ćákr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śákr̥

Sanskrit: शकृत् (śákṛt) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cákr̥

Baluchi: سغن (saġan, “dung”)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (slgyn' /sargēn/, “dung, manure”)

Classical Persian: سرگین (sargēn, “dung”)

→ Arabic: سِرْجِين (sirjīn), سِرْقِين (sirqīn)

Old Khotanese: [script needed] (satana) (< *sakan)

Proto-Nuristani: *cakírta, *cakā́na (< *ćákr̥t ~ *ćaknás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ćíṭ, ćṹ

Kativiri: ćíṭ, ćú

Prasuni: žiṭe, zõ

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: gasā̃́ (< *gā́wā-cakā́na)

Waigali: ćoṭ

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱókʷr̥ (“dung”).


Hárćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárśas

Sanskrit: अर्शस् (árśas, “haemorrhoids”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hárcah

Khotanese: [script needed] (āsī, “itch”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾrsx, “haemorrhoids”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore”).


pásas

Sanskrit: पसस् (pasas)

→ Proto-Uralic: *pośe (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *pés-o-s (“penis”).


piHtú

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHtú

Sanskrit: पितु m or n (pitu, “food, nourishment; juice, sap”)

Proto-Iranian: *piHtú

Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬎 (pitu)

Proto-Scythian: *pidu (“flesh”)

Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *pya

Khotanese: [script needed] (pa̮), [script needed] (pya), [script needed] (pa)

Proto-Scythian: *fidɨ

Old Ossetic: *fit

Jassic: [Term?] (fit)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: фид (fid)

Iron Ossetian: фыд (fyd)

Middle Persian: (/pīh/, “fat, tallow”)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫟 (pwx)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (piẖ) [Book Pahlavi needed] (TLBA)

From Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂tu ~ *pih₂téws (“something fattening, nourishing”).


Hagníš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hagníṣ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnís. Cognate with Latin ignis, Proto-Slavic *ogňь.


ȷ́ʰáyšas

ȷ́ʰáyšas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyšā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰáyšā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰáyša (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰáyšā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰáyšā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰáyšam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyšā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰáyšāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰáyšā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰáyšaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰáyšāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰáyšāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyšaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰáyšaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰáyšāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyšaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰáyšaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰáyšasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰáyšayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰáyšānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáyšānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáyšay (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyšayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰáyšayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyṣas

Sanskrit: हेषस् (héṣas)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


dáHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHtram

Sanskrit: दात्र (dā́tra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHθram

Bartangi: δōς

Old Persian: *dāçah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾs /dās/, “sickle”)

Persian: داس (dâs)

Parthian: [script needed] (dēš, “sickle”)

Pashto: لور (lor)

Sogdian: [script needed] (δrʾʾšʾy)

Wakhi: δәtr, δыtr

Yagnobi: [script needed] (dirot), [script needed] (diros)

From *daH- (“to cut, mow”, root) + *tram (suffix denoting an instrument).


dáHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHtram

Sanskrit: दात्र (dātrá, “gift”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHθram

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (dāθra, “gift, offering”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *takra (“piece of meat, bait”)

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₃-trom, from *deh₃- (“to give”).


uHrúš

Unknown; suggested to be further related to Latin vārus (“bent”). Alternatively, perhaps from a root Proto-Indo-European *weH-, from which Proto-Germanic *waþwô (“calf”) could also be derived.

⇒ Sanskrit: औरव

aurava, nickname of Kutsa (made of Indra's thigh)


HwiHwáswāns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwiHwáswāns

Sanskrit: विवस्वत् (vivásvat), विवस्वान् (vivásvān, nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *HwiHwáhwāh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙 (vīvaŋhuuant)

From *HwiHwás (“dawn, morning”) + *-wāns.


patˢtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pattíṣ

Sanskrit: पत्ति (pattí, “infantryman”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pastíš

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎡 (p-s-t-i /pasti/, “infantryman”)

Digor Ossetian: фестӕг (festæg, “pedestrian”)

Iron Ossetian: фистӕг (fistæg, “pedestrian”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ped-tís (“pedestrian”), from *ped- (“to walk, to step”). Cognate with Lithuanian pėsčias (“on foot”).


