pāpás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāpás

Sanskrit: पाप (pāpá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pāpáh

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬞𐬀- (pāpa-) (late Avestan)


bʰr̥ȷ́ʰáns

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*bʰárȷ́ʰištʰas

*bʰr̥ȷ́ʰáns (comparative *bʰárȷ́ʰyas, superlative *bʰárȷ́ʰištʰas)

bʰárȷ́ʰyas (comparative)
bʰárȷ́ʰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *br̥źʰáns

desctree

Sanskrit: बृहत् (bṛhat), वृहत् (vṛhat) — later variant
Dhivehi: ބޮޑު (boḍu)
→ Hindi: बृहत् (bŕhat), वृहत् (vŕhat), वृहत (vŕhat), बृहत (bŕhat)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jáns (see there for further descendants)


sárwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sárwas

Sanskrit: सर्व (sárva)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀯𑁆𑀯 (savva)
Awadhi: सब (sab)
Dardic:
Grangali: [script needed] (ṣōka)
Kalami: [script needed] (sō), [script needed] (sūo)
Khowar: سف (saf)
Shumashti: [script needed] (šauke)
Torwali: سوو (sōw)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: සව (sawa), හව (hawa)
Kholosi: sāf
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀯𑁆𑀯 (savva)
Assamese: সব (xobo)
Bengali: সব্ব (śobbo), সব (śobo), সপ (śop)
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: सभ (sabh)
Maithili: सब (sab), सभ (sabh)
Odia: ସବୋ (sabo)
Pali: sabba
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀯𑁆𑀯 (savva)
Garhwali: सब (sab)
Hindustani:
Hindi: सब (sab)
Urdu: سب (sab)
Kumaoni: सब (sab)
Nepali: सब (sab)
Old Gujarati: सव (sava)
Gujarati: સહુ (sahu), સૌ (sau), સવ (sav)
Punjabi: ਸਭ (sabh)
Romani: savoro, saro
Sindhi: सभु (sabhu)
→ Old Javanese: sarwa
> Javanese: ꦱꦂꦮ (sarwa) (inherited)

Proto-Iranian: *hárwah

Central Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (haᵘruua, “whole, each”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: هر (har)

Northwestern Iranian:

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: هەر (har)

Northern Kurdish: her (har)

Southern Kurdish: هەر (har)

Laki: هەر (har)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian

Gilaki: هر (har), ار (ar)

Mazanderani: هر (har)

Parthian: (/harw/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭊𐭓𐭀 (KRA)

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫡𐫇 (hrw)

Zaza-Gurani:

Gurani: گِر (gir)

Zazaki: hırg (hirg)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎽𐎺 (h-ru-v /haruva/)

Middle Persian: (/harw/)

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫡𐫇 (hrw)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭪𐭥𐭠 (KRA)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (KRA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hl)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮉𐮅𐮀 (KRA)

Pazend script: 𐬵𐬀𐬭 (har)

Proto-Nuristani: *súwwa

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: sṹdi

Kativiri: súv

Prasuni: sučók

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: sëvā́k

Tregami: sastok

Waigali: söv

From earlier *sárHwas, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂-wós, from *solh₂- (“whole”).

𐫍

→ Middle Persian: (/harwisp/, “all, every; everyone”)

هروسف

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀. 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀 (hauruua. vīspa)


wíćwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíśwas

Sanskrit: विश्व (víśva, “all, every; universe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wícwah (“all, every; whole”)

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀 (vīspa)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (biśśa)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: οισπο (oispo /wīsp/)

Sogdian: (/wisp/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫘𐫛 (wysp)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (wysp)

Syriac script: ܘܝܣܦ (wysp)

Northwestern Iranian:

Kurdish: (perhaps, c.f. گشت (gešt) in Persian)

Central Kurdish: گشت (gišt)

Northern Kurdish: gişt (gišt), gîh (gīh)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *wíspah

Caspian:

Old Mazanderani: گشت (gešt, “all, every; everywhere”)

Old Median: [Term?] (/*vispa/)

→ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎿𐎱 (vi-s-p /vispa/)

Middle Persian: (/wisp/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫘𐫛 (wysp)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭮𐭯 (wsp)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wsp), [Book Pahlavi needed] (wst')

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮅𐮍𐮎𐮈 (wspy)

Pazend script: 𐬬𐬌𐬯𐬞 (visp)

Parthian: (/wisp/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭅𐭉𐭎𐭐 (wysp)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫘𐫛 (wysp)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎿 (vi-s /visa/)

From Proto-Indo-European *wisos, or from Proto-Indo-European *wi, then cognate with Proto-Slavic *vьxъ.


naHwiyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naHwiyás

Sanskrit: नाव्य (nāvyá)

Proto-Iranian: *naHwiyáh

Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (nāuuiia)

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎠𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎠 (n-a-vi-i-y-a /nāviyā/)

→ Tocharian B: newiya

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w(i)yos, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“boat”).


náwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwas (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: नव (náva)

Proto-Iranian: *náwah (see there for further descendants)


witˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wittás

Sanskrit: वित्त (vittá)

Proto-Iranian: *wictáh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬀 (vista)

From Proto-Indo-European *widtós (“seen, known”).


bʰábʰruš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰruṣ

Sanskrit: बभ्रु (bábhru, babhrú)

Proto-Iranian: *babruš

desc

Pashto: ببر (babë́r, “unshorn, fluffy, long-haired”)

Zazaki: babar

Kurdish:

Southern Kurdish: بەور (bewr, “gray”)


nagnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nagnás

Sanskrit: नग्न (nagná) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *bagnáh or *magnáh

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬕𐬥𐬀 (maġna)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (bgnpʾd)

Ossetian:

Digor: бӕгъӕнбад (bæǧænbad), бӕгъӕнбад (bæǧænbad), бӕгъӕнсар (bæǧænsar), бӕгъӕнзӕнгӕ (bæǧænzængæ)

Iron: бӕгъӕ́ввад (bæǧǽvvad), бӕгъӕ́мсар (bæǧǽmsar), бӕгъӕ́мзӕнг (bæǧǽmzæng)

Waneci: ūn

→ (possibly) Middle Armenian: Մանկասար (Mankasar)

→ Iranian: *bagnákah

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (βγnnʾk)

Khotanese: [script needed] (būnaa-)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean: 𐫁𐫡𐫍𐫗𐫃 (brhng /brahnag/), 𐫁𐫡𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫃 (brhyng /brahenag?/)

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (blhnk'), [script needed] (blhnk'), [script needed] (blʾhnk' /brahnag/)

Ossetian: бӕгънӕ́г (bæǧnǽg)

Parthian: [script needed] (brhng /brahnag/)

Sogdian: (/βaγnē/)

Buddhist: [script needed] (βγnʾk)

Christian: [script needed] (βγny), [script needed] (bγny)

From Proto-Indo-European *nogʷ-nó-s, from *negʷ- (“naked”) + *-nós.


dr̥Hgʰás

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*dr̥Hgʰás (comparative *dráHǰʰyas, superlative *dráHǰʰištʰas)

dráHǰʰyas (comparative)
dráHǰʰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hgʰás

Sanskrit: दीर्घ (dīrghá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hgáh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *driggá (see there for further descendants)


ǰʰatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰatás

desctree

Sanskrit: हत (hatá)
Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀳𑀢 (hata)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀳𑀅 (haa)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀳𑀤 (hada)
Hindi: हया (hayā)
⇒ Hindi: हयना (haynā, “to kill, strike”) (poetic)
Pali: hata
→ Telugu: హతము (hatamu)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰatáh

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬙𐬀 (jata)

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎫 (jata)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥-tó-s, from *gʷʰen- (“to kill”).


ǰiHwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́iHwás

Sanskrit: जीव (jīvá)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
Awadhi: जिउ (jiu)
Dardic:
Kashmiri: زُو (zuv)
Khasa Prakrit:
Nepali: जीउ (jīu)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
Assamese: জীউ (ziu)
Bengali: জী (ji)
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: जीउ (jīu), जिव (jiv)
Magahi: 𑂔𑂲𑂫 (jīu)
Maithili: जिउ (jiu), जिआ (jiā)
Odia: ଜୀଉ (jiu, “spirit”), ଜୀ (ji)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
Konkani: जीवु (jīvu)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi: ਜੀਓ (jīo), ਜੀ (jī)
Sindhi: जीउ (jīu)
Pali: jīva
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
Garhwali: ज्यु (jyu)
Hindustani:
Hindi: जीउ (jīu) जी (jī), जिया (jiyā)
Urdu: جی (jī)
Kumaoni: ज्यू (jyū), ज्यो (jyo)
Romani: dǐ (“heart, soul”), gǐ

Proto-Iranian: *ǰiHwáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬎𐬎𐬋 (juuō)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎪𐎡𐎺 (ji-i-v /jīva/)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (žīwandāg, “living”)

Persian: جیوه (jive, “alive metal, Mercury”)

Proto-Nuristani: *ǰīwá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: jǖ́- (“to be alive”)

Kativiri: jëvé- (“to be alive”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós. Cognate with Proto-Hellenic *gʷīwos.


bálas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bálas

Sanskrit: बल (bála) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bél-os, from *bel- (“strength”).


ćwaytás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwaytás

desctree

Sanskrit: श्वेत (śvetá)
→ Bengali: শ্বেত (śśet)
Dardic:
→ Khowar: اِشپیرو (išpéru)
→ Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀅 (sea)
→ Pali: seta
→ Old Javanese: sita
→ Javanese: ꦱꦺꦠ (séta)
→ Gujarati: શ્વેત (śvet)
→ Hindi: श्वेत (śvet), स्वेत (svet) — colloquial
→ Kannada: ಶ್ವೇತ (śvēta)
→ Malayalam: ശ്വേതം (śvētaṁ)
→ Old Javanese: śweta
→ Odia: ଶ୍ୱେତ (śwētå)
→ Punjabi: ਚਿੱਟਾ (ciṭṭā), ਚਿਟਾ (ciṭā)
→ Tamil: சுவேதம் (cuvētam)
→ Telugu: శ్వేతము (śvētamu)
→ Thai: เศวต (swèet)

Proto-Iranian: *cwaytáh (see there for further descendants)


HsuHápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HsuHápas

desc

Sanskrit: स्वपस् (svápas, “doing good work; skilful, artistic”)

Proto-Iranian: *HhuHā́pah (see there for further descendants)

From *Hsu- (“good”) + *Hápas (“work”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ép-o-s, from *h₃ep- (“work; to make”) + *-os + [Term?] (deverbal suffix).


wáȷ́ras

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, to be lively”).


ćráyHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráyHyas

Sanskrit: श्रेयस् (śréyas)

Pali: seyyo

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀅 (sea)

Proto-Iranian: *cráyHyah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (sraiiah)

Pashto: ښه (ẍë)

Sogdian: [script needed] (šyʼtr)

From *ćriHrás (“beautiful”) + *-yās (comparative suffix).


Hr̥ȷ́úš

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥ǵ-ú-s ~ *h₃r̥ǵ-éw-s, from *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-us (adjective suffix).


káwHiš

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kówh₁is, from *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive, observe”) + *-is (deverbal noun suffix).


adᶻdʰáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *addʰáH

desc

Sanskrit: अद्धा (addhā́, “truly, surely”)

Pali: addhā

Proto-Iranian: *azdáH

Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁 (azdā)

Parthian: 𐫀𐫉𐫅 (ʾzd /azd/)

→ Old Armenian: ազդ (azd)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐏀𐎭𐎠 (a-z-d-a /azdā/)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾzd /azd/)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾzdʾ /azdā/)

⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾzdʾqryʾ /azdā-karyā/, “announcement”)

→ Aramaic: [script needed] (ˀzd), [script needed] (ˀzdˀ)

Uncertain; perhaps from either Proto-Indo-European:
* *Hedʰ-téh₂-h₁ (“said, announced”), from instrumental of *Hedʰ-téh₂, from *Hedʰ- (“to say”) (whence Sanskrit आह (ā́ha, “to say”), Old Avestan 𐬁𐬛𐬁 (ādā, “to say”)) + *-téh₂;
* *Hedʰ-dh₁-éh₁, from *Hedʰ- (“to say”) + *deh₁- (“to bind”) + *-téh₂;
* *m̥d-dh₁-éh₂, from *med- (“to measure, advise”) + *deh₁- (“to bind”) + *-éh₂;
* or *n̥-h₂n̥dʰ-téh₂ (“unblinded”), from *n̥- (negative prefix) + *h₂endʰ- (“to be blind”) + *-téh₂.

af

Cornell University
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


pr̥tʰúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰúṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: पृथु (pṛthú)
Dardic:
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (piṛik, “palm of hand”)
Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (peṛek, “palm of hand”)
Shumashti: [script needed] (piṛik)

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥θúš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬎 (pər^əθu)

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂ús, from *pleth₂- (“flat”).


Hsatyás

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsatyás
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁sn̥t-yó-s, from *h₁sónts, active participle of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-yós (denominal adjective suffix).


mr̥tás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥tás

Sanskrit: मृत (mṛtá) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: मर्त (márta, “mortal, man”)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥táh

Avestan: 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (mər^əta, “dead”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: mêr (“man”), Northern Kurdish: mirî (“dead”)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 (m-r-t-i-y, “man”)

Middle Persian: mlt' (mard)

desctree

Persian: مرد (mard)
→ Azerbaijani: mərd
→ Bengali: মরদ (morod)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: मर्द (mard)
Urdu: مرد (mard)
→ Ottoman Turkish: مرد (merd, mert)
Turkish: mert
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਮਰਦ (marad)
Shahmukhi script: مرد (mard)
→ Uyghur: مەرت (mert)
→ Uzbek: mard

Persian: مرده (morde, “dead”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mardas (“dead”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *mertä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *mritá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: mřë́

Kativiri: mřë́

Prasuni: mo-

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: mřë́

Waigali: mňo-


ćukrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śukrás, *śuklás

Sanskrit: शुक्र (śukrá), शुक्ल (śuklá)

Pali: sukka

→ Thai: สุก (sùk)

Proto-Iranian: *cuxráh (“red”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱuk-ró-s, from *ḱewk- (“white”) + *-rós.


namrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *namrás

Sanskrit: नम्र (namrá)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: নাম (nam, “bottom”)

→ Hindi: नम्र (namra)

Urdu: نمر (namr)

Proto-Iranian: *namráh

Old Avestan: 𐬥𐬄𐬨𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (nąmišta, superl.) (Old Avestan)

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬨𐬭𐬀 (namra) (in compounds)

Gurani: نەرم (narm), نەرمە (narma)

Northern Kurdish: nerm (narm)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫖𐫡 (nmr, “soft”)

Middle Persian: (/narm/, "humble, soft")

Manichaean: 𐫗𐫡𐫖 (nrm)

Pahlavi: [script needed] (nlm)

Sogdian: [script needed] (nmr)

Zazaki: nerm (narm)

From Proto-Indo-European *nm̥-ró-s, from *nem- (“to bend”) + *-rós (adjective suffix).


