h₃rḗǵs

h₃réǵ- (oblique stem)
h₃rḗǵs (nominative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (dual nominative)
h₃réǵh₁e (dual nominative)
h₃réǵ (singular vocative)
h₃réǵh₁ (dual vocative)
h₃réǵh₁e (dual vocative)
h₃réǵm̥ (accusative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (accusative dual)
h₃réǵh₁e (accusative dual)
h₃réǵm̥s (accusative plural)
h₃réǵs (genitive singular)
h₃réǵs (ablative singular)
h₃réǵ (locative singular)
h₃réǵi (locative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Celtic: *rīxs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́ćš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rēks (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten; to righten”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *rehtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *orektós

Ancient Greek: ὀρεκτός (orektós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraštás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rektos

Latin: rēctus

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).
Adjectives with this suffix normally have a zero-grade root, showing that this is a late PIE or post-PIE innovation and may not have appeared at all in Proto-Indo-European or in Vedic.


-tós

-tós (nominative singular)
Ø-tós (nominative singular)
Ø-tóh₁ (dual nominative)
-tóes (nominative plural)
Ø-tóes (nominative plural)
-té (singular vocative)
Ø-té (singular vocative)
Ø-tóh₁ (dual vocative)
-tóes (plural vocative)
Ø-tóes (plural vocative)
-tóm (accusative singular)
Ø-tóm (accusative singular)
Ø-tóh₁ (accusative dual)
-tóms (accusative plural)
Ø-tóms (accusative plural)
-tósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-tósyo (genitive singular)
-tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tóHom (genitive plural)
-téad (ablative singular)
Ø-téad (ablative singular)
-tómos (ablative plural)
Ø-tómos (ablative plural)
-tóbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-tóbʰos (ablative plural)
-tóey (dative singular)
Ø-tóey (dative singular)
-tómos (dative plural)
Ø-tómos (dative plural)
-tóbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-tóbʰos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tóy (locative singular)
Ø-tóy (locative singular)
-tóysu (locative plural)
Ø-tóysu (locative plural)
Ø-tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-tṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-tṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-téh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-téh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-tā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-tā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-téh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-tóm (nominative singular)
Ø-tóm (nominative singular)
-tóy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-téh₂ (nominative plural)
-tóm (singular vocative)
Ø-tóm (singular vocative)
-tóy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-téh₂ (plural vocative)
-tóy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *-tāi

Albanian: -të

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tas

desc

Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (some past passive participles)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tós

Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós)

Proto-Germanic: *-daz (all weak past participles, a few adjectives), *-taz, *-þaz, *-saz (post-consonantal allomorphs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tás, *-dás (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *-tos, *-sos (after a dental)
Faliscan: -𐌕𐌏𐌔 (-tos)
Latin: -tus, -sus (almost all perfect past participles (except e.g. mortuus and derivates (dēmortuus, ēmortuus etc.)))

Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.


-éyeti

-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
o-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
-éyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
o-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
o-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
-éye (imperative second-person singular)
o-éye (imperative second-person singular)
-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
o-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
o-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
o-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
o-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
o-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
o-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
o-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
o-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
o-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
o-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
o-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
o-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
o-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
o-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
o-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
o-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
o-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
o-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
o-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
o-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
o-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
o-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
o-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
o-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
o-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
o-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
o-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
o-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
o-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
o-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
o-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
o-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
o-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
o-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyonts (indicative participle present)
o-éyonts (indicative participle present)
-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
o-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
o-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
o-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
o-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
o-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
o-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
o-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
o-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
o-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
-éyomnos (indicative participle present)
o-éyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-eitei

Latgalian: -eit

Latvian: -īt

Lithuanian: -yti

Proto-Slavic: *-iti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-īti

Proto-Brythonic: *-id

Old Irish: -id (class A II)

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (class 1 weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Italic: *-eō

Latin: -eō (Second conjugation (causative) verbs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áyati

Sanskrit: -अयति (-áyati) (mostly)

Proto-Iranian: *-áyati

Avestan: -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-aiieⁱti) (mostly)

Proto-Albanian: *-tjā

Albanian: -së

Forms causative imperfective verbs from roots.

Forms iterative or frequentative imperfective verbs from roots.


-éyeti

-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
-éyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
-éye (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éye (imperative second-person singular)
-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyonts (indicative participle present)
Ø-éyonts (indicative participle present)
-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
-éyomnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-éyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áyati

Sanskrit: -अयति (-áyati) (partially)

Proto-Iranian: *-áyati

Avestan: -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-aiieⁱti) (partially)


sed-

*sédt ~ *sdént (athematic root aorist)

*sí-sd-e-ti (thematic i-reduplicated present)

*séd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sedeti (see there for further descendants)

*sed-s- (sigmatic aorist)

⇒ Old Armenian: հեծանիմ (hecanim)

Armenian: հեծնել (hecnel)

*séd-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sod-éye-ti (“to set”, causative)

*sed-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sedēō < earlier *sedējō (see there for further descendants)

*sed-éh₂-ye-ti (eh₂-factitive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sědati

Czech: sedat

Polish: siadać

Serbo-Croatian: sedati, sjedati

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sēdō (see there for further descendants)

*se-sód-e ~ *se-sd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

q

3sg. and 3pl. past of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*sitjaną</i>

Proto-Germanic: *sat, *sētun (3sg. and 3pl. past of *sitjaną)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́da

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́da

Sanskrit: ससाद (sasā́da)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (hazdiiāt̰, 3sg.opt.)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sēdī

*ḱye-sd-é-ti (< perhaps originally meaning sit/set here)

Proto-Italic: *kezdō

Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)

*sēd-s, *sed-es (root noun)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *sēdis

Latin: sēdēs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: (dē)ses, (prae)ses

*sed-ti-

Proto-Hellenic: *hétstis

Ancient Greek: ἕσις (hésis)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sessiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*séd-os ~ *séd-es

Proto-Hellenic: *hédos

Ancient Greek: ἕδος (hédos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sádas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sádas

Sanskrit: सदस् (sádas)

Welsh: hedd (“peace”)

Proto-Germanic: *setiz (“seat”)

Old Norse: setr (“seat, residence”)

Old English: set (“seat”)

*sod-ó- (< with affected meanings perhaps similar to set out)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *xodъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hodós

Ancient Greek: ὁδός (hodós)

Greek: οδός (odós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādás

Sanskrit: साद (sādá)

Proto-Germanic: *satą

Old English: gesæt (“sitting”)

*sōd-o-

Welsh: sawdd (“sinking, immersion”)

Proto-Germanic: *sōtą (“soot”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sṓdjāˀ (“soot”)

Lithuanian: súodžiai

Proto-Slavic: *saďa (see there for further descendants)

*sod-yom (“seat”)

Proto-Celtic: *sodyom

Old Irish: suide

Irish: suí

Scottish Gaelic: suidhe

Welsh: sedd

Proto-Italic: *sodjom

desc

Latin: solium (“throne, bath-tub, sarcophagus”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-dʰo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sādas

Lithuanian: sodas

Proto-Slavic: *sadъ (“grove; garden”)

*sed-lo- (“seat”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ետղ (etł), տեղ (teł)

Proto-Celtic: *sedlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *setlaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *héllā

Ancient Greek: ἕλλα (hélla)

Proto-Italic: *sedlā

Latin: sella (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *sědlo (see there for further descendants)

*sé(d)-tlom

Proto-Germanic: *seþlą

Proto-West Germanic: *seþl (“seat, sitting”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tlóm ~ *sed-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtrám (“sacrificial gathering”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-tlō-

Proto-Germanic: *sadulaz (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tós (“seated”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-ro-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -εδρος (-edros), ἕδρα (hédra)

Proto-Albanian: *sedjā

Albanian: gjazë (“riverside forest”)

*ni-sd-ós (“nest”)

*pí-sd-eh₂ (“vulva”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(possibly) Old Armenian: զիստ (zist)

(possibly) Old Armenian: առիճ (aṙič)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: segli

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἱδρύω (hidrúō)

Proto-Germanic: *sētiz (“possible to sit on”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sētō (“place, position; ambush”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sētiją (“seat”)

Old Norse: sæti (“seat”)

Old English: sǣte (“seat”) (possibly borrowed from Old Norse)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सद् (sad)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


sodéyeti

sodéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
sodéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sodéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
sodéye (imperative second-person singular)
sodéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sodéyoys (optative second-person singular)
sodéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sodéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
sodéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
sodéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
sodéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sodéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sodéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sodéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
sodéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sodéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sodéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
sodéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sodéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
sodéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sodéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sodéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
sodéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
sodéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sodéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
sodéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sodéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
sodéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
sodéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
sodéyete (imperative plural second-person)
sodéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sodéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
sodéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sodéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
sodéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
sodéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sodéyonts (indicative participle present)
sodéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
sodéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sodéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sodéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
sodéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sodéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
sodéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
sodéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sōdī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sodīti

Old Irish: ad·suidi

Proto-Germanic: *satjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādáyati

Sanskrit: सादयति (sādáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *hādáyati

𐬥𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nišāδaiieⁱti)

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏁𐎠𐎭𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-š-a-d-y-m /niyašādayam/, 1sg.impf.ind.)

