trenkʷ-

*trénkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrinhwaną (see there for further descendants)

*trénkʷ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: treñkti

*tronkʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þrangwijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: trìecu

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *θra(n)č-

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬥 (maaθraxtn)

Persian: ترنجیدن (taranjidan)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: truncus (possibly) (see there for further descendants)


stel-

*stél-ye-ti

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stíltei
Proto-Slavic: *stьlati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stéľľō

Ancient Greek: στέλλω (stéllō)

Greek: στέλνω (stélno)

*stól-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *staljaną

Proto-West Germanic: *stalljan (see there for further descendants)

?*stl̥-ko-s

Proto-Italic: *stlokos

Old Latin: stlocus

Latin: locus (see there for further descendants)

*stól-ō, *stél-ō ~ stl̥-n-és (on-stem)

Proto-Germanic: *stullô

Proto-West Germanic: *stollō

Old High German: stollo (“prop, post”)
Middle High German: stolle
German: Stollen
→ Czech: štóla
→ English: stollen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stoll
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stoll
→ Italian: stollo
→ Serbo-Croatian: штула

Proto-Italic: *stolō

Latin: stolō (“shoot, branch”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *stl̥-n-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *stəllā

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*steh₂-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē, “prop, support block, post”) (or from *steh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

*stól-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *stólos

Ancient Greek: στόλος (stólos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálas

Sanskrit: स्थल (sthála, “land, place”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stólā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: στολή (stolḗ)
Greek: στολή (stolí)
→ Hebrew: אִצְטְלָה (itztəlá)
→ Latin: stola
→ Czech: štóla (learned)
→ English: stola, stole (learned)
→ Finnish: stola (learned)
→ Italian: stola (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stola (learned)
→ Polish: stola (learned)
→ Slovak: štóla (learned)
→ Spanish: estola (learned)
→ Swedish: stola (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálaH

desc

Sanskrit: स्थला (sthálā, “floor, mound”)

*stl̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *stultaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stoltos

Latin: stultus (see there for further descendants)

*stol-ido-

Proto-Italic: *stolidos

Latin: stolidus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: shtjell

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ստեղն (stełn)

Old Armenian: ստեղծանեմ (stełcanem)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առաստաղ (aṙastał)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: staļs

Latvian: stal̃lis

Lithuanian: stal̃das

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στελεός (steleós), στελεά (steleá)

Extensions

⇒? *stel-d-

⇒ *steld-y-on-

Proto-Germanic: *stiltijǭ, *staltijǭ, *stultijǭ (“stilt”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiltijā, *staltijā, *stultijā

Old English: *stilte, *stylte

Middle English: stilte, stulte

English: stilt

Middle Low German: stelte

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: stelt

Afrikaans: stelt

Old High German: stelza

Middle High German: stelze

German: Stelze

Old Norse:

Danish: stylte


Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *au

Old Prussian: au- (“out of”)

Latvian: au- (“out of”)

Lithuanian: au- (“out of”)

Proto-Slavic: *u (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *au (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὖ (aû) (or from zero-grade *h₂u)

⇒ Ancient Greek: αὖτε (aûte, “again, on the other hand, on the contrary”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hu (< *h₂u)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hu

Sanskrit: उ (u)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: au- (“off”)

auþijaz

empty; see there for further descendants

auk

also, furthermore; see there for further descendants


non-ablauting (romanization)
somHós (nominative singular)
somHóes (nominative plural)
somHé (singular vocative)
somHóes (plural vocative)
somHóm (accusative singular)
somHóms (accusative plural)
somHósyo (genitive singular)
somHóHom (genitive plural)
somHéad (ablative singular)
somHómos (ablative plural)
somHóbʰos (ablative plural)
somHóey (dative singular)
somHómos (dative plural)
somHóbʰos (dative plural)
somHéy (locative singular)
somHóy (locative singular)
somHóysu (locative plural)
somHṓys (instrumental plural)
somHā́m (accusative singular)
somHóm (nominative singular)
somHóy (dual nominative)
somHóm (singular vocative)
somHóy (dual vocative)
somHóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *-(i)sama

Albanian: -shëm, -shme, -çëm, -çme

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sāmas

Proto-Slavic: *samъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *somos

Old Irish: -som, sāim

Proto-Germanic: *samaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *homos

Ancient Greek: ὁμός (homós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samHás (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian A: sоmа-

Tocharian B: sоmо-

Presumably from *sem- (“together, one”).