Hsúškas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsúṣkas

desctree

Sanskrit: शुष्क (śúṣka)
Pali: sukkha
Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔 (sukkha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hhúškah

Central Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬱𐬐𐬀 (huška)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian: хус (xus)

Southeastern Iranian:

desc

Pashto: وچ (wəč, wuč), اچ (uč), اوچ (uč)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: [script needed] (hušk)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: hişk (hišk/ḥišk)

Central Kurdish: وِشک (wişk)

Southern Kurdish: وِشک (wişk), ھِشک (hişk)

Laki: ھوِشک (hwişk)

Sivandi: fišk

Zaza-Gurani:

Gurani: وشک (wišk)

Zazaki: wişk (wišk), hişk (hišk)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: [script needed] (uška)

Middle Persian: hwšk' (hušk)

Classical Persian: خشک (xušk)

Persian: خشک (xošk)

Tajik: хушк (xušk)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sús-kos, from *h₂sews- (“to be dry”) + *-kos.


Hárbʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárbʰas

Sanskrit: अर्भ (árbha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hárbah

Old Median: *arbah

Old Persian: *arbah


kapáwtas

Likely borrowed from a Central Asiatic language.


Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Sanskrit: ऋजिप्य (ṛjipyá, “straight-flying; falcon”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥jifyáh (“eagle”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥ǵi-pth₂-yó-s, from *h₃reǵi- (“straight”) + *peth₂- (“to fly”) + *-yós. Possible cognate with Old Armenian արծուի (arcui).

af

(substantive) something straight-flying, falcon, eagle


ćuHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúHras

Sanskrit: शूर (śū́ra)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀽𑀭 (sūra)

Pali: sūra

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀽𑀭 (sūra)

Punjabi: ਸੂਰ (sūr)

Proto-Iranian: *cúHras

Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀 (sūra)

Middle Persian: swl (sūr)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁r-ó-s, from *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, be strong”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”).


kr̥ćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥śás

Sanskrit: कृश (kṛśá)

Pali: kisa

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀺𑀲 (kisa)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥cáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (kər^əsa)

From Proto-Indo-European *kr̥ḱós (“thin, emaciated”), from *kerḱ- (“to wane, become thin”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hurhaz (“thin”).


utˢtamás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttamás

Sanskrit: उत्तम (uttamá)

Proto-Iranian: *uctamáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (ustəma)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ustama)

From Proto-Indo-European *ud-tm̥m-ó-s, from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-tm̥mós (superlative suffix). Equivalent to *ud- + *-tamás.


HyúHā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyúHā

Sanskrit: युवन् (yúvan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HyúHā (see there for further descendants)


dʰruwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰruwás

Sanskrit: ध्रुव (dhruvá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *druwáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰru-wó-s, from *dʰer-us ~ *dʰr-éws + *-wós, from *dʰer- (“to support, hold”) + *-us. Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *sъdorvъ (“healthy”).


andʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *andʰás

Sanskrit: अन्ध (andhá, “blind, dark”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *andáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬀 (aṇda)

Khotanese: 𑀳𑀦 (hana)

Munji: [script needed] (yāndəy)

Ormuri: [script needed] (hōnd)

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫗𐫅 (hnd /hand/)

desc

Pashto: ړوند (ṛund), ړند (ṛund), وړوند (wṛund) (< *r̥ta-anda-)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾnt), [script needed] (ʾnd /aṁd/)

Zazaki: -hend (in aqilhend (“truth-blind”))

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂endʰ-ó-s, from *h₂endʰ- + *-ós. Possible cognate with Latin andābata, andobatta (“gladiator fighting in a helmet without openings”), presumably from Gaulish *andos, *andā (“blind”) + *batā (“fighter”).. Or, possibly, from the BMAC substrate.


pr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: पूर्ण (pūrṇá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥Hnáh (see there for further descendants)


bʰayšaȷ́ás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰayṣaȷ́ás

Sanskrit: भेषज (bheṣajá)

Proto-Iranian: *bayšajáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬰𐬀 (baēšaza, “curative”)


mádʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádʰyas

Sanskrit: मध्य (mádhya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mádyah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *máǰa

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: mǘč

Kativiri: míj

Prasuni: munj

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: më́z

Waigali: manj


stʰuHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰuHrás

Sanskrit: स्थूर (sthūrá), स्थूल (sthūlá)

Dardic:

Khowar: [script needed] (thul, “fat”)

Pali: thūla, thulla

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀣𑀽𑀮 (thūla), 𑀣𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮 (thulla)

Romani: thulo (“fat”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਠੁੱਲ੍ਹਾ (ṭhullhā, “fat”) (dialectical)

Pahari:

Nepali: ठुलो (ṭhulo, “big, important”)

Proto-Iranian: *stuHráh (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *suuri (see there for further descendants) (or from Germanic)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).


Hwásištʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwásiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: वसिष्ठ (vásiṣṭha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwáhištah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (vahišta)

desc

Parthian: 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫤 (whyšt), 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫎 (whyšṯ /wahišt/, “paradise”)

Northern Kurdish: behişt, biheşt, bihuşt

→ Old Persian: *vahištah (see there for further descendants)

From *Hwásuš (“good”) + *-ištʰas (superlative suffix).

suf

superlative degree of *Hwásuš (“good”): best, most excellent


Hítaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hítaras

desctree

Sanskrit: इतर (ítara)
Pali: itara
→ Bengali: ইতর (itor) (learned)
→ Gujarati: ઇતર (itar) (learned)
→ Hindi: इतर (itar) (learned)
→ Marathi: इइतरर (iitrar) (learned)
→ Tamil: இதரம் (itaram) (learned)
Sindhi: एतरा m pl (etarā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hítarah

Gurani: تر (tir)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: تر (tir)

Southern Kurdish: تر (tir)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁í-tero-s, from *h₁í (“the”) + *-teros. Cognate with Latin iterum (“other”).


Hr̥dʰwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰwás

Sanskrit: ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá)

Pali: uddha, ubbha

desc

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥 (uddha), 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha)

Awadhi: ऊभ (ūbh)

Old Gujarati: ऊभउं (ūbhaũ)

Gujarati: ઊભું (ūbhũ)

Marwari: ऊभौ (ūbhau)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥dwáh (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s, from *h₃erdʰ- (“upright, high”) + *-wós.


dwitī́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwitī́yas

Sanskrit: द्वितीय (dvitī́ya)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: બીજું (bījũ)

Hindi: बिया (biyā) (poetic)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀼𑀇𑀚𑁆𑀚 (duijja)

Hindi: दूज (dūj), दूजा (dūjā)

Proto-Iranian: *dwitī́yah (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two, apart”). Cognate with Albanian dytë.


pr̥Húš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Húṣ

Sanskrit: पुरु (purú)

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥Húš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (poᵘru)

Old Persian: [script needed] (paru)

Digor Ossetian: фур (fur)

Iron Ossetian: фыр (fyr)

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-ú-s, from *pelh₁- + *-us.

𐬞𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬋

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥HwíH; Younger Avestan


Hr̥šwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ṣwás

Sanskrit: ऋष्व (ṛṣvá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥šwáh

Old Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬀 (ər^əšuua)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥s-wó-s, from *h₃ér-o-s ~ *h₃ér-es-o-s (“elevation”) (compare Ancient Greek ὄρος (óros, “mountain”)) + *-wós, from *h₃er- (“to rise”) + *-os.


bʰaktás

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-tó-s, from *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide”) + *-tós.


Hlagʰúš

head

*Hlagʰúš (comparative *Hlágʰyas, superlative *Hlágʰištʰas)

Hlágʰyas (comparative)
Hlágʰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlagʰúṣ

Sanskrit: लघु (laghú), रघु (raghú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hragúš (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léngʰus ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws.


riktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riktás

Sanskrit: रिक्त (riktá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *rixtáh

Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬑𐬙𐬀 (ⁱrixta)

From Proto-Indo-European *likʷ-tó-s, from *leykʷ- (“to leave”) + *-tós.