From *sed- (“to sit”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


-yéti

Ø-yóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
-yóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-yóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-yṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-yési (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-yési (indicative present second-person singular)
-yés (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-yés (indicative past second-person singular)
-yé (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-yé (imperative second-person singular)
-yḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-yḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-yóys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-yóys (optative second-person singular)
-yéti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-yét (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yét (indicative past singular third-person)
-yétu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-yétu (imperative singular third-person)
-yḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yóyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-yóyt (optative singular third-person)
-yówos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-yówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-yówe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-yówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-yṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-yṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-yóywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-yóywe (dual first-person optative)
-yétes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-yétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-yétom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-yétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-yétom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-yétom (dual imperative second-person)
-yḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-yḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-yóytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-yóytom (dual optative second-person)
-yétes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-yétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-yétām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-yétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-yétām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-yétām (dual imperative third-person)
-yḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-yóytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-yóytām (dual optative third-person)
-yómos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-yómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-yóme (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-yóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-yṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-yṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-yóyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-yóyme (first-person optative plural)
-yéte (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-yéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-yéte (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-yéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-yéte (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-yéte (imperative plural second-person)
-yḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-yḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yóyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-yóyte (optative plural second-person)
-yónti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yónt (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-yóntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-yóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-yṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-yónts (indicative participle present)
-yéso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-yéso (imperative second-person singular)
-yétor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-yéto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-yḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yóyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-yóyto (optative singular third-person)
-yóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-yónto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-yṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yóyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-yóyro (optative plural third-person)
-yómnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-yómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Anatolian: *-yéti

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (j-presents, some class 1 weak verbs)

Proto-Hellenic: *-yō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pyé-, *-pʰyé-)

Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kyé-, *-kʰyé-, *-kʷyé-, *-kʷʰyé-, *-tyé-, *-tʰyé-, *-gyé-)

Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gyé-, *-gʷyé-, *-dyé-)

Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lyé-)

Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cyé-)

Proto-Italic: *-jō

Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)

Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yáti

Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati))

Sanskrit: -यते (-yate) (some deponent class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: जायते (jā́yate), बुध्यते (búdhyate))

Sanskrit: -यते (-yáte) (passive verbs, for example: क्रियते (kriyáte, “to be done”); and rarely a deponent verb: म्रियते (mriyáte, “to die”))

Proto-Iranian: *-yáti

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti) (for example: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti))

Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots.


Proto-Italic: *akēō

Latin: aceō

Proto-Hellenic: *akís

Ancient Greek: ἀκίς (akís)

*h₂eḱ-i-l-o- or *h₂eḱ-l-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ասեղն (asełn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśilos or *aśelos

Proto-Slavic: *osьla̋ or *osla̋

East Slavic:

Russian: осело́к (oselók)

South Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: осла (osla, “whetstone”)

Slovene: ósla

West Slavic:

Slovak: osla (“whetstone”)

Polish: osełka (“whetstone”)

Proto-Germanic: *agilaz (“awn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *agil (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *agjō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: aciēs, acia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ašus

Latvian: ass (“sharp”), ašs (“swift”)

Proto-Italic: *akus

Latin: acus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: acuō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: akwam

Tocharian B: akwatse

*h₂eḱ-ró-s (“sharp”)

*h₂óḱ-ri-s (“sharp edge, protrusion”)

*h₂eḱ-ru (“tear (of the eyes)”)

*h₂éḱ-mō ~ *h₂ḱ-m̥n-és (“stone”)

Proto-Hellenic: *akmā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκμή (akmḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahanō ~ *aganō (“awn, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: agna (“blade/ear of grain”)

*h₂ḱ-éh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *akā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκή (akḗ)

*h₂éḱ-os ~ *h₂éḱ-es-os (s-stem)

Proto-Italic: *akos

Latin: acus (“bran, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ákos

Ancient Greek: -ήκης (-ḗkēs)

⇒ Ancient Greek: τανυήκης (tanuḗkēs, “having a long/thin edge/point”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āke

Tocharian A: āk

Tocharian B: āke

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀξύς (oxús)

Greek: οξύς (oxýs)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstis or *aśtis

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)

Lithuanian: aksti̇̀s (“spit, thorn, prick”)

Proto-Slavic: *ȏstь (“sharp point, spike; awn; fishbone”)

East Slavic:

Russian: ость (ostʹ)

West Slavic:

Czech: osť (dialectal)

Polish: ość

Slovak: osť

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: ȍsti (pl.), ȍstve (pl.)

Slovene: ǫ̂st

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstinas or *aśtinas (“sharp point, prickle; pointed stick for driving cattle”)

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: akstins

Lithuanian: ãkstinas

Proto-Slavic: *ostь̀nъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)

Old Irish: aitten

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīnā (collective)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: ethin

Old Cornish: eythin

Cornish: eythin

Welsh: eithin

Breton: bezhin

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āśce (possibly)

>? Proto-Italic: *akstus

Latin: astus

⇒ Latin: astūtus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂óḱ-et-s (“harrow”)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ath, eh, thua

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հասկ (hask) (possibly)

Armenian: ոսի (osi) (possibly)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀 (asūra, “point”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (aśäjä, “sharp; stony”)

Parthian: (/bōδāžār/, “sharp-smell; spices”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (bwdʾcʾr)

Persian: آچار (âčâr, “pickle, marinade”)

Pashto: اښار (āẍār, “acidic; sour; pickle; sadman”)

Classical Persian: آژیخ (āžīx, “solid tears, rheum”) (perhaps from *āsikah)

Classical Persian: آژدف (āždaf, “an acidic fruit, medlar”), ازدف (azdaf)


Proto-Germanic: *hauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *akouhō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āks- (“to awaken”) (possibly)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ṓws (“ear”) and + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).


h₃roǵéyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *rogīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rakjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāȷ́áyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hrājáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬈 (rāzaiieⁱte, “to direct, lead”)

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

suffix

to straighten, to make straight, to cause to be straight

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


non-ablauting (romanization)
tewtā́m (accusative singular)

>? Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: *tetan

Albanian: tëtanë

>? Albanian: Dedë

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) (uncertain)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *t(j)autāˀ

Latgalian: tauta

Latvian: tàuta

Lithuanian: tautà

Old Prussian: tauto (“country”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *ťuďь (“foreigner, stranger”)

Proto-Germanic: *þeudō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawtáH (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: τευτους (teutous, acc.pl.)