(s)mey-

*(s)méy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smejetei

Latgalian: smītīs

Latvian: smiêt, smieties

Proto-Slavic: *smьjàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyati

Sanskrit: स्मयते (smáyate)

Proto-Tocharian: *smäi-

Tocharian B: smiyäṃ (“to laugh”)

Tocharian A: smimāṃ (“laughing”, middle part.)

*(s)méy-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: smaideit

Latvian: smaĩdît, smaîdinât, smîdînât

*(s)méy-ros

Proto-Italic: *smeiros

Latin: mīrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyras

Sanskrit: स्मेर (sméra)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *smīlāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *komsmis

Latin: cōmis

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μειδάω (meidáō), μειδιάω (meidiáō)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


(s)meld-

*(s)méld-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smeltaną, *meltaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *méldomai

Ancient Greek: μέλδομαι (méldomai)

*(s)mold-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *maltijaną (“to cause to melt or dissolve”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mold-o-m, *(s)ml̥d-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *smultą (“molten fat, lard”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ml̥d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *smultaz (“weak, gentle; tranquil”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *meltǭ, *miltiją (“spleen”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृद् (mṛd, “to be soft”)

Often compared to *(s)mel- (“to crush, grind”).


(s)merd-

*(s)merd- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smertaną (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)márdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdati

Sanskrit: मर्दति (márdati, “to pound, crush”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mord-éye-ti or *h₂mord-éye-ti (iterative)

q

Proto-Italic: *mordejō (or *mordē(j)ō, from *(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti below)

Latin: mordeō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative or iterative)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smirˀdḗˀtei (“to stink”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥-né-d-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

>? Avestan: 𐬨𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬝 (mōrəṇdat̰, “to ruin, annihilate”)

⇒? Old Persian: [script needed] (vi-mạr(n)datiy, “suppressed”)

*(s)merd-h₂ (collective)

>? Proto-Italic: *(s)merdā

>? Latin: merda (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mórd-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smárˀdas (“stench”)

Latvian: smards

Lithuanian: smárdas

Proto-Slavic: *smȏrdъ (see there for further descendants)

*smerd-nós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδνός (smerdnós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδαλέος (smerdaléos)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: märtk

Tocharian B: märtk


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂eḱróh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂eḱré (singular vocative)
h₂eḱróh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂eḱróh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂eḱróh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂eḱréh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂eḱréh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂eḱrā́m (accusative singular)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂eḱréh₂ (locative singular)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂eḱréh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂eḱréh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂eḱréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *atsara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *akros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)

Ionian Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)

Proto-Italic: *ā̆kris (with change to i-stem) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

suffix

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


h₂éḱmō

h₂éḱmō (nominative singular)
h₂ḱnés (genitive singular)
h₂ḱnés (ablative singular)
h₂ḱn̥mós (ablative plural)
h₂ḱn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
h₂ḱnéy (dative singular)
h₂ḱn̥mós (dative plural)
h₂ḱn̥bʰós (dative plural)
h₂ḱmén (locative singular)
h₂ḱn̥sú (locative plural)
h₂ḱnéh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂ḱn̥mís (instrumental plural)
h₂ḱn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ákmō, *kā́ˀmō (see there for further descendants)

q

from a metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ḱémō</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *himinaz (from a metathesized *h₂ḱémō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἄκμων (ákmōn, “anvil, pestle, battering ram”)
Greek: άκμων (ákmon), άκμονας (ákmonas), ⇒ αμόνι (amóni) (from the diminutive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćmā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-mō (agentive nominal suffix), referring to the cutting sharpness of stone.


*ḱh₂d-é-ti (tudáti-type thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *kadō

Latin: cadō

*ḱe-ḱh₂ód-e ~ *ḱe-ḱh₂d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शशाद (śaśāda)

Proto-Italic: *kekadai

Latin: cecidī

*ḱadyo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցած (cʻac) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kassris (“hail-shower”) or *kass(a)rā

Old Irish: casar

Middle Welsh: kesseir

Welsh: cesair

Breton: kazerc'h

Cornish: keser

Speculative links have been made to *keh₂d- (“hatred, angriness”).


sekʷ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*sékʷ-e-tor (mediopassive root present)

*sékʷ-t ~ *skʷ-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑσπόμην (hespómēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सचान (sacāná, aor.med.part.), सचीमहि (sacīmahi, 1pl.aor.med.opt.)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬗𐬁 (hə̄cā, 1sg.aor.subj.), 𐬯𐬗𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏 (scaṇtū, 3pl.aor.imp.)

