rayšás

rayšás (nominative singular)
rayšā́ (dual nominative)
rayšā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
rayša (singular vocative)
rayšā́ (dual vocative)
rayšā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
rayšám (accusative singular)
rayšā́ (accusative dual)
rayšā́ns (accusative plural)
rayšā́ (instrumental singular)
rayšáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
rayšā́yš (instrumental plural)
rayšā́t (ablative singular)
rayšáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
rayšáybʰyas (ablative plural)
rayšā́y (dative singular)
rayšáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
rayšáybʰyas (dative plural)
rayšásya (genitive singular)
rayšáyās (dual genitive)
rayšā́nam (genitive plural)
rayšā́naHm (genitive plural)
rayšáy (locative singular)
rayšáyaw (dual locative)
rayšáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rayṣás

Sanskrit: रेष (reṣá)

Proto-Iranian: *rayšáh

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (raēša)

Baluchi: [script needed] (rēš)

Northern Kurdish: rêj (rēž) (in compounds)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lyš /rēš/)

Classical Persian: ریش (rēš)

From the root *rayš- (“to hurt, to injure”).


bʰuȷ́ás

bʰuȷ́as (nominative singular)
bʰuȷ́ā (dual nominative)
bʰuȷ́ā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
bʰuȷ́a (singular vocative)
bʰuȷ́ā (dual vocative)
bʰuȷ́ā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
bʰuȷ́am (accusative singular)
bʰuȷ́ā (accusative dual)
bʰuȷ́āns (accusative plural)
bʰuȷ́ā (instrumental singular)
bʰuȷ́aybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰuȷ́āyš (instrumental plural)
bʰuȷ́āt (ablative singular)
bʰuȷ́aybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰuȷ́aybʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰuȷ́āy (dative singular)
bʰuȷ́aybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
bʰuȷ́aybʰyas (dative plural)
bʰuȷ́asya (genitive singular)
bʰuȷ́ayās (dual genitive)
bʰuȷ́ānam (genitive plural)
bʰuȷ́ānaHm (genitive plural)
bʰuȷ́ay (locative singular)
bʰuȷ́ayaw (dual locative)
bʰuȷ́ayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Iranian: *bujáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“buck, he-goat”).


ȷ́ʰáyas

ȷ́ʰáyas (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyā (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰáyā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰáya (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰáyā (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰáyā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰáyam (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyā (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰáyāns (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰáyā (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰáyaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰáyāyš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰáyāt (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰáyaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰáyāy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰáyaybʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰáyasya (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰáyayās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰáyānam (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáyānaHm (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáyay (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰáyayaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰáyayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyas

Sanskrit: हय (háya)

Proto-Iranian: *jáyah

Northern Kurdish: -zî (in dêlezî)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyos (“horse”).


párćuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśuṣ

Sanskrit: पर्शु (párśu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *párcuš (see there for further descendants)


pr̥štʰás

pr̥štʰás (nominative singular)
pr̥štʰā́ (dual nominative)
pr̥štʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
pr̥štʰa (singular vocative)
pr̥štʰā́ (dual vocative)
pr̥štʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
pr̥štʰám (accusative singular)
pr̥štʰā́ (accusative dual)
pr̥štʰā́ns (accusative plural)
pr̥štʰā́ (instrumental singular)
pr̥štʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
pr̥štʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
pr̥štʰā́t (ablative singular)
pr̥štʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
pr̥štʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
pr̥štʰā́y (dative singular)
pr̥štʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
pr̥štʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
pr̥štʰásya (genitive singular)
pr̥štʰáyās (dual genitive)
pr̥štʰā́nam (genitive plural)
pr̥štʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
pr̥štʰáy (locative singular)
pr̥štʰáyaw (dual locative)
pr̥štʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥ṣṭʰás

Sanskrit: पृष्ठ (pṛṣṭhá)

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥štáh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *pirštíka (< *pr̥štʰikás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pṭí

Kativiri: pṭí

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: piṣṭí, pṣṭí

Tregami: priṣṭí

Waigali: yãpëṭi

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥-sth₂-ós, from *per- + *steh₂- + *-ós.


twárštā

twáršts (nominative singular)
twárštāw (dual nominative)
twárštas (nominative plural)
twáršt (singular vocative)
twárštāw (dual vocative)
twárštas (plural vocative)
twárštam (accusative singular)
twárštāw (accusative dual)
twárštas (accusative plural)
twárštaH (instrumental singular)
twárštbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
twárštbʰiš (instrumental plural)
twárštas (ablative singular)
twárštbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
twárštbʰyaH (ablative plural)
twárštay (dative singular)
twárštbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
twárštbʰyaH (dative plural)
twárštas (genitive singular)
twárštawš (dual genitive)
twárštām (genitive plural)
twáršti (locative singular)
twárštawš (dual locative)
twárštsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twá(r)ṣṭā

desc

Sanskrit: त्वष्टृ (tváṣṭṛ), त्वष्टा (tváṣṭā, nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *twárštā

Old Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭 (θβōr^əštar)

From Proto-Indo-European *twérḱ-tōr, from *twerḱ- (“to carve, cut off”) + *-tōr.


dʰaHtā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰaHtā́

Sanskrit: धातृ (dhātṛ́) (nom. sg. धाता (dhātā́))

Proto-Iranian: *daHtā́

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (dātar)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (dʾtʾl /dādār/)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-tḗr, from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”).


pānsúš

pānsús (nominative singular)
pānsúāw (dual nominative)
pānsúas (nominative plural)
pānsú (singular vocative)
pānsúāw (dual vocative)
pānsúas (plural vocative)
pānsúam (accusative singular)
pānsúāw (accusative dual)
pānsúas (accusative plural)
pānsúaH (instrumental singular)
pānsúbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
pānsúbʰiš (instrumental plural)
pānsúas (ablative singular)
pānsúbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
pānsúbʰyaH (ablative plural)
pānsúay (dative singular)
pānsúbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
pānsúbʰyaH (dative plural)
pānsúas (genitive singular)
pānsúawš (dual genitive)
pānsúām (genitive plural)
pānsúi (locative singular)
pānsúawš (dual locative)
pānsúsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pānsúṣ

Sanskrit: पांसु (pāṃsú)

Proto-Iranian: *pānsúš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬄𐬯𐬥𐬎 (pąsnu) (< *pānsnúš)

Khotanese: [script needed] (phānä)

Ossetian: (“ashes”)

Digor Ossetian: фунук (funuk)

Iron Ossetian: фӕнык (fænyk)

Parachi: [script needed] (ğāphunē)

Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *pěsъkъ.


Haćwatarás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haśwatarás

Sanskrit: अश्वतर (aśvatará)

Proto-Iranian: *Hacwataráh (see there for further descendants)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eḱwo-teros, equivalent to *Háćwas + *-taras.


Háćwapatiš

Háćwapatiš (nominative singular)
HáćwapatiH (dual nominative)
Háćwapatay (singular vocative)
HáćwapatiH (dual vocative)
Háćwapatim (accusative singular)
HáćwapatiH (accusative dual)
HáćwapatiH (instrumental singular)
Háćwapatibʰiš (instrumental plural)
Háćwapatayš (ablative singular)
Háćwapatayš (genitive singular)
Háćwapatā? (locative singular)
Háćwapatāw? (locative singular)
Háćwapatišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśwapatiṣ

Sanskrit: अश्वपति (áśvapati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hácwapatiš (see there for further descendants)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
 PIE word
 *pótis
From *Háćwas (“horse”) + *pátiš (“master”).


yáćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáśas

Sanskrit: यशस् (yáśas)

Proto-Iranian: *yácah

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (yasah)

Possibly from *h₂eyḱ- (whence Sanskrit ईश् (īś)), with schwebeablaut.


mayšás

mayšás (nominative singular)
mayšā́ (dual nominative)
mayšā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
mayša (singular vocative)
mayšā́ (dual vocative)
mayšā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
mayšám (accusative singular)
mayšā́ (accusative dual)
mayšā́ns (accusative plural)
mayšā́ (instrumental singular)
mayšáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
mayšā́yš (instrumental plural)
mayšā́t (ablative singular)
mayšáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
mayšáybʰyas (ablative plural)
mayšā́y (dative singular)
mayšáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
mayšáybʰyas (dative plural)
mayšásya (genitive singular)
mayšáyās (dual genitive)
mayšā́nam (genitive plural)
mayšā́naHm (genitive plural)
mayšáy (locative singular)
mayšáyaw (dual locative)
mayšáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mayṣás

Sanskrit: मेष (meṣá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mayšáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *moysós. The original meaning was "fur", later expanded semantically in the late PIE dialects.


kaćyápas

kaćyápas (nominative singular)
kaćyápā (dual nominative)
kaćyápā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
kaćyápa (singular vocative)
kaćyápā (dual vocative)
kaćyápā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
kaćyápam (accusative singular)
kaćyápā (accusative dual)
kaćyápāns (accusative plural)
kaćyápā (instrumental singular)
kaćyápaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
kaćyápāyš (instrumental plural)
kaćyápāt (ablative singular)
kaćyápaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
kaćyápaybʰyas (ablative plural)
kaćyápāy (dative singular)
kaćyápaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
kaćyápaybʰyas (dative plural)
kaćyápasya (genitive singular)
kaćyápayās (dual genitive)
kaćyápānam (genitive plural)
kaćyápānaHm (genitive plural)
kaćyápay (locative singular)
kaćyápayaw (dual locative)
kaćyápayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaśyápas

Sanskrit: कश्यप (kaśyápa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *kacyápah (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly from the BMAC substrate or from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to cut”).


sáktʰiš

sáktʰiš (nominative singular)
sáktʰiH (dual nominative)
sáktʰayas (nominative plural)
sáktʰay (singular vocative)
sáktʰiH (dual vocative)
sáktʰayas (plural vocative)
sáktʰim (accusative singular)
sáktʰiH (accusative dual)
sáktʰīn (accusative plural)
-īš (accusative plural)
sáktʰiH (instrumental singular)
sáktʰibʰyām (dual instrumental)
sáktʰibʰiš (instrumental plural)
sáktʰayš (ablative singular)
sáktʰibʰyām (ablative dual)
sáktʰibʰyas (ablative plural)
sáktʰayay (dative singular)
sáktʰibʰyām (dative dual)
sáktʰibʰyas (dative plural)
sáktʰayš (genitive singular)
sáktʰyawš (dual genitive)
sáktʰayām? (genitive plural)
sáktʰā? (locative singular)
sáktʰāw? (locative singular)
sáktʰyawš (dual locative)
sáktʰišu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáktʰiṣ

Sanskrit: सक्थन् (sakthán) (nom. sg. सक्थि (sákthi))

Pali: satthi

Sauraseni Prakrit:

⇒ Hindi: साँथल (sā̃thal) (archaic)

Proto-Iranian: *háxtiš (see there for further descendants)


ćáyuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śayúṣ, *śáwṣ

Sanskrit: शयु (śayú)

Dardic:

Khowar: [script needed] (ċogú, ċowu)

Proto-Iranian: *cáyuš (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéy-u-s, from *ḱey- (“to be lying down; to settle”) + *-us.


HwidʰáwaH

HwidʰáwaH (nominative singular)
Hwidʰáway (dual nominative)
Hwidʰáwās (nominative plural)
Hwidʰáway (singular vocative)
Hwidʰáway (dual vocative)
Hwidʰáwās (plural vocative)
Hwidʰáwām (accusative singular)
Hwidʰáway (accusative dual)
Hwidʰáwās (accusative plural)
HwidʰáwayaH (instrumental singular)
HwidʰáwayaH (locative singular)
HwidʰáwayaHm (locative singular)
HwidʰáwaHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwidʰáwaH

Sanskrit: विधवा (vidhávā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HwidáwaH (see there for further descendants)


kšiHrám

kšiHrám (nominative singular)
kšiHráy (dual nominative)
kšiHráH (nominative plural)
kšiHrám (singular vocative)
kšiHráy (dual vocative)
kšiHráH (plural vocative)
kšiHrám (accusative singular)
kšiHráy (accusative dual)
kšiHráH (accusative plural)
kšiHrā́ (instrumental singular)
kšiHráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
kšiHrā́yš (instrumental plural)
kšiHrā́t (ablative singular)
kšiHráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
kšiHráybʰyas (ablative plural)
kšiHrā́y (dative singular)
kšiHráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
kšiHráybʰyas (dative plural)
kšiHrásya (genitive singular)
kšiHráyās (dual genitive)
kšiHrā́nam (genitive plural)
kšiHrā́naHm (genitive plural)
kšiHráy (locative singular)
kšiHráyaw (dual locative)
kšiHráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣiHrám

Sanskrit: क्षीर (kṣīrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *xšiHrám (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly cognate with Albanian hirrë (“whey”), perhaps both borrowed from an Asiatic substrate language, or possibly further connected to Proto-West Germanic *hwaij (“whey”), from Proto-Indo-European *tkʷeyH-, *tkʷeHy-.