Hárwāns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárwants

Sanskrit: अर्वन्त् (árvant)

Proto-Iranian: *Hárwāh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (aᵘruuaṇt)

desctree

Old Persian: *arvāh
Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] ('lwnd /arwand/)

The *Hárwā (“quick”) + *-wants, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- + Proto-Indo-European *-wénts.


samHáranam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *samHáranam

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: समरण (samáraṇa, “battle”)

Proto-Iranian: *hamHáranam

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (hamar^əna, “battle”)

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴 (h-m-r-n /hamarana/, “battle”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₃ér-en-o-m, from *sem- (“together”) + *h₃er- (“to fight, quarrel; to move, rise”).


bʰiHmás

bʰiHmás (nominative singular)
bʰiHmā́ (dual nominative)
bʰiHmā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
bʰiHma (singular vocative)
bʰiHmā́ (dual vocative)
bʰiHmā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
bʰiHmám (accusative singular)
bʰiHmā́ (accusative dual)
bʰiHmā́ns (accusative plural)
bʰiHmā́ (instrumental singular)
bʰiHmáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰiHmā́yš (instrumental plural)
bʰiHmā́t (ablative singular)
bʰiHmáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰiHmáybʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰiHmā́y (dative singular)
bʰiHmáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
bʰiHmáybʰyas (dative plural)
bʰiHmásya (genitive singular)
bʰiHmáyās (dual genitive)
bʰiHmā́nam (genitive plural)
bʰiHmā́naHm (genitive plural)
bʰiHmáy (locative singular)
bʰiHmáyaw (dual locative)
bʰiHmáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *biHmás

Sanskrit: भीम (bhīmá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *biHmáh

Baluchi: دود (bēm)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bym /bīm/)

Persian: بیم (bim)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰih₂-mó-s, from *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear”) + *-mós.


stawtā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stawtā́

Sanskrit: स्तोता (stotā́)

Proto-Iranian: *stawtā́

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬁 (staotā)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéw-tōr ~ *stu-tr-és, from *stew- (“to praise”) + *-tōr.


tánHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánHtā

Sanskrit: *tánītā

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: तनयित्नु (tanayitnú), स्तनयित्नु (stanayitnú) (rebuilt from iterative?)

Proto-Iranian: *tánHtā

Parthian: (/tandur/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫗𐫅𐫇𐫡 (tndwr)

Persian: تندر (tondar)

Old Sogdian script: 𐼚𐼇𐼎𐼚𐼘 (twntr /tundar/)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ténh₂-tr̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-tén-s, from *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”) + *-tr̥.


uktíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uktíṣ

Sanskrit: उक्ति (uktí)

Proto-Iranian: *uxtíš

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬌 (uxti)

→ Old Armenian: ուխտ (uxt)

Central Kurdish: وتن (wtin, “to say”)

From Proto-Indo-European *wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s, from *wekʷ- (“to speak”) + *-tis.


wr̥kíHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥kíHs

Sanskrit: वृकी (vṛkī́)


HámHas

HámHas (nominative singular)
HámHam (accusative singular)
HámHay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HámHas

Sanskrit: अम (áma)

Proto-Iranian: *HámHah

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬇𐬨𐬀 (ə̄ma)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬨𐬀 (ama)

Old Persian: *amah

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émh₃-o-s, from *h₃emh₃- (“to grab, seize”) + *-os.


wapras

waprás (nominative singular)
waprā́ (dual nominative)
waprā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
wapra (singular vocative)
waprā́ (dual vocative)
waprā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
waprám (accusative singular)
waprā́ (accusative dual)
waprā́ns (accusative plural)
waprā́ (instrumental singular)
wapráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
waprā́yš (instrumental plural)
waprā́t (ablative singular)
wapráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
wapráybʰyas (ablative plural)
waprā́y (dative singular)
wapráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
wapráybʰyas (dative plural)
waprásya (genitive singular)
wapráyās (dual genitive)
waprā́nam (genitive plural)
waprā́naHm (genitive plural)
wapráy (locative singular)
wapráyaw (dual locative)
wapráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wapras

desc

Sanskrit: वप्र (vapra, “rampart, hillock”)

Proto-Iranian: *wafrah (“snow”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wep(h₁)- (“to scatter; to harass”), and cognate with Sanskrit वप् (vap, “to scatter, strew”), Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬝 (vīuuāpat̰, “strews apart, plunders”), Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to hurl, throw; to mistreat, harass”), [script needed] (hippa-, “heap”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”), Old Irish fel (“bad”), and possibly English evil.