Hwásuš

*Hwásuš (comparative *Hwásyas, superlative *Hwásištʰas)

Hwásyas (comparative)
Hwásištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwásuṣ m, *HwáswiH f

Sanskrit: वसु (vásu)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwáhuš m, *HwáhwiH f

desc

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎 n (vohu), 𐬬𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬍 f (vaŋᵛhī)

Old Persian: *vahuš (see there for further descendants)


Hwásyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwásyas

Vedic Sanskrit: वस्यस् (vásyas)

Classical Sanskrit: वसीयस् (vásīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwáhyah

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (vahiiah)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀 (vaŋha)

Old Persian: 𐎺𐏃𐎹𐏀 (v-h-y-z /vahyaz/) (in personal names)

Middle Persian: (/weh/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫍𐫏 (why), 𐫇𐫏𐫍 (wyh)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠPYL), [Book Pahlavi needed] (wyh)

From *Hwásuš (“good”) + *-yas (comparative suffix).

suf

comparative degree of *Hwásuš (“good”): better


ćráyHištʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráyHiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: श्रेष्ठ (śréṣṭha)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀝𑁆𑀞 (seṭṭha)

Konkani: शेट (śeṭ)

Pali: seṭṭha

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀝𑁆𑀞 (seṭṭha)

Gujarati: શેઠ (śeṭh)

Hindi: सेठ (seṭh, “merchant”)

Proto-Iranian: *cráyHištah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬙𐬀 (sraēšta)

From *ćriHrás (“beautiful”) + *-ištʰas (superlative suffix).

superlative degree of *ćriHrás (“beautiful”): most beautiful


ćriHrás

head

*ćriHrás (comparative *ćráyHyas, superlative *ćráyHištʰas)

ćráyHyas (comparative)
ćráyHištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śriHrás

desc

Sanskrit: श्रीर (śrīrá), श्रील (śrīlá), श्री (śrī) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: अश्रीर (aśrīrá, “ugly, unpleasant”)

⇒ Sanskrit: अश्लील (aślīlá, “ugly, obscene”)

Proto-Iranian: *criHráh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬍𐬭𐬀 (srīra)

Khotanese: śśära

Sogdian: [script needed] (šyr-)

Baluchi: شَر (šarr)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱreyH- and compared with Ancient Greek κρείων (kreíōn, “lord”); however, this is now considered phonetically and semantically problematic.


prátʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰyas

Classical Sanskrit: प्रथीयस् (práthīyas)

comparative degree of *pr̥tʰúš (“broad, wide”): broader, wider


matˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mattás

Sanskrit: मत्त (mattá)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀢 (matta)

Pali: matta

Proto-Iranian: *mastáh

Northern Kurdish: mest

Parthian: 𐫖𐫘𐫤 (mst /mast/)

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭮𐭲 (mast)

Persian: مست (mast)

→ English: musth

→ Gujarati: મસ્ત (mast)

→ Hindi: मस्त (mast)

Sangisari: [script needed] (mast)

Sivandi: mass

From Proto-Indo-European *m̥h₂d-tó-s, from *meh₂d- (“to be wet, become wet”) + *-tós.


wr̥dᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥ddʰás

Sanskrit: वृद्ध (vṛddhá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥zdáh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬛𐬀 (vər^əzda)

Proto-Nuristani: *urddá

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: urë́ (“policeman”)

Prasuni: urí (“policeman”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *pra urddá (< *prá wr̥dᶻdʰás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: purdë́

Kativiri: përdë́

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰ-tó-s, from *werdʰ- (“to grow”).


ćyaHwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śyaHwás

Sanskrit: श्याव (śyāvá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cyaHwáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁-wó-s. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *śī́ˀwas (“gray”).


Hraštás

Proto-Iranian: *Hraštáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵtós, which is probably an innovation since the root must be zero-grade and may not exist in Proto-Indo-Iranian.


bʰúHriš

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*bʰúHriš (comparative *bʰáwHyas, superlative *bʰúHrištʰas)

bʰáwHyas (comparative)
bʰúHrištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHriṣ

Sanskrit: भूरि (bhū́ri)

Proto-Iranian: *búHriš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌 (būⁱri)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰúH-r-i-s, from *bʰuH- (“to become, grow, appear”). Possibly related to Lithuanian būrys.


kr̥tás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥tás

Sanskrit: कृत (kṛtá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥táh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (kər^əta)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: 𐭪𐭫𐭲 (-klt /-kirt, -gird/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎣𐎼𐎫 (k-r-t /karta/)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭫𐭲 (-klt /-kirt, -gird/)

Persian: ـگرد (-gerd, -gard), ـجرد (-jird)

Proto-Nuristani: *kritá

Northern Nuristani

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: křë́

Kativiri: křë́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: křë́

Waigali: kňe

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-tó-s, from *kʷer- (“to do”) + *-tós.


parHušás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parHuṣás

Sanskrit: परुष (paruṣá)

Proto-Iranian: *parHušáh

Avestan: 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (poᵘruša)

From Proto-Indo-European *pelHu-só-s, from *pelH- (“pale, gray”).


dr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: दृष्ट (dṛṣṭá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥štáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀 (dər^əšta)

From Proto-Indo-European *dr̥ḱ-tó-s, from *derḱ- (“to see”) + *-tós. Compare Proto-Germanic *turhtaz.


Hanyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hanyás

Sanskrit: अन्य (anyá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hanyáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀 (aniia)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎴𐎹 (a-n-y /aniya/)

Proto-Scythian:

Khotanese: aña

Ossetian: иннӕ (innæ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂en (“there, on the other hand”) + *-yós; see also Latin an (“other”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an).


náymas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náymas

Sanskrit: नेम (néma)

Proto-Iranian: *náymah (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language. Alternatively suggested to derive from *neyH- (“to lead”), however the semantics of this are untenable.


manzdʰHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mázdʰHras (perhaps influenced by *mazdʰáH)

Sanskrit: मेधिर (médhira)

Proto-Iranian: *manzd(H)ráh

Old Avestan: *𐬨𐬄𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀 (*mązdra)

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬄𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀 (mązdra)

desc

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬄𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬁 m (humązdrā, “well-attentive”, nom.pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *mens-dʰh₁-ró-s, from *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, place”) + *-rós.


kádruš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kádruṣ

Sanskrit: कद्रु (kádru)

Proto-Iranian: *kádruš

Avestan: *𐬐𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎 (*kadru)

desc

𐬐𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 ⸱ 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀

⇒ Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 ⸱ 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (kadruua . aspa, “with brown horses”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (kāhyänai, “brown(?)”) (possibly)

Classical Persian: کهر (kahar, “light brown”)

Dari: کهر (kahar)

Iranian Persian: کهر (kähär)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *ked- (“to make smoke, soot”), perhaps cognate with Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros, “cedar”), Proto-Slavic *čàdъ (“smoke”).


Hagʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hagʰás

Sanskrit: अघ (aghá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hagáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬖𐬀 (aγa)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰ-ós, form *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).


Hugrás

head

*Hugrás (comparative *Háwǰyas, superlative *Háwǰištʰas)

Háwǰyas (comparative)
Háwǰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hugrás

desctree

Sanskrit: उग्र (ugrá)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀉𑀕𑁆𑀕 (ugga)
Pali: ugga
→ Hindi: उग्र (ugra)
→ Kannada: ಉಗ್ರ (ugra)
→ Telugu: ఉగ్రము (ugramu)

Proto-Iranian: *Hugráh

Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬔𐬭𐬀 (ugra)

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬖𐬭𐬀 (uγra)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ug-ró-s, from *h₂ewg- (“to increase, enlarge”) + *-rós.


