mitrás

mitrás (nominative singular)
mitrā́ (dual nominative)
mitrā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
mitra (singular vocative)
mitrā́ (dual vocative)
mitrā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
mitrám (accusative singular)
mitrā́ (accusative dual)
mitrā́ns (accusative plural)
mitrā́ (instrumental singular)
mitráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
mitrā́yš (instrumental plural)
mitrā́t (ablative singular)
mitráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
mitráybʰyas (ablative plural)
mitrā́y (dative singular)
mitráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
mitráybʰyas (dative plural)
mitrásya (genitive singular)
mitráyās (dual genitive)
mitrā́nam (genitive plural)
mitrā́naHm (genitive plural)
mitráy (locative singular)
mitráyaw (dual locative)
mitráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mitrás (“friend”)

Sanskrit: मित्र (mitrá) (see there for further descendants)

→ Hittite: 𒈪𒀉𒊏 (mi-it-ra /Mītra/)

Proto-Iranian: *miθráh

Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra)

desctree

→ Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)
Middle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)
Persian: مهر (mehr)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)
Shahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)
→ Akkadian:
→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)

Bactrian: Μιυρο (Miuro)

desc

Northern Kurdish: mehr (“(marital) engagement”)

>? Northern Kurdish: mîr, mîrek (“king, prince”)

Central Kurdish: میر (mîr, “kindness”) (under Persian influence)

Parthian:

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭉 (mtry /Mihr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /Mihr/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μίθρᾱς (Míthrās)

→ Latin: Mithrās

→ English: Mithras

→ Old Armenian: ⇒ մեհեան (mehean), ⇒ մեհեկան (mehekan)

Original PII meaning is preserved in Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra, “covenant”). In Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan languages, mitra means “friend”, one of the aspects of binding and alliance. The Indo-Iranian reconstruction is attributed, to Christian Bartholomae and was subsequently refined by A. Meillet (1907), who suggested derivation from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“to exchange”). Contradicting suggestions included *meh₁- (“to measure”) (Gray 1929).
Pokorny (IEW 1959) refined Meillet's *mey- as “to bind”. Combining the root *mey- with the ‘tool suffix’ -tra- "that which [causes] …" (also found e. g. in Sanskrit मन्त्र (mantra, “that which causes to think”)), then literally means “that which binds”, and thus “covenant, treaty, agreement, promise, oath” etc. Pokorny's interpretation also supports “to fasten, strengthen”, which may be found in Latin moenia (“city wall, fortification”), and in an antonymic form, Old English (ge)maere (“border, boundary-post”).
Meillet and Pokorny's “contract” did however have its detractors. Lentz (1964, 1970) refused to accept abstract “contract” for so exalted a divinity and preferred the more religious “piety”. Because present-day Sanskrit मित्र (mitrá) means “friend”, and New Persian مهر (mehr) means “love” or “friendship”, Gonda (1972, 1973) insisted on a Vedic meaning of “friend, friendship”, not “contract”.
Meillet's analysis also “rectified earlier interpretations” that suggested that the Indo-Iranian common noun *mitra- had anything to do with light or the sun. When H. Lommel suggested that such an association was implied in the Younger Avesta (>6th c. BCE), that too was conclusively dismissed. Today, it is certain that “(al)though Miθra is closely associated with the sun in the Avesta, he is not the sun” and “Vedic Mitra is not either”.
Old Persian 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra, Mitra)—both only attested in a handful of 4th century BCE inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and III—“is generally admitted [to be] a borrowing from the Avesta”, the genuine Old Persian form being *Miça. (Kent initially suggested Sanskrit but later changed his mind.) Middle Iranian myhr (Parthian, also in living Armenian usage) and mihr (Middle Persian), derive from Avestan Mithra.
Greek Μίθρας (Míthras) and Latin Mithras, the focal deity of a Greco-Roman cult, is the nominative form of vocative Mithra. In contrast to the original Avestan meaning of “contract” or “covenant” (and still evident in post-Sassanid Middle Persian texts), the Greco-Roman Mithraists probably thought the name meant “mediator”. In Plutarch's 1st century discussion of dualistic theologies, the Greek historiographer provides the following explanation of the name in his summary of the Zoroastrian religion: Mithra is a μέσον (méson, “in the middle”) between “the good Horomazdes and the evil Aremanius […] and this is why the Pérsai call the Mediator Mithra” (Isis and Osiris 46.7). Zaehner attributes this false etymology to a role that Mithra (and the sun!) played in the now extinct branch of Zoroastrianism known as Zurvanism.


suH-

Proto-Iranian: *huH-

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬏 (hū)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (hva)

Digor Ossetian: ху (xu)

Iron Ossetian: хуы (x°y)

Northwestern Iranian:

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Gurani: خوو (xû /xū/)

Old Mazanderani: خو (xū)

Mazanderani: خی (xi)

Lasgerdi: خو (xū)

Sangisari: خؤ (xü)

Semnani: خی (xī)

Old Sistani dialect خوا

Only mentioned in the Qur'an-i Quds as the oldest New Persian translation of Qur'an


Áryas

Áryás (nominative singular)
Áryā́ (dual nominative)
Áryā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
Árya (singular vocative)
Áryā́ (dual vocative)
Áryā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
Áryám (accusative singular)
Áryā́ (accusative dual)
Áryā́ns (accusative plural)
Áryā́ (instrumental singular)
ÁryáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
Áryā́yš (instrumental plural)
Áryā́t (ablative singular)
ÁryáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
Áryáybʰyas (ablative plural)
Áryā́y (dative singular)
ÁryáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
Áryáybʰyas (dative plural)
Áryásya (genitive singular)
Áryáyās (dual genitive)
Áryā́nam (genitive plural)
Áryā́naHm (genitive plural)
Áryáy (locative singular)
Áryáyaw (dual locative)
Áryáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Áryas, *Ā́ryas

Sanskrit: आर्य (Ā́rya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Áryah, *Ā́ryah (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Uralic: *orja (“slave”) (see there for further descendants)

There have been many attempts to qualify the ar- verbal root of Old Iranian *arya- (with short -a, found in Old Persian as ariya-, and Avestan as airiia-, etc), and Old Indic ārya- (with long -a, vriddhi-formed Sanskrit ā́rya-). No Nuristani cognate has yet been identified, however. The most influential (and in the case of Pictet, notorious) of these include:
* Before 1957 (these assume that various Sanskrit (near-)homonyms derive from a single historical unity):
** Franz Bopp (1830): ar- "to go, to move", read as "one who roams" (like a nomad)
** Adolphe Pictet (1858): ar- "to plough", read as "cultivator of the land"
** Hermann Güntert (1924): ar- "to fit", read as "allied, friendly"
** Paul Thieme (1938): ar- "to give, allot, share", read as "hospitable, friendly"
* 1957 and later (these differentiate between the Sanskrit gentilic ā́rya- and the (near-)homonyms árya-, aryá-, aryà-, ā́rīḥa-, etc.):
** Emmanuel Laroche (1957): ara- "to fit", read as "fitting, proper"
** Georges Dumézil (1958): ar- "to share", read as a uniting property of "belonging to the Aryan world" ("appartenant au monde aryen")
** Harold Walter Bailey (1959): ar- "to beget", read as "born, nurturing"
** Émil Benveniste (1969): ar- "to fit", read as "companionable"
For a review of these and many other considerations, see Szemerényi 1977, pp. 103–147.
A derivation from Proto-Indo-European cannot be obtained with certainty either. This is because
* the ā/a in ārya- have a morphological value unique to Indo-Iranian languages. Indo-European ā, ē, ō merge as Indo-Iranian ā (a similar merger also occurs for short vowels).
* the rules governing ablauts are poorly understood and it is not certain whether PIE had an a-vowel at all; in principle ārya- could simply reflect zero-grade n̥ryo-.
* the a priori assumption that ārya- is Indo-European is not assured. A comparable word does not exist in any other Indo-European language (i.e. other than the Indo-Iranian ones). 18th/19th-century assumptions of a relationship to Irish Éire, German Ehre, etc. have long since been dismissed. It is possible that the autonym was originally a name given to the Indo-Iranians by another (non-Indo-European) people.
* the relationship between various Sanskrit (near-)homonyms has not been established. In addition to the vriddhi-formed ā́rya- that corresponds to Old Iranian ariya/airiia etc., Sanskrit also has árya-, aryá-, aryà-, ā́rīḥa-, etc. Prior to the 1950s, these were all assumed to be variants of the same word (i.e. assumed to have a historical unity), but since 1957 (Laroche), this approach is no longer considered tenable. (The relationship of these terms with Sanskrit ari- "attached to, faithful, trustworthy; faithful, devoted, pious man, kinsman" is also not clear, but it has frequently been suspected as a derivational base.)
For a review of the etymological problems involved, see Szemerényi 1977, pp. 103–147; Mayrhofer 1956, p. 49, 52, 79. and Siegert 1941/1942, pp. 73-99. Watkins/IE Roots (2000) treats the Indo-Iranian autonym as an isolate and derives it tentatively from "perhaps ... ar- [to fit]" (cf. *h₂er-, "to fit, put together"), giving "allied compatriot" or the like. This reading derives ultimately from an analysis by H. Güntert (1924, reiterated by Laroche and in numerous other later etymologies). Etymologies that consider the Indo-Iranian term to be a loanword include Oswald Szemerényi suggestion that *arya- is a loanword from an Ugaritic word meaning "kinsmen", but this hypothesis has today generally been discarded (EIEC: "hardly compelling").
Etymologies that insist on a PIE root for Indo-Iranian *arya, and also read it as a substantive rather than a conjugation of the verbal root ar(y)-, include Mallory and Adams (EIEC, 1997) who derive *arya from *h₄erós ~ *h₄eri̯os (“member of one's own (ethnic) group, peer, freeman; (Indo-Iranian) Aryan”), and adduce comparanda from Anatolian and Celtic, partly reiterating Laroche's analysis.

autonymic (self-identifying) ethnonym of the respective Indo-Iranian peoples, i.e. the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians.


wíćš

wíćs (nominative singular)
wíćāw (dual nominative)
wíćas (nominative plural)
wíć (singular vocative)
wíćāw (dual vocative)
wíćas (plural vocative)
wíćam (accusative singular)
wíćāw (accusative dual)
wićás (accusative plural)
wićáH (instrumental singular)
wićbʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
wićbʰíš (instrumental plural)
wićás (ablative singular)
wićbʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
wićbʰyáH (ablative plural)
wićáy (dative singular)
wićbʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
wićbʰyáH (dative plural)
wićás (genitive singular)
wićáwš (dual genitive)
wićā́m (genitive plural)
wíći (locative singular)
wićáwš (dual locative)
wićsú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíṭṣ

Sanskrit: विश् f (víś), विट् (víṭ, nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *wícš

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯 f (vīs, “village; clan”), 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬆𐬨 (vīsəm, acc.sg.), 𐬬𐬍𐬲𐬌𐬠𐬌𐬌𐬋 (vīžibiiō, dat./abl.pl.)

Northern Kurdish: bis°, pis°

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎰 f (vi-θ /viθ/), 𐎻𐎰𐎶 (vi-θ-m /viθam/, acc.sg.), 𐎻𐎰𐎹𐎠 (vi-θ-y-a /viθiyā/, loc.sg.)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (wys /wis/, “village”)

→ Persian: ویس (vis)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱs ~ wiḱés, from *weyḱ-.


kapʰas

kápʰas (canonical)
kapʰás (canonical masculine)
kapʰás (nominative singular)
kapʰā́ (dual nominative)
kapʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
kapʰa (singular vocative)
kapʰā́ (dual vocative)
kapʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
kapʰám (accusative singular)
kapʰā́ (accusative dual)
kapʰā́ns (accusative plural)
kapʰā́ (instrumental singular)
kapʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
kapʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
kapʰā́t (ablative singular)
kapʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
kapʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
kapʰā́y (dative singular)
kapʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
kapʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
kapʰásya (genitive singular)
kapʰáyās (dual genitive)
kapʰā́nam (genitive plural)
kapʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
kapʰáy (locative singular)
kapʰáyaw (dual locative)
kapʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kapʰas

Sanskrit: कफ (kapha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *kafah

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬟𐬀 (kafa)

Possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


mánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mánas

Sanskrit: मनस् (mánas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mánah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (manah), 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬋 (manō)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (m-n-h /manah/)

From Proto-Indo-European *ménos (“mind”).


Hámsas

Hámsas (nominative singular)
Hámsam (accusative singular)
Hámsay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hámsas

Sanskrit: अंस (áṃsa)

Proto-Iranian: *Hámhah

Ossetian: (“shoulder blade”)

Digor Ossetian: онӕ (onæ)

Iron Ossetian: он (on)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émsos (“shoulder”).