ǵʰer-

*ǵʰór-tos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰor-o-

>? Ancient Greek: χορός (khorós) (perhaps "encircling/ring dance")

*ǵʰor-yo-

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (perhaps "encircling membrane" or from root below)


ǵʰórtos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰórtos (nominative singular)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰórtoes (nominative plural)
ǵʰórte (singular vocative)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰórtoes (plural vocative)
ǵʰórtom (accusative singular)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰórtoms (accusative plural)
ǵʰórtosyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰórtoHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰórtead (ablative singular)
ǵʰórtomos (ablative plural)
ǵʰórtobʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰórtoey (dative singular)
ǵʰórtomos (dative plural)
ǵʰórtobʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰórtey (locative singular)
ǵʰórtoy (locative singular)
ǵʰórtoysu (locative plural)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰórtōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gortos

Old Irish: gort

Irish: gort (“wheatfield”)

Proto-Brythonic: *gorθ

Old Breton: orth

Cornish: gorth

Welsh: garth (“hill, enclosure”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χόρτος (khórtos, “farmyard”)

Proto-Italic: *hortos (< earlier *xortos)

Latin: hortus (“garden”)

Oscan: 𐌇𐌞𐌓𐌆 (húrz)

Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)

Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)

From *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”). Alternatively, Matasović proposes that this is instead from a neo-root derived from a root noun *gʰṓrdʰ-s (root *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”), genitive *gʰr̥dʰ-ós, where the root-final consonant would devoice to -t- in the nominative singular. Whether the initial consonant was a palatovelar cannot be ascertained, since reflexes of *ǵʰórtos are only securely attested in centum languages.


*seh₂- (root present) or *sh₂-ye- (ye-present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄω (áō)

Proto-Celtic: *sāssāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sadaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sā́ˀtas (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: satis (adverb) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sātis (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատ-ոք (at-okʻ, “full-grown, ripe”)

Old Armenian: յ-ագ (y-ag, “to satiety”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἅδην (hádēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

⇒ Sanskrit: असिन्व (asinvá, “insatiable”)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ó-s

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
Proto-Brythonic: *erx
Middle Welsh: erch
Welsh: (obsolete) erch
Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)
Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
Irish: earc (“lizard”)
Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)

Proto-Hellenic: *perkós

Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)

→ Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)

*pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás

Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)

*pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *porḱw-ó-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)

*pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx

Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokắs)

Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “dewdrop”)

*pr̥ḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade)

Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)

Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)

Proto-Albanian: *prikna

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā

Albanian: *prënjë

⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)

⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂

Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ

Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)

Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš

Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)

Mazanderani: برجی (barji)

*pr̥ḱ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *porkros

q

>? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer, but disputed)

Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *ferhô

Old Norse: *feri

desc

Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)

*pórḱ-ono-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas

Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)

*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā

Middle Irish: etarche

Proto-Italic: *porkā

Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)

>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és

Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)


h₃nóbʰōl

h₃nóbʰōl (nominative singular)
h₃m̥bʰl̥bʰós (ablative plural)
h₃m̥bʰl̥bʰós (dative plural)
h₃m̥bʰél (locative singular)
h₃m̥bʰl̥sú (locative plural)
h₃m̥bʰléh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃m̥bʰl̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *ompʰəl (< *h₃ómbʰ-l̥)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *ompʰəlós

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀμφαλός (omphalós)
Greek: αφαλός m (afalós), ομφαλός m (omfalós, “navel”)

Proto-Italic: *ombel, *ombeli (< loc.sg. *h₃m̥bʰéli or *h₃ómbʰ-l̥)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *ombelīkos (+ *-īkos)

Latin: umbilīcus (see there for further descendants)


méntis

mn̥téy- (oblique stem)
méntis (nominative singular)
ménteyes (nominative plural)
ménti (singular vocative)
ménteyes (plural vocative)
méntim (accusative singular)
méntims (accusative plural)
mn̥téys (genitive singular)
mn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
mn̥téys (ablative singular)
mn̥tímos (ablative plural)
mn̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
mn̥téyey (dative singular)
mn̥tímos (dative plural)
mn̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
mn̥téy (locative singular)
mn̥tḗy (locative singular)
mn̥tísu (locative plural)
mn̥tímis (instrumental plural)
mn̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mintís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mundiz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *mə́ntis (perhaps with analogical /n/)

Ancient Greek: μάντις (mántis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mentis

Latin: mēns, mentior (see there for further descendants)

From *men- (“to think”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


peyḱ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)

*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *finhaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)

Proto-Iranian: *pinášti

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti

q

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.) (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)

Proto-Italic:

desc

Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)

Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))

Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))

*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati

Proto-Iranian: *páycati

𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)

*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)

Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)

Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)

Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)

*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)

*piḱ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras

Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós

desc

Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pĭkrós, “sharp, pointed”)

Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)

>? Lusitanian:

→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)

*piḱ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)

⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)

Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)

Proto-Italic: *piktos

Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas

Lithuanian: paišai̇̃, piẽšas (“freckle”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-
Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)
Latin: Poecilē
→ Translingual: Poecilus

desc

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas

Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)

Proto-Iranian: *páycah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)

Russian: пегий (pegij)

>? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas

desc

Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)

Proto-Iranian: *picángah

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

>? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)

Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:

→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)


peyḱ-

*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pei̇̃kti (“to blame”)

*piḱ-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pikts

Lithuanian: pi̇̀ktas (“angry; evil”)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos

Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

*poyḱ-yós

>? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pîkt

Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas

Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)


dʰregʰ-

*dʰrégʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρέχω (trékhō)

Doric: τράχω (trákhō)

*dʰōrgʰ (nominative), *dʰrogʰs (genitive singular)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուրգն (durgn, “potter's wheel”)

Armenian: դուրգ (durg)

Proto-Celtic: *drokos

Old Irish: droch (“wheel”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τροχός (trokhós, “wheel; potter's wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: padróžti

Latvian: drāžu

>? Proto-Slavic: *droga (“rail, shaft (of cart)”)

Proto-Germanic: *draganą (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դարձ (darj, “return”)

Armenian: դարձ (darj)

Unknown; some of the forms listed here as descendants have been argued to be either from unrelated roots, or to be related by means of being post-IE loanwords.


*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis

Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)

*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)

→ Latin: grōma

Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
→ English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
→ Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
→ Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
→? Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gnōriā

Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

q

formed with <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">-ιμος</i> (-imos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))

Italic: *gnāros, *əngnāros, *əngnārāō, *gnārāō

Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /Zand/, “Zand of Avesta”)

Indic:

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñāti)

Italic: *gnōtiō

Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gnāwos

Latin: gnāvus

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
Old Norse: kyn
Icelandic: kyn
→ Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
Finnish: kone (“machine”)
Karelian: koneh

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)

Old Irish: gnúis
Irish: gnúis
Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
Manx: grooish

Proto-Brythonic: *gnis

Middle Welsh: gnis

desc

apparently from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵneh₁-</i>, of unknown origin

Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: ज्ञान (jñāna, “knowledge”)


médʰyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
médʰyos (nominative singular)
médʰyoes (nominative plural)
médʰye (singular vocative)
médʰyoes (plural vocative)
médʰyom (accusative singular)
médʰyoms (accusative plural)
médʰyosyo (genitive singular)
médʰyoHom (genitive plural)
médʰyead (ablative singular)
médʰyomos (ablative plural)
médʰyobʰos (ablative plural)
médʰyoey (dative singular)
médʰyomos (dative plural)
médʰyobʰos (dative plural)
médʰyey (locative singular)
médʰyoy (locative singular)
médʰyoysu (locative plural)
médʰyōys (instrumental plural)
médʰyām (accusative singular)
médʰyom (nominative singular)
médʰyoy (dual nominative)
médʰyom (singular vocative)
médʰyoy (dual vocative)
médʰyoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *medza

Albanian: mjez

Proto-Armenian: *meiǰ- < *meidio-

Old Armenian: մէջ (mēǰ)

Armenian: մեջ (meǰ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjas

Lithuanian: mẽdis (“tree, wood”)

Latvian: mežs (“forest”)

Old Prussian: median

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjāˀ (from *médʰyeh₂)

Proto-Slavic: *meďa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *medyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *midjaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *métsos (see there for further descendants)

Illyrian: *metu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meðjos (see there for further descendants)

From *me-dʰi (“with, among”), ultimately from the adverb *me (“near, by, with”) + *-dʰi (locative suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *in-, *ni-

Ancient Greek: ἐν- (en-), nasalized ἀ- (a-) (ἀδελφός (adelphós))