Háwǰištʰas

desc

*Háwȷ́iṣṭʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwȷ́iṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: ओजिष्ठ (ójiṣṭha)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwǰištah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aojišta)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwg-isth₂-o-s, from *h₂ewg- (“to increase, enlarge”) + *-isth₂os.

suf

superlative degree of *Hugrás (“powerful”): most powerful, strongest, mightiest


HuHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HuHnás

Sanskrit: ऊन (ūná) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HuHnáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬏𐬥𐬀 (ūna)

>? Persian: ونگ (vang, “empty”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁uh₂-nó-s, from *h₁weh₂- (“to leave”).


gatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gatás

Sanskrit: गत (gatá, “gone”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gatáh (“gone; come”)

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬙𐬀 (gata)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *āgatáh

Khotanese: 𑀆𑀢 (āta, “come”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥tós. Cognate with Proto-Hellenic *gʷətós.


Hráwdʰitas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwdʰitas

desctree

Sanskrit: रोहित (róhita), लोहित (lohita), लोहित (lóhita)
Prakrit: 𑀭𑁄𑀳𑀺𑀅 (rohia)
Assamese: ৰৌ (rou)
Bengali: রুই (rui)
Bhojpuri: रोहू (rōhū)
Gujarati: રોહુ (rohu)
Hindi: रोहू (rohū), रेहू (rehū)
Marathi: रोही (rohī)
Odia: ରୋହି (rohi), ରୋଇ (roi), ରୁଇ (rui)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਰੋਹੂ (rohū)
Shahmukhi script: رہو (rohū)
Sylheti: ꠞꠃ (rou)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Punjabi: ਲੋਹੂ (lohū)
Sindhi: لوهوُ (lohū)
Dardic:
Kalasha: ḷúi
Khowar: لیے (ley)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀮𑁄𑀳𑀺𑀅 (lohia)
Marathi: लोही (lohī)
Gujarati: લોહી (lohī)
Pali: lohita
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Saurashtra: ꢭꢴꣁꢮꣁ
Hindi: लहू (lahū)
Urdu: لَہُو (lahū)
Punjabi: ਲਹੂ (lahū)
Romani: lolo
Erromintxela: lolo
Tavringer Romani: lollo, lolo

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwditah

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoⁱδita)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁réwdʰ-it-o-s, from *h₁rewdʰ- + *-itos.


mr̥ȷ́ʰúš

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*mr̥ȷ́ʰúš (comparative *mráȷ́ʰyas, superlative *mráȷ́ʰištʰas)

mráȷ́ʰyas (comparative)
mráȷ́ʰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥źʰúṣ

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: मुहु (múhu, muhú), मुहुर् (múhur) (< earlier *मुर्हु (*múrhu-))

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥júš

Old Avestan: *mōrəzu

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬎𐬘𐬍𐬙𐬌 (mər^əzujīti, “short-lived”)

Ossetian: морз (morz, “short”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *mr̥júkah

desctree

Old Median: *mr̥zukah
→ Elamite:
Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈥𒋢𒊌𒋡 (mar-su-uk-ka₄ /marsuka/)

Old Persian: *mr̥dukaʰ

desc

→ Elamite: 𒈥𒁺𒋡 (mar-du-qa), 𒈥𒁺𒊌𒋡 (mar-du-uk-qa)

Proto-Saka: *murzǔgi

Khotanese: 𐨨𐨂𐨫𐨿𐨩𐨿𐨯𐨿𐨒 (mulysgä)

𐨨𐨂𐨫𐨿𐨩𐨿𐨯𐨗𐨁𐨯𐨁𐨌𐨣𐨌

⇒ Khotanese: 𐨨𐨂𐨫𐨿𐨩𐨿𐨯𐨗𐨁𐨯𐨁𐨌𐨣𐨌 (mulysajisīnā, “short-lived”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (*mwrzk)

⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (mwrzkʾpʾδʾ, “short-legged”)

⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (mwrzkzwʾnʾk, “short-lived”)


swáHduš

head

*swáHduš (comparative *swáHdyas, superlative *swáHdištʰas)

swáHdyas (comparative)
swáHdištʰas (superlative)

desc

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHdúṣ m, *swaHdwíH f

Sanskrit: स्वादु m (svādú), स्वाद्वी f (svādvī́)


swáHdištʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: स्वादिष्ठ (svā́diṣṭha)

From *swáHduš (“sweet”) + *-ištʰas (superlative suffix).

suf

superlative degree of *swáHduš (“sweet”): sweetest, most sweet


mr̥dúš

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*mr̥dúš (comparative *mrádyas, superlative *mrádištʰas)

mrádyas (comparative)
mrádištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥dúṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: मृदु (mṛdú)
Pali: mudu
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀉 (maü)
Old Marathi: मौ (mau)
Marathi: मऊ (maū)
Konkani: मोव (mov)
Gujarati: મઉ (mau)
→ Kannada: ಮೃದು (mṛdu)
→ Tamil: மிருது (mirutu)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥dúš

Old Persian: *mr̥duš

Parachi: maṛȫ

From Proto-Indo-European *ml̥dus (“soft, weak”), from *mel-. Cognate with Ancient Greek βλαδύς (bladús), Latin mollis, Proto-Germanic *mildijaz, Proto-Slavic *moldъ, Old Armenian մեղկ (mełk).


gr̥Húš

head

*gr̥Húš (comparative *gárHyas, superlative *gárištʰas)

gárHyas (comparative)
gárištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Húṣ

Sanskrit: गुरु (gurú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥Húš

Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱 (goᵘruš)

desc

𐬔𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎⸱𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎⸱𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀 (goᵘru.zaoθra, “who have offered viscid”, pl., literally “heavy libations”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ggarkha-) (+ kha-)


Hsućráwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsuśráwas

Vedic Sanskrit: सुश्रवस् (suśrávas)

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *Hhucráwah
Avestan: *husrauua
Parthian:
Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭇𐭅𐭎𐭓𐭅 (ḥwsrw)
→ Ancient Greek: Ὀσρόης (Osróēs)
→ Middle Persian:
Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫇𐫘𐫡𐫇𐫃 (hwsrwg /husrōg/)
Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮵𐮽𐮹𐮵𐮱𐮵 (ḥwslwb' /husraw, xusrav/)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (ḥwslwb), 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩 (ḥwslwdy /Husrōy/)
Persian: خسرو (xosrow) (see there for further descendants)

A compound formed from *Hsu- + *ćráwas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”) and *ḱléwos (“fame”).


sáHdʰuš

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*sáHdʰuš (comparative *sáHdʰyas, superlative *sáHdʰištʰas)

sáHdʰyas (comparative)
sáHdʰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáHdʰuṣ

Sanskrit: साधु (sā́dhu) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *séHdʰ-u-s, from *seHdʰ- (“to reach a goal; to succeed”) + *-us.


duHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHrás

Sanskrit: दूर (dūrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *duHráh

Central Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬏𐬭𐬁𐬝 (dūrāt̰, “from afar”), 𐬛𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬉 (dūirē), 𐬛𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬈 (dūⁱre)

Northeastern Iranian:

Pashto: لرې (lëre)

Southeastern Iranian:

Sarikoli: ðar

Shughni: ðar

→ Wakhi: ðir

Northwestern Iranian:

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: dûr

Central Kurdish: دوور (dûr)

Southern Kurdish: دۊر (dür)

Laki: دۊر (dür)

Talysh: دور (dur)

Zazaki: dur

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎯𐎢𐎼𐎡𐎹 (du-u-r-i-y /dūraiy/)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LHYK', dwl /dūr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫡 (dwr /dūr/)

Proto-Nuristani: *dū́ra

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *upadū́řa (< *upadū́rya)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: badǘř

Kativiri: badiúř

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *sudū́ra (“very far”)

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: sëdú (“far”)

Tregami: sudú (“far”)

Waigali: südi (“far”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂rós (“long, far away”), from *dweh₂-. Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Hittite [script needed] (tūwa, “distant, far”), Latin dūrus, Old Armenian երկար (erkar, “long, extended”).


