udrás

udrás (nominative singular)
udrā́ (dual nominative)
udrā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
udra (singular vocative)
udrā́ (dual vocative)
udrā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
udrám (accusative singular)
udrā́ (accusative dual)
udrā́ns (accusative plural)
udrā́ (instrumental singular)
udráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
udrā́yš (instrumental plural)
udrā́t (ablative singular)
udráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
udráybʰyas (ablative plural)
udrā́y (dative singular)
udráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
udráybʰyas (dative plural)
udrásya (genitive singular)
udráyās (dual genitive)
udrā́nam (genitive plural)
udrā́naHm (genitive plural)
udráy (locative singular)
udráyaw (dual locative)
udráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *udrás

Sanskrit: उद्र (udrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *udráh (“otter”)

Avestan: 𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (udra)

Old Ossetic:

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: урдӕ (urdæ)

Iron Ossetian: уырд (wyrd)

→ Proto-Permic: *vurd (see there for further descendants)

Old Persian: *udrakaʰ

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwdlk' /udrag/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὑδράκης (Hudrákēs)


wáktram

wáktram (nominative singular)
wáktray (dual nominative)
wáktraH (nominative plural)
wáktram (singular vocative)
wáktray (dual vocative)
wáktraH (plural vocative)
wáktram (accusative singular)
wáktray (accusative dual)
wáktraH (accusative plural)
wáktrā (instrumental singular)
wáktraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
wáktrāyš (instrumental plural)
wáktrāt (ablative singular)
wáktraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
wáktraybʰyas (ablative plural)
wáktrāy (dative singular)
wáktraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
wáktraybʰyas (dative plural)
wáktrasya (genitive singular)
wáktrayās (dual genitive)
wáktrānam (genitive plural)
wáktrānaHm (genitive plural)
wáktray (locative singular)
wáktrayaw (dual locative)
wáktrayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáktram

Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktra)

Pali: vatta

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀢 (vatta)

→ Old Marathi: वगत्र (vagatra)

Proto-Iranian: *wáxδram

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬆𐬜𐬭𐬀 (vaxəδra)


HnidráH

HnidráH (nominative singular)
Hnidráy (dual nominative)
Hnidráy (dual vocative)
Hnidráy (accusative dual)
HnidráyaH (locative singular)
HnidráyaHm (locative singular)
HnidráHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HnidráH

Sanskrit: निद्रा (nidrā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HnidráH

→ Old Armenian: նիրհ (nirh)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ni-dréh₂, from *h₁ni- (“down”) + *dreh₂- (“to sleep”, deverbal noun suffix) + *-éh₂. Compare Sanskrit नि (ní) and द्रायति (drā́yati).


wr̥ćšás

wr̥ćšás (nominative singular)
wr̥ćšā́ (dual nominative)
wr̥ćšā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
wr̥ćša (singular vocative)
wr̥ćšā́ (dual vocative)
wr̥ćšā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
wr̥ćšám (accusative singular)
wr̥ćšā́ (accusative dual)
wr̥ćšā́ns (accusative plural)
wr̥ćšā́ (instrumental singular)
wr̥ćšáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
wr̥ćšā́yš (instrumental plural)
wr̥ćšā́t (ablative singular)
wr̥ćšáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
wr̥ćšáybʰyas (ablative plural)
wr̥ćšā́y (dative singular)
wr̥ćšáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
wr̥ćšáybʰyas (dative plural)
wr̥ćšásya (genitive singular)
wr̥ćšáyās (dual genitive)
wr̥ćšā́nam (genitive plural)
wr̥ćšā́naHm (genitive plural)
wr̥ćšáy (locative singular)
wr̥ćšáyaw (dual locative)
wr̥ćšáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥ṭṣás

Sanskrit: वृक्ष (vṛkṣá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥šáh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬀 (var^əša)

Perhaps related to Proto-Indo-Iranian *wálćas (“hair”), whence Sanskrit वल्श (valśa, “shoot, branch, twig”).


warāȷ́ʰás

warāȷ́ʰas (nominative singular)
warāȷ́ʰā (dual nominative)
warāȷ́ʰā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
warāȷ́ʰa (singular vocative)
warāȷ́ʰā (dual vocative)
warāȷ́ʰā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
warāȷ́ʰam (accusative singular)
warāȷ́ʰā (accusative dual)
warāȷ́ʰāns (accusative plural)
warāȷ́ʰā (instrumental singular)
warāȷ́ʰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
warāȷ́ʰāyš (instrumental plural)
warāȷ́ʰāt (ablative singular)
warāȷ́ʰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
warāȷ́ʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
warāȷ́ʰāy (dative singular)
warāȷ́ʰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
warāȷ́ʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
warāȷ́ʰasya (genitive singular)
warāȷ́ʰayās (dual genitive)
warāȷ́ʰānam (genitive plural)
warāȷ́ʰānaHm (genitive plural)
warāȷ́ʰay (locative singular)
warāȷ́ʰayaw (dual locative)
warāȷ́ʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *warāźʰás

Sanskrit: वराह (varāhá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *warājáh (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Uralic: *woraća

Proto-Finnic: *oraca

Moksha: урось (uroś)

Possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


ćapʰás

ćapʰás (nominative singular)
ćapʰā́ (dual nominative)
ćapʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
ćapʰa (singular vocative)
ćapʰā́ (dual vocative)
ćapʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
ćapʰám (accusative singular)
ćapʰā́ (accusative dual)
ćapʰā́ns (accusative plural)
ćapʰā́ (instrumental singular)
ćapʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćapʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
ćapʰā́t (ablative singular)
ćapʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
ćapʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćapʰā́y (dative singular)
ćapʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
ćapʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
ćapʰásya (genitive singular)
ćapʰáyās (dual genitive)
ćapʰā́nam (genitive plural)
ćapʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
ćapʰáy (locative singular)
ćapʰáyaw (dual locative)
ćapʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śapʰás

Sanskrit: शफ (śaphá)

Proto-Iranian: *cafáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬀 (safa)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (swmb' /sumb/)

Persian: سم (som)

Ossetian: сӕфтӕг (sæftæg)

→ Old Armenian: սմբակ (smbak)

→ Arabic: سُنْبُك (sunbuk), سُنْبَك (sunbak)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hōfaz.


páćšma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páṭṣma (“eyelash”)

Sanskrit: पक्ष्मन् (pákṣman), पक्ष्म (pákṣma, nom.sg.)

Marathi: पापणी (pāpṇī)

Pali: pamha, pakhuma

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀫𑁆𑀳 (pamha)

Gujarati: પાંપણ (pā̃paṇ)

Hindi: पपनी (papnī)

Proto-Iranian: *pášma (“wool”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *póḱ-s-mn̥ (“that which is shorn”), from *peḱ- (“to shear, to pluck”) + *-mn̥ (deverbal noun suffix).


ȷ́aluš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aluṣ

⇒ Sanskrit: जलूका f (jalūkā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jaluš

Pashto: ژوره (žawǝ́ra)

Baluchi: زراغ (zarāγ)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: zero, zêro, zêrû

Central Kurdish: زێروو (zêrû)

Southern Kurdish: زالۊ (zalü)

Middle Persian: (/zalūg/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (złwk')

Potentially from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵelu-, from *ǵel- (“swallow”). Only Celtic cognates are attested, e.g. Old Irish gil.


sáynaH

sáynaH (nominative singular)
sáynay (dual nominative)
sáynās (nominative plural)
sáynay (singular vocative)
sáynay (dual vocative)
sáynās (plural vocative)
sáynām (accusative singular)
sáynay (accusative dual)
sáynās (accusative plural)
sáynayaH (instrumental singular)
sáynaHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
sáynaHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
sáynaHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
sáynayaHs (ablative singular)
sáynaHbʰyā (ablative dual)
sáynaHbʰyām (ablative dual)
sáynaHbʰyas (ablative plural)
sáynayaHy (dative singular)
sáynaHbʰyā (dative dual)
sáynaHbʰyām (dative dual)
sáynaHbʰyas (dative plural)
sáynayaHs (genitive singular)
sáynāyās (dual genitive)
sáynaHnām (genitive plural)
sáynayaH (locative singular)
sáynayaHm (locative singular)
sáynāyaw (dual locative)
sáynaHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáynaH (“army, troop”)

Sanskrit: सेना (sénā)

Proto-Iranian: *háynaH (“hostile army”)

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (haēnā, “hostile army”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (hīñi)

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠 (h-i-n-a /hainaʰ/, “hostile army”)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (hyyn)

Book Pahlavi script: hyn' (hyn' /hēn/)


mr̥Hdʰā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥Hdʰā́

desctree

Sanskrit: मूर्धन् (mūrdhán)
Dardic:
Chilisso: [script needed] (mudə)
Grangali: [script needed] (mūndə, “neck”)
Kalasha: mọn
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (muda, “upwards”)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (mundā)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: මුදුන (muduna)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀠 (muḍḍha), 𑀫𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥 (muddha)
Assamese: মূধ (mudh, “ridge of the roof”)
Old Bengali: মোঢ (moḍha)
Middle Bengali: মোঢ় (mōṛh)
Bengali: মোড় (mōṛ, “roadhead”)
Bengali: মউড়া (mouṛa, “forefront”)
Bengali: মুড়ো (muṛō, “terminal”)
Bihari: मूढ (mūṛh, “root of sugarcane”)
Maithili: मुड (mūṛ)
Odia: ମୁଣ୍ଡ (muṇḍa)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀠 (muḍḍha), 𑀫𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥 (muddha)
Marathi: मुंढी (muṇḍhī)
Pali: muddhan
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀠 (muḍḍha), 𑀫𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥 (muddha)
Garhwali: मुंड (muṇḍ)
Gujarati: મંડી (maṇḍī)
Hindustani:
Hindi: मुढ (muḍh)
Kumaoni: मुंड (muṇḍ)
Nepali: मुंड (muṇḍa)
Punjabi: ਮੁੱਢ (muḍḍha), ਮੁੰਢ (muṇḍh)
Sindhi: मुण्ढु (muṇḍhu), मुण्ढी f (muṇḍhī)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥Hdā́

Avestan: *𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (*mər^əδa)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬐𐬀-𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (ka-mər^əδa)

desc

→ Middle Persian: (/kamāl(ag)/, “archdemon; head (daevic)”) (>*kamarθak > *kamaθrak > *kamahrak)

Manichaean script: 𐫞𐫖𐫀𐫡 (qmʾr /kamār/, “head (of evail being)”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kmʾł(k'))

→ Proto-Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: морда (morda)

West Slavic:

Czech: morda

Polish: morda

Proto-Nuristani: *mūndā́

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: mǘn

Kativiri: mín

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: múṇ (“rock”)

Tregami: mūdä (“neck”)


muštíš

muštíš (nominative singular)
muštíH (dual nominative)
muštáyas (nominative plural)
muštáy (singular vocative)
muštíH (dual vocative)
muštáyas (plural vocative)
muštím (accusative singular)
muštíH (accusative dual)
muštī́n (accusative plural)
-ī́š (accusative plural)
muštíH́ (instrumental singular)
muštíbʰyām (dual instrumental)
muštíbʰiš (instrumental plural)
muštáyš (ablative singular)
muštíbʰyām (ablative dual)
muštíbʰyas (ablative plural)
muštáyay (dative singular)
muštíbʰyām (dative dual)
muštíbʰyas (dative plural)
muštáyš (genitive singular)
muštyáwš (dual genitive)
muštáyām? (genitive plural)
muštā́(w)? (locative singular)
muštyáwš (dual locative)
muštíšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *muṣṭíṣ

Sanskrit: मुष्टि (muṣṭí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *muštiš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬌 (mušti)

Proto-Scythian: *muštu (< acc.sg. *muštím)

Ossetian: мустучъи (mustuḱ’i)

Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *muṣtu

Khotanese: [script needed] (muṣṭu)

Wakhi: məst

Central Kurdish: مست (mist)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mwšt' /mušt/)

Persian: مشت (mošt)

Tajik: мушт (mušt)

→ Georgian: მუშტი (mušṭi)

→? Kyrgyz: муштум (muştum)

→? Uzbek: musht

From Proto-Indo-European *méws-ti-s ~ *mus-téy-s (“fist”), cognate with Tocharian B maśce (“fist”), and possibly Ancient Greek άμυστί (ámustí, “withouth closing (one's mouth)”) (from *n̥-mus-ti(h₁)), from *mews- (“to shut”) + *-tis, whence Ancient Greek μῡ́ω (mū́ō, “to shut, close”), Hittite [script needed] (muš-, “to eat one's fill”, literally “to close the mouth?”), perhaps further connected to Sanskrit मोष (moṣa, “robber; theft”). Alternatively suggested to derive from Proto-Indo-European *mewḱ- (“to scratch, tear”), whence Lithuanian mùšti (“to strike”), Ancient Greek ἀμύσσω (amússō, “to scratch, tear”), however this root is dubious.


súraH

súraH (nominative singular)
súray (dual nominative)
súrās (nominative plural)
súray (singular vocative)
súray (dual vocative)
súrās (plural vocative)
súrām (accusative singular)
súray (accusative dual)
súrās (accusative plural)
súrayaH (instrumental singular)
súraHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
súraHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
súraHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
súrayaHs (ablative singular)
súraHbʰyā (ablative dual)
súraHbʰyām (ablative dual)
súraHbʰyas (ablative plural)
súrayaHy (dative singular)
súraHbʰyā (dative dual)
súraHbʰyām (dative dual)
súraHbʰyas (dative plural)
súrayaHs (genitive singular)
súrāyās (dual genitive)
súraHnām (genitive plural)
súrayaH (locative singular)
súrayaHm (locative singular)
súrāyaw (dual locative)
súraHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *súraH

Sanskrit: सुरा (súrā, “alcohol, wine”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *húraH (“fermented milk”)

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬁 (hurā)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: hwl (hur)

Khotanese: hurā

→ Kipchak:

Bashkir: һыра (hıra, “beer”)

Kazakh: сыра (syra, “beer”)

Tatar: сыра (sıra, “beer”)

→ Southern Altai: сыра (sïra, “beer”)

→ Proto-Permic: *sur (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sūl (“thick liquid”). Alternatively, from the root *su- (“to press, to extract”) whence also *sáwmas.


ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH

head

*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH f

ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaH (nominative singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰway (dual nominative)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwās (nominative plural)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰway (singular vocative)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰway (dual vocative)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwās (plural vocative)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwām (accusative singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰway (accusative dual)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwās (accusative plural)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwayaH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwayaHs (ablative singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyā (ablative dual)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwayaHy (dative singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyā (dative dual)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHbʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwayaHs (genitive singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwāyās (dual genitive)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHnām (genitive plural)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwayaH (locative singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwayaHm (locative singular)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwāyaw (dual locative)
ȷ́iȷ́ʰwaHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́iźʰwáH

Sanskrit: जिह्वा (jihvā́), जुहू (juhū́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hižwáH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: (< *diȷ́ʰwáH)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: dić

Kativiri: diz

Prasuni:

Pashki: luzuk

Southern Nuristani: *źyū (< *jidukā via metathesis from *diȷ́ʰwáH?)

Ashkun: žū

Doubtfully from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > *dn̥ȷ́ʰwáHs > *diȷ́ʰwáHs > *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHs > *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH.
Another hypothesis, that is more phonologically sound, is from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi-ǵʰwH-eh₂, a reduplicated noun from *ǵʰewH- (“to invoke”) (whence Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰuHáyati). As described by Grassmann's law, in PII the initial consonant loses its aspiration due to the next one being aspirated. Avestan displays dissimilation from an earlier *zizuuā. Reduplicated nouns in PIE are also not unprecedented; note the very common *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”). However, Nuristani evidence points to an earlier preform *diȷ́ʰwáH, which may point to the original Proto-Indo-European word albeit with some remodeling. A similar shift from *diǵʰ- to jih- in Sanskrit is exhibited by जिह्म (jihmá).


bʰáHmas

bʰáHmas (nominative singular)
bʰáHmā (dual nominative)
bʰáHmā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
bʰáHma (singular vocative)
bʰáHmā (dual vocative)
bʰáHmā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
bʰáHmam (accusative singular)
bʰáHmā (accusative dual)
bʰáHmāns (accusative plural)
bʰáHmā (instrumental singular)
bʰáHmaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰáHmāyš (instrumental plural)
bʰáHmāt (ablative singular)
bʰáHmaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰáHmaybʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰáHmāy (dative singular)
bʰáHmaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
bʰáHmaybʰyas (dative plural)
bʰáHmasya (genitive singular)
bʰáHmayās (dual genitive)
bʰáHmānam (genitive plural)
bʰáHmānaHm (genitive plural)
bʰáHmay (locative singular)
bʰáHmayaw (dual locative)
bʰáHmayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHmas

Sanskrit: भाम (bhā́ma)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Old Marathi: भांबा (bhāṃbā)

→ Telugu: భామ (bhāma)

Proto-Iranian: *báHmah

desc

Parthian: 𐫁𐫀𐫖 (bʾm, “splendor, radiance”)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎶 (b-m /bāma/)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫁𐫀𐫖 (bʾm)

Middle Persian: bʾm

⇒ Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭠𐭬𐭣𐭠𐭲 (bamdad, “morning”)

Persian: بامداد (bâmdâd)

Sogdian: [script needed] (BM /β'm/)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰóh₂-mo-s, from *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glow light”) + *-mos (deverbal suffix).


ȷ́aHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHtás

Sanskrit: जात (jātá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jaHtah

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬄𐬚𐬀 (ząθa)

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬙𐬀 (zāta)

desc

Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”), ζαδγο (zadgo /zādg/, “native”), ζαδαγο (zadago /zādag/)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”), [script needed] (zʾdk /zādek/, “son”)

Yagnobi: жӯта (žūta, “son, child”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: -زا (-za)

Northern Kurdish: -za

Parthian: 𐫉𐫀𐫅𐫃 (zʾdg /zādag/)

→ Middle Persian: (/zādag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫀𐫅𐫃 (zʾdg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zʾtk')


yaHtúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yaHtúṣ

Sanskrit: यातु (yātú)

Proto-Iranian: *yaHtúh

Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬙𐬎 (yātu)

Old Persian: [script needed] (yātu)

⇒ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (yʾtwk' /ǰādūg/)

Tajik: ҷоду (jodu)

Persian: جادو (jâdu) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: ջատուկ (ǰatuk)

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁- (“do, make, act vigorously”).


miždʰám

miždʰám (nominative singular)
miždʰáy (dual nominative)
miždʰáH (nominative plural)
miždʰám (singular vocative)
miždʰáy (dual vocative)
miždʰáH (plural vocative)
miždʰám (accusative singular)
miždʰáy (accusative dual)
miždʰáH (accusative plural)
miždʰā́ (instrumental singular)
miždʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
miždʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
miždʰā́t (ablative singular)
miždʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
miždʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
miždʰā́y (dative singular)
miždʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
miždʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
miždʰásya (genitive singular)
miždʰáyās (dual genitive)
miždʰā́nam (genitive plural)
miždʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
miždʰáy (locative singular)
miždʰáyaw (dual locative)
miždʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *miẓḍʰám

Sanskrit: मीळ्ह (mīḷhá), मीढ (mīḍhá)

Proto-Iranian: *miždám

Avestan: 𐬨𐬍𐬲𐬛𐬀 (mīžda)

Northern Kurdish: miz

Ossetian: мызд (myzd)

Parthian: 𐫖𐫇𐫋𐫅 (mwjd /mužd/)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*mižda)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫉𐫅 (myzd /mizd/)

From Proto-Indo-European *misdʰós (“reward”), from *mey- (“to exchange (gifts)”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put”) + *-ós (deverbal suffix). Cognate with Ancient Greek μισθός (misthós, “reward”), Proto-Slavic *mьzda (“payment”), Proto-Germanic *mizdō (“reward”).


mádʰu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádʰu (“honey”)

Sanskrit: मधु (mádhu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mádu (“honey, wine”) (see there for further descendants)


sáras

sáras (nominative singular)
sárā (dual nominative)
sárā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
sára (singular vocative)
sárā (dual vocative)
sárā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
sáram (accusative singular)
sárā (accusative dual)
sárāns (accusative plural)
sárā (instrumental singular)
sáraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
sárāyš (instrumental plural)
sárāt (ablative singular)
sáraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
sáraybʰyas (ablative plural)
sárāy (dative singular)
sáraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
sáraybʰyas (dative plural)
sárasya (genitive singular)
sárayās (dual genitive)
sárānam (genitive plural)
sárānaHm (genitive plural)
sáray (locative singular)
sárayaw (dual locative)
sárayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáras

desctree

Sanskrit: सरस् (sáras)
Kashmiri: سَر (sar)
Old Marathi: सरा (sarā)
Pali: saras
→ Thai: สระ (sà)

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: sur

Kativiri: sur

Prasuni: sur, suru

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: sor

Waigali: sor

From late Proto-Indo-European *sélos ~ *sélesos (“marsh”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕλος (hélos, “marsh-meadow”), Old Armenian եղտիւր (ełtiwr, “marsh”).


ȷ́antúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ĵantúṣ

desc

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, person, creature, insect”)

Proto-Iranian: *jantúš (“tribe”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*zantu), [script needed] (*dantu)

Middle Persian: z'n'd (zand)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-tú-, from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, give birth”).


Háwǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwȷ́as

Sanskrit: ओजस् (ójas)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwǰah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬀𐬵 (aojah)

Bactrian: ωζο (ōzo)

Parthian:

Manichaean: *𐫀𐫇𐫊 (*ʾwž /ōž/)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*aujah)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (ʾwc /ōz/)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwgah (< Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwgas)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬔𐬀𐬵 (aogah, “might, power”)

From earlier *Háwgʲes, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwg-os ~ *h₂éwg-es-os, from *h₂ewg- (“to increase; to enlarge”) + *-os (deverbal suffix).


dʰráwgʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwgʰas

Sanskrit: द्रोघ (drógha, “deceitful”)

q

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwźʰas (< Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráwǰʰas < earlier *dʰráwgʰes)

Sanskrit: द्रोह (dróha)

Proto-Iranian: *dráwgah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰos (“deception”).


káwHiš

káwHiš (nominative singular)
káwHiH (dual nominative)
káwHayas (nominative plural)
káwHay (singular vocative)
káwHiH (dual vocative)
káwHayas (plural vocative)
káwHim (accusative singular)
káwHiH (accusative dual)
káwHīn (accusative plural)
-īš (accusative plural)
káwHiH (instrumental singular)
káwHibʰyām (dual instrumental)
káwHibʰiš (instrumental plural)
káwHayš (ablative singular)
káwHibʰyām (ablative dual)
káwHibʰyas (ablative plural)
káwHayay (dative singular)
káwHibʰyām (dative dual)
káwHibʰyas (dative plural)
káwHayš (genitive singular)
káwHyawš (dual genitive)
káwHayām? (genitive plural)
káwHā? (locative singular)
káwHāw? (locative singular)
káwHyawš (dual locative)
káwHišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kawHíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: कवि (kaví, “poet, teacher of the Vedas”)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀇 (kaï)

Pali: kavi

Proto-Iranian: *káwHiš

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 (kauui, “poet, bard”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (kd /kay/, “title of the dynasty of Wištāsp, Kayanian”)

Persian: کی (kay)

Parthian: 𐫞𐫀𐫇 (qʾw /kaw/, “prince, lord; giant”)

Middle Persian: 𐫞𐫀𐫇 (qʾw /kaw/, “prince, lord; giant”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (qwy, “giant”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (kai, “heroic; ārya-monk”)

→ Old Armenian: սկայ (skay, “giant”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kówh₁is, from *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive, observe”) + *-is (deverbal noun suffix).


aryamā́

From *árya- + *-mā́ (deverbal suffix). Cognate with *áryas (“Aryan”).


kŕ̥miš

kŕ̥miš (nominative singular)
kŕ̥miH (dual nominative)
kŕ̥mayas (nominative plural)
kŕ̥may (singular vocative)
kŕ̥miH (dual vocative)
kŕ̥mayas (plural vocative)
kŕ̥mim (accusative singular)
kŕ̥miH (accusative dual)
kŕ̥mīn (accusative plural)
-īš (accusative plural)
kŕ̥miH (instrumental singular)
kŕ̥mibʰyām (dual instrumental)
kŕ̥mibʰiš (instrumental plural)
kŕ̥mayš (ablative singular)
kŕ̥mibʰyām (ablative dual)
kŕ̥mibʰyas (ablative plural)
kŕ̥mayay (dative singular)
kŕ̥mibʰyām (dative dual)
kŕ̥mibʰyas (dative plural)
kŕ̥mayš (genitive singular)
kŕ̥myawš (dual genitive)
kŕ̥mayām? (genitive plural)
kŕ̥mā? (locative singular)
kŕ̥māw? (locative singular)
kŕ̥myawš (dual locative)
kŕ̥mišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥miṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: कृमि (kṛ́mi)
Pali: kimi
Punjabi: ਕਿਰਮ (kiram, “worm, slug, maggot”)
Odia: କୃମି (krumi)
Bengali: ক্রিমি (krimi)
Bengali: কির্মি (kirmi)
Sinhalese: කිමියා (kimiyā)
→ Malayalam: കൃമി (kr̥mi)
→ Tamil: கிருமி (kirumi)
→ Telugu: క్రిమి (krimi)
→ Indonesian: keremi
>? Romani: kirmo, kermo

Proto-Iranian: *kŕ̥miš

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬁 (kər^əmā)

Northeastern Iranian:

desc

Ossetian: калм (kalm, “worm, small snake”)

Sogdian: ܟܝܪܡ (kirm, “snake”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: کرم (kirm)

Northern Kurdish: kirm

Old Median: *kr̥miš (see there for further descendants)

Parthian: 𐫐𐫡𐫖 (kirm, “shooting star”)

Zaza-Gurani:

Gurani: کرمی (kirmī)

Zazaki: kerm(î) (karm(ī))

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎣𐎼𐎷𐏁 (k-r-mi-š /*kármiš/)

Middle Persian: (/kirm/)

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫡𐫖 (krm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (klm)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *kirmis, Proto-Celtic *kʷrimis.


Háyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háyas

Sanskrit: अयस् (áyas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Háyah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (aiiah, “metal, iron”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyos (“copper, bronze”).


ȷ́ʰáwtram

ȷ́ʰáwtram (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰáwtraH (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtram (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtraH (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtram (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtraH (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰáwtrāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtraybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtraybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰáwtrānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰawtrám

Sanskrit: होत्र (hotrá)

Proto-Iranian: *jawθrám

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀 n (zaoθra)

→ Middle Persian: zwhl (zōhr)

Persian: زور (zowr)

Old Persian: *zauçám

Middle Persian:

Persian: ژون (žun, “idol”)

desc

→ Old Armenian: *զորհ (*zorh), զոհ (zoh)

→ Georgian: ზორვა (zorva)

→ Classical Syriac: ܙܘܬܪܐ (zauθrā)

>? Northern Kurdish: gorî (“victim”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéw-tro-m, from *ǵʰew- (“to pour”) + *-trom.