Hnā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnā́ma

Sanskrit: नामन् (nā́man) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́ma (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *nā́ma

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: nom

Kativiri: num

Prasuni: nom, nëmë

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: nā́m

Waigali: nām


káHmas

káHmas (nominative singular)
káHmā (dual nominative)
káHmā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
káHma (singular vocative)
káHmā (dual vocative)
káHmā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
káHmam (accusative singular)
káHmā (accusative dual)
káHmāns (accusative plural)
káHmā (instrumental singular)
káHmaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
káHmāyš (instrumental plural)
káHmāt (ablative singular)
káHmaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
káHmaybʰyas (ablative plural)
káHmāy (dative singular)
káHmaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
káHmaybʰyas (dative plural)
káHmasya (genitive singular)
káHmayās (dual genitive)
káHmānam (genitive plural)
káHmānaHm (genitive plural)
káHmay (locative singular)
káHmayaw (dual locative)
káHmayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káHmas

Sanskrit: काम (kā́ma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *káHmah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kóh₂-mo-s, from *keh₂- (“to fly, flow, run”) + *-mō (agentive nominal suffix) + *-s (suffix deriving masculine acrostatic root nouns with lengthened o-grade nominative singular from roots).


Hstā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hstā́

Sanskrit: स्तृ (stṛ́), तृ (tṛ́)

⇒ Sanskrit: तारा (tā́rā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hstā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *stā́ra

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: řaštó (< *řóča-stā́ra (“bright star”))

Kativiri: štó

Prasuni: istík

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: istã́

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”).


gā́wš

gā́wš (nominative singular)
gā́wāw (dual nominative)
gā́was (nominative plural)
gáw (singular vocative)
gā́wāw (dual vocative)
gā́was (plural vocative)
gā́m (accusative singular)
gā́wāw (accusative dual)
gáwas (accusative plural)
gáwaH (instrumental singular)
gáwbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
gáwbʰiš (instrumental plural)
gáwas (ablative singular)
gáwbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
gáwbʰyaH (ablative plural)
gáway (dative singular)
gáwbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
gáwbʰyaH (dative plural)
gáwas (genitive singular)
gáwawš (dual genitive)
gáwām (genitive plural)
gáwi (locative singular)
gáwawš (dual locative)
gáwsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gā́wṣ

Sanskrit: गो (gó), *गाव (gāva) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gā́wš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *gā́wā

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: gó

Kativiri: gó

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: gá

Tregami: gá

Waigali: ga

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws
Proto-Indo-Iranian *gā́wš
From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cow”).


mátsyas

mátsyas (nominative singular)
mátsyā (dual nominative)
mátsyā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
mátsya (singular vocative)
mátsyā (dual vocative)
mátsyā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
mátsyam (accusative singular)
mátsyā (accusative dual)
mátsyāns (accusative plural)
mátsyā (instrumental singular)
mátsyaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
mátsyāyš (instrumental plural)
mátsyāt (ablative singular)
mátsyaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
mátsyaybʰyas (ablative plural)
mátsyāy (dative singular)
mátsyaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
mátsyaybʰyas (dative plural)
mátsyasya (genitive singular)
mátsyayās (dual genitive)
mátsyānam (genitive plural)
mátsyānaHm (genitive plural)
mátsyay (locative singular)
mátsyayaw (dual locative)
mátsyayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mátsyas

Sanskrit: मत्स्य (mátsya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mácyah

Central Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀 (masiia)

Northeastern Iranian:

Wakhi: (/mōī/)

Arabic script: مؤي

Cyrillic script: мои (mo-yi)

Southeastern Iranian:

Ormuri: مائي (māī)

Pashto: مشی (məšáy)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: ماہیگ (māhīg)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: masî (/māsī/)

Central Kurdish: ماسی (masî /māsī/)

Southern Kurdish: ماسی (masî /māsī/)

Laki: مایی (mayî /māyī/)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Isfahani: مای (māy)

Sangisari: مایی (māī)

Parthian: (/māsyāg/)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫘𐫏𐫀𐫃 (mʾsyʾg)

Zaza- Gorani:

Gurani: ماساۋی (/māsāʋī/)

Zazaki: mase (/māsa/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/māhīg/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾhyk')

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫍𐫏𐫃 (mʾhyg)

Proto-Nuristani: *másca

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ṓmaći (< *ā́pa-mascaká)

Kativiri: maćë́

Prasuni: tṓamüsü (?)

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: mṓć

Waigali: mëć

Unknown; possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate, compare the lack of similarity with Western Indo-European *peysk- (“fish”) and Eastern Indo-European *dʰǵʰu- (“fish”). Alternative theories link the term to Proto-Germanic *matiz (“food”).


Hā́ps

Hā́ps (nominative singular)
Hā́pas (nominative plural)
Hā́pas (plural vocative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́ps, *Hā́pas (nom.pl.)

Sanskrit: अप् (áp), आपः (ā́paḥ, nom.pl) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hā́fš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *ā́pa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s, from *h₂ep-.


daywás

daywás (nominative singular)
daywā́ (dual nominative)
daywā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
daywa (singular vocative)
daywā́ (dual vocative)
daywā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
daywám (accusative singular)
daywā́ (accusative dual)
daywā́ns (accusative plural)
daywā́ (instrumental singular)
daywáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
daywā́yš (instrumental plural)
daywā́t (ablative singular)
daywáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
daywáybʰyas (ablative plural)
daywā́y (dative singular)
daywáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
daywáybʰyas (dative plural)
daywásya (genitive singular)
daywáyās (dual genitive)
daywā́nam (genitive plural)
daywā́naHm (genitive plural)
daywáy (locative singular)
daywáyaw (dual locative)
daywáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daywás (“god, deity”)

Sanskrit: देव (devá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *daywáh (“demon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *dewá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: dé

Kativiri: dé

Prasuni: lú

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: deí

Waigali: de

→ Proto-Finnic: *taivas (“sky”) (see there for further descendants)


súHar

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *súHar

Sanskrit: स्वर् (svàr), सूर् (sū́r) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: सूर्य (sūrya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *húHar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *sáwī (< *sáHuriH < Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ + *-ih₂)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: sú

Kativiri: sú

Prasuni: üsǘk

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: só

Tregami: sä̃́

Waigali: sö

From Proto-Indo-European *súh₂el ~ *suh₂éns (“the sun”), leveled from *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *suh₂éns (from *sh₂wéns via schwebeablaut).


pHtā́

pHtā́ (nominative singular)
pHtáraH (dual nominative)
-ā́raH (dual nominative)
pHtáras (nominative plural)
-ā́ras (nominative plural)
pHtar (singular vocative)
pHtáraH (dual vocative)
-ā́raH (dual vocative)
pHtáras (plural vocative)
-ā́ras (plural vocative)
pHtáram (accusative singular)
-ā́ram (accusative singular)
-r̥m (accusative singular)
pHtáraH (accusative dual)
-ā́raH (accusative dual)
pHtŕ̥Nš (accusative plural)
pHtráH (instrumental singular)
pHtŕ̥bʰyā (dual instrumental)
pHtŕ̥bʰyām (dual instrumental)
pHtŕ̥bʰiš (instrumental plural)
pHtŕ̥š (ablative singular)
-rás (ablative singular)
pHtŕ̥bʰyā (ablative dual)
pHtŕ̥bʰyām (ablative dual)
pHtŕ̥bʰyas (ablative plural)
pHtráy (dative singular)
pHtŕ̥bʰyā (dative dual)
pHtŕ̥bʰyām (dative dual)
pHtŕ̥bʰyas (dative plural)
pHtŕ̥š (genitive singular)
-rás (genitive singular)
pHtráw (dual genitive)
pHtrā́m (genitive plural)
pHtári (locative singular)
pHtŕ̥šu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtā́

desc

Sanskrit: पितृ (pitṛ́), पिता (pitā́, nom.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pHtā́ (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *pHtā́r, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Cognate with Proto-Italic *patēr, Proto-Hellenic *patḗr, Proto-Germanic *fadēr.


ȷ́ā́nu

ȷ́ā́naw (nominative singular)
ȷ́ā́nuH (dual nominative)
ȷ́ā́nuH (nominative plural)
ȷ́ā́naw (singular vocative)
ȷ́ā́nuH (dual vocative)
ȷ́ā́nuH (plural vocative)
ȷ́ā́naw (accusative singular)
ȷ́ā́nuH (accusative dual)
ȷ́ā́nuH (accusative plural)
ȷ́ā́nuH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ā́nubʰyaH (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ā́nubʰiš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ā́nawš (ablative singular)
ȷ́ā́nubʰyaH (ablative dual)
ȷ́ā́nubʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ā́naway (dative singular)
ȷ́ā́nubʰyaH (dative dual)
ȷ́ā́nubʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ā́nawš (genitive singular)
ȷ́ā́nuwaHs (dual genitive)
ȷ́ā́nunām? (genitive plural)
ȷ́ā́nā? (locative singular)
ȷ́ā́nāw? (locative singular)
ȷ́ā́nuwaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ā́nušu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ā́nu

Sanskrit: जानु (jā́nu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jā́nu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *dzānu (see there for further descendants)


HastčiHwánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaṣṭʰiHwánts

Sanskrit: अष्ठीवत् (aṣṭhīvát) (nom.sg. अष्ठीवान् (aṣṭhīvān))

Proto-Iranian: *HastčiHwánts

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬎𐬎𐬀 (ascuua)

Per Lubotsky, a compound of Proto-Indo-Iranian *HástʰH (“bone”) and the derivative of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kiHu- (“shin”). The first element is from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁. According to Martirosyan, the second element is independently reflected in Old Armenian ճիւ (čiw), an Iranian borrowing; compare also Proto-Slavic *cě̄và (“shin, bobbin”).


wŕ̥kas

wŕ̥kas (nominative singular)
wŕ̥kā (dual nominative)
wŕ̥kā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
wŕ̥ka (singular vocative)
wŕ̥kā (dual vocative)
wŕ̥kā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
wŕ̥kam (accusative singular)
wŕ̥kā (accusative dual)
wŕ̥kāns (accusative plural)
wŕ̥kā (instrumental singular)
wŕ̥kaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
wŕ̥kāyš (instrumental plural)
wŕ̥kāt (ablative singular)
wŕ̥kaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
wŕ̥kaybʰyas (ablative plural)
wŕ̥kāy (dative singular)
wŕ̥kaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
wŕ̥kaybʰyas (dative plural)
wŕ̥kasya (genitive singular)
wŕ̥kayās (dual genitive)
wŕ̥kānam (genitive plural)
wŕ̥kānaHm (genitive plural)
wŕ̥kay (locative singular)
wŕ̥kayaw (dual locative)
wŕ̥kayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wŕ̥kas

Sanskrit: वृक (vṛ́ka) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wŕ̥kah (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Mordvinic: *vərgas

From Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Cognate with Latin lupus, Proto-Germanic *wulfaz (whence English wolf).


Háćwas

Háćwas (nominative singular)
Háćwam (accusative singular)
Háćway (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśwas

desctree

Sanskrit: अश्व (áśva)
Dardic:
Shina: اَںشپوࣿ (ä̃špo)
Kalasha: hãš
Bengali: অশ্ব (ośśo)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀆𑀲 (āsa)
Niya Prakrit: 𐨀𐨭𐨿𐨤 (aśpa)
Pali: assa
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (assa)
Marwari: अस (as)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: අශ්වයා (aśwayā)
→ Bengali: অশ্ব (ośśo) (learned)
→ Hindi: अश्व (aśva) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಅಶ್ವ (aśva) (learned)
→ Marathi: अश्व (aśva) (learned)
→ Old Gujarati: अश्व (aśva) (learned)
→ Gujarati: અશ્વ (aśva) (learned)
→ Sinhalese: අශ්වය (aśwaya) (learned)
→ Indonesian: aswa
→ Lü: ᦁᦱᦌᦱ (ʼaasaa)
→ Malayalam: അശ്വം (aśvaṁ)
→ Telugu: అశ్వము (aśvamu)
→ Thai: อัศว (àt-sà-wá-)
→ Eastern Cham: ꨀꨔꨰꩍ
→ Western Cham: اسايه

→ Hurrian: 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa)

→ Proto-Nuristani: *ášpa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hácwah (see there for further descendants)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.


wišás

wišás (nominative singular)
wišā́ (dual nominative)
wišā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
wiša (singular vocative)
wišā́ (dual vocative)
wišā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
wišám (accusative singular)
wišā́ (accusative dual)
wišā́ns (accusative plural)
wišā́ (instrumental singular)
wišáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
wišā́yš (instrumental plural)
wišā́t (ablative singular)
wišáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
wišáybʰyas (ablative plural)
wišā́y (dative singular)
wišáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
wišáybʰyas (dative plural)
wišásya (genitive singular)
wišáyās (dual genitive)
wišā́nam (genitive plural)
wišā́naHm (genitive plural)
wišáy (locative singular)
wišáyaw (dual locative)
wišáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíṣas

Sanskrit: वि॒ष (viṣá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wíšah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬀 (viša)

→ Persian: ویش (viš, “virus”)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian:

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥(𐭩)𐭱 (w(y)š /wiš/, “poison”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫢 (wyš /wiš/, “poison”)

Proto-Nuristani: *wī́ša (< earlier *wī́sa < *wíHsas)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: víš

Kativiri: víš

Prasuni: ǘšu

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: yós

Waigali: viš

→ Proto-Uralic: *wiša (“poison, gall, green”)

Western Mari: ыжар (yžar, “green”)

Eastern Mari: ужар (užar, “green”)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: ожо (ožo, “yellow”)

Proto-Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: веж (vež)

Komi-Zyrian: веж (vež)

Udmurt: вож (vož)

Proto-Finnic: *viha (“poison”), *viherä (“green”) (see there for further descendants)


ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰŕ̥dayam

Sanskrit: हृदय (hṛ́daya), हृद् (hṛ́d) (in the weak cases) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jŕ̥dayam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *jr̥dí (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr, or its oblique stem *ḱr̥d-. The initial voiced aspirate is left unexplained.