Brill Publishers
Holger Pedersen (linguist)
de:Brian D. Joseph


watsás

watsás (nominative singular)
watsā́ (dual nominative)
watsā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
watsa (singular vocative)
watsā́ (dual vocative)
watsā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
watsám (accusative singular)
watsā́ (accusative dual)
watsā́ns (accusative plural)
watsā́ (instrumental singular)
watsáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
watsā́yš (instrumental plural)
watsā́t (ablative singular)
watsáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
watsáybʰyas (ablative plural)
watsā́y (dative singular)
watsáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
watsáybʰyas (dative plural)
watsásya (genitive singular)
watsáyās (dual genitive)
watsā́nam (genitive plural)
watsā́naHm (genitive plural)
watsáy (locative singular)
watsáyaw (dual locative)
watsáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *watsás

Sanskrit: वत्स (vatsá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wacáh (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vasa

From Proto-Indo-European *wots-ó-s, from *wét-o-s ~ *wét-es-o-s (“year”) + *-ós.


mazgʰás

mazgʰás (nominative singular)
mazgʰā́ (dual nominative)
mazgʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
mazgʰa (singular vocative)
mazgʰā́ (dual vocative)
mazgʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
mazgʰám (accusative singular)
mazgʰā́ (accusative dual)
mazgʰā́ns (accusative plural)
mazgʰā́ (instrumental singular)
mazgʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
mazgʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
mazgʰā́t (ablative singular)
mazgʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
mazgʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
mazgʰā́y (dative singular)
mazgʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
mazgʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
mazgʰásya (genitive singular)
mazgʰáyās (dual genitive)
mazgʰā́nam (genitive plural)
mazgʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
mazgʰáy (locative singular)
mazgʰáyaw (dual locative)
mazgʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Iranian: *mazgáh (see there for further descendants)


wabžʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *wabžáH (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰs-éh₂, from *wóps.


bʰaktás

bʰaktás (nominative singular)
bʰaktā́ (dual nominative)
bʰaktā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
bʰakta (singular vocative)
bʰaktā́ (dual vocative)
bʰaktā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
bʰaktám (accusative singular)
bʰaktā́ (accusative dual)
bʰaktā́ns (accusative plural)
bʰaktā́ (instrumental singular)
bʰaktáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰaktā́yš (instrumental plural)
bʰaktā́t (ablative singular)
bʰaktáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰaktáybʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰaktā́y (dative singular)
bʰaktáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
bʰaktáybʰyas (dative plural)
bʰaktásya (genitive singular)
bʰaktáyās (dual genitive)
bʰaktā́nam (genitive plural)
bʰaktā́naHm (genitive plural)
bʰaktáy (locative singular)
bʰaktáyaw (dual locative)
bʰaktáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaktás

Sanskrit: भक्त (bhaktá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *baxtáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬀 (baxta)

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (būta, “given”)

Bactrian: βαγδο (bagdo /baγd/, “given”)

Sogdian: (/βaxt ~ βaγt/, “fate”)

Syriac script: ܒݎܬ (bxt)

Parthian: (/baxt/, “divided; fate”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫟𐫤 (bxt)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭁𐭇𐭕 (bḥt)

Middle Persian: (/baxt/, “divided; fate”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫟𐫤 (bxt)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾht'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bht')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭧𐭲 (bḥt)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮄𐮑𐮈 (bhty)

Pazend script: 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬝 (baxt̰), 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬙 (baxt)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-tó-s, from *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide”) + *-tós.


dáHnam

dáHnam (nominative singular)
dáHnay (dual nominative)
dáHnaH (nominative plural)
dáHnam (singular vocative)
dáHnay (dual vocative)
dáHnaH (plural vocative)
dáHnam (accusative singular)
dáHnay (accusative dual)
dáHnaH (accusative plural)
dáHnā (instrumental singular)
dáHnaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
dáHnāyš (instrumental plural)
dáHnāt (ablative singular)
dáHnaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
dáHnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
dáHnāy (dative singular)
dáHnaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
dáHnaybʰyas (dative plural)
dáHnasya (genitive singular)
dáHnayās (dual genitive)
dáHnānam (genitive plural)
dáHnānaHm (genitive plural)
dáHnay (locative singular)
dáHnayaw (dual locative)
dáHnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHnam

Sanskrit: दान (dā́na) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHnam

Avestan: *𐬛𐬁𐬥𐬀 (*dāna) (in personal names)


dmáHnas

dmáHnas (nominative singular)
dmáHnā (dual nominative)
dmáHnā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
dmáHna (singular vocative)
dmáHnā (dual vocative)
dmáHnā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
dmáHnam (accusative singular)
dmáHnā (accusative dual)
dmáHnāns (accusative plural)
dmáHnā (instrumental singular)
dmáHnaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
dmáHnāyš (instrumental plural)
dmáHnāt (ablative singular)
dmáHnaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
dmáHnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
dmáHnāy (dative singular)
dmáHnaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
dmáHnaybʰyas (dative plural)
dmáHnasya (genitive singular)
dmáHnayās (dual genitive)
dmáHnānam (genitive plural)
dmáHnānaHm (genitive plural)
dmáHnay (locative singular)
dmáHnayaw (dual locative)
dmáHnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dmáHnas

Sanskrit: मान (mā́na) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dmáHnaH f (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dméh₂-no-s, from *demh₂- (“to tame, domesticate”) + *-nos.


prátʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰas

Sanskrit: प्रथस् (práthas)

Proto-Iranian: *fráθah

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬵 (fraθah)

desc

Zoroastrian Dari: [script needed] (here)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: fire, fireh (“wide, broad”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (plʾhw' /frāx/)

Persian: فراخ (farâx, “wide, spacious”)

Zazaki: hara, hîra (“wide, broad”)


ǰáǰʰukas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áźʰakas

Sanskrit: जहका (jáhakā)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰúǰakah (see there for further descendants)

From *ǰáǰʰuš, *ǰáǰʰas + *-kas; compare Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬲𐬎 (jažu, “hedgehog”). Pokorny compares Lithuanian šeškas (“ferret, polecat”).


ćr̥Hwás

ćr̥Hwás (nominative singular)
ćr̥Hwā́ (dual nominative)
ćr̥Hwā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
ćr̥Hwa (singular vocative)
ćr̥Hwā́ (dual vocative)
ćr̥Hwā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
ćr̥Hwám (accusative singular)
ćr̥Hwā́ (accusative dual)
ćr̥Hwā́ns (accusative plural)
ćr̥Hwā́ (instrumental singular)
ćr̥HwáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćr̥Hwā́yš (instrumental plural)
ćr̥Hwā́t (ablative singular)
ćr̥HwáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
ćr̥Hwáybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćr̥Hwā́y (dative singular)
ćr̥HwáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
ćr̥Hwáybʰyas (dative plural)
ćr̥Hwásya (genitive singular)
ćr̥Hwáyās (dual genitive)
ćr̥Hwā́nam (genitive plural)
ćr̥Hwā́naHm (genitive plural)
ćr̥Hwáy (locative singular)
ćr̥Hwáyaw (dual locative)
ćr̥Hwáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥Hwáh (“horn”)

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (sruuā)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (šw)

Khotanese: ṣu-, ṣṣu-

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: strû (“horn”)

Central Kurdish: ئەسرۆ (esro, “horn”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (slwb' /srū/, “horn, nail”)

Ossetian:

Digor: сиуӕ (siwæ)

Iron: сы (sy)

→ Old Armenian: սրուակ (sruak)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *śarwe (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-wó-s, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”) + *-wós.


Hánćas

Hánćas (nominative singular)
Hánćam (accusative singular)
Hánćay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánśas

Sanskrit: अंश (áṃśa)

Proto-Iranian: *Háncah

Avestan: 𐬄𐬯𐬀 (ąsa)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *ońća (borrowed from earlier *Hónćos) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ónḱos, cognate with Ancient Greek ὄγκος (ónkos, “mass”).


Hnā́riH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnā́riH

Sanskrit: नारी (nā́rī) (see there for further descendants)

→ Classical Persian: ناری (nārī, “(Indian) woman”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́riH

Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬍 (nāⁱrī, “woman”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (nārä, “wife”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́rikah

Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬐𐬀 (nāⁱrika, “woman”)

Middle Persian: (/nārīg/, “wife; woman; lady”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nʾlyk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (nʾylyk')

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ناری (narî, “dear; graceful girl ; shy girl; a famous name for women”)

Northern Kurdish: narîn (dear; graceful girl) (>*īg > *ī >*īn)


Hwŕ̥HnaH

Hwŕ̥HnaH (nominative singular)
Hwŕ̥Hnay (dual nominative)
Hwŕ̥Hnay (singular vocative)
Hwŕ̥Hnay (dual vocative)
Hwŕ̥Hnay (accusative dual)
Hwŕ̥HnayaH (instrumental singular)
Hwŕ̥HnayaH (locative singular)
Hwŕ̥HnayaHm (locative singular)
Hwŕ̥HnaHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwŕ̥HnaH

Sanskrit: ऊर्णा (ū́rṇā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥HnaH

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬁 (var^ənā)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: خوری (xurî)

Northern Kurdish: hirî

Southern Kurdish: خوری (xurî)

Laki: ھوری (hurî)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LBYŠYA /warr/, “wool”)

Persian: گول (gawl, gowl, “wollen cloth”), (warr> *gurr> *gull> gowl, gawl) (possibly)

→ Persian: خوری (xuri, “a kind of texure and cloth”)


Hnā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnā́

Sanskrit: नृ (nṛ́) (ना (nā́, nom.sg.))

⇒ Sanskrit: नर (nára)

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬭 (nar) (𐬥𐬁 (nā, nom.sg.))

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: نێر (nêr)

Northern Kurdish: nêr

Middle Persian: 𐭦𐭪𐭫 (ZKL, nl /nar/)

Persian: نر (nar)

Ossetian: нӕл (næl)

Pashto: نر (nar, nër)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr (“man”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *nēr, Proto-Hellenic *anḗr.


yákr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yákr̥

Sanskrit: यकृत् (yákṛt) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yákr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: (< *yaknás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: yaňí

Kativiri: yaí

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: yón

Waigali: yok

From Proto-Indo-European *yókʷr̥ ~ *yékʷn̥s (“liver”).


mr̥tyúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥tyúṣ

Sanskrit: मृत्यु (mṛtyú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥θyúš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬎 (mər^əθiiu)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎼𐏁𐎡𐎹 (m-r-š-i-y /məršiyu/)

Parthian: [Term?] (/*marh(u)/)

→ Old Armenian: մարհ (marh)

⇒ Old Armenian: մահ (mah)

From Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).


ćŕ̥Has

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śŕ̥Has

desctree

Sanskrit: शिरस् (śíras)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)
Awadhi: सिर (sir)
Dardic:
Kashmiri: [script needed] (hīrü)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (šīr)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: සිර (sira)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)
Assamese: সিৰ (xir)
Bengali: শির (śir)
Maithili: सिर (sir)
Odia: ସିର (sira)
Pali: siras
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)
Garhwali: सिर (sir)
Gujarati: સિર (sir)
Hindustani:
Hindi: सिर (sir)
Urdu: سر (sir)
Kumaoni: सिर (sir)
Nepali: सिर (sira)
Punjabi: ਸਿਰ (sir), سر (sir)
Romani: śero, shero (Anglicized), šero (Pan-Vlax)
→ Hungarian: séró

Proto-Iranian: *cŕ̥Hah

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬭𐬀 (sāra)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian: сӕр (sær)

Sogdian: [script needed] (sr-)

Northwestern Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: ser (sar, “head”)

Parachi: sȫr

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡 (sr /sar/)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭓𐭉𐭔𐭀 (RYŠʾ /sar/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡 (sr /sar/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (sl /sar/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭱𐭤 (LOYŠE /sar/)

→ Old Armenian: կախարդա-սար (kaxarda-sar), սաղ-աւարտ (sał-awart)

→ Middle Armenian: Մանկա-սար (Manka-sar)

Proto-Nuristani: *ćíra

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ćeř (“top”) (in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ ḱŕ̥h₂-es-, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, top; horn”).


ǰánHs

ǰánHs (nominative singular)
ǰánHāw (dual nominative)
ǰánHas (nominative plural)
ǰánH (singular vocative)
ǰánHāw (dual vocative)
ǰánHas (plural vocative)
ǰánHam (accusative singular)
ǰánHāw (accusative dual)
gnáHas (accusative plural)
gnáHaH (instrumental singular)
gnáHbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
gnáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
gnáHas (ablative singular)
gnáHbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
gnáHbʰyaH (ablative plural)
gnáHay (dative singular)
gnáHbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
gnáHbʰyaH (dative plural)
gnáHas (genitive singular)
gnáHawš (dual genitive)
gnáHām (genitive plural)
ǰánHi (locative singular)
gnáHawš (dual locative)
gnáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHs

Sanskrit: जनि (jáni)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰánHh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷénh₂s, from *gʷḗn. Doublet of *gnáHs.


gnáHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gnáHs

Sanskrit: ग्ना (gnā́)

Proto-Iranian: *gnáHh

Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬥𐬁 (gənā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬖𐬆𐬥𐬁 (γənā)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷnéh₂s. Doublet of *ǰánHs.