(religion) libation, offering, sacrifice


suHargás

suHargás (nominative singular)
suHargā́ (dual nominative)
suHargā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
suHarga (singular vocative)
suHargā́ (dual vocative)
suHargā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
suHargám (accusative singular)
suHargā́ (accusative dual)
suHargā́ns (accusative plural)
suHargā́ (instrumental singular)
suHargáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
suHargā́yš (instrumental plural)
suHargā́t (ablative singular)
suHargáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
suHargáybʰyas (ablative plural)
suHargā́y (dative singular)
suHargáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
suHargáybʰyas (dative plural)
suHargásya (genitive singular)
suHargáyās (dual genitive)
suHargā́nam (genitive plural)
suHargā́naHm (genitive plural)
suHargáy (locative singular)
suHargáyaw (dual locative)
suHargáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHargás

Sanskrit: स्वर्ग (svargá) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ul̥-gʷḿ̥-s, from *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”) + *gʷem- (“to step, arrive”) + *-s.


Hrawdʰás

Hrawdʰás (nominative singular)
Hrawdʰám (accusative singular)
Hrawdʰásya (genitive singular)
Hrawdʰáyās (dual genitive)
Hrawdʰáy (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawdʰás (“copper”)

Sanskrit: लोह (lohá)

Pali: loha

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀮𑁄𑀳 (loha)

Hindi: लोहा (lohā)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *Hrawdáh (“copper, brass”)

Baluchi: رود (rōd)

Parthian: 𐫡𐫇𐫔 (rōδ, “copper”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: արոյր (aroyr)
→ Armenian: արույր (aruyr) (learned)
→? Old Georgian: რვალი (rvali) (or directly from Iranian)
Georgian: რვალი (rvali)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*rauda)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: rwy (rôy, “copper, brass”)

Pahlavi Middle Persian: lwd (rôy, “copper, brass”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (rwδ /rōδ/)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰ-ó-s, from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-ós (deverbal suffix). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *roudos, Proto-Germanic *raudaz.


ćšáytram

ćšáytram (nominative singular)
ćšáytray (dual nominative)
ćšáytraH (nominative plural)
ćšáytram (singular vocative)
ćšáytray (dual vocative)
ćšáytraH (plural vocative)
ćšáytram (accusative singular)
ćšáytray (accusative dual)
ćšáytraH (accusative plural)
ćšáytrā (instrumental singular)
ćšáytraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćšáytrāyš (instrumental plural)
ćšáytrāt (ablative singular)
ćšáytraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ćšáytraybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćšáytrāy (dative singular)
ćšáytraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ćšáytraybʰyas (dative plural)
ćšáytrasya (genitive singular)
ćšáytrayās (dual genitive)
ćšáytrānam (genitive plural)
ćšáytrānaHm (genitive plural)
ćšáytray (locative singular)
ćšáytrayaw (dual locative)
ćšáytrayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáytram

Sanskrit: क्षेत्र (kṣétra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *šáyθram

Avestan: 𐬱𐬋𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (šōiθra)

Khotanese: [script needed] (kṣīra)

Tumshuqese: [script needed] (xšera)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *tḱéytrom or, per Lubotsky, *tḱéy-tRo-, from *tḱey- (“to settle, to cultivate”).


ráyknas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráyknas

Sanskrit: रेक्णस् (rékṇas)

Proto-Iranian: *ráyxnah

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 (raēxənah)

From Proto-Indo-European *lóykʷ-no-s, from *leykʷ- (“to leave (over)”) + *-nos. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *laihną (“loan, fief”).


daHiwā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *da(H)iwā́

Sanskrit: देवृ (devṛ́) (nom. sg. देवा (devā́)), देवर (devará)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: दीर (dīr)

Konkani: देर (der)

Pali: devara

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀭 (devara)

Gujarati: દેવર (devar)

Hindi: देवर (devar)

Nepali: देवर (dewar)

Punjabi: ਦੇਵਰ (devar)

Proto-Iranian: *θHaywā́ (< metathesized *dHaywā́)

Northern Kurdish: tî

Ossetian: тиу (tiw), теу (tew)

Parachi: hīwar

Pashto: لېور (lewár)

Yagnobi: сеԝир (sewir), сиԝир (siwir)


dʰúgʰHtā

dʰúgʰHtā ~ *dʰuktŕ̥š (canonical)
-rás (canonical feminine)

q

< *dʰúǰʰitā < *dʰúǵʰitā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dúźʰitā (< *dʰúǰʰitā < *dʰúǵʰitā)

Sanskrit: दुहितृ (dúhitṛ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dúgdā (< *dʰúgdʰā < *dʰúgʰtā) ~ *duxtŕ̥š, *duxθráh (see there for further descendants)

desc

*dúǰitā, *ǰūtā́

Proto-Nuristani: *dúǰitā, *ǰūtā́ (< *dyuitā́ < *duyitā́)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: jǘ

Kativiri: júk

Prasuni: lǘšt, lüštúk

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: zū́

Tregami: jú

Waigali: jü

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr ~ *dʰugtrés.


mā́Has

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́Has

Sanskrit: मास् (mā́s), मास (mā́sa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mā́Hah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *mā́sa (see there for further descendants)


Háȷ́ras

Háȷ́ras (nominative singular)
Háȷ́ra (singular vocative)
Háȷ́ram (accusative singular)
Háȷ́rasya (genitive singular)
Háȷ́rayās (dual genitive)
Háȷ́ray (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ras

Sanskrit: अज्र (ájra)

Proto-Iranian: *Hájrah

Younger Avestan: *𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬀 (*azra) (in compounds)

>? Persian: آسر (âsor, “field”)


Hsatyás

Hsatyás (nominative singular)
Hsatyám (accusative singular)
Hsatyásya (genitive singular)
Hsatyáyās (dual genitive)
Hsatyáy (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsatyás

Sanskrit: सत्य (satyá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hhaθyáh (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsatyás
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁sn̥t-yó-s, from *h₁sónts, active participle of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-yós (denominal adjective suffix).


HbʰrúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HbʰrúHs

Sanskrit: भ्रू (bhrū́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HbrúHh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙 (bruuat) (dual)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: برۆ (biro)

Northern Kurdish: birû

Mazanderani: befre

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: ӕрфуг (ærfug)

Iron Ossetian: ӕрфыг (ærfyg)

Pashto: وروځه (wrúja), وروزه (wrúza)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*HbʰruH-kas</i>

Middle Persian: [script needed] (blwk' /brūg/) (< *HbʰruH-kas)

Persian: ابرو (abru)

Northern Luri: برم (berm)

Southern Luri: بورگ (borg)

Talysh: bav

desc

Sogdian: [script needed] (βr’wk’ /βrūk/)


ȷ́ʰángʰas

ȷ́ʰángʰas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰa (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰángʰam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰángʰāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰángʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰángʰānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰángʰay (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰángʰayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰángʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰángʰaH f

Sanskrit: जङ्घा (jáṅghā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jángah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬧𐬔𐬀 m (zaṇga)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زەنگاڵ (zengall, “leggings”) (< zeng + -all)

Digor Ossetian: зӕнгӕ (zængæ)

Iron Ossetian: зӕнг (zæng)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*zánga)

Middle Persian: (/zang/):

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zng, “ankle, shank”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (pdfnq /paδfang/, “joint (ankle or wrist)”) (< *pad- + *ȷ́ángah)

q

from Middle Iranian <i class="Latn mention" lang="und">*zang(a)-pān</i>

→ Old Armenian: զանգապան (zangapan, “greaves”) (from Middle Iranian *zang(a)-pān)

Armenian: զանգապան (zangapan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéngʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“to walk, step”) + *-os.


grā́mas

grā́mas (nominative singular)
grā́mā (dual nominative)
grā́mā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
grā́ma (singular vocative)
grā́mā (dual vocative)
grā́mā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
grā́mam (accusative singular)
grā́mā (accusative dual)
grā́māns (accusative plural)
grā́mā (instrumental singular)
grā́maybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
grā́māyš (instrumental plural)
grā́māt (ablative singular)
grā́maybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
grā́maybʰyas (ablative plural)
grā́māy (dative singular)
grā́maybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
grā́maybʰyas (dative plural)
grā́masya (genitive singular)
grā́mayās (dual genitive)
grā́mānam (genitive plural)
grā́mānaHm (genitive plural)
grā́may (locative singular)
grā́mayaw (dual locative)
grā́mayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grā́mas

Sanskrit: ग्राम (grā́ma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *grā́mah

desc

Ossetian: ӕргъом (ærǧom, “bundle, bunch, burden”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *grā́makah

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫡𐫀𐫖𐫃 (grʾmg /grāmag/)

Middle Persian: (“property, wealth”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (glʾmk' /grāmag/)

Sogdian: [script needed] (grʾmʾk)

Proto-Nuristani: *grā́ma

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: gřóm

Kativiri: gřúm

Prasuni: gam, gám

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: gřám

Waigali: gram

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)gróm-o-s, from *h₂ger- (“to gather; flock, herd”) + *-os (deverbal suffix). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *gromada (“heap, pile”) (compare Russian грома́да (gromáda, “id”)).


bʰarȷ́ʰíš

head

*bʰarȷ́ʰíš n

bʰarȷ́ʰiš (nominative singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰiH (dual nominative)
bʰarȷ́ʰayas (nominative plural)
bʰarȷ́ʰay (singular vocative)
bʰarȷ́ʰiH (dual vocative)
bʰarȷ́ʰayas (plural vocative)
bʰarȷ́ʰim (accusative singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰiH (accusative dual)
bʰarȷ́ʰīn (accusative plural)
-īš (accusative plural)
bʰarȷ́ʰiH (instrumental singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰibʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰarȷ́ʰibʰiš (instrumental plural)
bʰarȷ́ʰayš (ablative singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰibʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰarȷ́ʰibʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰarȷ́ʰayay (dative singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰibʰyām (dative dual)
bʰarȷ́ʰibʰyas (dative plural)
bʰarȷ́ʰayš (genitive singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰyawš (dual genitive)
bʰarȷ́ʰayām? (genitive plural)
bʰarȷ́ʰā? (locative singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰāw? (locative singular)
bʰarȷ́ʰyawš (dual locative)
bʰarȷ́ʰišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *barźʰíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: बर्हिस् (barhís, “bed of grass”)

Proto-Iranian: *barjíš (“pillow”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬱 (bar^əziš, “pad, pillow”)

Ossetian: баз (baz)

Western Iranian

Old Persian: [script needed] (*bārdiš)

Middle Persian: bʾlšn' (bāliš, “cushion, pillow”)

Persian: بالش (bâleš) (see there for further descendants)

Northern Kurdish: balgih, balgî, balîf (“pillow”)

Zazaki: baleşna, balişna

→ Old Armenian: բարձ (barj) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰólǵʰ-i-s, from *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”) + *-is (deverbal suffix). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *balgiz (“bag”).


griHwáH

griHwáH (nominative singular)
griHwáy (dual nominative)
griHwā́s (nominative plural)
griHway (singular vocative)
griHwáy (dual vocative)
griHwā́s (plural vocative)
griHwā́m (accusative singular)
griHwáy (accusative dual)
griHwā́s (accusative plural)
griHwáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
griHwáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
griHwáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
griHwáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
griHwáyaHs (ablative singular)
griHwáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
griHwáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
griHwáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
griHwáyaHy (dative singular)
griHwáHbʰyā (dative dual)
griHwáHbʰyām (dative dual)
griHwáHbʰyas (dative plural)
griHwáyaHs (genitive singular)
griHwāyās (dual genitive)
griHwáHnām (genitive plural)
griHwáyaH (locative singular)
griHwáyaHm (locative singular)
griHwāyaw (dual locative)
griHwáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *griHwáH

Sanskrit: ग्रीवा (grīvā́)

Pali: gīvā

Prakrit: 𑀕𑀻𑀯𑀸 (gīvā)

desc

Old Hindi: गिउ (giu), गिव (giva), गिय (giya), गीव (gīva)

Proto-Iranian: *griHwáH

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬁 (grīuuā)

Pashto: ګروه (grë́wa), ګروې (grë́we), ګرېوه (gréwá)

Middle Persian: (/grīw/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (CWLE), [Book Pahlavi needed] (glyw')

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *griHwáHnah (“neck, collar”)

Pashto: گرېوان (grewā́n), گرېبان (grebā́n)

⇒ Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (glywbʾn' /grīwbān/, “neck-guard”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: գրապան (grapan), գրապանակ (grapanak)
Middle Armenian: գրպան (grpan)
→ Armenian: գրպան (grpan)

desc

Proto-Nuristani: *grīwí (“collar, neck”) (< *griHwíyaH)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: géř

Kativiri: gřë́k, gë́ř

Prasuni: gīk

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: gřṓṛ

Waigali: grëv

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂
Proto-Indo-Iranian *griHwáH
From Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂.


mŕ̥tas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mártas (possibly influenced by *mártyas)

Sanskrit: मर्त (márta)

Proto-Iranian: *mŕ̥tah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (mar^əta, “man”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: mêr (“man, husband”)

Central Kurdish: مێرد (mêrd, “husband”)

Laki: مێردە (mêrde, “husband”)

Parthian: [script needed] (mrd /mard/)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*márta)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (mlt' /mard/, “man”)

Persian: مرد (mard)

Tajik: мард (mard)

Zazaki: merde (“husband”)

→ Proto-Uralic:

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: мирде (mirde, “man, husband”)

Moksha: мирде (mirde, “man, husband”)

Proto-Permic:

Komi-Permyak: морт (mort, “person, man”)

Komi-Zyrian: морт (mort, “person, man”)

Udmurt: мурт (murt, “person, man”)


mártyas

mártyas (nominative singular)
mártyā (dual nominative)
mártyā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
mártya (singular vocative)
mártyā (dual vocative)
mártyā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
mártyam (accusative singular)
mártyā (accusative dual)
mártyāns (accusative plural)
mártyā (instrumental singular)
mártyaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
mártyāyš (instrumental plural)
mártyāt (ablative singular)
mártyaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
mártyaybʰyas (ablative plural)
mártyāy (dative singular)
mártyaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
mártyaybʰyas (dative plural)
mártyasya (genitive singular)
mártyayās (dual genitive)
mártyānam (genitive plural)
mártyānaHm (genitive plural)
mártyay (locative singular)
mártyayaw (dual locative)
mártyayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mártyas

Sanskrit: मर्त्य (mártya)

Proto-Iranian: *mártyah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maṣ̌iia)

Khwarezmian: mrc

Pashto: مېړه (meṛë́)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 (m-r-t-i-y /martiya/)

Sogdian: [script needed] (mrtyy)

Proto-Nuristani: *mā́rča

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: móč

Kativiri: múč

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: máć

Waigali: mač

From Proto-Indo-European *mór-tyo-s, from *mer- (“to die”).


