leyp-

*léyp-os ~ *léyp-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráypas

desc

Sanskrit: रेपस् (répas, “dirty spot, stain”)

*leyp-ó-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *lībą (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-p-ti ~ *li-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *limpáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *limpáti

Sanskrit: लिम्पति (limpáti, “to smear, pollute”) (see there for further descendants)

*lip-yé-ti (yé-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *libjaną (“to live, be alive”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laip-

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipi̇̀nti, láipioti

Proto-Slavic: *lěpiti (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laibijaną (“leave behind”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilaibijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *laypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *laypáyati

Sanskrit: लेपयति (lepáyati, “to smear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: làipa (“footbridge”)

Slavic:

Polish: lepa (“slush”)

Proto-Germanic: *laibō (“that which remains”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lě̑pъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láypas

Sanskrit: लेप (lepa)

*lip-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipai̇̃ (“glue, adhesive”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lípos (see there for further descendants)

*lip-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipnùs (“sticky, adhesive; sociable, likable, friendly”)

Proto-Italic: *lipnos

>? Latin: lippus (“dripping; festering; watery-eyed, drowsy”)

*lip-ró-s

*lip-r-éh₂ f

>? Proto-Germanic: *librō (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riprás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riprás

Sanskrit: रिप्र (riprá-, “dirt, impurity, stain; dirty, filthy, vile, bad”)

*lip-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: li̇̀ptas (“footbridge”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liptás

Sanskrit: लिप्त (liptá-, “smeared”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riptás

Sanskrit: रिप्त (riptá-, “stuck, adhering, smeared”)

*lip-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lipus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipùs (“sticky”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ripúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ripúṣ

Sanskrit: रिपु (ripú-, “fraudulent, deceitful, treacherous”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *líptei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lībaną (with unexpected voiced Verner alternant) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilībaną (see there for further descendants)

Germanic: (possibly) *ainalif (“eleven”, literally “one left”), *twalif (“twelve”, literally “two left”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λίπα (lípa, “richly”)

Ancient Greek: λιπαίνω (lipaínō, “to oil, anoint, lubricate, enrich”), λιπάω (lipáō)

Ancient Greek: λιπαρός (liparós, “fatty, rich, oily, greasy, lubricated, shiny”)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लेपन (lepana, “smearing; liniment, oil; fat, flesh, meat”)

Sanskrit: लेपिन् (lepin, “smearing”)

Sanskrit: लिपि (lipi, “smear(ing); painting, drawing, writing”)

Sanskrit: लिप्यते (lipyate, “to be stuck, attached, smeared (onto)”)

Sanskrit: रिप् (rip, “deceit, injury; deceiver, injurer, enemy”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lip (“remain”)

Often supposed to be an extension of *ley-, *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, glide; slimy”).


desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtis
East Baltic:
Lithuanian: vyti̇̀s (“twig”)
Proto-Slavic: *vitь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weitis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wiþiz

Proto-Italic: *wītis

Latin: vītis

Ancient Greek: ἰτέα (itéa, “willow”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գի (gi, “juniper”)
Armenian: գի (gi), (Zeitun) գՙէ (gʻē), (Pingan) գՙի (gʻi, “cypress”)
→ Georgian: გია (gia)
⇒ Old Armenian: *գիհենի (*giheni) (with the botanical suffix -ենի (-eni))
Armenian: (Lori) կէ՛նի (kḗni), (Karabakh) կէ՛նէ (kḗnē), (Karadagh) իգէ՛նէ (igḗnē)

→? Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣwiw- (“juniper”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waytasás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waytasás

desc

Sanskrit: वेतस (vetasá, “Calamus rotang or another kind of similar reed”), वेत्र (vétra, “a big kind of Calamus”), वैतस (vaitasá)

Proto-Iranian: *waytaháh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬌 (vaēti, “willow”)

Hawramî: ۋیکۆڵ (ʋīkɔł, “willow”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bî (“willow”)

Central Kurdish: بی (bî, “willow”)

Southern Kurdish: ڤێ (vê, “willow”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wyt /wēd/, “willow”)

Persian: بید (bid)

→ Northern Kurdish: bîd

Ossetian:

Digor: уедагӕ (wedagæ), едагӕ (edagæ, “root”)

Iron: уи́даг (wídag)

Pashto: وله (wala, “willow”)

Zazaki: vîyale (“willow”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

From *weh₁y- (“to twine, wind”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).
The reconstruction of the underlying root is heavily debated. Beekes, De Vaan, and Derksen all reconstruct *weh₁i-, each using the oblique, zero-grade stem (*uh₁i-ti-) as the etymon for the Hellenic, Italic, and Balto-Slavic branches respectively. Fortson agrees that the oblique, zero-grade stems of many nouns in *-tis and *-tus were generalized in Indo-Aryan, Hellenic, and many other branches. Other examples include:
* *bʰértis > *bʰŕ̥tis → Old Armenian բարդ (bard), Celtic *britis (Old Irish brith, Middle Welsh bryd), Germanic *burþiz, Italic *forts (Latin fors), Sanskrit भृति (bhr̥tí)
* *pértus > *pŕ̥tus → Celtic *ɸritus (Brythonic *rrɨd), Germanic *furduz, Iranian *pr̥tuš (Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬎 (pər^ətu)), Italic *portus
Matasović instead reconstructs *weyh₁-, pointing out that, in Celtic, a laryngeal is lost after the diphthong -ey- and before a consonant (/eyHC/ → /eyC/) and also that -ey- regularly becomes -ē-. However, given the evidence of other Celtic nouns derived from *-tis and *-tus (*bʰértis > *britis, *ǵéwstus > *gustus, *pértus > *ɸritus), Celtic also appears to favor the zero-grade for these nouns, making the reconstruction *wéyh₁tis untenable. It is unclear whether *uh₁ítis regularly gives Celtic *wētis, but *wih₁-, the zero-grade of *weyh₁-, certainly would not.
The LIV in turn reconstructs *wyeh₁- for the verbs meaning “to wrap, twine” (Latin vieō, Sanskrit व्ययति (vyáyati), Slavic *viti); though De Vaan rejects this proposal.


h₁én

Old Albanian: ën-

Albanian: n-

Albanian: m- (before labials)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *in (< zero-grade *h₁n̥)

Old Prussian: ēn

Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)

Lithuanian: į, in (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *en (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *en

Ancient Greek: ἐν (en)

Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)

Proto-Italic: *en (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: -an

Tocharian B: -ne

Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (“intensifier”)

Tocharian A: a(n)-

Tocharian B: e(n)-

>? Proto-Slavic: *ędro

kernel, core; see there for further descendants

अण्ड

egg, testicle; see there for further descendants

eni

*h₁én-i (< *h₁én + *-i (locative suffix))

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ

daughter; see there for further descendants

enî

Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah; Northern Kurdish

enech

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqa-glas); Old Irish

𐌄𐌔

? *h₁én-s (or later independent creations as counterpart to *h₁eǵʰs)

instran

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *intró (“liver”); Old Prussian

ę̄trò

liver; see there for further descendants

अन्त्र

intestine; see there for further descendants

under (the surface); see there for further descendants

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǭtrьnъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǫtrь (“inside, within”) (*vъn- (“in”) + *ǫtrь) (see there for further descendants)


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱél-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ḱl̥-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *huljaną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, to keep”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárma

Sanskrit: शर्मन् (śárman)

*ḱél-mō

Proto-Germanic: *helmô (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-mos

Proto-Germanic: *helmaz (“helmet”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-n-eh₂ ~ *ḱol-n-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hallō (“hall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelnā

Latin: cella (see there for further descendants)

*ḱēl-is

Proto-Germanic: *hēliz (“deceitful”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-ōs ~ *ḱél-es-

Proto-Germanic: *hulisō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelōs (“outside, aspect”)

Latin: color (see there for further descendants)

*ḱol-es-o-

desctree

Ancient Greek: κολεός (koleós), κουλεός (kouleós)
Greek: κολεός (koleós)
→ Latin: cōleus (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“netherworld”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *keljom

Latin: cilium (“eyelid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klām

Latin: clam (“secretly”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: kelmis

Lithuanian: šálmas

Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“to conceal”)

Old English: *hellan, helian

Middle English: helen (merger with helan)

English: hele, heel

Scots: heil

Old Frisian: *hella, *hiella (attested in bihella, bihiella (“to cover, hide”))

Old Saxon: hellian (bihellian)

Old High German: hellen

Middle High German: *heln (attested in entheln (“to uncover”))

>? Proto-Germanic: *hallō (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: καλύπτω (kalúptō), Καλυψώ (Kalupsṓ), καλύβη (kalúbē), κέλυφος (kéluphos), κελέβη (kelébē), κάλπις (kálpis)

Greek: καλύπτω (kalýpto), καλύβι (kalývi), καλύβα (kalýva), κέλυφος (kélyfos), κάλπη (kálpi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaranás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaranás

Sanskrit: शरण (śaraṇá)

Proto-Iranian: *caranáh

>? Persian: سرمه (sorme)

Latin: cālīgō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: cēlō (see there for further descendants)


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱlew-

*h₂eus-ḱl̥-t-eh₂-ye-ti (thematic ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *auskoltāō

Latin: auscultō (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *halþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hulþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-i-s

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: šali̇̀s

Latvian: salis


Proto-Hellenic: *newotāts

Ancient Greek: νεότης (neótēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwataH (< *newéteh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwataH

Sanskrit: नवता (návatā)

Proto-Italic: *nowotāts

Latin: novitās (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niwiþō (< *newéteh₂) (see there for further descendants)

From the adjective *néwos (“new”) + *-teh₂ts.


Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “I secure, fasten”)

*ph₂ǵ-éh₂ye-ti (iterative or causative verb with *-eh₂yéti)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpāgō

*ph₂-né-ǵ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ǵ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *pangō

Latin: pangō (“I fasten, fix”) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: pactus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγη (págē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῆγμα (pêgma)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpagmen

Proto-Germanic: *faką (“enclosure, section”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pāgos

Latin: pāgus (“district, region”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pazъ (see there for further descendants)

*péh₂ǵ-s (nomen actionis)

Hellenic:

⇒? Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax)

Proto-Italic: *pākslā

Latin: pāla

Proto-Italic: *pākslos

Latin: pālus (“stake, pole”)

Proto-Italic: *pākslolos

Latin: paxillus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχνη (pákhnē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσαλος (pássalos)

→ Latin: pessulus

Italic:

⇒ Latin: repāgulum

(possibly) *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաստ (hast)

Proto-Germanic: *fastuz (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *postъ (“fasting”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *en-pāginja

Albanian: mpij (“to benumb”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աստեմ (astem, “to look for a bride; ask in marriage”)

Celtic:

Welsh: aelod (“a member”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγος (págos, “cliff, peak”), πάσσαλος (pássalos) (perhaps), πηγή (pēgḗ) (perhaps), πηγός (pēgós)

Indo-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀𐬧𐬙 (pāzaŋᵛhaṇt)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pāysa-, “surface”)

Sanskrit: पज्र (pajrá-, “solid, firm”)

Sanskrit: पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, face”)

Italic:

Latin: pāgina (“page, sheet”)

⇒ Latin: compāgēs, prōpāgēs

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


wed-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*u-né-d-ti ~ *u-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *unátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *unátti

Sanskrit: उनत्ति (unátti, “to wet”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *undā

Latin: unda (“wave”)

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

*wod-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Germanic: *waskaną (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*wēd-o-s (“wet”)

Proto-Germanic: *wētaz

*wód-r̥ ~ *wéd-n̥-s (“water”)

*ud-ri-s

Proto-Italic: *udri-

q

or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὑδρία</i> (hudría)

Latin: uter (“leather bag”) (or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría))

*wed-ro-m

Proto-Italic: *wedrom

Latin: vitrum (“glass”)

*ud-ró-s (“otter”)

*wéd-os ~ *wéd-es-os (“water”)

Old Armenian: գետ (get, “river”)

Unsorted formations:

Illyrian: *adur

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: उद्र (udra, “water”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌 (vaⁱδi, “watercourse”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (vaⁱri, “lake”)

→ Middle Persian: (/war/, “lake”)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wl)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aoδa, “water spring”)

→ Middle Persian: (/ōdāy/, “water spring”) (just in some Zend texts)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwdʾd)

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬀 (usa, “well”)

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *wete, the source of Finnish vesi and Hungarian víz. The nature of the relationship is unclear and controversial; the word may have been borrowed from Proto-Indo-European into Proto-Uralic, or the reverse. A minority of linguists suggests a common origin from an even earlier proto-language, Indo-Uralic, but this is not generally accepted.
In Proto-Indo-European, the active elemental *wed- (“water”) was contrasted with the passive *h₂ep- (“body of water”), similar to the opposition of the active "fire" *h₁n̥gʷnis with the passive *péh₂wr̥.


*bʰléh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blōaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₃-mō ~ *bʰl̥h₃-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *blōmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blōdiz, *blēdiz (“blossom, sprout”)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdi, *blādi

desctree

Old English: blēd, blǣd
Middle English: blede, bled
English: blead
Scots: bleed

Old High German: bluot

Middle High German: bluot

⇒ Middle High German: blüete (plural)

German: Blüte (singular)

Proto-Celtic: *blātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bladą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pält

Tocharian B: pilta

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠ́λλον (phŭ́llon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: folium (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰl̥h₃rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: फुल्ल (phulla) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բող (boł), բողիկ (bołik) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Middle Armenian: բողբուճ (bołbuč), բողբոճ (bołboč)

Proto-Celtic: *belyom (“tree”)


les-

*lés-ti ~ *l̥s-énti (athematic root present) or *léseti (thematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒇷𒅖𒊭𒀭𒍣 (li-iš-ša-an-zi /liššanzi/, 3pl.pres.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lestei

Latvian: lest

Lithuanian: lèsti

Proto-Germanic: *lesaną

?*los-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lasýti

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


strengʰ-

*strongʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *strangijaną (see there for further descendants)

*strongʰ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *strangas

Latvian: strangs (“brave, brisk, fresh”)

Proto-Germanic: *strangaz (see there for further descendants)

*strn̥gʰ-os

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: στραγγός (strangós)

*strongʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *strangiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stringt (“to stiffen, wither”)

Lithuanian: stri̇̀gti (“to stick”)

Proto-Slavic:

Polish: zastrąc (“to come to a halt”)

Proto-Italic: *stringō

Latin: stringō (“to bind fast, tighten”)

Possibly related to *sterh₃- (“to spread, to extend”).


*kelati

Proto-Italic: *kelō

Latin: calō

*kalenti

Proto-Italic: *kaleje-

Proto-Italic: *kalētōd

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (kařetu)

Proto-Germanic: *helą

Old Norse: hjal (“babbling, chit-chat”)

⇒ Icelandic: hjala (“to babble”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krándati

Sanskrit: क्रन्दति (krándati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *klándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *klándati

Sanskrit: क्लन्दति (klandati)

Proto-Hellenic: *kəlḗyō

Ancient Greek: καλέω (kaléō)

Proto-Germanic: *halōną, *hulōną (see there for further descendants)

*kel-yo-

Proto-Italic: *keliom

Latin: (con)cilium

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κληδών (klēdṓn)

Proto-Italic: *klāssis

Latin: classis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał), ագաղաղ (agałał), այգաղաղ (aygałał), աքալալ (akʻalal)
→ Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał)
⇒ Armenian: աքլոր (akʻlor)

Proto-Italic: *klāros

Latin: clārus (“loud, clear”) (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥h₁-meh₂ (?)

Proto-Italic: *klāmā

⇒ Latin: clāmō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: clāmōsus

Proto-Germanic: *hlōaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel- (with s mobile)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skaļš (“loud, noisy”)

desc

Lithuanian: skãlyti (“to bark, roar, yell, whine”), skalùs (“loud, (of a dog) often barking”), skali̇̀kas (“hound”), kalė̃ (“bitch”)

Russian: скули́ть (skulítʹ, “to whine”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellaną

Middle Dutch: scellen

Old High German: skellan

Alemannic German: schälle

German: schellen (“to sound”)

Old Norse: skjalla (“to clash, clatter”) ⇒ skjallr (“loud”)

Icelandic: skella (“to crash, bang”), skjalla (“to flatter”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljaną (causative)

Old English: scillen

Old High German: skellen (“to make sound”)

Middle High German: schellen

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella (“to slamp, slap”)

Norwegian: skjelle (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: scal

Middle High German: schal

German: Schall (“sound, clang”)

Middle Dutch: scal

Dutch: schal (“a resonating sound or noise”)

Swedish: skall (“bark (of a dog or wolf)”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellō

Old High German: skella

Middle High German: schelle

German: Schelle (“bell”)

Middle Dutch: scelle

Dutch: schel

*(s)kel-dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *skeldaną

German: schelten (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic: *skalda- (“skald, poet”) (perhaps)

Old Norse: skald

Icelandic: skáld

→ English: scold (“person of ribald speech, clamourous woman”)

*(s)kol-, *(s)kulu-

Old Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”), also in the forms κύλλα (kúlla) and σκύλος (skúlos, “puppy, dog”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλιον (skúlion, “type of shark”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλα (skúlla, “type of fish”), Σκύλλα (Skúlla, “the Bitch (?)”)

Ancient Greek: σκυλλίς (skullís, “vine branch”)

Ancient Greek: σκύμνος (skúmnos, “lion cub”) (?)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kalgalinai-, “to clang, clash”), [script needed] (kalleš-, kalliš-, “to evoke, summon”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kaļôt

Lithuanian: kalba

Proto-Slavic: *kolkolъ

Russian: ко́локол (kólokol, “bell”)

Proto-Celtic: *kalyākos (“rooster”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *halliz

Dutch: hel

⇒ Dutch: helder

Afrikaans: helder

German: hell

Proto-Germanic: *hellaną (see there for further descendants)


bʰértis

bʰértis (nominative singular)
bʰérteyes (nominative plural)
bʰérti (singular vocative)
bʰérteyes (plural vocative)
bʰértim (accusative singular)
bʰértims (accusative plural)
bʰr̥téys (genitive singular)
bʰr̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥téys (ablative singular)
bʰr̥tímos (ablative plural)
bʰr̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰr̥téyey (dative singular)
bʰr̥tímos (dative plural)
bʰr̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
bʰr̥téy (locative singular)
bʰr̥tḗy (locative singular)
bʰr̥tísu (locative plural)
bʰr̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥tímis (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բարդ (bard) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *britis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fortis

Latin: fors (“chance”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: भृति (bhṛtí)

From *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


gʷʰer-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja

Albanian: ziej

Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō

Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)

*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti

Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)

*gʷʰor-éye-ti (eye-causative)

*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Albanian: *grāja

Albanian: ngroh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō

Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)

*gʷʰrē̆-ns-o- (warm)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷrensos

Welsh: gwres

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰransás

Sanskrit: घ्रंस (ghraṃsa)

*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr̥-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥ṇáwti

Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti)

*gʷʰér-mn̥ ~ *gʷʰr̥-méns (“warmth, heat”)

*gʷʰér-os (“heat; warm weather”)

*gʷʰór-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros (“brooding; pus”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰr̥-nó-s (“warm”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas

desc

Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ (“furnace, cauldron”), *gъrno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥ṇás

Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá, “heat”) (see there for further descendants)


gʷʰoréyeti

gʷʰoréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰoréyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰoréye (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoys (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰoréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰoréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷʰoréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰoréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰoréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰoréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷʰoréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰoréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰoréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰoréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷʰoréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰoréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰoréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷʰoréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰoréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyete (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰoréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyonts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰoréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰoréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷorīti

Middle Irish: guirid

Irish: gor

Welsh: gwresogi

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰaráyati (though the absence of Brugmann's law lengthening to produce *gʰāráyati implies that this formation may be secondary or that some leveling occurred)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰaráyati

Sanskrit: घरयति (gharáyati) (root घर् (ghar))

From *gʷʰer- (“hot, warm”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


gʷʰéros

gʷʰéros (nominative singular)
gʷʰérōs (nominative plural)
gʷʰéros (singular vocative)
gʷʰérōs (plural vocative)
gʷʰéros (accusative singular)
gʷʰérōs (accusative plural)
gʷʰéresos (genitive singular)
gʷʰéresoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰéresos (ablative singular)
gʷʰéresmos (ablative plural)
gʷʰéresbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰéresey (dative singular)
gʷʰéresmos (dative plural)
gʷʰéresbʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰéres (locative singular)
gʷʰéresi (locative singular)
gʷʰéresu (locative plural)
gʷʰéresmis (instrumental plural)
gʷʰéresbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջեր (ǰer)

Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

(perhaps) Old Prussian: goro

Proto-Slavic: *žarъ

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéros

Ancient Greek: θέρος (théros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáras

Vedic Sanskrit: हरस् (háras)


udrós

udrós (nominative singular)
udróes (nominative plural)
udré (singular vocative)
udróes (plural vocative)
udróm (accusative singular)
udróms (accusative plural)
udrósyo (genitive singular)
udróHom (genitive plural)
udréad (ablative singular)
udrómos (ablative plural)
udróbʰos (ablative plural)
udróey (dative singular)
udrómos (dative plural)
udróbʰos (dative plural)
udréy (locative singular)
udróy (locative singular)
udróysu (locative plural)
udrṓys (instrumental plural)
udrā́m (accusative singular)
udróm (nominative singular)
udróy (dual nominative)
udróm (singular vocative)
udróy (dual vocative)
udróy (accusative dual)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *udros (“dun, greyish-brown”)

Old Irish: odur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *hĭwĭd-lʉh

Albanian: hyll (“god”)

Illyrian: *hud-lo

Illyrian: *hullur

Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία (Illuría)

From *wed- (“water”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

ὕδρα

sea snake; see there for further descendants


-rós

-rós (nominative singular)
Ø-rós (nominative singular)
Ø-róh₁ (dual nominative)
-róes (nominative plural)
Ø-róes (nominative plural)
-ré (singular vocative)
Ø-ré (singular vocative)
Ø-róh₁ (dual vocative)
-róes (plural vocative)
Ø-róes (plural vocative)
-róm (accusative singular)
Ø-róm (accusative singular)
Ø-róh₁ (accusative dual)
-róms (accusative plural)
Ø-róms (accusative plural)
-rósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-rósyo (genitive singular)
-róHom (genitive plural)
Ø-róHom (genitive plural)
-réad (ablative singular)
Ø-réad (ablative singular)
-rómos (ablative plural)
Ø-rómos (ablative plural)
-róbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-róbʰos (ablative plural)
-róey (dative singular)
Ø-róey (dative singular)
-rómos (dative plural)
Ø-rómos (dative plural)
-róbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-róbʰos (dative plural)
-réy (locative singular)
Ø-réy (locative singular)
-róy (locative singular)
Ø-róy (locative singular)
-róysu (locative plural)
Ø-róysu (locative plural)
Ø-róh₁ (instrumental singular)
-rṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-rṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-réh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-réh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-rā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-rā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-réh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-réh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-róm (nominative singular)
Ø-róm (nominative singular)
-róy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-réh₂ (nominative plural)
-róm (singular vocative)
Ø-róm (singular vocative)
-róy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-réh₂ (plural vocative)
-róy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-réh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *-ra

Albanian: -ar, -r

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ար (-ar)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ras

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: -rs

Lithuanian: -ras, -rus

Proto-Slavic: *-rъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-ros

Proto-Germanic: *-raz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-rós

Ancient Greek: -ρός (-rós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-rás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-rás

Sanskrit: -र (-rá) (for example: उद्र (udrá)

Proto-Iranian: *-ráh

Avestan: -𐬭𐬀 (-ra) (for example: 𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (udra))

Proto-Italic: *-ros

Latin: -er (after a consonant), -rus

Proto-Tocharian: *-re

Tocharian A: -är

Tocharian B: -re

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.


*weh₂dʰ- (full-grade root present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գամ (gam)
Armenian: գալ (gal)

Proto-Italic: *wāðō
Latin: vādō (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wadaną (“to wade”) (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ-om (“shallow water, ford”) (Unclear; long ū would be expected in the Germanic and Italic branches. Perhaps w- was restored by analogy with the verb?)

>? Proto-Albanian: *wa(d)

Albanian: va

Proto-Germanic: *wadą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *waðom
Latin: vadum (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *wadmi

Albanian: *wem

Albanian: vete

Anatolian:

Hittite: >? Hittite: to come (uwami)

Celtic:

Welsh: go-di-wawd (“overtook”)


*welh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *welō (see there for further descendants)

*wélh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vi̇̀ltis (“to hope”)

Latvian: vil̂t (“to mislead”)

Old Prussian: prawilts (“betrayed”)

Proto-Germanic: *wiljaną (see there for further descendants)

*wl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Ancient Greek: λῶ (lô, “to wish”)

*wolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *voliti

Proto-Germanic: *waljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥nHtáy

Sanskrit: वृणीते (vṛṇīté, “to choose”)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vərəṇtē, “to choose”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras

Sanskrit: वर (vará)

Proto-Germanic: *walō (< *wolh₁-eh₂)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *walā

Albanian: vallë (maybe, wishfully)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náHti

Sanskrit: वृणाति (vṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti

Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇoti) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: գեղձ (gełj)

Proto-Slavic: *velěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wellos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wlidā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wela (see there for further descendants)


wedʰ-

*wedʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)

Latvian: vest

Lithuanian: vèsti

Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)

Old Irish: feidid

Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)

Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: wetan

*wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieⁱti)

→ Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

*wédʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

*swétu-wedʰ-tó-s

Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)

→ Middle Persian: (/xwēdōdah/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)

*wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs

Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Khwarezmian: ود (wd /wud/), وذ (wδ /waδ, wuδ/)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: (/waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)/, “wife”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (wδ),

Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)

Northwestern Iranian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: وؤۊ،بۊگ،وئی (vou,bug,vei)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)

Laki: بەوی (bewî)

Northern Kurdish: bûk

Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)

Harzani: ویی (viyi)

Karingani: وی (vay)

Talysh: (/vayo/)

Arabic script: ویو

Latin script: vəyo

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)

Zazaki: veyve

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/wayōg/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')

*wódʰ-s

Proto-Italic: *woss

Latin: vas (“surety”)

*wodʰ-yom

Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti

Celtic:

Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)

Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)

Proto-Celtic: *wedesman

Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)


weǵ-

*woǵ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wakaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wahtwō (see there for further descendants)

*woǵ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wegeō
Latin: vegeō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́áyati (“impel”)

Indo-Aryan *wāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वाजयति (vājáyati)

*weǵ-eh₁-(ye)- or *woǵ-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakāną (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *wegēō
Latin: vigeō (see there for further descendants)

*weǵ-dʰlis

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vigil (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵos

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́as (“strength, energy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ȷ́as

Sanskrit: वाज (vā́ja)

*wóǵ-ros

Proto-Germanic: *wakraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ras (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *wōdaz (“mad, furious, possessed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHtas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáHtas

Sanskrit: वात (vā́ta, “attacked, assailed, injured, hurt”)

Proto-Celtic: *wātis (“soothsayer, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wātis

Latin: vātēs (“seer, poet, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wātus (“poetic inspiration”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōþuz

Old Norse: óðr (“mind, soul; poetry, poem”)

Icelandic: óður

Proto-Germanic: *wōþō

Old English: wōþ (“song”)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գութ (gutʻ), գոյթ (goytʻ) — rare, post-Classical
Armenian: գութ (gutʻ)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *wōþijaz (“pleasant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *Wōdanaz (“Odin”) (see there for further descendants)


yes-

*yés-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jesaną (“to ferment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzehō

Ancient Greek: ζέω (zéō)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäs-

Tocharian A: yäs (“boil”)

*yé-yes-ti ~ *yé-ys-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáyasti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáyasti

Vedic Sanskrit: ययस्तु (yayastu, 3sg.impv.act.)

⇒ Sanskrit: येषति (yéṣati) (thematized from weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yaēšiieⁱti, “to boil”) (with *-ya- added to weak stem)

*yós-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jasaną

Old Norse: *asa

Icelandic: asa

Faroese: asa

Norwegian: ase

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsiz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsijaną (see there for further descendants)

*yos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *jazjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāsáyati

Sanskrit: यासयति (yāsáyati)

*yés-tu-s ~ *is-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yestus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jestuz (“yeast”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jēzō

Unsorted formations

Classical Persian: جوش (jōš, “boiling”)

⇒ Classical Persian: جوشیدن (jōšīdan, “to boil”)


leyǵʰ-

*léyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyȷ́ʰati

Proto-Iranian: *láyjati (see there for further descendants)

*léyǵʰ-ti ~ *liǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*léy-loyǵʰ-ti ~ *léy-liǵʰ-n̥ti (intensive) (or only formed in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láylayždʰi, *ráyrayždʰi ~ *láyliȷ́ʰáti, *ráyriȷ́ʰáti (see there for further descendants)

*lḗyǵʰ-s-t ~ *léyǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λεῖξαι (leîxai)

*liǵʰ-néh₂-ti ~ *liǵʰ-n̥h₂-énti

Proto-Germanic: *likkōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *likkraz (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *li-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *lingō

Latin: lingō (see there for further descendants)

*loyǵʰ-eh₂yé-ti (eh₂ye-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *laigōną

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (*laigōn)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (bilaigōn)

*loyǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láiźīˀtei

Latvian: làizît

Lithuanian: laižýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰáyati

Sanskrit: लेहयति (leháyati, “to cause to lick”)

*liǵʰ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *líkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λίχνος (líkhnos, “gluttonous, lustful, covetous; desirable, delicious”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λιχνεύω (likhneúō, “to lick, taste by stealth; to crave”)

*líǵʰ-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *líćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *líṭṣ

Sanskrit: लिह् (lih)

*liǵʰ-tó-s (“licked”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liždʰás, *riždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liẓḍʰás, *riẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: रीळ्ह (rīḷha), लीढ (līḍha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *riždáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rräṣṭe, ptc.trans.)

*loyǵʰ-o-s, *leyǵʰ-eh₂ (thematic nouns)

Proto-Celtic: *leigā (“spoon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰas

Sanskrit: लेह (leha, “licker, sipper; that which is licked or sipped, syrup, food”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: sleikja

Faroese: sleikja

Icelandic: sleikja


*mi-méh₁-ti ~ *mi-mh₁-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Sanskrit: मिमाति (mímāti)

Sanskrit: मिमीते (mímīte)

Proto-Iranian: *mimáHtī

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬍𐬨𐬀𐬚𐬁 (framīmaθā, 2pl. ind./subj.)