ǰátu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́átu

desctree

Sanskrit: जतु (játu)
Dardic:
Kashmiri: زَو (zav)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Bengali: জউ (jou, “lac”)
Odia: ଜଉ (jau, “lac”)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀉 (jaü)
Pali: jatu

Proto-Iranian: *ǰátu

Southeastern Iranian:

desc

Pashto: ژاوله (žā́wla), جاوله (jā́nwla), جانوله (jā́nwala), زاوله (zā́wla)

Northwestern Iranian:

Central Kurdish: ژِوی (jiwî), جەوی (cewî), جەوِگ (cewig)

→ Northern Luri: [script needed] (ževi)

→ Persian: ژد (žad, “gum”) (dialectal)

Southwestern Iranian:

Bakhtiari: [script needed] (zeδī)

Southern Luri: [script needed] (zehī)

→ Kermanic: [script needed] (zay), [script needed] (zatūk) (Abyaneh)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hanguǰatu (“asafoetida”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷét-u ~ *gʷt-éw-s.


wr̥Hmíš

wr̥Hmíš (nominative singular)
wr̥HmíH (dual nominative)
wr̥Hmáyas (nominative plural)
wr̥Hmáy (singular vocative)
wr̥HmíH (dual vocative)
wr̥Hmáyas (plural vocative)
wr̥Hmím (accusative singular)
wr̥HmíH (accusative dual)
wr̥Hmī́n (accusative plural)
-ī́š (accusative plural)
wr̥HmíH́ (instrumental singular)
wr̥Hmíbʰyām (dual instrumental)
wr̥Hmíbʰiš (instrumental plural)
wr̥Hmáyš (ablative singular)
wr̥Hmíbʰyām (ablative dual)
wr̥Hmíbʰyas (ablative plural)
wr̥Hmáyay (dative singular)
wr̥Hmíbʰyām (dative dual)
wr̥Hmíbʰyas (dative plural)
wr̥Hmáyš (genitive singular)
wr̥Hmyáwš (dual genitive)
wr̥Hmáyām? (genitive plural)
wr̥Hmā́(w)? (locative singular)
wr̥Hmyáwš (dual locative)
wr̥Hmíšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥Hmíṣ

Sanskrit: ऊर्मि (ūrmí)

⇒ Sanskrit: ऊर्म्य (ū́rmya, “waving”)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥Hmíš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬌 (var^əmi)

From Proto-Indo-European *wl̥H-mí-s, from *welH- (“to turn, coil”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *walmiz.


dʰrúkš

dʰrúkš (nominative singular)
dʰrúǰʰāw (dual nominative)
dʰrúǰʰas (nominative plural)
dʰrúǰ (singular vocative)
dʰrúǰʰāw (dual vocative)
dʰrúǰʰas (plural vocative)
dʰrúǰʰam (accusative singular)
dʰrúǰʰāw (accusative dual)
dʰrúǰʰas (accusative plural)
dʰrúǰʰaH (instrumental singular)
dʰrúgbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
dʰrúgbʰiš (instrumental plural)
dʰrúǰʰas (ablative singular)
dʰrúgbʰyaH (ablative dual)
dʰrúgbʰyaH (ablative plural)
dʰrúǰʰay (dative singular)
dʰrúgbʰyaH (dative dual)
dʰrúgbʰyaH (dative plural)
dʰrúǰʰas (genitive singular)
dʰrúǰʰawš (dual genitive)
dʰrúǰʰām (genitive plural)
dʰrúǰʰi (locative singular)
dʰrúǰʰawš (dual locative)
dʰrúkšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰrúk ~ *druźʰás

Sanskrit: द्रुह् (drúh), ध्रुक् (dhrúk, nom.sg)

Proto-Iranian: *drúxš ~ *druǰáh

Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱 (druxš, nom.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋 (drujō, gen.abl.sg)

→ English: druj

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱 (druxš, nom.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬆𐬨 (drujəm, acc.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋 (drujō, gen.abl.sg; nom.pl), 𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬄𐬨 (adružąm, gen.pl)

→ Middle Persian: (/druz, druxš/, “demon; she-demon (in Manichaean)”)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢 (drwxš) (Only in Manichaean texts)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwc')

Pazend script: 𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲 (drūž)

→ Parthian: (/drōž ~ druž, druxš/, “demon; she-demon (in Manichaean)”)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋 (drwj), 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢 (drwxš)

Leveled from earlier *dʰráwkš ~ *dʰruǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”) + *-s.


wásr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásr̥

Vedic Sanskrit: वसर् (vásar)

Proto-Iranian: *wáhr̥

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬭 (vaŋhar)

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬌 (vaŋri, “in spring”, loc.sg)

Old Persian: *vahār (see there for further descendants)


gʰr̥dʰás

gʰr̥dʰás (nominative singular)
gʰr̥dʰā́ (dual nominative)
gʰr̥dʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
gʰr̥dʰa (singular vocative)
gʰr̥dʰā́ (dual vocative)
gʰr̥dʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
gʰr̥dʰám (accusative singular)
gʰr̥dʰā́ (accusative dual)
gʰr̥dʰā́ns (accusative plural)
gʰr̥dʰā́ (instrumental singular)
gʰr̥dʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
gʰr̥dʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
gʰr̥dʰā́t (ablative singular)
gʰr̥dʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
gʰr̥dʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
gʰr̥dʰā́y (dative singular)
gʰr̥dʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
gʰr̥dʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
gʰr̥dʰásya (genitive singular)
gʰr̥dʰáyās (dual genitive)
gʰr̥dʰā́nam (genitive plural)
gʰr̥dʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
gʰr̥dʰáy (locative singular)
gʰr̥dʰáyaw (dual locative)
gʰr̥dʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰás

Sanskrit: गृह (gṛhá, “house”)

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀕𑀭𑁆𑀳 (*garha) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: गेह (geha)

Sanskrit: *गृध (gṛdha, “fort”)

Prakrit: 𑀕𑀠 (gaḍha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥dáh

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gər^əδa, “daeva cave”)

Old Persian: *gr̥dah (“household slaves”)

Middle Persian: (“the gang, the villeins labouring on the estates of the kings, the satraps, the magnates, etc.; in war their military crew”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gʾl /gāl/)

q

more likely from <i class="Xsux mention" lang="sux">𒃼𒁺</i> (/gardu/, “soldier, military personnel, trooper”)

→ Akkadian: 𒃼𒁺 (qardu; gardu) (disputed, more likely from 𒃼𒁺 (/gardu/, “soldier, military personnel, trooper”))

→ Aramaic: גרדא (grdʾ)

→ Elamite: 𒆳𒌨 (kurtaš)

desc

Persian: کرت (kart, “plot, field, patch”)

→ Old Armenian: գերդաստան (gerdastan, “body of servants and captives”) (or inherited from Indo-European)

q

→ Proto-Permic: *gɔrt (“home”) (from an uncertain early Iranian language) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥dʰ-ó-s, from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”).


ćúšnas

ćúšnas (nominative singular)
ćúšnā (dual nominative)
ćúšnā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
ćúšna (singular vocative)
ćúšnā (dual vocative)
ćúšnā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
ćúšnam (accusative singular)
ćúšnā (accusative dual)
ćúšnāns (accusative plural)
ćúšnā (instrumental singular)
ćúšnaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćúšnāyš (instrumental plural)
ćúšnāt (ablative singular)
ćúšnaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ćúšnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćúšnāy (dative singular)
ćúšnaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ćúšnaybʰyas (dative plural)
ćúšnasya (genitive singular)
ćúšnayās (dual genitive)
ćúšnānam (genitive plural)
ćúšnānaHm (genitive plural)
ćúšnay (locative singular)
ćúšnayaw (dual locative)
ćúšnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúšnas

desc

Sanskrit: शुष्ण (śúṣṇa, “name of a demon slain by Indra”)

Proto-Iranian: *cúšnaH f

Shughni: [script needed] f (sāγ̌(d))

Bartagni: [script needed] f (sāwn, “big snake”)

Khufi: [script needed] f (sāw)

Rushani: [script needed] f (sāw, “kind of snake”)

Possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate. Compare Proto-Slavic *smokъ (“dragon”), which may be a borrowing from Proto-Iranian *cúšnakah.


tyáǰas

tyáǰas (nominative singular)
tyáǰā (dual nominative)
tyáǰā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
tyáǰa (singular vocative)
tyáǰā (dual vocative)
tyáǰā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
tyáǰam (accusative singular)
tyáǰā (accusative dual)
tyáǰāns (accusative plural)
tyáǰā (instrumental singular)
tyáǰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
tyáǰāyš (instrumental plural)
tyáǰāt (ablative singular)
tyáǰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
tyáǰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
tyáǰāy (dative singular)
tyáǰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
tyáǰaybʰyas (dative plural)
tyáǰasya (genitive singular)
tyáǰayās (dual genitive)
tyáǰānam (genitive plural)
tyáǰānaHm (genitive plural)
tyáǰay (locative singular)
tyáǰayaw (dual locative)
tyáǰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́as

Sanskrit: त्यजस् (tyájas, “abandonment, difficulty, danger”)

Proto-Iranian: *θyáǰah

Avestan: 𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬘𐬀𐬵 (ⁱθiiejah, “abandonment, difficulty, danger”)

From Proto-Indo-European *tyégʷ-os ~ *tyégʷ-es-, from *tyegʷ- (“to give up”).


dáćšinas

dáćšinas (nominative singular)
dáćšinā (dual nominative)
dáćšinā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
dáćšina (singular vocative)
dáćšinā (dual vocative)
dáćšinā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
dáćšinam (accusative singular)
dáćšinā (accusative dual)
dáćšināns (accusative plural)
dáćšinā (instrumental singular)
dáćšinaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
dáćšināyš (instrumental plural)
dáćšināt (ablative singular)
dáćšinaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
dáćšinaybʰyas (ablative plural)
dáćšināy (dative singular)
dáćšinaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
dáćšinaybʰyas (dative plural)
dáćšinasya (genitive singular)
dáćšinayās (dual genitive)
dáćšinānam (genitive plural)
dáćšinānaHm (genitive plural)
dáćšinay (locative singular)
dáćšinayaw (dual locative)
dáćšinayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáṭṣinas

desc

Sanskrit: दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa, “right; south”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dášinah

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬥𐬀 (dašina, “right; south”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian: дӕсни (dæsni, “skillful, dexterous”)

Sogdian: [Term?] (/δašn/, “right; south”)

Sogdian script: 𐼹𐽁𐼻 (δšn), 𐼹𐽁𐼻𐼷 𐼴𐼰𐽂 (δašne wāt, “southern wind”)

Syriac script: ܕܫܢܝ ܘܐܬ (δašne wāt, “southern wind”)

Manichaean script: 𐫔𐫢𐫗𐫏 𐫇𐫀𐫤 (δašne wāt, “southern wind”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: 𐫅𐫢𐫗 (dšn /dašn/, “right (side)”)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: *dašinah

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/dašn/, “right hand, right side”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dšn')

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫢𐫗 (dšn)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮃𐮐𐮌𐮈 (dšny)

Proto-Nuristani: *dáćina

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: dāćiu

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: daćū̃

From Proto-Indo-European *déḱs-i-no-s, from *deḱs- (“right side”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *deśinas.


wáčas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáćas

Sanskrit: वचस् (vácas)

Proto-Iranian: *wáčah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬵 (vacah)

From Proto-Indo-European *wékʷ-o-s, from *wekʷ- (“to speak”) + *-os. Cognate with Proto-Hellenic *wékʷos.


ȷ́ʰáwtā

ȷ́ʰáwtā (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtārāw (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰáwtāras (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtar (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtārāw (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtāras (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtāram (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtārāw (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtras (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtraH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥bʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥bʰiš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥š (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥bʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥bʰyaH (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥bʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥bʰyaH (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥š (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtrawš (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰáwtrām (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtari (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtrawš (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰáwtr̥su (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwtā

Sanskrit: होतृ (hótṛ) (होता (hótā, nom. sg))

Proto-Iranian: *jáwtā

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬀𐬭 (zaotar) (𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬁 (zaotā, nom. sg))

> Middle Persian: [script needed] (zwtl /zôtar/)

Persian: زوت (zut, “a zoroastrian priest”)

Northern Kurdish: zot kirin (“to add”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéw-tōr (literally “pourer”), from *ǵʰew- (“to pour”) + *-tōr (agent suffix).


spáćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spáṭṣ

Sanskrit: स्पश् (spáś) (स्पट् (spáṭ, nom. sg))

Proto-Iranian: *spáš

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯 (spas) (𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱 (spaš, nom. sg))

From Proto-Indo-European *spéḱs (“watcher, spy”).


Hráwma

Hráwms (nominative singular)
Hráwmas (nominative plural)
Hráwmas (plural vocative)
Hráwmam (accusative singular)
Hráwmas (accusative plural)
HráwmaH (instrumental singular)
Hráwmas (ablative singular)
Hráwmay (dative singular)
Hráwmas (genitive singular)
Hráwmi (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwma

desctree

Sanskrit: रोमन् (róman), लोमन् (lóman) — later variant
Pali: loma, roma, loma
→ Khmer: រោម (room)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀭𑁄𑀫 (roma)
Hindi: रोयाँ (royā̃)
→ Old Tamil: 𑀉𑀭𑁄𑀫𑀫𑁆 (urōmam)
Tamil: உரோமம் (urōmam)
→ Tamil: ரோமம் (rōmam)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréw-mn̥, from Proto-Indo-European *Hrew- (“to tear out”).