Háćšas

Háćšas (nominative singular)
Háćšam (accusative singular)
Háćšay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háṭṣas

Sanskrit: अक्ष (ákṣa)

Pali: akkha

→ Proto-Dravidian: *accu

Tamil: அச்சு (accu)

Telugu: అచ్చు (accu)

Proto-Iranian: *Hášah

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬲𐬎𐬱 (āžuš, “chariot's pole”)

>? Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬀 (aša, “armpit”)

Persian: آسه (âse, “axle”)

Northern Luri: ئسی (esi, “a pillar (used to put up a tribal tent)”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱs-o-s, from *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”) + *-os.


Hnā́kš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnakʰás m, *Hnakʰám n (thematicized)

Sanskrit: नख (nakhá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́xš ~ *Hnaxás (see there for further descendants)

Leveled from earlier *Hnā́kʰš ~ *Hnaǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʷʰ-s ~ *h₃negʷʰ-és, from *h₃negʷʰ- (“nail”).


nadíH

nadíH (nominative singular)
nadíH (dual nominative)
nadíH́s (nominative plural)
nadíH (singular vocative)
nadíH (dual vocative)
nadíH́s (plural vocative)
nadíHm (accusative singular)
nadíH (accusative dual)
nadíH́s (accusative plural)
nadyáH (instrumental singular)
nadíHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
nadíHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
nadíHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
nadyáHs (ablative singular)
nadíHbʰyā (ablative dual)
nadíHbʰyām (ablative dual)
nadíHbʰyas (ablative plural)
nadyáy (dative singular)
nadíHbʰyā (dative dual)
nadíHbʰyām (dative dual)
nadíHbʰyas (dative plural)
nadyáHs (genitive singular)
nadíyās (dual genitive)
nadíHnām (genitive plural)
nadyáH (locative singular)
nadíyaw (dual locative)
nadíHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nadíH

Sanskrit: नदी (nadī́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *nadíH

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍𐬨 (anaⁱδīm, “across the river”)

Proto-Nuristani: *nandikā

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: nani

Kativiri: nëṅi

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: nadi

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ned-íh₂, from *ned- (“thundering, roaring, rushing”) + *-íh₂. Lubotsky connects it to Ancient Greek Νέδα (Néda, name of a river), Middle Low German Nette (name of a river). For other derivatives from the same root, see Sanskrit नद् (nad, “to resound”).


čárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćárma

desc

Sanskrit: चर्मन् (cárman), चर्म (cárma, nom.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: čom

Kativiri: čom

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: čām

Waigali: čām

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s, from *(s)ker- (“to cut off, turn”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *kora (“bark”).


bíHȷ́am

bíHȷ́am (nominative singular)
bíHȷ́ay (dual nominative)
bíHȷ́aH (nominative plural)
bíHȷ́am (singular vocative)
bíHȷ́ay (dual vocative)
bíHȷ́aH (plural vocative)
bíHȷ́am (accusative singular)
bíHȷ́ay (accusative dual)
bíHȷ́aH (accusative plural)
bíHȷ́ā (instrumental singular)
bíHȷ́aybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
bíHȷ́āyš (instrumental plural)
bíHȷ́āt (ablative singular)
bíHȷ́aybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
bíHȷ́aybʰyas (ablative plural)
bíHȷ́āy (dative singular)
bíHȷ́aybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
bíHȷ́aybʰyas (dative plural)
bíHȷ́asya (genitive singular)
bíHȷ́ayās (dual genitive)
bíHȷ́ānam (genitive plural)
bíHȷ́ānaHm (genitive plural)
bíHȷ́ay (locative singular)
bíHȷ́ayaw (dual locative)
bíHȷ́ayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bíHȷ́am

Sanskrit: बीज (bī́ja, “seed, semen”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Nuristani: *bī́ya (see there for further descendants) (via Middle Indo-Aryan *bīya)

Proto-Iranian: *bíHjam

Avestan: 𐬠𐬍𐬰𐬀 (bīza) (personal names)

Parachi: bīz (“corn seed”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (*byz)

desc

⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (byz'k, “seed, semen”)

Atypical unaspirated voiced bilabial stop suggests a borrowing, possibly from the BMAC substrate.


mazdʰáH

mazdʰáH (nominative singular)
mazdʰáy (dual nominative)
mazdʰā́s (nominative plural)
mazdʰay (singular vocative)
mazdʰáy (dual vocative)
mazdʰā́s (plural vocative)
mazdʰā́m (accusative singular)
mazdʰáy (accusative dual)
mazdʰā́s (accusative plural)
mazdʰáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
mazdʰáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
mazdʰáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
mazdʰáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
mazdʰáyaHs (ablative singular)
mazdʰáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
mazdʰáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
mazdʰáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
mazdʰáyaHy (dative singular)
mazdʰáHbʰyā (dative dual)
mazdʰáHbʰyām (dative dual)
mazdʰáHbʰyas (dative plural)
mazdʰáyaHs (genitive singular)
mazdʰāyās (dual genitive)
mazdʰáHnām (genitive plural)
mazdʰáyaH (locative singular)
mazdʰáyaHm (locative singular)
mazdʰāyaw (dual locative)
mazdʰáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mazdʰáH

Sanskrit: मेधा (medhā́)

Proto-Iranian: *mazdáH

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁 (mazdā)

desctree

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁 (ahura mazdā)
→ Old Persian: 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 (a-u-r-m-z-d-a /Auramazdā/)
→ Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣𐭩 (Ōhramazdē /ʾwhrmzdy/)
Persian: اورمَزد (ormazd)
→ Persian: اهورامزدا (ahurâ-mazdâ)
→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭌𐭆𐭃 (Ahurmazd /ʾḥwrmzd/)
→ Ancient Greek: Ἀραμάσδης (Aramásdēs)
→ Khotanese: [script needed] (urmaysde, “sun”)
→ Sogdian: 𐼰𐼶𐼴𐽀𐼺𐼵𐽂 (ʾxwrmzt), 𐼰𐼶𐼴𐽀𐼺𐼵𐽂𐼰 (ʾxwrmztʾ), 𐼰𐼴𐽀𐼺𐼵𐽂 (ʾwrmzt)
→ Bactrian: ωορμοζδο (ōormozdo), ωρομοζδο (ōromozdo), ουρομοζδο (ouromozdo), ωυρομοζδο (ōuromozdo)
→ Ancient Greek: Ὠρομάσδης (Ōromásdēs), Ὡρομάζης (Hōromázēs)
→ Old Armenian: Արամազդ (Aramazd), Որմիզդ (Ormizd)
→ English: Ahura Mazda
→ Japanese: アフラ・マズダー (Afura Mazudā)
→ Ishkashimi: rémůzd (“sun”)
→ Sanglechi: armōzd (“sun”)
→ Khwarezmian: ريمژد (rymžd, “planet Jupiter”)

From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥sdʰh₁-éh₂, from *men(s)dʰh₁- (“to pay attention, wisdom”), possibly from *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, place”) + *-éh₂ (deverbal noun suffix).


snušás

snušás (canonical)
snušáH (canonical feminine)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snuṣáH

Sanskrit: स्नुषा (snuṣā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *(s)nušáh

Bactrian: ασνωυο (asnōuo)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾnh)

desc

Pashto: نږور (nģọr), نګور (ngor), ننږور (nënģọ́r), مږور (mģọr)

Persian: سنه (sonoh), سنهار (sunhâr)

Sogdian: [script needed] (šwnšh), [script needed] (šwnš /šunšā/)

⇒ Digor Ossetian: ностӕ (nostæ)


kʰā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰā́

Sanskrit: खा (khā́)

Proto-Iranian: *xā́ (see there for further descendants)


tŕ̥šnas

tŕ̥šnas (nominative singular)
tŕ̥šnā (dual nominative)
tŕ̥šnā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
tŕ̥šna (singular vocative)
tŕ̥šnā (dual vocative)
tŕ̥šnā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
tŕ̥šnam (accusative singular)
tŕ̥šnā (accusative dual)
tŕ̥šnāns (accusative plural)
tŕ̥šnā (instrumental singular)
tŕ̥šnaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
tŕ̥šnāyš (instrumental plural)
tŕ̥šnāt (ablative singular)
tŕ̥šnaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
tŕ̥šnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
tŕ̥šnāy (dative singular)
tŕ̥šnaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
tŕ̥šnaybʰyas (dative plural)
tŕ̥šnasya (genitive singular)
tŕ̥šnayās (dual genitive)
tŕ̥šnānam (genitive plural)
tŕ̥šnānaHm (genitive plural)
tŕ̥šnay (locative singular)
tŕ̥šnayaw (dual locative)
tŕ̥šnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ṣṇaH f (< *tr̥s-néh₂)

Sanskrit: तृष्णा (tṛ́ṣṇā, “thirst, desire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tŕ̥šnah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥s-nó-s, from *ters- (“dry”).


Haratníš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haratníṣ

Sanskrit: अरत्नि (aratní)

Pali: ratani

Proto-Iranian: *Haraθníš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬥𐬀 (ar^əθna)

Gurani: ھەرەژنە (haražna), یەرەژنە (yaražna)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ariñe)

Northern Kurdish: *aršni-

Northern Kurdish: enîşk

Central Kurdish: ئەنیشک (enîşk), ئانیشک (anîşk)

Mazanderani: السکین (aleskin)

Munji: [script needed] (rā́zən), [script needed] (rázen),

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡 (a-r-š-n-i /arašni/)
Middle Persian: ”ryšn (arašn)
Persian: ارش (araš)
→ Ottoman Turkish: آرشون (arşun, arşın), آرشین (arşın)
Turkish: arşın
→ Albanian: arshin
→ Armenian: արշին (aršin), արշըն (aršən), առշուն (aṙšun) — dialectal
→ Aromanian: aršín
→ Bulgarian: арши́н (aršín)
→ Macedonian: аршин (aršin)
→ Russian: арши́н (aršín)
→ English: arshin
→ Finnish: arsina
→ Northern Mansi: а̄рсын (ārsyn)
→ Polish: arszyn
→ Portuguese: archina
→ Romanian: arșin
→ Spanish: archina
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: а̀ршӣн
Latin script: àršīn
→ Turkmen: arçyn

Sanglechi: [script needed] (ārinǰ)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (yorn)

Shughni: [script needed] (ārenǰ)

desc

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾʾrʾync /ārinč/, /ārenč/)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾplnc /āranǰ/)

Persian: آرنج (âranj)

Tajik: оринҷ (orinj)

Wakhi: ōrīnǰ

Yagnobi: [script needed] (ōrínǰ)

Yidgha: [script needed] (razín)

Zazaki: herçene (harčana), arasna (ārāsna), arisna (ārisna)

>? Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ařë

Kativiri: ařë

Prasuni: vužë, vuẓo

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: oṛiṅ

Waigali: avřa

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bow”).