ȷ́ʰástas

ȷ́ʰástas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰástā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰástā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰásta (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰástā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰástā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰástam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰástā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰástāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰástā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰástaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰástāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰástāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰástaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰástaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰástāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰástaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰástaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰástasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰástayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰástānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰástānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰástay (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰástayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰástayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰástas

Sanskrit: हस्त (hásta) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jástah, *dástah (probable dissimilation)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (zasta)

Bactrian: λιστο (listo)

Gurani: دەس (das)

Northern Kurdish: dest

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎿𐎫 (d-s-t /dasta/)

Middle Persian: 𐭩𐭣𐭤 (dast)

Persian: دست (dast)

Parthian: dst (dast)

Pashto: لاس (lās)

Zazaki: dest (dast)

Proto-Nuristani: *dásta (probable dissimilation)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: dǘšt

Kativiri: dúšt

Prasuni: lust

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: dóst

Tregami: dö́š

Waigali: dost

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-t-o-s, *ǵʰos-t-o-s, from *ǵʰes-.


wiHrás

wiHrás (nominative singular)
wiHrā́ (dual nominative)
wiHrā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
wiHra (singular vocative)
wiHrā́ (dual vocative)
wiHrā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
wiHrám (accusative singular)
wiHrā́ (accusative dual)
wiHrā́ns (accusative plural)
wiHrā́ (instrumental singular)
wiHráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
wiHrā́yš (instrumental plural)
wiHrā́t (ablative singular)
wiHráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
wiHráybʰyas (ablative plural)
wiHrā́y (dative singular)
wiHráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
wiHráybʰyas (dative plural)
wiHrásya (genitive singular)
wiHráyās (dual genitive)
wiHrā́nam (genitive plural)
wiHrā́naHm (genitive plural)
wiHráy (locative singular)
wiHráyaw (dual locative)
wiHráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiHrás

Sanskrit: वीर (vīrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wiHráh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *wīrá (see there for further descendants)


yugám

yugám (nominative singular)
yugáy (dual nominative)
yugáH (nominative plural)
yugám (singular vocative)
yugáy (dual vocative)
yugáH (plural vocative)
yugám (accusative singular)
yugáy (accusative dual)
yugáH (accusative plural)
yugā́ (instrumental singular)
yugáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
yugā́yš (instrumental plural)
yugā́t (ablative singular)
yugáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
yugáybʰyas (ablative plural)
yugā́y (dative singular)
yugáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
yugáybʰyas (dative plural)
yugásya (genitive singular)
yugáyās (dual genitive)
yugā́nam (genitive plural)
yugā́naHm (genitive plural)
yugáy (locative singular)
yugáyaw (dual locative)
yugáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yugám

Sanskrit: युग (yugá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yugám (see there for further descendants)


swápnas

swápnas (nominative singular)
swápnā (dual nominative)
swápnā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
swápna (singular vocative)
swápnā (dual vocative)
swápnā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
swápnam (accusative singular)
swápnā (accusative dual)
swápnāns (accusative plural)
swápnā (instrumental singular)
swápnaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
swápnāyš (instrumental plural)
swápnāt (ablative singular)
swápnaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
swápnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
swápnāy (dative singular)
swápnaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
swápnaybʰyas (dative plural)
swápnasya (genitive singular)
swápnayās (dual genitive)
swápnānam (genitive plural)
swápnānaHm (genitive plural)
swápnay (locative singular)
swápnayaw (dual locative)
swápnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápnas

Sanskrit: स्वप्न (svápna) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hwáfnah

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬀 (xᵛafna)

desc

Gurani: وەرم (werm /warm/, “dream, sleep”)

Digor Ossetian: фун (fun)

Iron Ossetian: фын (fyn)

Khotanese: [script needed] (hvana)

Northern Kurdish: xewn (/xawn/, “dream”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (xwmn /xwamn/, “dream, sleep”)

Classical Persian: همن (human, “dream; sleep”), هومن (hawman ~ huwman ~ hōman) (only in Zoroastrian texts)

Parthian: [script needed] (xwmr /xwamr/, “sleep”)

Sivandi: فرم (färm, “sleep”)

Zazaki: hewn (/hawn/, “dream, sleep”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *swep-
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *swépnos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *swápnas
From Proto-Indo-European *swépnos.


náHuš

náHuš (nominative singular)
náHuH (dual nominative)
náHawas (nominative plural)
náHaw (singular vocative)
náHuH (dual vocative)
náHawas (plural vocative)
náHum (accusative singular)
náHuH (accusative dual)
náHunš (accusative plural)
náHuH (instrumental singular)
náHubʰyaH (dual instrumental)
náHubʰiš (instrumental plural)
náHawš (ablative singular)
náHubʰyaH (ablative dual)
náHubʰyas (ablative plural)
náHaway (dative singular)
náHubʰyaH (dative dual)
náHubʰyas (dative plural)
náHawš (genitive singular)
náHuwaHs (dual genitive)
náHunām? (genitive plural)
náHā? (locative singular)
náHāw? (locative singular)
náHuwaw (dual locative)
náHušu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náHuṣ

Sanskrit: नौ (naú), नावा (nāvā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *náHuš (see there for further descendants)


sáwHmas

sáwHmas (nominative singular)
sáwHmā (dual nominative)
sáwHmā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
sáwHma (singular vocative)
sáwHmā (dual vocative)
sáwHmā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
sáwHmam (accusative singular)
sáwHmā (accusative dual)
sáwHmāns (accusative plural)
sáwHmā (instrumental singular)
sáwHmaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
sáwHmāyš (instrumental plural)
sáwHmāt (ablative singular)
sáwHmaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
sáwHmaybʰyas (ablative plural)
sáwHmāy (dative singular)
sáwHmaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
sáwHmaybʰyas (dative plural)
sáwHmasya (genitive singular)
sáwHmayās (dual genitive)
sáwHmānam (genitive plural)
sáwHmānaHm (genitive plural)
sáwHmay (locative singular)
sáwHmayaw (dual locative)
sáwHmayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHmas

Sanskrit: सोम (sóma)

Proto-Iranian: *háwHmah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sówh₁-mo-s, from *sewh₁- (“to pour out, rain, to press out, extract”).


máHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máHtā

desc

mā́tṛ, mātṛ́

Sanskrit: मातृ (mā́tṛ, mātṛ́)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: মা (ma), মাও (maü)

Bengali: মা (ma)

Sylheti: ꠝꠣ (ma)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀤𑀸 (mādā)

Gujarati: મા (mā)

Hindi: माँ (mā̃), मैया (maiyā), माऊ (māū)

Punjabi: ਮਾਂ (mā̃)

Urdu: ماں (mā̃)

→ Telugu: మాత (māta)

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *máHtā
Central Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (mātar)
Northeastern Iranian:
Digor Ossetian: мадӕ (madæ)
Iron Ossetian: мад (mad)
Sogdo-Bacterian:
Bactrian: μαδο (mado)
Proto-Sogdic:
Sogdian: [Term?] (/māt/)
Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (mʾt)
Sogdian script: [script needed] (mʾth)
Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (mʾt), [Syriac needed] (mʾth)
Southeastern Iranian:
Pashto: مور (mor), مېر (mer)
Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
Shughni: [script needed] (mad)
Northwestern Iranian:
Baluchi: مات (mát)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: mak, marî
Central Kurdish: ماک (mak)
Southern Kurdish: ماێەر (maÿer) (perhaps influenced by Median or Old Azari)
Proto-Medo-Parthian:
Caspian:
Gilaki: مر (mar), مار (mār)
Old Mazanderani: مار (mār)
Mazanderani: مار (mār)
Gorgani مار (mār)
Old Median:
Kermanic:
Zoroastrian Dari: مذر (mozer), مار (mâr)
Proto-Tatic:
Talysh:
Arabic script: ما (mā), موئه (mua)
Latin script: ma (mā), mua
Old Tati:
Old Azari: مادر (mādar)
Eshtehardi: مار (mār)
Ramandi: مایه (māya)
Parthian: [Term?] (/māδ(ar)/)
Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (mʾd), [Manichaean needed] (mʾdr)
Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
Gurani: ماما (māmā, “grand mother”)
Zazaki: may, mayer
Southwestern Iranian:
Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (m-a-t-a /mātā/)
Middle Persian: [Term?] (/mād(ar)/)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭥 (mʾtʿ)
Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (mʾd), [Manichaean needed] (mʾdr)
Persian: مادر (mâdar)
→ Urdu: مادر (mādar)
→ Hindi: मादर (mādar)

From earlier *máHtār, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr.


Hrátʰas

Hrátʰas (nominative singular)
Hrátʰa (singular vocative)
Hrátʰam (accusative singular)
Hrátʰasya (genitive singular)
Hrátʰayās (dual genitive)
Hrátʰay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrátʰas

Sanskrit: रथ (rátha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráθah

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀 (raθa)

Old Persian: [script needed] (uraθa-)

Middle Persian: (/rah/)

Manichaean: 𐫡𐫍 (rh), 𐫡𐫍𐫏 (rhy)

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (ls), [script needed] (lẖ), [script needed] (lhy)

→⇒? Old Armenian: արահետ (arahet)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrót-h₂-os, from *Hret- (“to roll”).


bʰráHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰráHtā

Sanskrit: भ्रातृ (bhrā́tṛ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *bráHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *brā́tā

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: břó

Kativiri: břó

Prasuni: vaya, vëyé

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: břá

Tregami: brá

Waigali: bra


dʰuHmás

dʰuHmás (nominative singular)
dʰuHmā́ (dual nominative)
dʰuHmā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
dʰuHma (singular vocative)
dʰuHmā́ (dual vocative)
dʰuHmā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
dʰuHmám (accusative singular)
dʰuHmā́ (accusative dual)
dʰuHmā́ns (accusative plural)
dʰuHmā́ (instrumental singular)
dʰuHmáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
dʰuHmā́yš (instrumental plural)
dʰuHmā́t (ablative singular)
dʰuHmáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
dʰuHmáybʰyas (ablative plural)
dʰuHmā́y (dative singular)
dʰuHmáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
dʰuHmáybʰyas (dative plural)
dʰuHmásya (genitive singular)
dʰuHmáyās (dual genitive)
dʰuHmā́nam (genitive plural)
dʰuHmā́naHm (genitive plural)
dʰuHmáy (locative singular)
dʰuHmáyaw (dual locative)
dʰuHmáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰuHmás

Sanskrit: धूम (dhūmá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *duHmáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬥𐬨𐬀𐬥 (dunman)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dumä)

Persian: دود (dud)

Northern Luri: دی (di)

Proto-Nuristani: *dūmá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: dǘm

Kativiri: diúm

Prasuni: ülyumú

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: dū́m

Tregami: düm

Waigali: dúm

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós, from *dʰewh₂- + *-mós.


swáćuras

swáćuras (nominative singular)
swáćurā (dual nominative)
swáćurā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
swáćura (singular vocative)
swáćurā (dual vocative)
swáćurā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
swáćuram (accusative singular)
swáćurā (accusative dual)
swáćurāns (accusative plural)
swáćurā (instrumental singular)
swáćuraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
swáćurāyš (instrumental plural)
swáćurāt (ablative singular)
swáćuraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
swáćuraybʰyas (ablative plural)
swáćurāy (dative singular)
swáćuraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
swáćuraybʰyas (dative plural)
swáćurasya (genitive singular)
swáćurayās (dual genitive)
swáćurānam (genitive plural)
swáćurānaHm (genitive plural)
swáćuray (locative singular)
swáćurayaw (dual locative)
swáćurayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáśuras

Sanskrit: श्वशुर (śváśura) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hwácurah