Latin: in-

French: in-, en-

Proto-Slavic: on-, vьn-, vъ-, u-

Czech: v-, u-, ú-, na-

Russian: в- (v-)


h₁régʷōs (nominative plural)
h₁régʷōs (plural vocative)
h₁régʷōs (accusative plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեկ (erek), երէկ (erēk)

Proto-Germanic: *rekwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Ἔρεβος (Érebos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráȷ́as

Sanskrit: रजस् (rájas)

From *h₁regʷ- (“to be dark”) + *-os (action or result suffix).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₂eHs-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *āzēō

Latin: āreō (“to be dry”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: asāre (“dried up”, verb)

q

*h₂éH(s)-mr̥ (“(*heat of the sun >) day”) (or more likely *h₂éH-mr̥, directly from *h₂eh₁-)

*h₂éHs-s (root noun)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāšš-, “ash(es); dust; soap”)

*h₂eHs-h₂- (“hearth, fireplace”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāššā-, “fireplace, hearth”)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊅𐊆 c (xahadi-, “altar”)

Proto-Italic: *āzā (“altar”)

Old Latin: āsa

Latin: āra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: aasa- (“altar”)

*h₂(H)s-tḗr (“star”)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *asjō

Old High German: essa (“furnace”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *azinaz

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨᛉ (aʀinaʀ, “hearth(stone), fireplace; *ash”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHsas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHsas

Sanskrit: आस (ā́sa, “ashes, dust”)

Proto-Iranian: *HáHhah

Ormuri: [script needed] (yānak, “ash”) < *ās-naka-

Persian: آهک (âhak, “lime”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: asatär (“dries up”)

Tocharian B: osotär (“dries up”)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *āstäre (“pure”)

Tocharian A: āştär (“pure”)

Tocharian B: astare (“pure”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ās-

Tocharian A: ās-

Tocharian B: ās-

enlarged with a dental

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հաստեայ (hasteay, “kind of pastry”)

>? Old Armenian: ոստին (ostin, “dry”)

Balto-Slavic:

Czech: ozditi (“to dry malt”)

Old Polish: ozd (“dry malt”)

Hellenic:

or simply from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-ye-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: ἄζω (ázō, “to dry”) (or simply from *h₂ed-ye-)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (astaucä, “dry land”)

→ Old Armenian: աստուճ (astuč, “dry (of bread)”)

Proto-Italic: *assos (“dried, roasted”)

Latin: assus (“roasted, baked”)

enlarged with a velar

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *ōhmaz (“burn, rash?”) (more likely reconstruction: *ēmaz; see *ēmǭ)

Proto-West Germanic: *ōhm

Old English: ōm (“rust”), ōme (“rash”)

desc

German: (dialectal) Ahm, Ohm (“erysipelas; kornbrand”)

desctree

Old Norse: ámr (“dark, dark red”)
Icelandic: ámur

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂Hs-g-y-on-</i>

Proto-Armenian: (< *h₂Hs-g-y-on-)

Old Armenian: աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ասկն (askn, “ruby”)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂s-gʷ-</i>, or more likely from Pre-Greek

>? Ancient Greek: ἄσβολος (ásbolos, “soot”), ἀσβόλη (asbólē) (< *h₂s-gʷ-, or more likely from Pre-Greek)

Old Armenian: ազազեմ (azazem, “to make dry”) (see there for further descendants)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *askǭ (“ash, ashes”), *azgǭ (East Germanic) (or from *h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown source language:

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaski (“swidden”) (see there for further descendants)

Appears to be suffixed/extended from the root *h₂eh₁- as found in Palaic [script needed] (hāri), [script needed] (hānta, “to heat up”, intransitive), Proto-Celtic *ā-tis (“furnace, oven”) and PIE *h₂éh₁-tēr (“fire”); see also *h₂eh₃- (“to burn, be hot”). Alternatively from *h₂ed-s- with dissimilation; see reconstruction notes.


leykʷ-

*léykʷ-t ~ *likʷ-ént (athematic root aorist)

*likʷ-é-t (thematic root aorist)

*li-né-kʷ-ti ~ *li-n-kʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

*le-lóykʷ-e ~ *le-likʷ-ḗr (stative)

*loykʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: làicît

Lithuanian: laikýti

Old Prussian: laikūt

Proto-Germanic: *laigijaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *laibijaną

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rayćáyati

Sanskrit: रेचयति (recáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raēcaiieⁱti)

*likʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riktás (see there for further descendants)

*lóykʷ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *laihną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyknas (see there for further descendants)

*loykʷ-ó-s

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: likt (“to lay, put”), lieks (“superfluous, excessive”)

Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”)

Slavic:

Russian: лишать (lišatʹ, “to deprive, rob, divest”) from *leykso-

→ Proto-Finnic: *liika (“excess”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Pictish:

→ Scottish Gaelic: dìleab

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis, “disappearance; eclipse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रिक्थ (rikthá), ऋक्थ (ṛktha)


*h₂ér-ye-ti (ye-present)

*h₂érh₃-tro-m (“ard, plough”)

*h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén̥-s (“grain, corn”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwar ~ *arwens

Old Irish: arbor ~ arbae

Irish: arbhar

Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

*h₂erh₃-wr̥-ih₂ (“cropland”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ároura

Ancient Greek: ἄρουρα (ároura)

*h₂r̥h₃-wé-reh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥HwáraH

Sanskrit: उर्वरा (urvárā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁 (uruuarā)

*h₂erh₃-wós (“arable”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwī

Breton: erv

Cornish: erow

Welsh: erw

Proto-Italic: *arawos

Latin: arvus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arw-

Proto-Slavic: *orvьnъ

(uncertain) *h₂r̥h₃-eh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Albanian: *arwa

Albanian: arë

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Indo-Iranian: *áryas (“Aryan”) (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: aramaite (“ploughed field, arable land”)

Old Armenian: հարաւունք (harawunkʻ) < *h₂erh₃-won-

Old Armenian: արաւս (araws) (possibly)


Armenian:

Old Armenian: արաւր (arawr), հարաւր (harawr)

Armenian: արոր (aror)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aratrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arþrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *árotron (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *arātrom

Latin: arātrum (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-trom (instrumental suffix).


h₂éyōs (nominative plural)
h₂éyōs (plural vocative)
h₂éyōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *aiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aos

Latin: aes

If a native formation, possibly from a root *h₂ey- (“to burn; fire”) found also in *h₂ey-dʰh₁- (“to set fire”, literally “*put to fire”) and perhaps *h₂ey-er- (“day, morning”).


gʷʰen-

*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)

*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

q

Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))

Latin: *fendō

⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *jaga

Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja

Albanian: gjuaj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei

Latvian: dzenêt

Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō

desc

Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)

*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti

Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəské-/)

Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-

Tocharian B: käsk-

*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: geguin

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ *ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ *ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (jaγnuuāh, part.)

*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei

Latvian: ganît

Lithuanian: ganýti

Proto-Slavic: *gonìti (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon

Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat

Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)

*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)

*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)

*gʷʰón-o-s

*gʷʰon-ó-s

*gʷʰón-ō

Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)

*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́

Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill”, root)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰan-

Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)


*h₂énǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγχω (ánkhō, “I compress, strangle”)

Italic:

Latin: angō (“I cause pain”)

*h₂énǵʰ-u-s ~ *h₂n̥ǵʰ-éw-s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *angustiz (“narrowness, tightness, anxiety”)

Proto-Germanic: *angazaz (“worry, grief, anxiety”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγχοῦ (ankhoû), ἄγχι (ánkhi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

Latin: angustus (“narrow, close”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ānxius

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: angësht

Old Armenian: անձաւ (anjaw)

Proto-Celtic: *komangus

Welsh: cyfyng

Old Irish: cumung (“narrow, tight, constricted”)

Breton kem- prep "with" + eng "narrow"

Proto-Slavic: *vę̄zàti

Hittite ḫamank- 'to tie' suggests that the earlier form should be reconstructed not as *h₂enǵʰ- but as *h₂emǵʰ-, which weakens the argument for a (genetic) relation to Proto-Uralic *aŋke 'painfully constricted'. Perhaps related to *h₂eng-, *h₂enk-, *h₂eḱ-


srew-

*sréw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առոգեմ (aṙogem)

Armenian: ոռոգել (oṙogel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráwati

Sanskrit: स्रवति (srávati, “to flow”)

Proto-Iranian: *sráwati

Parthian: 𐫡𐫀𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅 (rʾwynd, “to pour off”, 3pl.pres.)