Hdántas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hdántas

Sanskrit: दन्त (dánta) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hdántah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: dút

Kativiri: dút

Prasuni: látëm

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: dṍt

Tregami: dṹt

Waigali: dũt

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónt-o-s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hdántas
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónt-o-s, thematized from *h₃dónts (“tooth”).


kútas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kúttas

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (kutta) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *kútah (see there for further descendants)


sambʰandʰás

sambʰandʰás (nominative singular)
sambʰandʰā́ (dual nominative)
sambʰandʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
sambʰandʰa (singular vocative)
sambʰandʰā́ (dual vocative)
sambʰandʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
sambʰandʰám (accusative singular)
sambʰandʰā́ (accusative dual)
sambʰandʰā́ns (accusative plural)
sambʰandʰā́ (instrumental singular)
sambʰandʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
sambʰandʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
sambʰandʰā́t (ablative singular)
sambʰandʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
sambʰandʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
sambʰandʰā́y (dative singular)
sambʰandʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
sambʰandʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
sambʰandʰásya (genitive singular)
sambʰandʰáyās (dual genitive)
sambʰandʰā́nam (genitive plural)
sambʰandʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
sambʰandʰáy (locative singular)
sambʰandʰáyaw (dual locative)
sambʰandʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sambandʰás

Sanskrit: सम्बन्ध (sambandhá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hambandáh

Ossetian: ӕмбонд (æmbond, “fence”)

desc

Sogdian: 𐼰𐼻𐼱𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾnβʾnt, “joined, attachment”)

From Proto-Indo-European *som-bʰondʰ-ó-s, from *som- (“together”) + *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”) + *-ós. Equivalent to *sam- (“together”) + *bʰandʰás (“binding, joining”). Cognate with Old Norse samband n (“connection”).


pátniH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátniH

desc

Sanskrit: पत्नी (pátnī, “mistress, wife”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *páθniH

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dmaHnapaθniH (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *pótnih₂ (“wife”).


Háwštʰas

Háwštʰas (nominative singular)
Háwštʰa (singular vocative)
Háwštʰam (accusative singular)
Háwštʰāns (accusative plural)
Háwštʰasya (genitive singular)
Háwštʰayās (dual genitive)
Háwštʰay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: ओष्ठ (óṣṭha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwštah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬀(-𐬗𐬀) (aošta(-ca), “upper lip”)

Proto-Nuristani: (or borrowed from Indo-Aryan)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: íṣṭ

Kativiri: íṣṭ

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: úṣṭ

Tregami: vúṣṭ

Waigali: üṣṭ

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óh₃us-to-s, from *h₁óh₃s (“mouth”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *ūstà (“mouth”).


ȷ́áwšas

ȷ́áwšas (nominative singular)
ȷ́áwšā (dual nominative)
ȷ́áwšā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́áwša (singular vocative)
ȷ́áwšā (dual vocative)
ȷ́áwšā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́áwšam (accusative singular)
ȷ́áwšā (accusative dual)
ȷ́áwšāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́áwšā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́áwšaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́áwšāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́áwšāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́áwšaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́áwšaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́áwšāy (dative singular)
ȷ́áwšaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́áwšaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́áwšasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́áwšayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́áwšānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́áwšānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́áwšay (locative singular)
ȷ́áwšayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́áwšayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas

Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)

Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša, “taste, pleasure”)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-o-s, from *ǵews- (“to like”) + *-ós.


gawtrám

gawtrám (nominative singular)
gawtráy (dual nominative)
gawtráH (nominative plural)
gawtrám (singular vocative)
gawtráy (dual vocative)
gawtráH (plural vocative)
gawtrám (accusative singular)
gawtráy (accusative dual)
gawtráH (accusative plural)
gawtrā́ (instrumental singular)
gawtráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
gawtrā́yš (instrumental plural)
gawtrā́t (ablative singular)
gawtráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
gawtráybʰyas (ablative plural)
gawtrā́y (dative singular)
gawtráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
gawtráybʰyas (dative plural)
gawtrásya (genitive singular)
gawtráyās (dual genitive)
gawtrā́nam (genitive plural)
gawtrā́naHm (genitive plural)
gawtráy (locative singular)
gawtráyaw (dual locative)
gawtráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gawtrám