Hákši

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣi

Sanskrit: अक्षि (ákṣi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Háxši, *Háši

Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬌 (aši, “both eyes”)

Middle Persian: (/aš/, “devil eye”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾš)

Pazend script: 𐬀𐬱 (aš)

q

< *HáčiH <abbr title="dual number">du</abbr>

Proto-Nuristani: (< *HáčiH du)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: ačé

Prasuni: ižĩ́, ižī́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: aćĩ́

Tregami: ac̣ĩ́ (with irregular c̣ from Indo-Aryan)

Waigali: ačẽ

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: (remodeled after अक्षाणि (akṣāṇi))

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ačẽ́


ukšā́

ukšā́ (nominative singular)
ukšánāw (dual nominative)
ukšánas (nominative plural)
ukšán (singular vocative)
ukšánāw (dual vocative)
ukšánas (plural vocative)
ukšánam (accusative singular)
ukšánāw (accusative dual)
ukšnás (accusative plural)
ukšnáH (instrumental singular)
ukšabʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
ukšabʰíš (instrumental plural)
ukšnás (ablative singular)
ukšabʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
ukšabʰyáH (ablative plural)
ukšnáy (dative singular)
ukšabʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
ukšabʰyáH (dative plural)
ukšnás (genitive singular)
ukšnáwš (dual genitive)
ukšnā́m (genitive plural)
ukšáni (locative singular)
ukšnáwš (dual locative)
ukšasú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)ukṣā́

Sanskrit: उक्षन् (ukṣán, “bull; ox”) (nom. sg. उक्षा (ukṣā́))

Pali: ukkhā

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *(H)uxšā́
Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬥 (uxšān, “bull”)
Old Median: *uxšā
⇒ Old Median: *Uxšapā (“protector of bulls”) (personal name)
→ Aramaic: [script needed] (whšp)

→? Proto-Uralic: *uškɜ (“ox, bull”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Iranian:

desc

Old Mazanderani: حشو (hašu, “a two-year-old water buffalo”)


káćšas

káćšas (nominative singular)
káćšā (dual nominative)
káćšā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
káćša (singular vocative)
káćšā (dual vocative)
káćšā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
káćšam (accusative singular)
káćšā (accusative dual)
káćšāns (accusative plural)
káćšā (instrumental singular)
káćšaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
káćšāyš (instrumental plural)
káćšāt (ablative singular)
káćšaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
káćšaybʰyas (ablative plural)
káćšāy (dative singular)
káćšaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
káćšaybʰyas (dative plural)
káćšasya (genitive singular)
káćšayās (dual genitive)
káćšānam (genitive plural)
káćšānaHm (genitive plural)
káćšay (locative singular)
káćšayaw (dual locative)
káćšayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káṭṣas

desctree

Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Dardic:
Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (kaċyāl)
Kalami: [script needed] (kac̣āl)
Kashmiri: کَژھ (kaċh)
Khowar: [script needed] (kuṣkomul)
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (kaċal), [script needed] (xac̣em, “my armpit”)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (kačalīn)
Savi: [script needed] (kačal)
Shumashti: [script needed] (xaċī)
Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (kačī)
Torwali: [script needed] (kaṣāl)
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ކަކ (kak)
Sinhalese: කැස (kæsa)
Khasa Prakrit:
Nepali: काख (kākh, “lap”)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Assamese: কাষ (kax), কাখ (kakh)
Bengali: কাছ (kach)
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: कांख (kāṅkh)
Maithili: कांख (kāṅkh)
Magahi: 𑂍𑂰𑂀𑂎 (kã̄kh)
Odia: କାଖ (kākha)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Marathi: कास (kās)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਕੱਛ (kaccha)
Shahmukhi script: کَچّھ (kacch)
Sindhi:
Arabic script: کَچھ (kach)
Devanagari script: कछ (kach)
Pali: kaccha
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀔 (kakkha), 𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀙 (kaccha)
Gujarati: કાખ (kākh)
Hindustani:
Hindi: कांख (kāṅkh)
Urdu: کانکھ (kā̃kh)
Kumaoni: काख (kākh, “lap”)
Romani: kakh

Proto-Iranian: *kášah

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬱𐬀 (kaša)

Northwestern Iranian:

Gurani: کەش (keş)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: کۆش (koş, “lap”)

Southwestern Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kš /kaš/)

Persian: کش (kaš)

Proto-Nuristani: *káča

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: kāčkařū

Prasuni: kuṣlogu

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: kačãt

From Proto-Indo-European *kóḱs-o-s, from *koḱs- (“joint”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *koksā (whence Latin coxa (“hip”)), Old Irish coss (“foot”), Tocharian B kakse (“midriff, loins”).


walkás

walkás (nominative singular)
walkā́ (dual nominative)
walkā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
walka (singular vocative)
walkā́ (dual vocative)
walkā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
walkám (accusative singular)
walkā́ (accusative dual)
walkā́ns (accusative plural)
walkā́ (instrumental singular)
walkáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
walkā́yš (instrumental plural)
walkā́t (ablative singular)
walkáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
walkáybʰyas (ablative plural)
walkā́y (dative singular)
walkáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
walkáybʰyas (dative plural)
walkásya (genitive singular)
walkáyās (dual genitive)
walkā́nam (genitive plural)
walkā́naHm (genitive plural)
walkáy (locative singular)
walkáyaw (dual locative)
walkáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *walkás

Sanskrit: वल्क (valká)

Proto-Iranian: *warkáh

Central Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬐𐬀 (var^əka)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (bāggara)

Sogdian: (/warkar/)

Sogdian script: 𐼴𐽀𐼸𐽀 (wrkr)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫡𐫐𐫡 (wrkr)

Syriac script: ܘܪܩܪ (wrqr)

Southeastern Iranian:

Shughni: па̄рк (pārk)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: ورک (wark)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bel (/bal/), pel (/pal/), belg (/balg/), pelg (/palg/)

Southern Kurdish: وەڵگ (wellg /wałg/), وەڵنگ (wellnig /wałing/)

Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: ولگ (vəlg)

Mazanderani: ولگ (valg)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: وەڵگ (wellg /wałg/)

Zazaki: velg (/valg/)

Parthian: 𐫇𐫡𐫃𐫡 (wrgr /wargar/)

Semnani: ولگ (valg)

Southwestern Iranian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wlg /walg, warg/)

Classical Persian: بلگ (balg)

Persian: برگ (barg)

Tajik: барг (barg)

Hazaragi: بلک (balk)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: بٱلٛگ (bałg)

Judeo-Tat: вэлг וַלְג (vəlg)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wolko- of uncertain meaning; compare Proto-Slavic *volkъnò (“fiber”) and perhaps Old English wlōh, wlēh (“fringe”), as well as Lithuanian vil̃kti (“to drag, pull”), particularly if the original meaning was "to pull asunder plant fibers".


Hárbʰas

Hárbʰas (nominative singular)
Hárbʰa (singular vocative)
Hárbʰam (accusative singular)
Hárbʰasya (genitive singular)
Hárbʰayās (dual genitive)
Hárbʰay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárbʰas

Sanskrit: अर्भ (árbha)


Hárdʰas

Hárdʰas (nominative singular)
Hárdʰa (singular vocative)
Hárdʰam (accusative singular)
Hárdʰasya (genitive singular)
Hárdʰayās (dual genitive)
Hárdʰay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárdʰas

Sanskrit: अर्ध (árdha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hárdah (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finno-Permic: *ertä

Proto-Samic: *earttē (see there for further descendants)

Udmurt: урд (urd)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁érdʰ-o-s, from *h₁erdʰe (“separately, apart”) + *-os, from *h₁er- (“separately”) + *dʰe (locative particle). Cognate with Lithuanian ardýti (“to pull down, destroy”) and erdvas (“wide, spacious”), as well as perhaps Proto-Slavic *orz- (“dis-, un-”).


parnám

parna- (stem)
parnám (nominative singular)
parnáy (dual nominative)
parnáH (nominative plural)
parnám (singular vocative)
parnáy (dual vocative)
parnáH (plural vocative)
parnám (accusative singular)
parnáy (accusative dual)
parnáH (accusative plural)
parnā́ (instrumental singular)
parnáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
parnā́yš (instrumental plural)
parnā́t (ablative singular)
parnáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
parnáybʰyas (ablative plural)
parnā́y (dative singular)
parnáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
parnáybʰyas (dative plural)
parnásya (genitive singular)
parnáyās (dual genitive)
parnā́nam (genitive plural)
parnā́naHm (genitive plural)
parnáy (locative singular)
parnáyaw (dual locative)
parnáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parnám

Sanskrit: पर्ण (parṇá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *parnám

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (par^əna)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (pārra)

Wakhi: pār

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (pn)

Sogdian: 𐼾𐽀𐼻 (prn /paṙn/)

Yagnobi: [script needed] (pan(n))

Northwestern Iranian:

Gurani: پەل (pal)

Northern Kurdish: perr (pař)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: بڼه f (bëṇa)

Munji: [script needed] (pūŋ(ǵ))

Sarikoli: pun

Shughni: пӯн (pūn)

Yazghulami: пун (pun)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: pr (parr)

Persian: پر (par)

Tajik: пар (par)

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pór

Kativiri: přór

Prasuni: párëg

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: pā́r

From Proto-Indo-European *pornóm, from *p(t)erH- (“fern”).


kapáwtas

kapáwtas (nominative singular)
kapáwtā (dual nominative)
kapáwtā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
kapáwta (singular vocative)
kapáwtā (dual vocative)
kapáwtā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
kapáwtam (accusative singular)
kapáwtā (accusative dual)
kapáwtāns (accusative plural)
kapáwtā (instrumental singular)
kapáwtaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
kapáwtāyš (instrumental plural)
kapáwtāt (ablative singular)
kapáwtaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
kapáwtaybʰyas (ablative plural)
kapáwtāy (dative singular)
kapáwtaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
kapáwtaybʰyas (dative plural)
kapáwtasya (genitive singular)
kapáwtayās (dual genitive)
kapáwtānam (genitive plural)
kapáwtānaHm (genitive plural)
kapáwtay (locative singular)
kapáwtayaw (dual locative)
kapáwtayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kapáwtas

Sanskrit: कपोत (kapóta, “pigeon, dove”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *kapáwtah (“blue; pigeon”)

Khotanese: 𑀓𑀯𑀽𑀢 (kavūta)

Sogdian: [script needed] (kpʾwt /kapōt/, “blue, blue-grey”)

Baluchi: کپوت (kapōt, “pigeon”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kevok (“pigeon”)

Central Kurdish: کەوو (kewu), کەوگ (kewg, “blue”)

Southern Kurdish: کەو (kew, “blue”)

Laki: کاو (kaw, “blue”)

Zaza-Gurani:

Gurani: کەۋە (kaʋa), کەۋێ (kaʋɛ, “blue”)

Zazaki: kewe (“blue”)

Talysh: кафте (kafte)

Old Persian: *kapautah (“pigeon; blue-grey”)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kpwt' /kabōt/)

Persian: کبود (kabôd)

⇒ Middle Persian: (/kabōtar/, “pigeon”)

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫁𐫇𐫤𐫡 (kbwtr)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kpwtl)

Persian: کبوتر (kabutar) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: կապոյտ (kapoyt)

Likely borrowed from a Central Asiatic language.

𐨐𐨬𐨆𐨡𐨒

Sanskrit: कपोतक (kapotaká, “pigeon colored, lead-grey”)


kapā́las

kapā́las (nominative singular)
kapā́lā (dual nominative)
kapā́lā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
kapā́la (singular vocative)
kapā́lā (dual vocative)
kapā́lā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
kapā́lam (accusative singular)
kapā́lā (accusative dual)
kapā́lāns (accusative plural)
kapā́lā (instrumental singular)
kapā́laybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
kapā́lāyš (instrumental plural)
kapā́lāt (ablative singular)
kapā́laybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
kapā́laybʰyas (ablative plural)
kapā́lāy (dative singular)
kapā́laybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
kapā́laybʰyas (dative plural)
kapā́lasya (genitive singular)
kapā́layās (dual genitive)
kapā́lānam (genitive plural)
kapā́lānaHm (genitive plural)
kapā́lay (locative singular)
kapā́layaw (dual locative)
kapā́layšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kapā́las

desctree

Sanskrit: कपाल (kapā́la)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀸𑀟 (kavāḍa)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀮𑁆𑀮 (kavalla)
Old Marathi:
Marathi: कौल (kaul, “tile”)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi: ਕੌਲ (kaul, “bowl”), ਕੌਲੀ (kaullī)
Pali: kapāla, kapalla
→ Old Khmer: កបាល (kapāla), ក្បាល (kpāla)
→ Khmer: ក្បាល (kbaal)
→ Lao: ກະບານ (ka bān)
→ Thai: กบาล (gà-baan)
Prakrit:
Hindi: कपार् (kapār), कपाल् (kapāl)
Gujarati: કપાળ (kapāḷ)
Saurashtra: ꢒꢨꢵꢳ꣄ (kabāḷ)

Proto-Iranian: *kapā́lah

Gurani: کاپۆڵیە (kāpɔłiya)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kepû, kepî,

Central Kurdish: کەپۆ (kepo), کەپۆڵ (kepoll), کەپۆڵِک (kepollik), کاپۆڵ (kapoll), کاپۆڵِک (kapollik)

Southern Kurdish: کەپوو (kepû), کەپووڵ (kepûll), کەپووڵک (kepûllik)

Laki: کەپووڵک (kepûllik)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: کںپوو (kəpu)

From Proto-Indo-European *káp-ōl- (“*cup, bowl > head”), possibly from *kap- (“to seize, hold”).


gr̥Híš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Híṣ

Sanskrit: गिरि (girí)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀭𑀺 (giri)

Pali: giri

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥Híš (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-í-s, from *gʷerH-.


táćšā

táćšā (nominative singular)
táćsānāw (dual nominative)
táćsānas (nominative plural)
táćsan (singular vocative)
táćsānāw (dual vocative)
táćsānas (plural vocative)
táćsānam (accusative singular)
táćsānāw (accusative dual)
táćsnas (accusative plural)
táćsnaH (instrumental singular)
táćsabʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
táćsabʰiš (instrumental plural)
táćsnas (ablative singular)
táćsabʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
táćsabʰyaH (ablative plural)
táćsnay (dative singular)
táćsabʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
táćsabʰyaH (dative plural)
táćsnas (genitive singular)
táćsnawš (dual genitive)
táćsnām (genitive plural)
táćsani (locative singular)
táćsnawš (dual locative)
táćsasu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táṭṣā

desctree

Sanskrit: तक्षन् (tákṣan)
Hindustani:
Hindi: तखान (takhān) (rare)
Urdu: تَکَھان (takhān)
Punjabi: (intrusive r)
Gurmukhi script: ਤਰਖਾਣ (tarkhāṇ)
Shahmukhi script: تَرکھاݨ (tarkhāṇ)
→ Tamil: தச்சன் (taccaṉ)

Proto-Iranian: *tášā

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬥 (tašan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tétḱō, from *tetḱ-.