*sréw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréyyō

Ancient Greek: ῥέω (rhéō)

Greek: ρέω (réo)

*srow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srāwáyati

Sanskrit: स्रावयति (srāváyati)

*sréw-mn̥ n (“stream”, proterokinetic men-stem)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréumə

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦμα (rheûma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *srouman

Proto-Brythonic:

>? Old Breton: strum

Old Irish: srúaim

*sre/ow-tes-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwtas (see there for further descendants)

*sréw-ti-s ~ *sru-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hréutis, *hrútis

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦσις (rheûsis), ῥύσις (rhúsis)

Greek: ρύση (rýsi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srútis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srútis

Sanskrit: स्रुति (srúti-, “stream, (out)flow, discharge; course, path; drain”)

Proto-Albanian: *srūmā

Albanian: rrymë, rrym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumā́ˀ

Latvian: stràuma

*srow-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *straumaz (see there for further descendants)

*srow-men-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumen

Proto-Slavic: *strumy (see there for further descendants)

Thracian:

→ Ancient Greek: Στρυμών (Strumṓn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *srawā́ˀ

Latvian: strava, stràvа, strāva

Lithuanian: sravà

⇒ Lithuanian: prasrava

Proto-Hellenic: *hrowā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: ῥοή (rhoḗ)
Greek: ροή (roḯ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srawáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srawáH

⇒ Sanskrit: गिरिस्रवा (girisravā)

*srów-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sráwas

Proto-Slavic: *strovъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ostrovъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrówos

Ancient Greek: ῥόος (rhóos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srávas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srávas

Sanskrit: स्रव (srava)

*srow-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sraũtas

>? Proto-Armenian: (or from *sréw-ti- above)

Old Armenian: առու (aṙu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraujā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hroyyā́

Ancient Greek: ῥοία (rhoía)

*sru-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutós

Ancient Greek: ῥυτός (rhutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutás

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

⇒ *sru-tó-m

Proto-Celtic: *srutom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutón

>? Ancient Greek: ῥυτόν (rhutón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutám

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

*sru-dʰ-mó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutʰmós

Ancient Greek: ῥυθμός (rhuthmós) (see there for further descendants)

*srew-edʰrom

Proto-Hellenic: *hréwetʰrom

Ancient Greek: ῥέεθρον (rhéethron), ῥεῖθρον (rheîthron)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գետ-առ (get-aṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: strāve (“a flow, current”)

Lithuanian: srovė, strovė̃

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stràume

Lithuanian: sraumuõ (“a stream”), straumuo, sriaumė

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sravėti (“to flow”)

Lithuanian: srū́ti

According to one theory, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser-, whence also Latin serum.


*pleh₂-is ~ *pl̥h₂-éys

Proto-Anatolian: *pl̥Hís

Hittite: 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (pal-ḫi-iš /palḫis/)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlāmā

Proto-Germanic: *fulmō

Proto-Hellenic: *palámā

Ancient Macedonian:

→? Albanian: pëllëmbë, pllâmë

Ancient Greek: παλάμη (palámē)

Proto-Italic: *pəlmā

Latin: palma

*pleh₂-nos, *pl̥h₂-nos

Proto-Italic: *plānos

Latin: plānus

*ploh₂-no-s, *polh₂-no-s (metathesis)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plāˀnas, *palˀnas (metathesized)

Latvian: plāns (“thin”)

Latgalian: plõns (“thin”), Latgalian: Plõnis (surname)

Lithuanian: plonas (“thin”)

Old Prussian: plonis

Proto-Slavic: *pȏlnъ (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₂-ro- (*ploh₂-ro- is equally possible)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlārom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāntā

Latin: planta

*pleh₂-trom or *pl̥h₂-trom or *ploh₂-trom

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlātrom

Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr

Breton: loer

Old Cornish: loder

Welsh: llawdr

Old Irish: láthar
Middle Irish: láither, láthair
Irish: láthair
Scottish Gaelic: làthair

Italic:

Latin: plautus

Proto-Italic: *palam

Latin: palam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: լայն (layn, “wide, broad”)

>? Old Armenian: *հոլ- (*hol-, “uncovered, naked”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)

Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”) (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *poľe (Schwebeablaut) (see there for further descendants)

Compare *pleth₂- (“flat”) and *pel- (“skin, hide, membrane, cloth”).


*péh₃-t ~ *ph₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अपात् (ápāt)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶθι (pôthi, 2sg.impv.)

*pí-ph₃-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)

*pe-póh₃-e ~ *pe-ph₃-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पपौ (papáu)

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓmə

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma), πόμα (póma)

*péh₃-ti-s ~ *ph₃-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pótis

Ancient Greek: πόσις (pósis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtíṣ

Sanskrit: पीति (pītí)

*ph₃-tó-s (past passive)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸotlom

Old Irish: ól (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtram

Sanskrit: पात्र (pā́tra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pōtlom

Latin: pōculum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

pā́tṛ or pātṛ́

Sanskrit: पातृ (pā́tṛ or pātṛ́, “drinker”)

*pih₃- (reanalyzed) or *peh₃-y- (extended)

Proto-Albanian: *pīja

Old Albanian: pii

Albanian: pi

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *piti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: pinë

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Ionic Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Lesbian Greek: πώνω (pṓnō)

Greek: πίνω (píno)

Thracian: πίνον (pínon, “beer”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pivo (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pojiti (“to give to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पाययति (pāyáyati)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi, “to swallow”) (possibly from s-extension *peh₃-s-)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: poieti

Proto-Slavic: *pojь (“beverage, drink”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pótos

Ancient Greek: πότος (pótos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पा (pā, “to drink”)


n̥bʰrós

n̥bʰrós (canonical)
n̥bʰrís (canonical masculine)

Proto-Armenian: < *m̥bʰrós

desctree

Old Armenian: ամպրոպ (amprop), անպրոպ (anprop)
Armenian: ամպրոպ (amprop)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: Amir, Amyr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *abʰrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *emβros, *emβris

Latin: imber

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌚𐌓𐌝𐌔𐌔 (anafríss)

Proto-Tocharian: *eppre

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *epprer (collective)

Tocharian B: iprer, eprer, ipprer
→ Tocharian A: eprer

→ Proto-Samic: *ëprē (via some Indo-European language) (see there for further descendants)

From *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”) + *-rós.

suffix

rain-cloud, with semantic narrowing to rain, cloud


ǵʰwer-

*ǵʰwḗr (< **ǵʰwér-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰḗr (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwér-os

Proto-Italic: *feros (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwér-ō (< **ǵʰwér-on-s)

>? Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferōks

Latin: ferōx (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwer-is

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwēˀrís (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwer-iHnos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwēˀrīˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *zvěrinъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferīnos

Latin: ferīnus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: θήρα (thḗra, “hunt”), θηράω (thēráō, “to hunt”), θήραμα (thḗrama, “prey, spoil, game”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: śaru

Tocharian B: śerwe (“hunter”)


gʷʰedʰ-

*gʷʰédʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*gʷʰodʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gādáyati

*gʷʰ-ne-dʰ- ~ *gʷʰ-n̥-dʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gend-

Lithuanian: gedáuti, gedė́ti, pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̄dàti, *žęďati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰédʰ-ti-s ~ *gʷʰdʰ-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *gʷeddis

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gweddi

Old Irish: geiss (“curse, taboo”)

Irish: geis

Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“request, plea”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyā

desctree

Old Irish: guide (“prayer”)
Irish: guí
Manx: gwee (“curse, imprecation”)
Scottish Gaelic: guidhe

*gʷʰodʰ-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

Sanskrit: गाध (gādha, “desire, cupidity”) (only in glossaries)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόθος (póthos)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գոթի (gotʻi, “worship, sorcery”) (?)