Sanskrit: गोत्र (gotrá, “lineage, parentage, family”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Sogdian: (/kōt(ə)r/, “race, family, lineage”)

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫤𐫀𐫡 (kwtʾr), 𐫐𐫇𐫤𐫡 (kwtr)

Sogdian script: 𐼸𐼴𐽂𐼰𐽀 (kwtʾr), 𐼸𐼴𐽂𐽀 (kwtr)

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (qwtr)

Proto-Iranian: *gawθrám (see there for further descendants)

From *ǰáwti ~ *guHánti (“to increase, multiply”) + *-tram.


wanćás

wanćás (nominative singular)
wanćā́ (dual nominative)
wanćā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
wanća (singular vocative)
wanćā́ (dual vocative)
wanćā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
wanćám (accusative singular)
wanćā́ (accusative dual)
wanćā́ns (accusative plural)
wanćā́ (instrumental singular)
wanćáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
wanćā́yš (instrumental plural)
wanćā́t (ablative singular)
wanćáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
wanćáybʰyas (ablative plural)
wanćā́y (dative singular)
wanćáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
wanćáybʰyas (dative plural)
wanćásya (genitive singular)
wanćáyās (dual genitive)
wanćā́nam (genitive plural)
wanćā́naHm (genitive plural)
wanćáy (locative singular)
wanćáyaw (dual locative)
wanćáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waṃśás

desc

Sanskrit: वंश (vaṃśá, “bamboo; roofing beam”)

Proto-Iranian: *wancah

Shughni: вис (vis, “main roof-beam”)

Wakhi: was (“ceiling beam”)

Of uncertain origin. Though traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *wenḱ- (“roof beam”) and linked to Middle Irish féice (“ridgepole; top, summit, acme”) (which itself has been linked to Galician banzo (“crossbar”)), more recent analyses of the Irish term derive the latter internally from the unrelated fégaid (“to look at, observe”), based on the apparent original meaning of "opening or roof-window common in ancient Irish houses", placing the traditional comparison with the Indo-Iranian in doubt.


gʰarmás

gʰarmás (nominative singular)
gʰarmáH (dual nominative)
gʰarmā́s (nominative plural)
gʰarmá (singular vocative)
gʰarmáH (dual vocative)
gʰarmā́s (plural vocative)
gʰarmám (accusative singular)
gʰarmáH (accusative dual)
gʰarmáns (accusative plural)
gʰarmásya (genitive singular)
gʰarmā́m (genitive plural)
gʰarmā́t (ablative singular)
gʰarmámas (ablative plural)
gʰarmā́y (dative singular)
gʰarmámas (dative plural)
gʰarmáy (locative singular)
gʰarmáyšu (locative plural)
gʰarmáH (instrumental singular)
gʰarmā́š (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás

desctree

Sanskrit: घ॒र्म (gharmá)
Pali: ghamma
Prakrit: 𑀖𑀫𑁆𑀫 (ghamma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *garmáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰor-mós, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) + *-mós.


Hángāras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hángāras

Sanskrit: अङ्गा॑र (áṅgāra)
Pali: aṅgāra
Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀕𑀸𑀭 (aṃgāra), 𑀅𑀁𑀕𑀸𑀮 (aṃgāla) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hángārah

Pashto: انگار (angār, “coal, ember”)

Baluchi: انگر (angar, “coal”), انگار (angār, “coal, ember”)

⇒? Proto-Iranian: *Hángištah

Old Mazanderani: انگشت (angešt, “ember”)

Mazanderani: انگل (angel, “ember”)

desc

Persian: انگشت (angašt, angešt, “charcoal, coal”)

Bakhtiari: انگشت (angašt, “fire”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óngʷl̥ (“charcoal”).


Hadyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hadyás

Sanskrit: अद्य (adya) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁e
Proto-Indo-European *déy-s ~ dy-és
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hadyás
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁e + *déy-s ~ dy-és.