takrám

takrám (nominative singular)
takráy (dual nominative)
takráH (nominative plural)
takrám (singular vocative)
takráy (dual vocative)
takráH (plural vocative)
takrám (accusative singular)
takráy (accusative dual)
takráH (accusative plural)
takrā́ (instrumental singular)
takráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
takrā́yš (instrumental plural)
takrā́t (ablative singular)
takráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
takráybʰyas (ablative plural)
takrā́y (dative singular)
takráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
takráybʰyas (dative plural)
takrásya (genitive singular)
takráyās (dual genitive)
takrā́nam (genitive plural)
takrā́naHm (genitive plural)
takráy (locative singular)
takráyaw (dual locative)
takráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *takrám

Sanskrit: तक्र (takrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *taxrám ~ *taxlám

Gurani: تاڵ (tāł), تاڵ (tāła)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾhl /taxl/)

Persian: تلخ (talx, “bitter”)

→ Hindi: तल्ख़ (talx, “bitter”)

Tajik: талх (talx, “bitter”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: tehl, te’l, tal (“bitter”)

Central Kurdish: تاڵ (tall, “bitter”)

Southern Kurdish: تیەڵ (tyell, “bitter”)

Laki: تەڵ (tell, “bitter”)

Zazaki: ta’l (“bitter”)

From Proto-Indo-European *tn̥k-ló- (“buttermilk”). Compare Old English þēl.


wálćas

warĉa- (stem)
wálćas (nominative singular)
wálćā (dual nominative)
wálćā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
wálća (singular vocative)
wálćā (dual vocative)
wálćā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
wálćam (accusative singular)
wálćā (accusative dual)
wálćāns (accusative plural)
wálćā (instrumental singular)
wálćaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
wálćāyš (instrumental plural)
wálćāt (ablative singular)
wálćaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
wálćaybʰyas (ablative plural)
wálćāy (dative singular)
wálćaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
wálćaybʰyas (dative plural)
wálćasya (genitive singular)
wálćayās (dual genitive)
wálćānam (genitive plural)
wálćānaHm (genitive plural)
wálćay (locative singular)
wálćayaw (dual locative)
wálćayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wálśas

Sanskrit: वल्श (válśa)

Proto-Iranian: *wárcah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (var^əsa)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: پرچ (pirç)

Northern Kurdish: pirç

Southern Kurdish: پرچ (pirç)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (wls /wars/)

Parachi: ǧōš

Sogdian: [script needed] (wrs /wars/)

→ Old Armenian: վարս (vars), ⇒ վարշամակ (varšamak)

From Proto-Indo-European *wólḱ-o-s, from *h₂welh₁- (“hair; wool”). Perhaps related to Proto-Indo-Iranian *wr̥ćšás (“tree”).


Hanćúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hanśúṣ

Sanskrit: अंशु (aṃśú)

Proto-Iranian: *Hancúš

Younger Avestan: 𐬄𐬯𐬎 (ąsu)

Possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


marwíš

marwíš (nominative singular)
marwíH (dual nominative)
marwáyas (nominative plural)
marwáy (singular vocative)
marwíH (dual vocative)
marwáyas (plural vocative)
marwím (accusative singular)
marwíH (accusative dual)
marwī́n (accusative plural)
-ī́š (accusative plural)
marwíH́ (instrumental singular)
marwíbʰyām (dual instrumental)
marwíbʰiš (instrumental plural)
marwáyš (ablative singular)
marwíbʰyām (ablative dual)
marwíbʰyas (ablative plural)
marwáyay (dative singular)
marwíbʰyām (dative dual)
marwíbʰyas (dative plural)
marwáyš (genitive singular)
marwyáwš (dual genitive)
marwáyām? (genitive plural)
marwā́(w)? (locative singular)
marwyáwš (dual locative)
marwíšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wamrás, *warmíṣ (reshaped due to taboo)

Sanskrit: वम्र (vamrá, “ant”)

⇒ Sanskrit: वम्रिय (vamriya, “anthill”)

Proto-Iranian: *marwíš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬭𐬌 (maoⁱri), 𐬨𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬭𐬍 (maoⁱrī)

Baluchi: مور (mor)

Gurani: مرۆچە (mirɔča)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: mêrî, mêrû, mîrî, mîro, morî, mûrî, mûrû

Central Kurdish: مێروو (mêrû), مێروولە (mêrûle), مرۆچە (mroçe)

Southern Kurdish: مرۊژ (mrüj)

Laki: میرووژ (mîrûj)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (mwl /mōr/)

Persian: مور (môr, mur), مورچه (môrča, murče)

Tajik: мӯрча (mürča)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: مرۊژ (meruž)

Silakhori: مرۊج (meruj)

Nahavandi: میریجاْ (mirija)

Bakhtiari: مریج (merij)

Southern Luri: مۊری (muri)

Zazaki: morcela

From Proto-Indo-European *morwís.
The forms for Indo-Aryan and Nuristani (*warmíš, *wamrás), are from Proto-Indo-European *worm-. Compare Ancient Greek ὅρμικας pl (hórmikas, “ants”), Tocharian B warme.

cog

बामी

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺𑀅 (vammia), 𑀯𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀻𑀅 (vammīa)


sinȷ́ʰás

sinȷ́ʰas (nominative singular)
sinȷ́ʰā (dual nominative)
sinȷ́ʰā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
sinȷ́ʰa (singular vocative)
sinȷ́ʰā (dual vocative)
sinȷ́ʰā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
sinȷ́ʰam (accusative singular)
sinȷ́ʰā (accusative dual)
sinȷ́ʰāns (accusative plural)
sinȷ́ʰā (instrumental singular)
sinȷ́ʰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
sinȷ́ʰāyš (instrumental plural)
sinȷ́ʰāt (ablative singular)
sinȷ́ʰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
sinȷ́ʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
sinȷ́ʰāy (dative singular)
sinȷ́ʰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
sinȷ́ʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
sinȷ́ʰasya (genitive singular)
sinȷ́ʰayās (dual genitive)
sinȷ́ʰānam (genitive plural)
sinȷ́ʰānaHm (genitive plural)
sinȷ́ʰay (locative singular)
sinȷ́ʰayaw (dual locative)
sinȷ́ʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sinźʰás

Sanskrit: सिंह (siṁhá) (see there for further descendants)

An early borrowing from an unknown Central Asian substrate language *sengʰa ~ singʰa. Likely a Wanderwort; compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćárguš (not derived from this form), Tocharian A śiśäk, Tocharian B ṣecake, Chinese 狻猊 (MC swan ngej), 獅 (OC *sri), Zhang-Zhung [script needed] (saṅgo), Tibetan སེང་གེ (seng ge), Chechen цӏокъ (cʼoqʼ), among other Caucasian cognates.
A late Proto-Indo-European *sinǵʰós is reconstructable with a cognate Old Armenian ինձ (inj).
Proto-Bantu *ncímbá has a similar form to the Eurasian Wanderwort, but is likely unrelated.


bʰagás

bʰagás (nominative singular)
bʰagā́ (dual nominative)
bʰagā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
bʰaga (singular vocative)
bʰagā́ (dual vocative)
bʰagā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
bʰagám (accusative singular)
bʰagā́ (accusative dual)
bʰagā́ns (accusative plural)
bʰagā́ (instrumental singular)
bʰagáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰagā́yš (instrumental plural)
bʰagā́t (ablative singular)
bʰagáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰagáybʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰagā́y (dative singular)
bʰagáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
bʰagáybʰyas (dative plural)
bʰagásya (genitive singular)
bʰagáyās (dual genitive)
bʰagā́nam (genitive plural)
bʰagā́naHm (genitive plural)
bʰagáy (locative singular)
bʰagáyaw (dual locative)
bʰagáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰagás

desc

Sanskrit: भग (bhága, “prosperity, well-being, happiness; "dispenser" (epithet of gods); Bhaga (name of a god)”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *bagáh (“portion, share, fate; god”)
Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬖𐬀 (baγa), 𐬠𐬀𐬔𐬀 (baga, “share, (favourable) lot”)
Sogdo-Bactrian:
Bactrian: βαγο (bago /baγ/)
Khwarezmian: اڤغیک (ʾβγyk /*aβγīk/, “(lit) little idol, doll, puppet”) (> *bagakáh)
Sogdian: (/βaγ/)
Sogdian script: [script needed] (βγ)
Manichaean script: 𐫂𐫄 (βɣ), 𐫁𐫄 (bɣ)
Syriac script: ܒܓ (bg), ܒܮ (bγ)
→ Classical Persian: ڤغ (vγ /βaγ/), فغ (faγ)
Parthian: (/bag(early) ~ baγ (late)/)
Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭀𐭋𐭇 (ALḤ)
Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫃 (bg), 𐫁𐫄 (bɣ)
→ Old Armenian: բագ (bag, “god; portion”)
→ Classical Persian: بغ (baγ, “idol; lord”)
Old Persian: 𐎲𐎥 (b-g /baga/, “god”)
Middle Persian: (/bag (early) ~ bay (late)/, “lord, (earthly) god; divine”)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ORHYA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bg)
Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏 (by)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭢𐭩 (bgy), 𐭥𐭥𐭧𐭩𐭠 (ORḤYA)
→ Ancient Greek: Βέοι (Béoi)
→? Proto-Turkic: *bēg (“lord”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-ó-s, from *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide”) + *-os (deverbal suffix). Usually compared with Proto-Slavic *bogъ (“god”) (which used to be considered a borrowing from Indo-Iranian). The connection with Old Armenian բակ (bak) is more problematic.

suf

Sogdian: (/βaγnpat(u)/, “sorcerer; priest”); Sogdian script

ܭ

fağfur

→ Ottoman Turkish: فغفور (fağfûr), فغفوری (fağfûrî); Turkish

𐫁𐫢𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫅

> Proto-Iranian: *bágayHnapátiš (“the master of temple”)

bšnbyd /bašnbed/; > *bagaina > *bažin > *bašn


stríH

stríH (nominative singular)
stríH (dual nominative)
stríH́s (nominative plural)
stríH (singular vocative)
stríH (dual vocative)
stríH́s (plural vocative)
stríHm (accusative singular)
stríH (accusative dual)
stríH́s (accusative plural)
stryáH (instrumental singular)
stríHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
stríHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
stríHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
stryáHs (ablative singular)
stríHbʰyā (ablative dual)
stríHbʰyām (ablative dual)
stríHbʰyas (ablative plural)
stryáy (dative singular)
stríHbʰyā (dative dual)
stríHbʰyām (dative dual)
stríHbʰyas (dative plural)
stryáHs (genitive singular)
stríyās (dual genitive)
stríHnām (genitive plural)
stryáH (locative singular)
stríyaw (dual locative)
stríHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stríH

desctree

Sanskrit: स्त्री (strī́)
Dardic:
Kalasha: istríža
Kashmiri: ترٕٛے
Gandhari: 𐨀𐨁𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨁 (istri)
Pali: itthi
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀇𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀻 (itthī)
Hindi: तिय (tiya)
Marwari: तिरिया (tiriyā) (Influenced by Sanskrit)

Proto-Iranian: *stríH

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬍 (strī)

Eastern Iranian:

Khotanese: 𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀺𑀬𑀸 (striyā)

Digor Ossetian: силӕ (silæ)

Iron Ossetian: сыл (syl)

desc

Sogdian: [Term?] (/(ə)strīč/, “female; woman”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤𐫡𐫏𐫝 (ʾstryc), 𐫘𐫤𐫡𐫏𐫝 (stryc)

Sogdian script: 𐼼𐽂𐽀𐼷𐼿 (ʾstʾyrch)

Syriac script: ܣܬܪܝܨ (stryc)

Pashto: ښځه (ẍëźa) (<*stríH-čī), سړۍ (saṛǝy, “woman; wife; lady”) (Perhaps)

Shughni: [script needed] (štā, “daughter, girl”), [script needed] (štākak) (>*stríH-āk-akaH)

Western Iranian:

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: stî (“lady, madam”)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/srīgar/, “female”)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡𐫏𐫃𐫡 (srygr), 𐫘𐫡𐫏𐫏𐫃𐫡 (sryygr)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)s-ér-ih₂ ~ *(h₁)s-r̥-yeh₂, from *(h₁)ós-r̥, *(h₁)és-r-. Compare Tocharian B ṣarya (“lady”).


múHs

múHs (nominative singular)
múHsāw (dual nominative)
múHsas (nominative plural)
múHs (singular vocative)
múHsāw (dual vocative)
múHsas (plural vocative)
múHsam (accusative singular)
múHsāw (accusative dual)
múHsas (accusative plural)
múHsaH (instrumental singular)
múHsbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
múHsbʰiš (instrumental plural)
múHsas (ablative singular)
múHsbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
múHsbʰyaH (ablative plural)
múHsay (dative singular)
múHsbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
múHsbʰyaH (dative plural)
múHsas (genitive singular)
múHsawš (dual genitive)
múHsām (genitive plural)
múHsi (locative singular)
múHsawš (dual locative)
múHssu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *múHs

desc

Sanskrit: मूष् f or m (mū́ṣ), मूष (mūṣa)

Pali: mūsī

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: मूस (mūs)

Proto-Iranian: *múHs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *mūsaká

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: musë́

Kativiri: mësë́

Prasuni: mǖsú

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: moṣë́

Waigali: pusë (irregular p)


HlawpaHćás

HlawpaHćás (nominative singular)
HlawpaHćā́ (dual nominative)
HlawpaHća (singular vocative)
HlawpaHćā́ (dual vocative)
HlawpaHćám (accusative singular)
HlawpaHćā́ (accusative dual)
HlawpaHćā́ (instrumental singular)
HlawpaHćásya (genitive singular)
HlawpaHćáyās (dual genitive)
HlawpaHćáy (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HlawpaHśás

Sanskrit: लोपाश (lopāśá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HrawpaHcáh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Waigali: laüsa (borrowed from Iranian?)