Proto-Hellenic:

ποθή (pothḗ), ποθέω (pothéō), θέσσασθαι (théssasthai) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-)


*gʷérh₃-t ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Albanian: *engranti

Albanian: hangër (Gheg)

Albanian: ngrënë, ngranë (Tosk) (past participles of ha)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկեր (eker, 3sg.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Epic Greek: ἔβρως (ébrōs, 2sg.aor.) (with generalized zero-grade)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गरन् (garan, 3pl.inj.act.) (thematized from strong stem)

*gʷe-gʷórh₃-e ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagárHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agárHa

Sanskrit: जगार (jagā́ra)

*gʷorh₃-éye-ti (eye-causative)

q

Proto-Italic: *gʷorō (or denominal from *gʷorā < *gʷorh₃-éh₂)

>? Latin: vorō (“to swallow, devour”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtei (“to glut; to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Háti

Sanskrit: गिरति (giráti)

Proto-Iranian:

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (n-ɣr-, “to swallow down”)

*gʷr̥h₃-néh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *kurrōną

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *kwerraną (“to devour, glut”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷrṓskō

q

as in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἀναβρώσκων</i> (anabrṓskōn); probably a later formation

Ancient Greek: *βρώσκω (*brṓskō) (as in ἀναβρώσκων (anabrṓskōn); probably a later formation)

desc

⇒? Ancient Greek: βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat, digest”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtlá (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷorā́

Ancient Greek: βορά (borá, “fodder”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garáH

Sanskrit: गरा (garā́)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷóros

Ancient Greek: βόρος (bóros, “swallowing”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կեր (ker)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garHás

Sanskrit: गर (gará, “fluid, beverage”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կոկորդ (kokord, “throat”)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *engranti

Albanian: ngrënë

⇒ Albanian: hangër

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: गीर्ण (gīrṇá, “swallowed, devoured”)

Proto-Albanian: *gritlā

>? Albanian: grellë (“deep place”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúrˀtla (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gi̇̀rtas (“drunk, intoxicated”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρωτός (brōtós)

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬋 f (garō, “throats”, nom./acc.pl.)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬋𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (aspōgar^əm, “who swallows horses”, acc.sg.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गॄ (gṝ)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


-kʷe

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Proto-Albanian: *dže
Albanian: dhe

Proto-Anatolian: *-ku

Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /(=k)ku/)

Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)

Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)

Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-hw (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe

Ancient Greek: τε (te)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /-kʷe/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (< *-skʷe)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

in fixed expressions like <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च</i> (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”)

Vedic Sanskrit: -श्च (-śca) (in fixed expressions like वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”))

Proto-Italic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κε (ke)

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tśe

Albanian: s- / -s (“not”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke

Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”) (possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe) (see there for further descendants)

Dunkel suggests *-skʷe is the older form, coming from (an old injunctive of) *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Szeremenyi derives *-kʷe from an instrumental *kʷe-h₁ of *kʷís ~ *kʷós. Dunkel gives this *kʷeh₁ as the origin for the distributive meaning.

Coordinate term: *-we (“or”)

Forms distributives from interrogatives.


pótis

pótis (nominative singular)
póteyes (nominative plural)
póti (singular vocative)
póteyes (plural vocative)
pótim (accusative singular)
pótims (accusative plural)
pótis (genitive singular)
pótyoHom (genitive plural)
pótis (ablative singular)
pótimos (ablative plural)
pótibʰos (ablative plural)
pótyey (dative singular)
pótimos (dative plural)
pótibʰos (dative plural)
póti (locative singular)
pótisu (locative plural)
pótimis (instrumental plural)
pótibʰis (instrumental plural)
pótis (nominative singular)
póteyes (nominative plural)
póti (singular vocative)
póteyes (plural vocative)
pótim (accusative singular)
pótims (accusative plural)
pótis (genitive singular)
pótyoHom (genitive plural)
pótis (ablative singular)
pótimos (ablative plural)
pótibʰos (ablative plural)
pótyey (dative singular)
pótimos (dative plural)
pótibʰos (dative plural)
póti (locative singular)
pótisu (locative plural)
pótimis (instrumental plural)
pótibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *pat(i)-

Albanian: pata

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patis

Latgalian: pats, pots

Latvian: pats

Lithuanian: pats

Proto-Slavic: *potь (in *gospodь and *potьběga)

Proto-Germanic: *fadiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pótis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *potis (see there for further descendants)

Derksen writes: “It is often assumed that the meaning ‘lord, husband’ derives from an even older meaning ‘self’, as found in pàts” (see Lithuanian pàts (“(singular masculine) self”)).


déms pótis

déms pótis (nominative singular)
déms pótih₁ (dual nominative)
déms pótih₁e (dual nominative)
déms póteyes (nominative plural)
déms póti (singular vocative)
déms pótih₁ (dual vocative)
déms pótih₁e (dual vocative)
déms póteyes (plural vocative)
déms pótim (accusative singular)
déms pótih₁ (accusative dual)
déms pótih₁e (accusative dual)
déms pótims (accusative plural)
déms pótis (genitive singular)
déms pótyoHom (genitive plural)
déms pótis (ablative singular)
déms pótimos (ablative plural)
déms pótibʰos (ablative plural)
déms pótyey (dative singular)
déms pótimos (dative plural)
déms pótibʰos (dative plural)
déms póti (locative singular)
déms pótisu (locative plural)
déms pótih₁ (instrumental singular)
déms pótimis (instrumental plural)
déms pótibʰis (instrumental plural)
déms pótis (nominative singular)
déms pótih₁ (dual nominative)
déms pótih₁e (dual nominative)
déms póteyes (nominative plural)
déms póti (singular vocative)
déms pótih₁ (dual vocative)
déms pótih₁e (dual vocative)
déms póteyes (plural vocative)
déms pótim (accusative singular)
déms pótih₁ (accusative dual)
déms pótih₁e (accusative dual)
déms pótims (accusative plural)
déms pótis (genitive singular)
déms pótyoHom (genitive plural)
déms pótis (ablative singular)
déms pótimos (ablative plural)
déms pótibʰos (ablative plural)
déms pótyey (dative singular)
déms pótimos (dative plural)
déms pótibʰos (dative plural)
déms póti (locative singular)
déms pótisu (locative plural)
déms pótih₁ (instrumental singular)
déms pótimis (instrumental plural)
déms pótibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *despótis

Ancient Greek: δεσπότης (despótēs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dámspatiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dámspatiṣ

Sanskrit: दम्पति (dámpati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dámspátiš

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬇𐬧𐬔⸱𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬴 (də̄ṇg.patōiṣ̌, “master of the house”, gen.sg.)

PIE word
 *pótis
From *dṓm ~ *dém-s (“house”) + *pótis (“master”).


-trom

-trom (nominative singular)
é-trom (nominative singular)
-troy (dual nominative)
éy (dual nominative)
éyh₁ (dual nominative)
-trom (singular vocative)
é-trom (singular vocative)
-troy (dual vocative)
éy (dual vocative)
éyh₁ (dual vocative)
-trom (accusative singular)
é-trom (accusative singular)
-troy (accusative dual)
éy (accusative dual)
éyh₁ (accusative dual)
-trosyo (genitive singular)
é-trosyo (genitive singular)
-troHom (genitive plural)
é-troHom (genitive plural)
-tread (ablative singular)
é-tread (ablative singular)
-tromos (ablative plural)
é-tromos (ablative plural)
-trobʰos (ablative plural)
é-trobʰos (ablative plural)
-troey (dative singular)
é-troey (dative singular)
-tromos (dative plural)
é-tromos (dative plural)
-trobʰos (dative plural)
é-trobʰos (dative plural)
-trey (locative singular)
é-trey (locative singular)
-troy (locative singular)
é-troy (locative singular)
-troysu (locative plural)
é-troysu (locative plural)
-trōys (instrumental plural)
é-trōys (instrumental plural)
*-dʰlom (alternative)
*-dʰrom (alternative)
*-tlom (alternative)

Proto-Celtic: *-trom

Proto-Brythonic: *-dr

Old Irish: -thar

Gaulish: -tron

Proto-Germanic: *-þrą (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *-tron
Ancient Greek: -τρον (-tron) (see there for further descendants)
Mycenaean Greek: -𐀵𐀫 (-to-ro /-tron/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tram

Sanskrit: -त्र (-tra)

Proto-Iranian: *-θra

desc

Avestan: -𐬙𐬭𐬀 (-tra), -𐬛𐬭𐬀 (-dra), -𐬚𐬭𐬀 (-θra)

Proto-Italic: *-trom

Latin: -trum

Thematicized from the zero-grade of *-tḗr.
Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer”)).