*se-sókʷ-e ~ *se-skʷ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: सश्चुर् (saścur, 3pl.perf.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáćaH

Sanskrit: सचा (sácā)

Proto-Iranian: *háčaH (“of, from”, prep.) (see there for further descendants)

*sekʷ-o-

Italic:

Latin: secus, (pedi)sequus

*sokʷ-h₂-ṓy ~ *sokʷ-h₂-y-ós

*sekʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saktás

Sanskrit: सक्त (saktá)

Proto-Iranian: *haxtáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬀 (haxta)

Parthian: 𐫍𐫟𐫤 (hxt), 𐫍𐫟𐫘𐫀𐫅 (hxsʾd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hʾht /hāxt/)

Proto-Italic: *sektos

Latin: secūtus (with contamination), sector (denominative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hānušákš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀπάων (opáōn), ὀπηδός (opēdós)

Ancient Greek: ἀοσσέω (aosséō)

Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās

Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta)

Indo-Iranian

Proto-Iranian: *haxamaniš

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered”)

Persian: هخامنش (haxâmaneš)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs)


sekʷ-

*sekʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sehwaną (see there for further descendants)

*siuniz (see there for further descendants)

*sókʷ-o-s, *sokʷ-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Anatolian: *sṓgʷos

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆪𒉿 (ša-a-ku-wa /sākuwa/, nom.acc.pl.)

Luwian:

Cuneiform: 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 (da-a-u-i-iš /tāwīš/)

Hieroglyphic: 𔑰𔗬 (ta-wa-)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 (tewe, coll.pl.), 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 (ñtewẽ, “facing, opposite, towards”)

*sekʷ-sḱé-ti or *sokʷ-eh₁-sḱé-ti (innovative *sḱé-presents)

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh


sekʷ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*sékʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sekʷeti (“say”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₁en-sékʷ-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *enhékʷō

Ancient Greek: ἐνέπω (enépō), ἐννέπω (ennépō)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: īnseque, īnsece

Latin: īnsece, inquam

⇒ *h₁en-skʷ-ih₂

Proto-Celtic: *enskʷiā

desctree

Old Irish: insce, indsce, innsce, inscne
Irish: inscne

*sokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sákīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-h₁-ye-ti (innovated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *sagjaną

*n̥-skʷ-e-to-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄσπετος (áspetos)

*sekʷ-tlo-m

Proto-Celtic: *skʷetlom (with metathesis)

Primitive Irish: *skʷetlan

→ Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl

Middle Welsh: chwetyl

Welsh: chwedl

desc

Old Irish: scél (“story, news, argument”) (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sakás

Proto-Slavic: *sokъ (“accuser”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *sagǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέσπις (théspis), θέσπιος (théspios), θεσπέσιος (thespésios), ἀσπάζομαι (aspázomai), ἀσπάσιος (aspásios)


Proto-Italic: *awēō

Latin: aveō

q

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly from *h₁ewH-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

desc

Sanskrit: अवति (avati, “to help, protect”)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: con·ói (“to protect”)

*h₂ēwH-os-s n

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *āwos or *ēwos (alternatively from *h₁ewH-)

>? Ancient Greek: *ἦος (*êos)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐν-ηής (en-ēḗs, “mild, soft, benevolent”)

Proto-Germanic: *auþuz (“easy”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Breton: youl

Cornish: awell

Welsh: ewyllys

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आवयत् (ā́vayat)

Sanskrit: अवस (avasá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: avārus (see there for further descendants)


*h₂ṓws (“ear”)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *h₂ḱ-h₂ows-yéti (< *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”))

*h₂ew-ís ~ *h₂ow-ís (“manifest, apparent, evident”) (or *h₃ēw-is)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *avis (locatives from the noun meaning “reality”)

Lithuanian: ovyje (“in reality”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *avь (“obvious, apparent, real”)

Old Church Slavonic: авѣ (avě), ꙗвѣ (javě, “manifestly, openly”)

⇒ Bulgarian: наяве (najave)

Polish: jawa

Serbo-Croatian: јава/java

Proto-Germanic: *awiz (“obvious”)

Proto-West Germanic: *awi

⇒ Old English: ēawis (< *awi-wissa-)

⇒ Old High German: awizoraht (< *awi-turhta-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāwíṣ

Sanskrit: आविस् (āvís)