*meh₁-lo- (“measurement, time”)

Proto-Germanic: *mēlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (se)mel

*mḗh₁-n̥-s (perhaps)

*meh₁-on- ~ *meh₁-en-

Proto-Anatolian: *mǣ́(y)an-

Hittite: [script needed] (mē(i̯)an-, “‘range (of a year), extent”)

*méh₁-ōs (s-stem noun) or *móh₁-s (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *mōs

Latin: mōs (“manner, quality, custom, usage”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗˀrāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *měra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mētā

Latin: mēta (see there for further descendants)

*méh₁-ti-s (“measurement”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tiṣ

Sanskrit: माति (māti)

Proto-Albanian: *māti

Albanian: mot

Proto-Germanic: *mēþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗtis

Ancient Greek: μῆτις (mêtis) (Aeolic, possibly Doric)

Proto-Italic: *mētis

⇒ Latin: mētior (denominative) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tram

desctree

Sanskrit: मात्र (mātra, from the collective)
→ Bengali: মাত্র (matro)
→ Hindi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Kannada: ಮಾತ್ರ (mātra)
→ Malayalam: മാത്രം (mātraṁ)
→ Marathi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Tamil: மாத்திரம் (māttiram)
→ Telugu: మాత్రం (mātraṁ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέτρον (métron) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mantī

Proto-Brythonic: *mėnt

Breton: ment

Cornish: myns

Welsh: maint

Old Irish: méit
Irish: méid, méad
Scottish Gaelic: meud
Manx: mooad

Gaulish: *mantī

→ Old French: maint
Middle French: maint
French: maint (archaic)

Proto-Albanian: *matja

Albanian: mat (Gheg)

Albanian: mas (Tosk)

Proto-Celtic: *māros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mōrós

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मेय (méya)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑁂𑀅 (mea), 𑀫𑁂𑀚𑁆𑀚 (mejja)
Marathi: मेज (mej)
⇒ Marathi: मेजणे (mejṇe)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: 𒍖𒈨𒄯 (meḫur, “time”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Lithuanian: mestas (“measure, limit”)

Lithuanian: mãtas (“measure, index; size, quantity”), mẽtas (“time, period; measure, size, quantity”)

Latvian: mȩts (“time, period”)

Old Prussian: mattei (“measure”), mettan (“year”), metthe, mette

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: असमाति (asamāti)

A phonetical variant of *med- through the "Kortlandt effect", which posits that *d becomes *h₁ under certain conditions.


Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: mbi (Tosk)

Albanian: mby, Albanian: my (Gheg)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եւ (ew)

Armenian: եւ (ew)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="prg">ebimmai</i>

Old Prussian: ep-, eb- (as in ebimmai)

Proto-Celtic: *eɸi-

⇒ Old Irish: ía-daid (“to close”)

Proto-Germanic: *bi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *epí

Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí)

Greek: επί (epí)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápi (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: epi-, ipi-, eipei-

Would be locative case of *h₁eps (from *h₁ep-), which could mean "back", with the "on" sense referring to pack animals or riding.


népōts

head

*(h₂)népōts m or f (oblique stem *(h₂)n̥pt-)

népōts (nominative singular)
h₂₁ (dual nominative)
h₂₁e (dual nominative)
népotes (nominative plural)
népot (singular vocative)
h₂₁ (dual vocative)
h₂₁e (dual vocative)
népotes (plural vocative)
népotm̥ (accusative singular)
h₂₁ (accusative dual)
h₂₁e (accusative dual)
népotm̥s (accusative plural)
n̥ptés (genitive singular)
n̥ptóHom (genitive plural)
n̥ptés (ablative singular)
n̥ptmós (ablative plural)
n̥ptbʰós (ablative plural)
n̥ptéy (dative singular)
n̥ptmós (dative plural)
n̥ptbʰós (dative plural)
népot (locative singular)
népoti (locative singular)
n̥ptsú (locative plural)
n̥ptmís (instrumental plural)
n̥ptbʰís (instrumental plural)

Albanian: nip (possibly a Latin loanword), mbesë

Balto-Slavic:

Old Lithuanian: nepuotis

Proto-Slavic: *netьjь (< *neptiyos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nëpada (see there for further descendants)

→ Kildin Sami: няпай (njapaj)

Proto-Celtic: *neɸūss (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nefô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀνεψιός (anepsiós) (< *sm̥-neptiyos (“co-grandson”) or *h₂népōt)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nápāts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nepōts (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Italic: *paukos

Latin: paucus (see there for further descendants)

Latin: pūpa/pūpus (possibly reduplicated) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: putus, pūsus, pusillus, pauxillus, pullus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́uros

Ancient Greek: παῦρος (paûros), φαῦλος (phaûlos)

Greek: φαύλος (fávlos)

Proto-Italic: *pauros, *paurelos

Latin: parvus (see there for further descendants), paullus/paulus

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́wits

Epic Aeolic Greek: πάϊς (páïs)

Attic-Ionic Greek: παῖς (paîs), παῦς (paûs)

Greek: παιδί (paidí), -παις (-pais)

*peh₂w(o)-p(o)rh₃os (“providing little”)

Proto-Italic: *pawoparos

Latin: pauper (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuweros

Proto-Brythonic: *uwer

Middle Welsh: wyr

Welsh: ŵyr

Proto-Italic: *puweros

Latin: puer (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fawaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: palo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr) (probably an expressive formation)

Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *putas, *pautas (“little, young of a bird”)

⇒ Latgalian: putnys (“bird”)

⇒ Latvian: putns (“bird”)

⇒ Lithuanian: putýtis (“chick”)

Sudovian: paud (“bird”)

Proto-Slavic: *pъtъ, *putъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pъtakъ (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtica (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtъka/*putъka (“fowl, duck”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *putrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

Sanskrit: पोत (pota, “young of an animal”) (see there for further descendants)


*gʷelh₂-gʷl̥h₂ (reduplication)

Proto-Albanian: *gāgul

Albanian: gogël

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gelandis

Proto-Slavic: *želǫdь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glānts < *gʷlānds

Latin: glāns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīlˀē

Latvian: zīle

Lithuanian: gi̇̀lė̃, gỹlė̃

Old Prussian: gile

*gʷĺ̥h₂-nos or *gʷl̥h₂-enos

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կաղին (kałin)
Armenian: կաղին (kałin)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́lanos

Ancient Greek: βᾰ́λᾰνος (bắlănos)

*dyew-gʷl̥h₂-eno- (“divine acorn”)

Proto-Armenian: *tukułin ← *tukałin

Old Armenian:

Armenian: տկողին (tkoġin, “hazelnut”)

Hellenic:

desc

Διὸς βάλᾰνος

Ancient Greek: Διὸς βάλᾰνος (Diòs bálănos), διοσβάλᾰνος (diosbálănos, “sweet chestnut”)

Proto-Italic: *djouglānts

Latin: iūglāns (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: गुल (gula, “glans penis, clitoris”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰudʰmḗn

bʰudʰ (m̥)n- (oblique stem)
bʰudʰmḗn (nominative singular)
bʰudʰménes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰmén (singular vocative)
bʰudʰménes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰménm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰudʰménm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰudʰm̥nés (genitive singular)
bʰudʰm̥nóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰm̥nés (ablative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰmn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰm̥néy (dative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥mós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmn̥bʰós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmén (locative singular)
bʰudʰméni (locative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥sú (locative plural)
bʰudʰmn̥mís (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰmn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰmḗn (nominative singular)
bʰudʰménes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰmén (singular vocative)
bʰudʰménes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰménm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰudʰménm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰudʰnés (genitive singular)
bʰudʰnóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰnés (ablative singular)
bʰudʰn̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰnéy (dative singular)
bʰudʰn̥mós (dative plural)
bʰudʰn̥bʰós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmén (locative singular)
bʰudʰméni (locative singular)
bʰudʰn̥sú (locative plural)
bʰudʰn̥mís (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *būtsā, *būðā

Albanian: bythë

Proto-Germanic: *butmô, *butmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *putʰmḗn

Ancient Greek: πῠθμήν (pŭthmḗn)

Possible metathesis from *dʰewbʰ- ~ *dʰubʰ- (“deep”) + *-mḗn (agentive nominal suffix).

suffix

անդունդ

Proto-Armenian: (+ *an- (negative prefix)); Old Armenian

buttaz

*bʰudʰ-nó-s (innovative thematic o-stem)


non-ablauting (romanization)
lóysām (accusative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láišāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laisō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loizā (see there for further descendants)

From *leys- (“track, furrow, trace, trail”).


dʰéh₁s

dʰéh₁s (nominative singular)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰéh₁s (singular vocative)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰéh₁sm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰéh₁s (locative singular)
dʰh₁sú (locative plural)
dʰh₁séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *dʰēses (< the plural *dʰéh₁ses)

desctree

Old Armenian: դիք pl (dikʻ)
→ Armenian: դիք (dikʻ) (learned)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to do”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

>? Proto-Germanic: *dīsiz

goddess; see there for further descendants

θέσφατο

Ancient Greek: θέσφατος (thésphatos, “decreed by a god/God”)


temH-

*témH-os ~ témH-es-os

*temH-seh₂ (or < *temH-s-eh₂ from *témHos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temsā́ˀ

Latgalian: tymsa (“darkness”), Latgalian: tymsums (“darkness”)

Latgalian: tymss (“dark”)

Lithuanian: tamsa (“darkness”)

Lithuanian: tamsus (“dark”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *timāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temtei

Latgalian: tymtʲ(i) (“to grow dark”) (present tymstu)

Lithuanian: témti (“to grow dark”) (present temstu)

Proto-Slavic: *tomiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Middle Irish: teim (“dark, grey”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: temen (“dark”)


*h₂ént-s ~ *h₂n̥t-és

*h₂entí-o-s (“front, forehead”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántas

Sanskrit: अन्त (ánta) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ā́ntë (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *antā

Albanian: ândë, ânë (Gheg)

Albanian: anë

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫantezzi, “first”)

Proto-Celtic: *antonos

desctree

Old Irish: étan
Irish: éadan
Manx: eddin
Scottish Gaelic: aodann

Perhaps extended from *h₂en- (“on, onto”).


