri: وُہ (vuh)
Pali: vīsati

Proto-Iranian: *HwiHcati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *wīcatí

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: vićí

Kativiri: vëćë́

Prasuni: źú (< *vźú)

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: viší

Tregami: viší (with š from Indo-Aryan)

Waigali: viši (with š from Indo-Aryan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wih₁ḱm̥ti, from *dwih₁ḱm̥ti.


dwitī́yas

From Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two, apart”). Cognate with Albanian dytë.


Hnawatí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnawatí

Sanskrit: नवति (navatí)

Pali: navuti

Bengali: নব্বই (nobboi)

Hindi: नव्वे (navve)

Urdu: نوے (navve)

Proto-Iranian: *Hnawatí

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nauuaⁱti)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (nawad)

Persian: نَوَد (navad)

Tajik: навад (navad)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁newn̥tí, from *h₁néwn̥ and *tí.


šwáćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṣwáṭṣ

desc

Sanskrit: षष् (ṣáṣ), षट् (ṣáṭ), *ट्षष् (*ṭṣáṣ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *xšwáš, *šwáš (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Nuristani: (or from Indo-Aryan due to initial *ṣ)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ṣu

Kativiri: ṣu

Prasuni: vuṣu, vuṣ

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: ṣo

Tregami: ṣu

Waigali: ṣu

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs, with irregular retraction of initial *s- into *š-.


Haštā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haṣṭā́

Sanskrit: अष्ट (aṣṭá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Haštā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *actā́

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: úṣṭ

Kativiri: úṣṭ

Prasuni: ástë, ast

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: ṓṣṭ

Tregami: vóṣṭ

Waigali: oṣṭ

From Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw (“eight”).


pančaHćát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *panćaHśát

Sanskrit: पञ्चाशत् (pañcāśát) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pančaHcát

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬁𐬯𐬀𐬙 (paṇcāsat)

Khotanese: [script needed] (paṃjsāsä)

Tumshuqese: [script needed] (patsasu)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pncʾh /panjāh/)

Persian: پنجاه (panjâh)

From Proto-Indo-European *penkʷeh₁ḱḿ̥t (“fifty”).


triHćát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *triHśát

desctree

Sanskrit: त्रिंशत् (triṃśat)
Pali: tiṃsa, tiṃsati
Prakrit: 𑀢𑀻𑀲𑀁 (tīsaṃ), 𑀢𑀻𑀲𑀸 (tīsā), 𑀢𑀻𑀲𑀇𑀁 (tīsaïṃ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *θriHcát

Avestan: 𐬚𐬭𐬌𐬯𐬀𐬙 (θrisat)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: syh (sīh)

Persian: سی (si)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tréyes
Proto-Indo-European *tri-
Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥
Proto-Indo-European *tridḱómt
Proto-Indo-Iranian *triHćát
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tridḱómt.