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬯𐬎𐬭𐬀 (xᵛasura)

Gurani: ھەسوورە (hasūra)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: xezûr

Central Kurdish: خەزوور (xezûr), خەزوورە (xezûre)

Southern Kurdish: خەسۊرە (xesüre)

Laki: خەسۊرە (xesüre)

Pashto: سخر (sxë́r)

Middle Persian:

Persian: خسور (xosur)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: هۏسیراْ (hösira)

Bakhtiari: خۏسیراْ (xösira)

Southern Luri: خٱسی (xasi)


Háwiš

Háwiš (nominative singular)
Háwišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwiṣ

Sanskrit: अवि (ávi)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwiš

Persian: عفه ('ofe, “sheepskin (coat)”)

Wakhi: [script needed] (yobc)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówi-s ~ *h₂éwi-s.


páću

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páśu

Sanskrit: पशु (páśu, paśú, “livestock”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pácu (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *počaw (“reindeer”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ob-Ugric:

Mansi: *pääčəɣ

Northern Mansi: пасиг (pasig, “reindeer calf”)

Khanty: *peečəɣ

Eastern Khanty: печәг (pječəg, “one-year-old reindeer”)

Northern Khanty: пеши (pješi)


Hā́yu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́yu

Sanskrit: आयु (ā́yu), आयुस् (ā́yus) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hā́yu

Avestan: 𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬏 (āiiū, “life, lifetime, time”)


dā́ru

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́ru

Sanskrit: दारु (dā́ru, “wood”), द्रोः (dróḥ, gen.sg.) < *dr-éw-s; द्रु (drú, “tree, branch”) < zero-grade *dr-ú

Proto-Iranian: *dā́ru (see there for further descendants)


Hdáns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hdáns ~ *Hdatás

Sanskrit: दत् (dát), दन् (dán, nom.sg.))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónt-s ~ *h₃dn̥t-és.


yáwgas

yáwga- (stem)
yáwgas (nominative singular)
yáwgā (dual nominative)
yáwgā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
yáwga (singular vocative)
yáwgā (dual vocative)
yáwgā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
yáwgam (accusative singular)
yáwgā (accusative dual)
yáwgāns (accusative plural)
yáwgā (instrumental singular)
yáwgaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
yáwgāyš (instrumental plural)
yáwgāt (ablative singular)
yáwgaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
yáwgaybʰyas (ablative plural)
yáwgāy (dative singular)
yáwgaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
yáwgaybʰyas (dative plural)
yáwgasya (genitive singular)
yáwgayās (dual genitive)
yáwgānam (genitive plural)
yáwgānaHm (genitive plural)
yáwgay (locative singular)
yáwgayaw (dual locative)
yáwgayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwgas

Sanskrit: योग (yóga) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *yówgos, from the root *yewg-. Equivalent to *yawg- + *-as.


yáwgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwgas

Sanskrit: योगस् (yógas)


čakrám

čakrám (nominative singular)
čakráy (dual nominative)
čakráH (nominative plural)
čakrám (singular vocative)
čakráy (dual vocative)
čakráH (plural vocative)
čakrám (accusative singular)
čakráy (accusative dual)
čakráH (accusative plural)
čakrā́ (instrumental singular)
čakráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
čakrā́yš (instrumental plural)
čakrā́t (ablative singular)
čakráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
čakráybʰyas (ablative plural)
čakrā́y (dative singular)
čakráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
čakráybʰyas (dative plural)
čakrásya (genitive singular)
čakráyās (dual genitive)
čakrā́nam (genitive plural)
čakrā́naHm (genitive plural)
čakráy (locative singular)
čakráyaw (dual locative)
čakráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakrám

Sanskrit: चक्र (cakrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čaxrám (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kekrä (“yearly feast”)

Finnish: kekri

→ Proto-Samic: *keavrē (“curved object, rim on a ski pole”)


ȷ́ánHas

ȷ́ánHas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ánHasiH (dual nominative)
ȷ́ánHasH (nominative plural)
ȷ́ánHas (singular vocative)
ȷ́ánHasiH (dual vocative)
ȷ́ánHasH (plural vocative)
ȷ́ánHas (accusative singular)
ȷ́ánHasiH (accusative dual)
ȷ́ánHasH (accusative plural)
ȷ́ánHasas (genitive singular)
ȷ́ánHasaHam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ánHasas (ablative singular)
ȷ́ánHasmas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ánHasay (dative singular)
ȷ́ánHasmas (dative plural)
ȷ́ánHas (locative singular)
ȷ́ánHasi (locative singular)
ȷ́ánHasu (locative plural)
ȷ́ánHasH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ánHasbʰi (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHas n

Sanskrit: जनस् (jánas)


ȷ́ánHas

ȷ́ánHas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ánHaH (dual nominative)
ȷ́ánHās (nominative plural)
ȷ́ánHa (singular vocative)
ȷ́ánHaH (dual vocative)
ȷ́ánHās (plural vocative)
ȷ́ánHam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ánHaH (accusative dual)
ȷ́ánHans (accusative plural)
ȷ́ánHasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ánHām (genitive plural)
ȷ́ánHāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ánHamas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ánHāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ánHamas (dative plural)
ȷ́ánHay (locative singular)
ȷ́ánHayšu (locative plural)
ȷ́ánHaH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ánHāš (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHas m

Sanskrit: जन (jána, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jánHah

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬋𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬀 (sruuōzana, “of the race of horned animals”)

Sogdian: [Term?] (/zang/, “race, sort”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zng)

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (zng), [Syriac needed] (znk)

Parthian:

Northern Kurdish: -jen (as in bûjen, nûjen)

desctree

Old Persian: 𐏀𐎴 (zanaʰ)
Middle Persian:
Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫃 (zng /zanag/, “kind, sort”)

→ Old Armenian: -զան (-zan)

→ Proto-Permic: *zɔn
Komi:
Komi-Permyak: зон (zon)
Komi-Yazva: зон (zon)
Komi-Zyrian: зон (zon)


HwaHyúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwaHyúṣ

Sanskrit: वायु (vāyú)

Proto-Iranian: *HwaHyúš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬎 (vaiiu)

desc

Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫇 (wyw /wēw/, “air, atmosphere”)

Old Persian: *𐎺𐎹 (*v-y /vaya/)

Middle Persian: (/way/, “air; atmosphere”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾd)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁-yú-s, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫉

Parthian: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫉 (ʾndrwʾz /andarwāz/), 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫀𐫉 (ʾndrwʾʾz)

اندروا

Classical Persian: اندروای (andarwāy, “upside down; in the air”)


ȷ́ʰánuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰánuṣ

Sanskrit: हनु (hánu)

Proto-Iranian: *jánuš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬎 (zānu)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *jánukah

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: erzink, erzing, çene

Central Kurdish: چەناگە (çenage), چەنەگە (çenege)

Southern Kurdish: چناکە (çnake)

Laki: زِنج (zinc)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫟 (znx /zanax/)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: چەناکە (čanāka), زنج (zinǰ)

Zazaki: çenge

→ Persian: چانه (čâne), (Qazwini Dialect) چکن (čakan), چک (čak, “upper/lower jaw”)

Digor Ossetian: закъӕ (zak’æ), зекъӕ (zek’æ)

Iron Ossetian: зачъе (zaḱ’e)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫗𐫇𐫃 (dnwg /danūg/)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: چناْ (čena)

Nahavandi: زنج (zenj)

Bakhtiari: زنج (zenj)

Southern Luri: زنج (zenj)

Pashto: زنه (zana)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus with inexplicable aspiration of *ȷ́.


pstánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(p)stánas m

Sanskrit: स्तन (stána, “breast of a woman; nipple”) (see there for further descendants)

q

from PIE <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pston-ó-s</i>

Proto-Iranian: *pstānáh (from PIE *pston-ó-s)

desc

Avestan: 𐬟𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 m (fštāna, “breast of a woman”)

Middle Persian: pystʾn' (pestān, “breast”)

Persian: پستان (pestân, “breast”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾštnh /əštana/, “breast”)


pátiš

pátiš (nominative singular)
pátiH (dual nominative)
pátayas (nominative plural)
pátay (singular vocative)
pátiH (dual vocative)
pátayas (plural vocative)
pátim (accusative singular)
pátiH (accusative dual)
pátīn (accusative plural)
-īš (accusative plural)
pátiH (instrumental singular)
pátibʰyām (dual instrumental)
pátibʰiš (instrumental plural)
pátayš (ablative singular)
pátibʰyām (ablative dual)
pátibʰyas (ablative plural)
pátayay (dative singular)
pátibʰyām (dative dual)
pátibʰyas (dative plural)
pátayš (genitive singular)
pátyawš (dual genitive)
pátayām? (genitive plural)
pátā? (locative singular)
pátāw? (locative singular)
pátyawš (dual locative)
pátišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátiṣ

Sanskrit: पति (páti)

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀇 (paï)

Assamese: পৈ (poi)

Nepali: पोइ (poi)

Punjabi: ਪੈ (pai)

Hindi: पति (pati)

Proto-Iranian: *pátiš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)

Parthian: *pet, 𐭐𐭕𐭉 (pty /-pet/)

→ Old Armenian: պետ (pet)

Old Median: *patiš

Old Persian: *patiš

Middle Persian: -pt' (-bed)

Persian: بد (bod)


bʰaHȷ́ʰúš

head

*bʰaHȷ́ʰúš m

bʰaHȷ́ʰús (nominative singular)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúāw (dual nominative)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúas (nominative plural)
bʰaHȷ́ʰú (singular vocative)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúāw (dual vocative)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúas (plural vocative)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúam (accusative singular)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúāw (accusative dual)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúas (accusative plural)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúaH (instrumental singular)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúbʰiš (instrumental plural)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúas (ablative singular)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúbʰyaH (ablative plural)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúay (dative singular)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúbʰyaH (dative plural)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúas (genitive singular)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúawš (dual genitive)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúām (genitive plural)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúi (locative singular)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúawš (dual locative)
bʰaHȷ́ʰúsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baHźʰúṣ

Sanskrit: बाहु (bāhú)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: બાંય (bā̃ya)

Hindi: बांह (bā̃h)

Proto-Iranian: *baHjúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *bāȷ́ú

Northern Nuristani:

Prasuni: vaz


ȷ́ʰansás

ȷ́ʰansas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰansā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰansā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰansa (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰansā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰansā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰansam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰansā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰansāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰansā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰansaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰansāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰansāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰansaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰansaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰansāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰansaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰansaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰansasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰansayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰansānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰansānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰansay (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰansayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰansayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰansás

Sanskrit: हंस (haṃsá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *janháh

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁 (zā)

Sogdian: [script needed] (z’γ)


ćwā́

ćwā́ (nominative singular)
ćwā́nāw (dual nominative)
ćwā́nas (nominative plural)
ćwán (singular vocative)
ćwā́nāw (dual vocative)
ćwā́nas (plural vocative)
ćwā́nam (accusative singular)
ćwā́nāw (accusative dual)
ćunás (accusative plural)
ćunáH (instrumental singular)
ćwabʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
ćwabʰíš (instrumental plural)
ćunás (ablative singular)
ćwabʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
ćwabʰyáH (ablative plural)
ćunáy (dative singular)
ćwabʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
ćwabʰyáH (dative plural)
ćunás (genitive singular)
ćunáwš (dual genitive)
ćunā́m (genitive plural)
ćwáni (locative singular)
ćunáwš (dual locative)
ćwasú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwā́

Sanskrit: श्वन् (śván) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Indo-Aryan: *śuvāṇa

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀸𑀡 (suvāṇa)

desc

Old Marathi: सुणें n (suṇeṃ), सुणा m (suṇā), सुणी f (suṇī)

Konkani: सुणो (suṇo)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: শ্বাপদ (śśapod)

Proto-Iranian: *cwā́ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). In late Proto-Indo-Iranian, *kútas displaces this inherited word, with reflexes such as Prakrit 𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (kutta) and Proto-Iranian *kútah.