*préh₂-i (“before”, locative) or *pr̥h₂-ey

Proto-Italic: *prāi or *prai

Latin: prae, prae- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *praiteros (< *préh₂i + *-teros)

Latin: praeter (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pr̥h₃-won-</i>

*próh₂-w-on- (or *pr̥h₃-won-)

Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwōn

q

Ancient Greek: πρών (prṓn, “protruding rocks”) (or with πρήων (prḗōn) as original form, derived from *pr̥h₂wós)

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pr̥h₃-w(e)r-ih₂</i>

*próh₂-w-r̥-yh₂- (“forepart (of a ship)”) (or *pr̥h₃-w(e)r-ih₂)

Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwařřa ~ *prṓweřřa

Ancient Greek: πρῷρα (prôira) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pərai

Ancient Greek: παραί (paraí), παρά (pará), πάρα (pára), πάρ (pár)

*pr̥h₂-i (zero-grade locative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸare < *ɸari (-e is secondary) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furi (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥h₂-mo-s (“first”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas

Latgalian: pyrmais, Latgalian: pyrma

Latvian: pìrmaĩs

Lithuanian: pirmas

Old Prussian: pirmas, pirmois

Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hā́ (< *pr̥h₂-ó-h₁)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hā́

Sanskrit: पुरा (purā́)

*pr̥h₂-ós (“in front; earlier”)

Proto-Albanian: *par-

desc

Albanian: parë (“before(hand), first, previously”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros, “earlier, before”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás

Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás, “before, forwards”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)

Proto-Germanic: *furai (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥h₂-tó-s (“first”) (or *pr̥h₃-tó-s)

Proto-Hellenic:

Doric Greek: πρᾶτος (prâtos)

Ancient Greek: πρῶτος (prôtos) (influenced by πρό (pró) / πρω- (prō-)) (see there for further descendants)

q

if not to be reconstructed as <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pr̥h₃wós</i>

*pr̥h₂-wó-s (if not to be reconstructed as *pr̥h₃wós)

*pr̥h₂-yós- ~ *pr̥h₂-is- (comparative)

Proto-Germanic: *furizô, *furistaz (see there for further descendants)


denḱ-

*dénḱ-t ~ *dn̥ḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

inf.aor. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">δάκνω</i> (dáknō)

Ancient Greek: δᾰκεῖν (dăkeîn, inf.aor. of δάκνω (dáknō))

⇒ Ancient Greek: δάκος n (dákos, “bite, sting, biting animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: दशति (dáśati) (present verb from weak stem and with shift of accent)

*denḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *tinhaną (“to press upon”), *tinganą (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-néw-ti ~ * *dn̥ḱ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάκνω (dáknō, “to bite”)

Ancient Greek: δαγκάνω (dankánō)

*donḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśáyati

Sanskrit: दंशयति (daṃśayati, “to make bite”)

*dénḱ-s (root noun)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δήξ (dḗx, “wood worm”)

Proto-Germanic: *tangō (“tongs”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *daknā

Albanian: darë (“tongs”), dang (“bite”)

*dn̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśas

Sanskrit: दश (daśa, “horsefly”)

*donḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśas

Sanskrit: दंश (daṃśa, literally “stinging insect”)

*dn̥ḱ-tó-s (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -δηκτός (-dēktós, “bitten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśtás

Sanskrit: दष्ट (daṣṭá, “bitten”)

*dénḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆγμα (dêgma, “bite, sting”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśma

Sanskrit: दंश्मन् (daṃśman, “bite”)

*dénḱ-ti-s ~ *dn̥ḱ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆξις (dêxis, “bite, sting”)

*dénḱ-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dánćtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśtram

Sanskrit: दंष्ट्र (daṃṣṭra, “fang”)

Proto-Iranian: *dánctram

⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬲𐬌𐬛𐬄𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (tiži-dąstra-, “with a sharp set of teeth”)

*dónḱ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *tanhuz (“tough”) (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-mós

Ancient Greek: δαγμός (dagmós, “bite, sting”)

*dn̥ḱ-e-tóm

Ancient Greek: δακετόν (daketón, “bite, biting animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दंश् (daṃś)


*h₃élh₁-ti ~ *h₃l̥h₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Italic: *olō

Umbrian: holtu

*h₃élh₁-né-h₃-ti ~ *h₃élh₁-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ólnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi, “to destroy, lose, ruin”)

*h₃olh₁-eie- ~ *h₃olh₁-eio- (“to bring down”, causative, intensive or iterative formation)

Proto-Italic: *oleō (“to wipe out”)

q

as with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ab-</i>, see below

⇒ Latin: aboleō (as with prefix ab-, see below)

with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">de-</i>

⇒ Latin: dēleō (with prefix de-)

Proto-Hellenic: *óletʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄλεθρος (ólethros)

lb

⇒ *h₂po-h₃lh₁- (compound with *h₂pó, or originally with *po-?; sometimes with n-infix)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pult

Lithuanian: pulti (“to fall”)

Old Prussian: aupallai

q

with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*peh₃l-n-é-</i>

Proto-Germanic: *fallaną (with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic *peh₃l-n-é-) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi) (with n-infix, as if ἀπό- (apó-) + ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi))

Italic:

⇒? Latin: aboleō (causative formation, see above) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (hu-ul-la-a-i, “he defeated, destroyed”)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: աղէտ (ałēt, “pity, grief, disaster”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: աղունք (ałunkʻ, “bitterness, grief, trouble”)

Old Armenian: եղեռն (ełeṙn, “calamity, disaster”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: եղծ (ełc, “spoilt, fake; refutation”) (probably) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Breton: el-boet (“hunger”)

⇒ Breton: ol-buid (“food shortage”)

⇒ Old Irish: el-tes (“tepidity”) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀλέκω (olékō, “to ruin, destroy, kill”)

q

< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός

(< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)

Ancient Greek: ὀλοός (oloós, “destructive, deadly”) (< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)


dyḗws

diw- (oblique stem)
dyḗws (nominative singular)
dyéwes (nominative plural)
dyéw (singular vocative)
dyéwes (plural vocative)
dyḗm (accusative singular)
dyéwm̥s (accusative plural)
diwés (genitive singular)
diwóHom (genitive plural)
diwés (ablative singular)
dyumós (ablative plural)
dyubʰós (ablative plural)
diwéy (dative singular)
dyumós (dative plural)
dyubʰós (dative plural)
dyéw (locative singular)
dyéwi (locative singular)
dyusú (locative plural)
dyumís (instrumental plural)
dyubʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒌑𒍑 (ši-i-ú-uš)

>? Urartian: 𒀭𒅆𒄿𒌑𒄿𒉌 (ᵈši-i-u₂-i-ni).

Proto-Armenian: *tiw-

Old Armenian: տիւ (tiw)

Proto-Celtic: *dyīus (“day”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: Zojz

Messapic: Zis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian:

→? Latin: *Reus

Latin: Reo (“Lusitanian theonym”, dative singular)

→ English: Dyeus

From earlier *dyéws, from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

Ζεῦ πάτερ

Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)

zot

>? Proto-Albanian: *dźie̅u ̊ a(t)t-; Albanian


gʰerdʰ-

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Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*gʰerdʰ- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

(probably) Proto-Slavic: *žьrdь (“pole”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gurdijaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰórdʰ-os

Proto-Albanian: *garda

Albanian: gardh (“fence”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gárdas (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gardaz (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌 (“city”)

*gʰr̥dʰ-ós

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (gurtas, “citadel”)

Luwian: [script needed] (gurta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥dʰás (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdō (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-el-os

Proto-Germanic: *gurdilaz (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)

Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)


Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: dzẽrve

Lithuanian: gérvė

Western Baltic:

Old Prussian: gerwe

Proto-Slavic: *žervъ, *žeravъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *žeravľь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grūs

Latin: grūs (see there for further descendants)


*kh₂éyd-e-ti (root thematic present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kaiδa

Albanian: qeth

Proto-Italic: *kaidō (see there for further descendants)

*kh₂id-é-ti (tudati-type root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kʰidáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰidáti

Sanskrit: खिदति (khidáti)

Proto-Germanic: *hittijaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

>? Welsh: cwyddaw (“to fall”)

>? Breton: coezff (“to fall, happen”)

Proto-Germanic: *haistaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haistraz

Proto-West Germanic: *haistr (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂ei-t-</i>

*kh₂eyd-t- (or *kh₂ei-t-)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)
Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)
Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)

Unsorted formations

Armenian: (unexplained ablaut forms)

Old Armenian: խեթ (xetʻ), խեթեմ (xetʻem), խէթ (xētʻ), խոթեմ (xotʻem), խութ (xutʻ), խօթ (xōtʻ)

Possibly from *(s)kh₂ey- (perhaps whence Proto-Germanic *hajaną (“to pound”)) with an unknown suffix *-d-, possibly reanalyzed from *sekh₂- (“to cut, sever”) + *-éyti.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


kápros

non-ablauting (romanization)
kápros (nominative singular)
káproes (nominative plural)
kápre (singular vocative)
káproes (plural vocative)
káprom (accusative singular)
káproms (accusative plural)
káprosyo (genitive singular)
káproHom (genitive plural)
kápread (ablative singular)
kápromos (ablative plural)
káprobʰos (ablative plural)
káproey (dative singular)
kápromos (dative plural)
káprobʰos (dative plural)
káprey (locative singular)
káproy (locative singular)
káproysu (locative plural)
káprōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gabros (“goat”), *kaɸerūxs (“sheep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hafraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kápros

Ancient Greek: κάπρος (kápros, “boar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kápras

Proto-Iranian: *káfrah (“kid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kapros (see there for further descendants)

Considered a post-PIE loanword by De Vaan. The appearance of initial *g- in one, and the cluster *-ɸr- (instead of the expected *-br-) in the other, the Celtic variants are inexplicable if these are considered inherited reflexes. The a-vocalism likewise suggests a Wanderwort.


pórḱos

non-ablauting (romanization)
pórḱos (nominative singular)
pórḱoes (nominative plural)
pórḱe (singular vocative)
pórḱoes (plural vocative)
pórḱom (accusative singular)
pórḱoms (accusative plural)
pórḱosyo (genitive singular)
pórḱoHom (genitive plural)
pórḱead (ablative singular)
pórḱomos (ablative plural)
pórḱobʰos (ablative plural)
pórḱoey (dative singular)
pórḱomos (dative plural)
pórḱobʰos (dative plural)
pórḱey (locative singular)
pórḱoy (locative singular)
pórḱoysu (locative plural)
pórḱōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *párśas

East Baltic:

Lithuanian: par̃šas

⇒ Lithuanian: paršiùkas

→ Belarusian: парсю́к (parsjúk); паршу́к (paršúk) (dialectal)

→ Polish: parsiuk, porszuk (dialectal)

→ Russian: парcу́к (parcúk) (dialectal)

desc

→ Ukrainian: паршу́к (paršúk), порсю́к (porsjúk) (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: prastian

Proto-Slavic: *porsę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸorkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *farhaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćas

Proto-Iranian: *párcah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porkos (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: porcom

q

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *porćas (through either Balto-Slavic or Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Finnic: *porcas (see there for further descendants)

The original meaning was "digger", from *perḱ- (“to dig”) + *-os. See also furrow.