→ Proto-Germanic: *rebaz

Proto-Norse: ᚱᛖᚹᚨᛉ (rewaʀ)

Old Norse: refr

Icelandic: refur

Faroese: revur

Norwegian: rev

Swedish: räv

Danish: ræv

→ Proto-Uralic: *repäs

Proto-Finnic: *repoi (see there for further descendants)

Erzya: ривезь (riveź)

Eastern Mari: рывыж (ryvyž)

Proto-Permic:

Komi-Permyak: руч (ruć)

Udmurt: ӟичы (dźićy)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewpéh₂-ḱo-s (“fox-like”), from *h₂lewpéh₂-s ~ *h₂lewph₂-és (“fox”) + *-ḱos, from *h₂lewp- (“fox”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), Proto-Italic *wolpis, Lithuanian lãpė, Latvian lapsa, Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), Luwian [script needed] (ulipna-), [script needed] (walipna-).


ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰr̥Hanyam

Sanskrit: हिरण्य (híraṇya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jr̥Hanyam (see there for further descendants)


ráwčas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráwćas

Sanskrit: रोचस् (rócas)

Proto-Iranian: *ráwčah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *řóča (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *léwk-os, from *lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-os (noun suffix).


ćráwniš

ćráwniš (nominative singular)
ćráwniH (dual nominative)
ćráwnayas (nominative plural)
ćráwnay (singular vocative)
ćráwniH (dual vocative)
ćráwnayas (plural vocative)
ćráwnim (accusative singular)
ćráwniH (accusative dual)
ćráwnīn (accusative plural)
-īš (accusative plural)
ćráwnyā (instrumental singular)
ćráwništyā (instrumental singular)
ćráwnibʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćráwnibʰiš (instrumental plural)
ćráwnayš (ablative singular)
-yaš (ablative singular)
ćráwnibʰyām (ablative dual)
ćráwnibʰyas (ablative plural)
ćráwnayay (dative singular)
ćráwnibʰyām (dative dual)
ćráwnibʰyas (dative plural)
ćráwnayš (genitive singular)
ćráwnyawš (dual genitive)
ćráwnayām? (genitive plural)
ćráwnāw (locative singular)
-yā (locative singular)
ćráwnyawš (dual locative)
ćráwnišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwniṣ

Sanskrit: श्रोणि (śróṇi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cráwniš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: (“hip, thigh”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: c̣ṹ

Kativiri: c̣ú

Prasuni: ṭõ

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: c̣ũ

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlównis. Cognate with Proto-Italic *klounis.


Hmaygʰás

Hmaygʰás (nominative singular)
Hmaygʰám (accusative singular)
Hmaygʰásya (genitive singular)
Hmaygʰáyās (dual genitive)
Hmaygʰáy (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmaygʰás

Sanskrit: मेघ (meghá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmaygáh

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬖𐬀 (maēγa)

Northern Kurdish: mij

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫃 (myg /mēγ/)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃moygʰ-ó-s, from *h₃meygʰ- (“fog, mist, cloud”) + *-ós.


wítastiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wítastiṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: वितस्ति (vítasti, “measure of length; span between thumb and little finger”)
Pali: vidatthi
→ Sinhalese: විදත්ථිය (widatthiya)
Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (vihatthi), *𑀯𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺 (*vitti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wítastiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (vītasti)

Gurani: ۋیەسە (ʋiyasa)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bihust, bost

Central Kurdish: بست (bist)

Southern Kurdish: بِنگِس (bingis), بِنگِز (bingiz)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wt(y)st /widest/)

Persian: بدست (bedast)

Pashto: لوېشت (lwešt), ولېشت (wlešt)


agrúH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *agrúH

Sanskrit: अग्रू (agrū́)

Proto-Iranian: *agrúH

Avestan: 𐬀𐬖𐬭𐬏 (aγrū)

From *a- (“not, un”) + *grúH (“pregnant”) (compare Sogdian [script needed] (γrʾnh /γrān/, “heavy, pregnant”) from the same root), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷrúh₂, perhaps metathesized from earlier *gʷr̥h₂úh₂, from *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”) + *-uh₂ (feminizing suffix).


Hártʰam

Hártʰam (nominative singular)
Hártʰay (dual nominative)
HártʰayH (dual nominative)
HártʰaH (nominative plural)
Hártʰam (singular vocative)
Hártʰay (dual vocative)
HártʰayH (dual vocative)
HártʰaH (plural vocative)
Hártʰam (accusative singular)
Hártʰay (accusative dual)
HártʰayH (accusative dual)
HártʰaH (accusative plural)
Hártʰām (genitive plural)
Hártʰamas (ablative plural)
Hártʰamas (dative plural)
Hártʰay (locative singular)
HártʰaH (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hártʰam

Sanskrit: अर्थ n or m (ártha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hárθam

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬀 (ar^əθa)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁er-tHo-, from *h₁er- (“to arrive, get somewhere”). Cognate with ऋ (ṛ, “to reach, come towards”) (but not ऋ (ṛ) in the "move, shake" sense), Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”), Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)), and Hittite [script needed] (ār-, “to come to, arrive at”).


Hangúštʰas

Hangúštʰas (nominative singular)
Hangúštʰā (dual nominative)
Hangúštʰa (singular vocative)
Hangúštʰā (dual vocative)
Hangúštʰam (accusative singular)
Hangúštʰā (accusative dual)
Hangúštʰāns (accusative plural)
Hangúštʰā (instrumental singular)
Hangúštʰāt (ablative singular)
Hangúštʰāy (dative singular)
Hangúštʰasya (genitive singular)
Hangúštʰayās (dual genitive)
Hangúštʰay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hangúṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: अङ्गुष्ठ (aṅgúṣṭha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hangúštah

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬔𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aṇgušta)

Gurani: ئەنگوسە (aŋusa), ئەموسە (amusa)

Khotanese: 𑀳𑀁𑀕𑀼𑀱𑁆𑀝 (haṃguṣṭa)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ئەنگوست (engust)

Northern Kurdish: engust

Old Persian: [script needed] (*angušta)

Middle Persian: ʾngwst' (angust)

Persian: انگشت (angošt)

→ Hindi: अंगुश्त (aṅguśt) (rare)

Digor Ossetian: ӕнгулдзӕ (ængulʒæ)

Iron Ossetian: ӕнгуылдз (æng°ylʒ)

desc

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾnkwšt), [script needed] (ʾngwšt /aṁgʷəšt/)

Yagnobi: [script needed] (unkúšt)

Zazaki: engışt (angišt)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“joint”).


náyȷ́žʰam

náyȷ́žʰam (nominative singular)
náyȷ́žʰay (dual nominative)
náyȷ́žʰaH (nominative plural)
náyȷ́žʰam (singular vocative)
náyȷ́žʰay (dual vocative)
náyȷ́žʰaH (plural vocative)
náyȷ́žʰam (accusative singular)
náyȷ́žʰay (accusative dual)
náyȷ́žʰaH (accusative plural)
náyȷ́žʰā (instrumental singular)
náyȷ́žʰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
náyȷ́žʰāyš (instrumental plural)
náyȷ́žʰāt (ablative singular)
náyȷ́žʰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
náyȷ́žʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
náyȷ́žʰāy (dative singular)
náyȷ́žʰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
náyȷ́žʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
náyȷ́žʰasya (genitive singular)
náyȷ́žʰayās (dual genitive)
náyȷ́žʰānam (genitive plural)
náyȷ́žʰānaHm (genitive plural)
náyȷ́žʰay (locative singular)
náyȷ́žʰayaw (dual locative)
náyȷ́žʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náyȷ́ẓʰam

⇒ Sanskrit: निक्षति (níkṣati, “to pierce, kiss”)

⇒ Sanskrit: नीक्षण (nī́kṣaṇa, “ladle”)

⇒ Sanskrit: नेक्षण (nékṣaṇa, “fork, sharp stick, spear”)

Proto-Iranian: *náyjam

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (naēza, “tip (needle)”)

Old Median: [script needed] (*náyzam)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (nēš)

Persian: نیش (niš, “tip; sting; lance”)

→ Arabic: نَيْزَة (nayza)

→ Classical Syriac: ܢܺܝܙܳܪܳܐ (nizārā)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *náyjakam

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: nize, nîze

Central Kurdish: نێزە (nêze)

Old Median: *náyzakam

→ Old Armenian: նիզակ (nizak)

→ Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (nyck' /nēzag/, “spear, lance”)

→ Aramaic: [script needed] (nzk)

→ Classical Syriac: ܢܝܙܟܐ (nayzkāʾ)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patináyjah

Old Persian: [script needed] (*patinaida)

Elamite: 𒁁𒋾𒈾𒀀𒁕 (bat-ti-na-a-da)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *néyǵʰ-s, likely of non-Indo-European origin. Perhaps related to Proto-Uralic *nikka (“to stick in, push”).


púšćas

púšćas (nominative singular)
púšćā (dual nominative)
púšćā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
púšća (singular vocative)
púšćā (dual vocative)
púšćā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
púšćam (accusative singular)
púšćā (accusative dual)
púšćāns (accusative plural)
púšćā (instrumental singular)
púšćaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
púšćāyš (instrumental plural)
púšćāt (ablative singular)
púšćaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
púšćaybʰyas (ablative plural)
púšćāy (dative singular)
púšćaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
púšćaybʰyas (dative plural)
púšćasya (genitive singular)
púšćayās (dual genitive)
púšćānam (genitive plural)
púšćānaHm (genitive plural)
púšćay (locative singular)
púšćayaw (dual locative)
púšćayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púśćas

Sanskrit: पुच्छ m or n (púccha)

desc

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙 (puccha), 𑀧𑀼𑀁𑀙 (puṃcha)

Old Marathi: पुंस (puṃsa), पूंस (pūṃsa)

Pali: puccha

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙 (puccha), 𑀧𑀼𑀁𑀙 (puṃcha)

Gujarati: પૂંછડી (pū̃chḍī)

Hindi: पूँछ (pū̃ch)

Punjabi: ਪੂਛ (pūch)

Proto-Iranian: *púŝah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬎𐬯𐬀 (pusa)

Classical Persian: فش (fuš, “tail of horse; tail”)

Possibly Proto-Indo-European *puḱ-so-s, cognate with Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz (“fox”). Alternatively borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


udáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *udáram n

Sanskrit: उदर (udára)

Proto-Iranian: *udárah

Avestan: *𐬎𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋 (*udarō)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬎𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬚𐬭𐬄𐬯𐬀 (udarōθrąsa, “snake creeping on the belly”)

q

Northern Luri: در (dar, “belly; womb”) (only found in some words e.g. درروی (darrovi, “diarrhoea; (lit) going out from the womb”) cf. Persian شکمروش (šekamraveš))

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *udarahakah

Zaza - Gurani:

Gurani: ورگ (wirg)

Zazaki: vêre (vēra)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ûr, hûr

desc

Central Kurdish: وِرگ (wirg), ھورگ (hurg)

Classical Persian: دره (dara, “womb; intestin; rumen”) (*udarahakah> *udarak > *(u)dara)

q

Iranian Persian: دره (dare) (in southern dialects; e.g. Shirazi and Khuzestani)

Tajik: дара́ (dará)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *udaryaH

desc

Khwarezmian: اوذیر (’wδyr /uδīr/), ذر (δr-)

Ishkashimi: [script needed] (dēr)

Proto-Saka: *uwaira

Khotanese: [script needed] (ura-), [script needed] (ūra-)

Yidgha: [script needed] (ilīr)

Wakhi: dūr

Proto-Nuristani:

Prasuni: ǖl, yül

Waigali: wōr

From Proto-Indo-European *úderos, from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-eros (contrastive suffix).


sáȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰas

Sanskrit: सह॑स् (sáhas)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: सह (sah)

Nepali: सह (saha)

⇒ Pali: sahasā (“forcibly”)

Proto-Iranian: *hájah

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬵 (hazah)

Gurani: ھازی (hāzī)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: hêz

Central Kurdish: ھێز (hêz)

Southern Kurdish: ھاز (haz)

Laki: ئاز (az)

From Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰos (“power, victory”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *segaz.


ćráwas

ćráwas (nominative singular)
ćráwā (dual nominative)
ćráwā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ćráwa (singular vocative)
ćráwā (dual vocative)
ćráwā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ćráwam (accusative singular)
ćráwā (accusative dual)
ćráwāns (accusative plural)
ćráwā (instrumental singular)
ćráwaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćráwāyš (instrumental plural)
ćráwāt (ablative singular)
ćráwaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ćráwaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćráwāy (dative singular)
ćráwaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ćráwaybʰyas (dative plural)
ćráwasya (genitive singular)
ćráwayās (dual genitive)
ćráwānam (genitive plural)
ćráwānaHm (genitive plural)
ćráway (locative singular)
ćráwayaw (dual locative)
ćráwayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwas

desctree

Sanskrit: श्रवस् (śrávas, “fame, honor”)
Prakrit: 𑀲𑀯 (sava)

Proto-Iranian: *cráwah
Central Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (srauua, “word”)
→ Persian: سروب (sarub)
Northwestern Iranian:
Northern Kurdish: *srō
⇒ Central Kurdish: چەقەسرۆ (çeqesro)
Southwestern Iranian:
Old Persian:
Middle Persian: slwb' (/sraw/, “word, spell”)

desc

Proto-Nuristani: *crā́wa (“call, shout”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: c̣ó

Prasuni: c̣á

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: c̣a

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwos. Cognate with Proto-Hellenic *kléwos, Proto-Slavic *slȍvo (“word”).


suHnúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHnúṣ

Sanskrit: सूनु (sūnú)

Proto-Iranian: *huHnuš

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬎 (hunu)

From Proto-Indo-European *suHnús. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sy̑nъ, Lithuanian sūnùs; Proto-Germanic *sunuz whence English son.