Hŕ̥ćšas

Hŕ̥ćšas (nominative singular)
Hŕ̥ćša (singular vocative)
Hŕ̥ćšam (accusative singular)
Hŕ̥ćšasya (genitive singular)
Hŕ̥ćšayās (dual genitive)
Hŕ̥ćšay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ṭṣas

Sanskrit: ऋक्ष (ṛ́kṣa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hŕ̥šah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *írsca (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *karhu (see there for further descendants)


niždás

niždás (nominative singular)
niždā́ (dual nominative)
niždā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
nižda (singular vocative)
niždā́ (dual vocative)
niždā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
niždám (accusative singular)
niždā́ (accusative dual)
niždā́ns (accusative plural)
niždā́ (instrumental singular)
niždáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
niždā́yš (instrumental plural)
niždā́t (ablative singular)
niždáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
niždáybʰyas (ablative plural)
niždā́y (dative singular)
niždáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
niždáybʰyas (dative plural)
niždásya (genitive singular)
niždáyās (dual genitive)
niždā́nam (genitive plural)
niždā́naHm (genitive plural)
niždáy (locative singular)
niždáyaw (dual locative)
niždáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niẓḍás

Sanskrit: नीड (nīḍá), नीळ (nīḷá)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: نؽوٗر (nyūr, “mountain meadow”)

Pali: nīḍa, niḍḍa

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀡𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟 (ṇiḍḍa)

Old Marathi: 𑘡𑘱𑘚𑘹𑘽 (niḍeṃ)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀡𑀻𑀟 (ṇīḍa)

Hindi: नीड़ (nīṛ)

Proto-Iranian: *niždáh

Northern Kurdish: niştin

Proto-Nuristani:

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: [script needed] (neal-ameh)


wī́nā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wī́nā

desctree

Sanskrit: वीणा (vī́ṇā)
Pali: vīṇā
→ Khmer: ពិណ (pɨn)
→ Thai: พิณ (pin)
→ Lao: ພິນ (phin)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀻𑀡𑀸 (vīṇā)
Gujarati: વીણા (vīṇā)
Hindi: वीणा (vīṇā), बीन (bīn)
South Dravidian:
Kannada: ವೀಣೆ (vīṇe)
Telugu: వీణ (vīṇa)
Tamil: வீணை (vīṇai)

Proto-Iranian: *wīnā

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wn' (win)

→ Old Armenian: վին (vin)

Sogdian: [script needed] (wynʾ /wīnā/)

Khotanese: [script needed] (bīna)


Hyaȷ́nás

Hyaȷ́nas (nominative singular)
Hyaȷ́nāns (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyaȷ́nás

Sanskrit: यज्ञ (yajñá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyajnáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵ-nós, from *h₁yaǵ- (“to sacrifice, worship”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἁγνός (hagnós).


átʰarwā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *átʰarwā

Sanskrit: अथर्वन् (átharvan)

Proto-Iranian: *áθarwā ~ *áθrawā

desc

Avestan: 𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (āθrauuan), 𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬥 (aθaᵘrun)

Middle Persian: ʾslwn' (āsrōn)


Hásuras

Hásuras (nominative singular)
Hásura (singular vocative)
Hásuram (accusative singular)
Hásurasya (genitive singular)
Hásurayās (dual genitive)
Hásuray (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásuras

Sanskrit: असुर (ásura) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Háhurah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 (ahura, “lord”)

→ Proto-Uralic: *asera

Proto-Mordvinic: *azərə

Erzya: азоро (azoro, “lord”)

Moksha: азор (azor, “lord”)

Proto-Permic:

Komi-Zyrian: озыр (ozyr)

Udmurt: узыр (uzyr)

Proto-Ugric:

Proto-Mansi: *ātər

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (ōtər, “prince”)

>? Hungarian: úr (“lord”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḿ̥suros, from *h₂ems- (“to engender, beget”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”).


Haȷ́ʰíH

Haȷ́ʰiH (nominative singular)
Haȷ́ʰiH (dual nominative)
Haȷ́ʰiH (singular vocative)
Haȷ́ʰiH (dual vocative)
Haȷ́ʰiH (accusative dual)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaźʰíH

Sanskrit: अही (ahī́)

Proto-Iranian: *HajíH

Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬍 (azī)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵʰ- (“cow”).


dʰa(H)inúš

dʰainúš (canonical feminine)
dʰainús (nominative singular)
dʰaHinús (nominative singular)
dʰainúāw (dual nominative)
dʰaHinúāw (dual nominative)
dʰainúas (nominative plural)
dʰaHinúas (nominative plural)
dʰainú (singular vocative)
dʰaHinú (singular vocative)
dʰainúāw (dual vocative)
dʰaHinúāw (dual vocative)
dʰainúas (plural vocative)
dʰaHinúas (plural vocative)
dʰainúam (accusative singular)
dʰaHinúam (accusative singular)
dʰainúāw (accusative dual)
dʰaHinúāw (accusative dual)
dʰainúas (accusative plural)
dʰaHinúas (accusative plural)
dʰainúaH (instrumental singular)
dʰaHinúaH (instrumental singular)
dʰainúbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
dʰaHinúbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
dʰainúbʰiš (instrumental plural)
dʰaHinúbʰiš (instrumental plural)
dʰainúas (ablative singular)
dʰaHinúas (ablative singular)
dʰainúbʰyaH (ablative dual)
dʰaHinúbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
dʰainúbʰyaH (ablative plural)
dʰaHinúbʰyaH (ablative plural)
dʰainúay (dative singular)
dʰaHinúay (dative singular)
dʰainúbʰyaH (dative dual)
dʰaHinúbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
dʰainúbʰyaH (dative plural)
dʰaHinúbʰyaH (dative plural)
dʰainúas (genitive singular)
dʰaHinúas (genitive singular)
dʰainúawš (dual genitive)
dʰaHinúawš (dual genitive)
dʰainúām (genitive plural)
dʰaHinúām (genitive plural)
dʰainúi (locative singular)
dʰaHinúi (locative singular)
dʰainúawš (dual locative)
dʰaHinúawš (dual locative)
dʰainúsu (locative plural)
dʰaHinúsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰa(H)inúṣ

Sanskrit: धेनु (dhenú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *da(H)inúš

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬎 (daēnu)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dīnū)

Khwarezmian: δy(n) (“woman”)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/dēnōdag/, “female, milk”)

→? Proto-Turkic: *tāna (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”).


Haȷ́ás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haȷ́ás

Sanskrit: अज (ajá)

Pali: aja

desc

Sauraseni Prakrit: [script needed] (aya), [script needed] (ayā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hajáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵ-o-s, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) + *-os (deverbal suffix). Cognate with Lithuanian ožỹs. An alternative reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European root is *h₂eyǵ-.


kʰáras

kʰáras (nominative singular)
kʰárā (dual nominative)
kʰárā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
kʰára (singular vocative)
kʰárā (dual vocative)
kʰárā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
kʰáram (accusative singular)
kʰárā (accusative dual)
kʰárāns (accusative plural)
kʰárā (instrumental singular)
kʰáraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
kʰárāyš (instrumental plural)
kʰárāt (ablative singular)
kʰáraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
kʰáraybʰyas (ablative plural)
kʰárāy (dative singular)
kʰáraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
kʰáraybʰyas (dative plural)
kʰárasya (genitive singular)
kʰárayās (dual genitive)
kʰárānam (genitive plural)
kʰárānaHm (genitive plural)
kʰáray (locative singular)
kʰárayaw (dual locative)
kʰárayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰáras

Sanskrit: खर (khára)

Pali: khara

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀭 (khara)

Gujarati: ખર (khar)

Hindi: खर (khar)

Proto-Iranian: *xárah

Central Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬑𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xara)

Northeastern Iranian:

Proto-Scythian:

Ossetian: хӕрӕг (xæræg)

Proto-Saka-Wakhi:

Khotanese: 𑀔𑀭𑀸 (kharā /kharä/)

→ Tocharian B: [Term?] (khare)

Wakhi: (/xūr/)

Arabic script: خؤر

Cyrillic script: хур (xur)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: χαρο (kharo /xar/)

Khwarezmian: خر (xr /*xar/)

Sogdian: (/xar/)

Sogdian script: γ𐽀 (γr)

Syriac script: ܓܪ (γr)

Yagnobi: хар (xar)

Southeastern Iranian:

Ormuri-Parachi:

Ormuri: خر (xar)

Parachi: کهؤر (khṏr)

Pamiri languages:

Ishkashimi: [script needed] (xur)

Sanglechi: [script needed] (xōr)

Munji: خره (xara)

Yidgha: خورُ (xoro)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (šer)

Shughni:

Bartangi: шу̊р (šū̊r)

Roshani: шор (šōr)

Yazghulami: хур (xur)

Pashto: خر (xar), خره (xrë, pl.)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: ہر (har)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: کهر (ker /kar/)

Northern Kurdish: ker (/kar/)

Southern Kurdish: خهر (xer /xar/)

Laki: خهر (xer /xar/)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Parthian: (/xar/)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭀 (ḤMRA)

Manichaean script: *𐫟𐫡 (*xr)

Gurani: ھەر (har)

Zazaki: her (har)

Talysh:

Northern Talysh: هه (ha)

Karingani: هر (har)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼 (*x-r /*xara/)

Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼𐎱𐎫 (*x-r-p-t /*xarapati/, “donky's owner”)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate. Probably not related to Akkadian 𒀲𒄩𒀀𒊏𒄠 (ḫa-a-ra-am /ḫārum/, “male ass, foal”), 𒀲𒀀𒅀𒊏𒄠 (a-ia-ra-am /ayarum/, “donkey”), likely borrowed from Proto-West Semitic *ʕayr- (“ass”). Compare, however, Albanian kërr.


kʰumbʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kumbʰás

Sanskrit: कुम्भ (kumbhá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *xumbáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬎𐬨𐬠𐬀 (xumba)

→? Old Armenian: խումբ (xumb)

Originally thought (by Pokorny and before) to be from Proto-Indo-European *kumbʰo-, *kumbʰéh₂- (“vessel”), however roots containing both a voiced aspirate and a voiceless plosive have been found to be prohibited in PIE.
Most likely a Wanderwort as evidenced by Proto-Celtic *kumbā, Proto-Germanic *kumbaz, Proto-Albanian *tˢumba (whence Albanian sumbull), Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē), κύμβος (kúmbos), and perhaps Proto-Slavic *kǫbъ.


stʰuHnáH

stʰuHnáH (nominative singular)
stʰuHnáy (dual nominative)
stʰuHnā́s (nominative plural)
stʰuHnay (singular vocative)
stʰuHnáy (dual vocative)
stʰuHnā́s (plural vocative)
stʰuHnā́m (accusative singular)
stʰuHnáy (accusative dual)
stʰuHnā́s (accusative plural)
stʰuHnáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
stʰuHnáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
stʰuHnáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
stʰuHnáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
stʰuHnáyaHs (ablative singular)
stʰuHnáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
stʰuHnáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
stʰuHnáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
stʰuHnáyaHy (dative singular)
stʰuHnáHbʰyā (dative dual)
stʰuHnáHbʰyām (dative dual)
stʰuHnáHbʰyas (dative plural)
stʰuHnáyaHs (genitive singular)
stʰuHnāyās (dual genitive)
stʰuHnáHnām (genitive plural)
stʰuHnáyaH (locative singular)
stʰuHnáyaHm (locative singular)
stʰuHnāyaw (dual locative)
stʰuHnáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰúHnaH

desctree

Sanskrit: स्थूणा (sthū́ṇā)
Pali: thūṇā
Prakrit: 𑀣𑀽𑀡𑀸 (thūṇā)
→ Malayalam: തൂണ് (tūṇŭ), തൂൺ (tūṇ), സ്ഥൂണ (sthūṇa) — tatsama
→ Tamil: தூண் (tūṇ)

Proto-Iranian: *stuHnáH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: štü̃́

Kativiri: štiú

Prasuni: üstyṹ

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: istṹ

Tregami: štú

Waigali: uštün

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂, from *sth₂-wéh₂ (“standing, erect”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-wéh₂ (deverbal adjective suffix), + *-néh₂.


Hrā́ćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ṭṣ

Sanskrit: राज् (rā́j) (राट् (rā́ṭ, nom. sg))

Proto-Iranian: *Hrā́š

Southwestern Iranian:

desc

Classical Persian: راز (rāz, “giant hornet”)

Southern Luri: راز (rāz, “bee, queen bee”)

Bakhtiari: راز (rāz, “queen bee”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”).