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


tep-

*tép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápati

Sanskrit: तपति (tápati)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tápati (“to warm up, heat”)

Bactrian: ταβ- (tab-, “to impress (a seal); to seal”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (t’BY-, “to heat”)

Khotanese: ttavāre

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tʾp̄tn' (tāftan), tʾb (tāb-, “to heat, burn (up); to shine”, present stem); tʾp̄k' (tābag) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian:

Manichaean: tʾb- (tāb-, “to shine; to heat”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: تاۆ (tāow)

*tep-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

qual

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tpē-(h) (analogically reformed after original inchoatives)

Albanian: ftoh (by metathesis)

Proto-Italic: *tepēō (see there for further descendants)

*tep-eh₂-yé-ti (denominative)

Proto-Germanic: *þebōną (see there for further descendants)

*tep-sḱé-ti (inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapsćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tafšáti

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀𐬝 (tafsat̰)

Khotanese: ttaus-

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕфсун (tæfsun)

Iron: тӕфсы́н (tæfsýn)

Persian: تفسیدن (tafsidan)

*tḗp-s-t ~ *tép-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátāpst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátāpst

Sanskrit: अताप्सीत् (átāpsīt)

*top-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tapīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *topìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāpáyati

Sanskrit: तापयति (tāpáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tāpaiieⁱti)

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тавун (tavun)

Ossetian: та́вын (távyn)

*tep-e-nt-s (root present participle)

Proto-Celtic: *teɸents

Old Irish: té

Irish: te

Manx: çheh

Scottish Gaelic: teth

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapanti (possibly)

Proto-Iranian: *tapantī- f (“warming”)

Proto-Scythian: *tavitī-

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ταβιτί (Tabití, “a Scythian goddess, equivalent of Hestia”)

present participle to <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*tepēō</i>

Proto-Italic: *tepēnts (present participle to *tepēō)

Latin: tepēns

*tep-los

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *teplas

Proto-Slavic: *teplъ, *toplъ (see there for further descendants)

q

*tep-net-s (or *tep-n-ḗs; influenced by *tepents (cf. above) as if from metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *teɸnets (see there for further descendants)

*tép-os ~ *tép-es-os

*tép-s-tu-s

Proto-Celtic: *texstus

(perhaps) Continental:

Gaulish:

→ Latin: Tessi-gnius

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌑𐌄𐌑- (aśeś-)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: a tes

Breton: tes

Old Cornish: tes

Middle Welsh: tes

Welsh: tes

Old Irish: tess

Irish: teas

Manx: çhiass

Scottish Gaelic: teas

*tep-tós (past participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taptás

Sanskrit: तप्त (taptá)

Proto-Iranian: *taftáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀 (tafta)

Bactrian: ταβδο (tabdo), ταβαδο (tabado)

Khotanese: ttauda-

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тӕвдӕ (tævdæ)

Ossetian: тӕвд (tævd)

Parthian:

Parthian: tft (taft)

Pashto: تود (tod), توده f (tavdá)

Persian: تفت (taft)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܬܒܬܐܟ (tβtʾk)

→ Old Armenian: տաւթ (tawtʻ)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāpce (“hot”)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: tampr (“taper; torch”)

Irish: tapar (“taper, candle”)


*ph₂ḱ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Italic: *pakō

Latin: pācō (“to come to an agreement”) (infinitive pācāre) (see there for further descendants)

*ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ- (nasal-infix present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *fanhaną (“to catch, to take”) (see there for further descendants)

*poh₂ḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fōgijaną (“to join”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pāks

Latin: pāx

Proto-Germanic: *fagraz (“fair”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pakros

Umbrian: pacer

Proto-Italic:

Latin: pactum (“settlement”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Germanic: *faganaz (“glad”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *pěkrъ

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पाश (pā́śa)

⇒ Sanskrit: पाशयति (pāśayati)

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (pāsa-, “fastening, cord”)


pelH-

*polH-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *polnos

Latin: pullus (see there for further descendants)

*pelH-tó-s, *pl̥H-tós

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlētos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *palHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *palHtás

Sanskrit: पलित (palitá, “gray”) (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥H-kó-s

Proto-Albanian: *plaka

Albanian: plak (old man)

*polH-wos

Proto-Germanic: *falwaz (see there for further descendants)

? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palwas (see there for further descendants)

*polH-men-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palmōns

Proto-Slavic: *pòlmy (flame)

*pelH-en

Latgalian: palni

Latvian: pęlni (ashes)

Lithuanian: pelenai̇̃ (ashes)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ալի (ali, “gray hair; wave”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: palāks

Latvian: pelēks

Lithuanian: pelekas, pi̇̀lkas

Old Prussian: pelē

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: пелёсый (peljósyj)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parHušás (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: palleō; pallidus

Ancient Macedonian: [script needed] (pellus)

Derksen takes the original meaning of the root as "to burn, singe", whence secondary senses including "ashes" (the result of burning) and "gray" (the color of ash).
Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *piľe (“dark”).


*pléth₂-t ~ *pl̥th₂-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्रथान (prathāná, ptc.med.)

*pléth₂-e-ti (thematic perfect)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plė̃sti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰati

Sanskrit: प्रथते (práthate)

Proto-Iranian: *práθatī

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (fraθasauuah)

*ploth₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰáyati

Sanskrit: प्रथयति (pratháyati)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətamṓn

Ancient Greek: πλᾰτᾰμών (plătămṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰHmán

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰHmán

Sanskrit: प्रथिमन् (prathimán)

*pléth₂-os ~ *pléth₂-es- (see there for further descendants)

*pléth₂-us, *pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (see there for further descendants)

*plet-yo- (*h₂ deleted due to Pinault's law)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pleťè (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸletyos

Middle Irish: leithe

Proto-Germanic: *fuldō (“earth, ground”) (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətā (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τη (plắtē)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾱ (plắtā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰás

Sanskrit: पृथ (pṛthá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plokščia


pesd-

*pésd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *pezdō

Latin: pēdō

Portuguese: peido

Galician: peido

*psd-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)sdeˀtei

Latvian: bezdêt

Lithuanian: bezdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *pьzděti

Proto-Hellenic: *bzdḗyō

Ancient Greek: βδέω (bdéō)

*pésd-is

Proto-Germanic: *festiz

Middle High German: vist

German: Fist (“fart”)

Dutch: veest

Proto-Hellenic: *pézdis

Ancient Greek: πέζις (pézis, “puffball”)

onomatopoeic

imitative


sēmi

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *sēmi-
Proto-West Germanic: *sāmi-, *sām-
Old English: sām-
Middle English: sam-
English: sam
Old Saxon: sām-
Old Dutch: sām-
Old High German: sāmi-

Proto-Hellenic: *hēmi-

Ancient Greek: ἡμι- (hēmi-)
Greek: ημι- (imi-)
→ English: hemi-
→ French: hémi-
→ Spanish: hemi-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāmí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāmí

Sanskrit: सामि (sāmí)

Proto-Italic: *sēmi-

Latin: sēmi-, sē-, sēm-, sin-
→ English: semi-, semi
→ French: semi-
→ Italian: semi-
→ Portuguese: semi-
→ Spanish: semi-

From *sem- (“one”) + locative suffix *-i. The meaning developed from "(in) one" > "one of the two" > "half".


(s)kelH-

*(s)kl̥-né-H-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քաղեմ (kʻałem)
Armenian: քաղել (kʻałel)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to split, crack”)

Latvian: šķil̃t

Lithuanian: ski̇̀lti (3sg. skil̃na, skỹlna)

*skelH-ye-ti (full grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skélˀtei

Latvian: šķel̂t (1sg. šķeļu)

Lithuanian: skélti (“to split, cleave; to strike fire”) (1sg. skeliù, 3sg. skẽlia)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljaną (“to separate, distinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*skl̥H-yé-ti (zero grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *štšela

Albanian: çel (“bloom, open, sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skílˀtei (“to strike fire”)

Latvian: šķil̃t (1sg. šķiļu)

Lithuanian: ski̇̀lti (3sg. ski̇̀lia)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *skə́ľľō (or *skə́llō from *(s)kl̥néHti, but with greater difficulty)

Ancient Greek: σκάλλω (skállō)

*skólH-ei ~ *skl̥H-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒆗𒆷𒄿 (iš-kal-la-i /iskalla-ⁱ/, “to slit, split, tear”)

Proto-Albanian: *skalā

Albanian: halë (“pointed tip; awn; splinter; fishbone; pine”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skalā́ˀ

Lithuanian: skalà (“splinter”)

Proto-Slavic: *skala (“rock”) (perhaps, with lengthened grade)

Proto-Germanic: *skalō (“shell, husk”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skalu

Old English: sċealu (“husk”)

Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)

English: shale

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: scale

Dutch: schaal

desctree

Old High German: scala
Middle High German: schāle
Bavarian: Schoin
German: Schale
→ Serbo-Croatian: šolja
Yiddish: שאָל (shol)

→ Old French: escale, eschale
French: écale
→ Middle English: scale
English: scale
Yola: skaulès (plural)

Old Norse:

Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *skal- (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kólH-ō ~ *(s)kl̥H-nés

Proto-Germanic: *skallô, *skullô

desc

Old Norse: skalli, *skolli (“skull, cranium; bald head”)

desctree

→? Middle English: sculle, scolle, schulle, scholle
English: skull
Scots: scull, skult, skolt (forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse skoltr)

Danish: skalle

Icelandic: skalli

Norwegian Bokmål: skalle

Norwegian Nynorsk: skalle

Swedish: skalle, skulle (dialectal)

*kelH-tro-m

>? Proto-Italic: *koltrom

Latin: culter (“knife”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel(H)-p- (extended)

Proto-Germanic: *skelbǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *skelbā

desc

Old English: sċylfe (“deck of a ship”), *sċielfe, sċilfe (“ledge, shelf”)

Middle English: schelfe

English: shelf

Middle Dutch: scelf

Dutch: schelf

Old Norse: skjálf (“shelf, seat”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκάλοψ (skálops), σκόλοψ (skólops)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: कॢप् (kḷp, “to cut out; to frame; to execute, perform, manage; to arrange, order; to be fitting”)

>? Sanskrit: कल्प (kálpa) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: scalpō, scalprum (see there for further descendants)

*skélH-tus > *skelH-tús

>? Proto-Germanic: *skelduz (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

*skelH-yom

Proto-Germanic: *skilją

Old Norse: skil (“difference”)