ćánsas

ćánsas (nominative singular)
ćánsā (dual nominative)
ćánsā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ćánsa (singular vocative)
ćánsā (dual vocative)
ćánsā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ćánsam (accusative singular)
ćánsā (accusative dual)
ćánsāns (accusative plural)
ćánsā (instrumental singular)
ćánsaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćánsāyš (instrumental plural)
ćánsāt (ablative singular)
ćánsaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ćánsaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćánsāy (dative singular)
ćánsaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ćánsaybʰyas (dative plural)
ćánsasya (genitive singular)
ćánsayās (dual genitive)
ćánsānam (genitive plural)
ćánsānaHm (genitive plural)
ćánsay (locative singular)
ćánsayaw (dual locative)
ćánsayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánsas

Sanskrit: शंस (śáṃsa)

Proto-Iranian: *cánhah

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬇𐬧𐬖𐬀 (sə̄ṇγa)

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀 (saŋha)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéns-o-s, from *ḱens- (“to announce, proclaim”).


HráHtriH

HráHtriH (nominative singular)
HráHtriH (dual nominative)
HráHtriHs (nominative plural)
HráHtriH (singular vocative)
HráHtriH (dual vocative)
HráHtriHs (plural vocative)
HráHtriHm (accusative singular)
HráHtriH (accusative dual)
HráHtriHs (accusative plural)
HráHtryaH (instrumental singular)
HráHtryaH (locative singular)
HráHtriHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: रात्री (rā́trī, “night”)

Sanskrit: रात्रि॑ (rā́tri) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

⇒ Northeastern: r̆ador (< *r̆ātr-vār)

Southeastern: r̆otr

Western: r̆otr

Prasuni: žeṭ

Southern Nuristani:

⇒ Ashkun: ẓatrẽy

Tregami: ḍẓātr

Waigali: vātr

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂
Proto-Indo-European *-trih₂
Proto-Indo-Iranian *HráHtriH
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁réh₁-trih₂, from the root *h₁reh₁- (“separate, lonely, quiet”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rest”) and Proto-Germanic *rōō (“quiet”).


ȷ́awštā́

ȷ́awštā́ (nominative singular)
ȷ́awštā́rāw (dual nominative)
ȷ́awštā́ras (nominative plural)
ȷ́awštár (singular vocative)
ȷ́awštā́rāw (dual vocative)
ȷ́awštā́ras (plural vocative)
ȷ́awštā́ram (accusative singular)
ȷ́awštā́rāw (accusative dual)
ȷ́awštrás (accusative plural)
ȷ́awštráH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́awštr̥bʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
ȷ́awštr̥bʰíš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́awštr̥š (ablative singular)
ȷ́awštr̥bʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
ȷ́awštr̥bʰyáH (ablative plural)
ȷ́awštráy (dative singular)
ȷ́awštr̥bʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
ȷ́awštr̥bʰyáH (dative plural)
ȷ́awštr̥š (genitive singular)
ȷ́awštráwš (dual genitive)
ȷ́awštrā́m (genitive plural)
ȷ́awštári (locative singular)
ȷ́awštráwš (dual locative)
ȷ́awštr̥sú (locative plural)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /dauštā/)

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst' /dōst/)

Persian: دوست (dust)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵews-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awštā́
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és. Cognate with Sanskrit जोष्टा (joṣṭā, “lover”).


HástʰH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH

desctree

Sanskrit: अस्थि॑ (ásthi)
Dardic:
Kalasha: aṭhí
Khowar: استی (astī)
Pali: atthi
Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HástH
Central Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (asti)
Southeastern Iranian:
Pashto: هډ (haḍ, “bone, fruit stone”) (Perhaps)
Northwestern Iranian:
Gilaki: خش (xaš) (*asta > *ašt(a) > *haš)
Southwestern Iranian:
Middle Persian: (/ast/)
Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤 (ʾst)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾst')
Pazend script: 𐬀𐬯𐬙 (ast)
Classical Persian: است (ast)
Dari: است (ast)
Iranian Persian: است (ast)
Tajik: аст (ast)
Lurish:
Bakhtiari: خٱس (xas)
Southern Luri: هٱس (has)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).