ȷ́ʰimás

ȷ́ʰimas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰimā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰimā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰima (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰimā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰimā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰimam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰimā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰimāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰimā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰimaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰimāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰimāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰimaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰimaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰimāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰimaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰimaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰimasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰimayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰimānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰimānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰimay (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰimayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰimayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰimás

Sanskrit: हिम (himá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jimáh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *jimá (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰimós (“cold, frost”).


stáHnam

stáHnam (nominative singular)
stáHnay (dual nominative)
stáHnaH (nominative plural)
stáHnam (singular vocative)
stáHnay (dual vocative)
stáHnaH (plural vocative)
stáHnam (accusative singular)
stáHnay (accusative dual)
stáHnaH (accusative plural)
stáHnā (instrumental singular)
stáHnaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
stáHnāyš (instrumental plural)
stáHnāt (ablative singular)
stáHnaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
stáHnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
stáHnāy (dative singular)
stáHnaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
stáHnaybʰyas (dative plural)
stáHnasya (genitive singular)
stáHnayās (dual genitive)
stáHnānam (genitive plural)
stáHnānaHm (genitive plural)
stáHnay (locative singular)
stáHnayaw (dual locative)
stáHnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰáHnam

desctree

Sanskrit: स्थान (sthā́na)
Dardic:
Dameli: ثان (thān)
Gawar-Bati: ٹھَن (ṭhan)
Kalasha: thon
Kashmiri: تھانہٕ (thānụ, “police station”), تھَانَ (“dwelling place”)
Khowar: تھَن (than, “body”)
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (tān)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (thān)
⇒ Shumashti: [script needed] (šāṛie-thōone)
Tirahi: [script needed] (thān)
Southern:
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ތަން (tan̊)
Sinhalese: තන (tana)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀞𑀸𑀡 (ṭhāṇa)
Konkani: ठाण (ṭhāṇ, “camp”)
Marathi: ठाण (ṭhāṇ)
Eastern:
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀞𑀸𑀡 (ṭhāṇa)
Early Assamese: থান (thano)
Assamese: থান (than), ঠান (than, “shape”), থানা (thana, “police station”)
Bengali: থান (than), থানা (thana, “police station, post”), ঠাঁই (ṭhãi)
Odia: ଠାଣା (ṭhāṇā, “post”), ଠଣା (ṭhaṇā, “residence”)
Pali: ṭhāna
→ Burmese: ဌာန (htana., “place”)
→ Khmer: ឋាន (thaan, “place”), ដ្ឋាន (thaan) (as suffix)
→ Tamil: தானி (tāṉi)
→ Thai: ฐาน (tǎan, “place, evidence; because”)
→ Lao: ຖານ (thān, “place, evidence; because”)
Western:
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀞𑀸𑀡 (ṭhāṇa)
Garhwali: थान (thān)
Gujarati: ઠાણ (ṭhāṇ), થાણું (thāṇũ, “police station”)
Hindustani:
Hindi: थान (thān), थाना (thānā, “police station”)
Urdu: تھان (thān), تھانہ (thānā, “police station”)
Kumaoni: थाणो (thāṇo, “police station”)
Konkani: ठाण (ṭhāṇ, “camp”)
Marathi: ठाण (ṭhāṇ)
Nepali: थानु (thānu), थाना (thānā, “police station”)
Punjabi: ਥਾਣ (thāṇ), ਥਾਣਾ (thāṇā, “police station”)
Romani: than
Sindhi: थाणो (ṭhāṇo), ठाणु (ṭhāṇu, “stall in a stable”)
Romani: than
Vlax Romani: tan
Welsh Romani: than
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: स्थान (sthān)
Urdu: ستھان (sthān)
→ Bengali: স্থান (sthan)
→ Kannada: ಸ್ಥಾನ (sthāna)
→ Lao: ສະຖານ (sa thān)
→ Lü: ᦉᦏᦱᧃ (ṡṫhaan), ᦏᦱᧃᧉ (ṫhaan²)
→ Malayalam: സ്ഥാനം (sthānaṁ)
→ Marathi: स्थान (sthān)
→ Telugu: స్థానము (sthānamu), స్థానం (sthānaṁ)
→ Thai: สถาน (sà-tǎan), สถานะ (sà-tǎa-ná)

Proto-Iranian: *stáHnam

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (stāna)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /stāna/)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (-ystʾʾn /-estān/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (-stʾn' /-estān/)

Proto-Nuristani: *tā́na (possibly a loanword from Indo-Aryan given the loss of *s)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: tõ

Kativiri: tā

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: tana

Waigali: tān

From Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂-no-m, from *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-om (deverbal suffix).


wā́kš

wā́kš (nominative singular)
wā́kāw (dual nominative)
wā́kas (nominative plural)
wák (singular vocative)
wā́kāw (dual vocative)
wā́kas (plural vocative)
wā́kam (accusative singular)
wā́kāw (accusative dual)
wákas (accusative plural)
wákaH (instrumental singular)
wákbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
wákbʰiš (instrumental plural)
wákas (ablative singular)
wákbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
wákbʰyaH (ablative plural)
wákay (dative singular)
wákbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
wákbʰyaH (dative plural)
wákas (genitive singular)
wákawš (dual genitive)
wákām (genitive plural)
wáki (locative singular)
wákawš (dual locative)
wáksu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́k

Sanskrit: वाच् (vā́c)

Proto-Iranian: *wā́xš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬑𐬱 (vāxš)

Gurani: ۋاچ (ʋāč)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bêj

Central Kurdish: ئێژ (êj)

Southern Kurdish: ئۊش (üş)

Laki: ئۊش (üş)

Old Persian: [script needed] (wā́z)

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭠𐭰 (ʿʾc /wāč, wāz/)

Persian: آواز (âvâz) (see there for further descendants)

Tajik: овоз (ovoz)

Zazaki: vaj

→? Old Armenian: խաւս (xaws)


swásā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swásā

desc

Sanskrit: स्वसृ (svásṛ), स्वसा (svásā, nom.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hwáhā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *sósā

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: sús

Kativiri: sús

Prasuni: sǘs, süsú

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: sós

Waigali: sos

→ Mordvinic:

Erzya: сазор (sazor)

Moksha: сазор (sazor)

→ Permic:

Komi-Zyrian: созор (sozor)

Udmurt: сузэр (suzer)


bʰábʰruš

bʰábʰruš (nominative singular)
bʰábʰruH (dual nominative)
bʰábʰrawas (nominative plural)
bʰábʰraw (singular vocative)
bʰábʰruH (dual vocative)
bʰábʰrawas (plural vocative)
bʰábʰrum (accusative singular)
bʰábʰruH (accusative dual)
bʰábʰrunš (accusative plural)
bʰábʰruH (instrumental singular)
bʰábʰrubʰyaH (dual instrumental)
bʰábʰrubʰiš (instrumental plural)
bʰábʰrawš (ablative singular)
bʰábʰrubʰyaH (ablative dual)
bʰábʰrubʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰábʰraway (dative singular)
bʰábʰrubʰyaH (dative dual)
bʰábʰrubʰyas (dative plural)
bʰábʰrawš (genitive singular)
bʰábʰruwaHs (dual genitive)
bʰábʰrunām? (genitive plural)
bʰábʰrā? (locative singular)
bʰábʰrāw? (locative singular)
bʰábʰruwaw (dual locative)
bʰábʰrušu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bábʰruṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: बभ्रु (bábhru, babhrú, “ichneumon, mongoose, Indian gray mongoose”)
Pali: babbu (“cat”)
→ Telugu: బభ్రువు (babhruvu)

Proto-Iranian: *bábrah, *bábriš

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬀 (baβra), 𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬌 (baβri, “beaver”)

Pashto: ببری (babráy, “shaggy hunting dog”)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭯𐭫𐭪𐭠 (bplkʾ /babrag/, “beaver”)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮱𐮾𐮹𐮷𐮵 (𐮱𐮾𐮹𐮷𐮵 /babrag/, “beaver”)

one of the ten species of dogs of Indo-Iranian creation myth


ćradᶻdʰáH

ćradᶻdʰáH (nominative singular)
ćradᶻdʰáy (dual nominative)
ćradᶻdʰā́s (nominative plural)
ćradᶻdʰay (singular vocative)
ćradᶻdʰáy (dual vocative)
ćradᶻdʰā́s (plural vocative)
ćradᶻdʰā́m (accusative singular)
ćradᶻdʰáy (accusative dual)
ćradᶻdʰā́s (accusative plural)
ćradᶻdʰáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
ćradᶻdʰáyaHs (ablative singular)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
ćradᶻdʰáyaHy (dative singular)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyā (dative dual)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyām (dative dual)
ćradᶻdʰáHbʰyas (dative plural)
ćradᶻdʰáyaHs (genitive singular)
ćradᶻdʰāyās (dual genitive)
ćradᶻdʰáHnām (genitive plural)
ćradᶻdʰáyaH (locative singular)
ćradᶻdʰáyaHm (locative singular)
ćradᶻdʰāyaw (dual locative)
ćradᶻdʰáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śraddʰáH

Sanskrit: श्रद्धा (śraddhā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jrazdáH

Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁 (zrazdā)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱred-dʰh₁-éh₂, from *ḱr̥dés (“heart”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, place”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *krezðō and Proto-Celtic *kreddīti.


dáHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHtā

Sanskrit: दातृ (dā́tṛ)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHtā

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (dātar)


námas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *námas

Sanskrit: नमस् (námas)

Proto-Iranian: *námah

Old Avestan: 𐬥𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬋 (nəmaŋhō, gen.sg.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *namaHčah (see there for further descendants)

Persian: نماز (namâz)


mántram

mántram (nominative singular)
mántray (dual nominative)
mántraH (nominative plural)
mántram (singular vocative)
mántray (dual vocative)
mántraH (plural vocative)
mántram (accusative singular)
mántray (accusative dual)
mántraH (accusative plural)
mántrā (instrumental singular)
mántraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
mántrāyš (instrumental plural)
mántrāt (ablative singular)
mántraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
mántraybʰyas (ablative plural)
mántrāy (dative singular)
mántraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
mántraybʰyas (dative plural)
mántrasya (genitive singular)
mántrayās (dual genitive)
mántrānam (genitive plural)
mántrānaHm (genitive plural)
mántray (locative singular)
mántrayaw (dual locative)
mántrayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mántram

Sanskrit: मन्त्र (mántra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mánθram

Avestan: 𐬨𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀 (mąθra)

desc

→ Middle Persian: (/mānsᵃr/, “holy word, spell”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾnsl)

Wakhi: (/mutr/, “horoscope; omen”)

Arabic script: مؤتر

Cyrillic script: мутр (mutr)

Pashto: مرۍ (marə́j /talisman;charm/)

Old Median: *mánθra

→ Old Persian: *𐎶𐎰𐎼 (*m-θ-r /*maⁿθra/)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫖𐫍𐫡 (mhr /mahr/, “hymn”)

q

Dari: مار (mār, “think, spell”) (as a complex: بدمار (badmâr, “evil; sly (lit.) who has a bad spell or hymn”))

Parthian: (/mahr/, “hymn”)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫍𐫡 (mhr)

From Proto-Indo-European *mén-tro-m, from *men- (“to think”) + *-trom (instrumental noun suffix). Equivalent to *mányatay + *-tram.

suf

Sogdian: (/mārkarē(k)/, “soothsayer”); Sogdian script

𐫖

Parthian: (/mahrīgar ~ mārigar/, “sorcerer, incantator”)

→ Old Armenian: մարգարէArmenian: մարգարե


gadaH

gádaH (canonical)
gadáH (canonical feminine)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gádaH

Sanskrit: गदा (gadā)

Proto-Iranian: *gádaH

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬜𐬁 (gaδā)

Old Persian: *gadā

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (gt' /gad/)

Classical Persian: گَز (gaz)

Possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


ȷ́ʰarmyám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰarmyám

Sanskrit: हर्म्य (harmyá)

Proto-Iranian: *jarmyám

𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙

𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬎𐬭𐬀

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (zaⁱrimiiāuuaṇt, “with a permanent house”, adjective), 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬎𐬭𐬀 m (zaⁱrimiiaŋura, “tortoise; 'with toes in a house'”)

Lubotsky proposes non-Indo-European (substrate) origin.
Otherwise compared to Ancient Greek χερμάς (khermás, “stone”), particularly in the meaning “large block of stone”, if this is not itself of substrate origin, but the semantic connection is weak. Kroonen compares Proto-Germanic *grumþuz ~ *grunduz (“ground”).


abʰrás

abʰrás (nominative singular)
abʰrā́ (dual nominative)
abʰrā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
abʰra (singular vocative)
abʰrā́ (dual vocative)
abʰrā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
abʰrám (accusative singular)
abʰrā́ (accusative dual)
abʰrā́ns (accusative plural)
abʰrā́ (instrumental singular)
abʰráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
abʰrā́yš (instrumental plural)
abʰrā́t (ablative singular)
abʰráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
abʰráybʰyas (ablative plural)
abʰrā́y (dative singular)
abʰráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
abʰráybʰyas (dative plural)
abʰrásya (genitive singular)
abʰráyās (dual genitive)
abʰrā́nam (genitive plural)
abʰrā́naHm (genitive plural)
abʰráy (locative singular)
abʰráyaw (dual locative)
abʰráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *abʰrás

Sanskrit: अभ्र (abhrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *abráh, *abryáh (see there for further descendants)


bálam

bálam (nominative singular)
bálay (dual nominative)
bálaH (nominative plural)
bálam (singular vocative)
bálay (dual vocative)
bálaH (plural vocative)
bálam (accusative singular)
bálay (accusative dual)
bálaH (accusative plural)
bálā (instrumental singular)
bálaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
bálāyš (instrumental plural)
bálāt (ablative singular)
bálaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
bálaybʰyas (ablative plural)
bálāy (dative singular)
bálaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
bálaybʰyas (dative plural)
bálasya (genitive singular)
bálayās (dual genitive)
bálānam (genitive plural)
bálānaHm (genitive plural)
bálay (locative singular)
bálayaw (dual locative)
bálayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bálam