*skelH-yōn (more likely formed within Germanic)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljô

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja, “butcher”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skala

Albanian: shkal

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցելում (cʻelum)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκαληνός (skalēnós)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλω (skúllō)


skel-

*ske-skól-e (perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *skulaną (“shall, be obliged”)

*skel-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelḗˀtei

Lithuanian: skelė́ti (“to owe”)

*skél-ti-s ~ *skl̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skuldiz (“obligation, debt, blame”)

*skél-ont-s (present participle?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelants

Old Prussian: skellants (“guilty”)


skeyd-

*skéyd-t ~ *skid-ént ([skéjtst ~ skidént], athematic root aorist)

*ski-né-d-ti ~ *ski-n-d-énti ([skinétsti ~ skindénti], nasal-infix present)

*skoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skáiˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: skaîdît (“to dilute, spill”)

Lithuanian: skáidyti (“to separate, divide, distribute”)

Proto-Slavic: *cědìti (“to strain, filter”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skaydáyati

q

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćaydáyati (leveled with the zero- and e-grade root forms)

desc

Sanskrit: छेदयति (chedáyati, “to (cause to) cut off, split apart”)

*skid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰíďďō

Ancient Greek: σχίζω (skhízō) (with *skʰid- perhaps for *skidʰ, if the extension is with *dʰeh₁-.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sčidyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidyáti

Sanskrit: छिद्यते (chídyate, chidyáte)

*skéyd-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeistei

Latvian: šķiêst

Lithuanian: ski̇́esti (“to separate”)

*skid-i-s, *skid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *skitiz, *skītaz (see there for further descendants)

*skid-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčidnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidnás

Sanskrit: छिन्न (chinna) (see there for further descendants)

*skeyd-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeidras

Proto-Slavic: *ščedrъ (“generous”) (see there for further descendants)

*skéyd-ti-s ~ *skid-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰístis

Ancient Greek: σχίσις (skhísis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčítˢtiš (zero-grade)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćíttiṣ

Sanskrit: छित्ति (chítti)

*skid-tó-s ([skitstós])

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skī́stas

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: šķîsts (“thin, clear, clean”)

Lithuanian: skýstas (“thin”)

Western Baltic:

Old Prussian: skijstan (“pure”)

Proto-Slavic: *čistъ (“clean, pure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰistós

Ancient Greek: σχιστός (skhistós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ցտեմ (cʻtem)
→ Armenian: ցտել (cʻtel) (learned)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: skėsti (“to spread”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *cěstiti (“to purify, cleanse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: cwys

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: chwydu

Proto-Tocharian: *kät-

Tocharian A: kät-

Tocharian B: kät-


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtis

Latvian: stātis

Lithuanian: stoti̇̀s

Proto-Slavic: *statь

Proto-Germanic: *stadiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *státis

Ancient Greek: στάσις (stásis)

Indo-Iranian: *stʰáHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰítiṣ (< *sth₂tís)

Sanskrit: स्थिति (sthíti)

→ Hindi: स्थिति (sthiti)

Proto-Iranian: *stáHtiš

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (stāⁱti)

Italic:

Latin: statim (< *stéh₂tim)

From *steh₂- (“stand (up)”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


tépos

tépes- (oblique stem)
tépos (nominative singular)
tépōs (nominative plural)
tépos (singular vocative)
tépōs (plural vocative)
tépos (accusative singular)
tépōs (accusative plural)
tépesos (genitive singular)
tépesoHom (genitive plural)
tépesos (ablative singular)
tépesmos (ablative plural)
tépesbʰos (ablative plural)
tépesey (dative singular)
tépesmos (dative plural)
tépesbʰos (dative plural)
tépes (locative singular)
tépesi (locative singular)
tépesu (locative plural)
tépesmis (instrumental plural)
tépesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápas

Sanskrit: तपस् (tápas)

Proto-Iranian: *tapah- ~ *tāpah-

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ta (“fever”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tp (tab, “fever”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: տապ (tap)
→ Armenian: տապ (tap) (learned)

(perhaps) Italic: *tepos

Latin: tepor

*teps-ró-m

Proto-Italic: *tepsrom
Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌌 (tefúrúm)
Umbrian: tefruto (abl. sg. with postposition), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌓𐌀 (tefra, acc. pl.)

*tep(e)s-mi-

Proto-Celtic: *teɸesmis

Welsh: twym

Proto-Celtic: *teɸsmiyā

Old Irish: timme


Proto-Albanian: *(ambhi-)stata

Albanian: (mbë)shtet

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stata- (“stood (up)”)

Latvian: stats (“stake, post”)

Lithuanian: stãtas (“line of sheafs of grain in a field”)

Proto-Germanic: *stadaz

Proto-Hellenic: *statós

Ancient Greek: στᾰτός (stătós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰHtás

Sanskrit: स्थित (sthitá)

Assamese: থিয় (thio)

Proto-Iranian: *stHtáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬙𐬀 (stāta)

Parthian: (/ištād/, “situated”)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿštʾd)

Old Persian: *𐎿𐎫𐎫 (*s-t-t /*stata/, “standed”)

Middle Persian: (/istād/, “standed”)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫘𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿystʾd)

Proto-Italic: *statos (see there for further descendants)

Latin: status

From *steh₂- (“to stand up”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


dem-

*dém-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *temaną (“to fit, suit”)

Proto-Hellenic: *démō

Ancient Greek: δέμω (démō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀕𐀃𐀳 (de-me-o-te)

*dom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāmáyati

Proto-Iranian: *dāmáyati

⇒? Khotanese: [script needed] (pa-dīmäte, “might”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: damō- (“to build”)

*dṓm (“house”)

*dom-éh₂ (“construction”)

Ancient Greek: δομή (domḗ)

Greek: δομή (domí)

*dém-ti-s ~ *dm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *tumþiz (“agreement”) (see there for further descendants)

*dem-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *timrą (“building, timber”) (see there for further descendants)

*dm̥-tós

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *dantos (“manner”)
Proto-Brythonic: *dant
Middle Welsh: deint (“manners”, pl.)
Middle Irish: dét

*dm̥-nós

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *damniyom (“material, substance”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *dm̥-pedis

Proto-Germanic: *tumftiz (“foundation (of a building)”) (unless the same as *tumþiz above)

*dḿ̥-pedom (see *ped-)

Proto-Hellenic: *də́pedon

Ancient Greek: δάπεδον (dápedon, “floor”)

Greek: δάπεδο (dápedo)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέμας (démas)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῶμα (dôma, “house; room, hall”)

→? Albanian: dhomë (“room, chamber”)

>? Albanian: dhomë

Hieroglyphic Luwian: [script needed] (ta+mi-ha)


*bʰéh₁-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baþą (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: բով (bov)


*bʰéh₃g-e-ti (full-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰṓgō

Ancient Greek: φώγω (phṓgō)

*bʰéh₃g-eh₂-ti (athematic factitive present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *bagati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₃g-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bakaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₃g-os ~ *bʰéh₃g-es-os

Phrygian: βεκος (bekos, “bread”, acc. sg.)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Middle Armenian: բոկեղ (bokeġ)

Armenian: բոկ (bok)

Proto-Slavic: *bažiti (see there for further descendants)


bʰelǵʰ-

*bʰélǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *belganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *balgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: bolgaid

*bʰólǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *bolgos (“sack”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *balgiz (“bag”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-is-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰíš (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-in-o-s

Old Prussian: balsinis (“pillow”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balźeinas (“support; cross-beam; cushion”)

Baltic

Latvian: bàlziêns

Lithuanian: balži̇́enas

Old Prussian: balsinis

Proto-Slavic: *bolzina (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-no-s (compare the n-stem below)

Proto-Baltic:

Old Lithuanian: balgnas (“saddle”)

Lithuanian: bal̃nas (“saddle”)

Old Prussian: balgnan (“saddle”)

*bʰélǵʰ-ō, *bʰólǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰl̥ǵʰ-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: (*belgô, *balgô ~ *bulkkaz > *belkkô, *balkkô >) *belkô, *balkô, *bulkô (“beam”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰelǵʰ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *belguz

Faroese: bjølgur

Unsorted formations:

Russian: бо́лозень (bólozenʹ, “callus, bump”)

Proto-Germanic: *bulgijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *belgos (“swollen with anger”)

→ Latin: Belgae

Proto-Germanic: *bulstraz (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: follis (see there for further descendants)


bʰergʰ-

*bʰérgʰ-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bergtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *berganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥gʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *burgijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorgʰ-o-

Proto-Slavic: *borgъ

Polish: bróg

Unsorted formations:

Old Irish: commairge

Proto-Germanic: *burgijô

Old English: byrga

Old Saxon: burgio

desctree

Old High German: burgeo
Middle High German: bürge
German: Bürge
Luxembourgish: Bierg

>? English: burrow

desc

Ossetian: бамбӕрзын (bambærzyn, “to cover”)


bʰewgʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*bʰéwgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *beuganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *baugijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-to-

Proto-Albanian: *bukta

Albanian: butë

*bʰugʰ- (zero-grade root present)

>? Armenian: բուկ (buk) (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰáti (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuȷ́áti

Sanskrit: भुजति (bhujáti)

Proto-Iranian: *buȷ́áti

Younger Avestan: 𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (δβaoγa, “bend”) (perhaps)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (aⁱpiδβaoγa, “bending from behind”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (nihujs, “to sink down, set”) (+ *ni- (“down”)); [script needed] (haṃbujs, “to bow down”) (+ *ham- (“co-”))

*bʰugʰ-eh₂-yé-ti (eh₂-denominal causative)

Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bъgati (“to bend”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-néh₂-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *bukkōną (“to bend”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bugô (“bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n̥-gʰ-e-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéwgʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰugʰ-téy-s

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰúktis</i>

Proto-Germanic: *buhtiz (“bend, arch, curve”) (< *bʰúktis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *baugaz (“bend”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawgas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भोग (bhogá, “winding, curve”)

Proto-Iranian: *bawgah

Baluchi: بوگ (bōg, “joint, knot”)

Proto-Slavic: *bugъ (“armillary”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baugāˀ

desc

Latvian: boga (“marshy place at a river”)

Proto-Slavic: *buga (“marsh, oxbow lake”)

*bʰówgʰ-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baũgurs

Proto-Slavic: *bugrъ (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰowgʰ-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: baugùs (“fearful, easily frightened”)

⇒ Lithuanian: bū́gti (“to fear”) (sta-present)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bugavъ (“mentally challenged”) (rare)