HyuHatáH

HyuHatáH (nominative singular)
HyuHatáy (dual nominative)
HyuHatáy (dual vocative)
HyuHatáy (accusative dual)
HyuHatáyaH (locative singular)
HyuHatáyaHm (locative singular)
HyuHatáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyuHatáH

Sanskrit: युवता (yuvatā́)


dwáyšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwáyṣas

Sanskrit: द्वेषस् (dvéṣas)

Proto-Iranian: *dwáyšah

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬵 (duuaēšah)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (byš /bēš/)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwey-s-ós, from *dwey- (“to fear”).


HáštraH

HáštraH (nominative singular)
Háštray (dual nominative)
Háštray (singular vocative)
Háštray (dual vocative)
Háštray (accusative dual)
HáštrayaH (instrumental singular)
HáštrayaH (locative singular)
HáštrayaHm (locative singular)
HáštraHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáṣṭraH

Sanskrit: अष्ट्रा (áṣṭrā)

Proto-Iranian: *HáštraH

Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬁 (aštrā)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾštl /aštar/)

→ Ugric: *oćtɜrɜ (From earlier *HáĉtraH):

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (ɔ̄śtər)

Hungarian: ostor

Feminine of **Háštram, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵ-tro-m (“instrument of propelling”), from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).


pántaHs

pántaHs (nominative singular)
pántaHāw (dual nominative)
pántaHas (nominative plural)
pántaH (singular vocative)
pántaHāw (dual vocative)
pántaHas (plural vocative)
pántaHam (accusative singular)
pántaHāw (accusative dual)
patHás (accusative plural)
patHáH (instrumental singular)
patHbʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
patHbʰíš (instrumental plural)
patHás (ablative singular)
patHbʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
patHbʰyáH (ablative plural)
patHáy (dative singular)
patHbʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
patHbʰyáH (dative plural)
patHás (genitive singular)
patHáwš (dual genitive)
patHā́m (genitive plural)
pántaHi (locative singular)
patHáwš (dual locative)
patHsú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pántaHs

desc

Sanskrit: पन्था (pánthā-), पन्थाः (pánthāḥ, nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *pántaHh

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃 (paṇtā̊)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pandaka)

Ossetian: фӕндаг (fændag)

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎰 (p-θ /paθi/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pnd /pand/, “path; counsel, advice”)

Persian: پند (pand)

Parthian: [script needed] (pand, “counsel”), 𐫛𐫗𐫅𐫀𐫗 (pndʾn /pandān/, “path”)

>? Pashto: پونده (pūndaʿh, “heel”)

→ Proto-Germanic: *paþaz (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Ugric: *pəntä́

Eastern Khanty: пәнт (pənt), пӑнт (pănt, “way”)

→ Proto-Permic: *pǟ́ntä

Udmurt: пад (pad, “path”)

Komi-Zyrian: пад (pad, “path”)

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pút

Kativiri: pút

Prasuni: vútu, út

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: pũt

From Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from *pent- (“to pass”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *finþaną (whence English find).


krátuš

krátuš (nominative singular)
krátuH (dual nominative)
krátawas (nominative plural)
krátaw (singular vocative)
krátuH (dual vocative)
krátawas (plural vocative)
krátum (accusative singular)
krátuH (accusative dual)
krátunš (accusative plural)
krátuH (instrumental singular)
krátubʰyaH (dual instrumental)
krátubʰiš (instrumental plural)
krátawš (ablative singular)
krátubʰyaH (ablative dual)
krátubʰyas (ablative plural)
krátaway (dative singular)
krátubʰyaH (dative dual)
krátubʰyas (dative plural)
krátawš (genitive singular)
krátuwaHs (dual genitive)
krátunām? (genitive plural)
krátā? (locative singular)
krátāw? (locative singular)
krátuwaw (dual locative)
krátušu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krátuṣ

Sanskrit: क्रतु (krátu)

Proto-Iranian: *xrátuš

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (xratu)

Old Median: *xratu

→ Old Persian: 𐎧𐎼𐎬 (x-r-tu /xratu/)

Middle Persian: (/xrad/)

Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫡𐫅 (xrd)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮴𐮹𐯁𐮵 (𐮴𐮹𐯁𐮵)

Northern Kurdish: xurt (“strong”), xîret (“wisdom; diligence”)

Central Kurdish: خیرەد (xîred, “wisdom”)

Parthian: [Term?] (/xard/, “strong, hard”)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/xraθu/)

From Proto-Indo-European *kré-tus, from *kret- + *-us. Cognate with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong, mighty”).


bʰudʰnás

bʰudʰnás (nominative singular)
bʰudʰnā́ (dual nominative)
bʰudʰnā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
bʰudʰna (singular vocative)
bʰudʰnā́ (dual vocative)
bʰudʰnā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
bʰudʰnám (accusative singular)
bʰudʰnā́ (accusative dual)
bʰudʰnā́ns (accusative plural)
bʰudʰnā́ (instrumental singular)
bʰudʰnáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰudʰnā́yš (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰnā́t (ablative singular)
bʰudʰnáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰudʰnáybʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰudʰnā́y (dative singular)
bʰudʰnáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
bʰudʰnáybʰyas (dative plural)
bʰudʰnásya (genitive singular)
bʰudʰnáyās (dual genitive)
bʰudʰnā́nam (genitive plural)
bʰudʰnā́naHm (genitive plural)
bʰudʰnáy (locative singular)
bʰudʰnáyaw (dual locative)
bʰudʰnáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *budʰnás

Sanskrit: बुध्न (budhná)

Gujarati: બૂધું (būdhũ)

Marathi: बूड (būḍ)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *buHnáh (“base, foundation”) (< *budnáh, assimilation of *d)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬥𐬀 (būna)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwn' /bun/, “base, foundation, bottom”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭥𐭭𐭩 (bʿny, “foundation”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (bwn /bun/, “base, bottom, foundation, beginning; root, source, origin; principle, basis”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bin (“bottom”)

Central Kurdish: بن (bin, “bottom”)

Parthian:

→ Old Armenian: բուն (bun)

Armenian: բուն (bun)

→ Lezgi: пун (pun)

→ Old Georgian: ბუნი (buni)

Georgian: ბუნი (buni)

→ Ancient Greek: βύνη (búnē, “malt”)

desctree

→ Classical Syriac: ܒܽܘܢܳܐ (būnā, “barley soaked in water”)
→ Arabic: بُنّ (bunn, “coffee bean”) (see there for further descendants)

Adapted into a masculine a-stem noun from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰ(m̥)nés, genitive singular of *bʰudʰmḗn n.


táwHsiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwHsiH

Sanskrit: तविषी (táviṣī)

Proto-Iranian: *táwHsiH

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬆𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬱𐬍 (təuuīšī)

From Proto-Indo-European *téwh₂s-ih₂ (“power, strength”), from *tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s, from *tewh₂- (“to swell; to be strong”) + *-s, + *-ih₂.


wástram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wástram

Sanskrit: वस्त्र (vástra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wástram

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (vastra)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wastar)

Persian: وشترک (vaštark) (obsolete), ورشتک (varaštak), ورشک (varašk) (misspellings)

From Proto-Indo-European *wés-tro-m, from *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).


ućíkš

ućíkš (nominative singular)
ućíǰāw (dual nominative)
ućíǰas (nominative plural)
ućíǰ (singular vocative)
ućíǰāw (dual vocative)
ućíǰas (plural vocative)
ućíǰam (accusative singular)
ućíǰāw (accusative dual)
ućíǰas (accusative plural)
ućíǰaH (instrumental singular)
ućígbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
ućígbʰiš (instrumental plural)
ućíǰas (ablative singular)
ućígbʰyaH (ablative dual)
ućígbʰyaH (ablative plural)
ućíǰay (dative singular)
ućígbʰyaH (dative dual)
ućígbʰyaH (dative plural)
ućíǰas (genitive singular)
ućíǰawš (dual genitive)
ućíǰām (genitive plural)
ućíǰi (locative singular)
ućíǰawš (dual locative)
ućíkšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uśík

Vedic Sanskrit: उशिज् (uśíj), उशिक् (uśík, nom.sg.), उशिजम् (uśíjam, acc.sg.), उशिग्भ्यस् (uśígbhyas, abl.dat.pl.)

Proto-Iranian: *ucíxš ~ *ucíǰas

Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱 (usixš, nom.sg.)

Unknown; perhaps from pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian *uḱéyk-š ~ *uḱig-és, possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


sasás

sasás (nominative singular)
sasā́ (dual nominative)
sasā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
sasa (singular vocative)
sasā́ (dual vocative)
sasā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
sasám (accusative singular)
sasā́ (accusative dual)
sasā́ns (accusative plural)
sasā́ (instrumental singular)
sasáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
sasā́yš (instrumental plural)
sasā́t (ablative singular)
sasáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
sasáybʰyas (ablative plural)
sasā́y (dative singular)
sasáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
sasáybʰyas (dative plural)
sasásya (genitive singular)
sasáyās (dual genitive)
sasā́nam (genitive plural)
sasā́naHm (genitive plural)
sasáy (locative singular)
sasáyaw (dual locative)
sasáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasás

desctree

Sanskrit: सस (sasá)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: সাহ (xah, “crops”)
Odia: ସସ (sasa, “kernel”)

From earlier *sHasás, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₁es-ó-s, from *seh₁- (“to sow”).


kšáwdas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáwdas

Sanskrit: क्षोदस् (kṣódas)

Proto-Iranian: *xšáwdah

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀𐬵 (xšaoδah)

From Proto-Indo-European *kséwd-os ~ *kséwd-es-, from *k⁽ʷ⁾sewd-.


ástam

ástam (nominative singular)
ástay (dual nominative)
ástaH (nominative plural)
ástam (singular vocative)
ástay (dual vocative)
ástaH (plural vocative)
ástam (accusative singular)
ástay (accusative dual)
ástaH (accusative plural)
ástā (instrumental singular)
ástaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
ástāyš (instrumental plural)
ástāt (ablative singular)
ástaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
ástaybʰyas (ablative plural)
ástāy (dative singular)
ástaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
ástaybʰyas (dative plural)
ástasya (genitive singular)
ástayās (dual genitive)
ástānam (genitive plural)
ástānaHm (genitive plural)
ástay (locative singular)
ástayaw (dual locative)
ástayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ástam

desctree

Sanskrit: अस्त (ásta)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣 (attha)
Pali: attha

Proto-Iranian: *ástam

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (asta)

From Proto-Indo-European *ń̥s-to-m, substantivized from *n̥s-tó- (“returned”), from *nes- (“to return home”).


yáwktram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwktram

Sanskrit: योक्त्र (yóktra)

Pali: yotta

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀢 (jotta)

Hindi: जोत (jot)

Proto-Iranian: *yáwxθram

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬆𐬜𐬭𐬀 (yaoxəδra)

From Proto-Indo-European *yéwg-tro-m, from *yewg- (“to yoke, join”).


matíš

matíš (nominative singular)
matíH (dual nominative)
matáyas (nominative plural)
matáy (singular vocative)
matíH (dual vocative)
matáyas (plural vocative)
matím (accusative singular)
matíH (accusative dual)
matī́n (accusative plural)
-ī́š (accusative plural)
matyā́ (instrumental singular)
matištyā́ (instrumental singular)
matíbʰyām (dual instrumental)
matíbʰiš (instrumental plural)
matáyš (ablative singular)
-yáš (ablative singular)
matíbʰyām (ablative dual)
matíbʰyas (ablative plural)
matáyay (dative singular)
matíbʰyām (dative dual)
matíbʰyas (dative plural)
matáyš (genitive singular)
matyáwš (dual genitive)
matáyām? (genitive plural)
matā́w (locative singular)
-yā́ (locative singular)
matyáwš (dual locative)
matíšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *matíṣ

Sanskrit: मति (matí, máti)
Pali: mati
→ Thai: มติ (má-dtì)
→ Khmer: មតិ (mĕəʼteʼ)
→ Tamil: மதி (mati)
→ Telugu: మతి (mati)
→ Hindi: मति (mati) (learned)

⇒ Sanskrit: मन्त्रिन् (mantrín) (see there for further descendants)


máryas

máryas (nominative singular)
máryā (dual nominative)
máryā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
márya (singular vocative)
máryā (dual vocative)
máryā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
máryam (accusative singular)
máryā (accusative dual)
máryāns (accusative plural)
máryā (instrumental singular)
máryaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
máryāyš (instrumental plural)
máryāt (ablative singular)
máryaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
máryaybʰyas (ablative plural)
máryāy (dative singular)
máryaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
máryaybʰyas (dative plural)
máryasya (genitive singular)
máryayās (dual genitive)
máryānam (genitive plural)
máryānaHm (genitive plural)
máryay (locative singular)
máryayaw (dual locative)
máryayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máryas

Sanskrit: मर्य (márya)

Proto-Iranian: *máryah

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱriia, “scoundrel, knave”)

Bactrian: μαρηγο (marēgo, “servant”)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎼𐎡𐎣 (m-r-i-k /marīkaʰ/) (< earlier *mariyakaʰ)

Proto-Nuristani: *mařaká, *mařakká

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: mërë́ (“boy”)

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: mërák (“boy”)

From Proto-Indo-European *mér-yo-s, from *mer- (“young boy, girl”). Cognate with Latin marītus (“husband”), Ancient Greek μεῖραξ (meîrax, “girl, boy”), Old Armenian մարի (mari, “young man; female bird; hen”), Lithuanian martì (“daughter-in-law”), mergà (“girl”), Proto-Brythonic *moruɨn (“girl”), *merx (“girl”).