Sanskrit: बल (bala) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *bálam

From Proto-Indo-European *bélom, from *bel- (“strong”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *boľьjь (“bigger, better”), Ancient Greek βελτίων (beltíōn, “better”), Latin dēbilis (“weak, crippled”).


gʰáwšas

gʰáwšas (nominative singular)
gʰáwšā (dual nominative)
gʰáwšā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
gʰáwša (singular vocative)
gʰáwšā (dual vocative)
gʰáwšā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
gʰáwšam (accusative singular)
gʰáwšā (accusative dual)
gʰáwšāns (accusative plural)
gʰáwšā (instrumental singular)
gʰáwšaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
gʰáwšāyš (instrumental plural)
gʰáwšāt (ablative singular)
gʰáwšaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
gʰáwšaybʰyas (ablative plural)
gʰáwšāy (dative singular)
gʰáwšaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
gʰáwšaybʰyas (dative plural)
gʰáwšasya (genitive singular)
gʰáwšayās (dual genitive)
gʰáwšānam (genitive plural)
gʰáwšānaHm (genitive plural)
gʰáwšay (locative singular)
gʰáwšayaw (dual locative)
gʰáwšayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰáwṣas

Sanskrit: घोष (ghóṣa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gáwšah

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (gaoša)

Baluchi: گوش (goš)

Gurani: گۆش (gɔš)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: guh

Central Kurdish: گوێ (gwê)

Old Persian: 𐎥𐎢𐏁𐎠 (g-u-š-a /gauša/)

Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭱 (gʿš /gōš/)

Persian: گوش (gôš)

Tajik: гӯш (güš)

Ossetian: хъус (qus), гъос (ǧos)

Zazaki: goş

→ Old Armenian: գոյշ (goyš)

From Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰéwsos, from *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰéwseti (“to hear, listen”), from *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”); probably cognate with Proto-Germanic *gaumō (“heed, attention”).


kšatrám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣatrám

Sanskrit: क्षत्र (kṣatrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *xšaθram

Central Iranian

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra)

Northeastern Iranian:

Proto-Scythian:

Khotanese: [Term?] (/kṣāra/)

Proto-Sarmatian:

Ossetian:

Iron Ossetian: ӕхсар (æxsar)

Digor Ossetian: ӕхсарӕ (æxsaræ)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaçam/)

Northwestern Iranian:

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Proto-Komisenian:

Sangisari: شر (šar)

Parthian: 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓 (ḥštr /xšahr/)

→ Old Armenian: աշխարհ (ašxarh)

Armenian: աշխարհ (ašxarh)

→ Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štʿy /šahr/)

Persian: شهر (šahr) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tk-e-tróm, from *tek- (“to obtain”). Equivalent to the root of *kšáyati + *-trám.


naHuHaȷ́ás

naHuHaȷ́as (nominative singular)
naHuHaȷ́ā (dual nominative)
naHuHaȷ́ā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
naHuHaȷ́a (singular vocative)
naHuHaȷ́ā (dual vocative)
naHuHaȷ́ā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
naHuHaȷ́am (accusative singular)
naHuHaȷ́ā (accusative dual)
naHuHaȷ́āns (accusative plural)
naHuHaȷ́ā (instrumental singular)
naHuHaȷ́aybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
naHuHaȷ́āyš (instrumental plural)
naHuHaȷ́āt (ablative singular)
naHuHaȷ́aybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
naHuHaȷ́aybʰyas (ablative plural)
naHuHaȷ́āy (dative singular)
naHuHaȷ́aybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
naHuHaȷ́aybʰyas (dative plural)
naHuHaȷ́asya (genitive singular)
naHuHaȷ́ayās (dual genitive)
naHuHaȷ́ānam (genitive plural)
naHuHaȷ́ānaHm (genitive plural)
naHuHaȷ́ay (locative singular)
naHuHaȷ́ayaw (dual locative)
naHuHaȷ́ayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naHuHaȷ́ás

Sanskrit: नावाज (nāvājá)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *naHuHajáh (“sailor, pilot; Nawāz(a) (a proper name)”)

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬰𐬀 (nauuāza, “sailor; Nawāza”)

Bactrian: ναοαζο (naoazo /nāwāz/, “pilot, sailor; Nāwāz”)

Parthian: (/nāwāz/, “helmsman, pilot”)

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫀𐫇𐫀𐫉 (nʾwʾz)

Middle Persian: (/nāwāz/, “helmsman, pilot”)

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫀𐫇𐫀𐫉 (nʾwʾz)

From *náHuš (“boat”) + *Haȷ́ás (“driver, leader”).


síndʰuš

síndʰuš (nominative singular)
síndʰuH (dual nominative)
síndʰawas (nominative plural)
síndʰaw (singular vocative)
síndʰuH (dual vocative)
síndʰawas (plural vocative)
síndʰum (accusative singular)
síndʰuH (accusative dual)
síndʰunš (accusative plural)
síndʰuH (instrumental singular)
síndʰubʰyaH (dual instrumental)
síndʰubʰiš (instrumental plural)
síndʰawš (ablative singular)
síndʰubʰyaH (ablative dual)
síndʰubʰyas (ablative plural)
síndʰaway (dative singular)
síndʰubʰyaH (dative dual)
síndʰubʰyas (dative plural)
síndʰawš (genitive singular)
síndʰuwaHs (dual genitive)
síndʰunām? (genitive plural)
síndʰā? (locative singular)
síndʰāw? (locative singular)
síndʰuwaw (dual locative)
síndʰušu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síndʰuṣ

Sanskrit: सिन्धु (síndhu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hínduš

desc

→ Elamite: 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒆜 (hinduiš~hinduš, “Sindh; India”)

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š, “Sindh; India”) (or via Sanskrit) (see there for further descendants)

the region surrounding the Indus, Sindh.


čákšuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćákṣuṣ m

Sanskrit: चक्षु (cákṣu)

→ Bengali: চক্ষু (cokkhu)

→ Gujarati: ચક્ષુ (cakṣu)

→ Hindi: चक्षु (cakṣu)

→ Telugu: చక్షువు (cakṣuvu)

→ Thai: จักษุ (jàk-sù)

Middle Indo-Aryan:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: চকু (sôku)

Sylheti: ꠌꠃꠇ (souk)

Bengali: চোখ (cōkh)

Pali: cakkhu

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷé-kʷ-ḱ-u-s, neuter participle of *kʷe-kʷóḱ-e ~ *kʷe-kʷḱ-ḗr, perfect of *kʷeḱ- (“to see”), whence also Sanskrit चक्षति (cákṣati, “he sees”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


Háćru

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśru

Sanskrit: अश्रु (áśru) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hácru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *acrúka

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ac̣ǘ

Kativiri: ac̣iú

Prasuni: üčǘ

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: istrū́


putrás

putrás (nominative singular)
putrā́ (dual nominative)
putrā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
putra (singular vocative)
putrā́ (dual vocative)
putrā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
putrám (accusative singular)
putrā́ (accusative dual)
putrā́ns (accusative plural)
putrā́ (instrumental singular)
putráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
putrā́yš (instrumental plural)
putrā́t (ablative singular)
putráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
putráybʰyas (ablative plural)
putrā́y (dative singular)
putráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
putráybʰyas (dative plural)
putrásya (genitive singular)
putráyās (dual genitive)
putrā́nam (genitive plural)
putrā́naHm (genitive plural)
putráy (locative singular)
putráyaw (dual locative)
putráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *putrás

Sanskrit: पुत्र (putrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *puθráh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: (irregular accent and vowel)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pǘtr

Kativiri: pítr

Southern Nuristani:

Tregami: pútr

Waigali: pütr

From Proto-Indo-European *putlós; cognate with Paelignian puclo- (“child”).


ćasás

ćasás (nominative singular)
ćasā́ (dual nominative)
ćasā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
ćasa (singular vocative)
ćasā́ (dual vocative)
ćasā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
ćasám (accusative singular)
ćasā́ (accusative dual)
ćasā́ns (accusative plural)
ćasā́ (instrumental singular)
ćasáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćasā́yš (instrumental plural)
ćasā́t (ablative singular)
ćasáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
ćasáybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćasā́y (dative singular)
ćasáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
ćasáybʰyas (dative plural)
ćasásya (genitive singular)
ćasáyās (dual genitive)
ćasā́nam (genitive plural)
ćasā́naHm (genitive plural)
ćasáy (locative singular)
ćasáyaw (dual locative)
ćasáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śasás

desctree

Sanskrit: शश (śaśá)
Pali: sasa
Prakrit:
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: শহা (xoha)
Bengali: শশা (śośa)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: සාවා (sāwā), සහාවා (sahāwā), ශශයා (śaśayā), සැසයා (sæsayā), හාවෝ (hāwō)?
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀲 (sasa)
Old Marathi: ससा (sasā)
Marathi: ससा (sasā)
Konkani: सोंसो (souso)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀲 (sasa)
Gujarati: સસલું (saslũ)
Hindi: सस (sas)
Punjabi: ਸਹਾ (sahā), ਸਹਿਆ (sahiā)
Romani: śośoj
→ Tamil: சசம் (cacam)

Proto-Iranian: *caháh

Pashto: سوی (soy)

Khotanese: 𑀲𑀳 (saha)

Wakhi: sыy

Ishkashimi: si

Sanglechi: sui

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱesós (“grey; hare”). Compare Latin cānus, Old English hara (English hare), Old Prussian sasnis (“hare”).

inh

Sanskrit: शशक→ Hindustani:Hindi: शशकUrdu: ششکMiddle Indo-Aryan:Pali: sasakaSauraseni Prakrit:Hindi: ससकRomani: śośoj


mr̥gás

mr̥gás (nominative singular)
mr̥gā́ (dual nominative)
mr̥gā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
mr̥ga (singular vocative)
mr̥gā́ (dual vocative)
mr̥gā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
mr̥gám (accusative singular)
mr̥gā́ (accusative dual)
mr̥gā́ns (accusative plural)
mr̥gā́ (instrumental singular)
mr̥gáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
mr̥gā́yš (instrumental plural)
mr̥gā́t (ablative singular)
mr̥gáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
mr̥gáybʰyas (ablative plural)
mr̥gā́y (dative singular)
mr̥gáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
mr̥gáybʰyas (dative plural)
mr̥gásya (genitive singular)
mr̥gáyās (dual genitive)
mr̥gā́nam (genitive plural)
mr̥gā́naHm (genitive plural)
mr̥gáy (locative singular)
mr̥gáyaw (dual locative)
mr̥gáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥gás

desc

Sanskrit: मृग (mṛgá, “wild beast; deer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥gáh (“hen, bird”) (see there for further descendants)

with addition of Proto-Indo-Iranian <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*-ā́ćš</i>

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *mr̥ngācá (“bird”) (with addition of Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ā́ćš)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: mřaṅćë́

Kativiri: mřëṅáć

Prasuni: maṅćṹ, nĩź

Southern Nuristani: *ningācá (assimilation for *mr̥ngācá)

Ashkun: niṅasë́

Waigali: niṅëćë

Likely limited to Indo-Iranian, perhaps a substrate borrowing. A doubtful connection has been suggested to Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)merh₂gʷ- (“dark”). Burrow suggests a connection to Ancient Greek μάργος (márgos, “mad, furious”), with the putative semantic shift in Indo-Iranian being "mad" > "wild" > "wild beast", but according to Beekes, it is a Pre-Greek word.


Háćmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśmā

Sanskrit: अश्मन् (áśman)

Proto-Iranian: *Hácmā (see there for further descendants)


tanúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tanúHṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: तनू (tanū́)
Pali: tanu
Prakrit: 𑀢𑀡𑀽 (taṇū)
Marathi: तन (tan)
Hindustani:
Hindi: तन (tan)
Urdu: تن (tan)
Punjabi: ਤੰਨ (tanna)
→ Kannada: ತನುವು (tanuvu)
→ Telugu: తనువు (tanuvu)
→ Thai: ตนุ

Proto-Iranian: *tanū́š

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬎 (tanu)

Old Persian: 𐎫𐎵𐎢 (tanū)

Middle Persian: tn' (tan)

Persian: تن (tan)

→ Bashkir: тән (tən)

Tajik: тан (tan)

→ Uyghur: تەن (ten)?