*bʰugʰ-nó-s (“bent”)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewg-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰugnás (< *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰugnás

Sanskrit: भुग्न (bhugná)

*gʰu-né-bʰ- ~ *gʰu-m-bʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gubt

Lithuanian: gùbti

*gʰubʰ-néw- ~ *gʰubʰ-nu- (nu-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gъ(b)nǫti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰowbʰ-eye- (causative/iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gubìti (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúǰas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúȷ́as

Sanskrit: भुज (bhúja)


*bʰrewh₁-e- (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *brewwaną (“to brew”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrowh₁- (o-grade)

Proto-Albanian: *brāu

Albanian: mbruaj

*bʰrenw- (nasal infix present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *braudą (“bread”) (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: *brutas (in the masculine)

→ Ancient Greek: βρῦτος (brûtos)

Proto-Celtic: *brutom (in the neuter)

Welsh: brwd

Cornish: bros

desc

Proto-Germanic: *bruþą (“broth”, in the neuter) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frutom (in the neuter)

Latin: dēfrutum, dēfritum

*bʰréwmn̥-

Proto-Albanian: *bruma

Albanian: brumë

*bʰru-tus

Proto-Celtic: *brutus

Old Irish: bruth

Irish: bruth

*bʰerw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *berwos (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *borwos

Gaulish: Boruo

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *britśiā

Albanian: bërsi

Ancient Greek: πορφῡ́ρω (porphū́rō, “to heave, boil, surge up”)


bʰegʷ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*bʰégʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗˀgtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰégʷomai

Ancient Greek: φέβομαι (phébomai, “to flee”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: अभिभजते (abhibhajate, “to flee (towards)”)

*bʰégʷ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bēˀgjā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: φοβέω (phobéō, “to cause to flee”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyomai

Ancient Greek: φοβέομαι (phobéomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati, “to cause to flee”)

*bʰógʷ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰógʷos

Ancient Greek: φόβος (phóbos, “fear”)

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰewg-.


bʰlendʰ-

*bʰlondʰ-e- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blandaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blenstei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-i-s or *bʰln̥dʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blendis

Proto-Slavic: *blędь (see there for further descendants)

*bʰln̥dʰ-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰradʰnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bradʰnás

ref

Alternatively linked to Proto-Slavic *bronъ (“white, grayish”) (for earlier **brodnъ) and Albanian bram (“rust, earwax, residue”). Both proposed etymologies are problematic.

>? Sanskrit: ब्रध्न (bradhná, “ruddy, pale-red, blond, yellowish”) and Albanian bram (“rust, earwax, residue”). Both proposed etymologies are problematic.

*bʰlendʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *blindaz (“blind”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blándīˀtei

Latvian: blàndîtiês, blôdîtiês

Lithuanian: blandýtis

Proto-Slavic: *blǭdìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blandas (see there for further descendants)

*bʰl̥ndʰ-os or *bʰlendʰ-os

>? Proto-Germanic: *blundaz

Frankish: *blund

→ Medieval Latin: blondus

Old French: blond, blont

Middle French: blond

→ English: blond

ब्रध्न ब्रध्न#Sanskrit

w:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
w:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

blond, red-haired, ruddy (alternative/contested) suggests derivation from *bʰel- (“to blaze, be shiny”).


bʰredʰ-

*bʰrédʰ-e-ti

Proto-Albanian: *breda

Proto-Albanian: *bredza

Albanian: bredh

*bʰrédʰ-ti ~ bʰr̥dʰ-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bréstei

Latvian: brist

Lithuanian: bri̇̀sti

Proto-Slavic: *brestì (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brodīti

⇒? Old Irish: fris·brudi (“to refuse”)

*bʰrodʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьdnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: břednout

Polish: brnąć

Likely of late, regional origin, given the limited distribution, unless the Old Irish descendant is valid.


déḱs

Stüber suggests *deḱs- continues the *s stem noun *déḱos (“that which is proper”), from *deḱ- (“take, perceive”).


derbʰ-

*dr̥bʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥bʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥bʰáti

Sanskrit: दृभति (dṛbháti)

*dorbʰ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰáyati

Sanskrit: दर्भयति (darbháyati)

*dorbʰ-ós

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: darbas (“bunch of leaves”)

Proto-Slavic: *dorbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰás

desc

Sanskrit: दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”)

*dr̥bʰ-s

Proto-Germanic: *turbz

Old English: turf

English: turf

Old Frisian: turf

Old Saxon: turf

*dr̥bʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *turbiz

Old English: eþeltyrf

*dr̥bʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *turba- m or n (“turf, peat”)

Middle Low German: torf m

Middle Dutch: torf m, turf m

Old Norse: torf n

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *turbô

Old Frisian: tūra

Middle Dutch: torve


derḱ-

*dérḱ-t ~ *dr̥ḱ-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔδρᾰκον (édrăkon), δρακείς (drakeís, traditionally analyzed as aor.pass.part. but probably an athematic aorist [Forssman 1964])

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárćam (1sg.aor.inj.)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárśam

Vedic Sanskrit: दर्शम् (dárśam)

Proto-Iranian: *dárćam

Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬆𐬨 (dar^əsəm)

*de-dórḱ-e ~ *de-dr̥ḱ-ḗr (perfect)

*dorḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarhijaną (with irregular -h-)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatarhjan)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darśáyati

Sanskrit: दर्शयति (darśáyati)

*dérḱ-e-ti (secondary root present)

Proto-Celtic: *derketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkomai

Ancient Greek: δέρκομαι (dérkomai)

⇒? δράκων (drákōn, “serpent, dragon”)

*dérḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkmə

Ancient Greek: δέργμα (dérgma)

*dérḱ-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-és (“eye”, root noun)

⇒ *dr̥ḱ-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *drikā (“face”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *derḱ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *derkos

desctree

Old Irish: derc
Middle Irish: derc
Irish: dearc, dearca, deirc
Scottish Gaelic: dearc

⇒ *dŕ̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δράκος (drákos)

desc

compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂éḱru</i>

⇒? *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru (“tear”, noun, literally “eye-sharp/bitter”) (compound with *h₂éḱru)

*dérḱ-ti-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-téy-s (> *dr̥ḱ-ti-s)

Proto-Albanian: *driktā

Albanian: dritë

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: दृष्टि (dṛ́ṣṭi) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥ḱ-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *turhtaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *turhtōną

Old High German: ougozorhtōn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: տեսանեմ (tesanem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darć-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darś-

Sanskrit: दृश् (dṛś)


dʰengʰ-

*dʰéngʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dángʰati

Sanskrit: दङ्घति (dáṅghati)

*dʰéngʰ-t ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: deñgo

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (ye-present)

Lithuanian: deñgti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (sta-present)

Lithuanian: diñgti

Proto-Germanic: *dungōną (“to cover”) (< *dungōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *dungōn

Middle Low German: dungen

Old Norse: *dunga

Faroese: dunga

Swedish: dunga

*dʰéngʰ-l̥

⇒ *dʰn̥gʰ-l-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *tunglą (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és

Proto-Germanic: *dungz

Proto-West Germanic: *dung (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dangā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *danga

Albanian: dëng (“full, stuffed”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dangùs

Old Prussian: dangus (“sky, heaven”)


dʰers-

*dʰr̥s-néw-ti ~ *dʰr̥s-nú-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršnutei

Proto-Slavic: *dьrznǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣnáwti

Sanskrit: धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇóti)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥šnáwti

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬲𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (upadaržnuuaⁱṇti)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎭𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎢𐏁 (adaršnauš)

*dʰe-dʰórs-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥s-ḗr (stative)

*dʰr-n̥-s-sḱe-ti (innovated nasal+sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: drį̇̃sti

*dʰérs-os

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰérsos

Ancient Greek: θάρσος (thársos)

Attic Greek: θάρρος (thárrhos)

Aeolic Greek: θέρσος (thérsos)

*dʰr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: धृष्ट (dhṛṣṭá)

*dʰr̥s-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršus

Latvian: dròšs, dròss

Lithuanian: drąsùs

Old Prussian: dyrsos, dirsos

Proto-Slavic: *dьrzъ (“bold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰrəsús

Ancient Greek: θρᾰσύς (thrăsús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣúṣ

Sanskrit: धृषु (dhṛṣú)

Proto-Albanian: *ən-darsa

Albanian: nder

An *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).


*dʰuh₂-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fūje-

⇒ Latin: suffiō

⇒ Latin: fimum (see there for further descendants)

*dʰuh₂-oyé-ti (?)

Proto-Anatolian: *duHoyéti

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒀀𒄑𒍣 (túḫ-ḫa-a-iz-zi, “produce smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dúlis (“mist”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: dúil (“desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHliš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰuHliṣ

Sanskrit: धूलि (dhūli, “dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Northern Luri: تۊز (tuz, “dust”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fūlīgō (see there for further descendants)

q

→? Proto-Uralic: *tuxle or *towle (“wind”) (see Proto-Finnic *tuuli and Udmurt тӧл (töl))

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰuh₂-mó-s (“smoke”)

Proto-Albanian: *ātuma

Albanian: tym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dū́ˀmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰūmós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fūmos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dujà (“drizzle, mist”)

*dʰuh₂-yo- (?)

Proto-Celtic: *dwīyot-, *dwīyūss ?

Old Irish: dé
Irish: dé

Proto-Germanic: *dawwō (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *daumaz (“vapour, mist”)

Middle Dutch: doom

Old Norse: *daumr

Faroese: deymur

Proto-Germanic: *dauniz

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (dauns)

Proto-Germanic: *daunaz (“smell”)

Old Norse: daunn

Icelandic: daunn

Proto-Germanic: *dawwą (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dawwaz (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ən-dūja

Albanian: ndyj

Proto-Albanian: *dupsa

Albanian: duf (“anger, impatience”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒂊 (tuḫḫae, “pant, sigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *dauganą (“to conceal, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dūnaz (“down (feather)”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dūnǭ (“dune”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dwemaną

⇒? *dwemrą

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr (“vapor; phantom”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θύω (thúō, “burn, immolate, offer in sacrifice”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φω (tū́phō), τῦφος (tûphos), τῡφόω (tūphóō), Τῡφῶν (Tūphôn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धूसर (dhūsara, “dust-colored”)

Hindustani:

Hindi: धूसर (dhūsar)

Urdu: دھوسر

Bengali: ধূসর (dhuśor)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furō

Seemingly related to *dʰwes- (“breath; dust; dusky color”).