Hmíčš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmíṭṣ ~ *Hmiźʰás

Sanskrit: मिह् (míh) (मिहम् (míham, acc.sg.), मिहः (miháḥ, gen.sg.), मिहः (míhaḥ, nom.pl.), मिहस् (míhas, acc.pl.))

Proto-Iranian: *Hmíčš ~ *Hmiǰás

desc

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hmíčas, *HmíčaH (thematicized) (see there for further descendants)

Leveled from earlier *Hmáykš ~ *Hmiǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃méygʰ-s ~ *h₃migʰ-és, from *h₃meygʰ- (“fog, mist, cloud”) + *-s.


pā́ts

pā́ts ~ *padás (canonical masculine)
pā́ts (nominative singular)
pā́dāw (dual nominative)
pā́das (nominative plural)
pád (singular vocative)
pā́dāw (dual vocative)
pā́das (plural vocative)
pā́dam (accusative singular)
pā́dāw (accusative dual)
padás (accusative plural)
padáH (instrumental singular)
padbʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
padbʰíš (instrumental plural)
padás (ablative singular)
padbʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
padbʰyáH (ablative plural)
padáy (dative singular)
padbʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
padbʰyáH (dative plural)
padás (genitive singular)
padáwš (dual genitive)
padā́m (genitive plural)
padí (locative singular)
padáwš (dual locative)
padsú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pā́ts ~ *padás

Sanskrit: पद् (pád) (पात् (pā́t, nom.sg.))

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds ~ *pedés.


bʰáHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHas

Sanskrit: भास् (bhā́s)

Proto-Nuristani: *bāsá (“flame”) (glossed as "flame" by Konow (1911) and Turner, but "wind, steam" by Strand)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: bós

Kativiri: bós

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: bás

Tregami: bás

Waigali: bas

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂-os ~ bʰéh₂-es-, from *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φάος (pháos).


śćaHyáH

śćaHyáH (nominative singular)
śćaHyáy (dual nominative)
śćaHyā́s (nominative plural)
śćaHyay (singular vocative)
śćaHyáy (dual vocative)
śćaHyā́s (plural vocative)
śćaHyā́m (accusative singular)
śćaHyáy (accusative dual)
śćaHyā́s (accusative plural)
śćaHyáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
śćaHyáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
śćaHyáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
śćaHyáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
śćaHyáyaHs (ablative singular)
śćaHyáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
śćaHyáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
śćaHyáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
śćaHyáyaHy (dative singular)
śćaHyáHbʰyā (dative dual)
śćaHyáHbʰyām (dative dual)
śćaHyáHbʰyas (dative plural)
śćaHyáyaHs (genitive singular)
śćaHyāyās (dual genitive)
śćaHyáHnām (genitive plural)
śćaHyáyaH (locative singular)
śćaHyáyaHm (locative singular)
śćaHyāyaw (dual locative)
śćaHyáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćaHyáH

Sanskrit: छाया (chāyā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *caHyáH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *scāyiká

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ćavẽ́

Kativiri: ćavë́

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: čëkërë

𐫗

>? Parthian: (/nisāg/, “bright, splendid”, literally “shadow-less”)


skambʰás

skambʰás (nominative singular)
skambʰā́ (dual nominative)
skambʰā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
skambʰa (singular vocative)
skambʰā́ (dual vocative)
skambʰā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
skambʰám (accusative singular)
skambʰā́ (accusative dual)
skambʰā́ns (accusative plural)
skambʰā́ (instrumental singular)
skambʰáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
skambʰā́yš (instrumental plural)
skambʰā́t (ablative singular)
skambʰáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
skambʰáybʰyas (ablative plural)
skambʰā́y (dative singular)
skambʰáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
skambʰáybʰyas (dative plural)
skambʰásya (genitive singular)
skambʰáyās (dual genitive)
skambʰā́nam (genitive plural)
skambʰā́naHm (genitive plural)
skambʰáy (locative singular)
skambʰáyaw (dual locative)
skambʰáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skambʰás

desctree

Sanskrit: स्कम्भ (skambhá)
Dardic:
Kashmiri: [script needed] (khambürü, “hollow left in a heap of grain”)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: කප (kapa)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀔𑀁𑀪 (khaṃbha)
Bengali: খাম (kham), খাম্বা (khamba)
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: खम्भा (khambhā)
Maithili: खाम्ह (khāmh), खम्हा (khamhā), खाम्ही (khāmhī)
Odia: ଖମ୍ବ (khamba, “post”), ଖମା (khamā, “pit”)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀁𑀪 (khaṃbha)
Konkani: खांबो (khāmbo)
Old Marathi: खांब (khāṃba)
Marathi: खांब (khāmba)
Pali: khambha
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀁𑀪 (khaṃbha)
Gujarati: ખામ (khām), ખંભો (khambho)
Hindustani:
Hindi: खम्भ (khambh), खंभा (khambhā)
Urdu: کھمبھا (khambhā)
Kumaoni: खामो (khāmo)
Marwari: खांबडो (khā̃baṛo, “hole”)
Nepali: खांबो (khāmbo)
Punjabi: ਖੰਭ (khambh), کھنبھا / ਖੰਭਾ (khambhā)

Proto-Iranian: *skambáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: *𐬯𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬠𐬀 (*skamba)

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬠𐬆𐬨 (upaskambəm, “securing”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: سکام (skām, “tent pole”)

Proto-Nuristani: *skambá

Northern Nuristani:

Prasuni: ūškōb, iškyōp (“bridge”)

From Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to hold up”). Cognate with Latin scamnum (“stool, bench”).


māmsám

māmsam (nominative singular)
māmsay (dual nominative)
māmsaH (nominative plural)
māmsam (singular vocative)
māmsay (dual vocative)
māmsaH (plural vocative)
māmsam (accusative singular)
māmsay (accusative dual)
māmsaH (accusative plural)
māmsā (instrumental singular)
māmsaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
māmsāyš (instrumental plural)
māmsāt (ablative singular)
māmsaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
māmsaybʰyas (ablative plural)
māmsāy (dative singular)
māmsaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
māmsaybʰyas (dative plural)
māmsasya (genitive singular)
māmsayās (dual genitive)
māmsānam (genitive plural)
māmsānaHm (genitive plural)
māmsay (locative singular)
māmsayaw (dual locative)
māmsayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *māmsám

Sanskrit: मांस (māṃsá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *mā̃sá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: mus

Kativiri: mus

Prasuni:

Pronz: musuk

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: mos

Waigali: mus

From Proto-Indo-European *mēms-ó-m, thematicization of *mḗms, from *mems- (“flesh, meat”).


tŕ̥nam

tŕ̥nam (nominative singular)
tŕ̥nay (dual nominative)
tŕ̥naH (nominative plural)
tŕ̥nam (singular vocative)
tŕ̥nay (dual vocative)
tŕ̥naH (plural vocative)
tŕ̥nam (accusative singular)
tŕ̥nay (accusative dual)
tŕ̥naH (accusative plural)
tŕ̥nā (instrumental singular)
tŕ̥naybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
tŕ̥nāyš (instrumental plural)
tŕ̥nāt (ablative singular)
tŕ̥naybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
tŕ̥naybʰyas (ablative plural)
tŕ̥nāy (dative singular)
tŕ̥naybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
tŕ̥naybʰyas (dative plural)
tŕ̥nasya (genitive singular)
tŕ̥nayās (dual genitive)
tŕ̥nānam (genitive plural)
tŕ̥nānaHm (genitive plural)
tŕ̥nay (locative singular)
tŕ̥nayaw (dual locative)
tŕ̥nayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥nam (“grass”)

desctree

Sanskrit: तृण (tṛ́ṇa)
Dardic:
⇒ Kashmiri: ٹنکا (tinka)
Northwest Pashayi: ٹرین (trīn)
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ތިނަ (tina)
Sinhalese: තණ (taṇa)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀡 (taṇa), 𑀢𑀺𑀡 (tiṇa)
⇒ Bengali: তিনকা (tinoka, “morsel”)
⇒ Bihari: तिनका (tinkā, “piece of leaf fiber”)
Maithili: तनिक (tanik)
Odia: ଟିଣା (ṭiṇā)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀡 (taṇa), 𑀢𑀺𑀡 (tiṇa)
Konkani: तण (taṇ)
Marathi: तण (taṇ)
Pali: tiṇa
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀢𑀡 (taṇa), 𑀢𑀺𑀡 (tiṇa)
⇒ Garhwali: तिण्कु (tiṇku)
Gujarati: તરણ (taraṇ), ત્રણું (traṇũ)
⇒ Hindi: तिनका (tinkā)
Kumaoni: तिण (tiṇ)
⇒ Nepali: तेन्द्रो (tendro), त्यान्द्रो (tyāndro)
Punjabi: ਤਿਣ (tiṇ), ਤਿਣਾ (tiṇā, “piece of leaf”)
Romani: ćar

Proto-Nuristani: *tr̥ná (“thorn”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: taňí

Kativiri: taí

From Proto-Indo-European *tŕ̥nom, nominalization of *tr̥nós (“sharp, stiff”), from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).


yáwas

yáwas (nominative singular)
yáwā (dual nominative)
yáwā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
yáwa (singular vocative)
yáwā (dual vocative)
yáwā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
yáwam (accusative singular)
yáwā (accusative dual)
yáwāns (accusative plural)
yáwā (instrumental singular)
yáwaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
yáwāyš (instrumental plural)
yáwāt (ablative singular)
yáwaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
yáwaybʰyas (ablative plural)
yáwāy (dative singular)
yáwaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
yáwaybʰyas (dative plural)
yáwasya (genitive singular)
yáwayās (dual genitive)
yáwānam (genitive plural)
yáwānaHm (genitive plural)
yáway (locative singular)
yáwayaw (dual locative)
yáwayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwas

Sanskrit: यव (yáva) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yáwah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *yawa

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: yo

Tregami: žo

Waigali: yo

→ Proto-Finnic: *jüvä (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”).


kšáps

kšáps (nominative singular)
kšápāw (dual nominative)
kšápas (nominative plural)
kšáp (singular vocative)
kšápāw (dual vocative)
kšápas (plural vocative)
kšápam (accusative singular)
kšápāw (accusative dual)
kšapás (accusative plural)
kšapáH (instrumental singular)
kšapbʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
kšapbʰíš (instrumental plural)
kšapás (ablative singular)
kšapbʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
kšapbʰyáH (ablative plural)
kšapáy (dative singular)
kšapbʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
kšapbʰyáH (dative plural)
kšapás (genitive singular)
kšapáwš (dual genitive)
kšapā́m (genitive plural)
kšápi (locative singular)
kšapáwš (dual locative)
kšapsú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáps

desctree

Sanskrit: क्षप् (kṣáp)
Dardic:
→ Khowar: چُھوئی (čhuí)
→ Telugu: క్షప (kṣapa)

Proto-Iranian: *xšáfš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: čū (“last night”)

PIE word
 *kʷséps
From Proto-Indo-European *kʷséps.


kšurás

kšurás (nominative singular)
kšurā́ (dual nominative)
kšurā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
kšura (singular vocative)
kšurā́ (dual vocative)
kšurā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
kšurám (accusative singular)
kšurā́ (accusative dual)
kšurā́ns (accusative plural)
kšurā́ (instrumental singular)
kšuráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
kšurā́yš (instrumental plural)
kšurā́t (ablative singular)
kšuráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
kšuráybʰyas (ablative plural)
kšurā́y (dative singular)
kšuráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
kšuráybʰyas (dative plural)
kšurásya (genitive singular)
kšuráyās (dual genitive)
kšurā́nam (genitive plural)
kšurā́naHm (genitive plural)
kšuráy (locative singular)
kšuráyaw (dual locative)
kšuráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣurás

Sanskrit: क्षुर (kṣurá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *čúri (“sickle”) (< *kšúryas) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ksu-ró-s, from *ksew- (“to scrape, sharpen, shave”).


yamás

yamás (nominative singular)
yamā́ (dual nominative)
yamā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
yama (singular vocative)
yamā́ (dual vocative)
yamā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
yamám (accusative singular)
yamā́ (accusative dual)
yamā́ns (accusative plural)
yamā́ (instrumental singular)
yamáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
yamā́yš (instrumental plural)
yamā́t (ablative singular)
yamáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
yamáybʰyas (ablative plural)
yamā́y (dative singular)
yamáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
yamáybʰyas (dative plural)
yamásya (genitive singular)
yamáyās (dual genitive)
yamā́nam (genitive plural)
yamā́naHm (genitive plural)
yamáy (locative singular)
yamáyaw (dual locative)
yamáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yamás

Sanskrit: यम (yamá)
Dardic:
Khowar: جمےژ (ǰamiž)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: යමා (yamā)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: जेंवां (jēnvā̃)
Maharastri Prakrit:
Marathi: जवा (javā)
Pali: yama

Proto-Iranian: *yamáh

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬇𐬨𐬀 (yə̄ma, “twin; Jamshid, Yima”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 (yima)

Sogdian: (/Yime~ Yimi/, “Yima, Jamshid”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ymyh)

Middle Persian: (/ǰam/, “twin; Jamshid”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (jm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ym)

Proto-Nuristani: *yamá

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *yāmaṇa

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: iāmṇa

Kativiri: iāmṇa

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: iāmūṇa

→ Proto-Finnic: *jama (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *juomē (see there for further descendants)


HáHtmā

HáHtmā ~ *Htmáns (canonical masculine)
HáHtmā (nominative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHtmā ~ *Htmáns

Vedic Sanskrit: त्मन् (tmán), (later) आत्मन् (ātmán) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *āmmána (“self”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: amú

Kativiri: amú

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁t-
Proto-Indo-European *-mō
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁tmō
Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtmā
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés (“breath, spirit”), from *h₁eh₁t- (“to breathe”) + *-mō. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ēþmô (“breath”), Proto-Tocharian *āñcäme (“wish, self, soul”).


Hásuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásuṣ

desc

Sanskrit: असु (ásu), असुष् (ásuṣ, nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *Háhuš

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱 (aŋhuš, nom.sg.), 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬇𐬎𐬱 (aŋhə̄uš, gen.sg.)

Early Middle Persian: (“existence, life; mind”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhw' /axʷ/)

Sogdian: (“heart, mind”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫇𐫟 (ʾwx /ux/), 𐫀𐫇𐫟𐫏 (ʾwxy /uxē/)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁és-u-s ~ *h₁s-éw-s (“existening”), from *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-us.

der

𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬁

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵𐬏 (ahuuāhū, “being, life”, loc.pl.); Younger Avestan


sákʰā

sákʰā (nominative singular)
sákʰāyāw (dual nominative)
sákʰāyas (nominative plural)
sákʰay (singular vocative)
sákʰāyāw (dual vocative)
sákʰāyas (plural vocative)
sákʰāyam (accusative singular)
sákʰāyāw (accusative dual)
sakʰyás (accusative plural)
sakʰyáH (instrumental singular)
sakʰibʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
sakʰibʰíš (instrumental plural)
sakʰyás (ablative singular)
sakʰibʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
sakʰibʰyáH (ablative plural)
sakʰyáy (dative singular)
sakʰibʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
sakʰibʰyáH (dative plural)
sakʰyás (genitive singular)
sakʰyáwš (dual genitive)
sakʰyā́m (genitive plural)
sákʰayi (locative singular)
sakʰyáwš (dual locative)
sakʰisú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sákʰā

Sanskrit: सखि (sákhi) (सखा (sákhā, nom.sg.))

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *háxā
Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬁𐬌𐬌 (haxāii) (𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬀 (haxa, nom.sg.))
Old Persian: *haxā

From Proto-Indo-European *sékʷ-h₂-ō ~ *sékʷ-h₂-y-os, from *sekʷ- (“to follow”).


ćúptiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúptiś

Sanskrit: शुप्ति (śúpti)

Proto-Iranian: *cúptiš

Avestan: 𐬯𐬎𐬞𐬙𐬌 (supti)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱúp-ti-s. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hupiz.


múHtram

múHtram (nominative singular)
múHtray (dual nominative)
múHtraH (nominative plural)
múHtram (singular vocative)
múHtray (dual vocative)
múHtraH (plural vocative)
múHtram (accusative singular)
múHtray (accusative dual)
múHtraH (accusative plural)
múHtrā (instrumental singular)
múHtraybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
múHtrāyš (instrumental plural)
múHtrāt (ablative singular)
múHtraybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
múHtraybʰyas (ablative plural)
múHtrāy (dative singular)
múHtraybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
múHtraybʰyas (dative plural)
múHtrasya (genitive singular)
múHtrayās (dual genitive)
múHtrānam (genitive plural)
múHtrānaHm (genitive plural)
múHtray (locative singular)
múHtrayaw (dual locative)
múHtrayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *múHtram

Sanskrit: मूत्र (mū́tra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *múHtram

Avestan: 𐬨𐬏𐬚𐬭𐬀 (mūθra, “diarrhoea”)

Old Median: *Múθrayǰəh, *Múθrēǰəh (+ *-ayǰəh)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈬𒌓𒊑𒄑𒍝𒀭 (mu-ut-re-ez-za-an), 𒈬𒌓𒊑𒍝𒅖 (mu-ut-re-za-iš)

Proto-Nuristani: *mū́tra

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: motrók

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *gū́ta-mū́tra (< *guHtʰá-múHtram)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: gümǘtr (“feces”)

From Proto-Indo-European *múHtrom (“excrement, filth”).


kanyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanyáH

Sanskrit: कन्या (kanyā́, “girl”)

Pali: kaññā

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (kaṇṇā)

Proto-Iranian: *kanyáH

Central Iranian

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬁 (kaniiā, “girl; maiden”), 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬁 (kaⁱniiā), 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬈 (kaⁱne) 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬍 (kaⁱnī, “young woman”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬍𐬐𐬁 (kaⁱnīkā, “young woman”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian: чындз (ḱynʒ)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: κισατο (kisato, “youngest”) (perhaps: <*kasišta <*kanyáH-ištaH)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: (/kan(ā)č(ē)/, “small girl”), (/kančīk/, “girl”)

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫗𐫝 (knc), 𐫞𐫗𐫝𐫐 (qnck), 𐫞𐫗𐫝𐫝𐫏 (qnccy), 𐫐𐫗𐫝𐫏𐫐 (kncyk)

Syriac script: ݎܢܨܐݎ (kncʾk), ܩܢܨܩ (qncq)

Yagnobi: ғайк (γayk)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: کج (kaj), کنشک (kinišk)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: کچ (kiç), کەنیشک (kenîşk), کیژۆڵە (kîjolle, “small girl, young girl”)

Northern Kurdish: keç, kiç, kenîşk

Southern Kurdish: کەنیشک (kenîşk), کِشکِڵە (kişkille, “young girl”)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *kanīka

Caspian:

Gilaki: کیجا (kīǰā), کيلکا (kīlkā)

Mazanderani: کیجا (kīǰā)

Old Median:

Alviri-Vidari: کنگ (kaneg)

Old Tati:

Old Azari: کینا (kīnā)

Talysh: [Term?] (/kəla/)

Arabic script: کله

Latin script: kəla

Parthian: (/kanīg/), (/kanīžag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫑𐫗𐫏𐫃 (qnyg), 𐫑𐫗𐫏𐫝𐫃 (qnycg)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: کنا (kinā), کناچێ (kināčē)

Zazaki: kêna, keynek

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/kanīg/, “girl; maid”), (/kanīzag/, “small girl; maiden”)

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫗𐫏𐫃 (knyg), 𐫐𐫗𐫏𐫝𐫃 (knycg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (knyk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (knyck')

Pazend script: 𐬐𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬗𐬀𐬐 (kanicak)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: کچی (keçi, “small sister”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“new, fresh”).


párwatas

párwatas (nominative singular)
párwatā (dual nominative)
párwatā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
párwata (singular vocative)
párwatā (dual vocative)
párwatā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
párwatam (accusative singular)
párwatā (accusative dual)
párwatāns (accusative plural)
párwatā (instrumental singular)
párwataybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
párwatāyš (instrumental plural)
párwatāt (ablative singular)
párwataybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
párwataybʰyas (ablative plural)
párwatāy (dative singular)
párwataybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
párwataybʰyas (dative plural)
párwatasya (genitive singular)
párwatayās (dual genitive)
párwatānam (genitive plural)
párwatānaHm (genitive plural)
párwatay (locative singular)
párwatayaw (dual locative)
párwatayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párwatas

Sanskrit: पर्वत (párvata) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *párwatah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁 (paᵘruuatā)

From Proto-Indo-European *pérwn̥-to-s (“rocky”), from *pérwr̥ (“rock”).


satˢtrám

satˢtrám (nominative singular)
satˢtráy (dual nominative)
satˢtráH (nominative plural)
satˢtrám (singular vocative)
satˢtráy (dual vocative)
satˢtráH (plural vocative)
satˢtrám (accusative singular)
satˢtráy (accusative dual)
satˢtráH (accusative plural)
satˢtrā́ (instrumental singular)
satˢtráybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
satˢtrā́yš (instrumental plural)
satˢtrā́t (ablative singular)
satˢtráybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
satˢtráybʰyas (ablative plural)
satˢtrā́y (dative singular)
satˢtráybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
satˢtráybʰyas (dative plural)
satˢtrásya (genitive singular)
satˢtráyās (dual genitive)
satˢtrā́nam (genitive plural)
satˢtrā́naHm (genitive plural)
satˢtráy (locative singular)
satˢtráyaw (dual locative)
satˢtráyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sattrám

desc

Sanskrit: सत्त्र (sattrá, “a great Soma sacrifice at least 13 days long”)

Proto-Iranian: *hastrám

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (hastra, “gathering at which sacrifice hymns are recited”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sed-tlóm, from *sed- (“to sit”). Equivalent to the root of *síždati + *-trám.

(religion) session of sacrifice, sacrificial gathering


táwkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túkṣ ~ *tućás

Sanskrit: तुच् (túc) (तुक् (tuk, nom.sg.), मतुचे (tucé, dat.sg.))

From Proto-Indo-European *téwk-s ~ *tuk-és, from *tewk- (“seed, offspring”) + *-s.


mazǰʰā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maźźʰā́

Sanskrit: मज्जन् (majján) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mazǰā́

Khotanese: [script needed] (mäjsā), [script needed] (mijsā)

Northern Luri: مٱزغ (mazq)

Proto-Nuristani: *maǰǰá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: múč

Kativiri: múj

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: amōźã́

Waigali: muj

From Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰ-ḗn ~ *m̥sgʰ-nés, from *mosgʰos + *-ḗn.


stáwras

Proto-Iranian: *stáwrah (see there for further descendants)


ćárguš

head

*ćárguš ~ ćr̥ȷ́áwš

*ćárguš ~ ćr̥ȷ́áwš m

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥gālás (+ *-ālás (agent suffix))

desc

Sanskrit: सृगाल (sṛgālá, “jackal”), शृगाल (śṛgāla), शृकाल (śṛkāla) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cárguš (“lion”) (see there for further descendants)

If inherited, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérg-ús ~ *ḱr̥g-éws, or perhaps borrowed from the BMAC substrate.


Hyaȷ́atás

Hyaȷ́atas (nominative singular)
Hyaȷ́atam (accusative singular)
Hyaȷ́atāns (accusative plural)
Hyaȷ́atāt (ablative singular)
Hyaȷ́atāy (dative singular)
Hyaȷ́atay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyaȷ́atás

Sanskrit: यजत (yajatá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyajatáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵetós, from *h₁yaǵ- (“to sacrifice, worship”). Cognate with Latin iēiūnus (“fasting, abstinent”)).


ȷ́ʰáwtraH

ȷ́ʰáwtraH (nominative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (dual nominative)
ȷ́ʰáwtrās (nominative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (singular vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (dual vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtrās (plural vocative)
ȷ́ʰáwtrām (accusative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtray (accusative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtrās (accusative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayaH (instrumental singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayaHs (ablative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyā (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyām (ablative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyas (ablative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayaHy (dative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyā (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyām (dative dual)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHbʰyas (dative plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayaHs (genitive singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtrāyās (dual genitive)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHnām (genitive plural)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayaH (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtrayaHm (locative singular)
ȷ́ʰáwtrāyaw (dual locative)
ȷ́ʰáwtraHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwtraH

desc

Sanskrit: होत्रा f (hótrā), होत्र m (hotrá)

Proto-Iranian: *jáwθraH (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéw-tr-eh₂, from *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).


bʰāgás

bʰāgas (nominative singular)
bʰāgā (dual nominative)
bʰāgā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
bʰāga (singular vocative)
bʰāgā (dual vocative)
bʰāgā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
bʰāgam (accusative singular)
bʰāgā (accusative dual)
bʰāgāns (accusative plural)
bʰāgā (instrumental singular)
bʰāgaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰāgāyš (instrumental plural)
bʰāgāt (ablative singular)
bʰāgaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰāgaybʰyas (ablative plural)
bʰāgāy (dative singular)
bʰāgaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
bʰāgaybʰyas (dative plural)
bʰāgasya (genitive singular)
bʰāgayās (dual genitive)
bʰāgānam (genitive plural)
bʰāgānaHm (genitive plural)
bʰāgay (locative singular)
bʰāgayaw (dual locative)
bʰāgayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāgás

Sanskrit: भाग (bhāgá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *bāgáh (“part; garden”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬁𐬔𐬀 (bāga, “part”)

Baluchi: باگ (bág)

Mazanderani: [script needed] (bāq)

desctree

Old Persian: *bāgah
Middle Persian:
Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫀𐫇 (bʾw /bāw/)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾg /bāɣ/)
> Persian: باغ (bâğ) (inherited) (see there for further descendants)
→ Classical Syriac: ܒܓܐ (bāḡā, “garden”)
→ Classical Mandaic: ࡁࡀࡂࡀ (baga, “garden”)
→ Aramaic:
Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂 (bg, “agricultural domain, fief”)
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: באגא (“outskirts of a town”)

Sogdian: (/βāɣ/)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫀𐫄 (bʾɣ)

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (βʾɣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-ó-s, from *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute, allot”) + *-ós.


makáćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *makáśas

Sanskrit: *मकश (*makáśa)

Classical Sanskrit: मशक (maśáka) (metathesized) (see there for further descendants)

Pali: makasa

Proto-Iranian: *makácaH, *makā́caH (see there for further descendants)

Presumably leveled from *mákā́ćš ~ *makaćás, from *mákš + *-ā́ćš (animal and plant suffix).


mákšiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mákṣiH

Sanskrit: मक्षि (makṣi)

⇒ Sanskrit: मक्षिका (makṣikā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *máxšiH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *mā́čī

desc

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *māčíka (“apian; honey”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: mac̣íë̃

Kativiri: mačí

Prasuni: maṭék

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: mačí

Waigali: mac̣i


mákš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mákš

Vedic Sanskrit: मक्ष् (mákṣ)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *mekše (“bee”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Indo-European *mék-s ~ *m̥k-és, from Proto-Indo-European *mek-, possibly of substrate origin. Perhaps cognate with Lithuanian mãkatas (“midge”), if not itself borrowed from Iranian.


sapátniH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sapátniH

Sanskrit: सपत्नी (sapátnī) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hapáθniH (see there for further descendants)

From *sa- (“together, co-”) + *pátniH (“mistress, wife”).


átkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *átkas

Sanskrit: अत्क (átka)

Proto-Iranian: *áδkah

Avestan:

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬜𐬐𐬀 (aδka), 𐬀𐬝𐬐𐬀 (at̰ka)

Perhaps from the the BMAC substrate.
Pokorny suggested from Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥t-ko-s, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“to weave”) on the basis of Ancient Greek ἄττομαι (áttomai, “to weave”), Albanian end, ent, int. Lubotsky considers this "most probably wrong", presumably given the strange root structure and accentuation.


gárbʰas

gárbʰas (nominative singular)
gárbʰā (dual nominative)
gárbʰā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
gárbʰa (singular vocative)
gárbʰā (dual vocative)
gárbʰā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
gárbʰam (accusative singular)
gárbʰā (accusative dual)
gárbʰāns (accusative plural)
gárbʰā (instrumental singular)
gárbʰaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
gárbʰāyš (instrumental plural)
gárbʰāt (ablative singular)
gárbʰaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
gárbʰaybʰyas (ablative plural)
gárbʰāy (dative singular)
gárbʰaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
gárbʰaybʰyas (dative plural)
gárbʰasya (genitive singular)
gárbʰayās (dual genitive)
gárbʰānam (genitive plural)
gárbʰānaHm (genitive plural)
gárbʰay (locative singular)
gárbʰayaw (dual locative)
gárbʰayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárbʰas

Sanskrit: गर्भ (gárbha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gárbah

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡𐬀 (gar^əβa)

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫡𐫀𐫁 (grʾb /grāβ/)

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gpl /gabr/)


Hádᶻgas

Hádᶻgas (nominative singular)
Hádᶻga (singular vocative)
Hádᶻgam (accusative singular)
Hádᶻgasya (genitive singular)
Hádᶻgayās (dual genitive)
Hádᶻgay (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádgas

Sanskrit: अद्ग (ádga)

Proto-Iranian: *Házgas

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾzg /azg/, “branch”)

Persian: آزغ (âzğ, “a thing lopped (as vine-prunings); slip, cutting, scion”), ازخ (âzax, “twig, vine”)

→ Old Armenian: ազգ (azg) (see there for further descendants)

Disputed; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *Hód(s)gʷ-o-s or *h₃éd(s)gʷ-o-s, cognate with Old Irish odb (“knot in a tree; branch”) and less convincingly with Lithuanian uodegà (“tail”). Further suggested to be connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósdos (“branch”) through metathesis, perhaps ultimately deriving from *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


agʰnyáH

agʰnyáH (nominative singular)
agʰnyáy (dual nominative)
agʰnyā́s (nominative plural)
agʰnyay (singular vocative)
agʰnyáy (dual vocative)
agʰnyā́s (plural vocative)
agʰnyā́m (accusative singular)
agʰnyáy (accusative dual)
agʰnyā́s (accusative plural)
agʰnyáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
agʰnyáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
agʰnyáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
agʰnyáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
agʰnyáyaHs (ablative singular)
agʰnyáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
agʰnyáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
agʰnyáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
agʰnyáyaHy (dative singular)
agʰnyáHbʰyā (dative dual)
agʰnyáHbʰyām (dative dual)
agʰnyáHbʰyas (dative plural)
agʰnyáyaHs (genitive singular)
agʰnyāyās (dual genitive)
agʰnyáHnām (genitive plural)
agʰnyáyaH (locative singular)
agʰnyáyaHm (locative singular)
agʰnyāyaw (dual locative)
agʰnyáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *agʰnyáH

Sanskrit: अघ्न्या (aghnyā́, “cow”)

Proto-Iranian: *agnyáH

Avestan: 𐬀𐬔𐬆𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬁 (agəniiā, “milch cow”)

Feminine of *agʰnyás, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-gʷʰn̥-yós (literally “not to be killed”), from *gʷʰen- (“to kill”).


sHáytuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHáytuṣ

Sanskrit: सेतु (sétu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hHáytuš

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎 (haētu)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: хед (xed)

Iron Ossetian: хид (xid)

⇒ Yagnobi: етк (yetk)

→ Hungarian: híd

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s, from *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”) + *-tus.


bʰaHnúš

bʰaHnús (nominative singular)
bʰaHnúāw (dual nominative)
bʰaHnúas (nominative plural)
bʰaHnú (singular vocative)
bʰaHnúāw (dual vocative)
bʰaHnúas (plural vocative)
bʰaHnúam (accusative singular)
bʰaHnúāw (accusative dual)
bʰaHnúas (accusative plural)
bʰaHnúaH (instrumental singular)
bʰaHnúbʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
bʰaHnúbʰiš (instrumental plural)
bʰaHnúas (ablative singular)
bʰaHnúbʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
bʰaHnúbʰyaH (ablative plural)
bʰaHnúay (dative singular)
bʰaHnúbʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
bʰaHnúbʰyaH (dative plural)
bʰaHnúas (genitive singular)
bʰaHnúawš (dual genitive)
bʰaHnúām (genitive plural)
bʰaHnúi (locative singular)
bʰaHnúawš (dual locative)
bʰaHnúsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaHnúṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: भानु (bhānú)
Tamil: பானு (pāṉu)
Bengali: ভানু (bhanu)

Proto-Iranian: *baHnúš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬁𐬥𐬎 (bānu)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).


wr̥šníš

wr̥šníš (nominative singular)
wr̥šníH (dual nominative)
wr̥šnáyas (nominative plural)
wr̥šnáy (singular vocative)
wr̥šníH (dual vocative)
wr̥šnáyas (plural vocative)
wr̥šním (accusative singular)
wr̥šníH (accusative dual)
wr̥šnī́n (accusative plural)
-ī́š (accusative plural)
wr̥šníH́ (instrumental singular)
wr̥šníbʰyām (dual instrumental)
wr̥šníbʰiš (instrumental plural)
wr̥šnáyš (ablative singular)
wr̥šníbʰyām (ablative dual)
wr̥šníbʰyas (ablative plural)
wr̥šnáyay (dative singular)
wr̥šníbʰyām (dative dual)
wr̥šníbʰyas (dative plural)
wr̥šnáyš (genitive singular)
wr̥šnyáwš (dual genitive)
wr̥šnáyām? (genitive plural)
wr̥šnā́(w)? (locative singular)
wr̥šnyáwš (dual locative)
wr̥šníšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥šníš (“ram”)

Sanskrit: वृष्णि (vṛṣṇí)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥šniš

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬥𐬌 (varšni, “ram”)

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *wīrnə

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *wīrn

desc

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *wīrn (“breeding ram”)

Sarikoli: wern

Shughni:

Khufi, Khughni, Roshani: в̌ӣрм (wīrm)

Khughni, Roshani: в̌ӣрн (wīrn)

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥sn-í-s, from *wérsēn (“virile man, male animal”).


(w)ŕ̥šā

ŕ̥šā ~ *r̥šnás (canonical masculine)
ŕ̥šā (nominative singular)
wŕ̥šā (nominative singular)
ŕ̥šanāw (dual nominative)
wŕ̥šanāw (dual nominative)
ŕ̥šanas (nominative plural)
wŕ̥šanas (nominative plural)
ŕ̥šan (singular vocative)
wŕ̥šan (singular vocative)
ŕ̥šanāw (dual vocative)
wŕ̥šanāw (dual vocative)
ŕ̥šanas (plural vocative)
wŕ̥šanas (plural vocative)
ŕ̥šanam (accusative singular)
wŕ̥šanam (accusative singular)
ŕ̥šanāw (accusative dual)
wŕ̥šanāw (accusative dual)
ŕ̥šnas (accusative plural)
wŕ̥šnas (accusative plural)
ŕ̥šnaH (instrumental singular)
wŕ̥šnaH (instrumental singular)
ŕ̥šabʰyaH (dual instrumental)
wŕ̥šabʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
ŕ̥šabʰiš (instrumental plural)
wŕ̥šabʰiš (instrumental plural)
ŕ̥šnas (ablative singular)
wŕ̥šnas (ablative singular)
ŕ̥šabʰyaH (ablative dual)
wŕ̥šabʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
ŕ̥šabʰyaH (ablative plural)
wŕ̥šabʰyaH (ablative plural)
ŕ̥šnay (dative singular)
wŕ̥šnay (dative singular)
ŕ̥šabʰyaH (dative dual)
wŕ̥šabʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
ŕ̥šabʰyaH (dative plural)
wŕ̥šabʰyaH (dative plural)
ŕ̥šnas (genitive singular)
wŕ̥šnas (genitive singular)
ŕ̥šnawš (dual genitive)
wŕ̥šnawš (dual genitive)
ŕ̥šnām (genitive plural)
wŕ̥šnām (genitive plural)
ŕ̥šani (locative singular)
wŕ̥šani (locative singular)
ŕ̥šnawš (dual locative)
wŕ̥šnawš (dual locative)
ŕ̥šasu (locative plural)
wŕ̥šasu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(w)ŕ̥ṣā

Sanskrit: वृषन् (vṛ́ṣan), वृष (vṛṣa)

Proto-Iranian: *(w)ŕ̥šā (see there for further descendants)


ā́ćā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ā́śā f

Sanskrit: आशा (ā́śā)

Proto-Iranian: *acah n

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (asah)


dráwnam

dráwnam (nominative singular)
dráwnay (dual nominative)
dráwnaH (nominative plural)
dráwnam (singular vocative)
dráwnay (dual vocative)
dráwnaH (plural vocative)
dráwnam (accusative singular)
dráwnay (accusative dual)
dráwnaH (accusative plural)
dráwnā (instrumental singular)
dráwnaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
dráwnāyš (instrumental plural)
dráwnāt (ablative singular)
dráwnaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
dráwnaybʰyas (ablative plural)
dráwnāy (dative singular)
dráwnaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
dráwnaybʰyas (dative plural)
dráwnasya (genitive singular)
dráwnayās (dual genitive)
dráwnānam (genitive plural)
dráwnānaHm (genitive plural)
dráwnay (locative singular)
dráwnayaw (dual locative)
dráwnayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwnam (“wooden vessel”)

Sanskrit: द्रोण (dróṇa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dráwnam (“bow”)

Baluchi: درین (drīn)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwn' /drōn/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [Manichaean needed] (drwng /drōnag/)

Persian: درونه (darune, dorune)

Proto-Scythian: *drūnu

Proto-Sarmatian: *drūna

Alanic: *ærdunæ

Ossetian: (“bow; rainbow”)

Digor Ossetian: ӕрдунӕ (ærdunæ), андурӕ (anduræ)

Iron Ossetian: ӕрдын (ærdyn)

⇒? Alanic: *ærdunæg

→? Russian: ра́дуга (ráduga)

Sogdian: [script needed] (δrw'n)

From Proto-Indo-European *dréw-no-m, from *dóru (“wood”).


swaćrúH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaśrúH

Sanskrit: श्वश्रू (śvaśrū́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hwacrúH

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: خەسوو (xesû)

Northern Kurdish: xesû

Pashto: خواښې (xwāše)

Persian:

Dari: خشو (xušū)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾγwšh)


HwáHatas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwáHatas

Sanskrit: वात (vā́ta) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HwáHatah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁-n̥t-os, from *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“wind”).