amŕ̥tas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *amŕ̥tas

desctree

Sanskrit: अमृत (amṛ́ta)
Pali: amata
→ Thai: อมตะ (à-má-dtà)

Proto-Iranian: *amŕ̥tah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬱𐬀 (aməša)


Hráȷ́ištʰas

desc

*Hráȷ́iṣṭʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráȷ́iṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: रजिष्ठ (rájiṣṭha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrájištah

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (razišta)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵ-isth₂-o-s, from *h₃reǵ- (“straight”) + *-isth₂os.

superlative degree of *Hr̥ȷ́úš (“straight, correct”): straightest


wr̥traǰʰā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥traźʰā́

Sanskrit: वृत्रहन् (vṛtrahán) (वृत्रहा (vṛtrahā́, nom. sg))

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥θraǰā́

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬥 (vər^əθrajan) (𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬘𐬁 (vər^əθrajā, nom. sg))

→ Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭 (wahrām)

Persian: بهرام (bahrâm)

From *wr̥trás (“shield, cover, obstacle”) + *ǰʰā́ (“smiting, striking, killing”); the latter part from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰḗn, from *gʷʰen- (“to slay, strike”).


kr̥dʰHúš

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*kr̥dʰHúš (comparative *krádʰHyas, superlative *krádʰHištʰas)

krádʰHyas (comparative)
krádʰHištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥dʰHúš

Sanskrit: कृधु (kṛdhú, “short”)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥dHúš (“crooked”)

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬎𐬱𐬁 (kərədušā, “shortly”)

desc

Persian: کل (kol, “short, crooked, defective”)

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *čūrδ (“crooked”)

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *čörδ

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *čūrδ

Shughni: чӯрд̌ (čūrδ), чӯрд (čūrd)

Sarikoli: čerd, čerδ

Yazghulami: ќид̌ (ḱiδ)

Wakhi: kərd (“crooked”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kérdʰh₁-ú-s, from *(s)kérdʰh₁eti (“to cut, pierce”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *skardaz (“cut up, damaged”).


bʰárȷ́ʰištʰas

head

*bʰárȷ́ʰištʰas

desc

*bárźʰiṣṭʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bárźʰiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: बर्हिष्ठ (bárhiṣṭha)

Proto-Iranian: *bárjištah (see there for further descendants)

superlative degree of *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰáns (“high, tall”): highest, most elevated


Hadʰáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hadʰáras

Sanskrit: अधर (ádhara)

Proto-Iranian: *Hadárah

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬜𐬀𐬭𐬀 (aδara)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dära-, “inferior”)

Pashto: [script needed] (lar)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰ-ér-o-s, from *h₁n̥dʰér (“under, below”).


Hadʰamás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hadʰamás

Sanskrit: अधम (adhamá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hadamáh

Ormuri: jēm, jəm, zēm (Baraki Barak)

Ormuri: jēm, jim (Kaniguram)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰ-m̥mo-s, from *h₁n̥dʰí (“under, below”) + *-tm̥mós.

superlative degree of *Hadʰáras (“low”): lowest


kr̥šnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥ṣnás

Sanskrit: कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black, dark”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥šnah

Persian: کرسنه (kersne, “dirt, dirty”), (in Shirazi dialect) قرسنه (qeresne, “dirt, dirty”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kr̥snós. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *kiršnas.


mićrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *miśrás

desctree

Sanskrit: मिश्र (miśrá)
Dardic:
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (miẓ, “beginning, joined”)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (miẓ, “beginning, joined”)
Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (miẓ, “beginning, joined”)
Southwest Pashayi: [script needed] (miẓ, “beginning, joined”)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: මුසු (musu), මුහු (muhu)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (missa), 𑀫𑀻𑀲 (mīsa)
Assamese: মিহ (mih)
Bengali: মেশা (meśa)
Odia: ମିସା (misā)
Pali: missa
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (missa), 𑀫𑀻𑀲 (mīsa)
Hindi: मिस्सा (missā)
Nepali: मिस (mis, “mixing, mixture”), मास (mās, “mixing, mixture”)
Punjabi: ਮਿੱਸਾ (missā, “made of mixed grains”), ਮਿੱਸ (missa, “mixture of two grains in a crop”)
Sindhi: मिसो (miso, “made of mixed grains”)

Proto-Nuristani: *miššrá (“with”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: meṣ (“with”)

Kativiri: meṣ (“with”)

Prasuni: mëṣí (“with”)

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: míš (“with”)

From Proto-Indo-European *miḱ-ró-s, from *meyḱ- (“to mix”).


pr̥Hwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hwás

Sanskrit: पूर्व (pū́rva)
Dardic:
Kashmiri: پوٗر (pūr, “east”)
Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
Southwest Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: පුව (puwa)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯 (puvva), 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 (puvvā, “east”)
Bengali: পুব (pubo)
Bihari: पुर्वे (purve, “second ploughing”)
Maithili: पूब (pūb, “east”), पूबा (pūbā, “easterner”)
Pali: pubba (in compounds)
→ Burmese: ပုဗ္ဗ (pubba.)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯 (puvva), 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 (puvvā, “east”)
Old Hindi: पुब (puba, “former”)

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥Hwáh

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (paᵘruua)

Proto-Nuristani: *puwwá (“last year”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pū́

Kativiri: púve

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: páu

Waigali: pöv

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-wó-s, from *preh₂- (“before, in front of”).


wiprás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiprás

Sanskrit: विप्र (viprá)

Proto-Iranian: *wifráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬟𐬭𐬀 (vifra)

From Proto-Indo-European *wip-ró-s, from *weyp- + *-rós. Related Sanskrit विप्र (vípra, “priest, seer”) likely thematicized from Proto-Indo-European *wéyp-r̥ ~ *wip-éns (compare Sanskrit विपन्या (vipanyā́), विपन्यु (vipanyú)), from the same root.


dušmánās

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duẓmánās

desc

Sanskrit: दुर्मनस् (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”) दुर्मनास् (durmanās, m.nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *dušmánāh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dusmenēs. Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσμενής (dusmenḗs).


čitrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćitrás

Sanskrit: चित्र (citrá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čiθráh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kit-ró-s, from *keyt- (“to shine, glow”) + *-rós. Compare equivalent construction Proto-Germanic *haidraz (“clear, bright”).

cog

هجیر

→ Old Persian: *𐎢𐎨𐎰𐎼 (*u-c-θ-r /hučiθra/)


názdyas

From Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos, from *nesd-, from a compound of a prefix that is perhaps cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νᾰ́ (ănắ, “on, upon”) + Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“sit”).


ákas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ákas

⇒ Sanskrit: अक n (áka, “pain”, noun)

Proto-Iranian: *ákah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬐𐬀 (aka)


aśćaHyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *aśćaHyás

Sanskrit: अच्छाय (acchāyá)

Proto-Iranian: *acaHyáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (asaiia)

From *a- (“-less”) + *śćaHyáH (“shadow”) + *-as.


Hlágʰištʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlágʰiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: लघिष्ठ (lághiṣṭha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrágištah

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬘𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (rəṇjišta)

superlative degree of *Hlagʰúš (“lightweight, swift, agile”): lightest, swiftest, most agile


Hlágʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hlágʰyas

Sanskrit: लघीयस् (lághīyas)

Sanskrit: रघीयस् (rághīyas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrágyah

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (rəṇjiiah)

comparative degree of *Hlagʰúš (“lightweight, swift, agile”): lighter, swifter, more agile


dʰr̥ždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥ẓḍʰás

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: दृढ (dṛḍha), दृळ्ह (dṛḷha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥ždás

Parthian: [Term?] (/drz'd/, perfect passive participle)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰr̥ǵʰtós, from *dʰerǵʰ- (“to be firm”).


yatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yatás

Sanskrit: यत (yatá, “restrained”)

Pali: yata

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀬 (jaya)

Proto-Iranian: *yatáh

Avestan: (𐬀𐬞𐬀-)𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬙𐬀 ((apa-)iiata)

Perfect passive participle of *yam- (“to hold”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to take hold, restrain”).


sawyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)sawyás

Sanskrit: सव्य (savya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *(H)hawyáh

desc

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haoiia), 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (hauuiia)

Parthian: 𐫍𐫇𐫏 (hwy /hōy/, “left, left-hand”)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwy /hōy/, “left, left-hand”), [script needed] (hwyk' /hōyag/)

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)sewyós (“left”).


bʰadᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baddʰás

Sanskrit: बद्ध (baddhá) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Iranian: *bastáh (restored as ta-ptc. from earlier *bazdáh)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (basta)

Ossetian: бӕттын (bættyn)

Parthian: [Term?] (/bst/)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎿𐎫 (b-s-t /basta/)

Sogdian: [Term?] (/byst/)

→⇒ Old Armenian: բաստարան (bastaran)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰn̥dʰ-tó-s, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, bind”) + *-tós.


bʰaȷ́ʰúš

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*bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

*bʰaȷ́ʰúš (comparative *bʰánȷ́ʰyas, superlative *bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas)

bʰánȷ́ʰyas (comparative)
bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baźʰúṣ

desctree

Sanskrit: बहु (bahú, “many”)
→ Gujarati: બહુ (bahu)
→ Bengali: বহু (bohu)
→ Malayalam: ബഹു (bahu)
→ Old Javanese: bahu
Javanese: ꦧꦲꦸ (bahu)
→ Balinese: ᬩᬳᬸ (bahu)
→ Indonesian: bau (learned)
Pali: bahu
Kalasha: bo
⇒ Tamil: பகு (paku), வெகு (veku)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: बहुक (bahuka, “costing much”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: बहुत्व (bahutva, “abundance”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *bajúš

⇒ Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (bəzuuaṇt, “dense”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: բազում (bazum)
→ Armenian: բազում (bazum) (learned)

→? Proto-Finnic: *paksu (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰn̥ǵʰ-ú-s (zero-grade), from *bʰenǵʰ-.

बहुल

large, thick; see there for further descendants


kšudrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣudrás

desc

Sanskrit: क्षुद्र (kṣudrá), क्षुल्ल (kṣulla) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: क्षुल्लक (kṣullaká)

Proto-Iranian: *xšudráh (“liquid”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬜𐬭𐬀 (xšuδra), 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (xšudra, “liquid”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šwsl /šusᵃr/, “semen”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *xšudra-štaHkah

Sarikoli: [script needed] (x̌öx̌tuǰ, “watering place”)

From Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾sud-ró-s, from *k⁽ʷ⁾sewd- (“to disperse, to disintegrate”).


maȷ́ʰā́

head

*maȷ́ʰā́ (comparative *maȷ́ʰyas, superlative *maȷ́ʰištʰas)

maȷ́ʰyas (comparative)
maȷ́ʰištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maźʰā́

Sanskrit: महत् (mahát), महा (mahā́)
→ Hindi: महा (mahā)

Proto-Iranian: *majā́

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬀 (maza)

Northern Kurdish: mezin

Old Persian: *maθah

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ms /meh/, “great(er)”)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏𐫆 (myẖ /meh/)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“big, great”).


ćyaHmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás

Sanskrit: श्याम (śyāmá)

Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”)

⇒ Persian: سام (sâm, “fire”) (substantivized)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁-mó-s (“black, dark”), vṛddhi-derivation of *ḱih₃-mó-s, from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”).


tárunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárunas

Sanskrit: तरुण (táruṇa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tárunah

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬥𐬀 (taᵘruna, “young”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Proto-Scythian:

Ossetian:

desc

Digor Ossetian: тӕрин (tærin), тӕрна (tærna)

Iron Ossetian: тыры́н (tyrýn), тыр (tyr)

Persian: تر (tar, “wet”), توله (tôla, “whelp”), ترانه (tarâna, “a handsome youth”)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: [script needed] (trn /tarun/, “tame, gentle”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: tûle (“puppy”), terr (“fresh; new; young”), tol, tolaz, torran (“vagabond, lady's man, rascal, straggler...”), tole (“hussy, floozie, whore”), tol (“revenge”)

Southwestern Iranian:

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (tarōk, “young”), [script needed] (tōrūk, “young dog”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ter- (“soft, tender; young, small”).


priHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHás

Sanskrit: प्रिय (priyá) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: प्रियायते (priyāyáte, “to treat kindly, to befriend”)

Proto-Iranian: *friHáh

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (friia, “dear, beloved, friend, well-wisher”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (briya-, “beloved, dear, treasured”)

Parthian: [script needed] (fryẖ, “dear, beloved”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (’fryẖ), [script needed] (’p̄ryẖ), [script needed] (’p̄ryy, “to create, to bless”)

Persian: فری (fari, “dear, beloved, pleasing”) (archaic)

Sogdian: [script needed] (pry-) (Buddhist), [script needed] (fry-, “dear”) (Christian, Manichaean)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


bʰuHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuHtás

Sanskrit: भूत (bhūtá, “been, become”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *buHtáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬙𐬀 (būta)

>? Persian: بوته (bute, “bush; child (of human or camel)”) (perhaps)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-tó-s, from *bʰuH- (“to be”).


samHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *samHás

Sanskrit: सम (samá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hamHáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: hev

Central Kurdish: ھاو- (haw-)

desctree

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /hama/)
Middle Persian: hm (ham)
Persian: هم (ham)
Northern Luri: هوم (hom)

Zazaki: hem


slagžʰnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *slagẓʰnás

desc

Sanskrit: श्लक्ष्ण (ślakṣṇá, “tender, soft”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *(h)lagžnáh

Ossetian: (“smooth, polished”)

Digor Ossetian: лигъз (liǧz)

Iron Ossetian: лӕгъз (læǧz)

Parachi: لهنو (lhanȫ, “slippery”)

Pashto: لغزن (laǧzën, “slippery”)

Persian: لشن (lašan, “soft, smooth”)

Tajik: лағжонак (laġžonak)

From *slágžʰati (“to slip, slide”) + *-nás.


HaHćúš

head

*HaHćúš (comparative *HáHćyas, superlative *HáHćištʰas)

HáHćyas (comparative)
HáHćištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHśúṣ

Sanskrit: आशु (āśú)

Proto-Iranian: *HaHcús

Avestan: 𐬁𐬯𐬎 (āsu)

Uncertain; presumably cognate with Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús, “fast, swift”), Latin ōcior (“swifter”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *HéHḱus, *h₁oHḱ-ú-s, perhaps related to *h₁éḱwos (“horse”).


kaćúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaśúṣ

Sanskrit: कशु (kaśú)

Proto-Iranian: *kacúš (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kénḱ-u-s ~ *kn̥ḱ-éw-s, from *kenḱ- + *-us. Perhaps cognate with Ancient Greek κακός (kakós, “bad, awful, worthless”), Lithuanian keñkti (“to ache”), Proto-Germanic *hungruz (“hunger”).


dasrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dasrás

Sanskrit: दस्र (dasrá)

Proto-Iranian: *dahráh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀 (daŋra)

From Proto-Indo-European *dn̥s-ró-s, from *dens-. Cognate with Ancient Greek δαιφρων (daiphrōn).