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀta

Latgalian: sīts

Latvian: siêts

Lithuanian: si̇́etas

Proto-Slavic: *sìto (see there for further descendants)

*séh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀtei

Latgalian: sēt

Latvian: sēt

Lithuanian: sė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *sě̀ti, *sě̀jati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēaną (see there for further descendants)

*si-sh₁-é-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Italic: *sizō
Latin: serō

*séh₁-mn̥ (“seed”)

Proto-Germanic: *sēdiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sēkla

Lithuanian: sė́kla

Proto-Celtic: *sītlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēdlą (see there for further descendants)

(innovative) Proto-Germanic: *sēdą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sād
Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade
Old Frisian: sēd
Saterland Frisian: Säid
West Frisian: sied
Old Saxon: sād
Middle Low German: sât
German Low German: Saad
Plautdietsch: Sot
Old Dutch: *sād
Middle Dutch: sâet
Dutch: zaad
Afrikaans: saad
Limburgish: zaod
⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

Old Norse: sáð
Icelandic: sáð
Faroese: sáð
Norwegian: sæd
Old Swedish: sǣþ
Swedish: säd
Old Danish:
Danish: sæd
Gutnish: sid

Italic:

Latin: satus

Unsorted formations:

desc

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (ši-i-ez-zi, “press in, sow”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīlom (“seed”)

Old Irish: síl (see there for further descendants)

Middle Welsh: hil

Welsh: hil

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáHyakas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáHyakas

Sanskrit: सायक (sā́yaka, “intended or fitted to be discharged or hurled”)


Proto-Italic: *sēros

Latin: sērus (“belated, slow”)

⇒ Latin: sērius (possibly)

Proto-Celtic: *sīros (“long”)

Proto-Italic: *sētos (possibly)

Latin: *sētus

⇒ Latin: sētius (“later, to a lesser degree”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīyos (“longer”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh:

Welsh: hwy

Old Irish: sía

*sh₁ey- (i-present)

Proto-Germanic: *sīþuz (“late”)

*sh₁i-tos (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *sīdaz (“long”)

Proto-Celtic: *siti- (possibly)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: hit

Old Welsh: hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Old Irish: sith-

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sitros
Proto-Brythonic: *hɨdr
Middle Breton: hezr
Breton: her
Middle Welsh: hydyr
Welsh: hydr
Irish: seathar (“strong”) (hapax in O'Clery's glossary)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Celtic: *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”)

Old Irish:

Middle Irish: sínid

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: साय (sāyá, “evening”)


*ǵénh₁-t ~ *ǵn̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Armenian:

3sg.aor. of <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">ծնանիմ</i> (cnanim)

Old Armenian: ծնաւ (cnaw, 3sg.aor. of ծնանիմ (cnanim))

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐγένετο (egéneto)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अजनि (ajani, 1sg.aor.mid.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kantär (3sg.subj.mid.)

*ǵénh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati

Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jánati

Northeastern Iranian:

to bear, bring forth 􂀿usually of animals􂁀; to be born, grow

Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)

Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)

Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Sogdian: (/zan-/)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)

Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)

Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)

Southeastern Iranian:

to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth

Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)

Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)

Parthian: (/zāy-, zāyad/, “to give birth to; be born”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-), [script needed] (zʼyd)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)

Zazaki: zayene, za-

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/zādan, zāy-/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/, “to bear, give birth to”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: genō

*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay

Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)

Assamese: জগা (zoga)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

q

(with shortened vowel and active ending)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiieⁱti) (with shortened vowel and active ending)

*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat, 3sg.aor.inj.)

Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat, 3sg.aor.inj.)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti, “to give birth”, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai

Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)

q

or lengthened from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">γεν-</i> (gen-)

⇒ Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai) (or lengthened from γεν- (gen-))

Proto-Italic: *gignō

Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)

*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr

Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)

*ǵeǵónh₁e ~ *ǵeǵn̥h₁ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γέγονα (gégona)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जजान (jajā́na)

Proto-Tocharian: *käkænā-

Tocharian B: kānare (3pl.pret.act.)

*ǵonh₁-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kanjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *kannjan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: जनयति (janáyati)

*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́

Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)

*ǵenh₁-ó-s (“born”)

*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)

Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́

Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)

*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)

*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)

*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)

*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)

Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: genius

Proto-Italic:

Latin: naevus, Gnaeus

Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bacterian:

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”)

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)

Sogdian: (/βzāntak/, “child”) (from *frazantaka)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)

Southeastern Iranian:

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)

Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)

Bartangi-Oroshori:

Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)

Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)

Roshani-Khufi:

Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)

Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

q

several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷḗn</i>

Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)

desc

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)

Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)

Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)

Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)

Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)

necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth

Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)

Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)

⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)

Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)

Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)

Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)

Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)

Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)

Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)

Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)

Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जन् (jan)


ǵénh₁mn̥

ǵénh₁mn̥ (nominative singular)
ǵénh₁mō (collective nominative)
ǵénh₁mn̥ (singular vocative)
ǵénh₁mō (collective vocative)
ǵénh₁mn̥ (accusative singular)
ǵénh₁mō (accusative collective)
ǵn̥h₁m̥nés (collective genitive)
ǵn̥h₁m̥nés (ablative collective)
ǵn̥h₁m̥néy (collective dative)
ǵn̥h₁mén (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁mén (collective locative)
ǵn̥h₁ménh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *genaman, *genan (dissimilated)

Old Irish: gein

⇒ Middle Irish: genemain

Irish: giniúint

Proto-Italic: *genamen

Latin: genimen, germen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHma

Sanskrit: जनिमन् (jániman), जन्मन् (jánman), जन्म (janmá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHma

Pashto: جميا (ǰamyā, “rape seed”)

Iranian Persian: جنم (ǰanam, “seed, origin; nature, essence; being, existence”)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


ǵénh₁ōs (nominative plural)
ǵénh₁ōs (plural vocative)
ǵénh₁ōs (accusative plural)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծին (cin)
Armenian: ծին (cin)

Proto-Celtic: *genos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *génos
Ancient Greek: γένος (génos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *genos

Latin: genus (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-os.


ǵn̥h₁tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵn̥h₁tós (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁té (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tā́m (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂i (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *kundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gnētós

Ancient Greek: -γνητός (-gnētós)

Proto-Italic: *gnātos

Latin: gnātus, nātus

From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


mer-

*mér-t ~ *m̥r-ént (root aorist)

*mr̥-yé-tor (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mertéi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mriyátay (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *morjōr (see there for further descendants)

*mer-s- (sigmatic aorist)

Old Armenian: մեռանիմ (meṙanim)

Armenian: մեռնել (meṙnel)

*mor-éye-ti (“to kill”, causative)

*me-mór-e ~ *me-mr-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamā́ra

Sanskrit: ममार (mamā́ra)

*mér-ti-s ~ *mr̥-téy-s (“death”)

*mór-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marás

Lithuanian: mãras

Proto-Slavic: *morъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *marǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ras

Sanskrit: मार (mā́ra)

*mr̥-tós (“dead”)

*mr̥-t-wós (“dead”)

*mr̥-tu- ~ *mr̥-ti-u- ~ *mr̥tro-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tyúš (see there for further descendants)

*mŕ̥-trom (instrumental)

Proto-Germanic: *murþrą (see there for further descendants)

*mr̥-wós (“dead”)

Proto-Celtic: *marwos (see there for further descendants)

*mór-to-s (“mortal, man”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μορτός (mortós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mártas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mártas

Sanskrit: मर्त (márta)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (mar^əta)

*m(o)r-bʰ(h₂)-o- (“looking like death?”)