From Proto-Indo-European *tenúh₂s, from *tenuh₂- (“body”), an extension of *ten- (“to stretch”). The reflexive use is an Indo-Iranian innovation.


nápāts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nápāts

Sanskrit: नपात् (nápāt)

Dardic:

Kalasha: nawáw

Proto-Iranian: *napāts

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬝 (napāt̰)

Gurani: نەۋە (naʋa)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: nevî

Central Kurdish: نەوە (newe)

Southern Kurdish: نەوە (newe)

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎱𐎠 (n-p-a /napā/)

Persian: نوه (nava)

Proto-Nuristani: *napāká, *napākká (< *napātkás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: navó

Kativiri: nëvók

Prasuni: nëvë́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: nëvā́

Waigali: nëvã


ȷ́ámbʰas

ȷ́ámbʰas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ámbʰā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰa (singular vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ámbʰam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ámbʰāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ámbʰāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ámbʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ámbʰasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ámbʰayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ámbʰānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ámbʰānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ámbʰay (locative singular)
ȷ́ámbʰayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ámbʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ámbʰas

Sanskrit: जम्भ (jámbha)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Bengali: জাবর (jabor)
Maharastri Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))
Old Marathi:
*
*
Marathi: जबडा (jabḍā)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi: ਜਬਾੜਾ (jabāṛā)
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Romani: ćham (“cheek”)
Angloromani: cham
Sauraseni Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Old Hindi:
Hindustani:
Hindi: जबड़ा (jabṛā)
Urdu: جَبْڑَا (jabṛā)
*
→ Hindi: जंभ (jambh) (learned)

Proto-Iranian: *jámbah

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīma)

desc

Ormuri: [script needed] (zāmbə), [script needed] (zām, “jaw”)

Pashto: ژامه (žā́ma)

Proto-Nuristani: *ĵambi

Waigali: [script needed] (zumpi, “molar”)


náHs

náHs ~ *nHasás/*nasás (canonical feminine)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náHs

Sanskrit: नस् (nás, “nose”), नासा (nā́sā, nom.du.)

desctree

⇒ Sanskrit: नासा (nā́sā)
Pali: nāsā
Punjabi: ਨਾਸ (nās, “nostril”)
Kashmiri: نَس (nas), नस (nas)

Proto-Iranian: *naHh-

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀 (nā̊ŋha, nom./acc.du.?)

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬝 (nā̊ŋhanat̰, abl.sg.)

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 (n-a-h-m /nāham/, acc.sg.)

Proto-Nuristani: *nā́s (see there for further descendants)


(H)íšuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)íṣuṣ

Sanskrit: इषु (íṣu)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀇𑀲𑀼 (isu)

Proto-Iranian: *(H)íšuh

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬎 (išu)


čáćšma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáṭṣma

Vedic Sanskrit: चाक्ष्म (cākṣmá, “seer”) < *चक्ष्मन् (cákṣman)

Proto-Iranian: *čášma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷéḱ-s-mn̥ ~ *kʷḱ-s-mén-, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


wáȷ́ras

wáȷ́ras (nominative singular)
wáȷ́rā (dual nominative)
wáȷ́rā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
wáȷ́ra (singular vocative)
wáȷ́rā (dual vocative)
wáȷ́rā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
wáȷ́ram (accusative singular)
wáȷ́rā (accusative dual)
wáȷ́rāns (accusative plural)
wáȷ́rā (instrumental singular)
wáȷ́raybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
wáȷ́rāyš (instrumental plural)
wáȷ́rāt (ablative singular)
wáȷ́raybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
wáȷ́raybʰyas (ablative plural)
wáȷ́rāy (dative singular)
wáȷ́raybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
wáȷ́raybʰyas (dative plural)
wáȷ́rasya (genitive singular)
wáȷ́rayās (dual genitive)
wáȷ́rānam (genitive plural)
wáȷ́rānaHm (genitive plural)
wáȷ́ray (locative singular)
wáȷ́rayaw (dual locative)
wáȷ́rayšu (locative plural)

hi:सुभद्र झा

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáȷ́ras

desc

Sanskrit: वज्र (vájra, “hard; the mace of Indra; thunderbolt; diamond”)

→ Bengali: বজ্র (bojro)

→ English: vajra

→ Hindi: वज्र (vajra), बज्र (bajra)

→ Malay: bajra

→ Telugu: వజ్రం (vajraṁ)

→ Kannada: ವಜ್ರ (vajra)

→ Tamil: வச்சிரம் (vacciram)

Middle Indo-Aryan:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀯𑀇𑀭 (vaïra), 𑀯𑁂𑀭 (vera)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀚 (vajja)

Pali: vajira

Proto-Iranian: *wajrah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬀 (vazra, “the mace of Mithra”)

→ Middle Persian: wzl (wazr, “mace”), wlz (warz)

Classical Persian: گرز (gurz)

Dari: گرز (gurz)

Iranian Persian: گرز (gorz)

Tajik: гурз (gurz)

→ Armenian: գուրզ (gurz)

→ Turkish: gürz

→ Old Armenian: վարզ (varz)

→ Proto-Uralic: *waśara

Proto-Finnic: *vasara (“hammer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *veačērē (“hammer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *uźəŕə

Erzya: узере (uzere, “axe”)

Moksha: узерь (uzeŕ, “axe”)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, to be lively”).

inh

бузург

Classical Persian: بزرگ (buzurg, “large, big, great”)


sambʰārás

sambʰāras (nominative singular)
sambʰārā (dual nominative)
sambʰārā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
sambʰāra (singular vocative)
sambʰārā (dual vocative)
sambʰārā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
sambʰāram (accusative singular)
sambʰārā (accusative dual)
sambʰārāns (accusative plural)
sambʰārā (instrumental singular)
sambʰāraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
sambʰārāyš (instrumental plural)
sambʰārāt (ablative singular)
sambʰāraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
sambʰāraybʰyas (ablative plural)
sambʰārāy (dative singular)
sambʰāraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
sambʰāraybʰyas (dative plural)
sambʰārasya (genitive singular)
sambʰārayās (dual genitive)
sambʰārānam (genitive plural)
sambʰārānaHm (genitive plural)
sambʰāray (locative singular)
sambʰārayaw (dual locative)
sambʰārayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sambʰārás

desc

Sanskrit: सम्भार (sambhārá, “materials required for a particular purpose, provision; collection of spices”)

→ Bengali: সম্ভার (śombhar)

⇒ Bengali: সাভার (śabhar)

→ Hindi: संभार (sambhār)

Old Marathi: सांबार (sāṃbāra)

Marathi: सांभार (sāmbhār), सांबार (sāmbār, “curry”)

→ Gujarati: સાંબાર (sā̃bār)

→ Hindi: सांबर (sāmbar)

→ Kannada: ಸಾಂಬಾರು (sāmbāru)

→ Tamil: சாம்பார் (cāmpār)

→ English: sambar

→ Kannada: ಸಂಭಾರ (sambhāra, “materials, input”)

→ Mongolian: самбар (sambar)

Proto-Iranian: *hambāráh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬅𐬨𐬠𐬀𐬭 (hą̇mbar)

Parthian: *𐫀𐫖𐫁𐫀𐫡 (*ʾmbʾr /*ambār/)

→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אמברא

→ Old Armenian: ամբար (ambar)

Armenian: ամբար (ambar)

→ Hebrew: אַמְבָּר

→ Hebrew: אַמְבָּר

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܡܒܪܐ

⇒ Parthian: 𐫀𐫖𐫁𐫀𐫡𐫃 (ʾmbʾrg /ambārag/)

Old Persian: *hambārah

Middle Persian: (/hambār/)

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫖𐫁𐫀𐫡 (hmbʾr)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hmbʾl)

From Proto-Indo-European *sem-bʰor-ó-s, from *sem- (“together, one”) + *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-ós (deverbal suffix).

af

provisions, materials, necessaries for a particular task


ćarHáts

ćarHáts ~ *ćarHdás (canonical feminine)
ćarHáts (nominative singular)
ćarHátāw (dual nominative)
ćarHátas (nominative plural)
ćarHát (singular vocative)
ćarHátāw (dual vocative)
ćarHátas (plural vocative)
ćarHátam (accusative singular)
ćarHátāw (accusative dual)
ćarHdás (accusative plural)
ćarHdáH (instrumental singular)
ćarHdbʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
ćarHdbʰíš (instrumental plural)
ćarHdás (ablative singular)
ćarHdbʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
ćarHdbʰyáH (ablative plural)
ćarHdáy (dative singular)
ćarHdbʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
ćarHdbʰyáH (dative plural)
ćarHdás (genitive singular)
ćarHdáwš (dual genitive)
ćarHdā́m (genitive plural)
ćarHáti (locative singular)
ćarHdáwš (dual locative)
ćarHtsú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śarHáts ~ *śarHdás

desc

Sanskrit: शरद् (śarád, “autumn, year”), शारद (śāradá)

⇒ Sanskrit: शरदा (śarádā)

Proto-Iranian: *carHdáh (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts
Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- (“to warm up, to be hot”). If so, cognate with Latin caleō (“to be warm”).


ȷ́ā́mātā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ā́mātā

Sanskrit: जामातृ (jā́mātṛ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jā́mātā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γαμβρός (gambrós), γάμος (gámos) (whence English -gamy).


úštras

úštras (nominative singular)
úštrā (dual nominative)
úštrā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
úštra (singular vocative)
úštrā (dual vocative)
úštrā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
úštram (accusative singular)
úštrā (accusative dual)
úštrāns (accusative plural)
úštrā (instrumental singular)
úštraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
úštrāyš (instrumental plural)
úštrāt (ablative singular)
úštraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
úštraybʰyas (ablative plural)
úštrāy (dative singular)
úštraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
úštraybʰyas (dative plural)
úštrasya (genitive singular)
úštrayās (dual genitive)
úštrānam (genitive plural)
úštrānaHm (genitive plural)
úštray (locative singular)
úštrayaw (dual locative)
úštrayšu (locative plural)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from Proto-Indo-European *úǵtr-o-s, from *uǵ-tḗr ~ *uǵ-trés + *-os, from *weǵ- (“to increase; to be strong”) + *-tḗr,
* from Proto-Indo-European *ústr-o-s, from *us-tḗr ~ *us-trés (“inseminator”) + *-os, from *wes- (“wet, damp”) + *-tḗr,
* or borrowed from a substrate language, perhaps via Proto-Indo-European *ūsros (“aurochs”), compare Proto-Germanic *ūraz (“aurochs”).


Hr̥tás

Hr̥tás (nominative singular)
Hr̥tám (accusative singular)
Hr̥táy (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tás

desc

Sanskrit: ऋत (ṛtá, “right, proper; law”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥táh

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a~arta) (← substantivized *Hŕ̥tam), -𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (-ar^əta)

→ English: asha

Younger Avestan: -𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (-ər^əta)

Parthian: 𐫀𐫡𐫤 (ʾrt /art/, “aether, air”)

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /arta/)
Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)
Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')
Persian: ارد (ard)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-tós, from *h₂er- (“to fit; fix; put together”) + *-tós (deverbal adjective suffix); literally “that which is put together/in order”.

suf

→ Sogdian: (/Ardawān ~ Arteβān/); Sogdian script

Արտավան

→ Old Armenian: Արտաւան (Artawan), Արտաբան (Artaban)

→ Latin: Artabanus

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάβανος (Artábanos), Ἀρταβάνης (Artabánēs)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭕𐭕

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬝 (arštāt̰, “rectitude, justice; name of an angel”)

ʾrštt /Arštāt Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hr̥tás Arštād Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hr̥tás Arštāδ/

𐫀

→ Middle Persian: (/A(r)štād/, “the goddess Rectitude; 26th day of Persian calendar”)

𐫀

Middle Persian: (/ardā(y)/) (>*artatāt > *ardāt > *ardād > *ardāy)


ȷ́ráyas

ȷ́ráyas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ráyā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ráyā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ráya (singular vocative)
ȷ́ráyā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ráyā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ráyam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ráyā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ráyāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ráyā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ráyaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ráyāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ráyāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ráyaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ráyaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ráyāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ráyaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ráyaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ráyasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ráyayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ráyānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ráyānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ráyay (locative singular)
ȷ́ráyayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ráyayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ráyas

Sanskrit: ज्रयस् (jráyas)

Proto-Iranian: *jráyah

Central Iranian:

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (zraiiah), 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, gen.sg.)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdian:

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫏 (zry /zrē/)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: زرا (zirā)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زەریا (zerya)

Northern Kurdish: zirya, zerîya, zirê, zerya

Southern Kurdish: دەڵیا (dellya)

Laki:

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: [script needed] (deryā)

Mazanderani: دریو (deryō)

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫏𐫆 (zryẖ /zrēh/), 𐫉𐫡𐫏𐫏 (zryy /zrēh/), 𐫉𐫡𐫆 (zrẖ /zirh/)

Proto-Tatic:

Talysh:

Northern Talysh: dıyo

Southern Talysh: دیو (dəyo), زریه (zeryə) (in some regional)

Old Tati:

Harzani: دریو (daryö)

Karingani: دریو (daryu)

Zazaki: deryay

Southwestern Iranian:

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (d-r-y /draya/)
Lurish:
Northern Luri: دریا (diryā)
Bakhtiari: دریا (diryā)
Middle Persian:
Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫁 (dryʾb /drayāb/)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlydʾp̄ /drayāb/)
Persian: دریا (daryâ)