Hántamas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántamas

Sanskrit: अन्तम (ántama, antamá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántamah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (aṇtəma, “intimate”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁en-tm̥mós, from *h₁én (“in”) + *-tm̥mós.


daćamás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśamás

Sanskrit: दशम (daśamá, “tenth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dasamáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬀 (dasəma)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾhwm /dahom/)

Persian: دهم (dahom)

Sogdian: [script needed] (δsmy(k), “tenth”)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


bʰadrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰadrás

Sanskrit: भद्र (bhadrá), भल्ल (bhalla)

Proto-Iranian: *badráh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬜𐬭𐬀 (hubaδra, “fortunate”)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰend- or *bʰed-.


aštamás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *aṣṭamás

Sanskrit: अष्टम (aṣṭamá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *aštamáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (aštəma)

Ossetian: ӕстӕм (æstæm)

Persian: هشتم (haštom)

Sogdian: [script needed] (՚štmyk)

An Indo-Iranian innovation; modelled after other ordinal adjectives like *daćamás; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.


Harušás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haruṣás

Sanskrit: अरुष (aruṣá, “red, reddish”)

Proto-Iranian: *Harušáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (aᵘruša, “white”)

Old Persian: *arušah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾlws /arus/, “white”)

Persian: الوس (alus, “white horse”)

Ossetian: урс (urs, “white”), уорс (uors) — Digor

→⇒ Old Armenian: Արուսեակ (Aruseak, “Morning Star, the planet Venus”)

→⇒? Old Armenian: արշալուրշ (aršalurš)


tr̥Hwáns

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*tr̥Hwáns (comparative *tárHuyas, superlative *tárHwištʰas)

tárHuyas (comparative)
tárHwištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Hwáns

Sanskrit: तूर्वत् (tūrvat)

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥Hwáns

desc

𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙 (taᵘruuaiiaṇt)

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂w-ónt-s, participle of *térh₂uti (“to overcome, be able”). Cognate with Proto-Anatolian *tr̥Hʷánts (“an Anatolian storm god”).


tárHuyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHuyas

Sanskrit: तरीयस् (tárīyas)

comparative degree of *tr̥Hwáns (“overcoming, able”): easily passing through


saptátʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saptátʰas

Sanskrit: सप्तथ (saptátha)

Proto-Iranian: *haptáθah

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀𐬚𐬀 (haptaθa)

From Proto-Indo-European *septm̥-th₂ó-s (“seventh”), from *septḿ̥ (“seven”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *sebundô.


ȷ́ʰárHiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰárHiṣ

Sanskrit: हरि (hári)

Proto-Iranian: *járHiš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (zaⁱri)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *járHitah (“yellow”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬙𐬋 (zaⁱritō)

Wakhi: zert

Sogdian: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼰𐼸 (zyrtʾk /zērtē/)

Yagnobi: zard

Shughni: зирд (zird)

Pashto: زيړ (zjaṛ)

Baluchi: زرد (zard)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: zer

Central Kurdish: زەرد (zerd)

Zazaki: zerd

Larestani: [script needed] (zard)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlt' /zard/)

Persian: زرد (zard)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زرد (zard)

→ Sindhi: زرد (zardu)

→ Urdu: زرد (zard)

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Prasuni: žiërä

Southern Nuristani:

Tregami: źëró (“holly oak”)

Waigali: zër (“weed”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”) + *-is.


HwiHwáswāns

From *HwiHwás (“dawn, morning”) + *-wāns.


támHaswāns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *támHaswāns

Sanskrit: तमस्वन्त् (támasvant)

Proto-Iranian: *támHahwāh

desc

Avestan: 𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀𐬧𐬙 (təmaŋᵛhaṇt, “dark; blinded”)


Hárwāns

The *Hárwā (“quick”) + *-wants, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- + Proto-Indo-European *-wénts.


Hsáns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsáns

Sanskrit: सन्त् (sánt), सन् (sán, nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *Hháns

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬧𐬙 (haṇt), 𐬵𐬄𐬯 (hąs, nom.sg.)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *-sãtaká (adjectival/nominal suffix)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: -stë

Kativiri: -stë

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: -stë

Waigali: -stë


dʰHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHtás

Sanskrit: हित (hita), धित (dhitá)

Proto-Iranian: *daHtáh, *daθáh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-tó-s, *dʰeh₁-tó-s, from *dʰeh₁- (“to do”) + *-tós.


bʰiHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰiHtás

Sanskrit: भीत (bhītá, “afraid”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰih₂-tó-s, from *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear”) + *-tós.


ȷ́árHans

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*ȷ́árHans (comparative *ȷ́árHyas, superlative *ȷ́árHištʰas)

ȷ́árHyas (comparative)
ȷ́árHištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHans

Sanskrit: जरत् (járant)

Proto-Iranian: *járHans

Alanic: *zarand

Ossetian: зӕронд (zærond)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ζάρανδος (Zárandos, “a name from Tanais”)

Classical Persian: زرند (zarand)


ǰáyans

head

*ǰáyans (comparative *ȷ́áyas, superlative *ȷ́áyištʰas)

ȷ́áyas (comparative)
ȷ́áyištʰas (superlative)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áyans

Sanskrit: जयत् (jáyat)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáyans

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙 (jaiiaṇt)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷéy-o-nt-s, present participle of *gʷéy-e-ti (“to win”).


bʰudᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *buddʰás

Sanskrit: बुद्ध (buddhá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *buzdáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬀 (busta)


uktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uktás

Sanskrit: उक्त (uktá)

From Proto-Indo-European *ukʷ-tó-s, from *wekʷ- (“to speak”) + *-tós.


tanHúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tanHúṣ

Sanskrit: तनु (tanú)

Proto-Iranian: *tanHúš

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬏 (tanū)

desc

Northern Kurdish: tenik (“thin”), teng (“narrow”)

Ossetian тӕнӕг (tænæg)

Persian: تنگ (tang)

→ Old Armenian: թանկ (tʻank) / թանգ (tʻang)


maȷ́ʰištʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maźʰiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: महिष्ठ (mahiṣṭha)

Proto-Iranian: *majištah

Central Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (mazišta)

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (masišta)

Northeastern Iranian:

>? Bactrian: μοϸτο (mošto)

Northwestern Iranian:

Old Median: *masištah (see there for further descendants)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: *maθištah (see there for further descendants)

From *maȷ́ʰā́ (“great, big”) + *-ištʰas (superlative suffix).

suf

superlative degree of *maȷ́ʰā́ (“great, big”): greatest, biggest


ćwitrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *świtrás

Sanskrit: श्वित्र (śvitrá, “white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *cwiθráh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

desc

→ Hindi: चिट्टा (ciṭṭā)

→ Hindi: चिट्टा (ciṭṭā)

⇒ Hindi: चिट्टी (ciṭṭī, “a type of bird”)

→ Old Punjabi: ਚਿਟਾ (ciṭā, “white”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwit-ró-s, from *ḱweyt- (“to shine”) + *-rós.


(w)ŕ̥šanwāns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wŕ̥ṣanwāns

Sanskrit: वृषण्वन्त् (vṛ́ṣaṇvant)

Proto-Iranian: *ŕ̥šanwāh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (aršnauuaṇt)

From *(w)ŕ̥šā (“stallion, bull”) + *-wāns.


sr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sr̥štás

Sanskrit: सृष्ट (sṛṣṭá, “let go”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hr̥štáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aŋharšta)

From Proto-Indo-European *sl̥ǵ-tó-s, from *selǵ- (“to let go”) + *-tós.


Hsumánās

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsumánās

Sanskrit: सुमनस् (sumánas), सुमनास् (sumánās, m.nom.sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *Hhumánāh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (humanah)

Old Persian: [script needed] (umanah)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hūman, “good-minded person”)

Persian: هومن (human)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wes-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-
Proto-Indo-European *men-
Proto-Indo-European *ménos
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₁sumenēs
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsumánās
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sumenēs.