Proto-Italic: *morfos

Latin: morbus (“disease”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *merusa

Albanian: mërshë (“rotting corpse”)

Proto-Iranian:

Gurani: مەردەی (marday)

Khotanese: [script needed] (mär-)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: mirin

Central Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Southern Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Laki: مردن (mirdin)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/mar-/)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (myr /mīr-/)

Persian: مردن (mordan)

Tajik: мурдан (murdan)

Parthian: [Term?] (/myr/)

Zazaki: merden

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृ (mṛ)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭- (mar-)


mer-

*mór-i (“sea,wetland”)

*mreg-


ǵews-

*ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ǵows-éye-ti (éye-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati

Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)

*ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay

q

or developed from thematic aorist <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अजुषत</i> (ájuṣata)

>? Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte) (or developed from thematic aorist अजुषत (ájuṣata))

*ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)

*ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)

*ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uȷ́áwṣa

Sanskrit: जुजोष (jujóṣa)

*ǵéws-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas

Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)

Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)

*ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́úṣtiṣ

Sanskrit: जुष्टि (júṣṭi)

*ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s

*ǵus-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás

Sanskrit: जुष्ट (juṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *juštáh

Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)

*ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awštā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣṭā́

Sanskrit: जोष्टृ (joṣṭṛ́, “one who loves”)

Proto-Iranian: *jawštā́

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎼 (d-u-š-t-r /dauštar/, “friend”) (𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /dauštā/, nom. sg.))

Middle Persian: (/dōst/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫘𐫤 (dwst)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst')

Proto-Celtic gowsta:'Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

Old Irish gúas "danger, possibility"

Old Irish gúasacht [ā f] ‘danger’ perhaps attested in Ogam as Gen. sg. GOSSUCTTIAS


Elymian: εμι (emi)

Proto-Albanian: *esmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եմ (em)
Armenian: եմ (em)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ésmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *immi, *izmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ezom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *emmi

first-person singular present indicative of *h₁ésti


mélit

mélit (nominative singular)
mélit (singular vocative)
mélit (accusative singular)
m̥lités (genitive singular)
m̥lités (ablative singular)
m̥litéy (dative singular)
mélit (locative singular)
méliti (locative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *melita (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (militt-) / [script needed] (malitt-)

Luwian: [script needed] (mallit-)

Palaic: [script needed] (mallitanna-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեղր (mełr)

Old Armenian: մեղու (mełu, “bee”)

Proto-Celtic: *meli (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mili (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *méli

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀕𐀪 (me-ri)

Ancient Greek: μέλι (méli)

Proto-Italic: *meli

Latin: mel (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Turkic: *bal


ḱerd-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śerd-

Proto-Slavic: *serda

*ḱḗr

*ḱord-om

>? Proto-Germanic: *hartą (“resin”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱérd-trom

q

or perhaps from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)ker-</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *herþrą (“innards, entrails, heart”) (or perhaps from *(s)ker-) (see there for further descendants)


dewk-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*déwk-ti ~ * duk-énti (root present)

*dowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taugijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tugōną (see there for further descendants)

*dḗwk-s-t ~ *déwk-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: dūxī

*dúk-s (root noun, in compounds)

Proto-Italic: *duks

Latin: dux (see there for further descendants)

*duk-tó-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ductus

*duk-is ~ *duk-éys

Proto-Germanic: *tugiz (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-ón-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *tugô (“leader”, literally “one who pulls along”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-dʰló-s or *dewk-elo-s

Proto-Germanic: *tugilaz (“rein”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-tróm or *dewk-dʰróm

>? Proto-Germanic: *teudrą (“tether, drawbar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taugō (“cord”) (see there for further descendants)

*dowk-mós

Proto-Germanic: *taumaz (“tie, tether; team; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *duk-

Albanian: nduk (“to draw (out), pluck”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tukzi-), [script needed] c (tukkanzi-, “cultivation of plants and animals”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (possibly) δαδύσσομαι (dadússomai, “to be distracted”), (possibly) ἐνδυκέως (endukéōs, “kindly, greedily”)


*h₂éwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Armenian: *awčémi

Old Armenian: աճեմ (ačem)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *augtei

Latvian: augt

Lithuanian: áugti

Proto-Germanic: *aukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὐξάνω (auxánō) (or rather from *h₂weg-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hukšáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hukṣáti

Sanskrit: उक्षति (ukṣáti)

*h₂owg-éye-ti ~ *h₂ewg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *augeō (with irregular change o > a) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éwg-os ~ *h₂éwg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwǰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *augos

Latin: augur, ⇒ augustus

*h₂ug-ró-s (“strong, fierce”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hugrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(h)aug-

Albanian: ag

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *auk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 (uxšiieⁱtī, “grows”), 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬙 (vaxšt, “lets grow”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (waxšīdan, “to grow”)

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan, “to wax, grow”)

Italic:

q

possibly from *aug-s-ili-<ref name=de_Vaan />

Latin: auxilium (possibly from *aug-s-ili-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: augsts

Lithuanian: aũkštas, augestis

>? Venetic: 𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓 (augar)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kasvadak (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂weg-, of which the zero grade *h₂ug- was reanalysed as having the ablaut vowel before the -w- rather than after it, creating a new variant form of the root. The original root remained in use, however.


*h₂ewg- (reanalysed form of the same root)

*h₂wég-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wahsijaną (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Hellenic: *awéksō

Ancient Greek: ἀέξω (aéxō), αὐξάνω (auxánō), αὔξω (aúxō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwakṣáyati

Sanskrit: वक्षयति (vakṣáyati) (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan)

*h₂wég-s-es ~ *h₂wég-s-os- (“breast, chest”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwákšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwákṣas

Sanskrit: वक्षस् (vákṣas)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀙 (vaccha), 𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀔 (vakkha)

Proto-Germanic: *wahstuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Proto-Celtic: *wegrom (“grass, hay”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wōkraz (“increase, gain, yield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ovoťe (“fruit”) (see there for further descendants)


éti

Armenian:

(?) Old Armenian: -է (-ē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati (from *h₁óti, unless from *h₂éti)

Lithuanian: at- (“back, away”)

Latvian: at- (“back away”)

Old Prussian: et-, at-

Proto-Slavic: *otъ, *i (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ati-

Gaulish: ate-

Proto-Brythonic: *ad-

Cornish: as-

Welsh: ad-

desctree

Old Irish: aith-, ath- (broad form)
Irish: ath-
Manx: aa-
Scottish Gaelic: ath-

Proto-Germanic: *idi, *idi- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔτι (éti, “yet”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *áti

Sanskrit: अति (áti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *áti

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (aⁱti)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎫𐎹 (a-t-y /atiy/)

Proto-Italic: *et

Latin: et (“and”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āté

Tocharian B: ate

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -ṣ

De Vaan proposes an old locative singular of *h₁et-, reflected in Sanskrit अत् (at, “to go”), as he explains “Originally used to add something to a previous utterance, or to indicate the sequence of different actions”. Compare *h₂énti and *h₁épi/*h₁ópi for similar derivations of particles in *-i. Beekes and Derksen give the same etymology provided by De Vaan. Ringe, however, reconstructs it as *éti.
Alternatively, Dunkel prefers a derivation from *e- + *-ti (ablative suffix) as "from there" > "beyond".


teng-

*tn̥g-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þunkijaną (“to seem, to appear”) (see there for further descendants)

*tong-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þankijaną (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tongēō

Latin: tongeō (“to know”)

*tóng-os

Proto-Germanic: *þankaz (“thought, remembrance, gratitude”) (see there for further descendants)

*téng-wr̥ ~ *tn̥g-wén-

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅkwä (“love”)

Tocharian A: tuṅk

Tocharian B: taṅkw