Háǰʰiš

Háǰʰiš (nominative singular)
HáǰʰiH (dual nominative)
HáǰʰiH (dual vocative)
Háǰʰim (accusative singular)
HáǰʰiH (accusative dual)
HáǰʰiH (instrumental singular)
Háǰʰišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háźʰiṣ

Sanskrit: अहि (áhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰiš (see there for further descendants)


tawtáH

tawtáH (nominative singular)
tawtáy (dual nominative)
tawtā́s (nominative plural)
tawtay (singular vocative)
tawtáy (dual vocative)
tawtā́s (plural vocative)
tawtā́m (accusative singular)
tawtáy (accusative dual)
tawtā́s (accusative plural)
tawtáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
tawtáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
tawtáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
tawtáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
tawtáyaHs (ablative singular)
tawtáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
tawtáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
tawtáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
tawtáyaHy (dative singular)
tawtáHbʰyā (dative dual)
tawtáHbʰyām (dative dual)
tawtáHbʰyas (dative plural)
tawtáyaHs (genitive singular)
tawtāyās (dual genitive)
tawtáHnām (genitive plural)
tawtáyaH (locative singular)
tawtáyaHm (locative singular)
tawtāyaw (dual locative)
tawtáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Iranian: *tawtáH

Northern Kurdish: tûde

Persian: توده (tôdē, “heap, pile, mass; people, folk, masses”)

Sogdian: (/tūδē/, “heap; mass”)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫔𐫏𐫍 (twδyh)

Sogdian script: 𐽂𐼴𐼹𐼰𐼸 (twδʾk)

Syriac script: ܬܘܕܝ (twdy)


HásHr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HásHr̥

Sanskrit: असृज् (ásṛj), असृक् (ásṛk, nom.sg.), अस्नस् (asnás, gen.sg.), अस्ना (asnā́, instr.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *HáhHr̥

Old Persian: [script needed] (*ahr̥)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ār-)

Proto-Nuristani:

Prasuni: [script needed] (usǖ)


sráwtas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráwtas

Sanskrit: स्रोतस् (srótas)

Pali: sota

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑁄𑀅 (soa)

Proto-Iranian: *hráwtah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”).


mayū́kʰas

mayū́kʰas (nominative singular)
mayū́kʰā (dual nominative)
mayū́kʰā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
mayū́kʰa (singular vocative)
mayū́kʰā (dual vocative)
mayū́kʰā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
mayū́kʰam (accusative singular)
mayū́kʰā (accusative dual)
mayū́kʰāns (accusative plural)
mayū́kʰā (instrumental singular)
mayū́kʰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
mayū́kʰāyš (instrumental plural)
mayū́kʰāt (ablative singular)
mayū́kʰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
mayū́kʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
mayū́kʰāy (dative singular)
mayū́kʰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
mayū́kʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
mayū́kʰasya (genitive singular)
mayū́kʰayās (dual genitive)
mayū́kʰānam (genitive plural)
mayū́kʰānaHm (genitive plural)
mayū́kʰay (locative singular)
mayū́kʰayaw (dual locative)
mayū́kʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mayū́kʰas

Sanskrit: मयूख (mayū́kha)

Proto-Iranian: *mayū́xah

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎹𐎧 (m-y-x /mayūxa/)
Middle Persian: myh (mēx)
Persian: میخ (mix)
→ Bashkir: мыҡ (mıq)
→ Azerbaijani: mıx
→ Armenian: մեխ (mex)
→ Crimean Tatar: mıh
→ Hindi: मेख़ (mex)
→ Ottoman Turkish: میخ (mıh)
Turkish: mıh
→ Armenian: մըխ (məx)
→ Uyghur: مىخ (mix)
→ Urdu: میخ (mex)

Possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


dyā́wš

dyā́wš (nominative singular)
dyáwāw (dual nominative)
dyáwas (nominative plural)
dyáw (singular vocative)
dyáwāw (dual vocative)
dyáwas (plural vocative)
dyā́m (accusative singular)
dyáwāw (accusative dual)
diwás (accusative plural)
diwáH (instrumental singular)
dyubʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
dyubʰíš (instrumental plural)
diwás (ablative singular)
dyubʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
dyubʰyáH (ablative plural)
diwáy (dative singular)
dyubʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
dyubʰyáH (dative plural)
diwás (genitive singular)
diwáwš (dual genitive)
diwā́m (genitive plural)
dyáwi (locative singular)
diwáwš (dual locative)
dyusú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyā́wṣ

Sanskrit: द्यु (dyú) (द्यौः (dyáuḥ, nom.sg.))

Proto-Iranian: *dyā́wš

Avestan: 𐬛𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱 (dyaoš, gen.sg.)

Kurdish:

desc

Northern Kurdish: zav (“Mercury planet”)

Central Kurdish: زاوە (zawe, “Mercury planet”)

Persian: زاوش (zâvoš, “Jupiter planet or Mercury planet”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws. Cognate with Hittite 𒅆𒄿𒌑𒍑 (ši-i-ú-uš), Ancient Greek Ζεύς (Zeús) → English Zeus; Latin Iovis → English Jove; Proto-Germanic *tīwaz whence English Tue. See also Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás.


gaHtʰás

gaHtʰás (nominative singular)
gaHtʰā́ (dual nominative)
gaHtʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
gaHtʰa (singular vocative)
gaHtʰā́ (dual vocative)
gaHtʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
gaHtʰám (accusative singular)
gaHtʰā́ (accusative dual)
gaHtʰā́ns (accusative plural)
gaHtʰā́ (instrumental singular)
gaHtʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
gaHtʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
gaHtʰā́t (ablative singular)
gaHtʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
gaHtʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
gaHtʰā́y (dative singular)
gaHtʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
gaHtʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
gaHtʰásya (genitive singular)
gaHtʰáyās (dual genitive)
gaHtʰā́nam (genitive plural)
gaHtʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
gaHtʰáy (locative singular)
gaHtʰáyaw (dual locative)
gaHtʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás

Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá)

Proto-Iranian: *gaHtáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha)

From Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾eH-tHó-s, from *g⁽ʷ⁾eH- (“to sing, cry”) + *-tHós. By surface analysis, *gaH- + *-tʰás.

𐫃

→ Parthian: (/gāh/, “Zoroasterian Text, Gatha”)

→ Middle Persian: (/gāh/, “Gatha, (Zoroastrian) hymns”)

گاه

Classical Persian: گاه (/gāh/, “hymn; melody”)

hymn; melody; (lit.) Three-Hymn, Segāh, a traditional Iranian mode of seven modes; (lit.) hand-hymn, mode in the Iranian traditional music

as a compound, e.g. سهگاه (se-gâh, ), دستگاه (/dast-gāh/, )


dáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwṣ

Sanskrit: दोस् (dós, nom.sg.), दोष्णः (doṣṇáḥ, gen.sg.), दोषी (doṣī, nom.du.)

Proto-Iranian: *dáwš

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬊𐬱 (daoš)

Ossetian: дыс (dys), дус (dus)

Pashto: لېچ (leč), لېچه (léča)

Old Persian: [script needed] (*dauš)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dwš /dōš/)

Persian: دوش (duš)

Proto-Nuristani: *dóni (< *dáwšn-)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: dúi


r̥šíš

r̥šíš (nominative singular)
r̥šíH (dual nominative)
r̥šáyas (nominative plural)
r̥šáy (singular vocative)
r̥šíH (dual vocative)
r̥šáyas (plural vocative)
r̥ším (accusative singular)
r̥šíH (accusative dual)
r̥šī́n (accusative plural)
-ī́š (accusative plural)
r̥šíH́ (instrumental singular)
r̥šíbʰyām (dual instrumental)
r̥šíbʰiš (instrumental plural)
r̥šáyš (ablative singular)
r̥šíbʰyām (ablative dual)
r̥šíbʰyas (ablative plural)
r̥šáyay (dative singular)
r̥šíbʰyām (dative dual)
r̥šíbʰyas (dative plural)
r̥šáyš (genitive singular)
r̥šyáwš (dual genitive)
r̥šáyām? (genitive plural)
r̥šā́(w)? (locative singular)
r̥šyáwš (dual locative)
r̥šíšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ŕ̥ṣiṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: ऋषि (ṛ́ṣi)
→ Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀇𑀲𑀺 (isi)
→ Pali: isi
→ Burmese: ဣသိ (i.si.)
→ Mon: ဣသိ
→ Khmer: ឥសី (ʼisəy)
→ Sinhalese: ඉසි (isi)
→ Thai: อิสิ (isi)
→ Romani: raśaj, rashaj (Anglicized), rašaj (Pan-Vlax)
→ Angloromani: rashai
→ Traveller Norwegian: rasjo
→ Bengali: ঋষি (riśi)
→ Burmese: ရသေ့ (ra.se.)
→ English: rishi (learned)
→ Hindustani:
→ Hindi: ऋषि (ŕṣi)
→ Urdu: رشی (riśī)
→ Japanese: リシ (rishi)
→ Kannada: ಋಷಿ (ṛṣi)
→ Lao: ລືສີ (lư̄ sī)
→ Marathi: ऋषी (ŕṣī)
→ Nepali: ऋषि (r̥ṣi)
→ Old Javanese: rṣi, rĕsi, rĕsi
→ Javanese: ꦉꦱꦶ (resi, “hermit”)
→ Balinese: ᬋᬱᬶ (resi, “rishi; holy man; prophet”)
→ Malay: resi
→ Indonesian: rêsi (“sage”)
→ Odia: ଋଷି (r̥ṣi)
→ Punjabi: ਰਿਸ਼ੀ (riśī), رشی (rśī)
→ Tamil: ரிஷி (riṣi), ருஷி (ruṣi), இருடி (iruṭi) — tadbhava
→ Telugu: ఋషి (r̥ṣi)
→ Thai: ฤๅษี (rʉʉ-sǐi), ฤษี (rʉ́-sǐi), ฤๅษรี — obsolete, ฤาษี (rʉʉ-sǐi) — misspelled
→ Tocharian A: riṣak
→ Tocharian B: rṣāke

Proto-Iranian: *r̥šíš

Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬌𐬱 (ər^əšiš)

Perhaps from the BMAC substrate. Or, if the original sense was "lunatic," possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers- (“to flow”), see also Proto-Germanic *irzijaną, *irzijaz, Sanskrit इरस्यति (irasyati, “to be angry”), Ancient Greek ἐρωή (erōḗ), Lithuanian aršùs (“fierce, intense”).


Hánȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánźʰas

Sanskrit: अंहस् (áṃhas)

Proto-Iranian: *Hanjah

Avestan: 𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵 (ązah)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰos ~ *h₂énǵʰes-, from *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow, tight”).


táwkma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwkma

desc

Sanskrit: तोक्मन् (tókman, “a young blade of corn, esp. of barley, malt”)

Proto-Iranian: *táwxma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *téwk-mn̥ ~ *tuk-méns, from *tewk- (“to germ, seed”) + *-mn̥ (deverbal noun suffix).


bʰúHmiš

bʰúHmiš (nominative singular)
bʰúHmiH (dual nominative)
bʰúHmayas (nominative plural)
bʰúHmay (singular vocative)
bʰúHmiH (dual vocative)
bʰúHmayas (plural vocative)
bʰúHmim (accusative singular)
bʰúHmiH (accusative dual)
bʰúHmīn (accusative plural)
-īš (accusative plural)
bʰúHmyā (instrumental singular)
bʰúHmištyā (instrumental singular)
bʰúHmibʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰúHmibʰiš (instrumental plural)
bʰúHmayš (ablative singular)
-yaš (ablative singular)
bʰúHmibʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰúHmibʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰúHmayay (dative singular)
bʰúHmibʰyām (dative dual)
bʰúHmibʰyas (dative plural)
bʰúHmayš (genitive singular)
bʰúHmyawš (dual genitive)
bʰúHmayām? (genitive plural)
bʰúHmāw (locative singular)
-yā (locative singular)
bʰúHmyawš (dual locative)
bʰúHmišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHmiṣ

Sanskrit: भूमि (bhū́mi)

Dardic:

Kalasha: (“earth; ground”)

Arabic script: بھُوم

Latin script: bhum

Khowar: بوم (bum)

Assamese: ভূঁই (bhũi)

Pali: bhūmi

Gujarati: ભોંય (bhõya), ભોં (bhõ)

Proto-Iranian: *búHmiš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬨𐬌 (būmi)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: بوو (bû), بووم (bûm) (in compounds)

Old Persian: 𐏏 (BU /būmiš/)

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭬 (bʿm /būm/)

Persian: بوم (bum)

Proto-Nuristani: *bū́mi

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: bǘm

Kativiri: bím

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: búm

Waigali: büm

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be”).


páyHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyHas

Sanskrit: पयस् (páyas) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: पायस (pāyasa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *páyHah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂-os ~ péyh₂-es-os (“fat, milk”).


Hláwpiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hláwpiṣ

Dardic:

Khowar: ڑوو (ɫow)

Shina: لوئ (lōi)

Proto-Iranian: *Hláwpiš

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬞𐬌 (raopi) , 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬞𐬋𐬌𐬱 m (raopōiš, gen.sg.)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ڕێوی (rêwî)

Northern Kurdish: rovî, rûvî

Laki: ڕووی (ruwî)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂léwp-i-s, from *h₂lewp- (“fox”).