Hádʰwā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰwā

Sanskrit: अध्वन् (ádhvan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hádwā

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (aduuan, “road”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬛𐬠𐬀𐬥 (adban)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ń̥dʰwēn, from *h₁nedʰ-. Compare Ancient Greek ἐνθει̃ν (entheĩn).


swáydas

swáydas (nominative singular)
swáydā (dual nominative)
swáydā (nominative plural)
-ās (nominative plural)
-āsas (nominative plural)
swáyda (singular vocative)
swáydā (dual vocative)
swáydā (plural vocative)
-ās (plural vocative)
-āsas (plural vocative)
swáydam (accusative singular)
swáydā (accusative dual)
swáydāns (accusative plural)
swáydā (instrumental singular)
swáydaybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ābʰyām (dual instrumental)
swáydāyš (instrumental plural)
swáydāt (ablative singular)
swáydaybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ābʰyām (ablative dual)
swáydaybʰyas (ablative plural)
swáydāy (dative singular)
swáydaybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ābʰyām (dative dual)
swáydaybʰyas (dative plural)
swáydasya (genitive singular)
swáydayās (dual genitive)
swáydānam (genitive plural)
swáydānaHm (genitive plural)
swáyday (locative singular)
swáydayaw (dual locative)
swáydayšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáydas

Sanskrit: स्वेद (svéda)

Proto-Iranian: *hwáydah (“sweat”)

Avestan: 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛𐬀 (xvaēda)

→ Middle Persian: [Term?] (/xwēd/, “moistness (ancient natural science);damp, moist, fresh”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (xwyd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwyt')

Khotanese: 𐨱𐨿𐨬𐨁𐨌 (hvī)

Wakhi: خیل (ẋil)

Khwarezmian: خیل (xyl /*xēl/)

Pashto: خوله (xwala)

Ormuri: خوله (xōla)

Baluchi: ہید (hed)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: xuh, xwêdan

Middle Persian: (/xwēy/, “sweat, perspiration”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwyd)

Pazend script: 𐬓𐬀𐬈 (xᵛae)

Classical Persian: خوی (xway)

Dari: خوی (xuy)

Iranian Persian: خوی (xoy)

Tajik: хуй (xuy)

Proto-Nuristani: (< *āswáydas)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ašpú

Kativiri: ašpë́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: uspë́

Waigali: ašpë

From Proto-Indo-European *swóyd-o-s, from *sweyd- (“to sweat”).


ćyaynás

ćyaynás (nominative singular)
ćyaynā́ (dual nominative)
ćyaynā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
ćyayna (singular vocative)
ćyaynā́ (dual vocative)
ćyaynā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
ćyaynám (accusative singular)
ćyaynā́ (accusative dual)
ćyaynā́ns (accusative plural)
ćyaynā́ (instrumental singular)
ćyaynáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
ćyaynā́yš (instrumental plural)
ćyaynā́t (ablative singular)
ćyaynáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
ćyaynáybʰyas (ablative plural)
ćyaynā́y (dative singular)
ćyaynáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
ćyaynáybʰyas (dative plural)
ćyaynásya (genitive singular)
ćyaynáyās (dual genitive)
ćyaynā́nam (genitive plural)
ćyaynā́naHm (genitive plural)
ćyaynáy (locative singular)
ćyaynáyaw (dual locative)
ćyaynáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śyaynás

Sanskrit: श्येन (śyená) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cyaynáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (saēna)

⇒ Middle Persian: syn-mwlw (/Sēn-murw/)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱy-ey-nó-s ~ *ḱyeh₁-inó-s. Related to Old Armenian ցին (cʻin, “kite”), Ancient Greek ἴκτινος (íktinos, “kite”).


gátiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gátiṣ

Sanskrit: गति (gáti) (possibly from earlier gatí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gátiš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌-𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (aⁱβi-gaⁱti)


nábʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nábʰas

Sanskrit: नभस् (nábhas)

Proto-Iranian: *nábah

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬠𐬀𐬵 (nabah)

Northern Kurdish: nem (“moisture”)

Middle Persian: nm (nam, “moisture”)

Persian: نم (nam, “moisture”)

→ Old Armenian: *նամ (*nam)

Armenian: նամ (nam)


támHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *támHas

Sanskrit: तमस् (támas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *támHah

Avestan: 𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬵 (təmah)

Central Kurdish: تەم (tem, “darkness, fog”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (t(w)m /tom/, “darkness”)

Persian: تم (tam, “darkness, blackness, cataract”)

From Proto-Indo-European *témH-os ~ *témH-es-os.


Hr̥túš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ

Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)

Sogdian: (/rətu ~ ratu/, “period of 10 seconds”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)

Middle Persian: (/rad/, “chief, master; judge”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s, from *h₂er- (“to fix”).


ǰyáH

ǰyáH (nominative singular)
ǰyáy (dual nominative)
ǰyā́s (nominative plural)
ǰyay (singular vocative)
ǰyáy (dual vocative)
ǰyā́s (plural vocative)
ǰyā́m (accusative singular)
ǰyáy (accusative dual)
ǰyā́s (accusative plural)
ǰyáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
ǰyáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
ǰyáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
ǰyáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
ǰyáyaHs (ablative singular)
ǰyáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
ǰyáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
ǰyáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
ǰyáyaHy (dative singular)
ǰyáHbʰyā (dative dual)
ǰyáHbʰyām (dative dual)
ǰyáHbʰyas (dative plural)
ǰyáyaHs (genitive singular)
ǰyāyās (dual genitive)
ǰyáHnām (genitive plural)
ǰyáyaH (locative singular)
ǰyáyaHm (locative singular)
ǰyāyaw (dual locative)
ǰyáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́yáH

Sanskrit: ज्या (jyā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰyáH

Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁 (jiiā)

Ossetian: (“sinew; vein, strings”)

Digor Ossetian: гъеу (ǧew)

Iron Ossetian: хъиу (qiw)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jye)

Pashto: ژۍ (žəy)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ژێ (jê /žē/)

Northern Kurdish: jih (/žih/), jî (/žī/)

Gurani: ژی (jî /žī/)

Middle Persian: (/zīh/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zyh)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭦𐭩𐭧 (zyḥ)

jîk

*ǰyáHakah ~ ǰyáHīkah (“related to string, of string”); Northern Kurdish

𐬘

Middle Persian: (/zīg/, “of string; table; asrtonomical table, Zij”); Pazend script

sucuk

→ Ottoman Turkish: صوجوق (sucuq); Turkish


Hargʰás

Hargʰás (nominative singular)
Hargʰám (accusative singular)
Hargʰásya (genitive singular)
Hargʰáyās (dual genitive)
Hargʰáy (locative singular)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hargʰás

Sanskrit: अर्घ (arghá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hargáh

Classical Persian: ارز (arz)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾrg)

Ossetian: аргъ (arǧ, “price”)

→ Old Armenian: *արգ (*arg), յարգ (yarg)

→ Proto-Finnic: *arvo (“worth, value”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: ár (“price”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elgʷʰ-ós, from *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to have value, to be worth”).


tápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápas

Sanskrit: तपस् (tápas)

Proto-Iranian: *tápah

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tp (tab, “fever”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: տապ (tap, “heat”)
→ Armenian: տապ (tap) (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *tép-os ~ *tép-es-os.


súHarwāns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *súHarwāns

desc

Sanskrit: स्वर्वत् (svàrvat), सुवर्वत् (súvarvat)

Proto-Iranian: *húHarwāh

Proto-Scythian: *xwarwi

Proto-Sarmatian: *xwauru

Alanic: *xur

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: хор (xor)

Iron Ossetian: хур (xur)


waćáH

waćáH (nominative singular)
waćáy (dual nominative)
waćā́s (nominative plural)
waćay (singular vocative)
waćáy (dual vocative)
waćā́s (plural vocative)
waćā́m (accusative singular)
waćáy (accusative dual)
waćā́s (accusative plural)
waćáyaH́ (instrumental singular)
waćáHbʰyā (dual instrumental)
waćáHbʰyām (dual instrumental)
waćáHbʰiš (instrumental plural)
waćáyaHs (ablative singular)
waćáHbʰyā (ablative dual)
waćáHbʰyām (ablative dual)
waćáHbʰyas (ablative plural)
waćáyaHy (dative singular)
waćáHbʰyā (dative dual)
waćáHbʰyām (dative dual)
waćáHbʰyas (dative plural)
waćáyaHs (genitive singular)
waćāyās (dual genitive)
waćáHnām (genitive plural)
waćáyaH (locative singular)
waćáyaHm (locative singular)
waćāyaw (dual locative)
waćáHsu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waśáH

Sanskrit: वशा (vaśā́)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *woḱéh₂. Cognate with Proto-Italic *wokā (whence Latin vacca) if indeed of Indo-European origin.


Hwíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwíṣ

Sanskrit: वि (ví)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwíš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬱 (vīš)

Middle Persian: wʾd (way)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂w-í-s ~ *h₂u-yé-s.


guHtʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *guHtʰás

Sanskrit: गूथ (gūtha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *guHθáh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *gū́ta

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: gǘ

Kativiri: giú

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: gú

Waigali: gü

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷuH-tHó-s, from *gʷewH- (“to defecate”).


čítˢtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíttiṣ

Sanskrit: चित्ति (cítti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cístiš

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cisti)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷéyt-ti-s ~ *kʷit-téy-s (“thought”), from *kʷeyt- (“to notice”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čь̏stь (“honour, respect”).


támHsram

desc

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *támHsram, *támHsraH f

Sanskrit: तमिस्र (támisra, “darkness”), तमिस्रा f (támisrā, “dark night”)

Proto-Iranian: *támHsram

Avestan: 𐬙𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀 (tąθra, “darkness”)

Khotanese: ttāra (“dark”, adjective)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tār), [script needed] (tārīk, “dark”, adjective)

Persian: تار (târ), تاریک (târik, “dark”, adjective)

Ossetian: тар (tar, “dark; darkness”)

Pashto: تور (tor, “black”)

From Proto-Indo-European *témH-(e)s-ros (“darkness”), from *temH- (“to be dark”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þimstraz.


paHmā́

paHmā́ (nominative singular)
paHmánāw (dual nominative)
paHmánas (nominative plural)
paHmán (singular vocative)
paHmánāw (dual vocative)
paHmánas (plural vocative)
paHmánam (accusative singular)
paHmánāw (accusative dual)
paHmnás (accusative plural)
paHmnáH (instrumental singular)
paHmabʰyáH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyā́m (dual instrumental)
paHmabʰíš (instrumental plural)
paHmnás (ablative singular)
paHmabʰyáH (ablative dual)
-bʰyā́m (ablative dual)
paHmabʰyáH (ablative plural)
paHmnáy (dative singular)
paHmabʰyáH (dative dual)
-bʰyā́m (dative dual)
paHmabʰyáH (dative plural)
paHmnás (genitive singular)
paHmnáwš (dual genitive)
paHmnā́m (genitive plural)
paHmáni (locative singular)
paHmnáwš (dual locative)
paHmasú (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHmā́

Sanskrit: पामन् (pāmán, “scabies”)

Proto-Iranian: *paHmā́

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬨𐬀 m (pāma, nom sg), 𐬞𐬄𐬨𐬀 m (pąma, “scabies”, nom sg)

Pashto: پم (pam, “scabies”)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₁-mḗn, from *peh₁- (“to hurt”).


wáždʰā

wáždʰā (nominative singular)
waždʰā́rāw (dual nominative)
waždʰā́ras (nominative plural)
waždʰár (singular vocative)
waždʰā́rāw (dual vocative)
waždʰā́ras (plural vocative)
waždʰā́ram (accusative singular)
waždʰā́rāw (accusative dual)
wáždʰras (accusative plural)
wáždʰraH (instrumental singular)
wáždʰr̥bʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-bʰyām (dual instrumental)
wáždʰr̥bʰiš (instrumental plural)
wáždʰr̥š (ablative singular)
wáždʰr̥bʰyaH (ablative dual)
-bʰyām (ablative dual)
wáždʰr̥bʰyaH (ablative plural)
wáždʰray (dative singular)
wáždʰr̥bʰyaH (dative dual)
-bʰyām (dative dual)
wáždʰr̥bʰyaH (dative plural)
wáždʰr̥š (genitive singular)
wáždʰrawš (dual genitive)
wáždʰrām (genitive plural)
waždʰári (locative singular)
wáždʰrawš (dual locative)
wáždʰr̥su (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáẓḍʰā

Sanskrit: वोढृ (vóḍhṛ), वोळ्हृ (vóḷhṛ, “draught animal; a horse or an ox; a carrier”)

Proto-Iranian: *wáždā

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬲𐬛𐬭𐬇𐬧𐬔 (važdrə̄ṇg, “conveyor, carrier”, accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéǵʰ-tōr ~ *uǵʰ-tr-és (“carrier”), from *weǵʰ- (“to bring, to transport”).


paršás

paršás (nominative singular)
paršā́ (dual nominative)
paršā́ (nominative plural)
-ā́s (nominative plural)
-ā́sas (nominative plural)
parša (singular vocative)
paršā́ (dual vocative)
paršā́ (plural vocative)
-ā́s (plural vocative)
-ā́sas (plural vocative)
paršám (accusative singular)
paršā́ (accusative dual)
paršā́ns (accusative plural)
paršā́ (instrumental singular)
paršáybʰyaH (dual instrumental)
-ā́bʰyām (dual instrumental)
paršā́yš (instrumental plural)
paršā́t (ablative singular)
paršáybʰyaH (ablative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (ablative dual)
paršáybʰyas (ablative plural)
paršā́y (dative singular)
paršáybʰyaH (dative dual)
-ā́bʰyām (dative dual)
paršáybʰyas (dative plural)
paršásya (genitive singular)
paršáyās (dual genitive)
paršā́nam (genitive plural)
paršā́naHm (genitive plural)
paršáy (locative singular)
paršáyaw (dual locative)
paršáyšu (locative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parṣás

Sanskrit: पर्ष (parṣá)

Proto-Iranian: *paršáh

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬀 (parša, “ear of grain”)

Proto-Nuristani: (“ear of grain”) (possibly)

Prasuni:

Pronz: pusuk

From Proto-Indo-European *pers-ó-s, from the root *pers- (“bundle of leaves; bunched up leaves”). Cognate with Latin porrum (“leek”) and possibly Ancient Greek πράσον (práson, “leek”).

ear of grain; the fruiting body of a grain plant