Proto-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Avestan: 𐬁𐬬𐬍𐬱 (āvīš), 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬱 (āuuiš)

⇒ *h₂ewis-dʰh₁-

Proto-Hellenic: *awistʰomai

Ancient Greek: αἴσθομαι (aísthomai), αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai)

Proto-Italic: *awizdjō

Latin: audiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aum-

Lithuanian: aumuõ m (“mind”)

Proto-Slavic: *ũmъ m (“mind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒀪𒄭 (u-uḫ-ḫi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ovytis (“to appear”)

Proto-Slavic: *aviti (see there for further descendants)

Old Church Slavonic: авити (aviti), ꙗвити (javiti)

Slovak: javiť

Serbo-Croatian: јавити/javiti

Proto-Celtic: *awyeti

Old Irish: con·ói

Proto-Hellenic: *awiyō

Ancient Greek: ἀΐω (aḯō)


kaptós

non-ablauting (romanization)
kaptós (nominative singular)
kaptóes (nominative plural)
kapté (singular vocative)
kaptóes (plural vocative)
kaptóm (accusative singular)
kaptóms (accusative plural)
kaptósyo (genitive singular)
kaptóHom (genitive plural)
kaptéad (ablative singular)
kaptómos (ablative plural)
kaptóbʰos (ablative plural)
kaptóey (dative singular)
kaptómos (dative plural)
kaptóbʰos (dative plural)
kaptéy (locative singular)
kaptóy (locative singular)
kaptóysu (locative plural)
kaptṓys (instrumental plural)
kaptā́m (accusative singular)
kaptóm (nominative singular)
kaptóy (dual nominative)
kaptóm (singular vocative)
kaptóy (dual vocative)
kaptóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *kaxtos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haftaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kaptos

Latin: captus (see there for further descendants)

Perfect passive participle of the verb *kapyéti (“to be seized, held”).
Equivalent to *kap- (“to seize, hold”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *su- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *su-

Lithuanian: su-

Proto-Slavic: *sъ-

Proto-Hellenic: *ehu- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsu- (see there for further descendants)

q

→ Old Armenian: հ- (h-) (or inherited and contaminated with the Iranian)

Possible metathesis of *h₁wes- (“good”), or perhaps related to *h₁es- (“to be”).
Hittite 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑 (āššuš, “good”) and possibly Epic Greek ἠΰς (ēǘs, id.) provide strong evidence for a u-stem adjective *h₁óh₁s-u-s, gen.sg. *h₁h₁s-éw-s, which would point to a reduplicated root *h₁es-. Since Proto-Indo-European apparently did not allow geminate clusters, the weak stem would have simplified to *h₁s-éw-; this could be the source of the combining form *h₁su-, with which it would be identical in the zero-grade.


dus-

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: տ- (t-)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dъždžь (“rainstorm, rain”) (< *dus-dyu- (“bad sky”), from *dyu- (“sky, day”))

Proto-Celtic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tuz- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duš- (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Italic:

Latin: dis-

Possibly from *dews- (“lack”). De Vaan instead suggests a derivation from the root of *dwóh₁ (“two”) with sense development from "into two" > "apart" > "bad".


prot-

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *pratja

Albanian: pres (“to wait, to expect”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *prat-

Latvian: prast (“to know, be able”)

Lithuanian: pranti (“to understand”)

Old Prussian: prestun (“to understand”)

Proto-Germanic: *fraþjaną

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan, “to understand, think”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: interpres (“mediator, translator”) (possibly)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“decision, resolve, determination”)

Tocharian A: pratim

Tocharian B: *prete


gʷʰéntis

gʷʰéntis (nominative singular)
gʷʰénteyes (nominative plural)
gʷʰénti (singular vocative)
gʷʰénteyes (plural vocative)
gʷʰéntim (accusative singular)
gʷʰéntims (accusative plural)
gʷʰn̥téys (genitive singular)
gʷʰn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰn̥téys (ablative singular)
gʷʰn̥tímos (ablative plural)
gʷʰn̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰn̥téyey (dative singular)
gʷʰn̥tímos (dative plural)
gʷʰn̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰn̥téy (locative singular)
gʷʰn̥tḗy (locative singular)
gʷʰn̥tísu (locative plural)
gʷʰn̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰn̥tímis (instrumental plural)
gʷʰn̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

q

Proto-Germanic: *gunþiz (via an intermediate form where *gʷʰ delabialized to *gʰ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰátis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰátiṣ

Sanskrit: हति (hati)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰánti

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (jaⁱṇti)

Southwestern Iranian:

desc

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎫𐎡𐎹 (jaⁿtiy, “to strike, defeat”) (root [Term?] (/ja(n)-/))

Middle Persian: [script needed] (MHYTWN-n /zadan/) (root [script needed] (zn- /zan-/))

Persian: زدن (zadan)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


mey-

*moy-ni-

Italic:

Latin: moenia, mūniō (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *mairiją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moiros (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Celtic: *minuti

⇒ Old Irish: do·dímen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináwti

desc

Sanskrit: मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”)

*mi-tró-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίτρα f (mítra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mitrás m (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*h₂meygʷ- (possibly)

*méy-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máyatay

Sanskrit: मयते (máyate)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mejāˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *mijati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meāō

Latin: meō

*meyḱ-, *meyǵ- (possibly)

*m(e)y-t-s

Italic:

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*terh₂-</i>

Latin: (trā)mes (with *terh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sēmitā

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*swé</i>

Latin: (sē)mita (with *swé) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moitā

⇒ Latin: mūtō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (mināti, “to change”)

Celtic:

Old Irish: mían (“desire, inclination”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mainā́ˀ

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: maîna, maĩņa

Proto-Slavic: *měna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máynaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máynaH

Sanskrit: मेना (ménā, “concubine”)

*moy-n-éye-ti- (causative suffix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *máinīˀtei

Latgalian: maineitʹ

Latvian: mainīt

Lithuanian: mainyti

Proto-Slavic: *měniti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *mainijaną (“to mean, think”) (see there for further descendants)

*moy-no-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: mai̇̃nas

Proto-Hellenic: *móinos

Ancient Greek: μοῖνος (moînos)

*moy-nos ~ *moy-nes-os

Proto-Italic: *moinos (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ni-

Proto-Celtic: *moinis (“treasure, precious object”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mainiz (“common”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moinis

Latin: mūnis (“ready to be of service”), mūnia (“duties, functions”)

*ḱom-moy-ni-

Proto-Germanic: *gamainiz (“shared, ordinary”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kommoinis (see there for further descendants)

*n̥-moy-ni-

Proto-Italic: *enmoinis

Latin: immūnis (“exempt from taxes or public service”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: meitʹ (“to exchange”)

Latgalian: meja (“change”)

Lithuanian: mît (“to exchange”)

Proto-Slavic: *mimo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *mito (“turn, twist, arc”)

Proto-Slavic: *minǫti (“to pass”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mitě (“in turn, following, alternately”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: tremyn (“to go past”)


mey-

*mi-néh₁-ti ~ *mi-nh₁-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (minā́ti, “he damages, diminishes”)

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti

*mi-nu-yṓs ~ *mi-nw-is-és (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *nu from the verb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minijas

Proto-Slavic: *mьňьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *minniz, *minnizô (see there for further descendants)

*mi-nṓs (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *n from the verb)

Proto-Italic: *minōs, *minos

Latin: minor, minus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *maiwaz (“slim, narrow”)

Old Norse: mjór

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείων (meíōn, “less, smaller”)

Ancient Greek: μινύθω (minúthō, “to disappear, to lessen”)

Ancient Greek: μίνυνθα (mínuntha, “for a little while”)

Italic:

Latin: minimus (“smallest”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: maiwe (“small, young”)


bʰerǵʰ-

*bʰérǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkatäre (“to rise, come up”)

Tocharian A: pärkatäre

Tocharian B: pärkatäre

*bʰérǵʰ-t ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-ént (root aorist)

*bʰe-bʰórǵʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰr̥ǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

*bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰárźʰa

Sanskrit: बबृहाण (babṛhāṇá, med.part.)

*bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *borgīti

Proto-Brythonic: *burɣid

Middle Welsh: bwrw

Welsh: bwrw

i

prototonic stem of the unrelated <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">do·bidci</i>

Old Irish: ·díbairg (prototonic stem of the unrelated do·bidci)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰáyati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈦𒆠𒄿𒀀𒊍𒍣 (pár-ki-ya-az-zi /parkiyazi/, “to ascend”)

*bʰr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բառնամ (baṙnam)

*bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥nźʰáti

Sanskrit: बृंहति (bṛṃháti)

*bʰérǵʰ-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárȷ́ʰma

Proto-Iranian: *bárjman

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬄𐬨 (bar^əzimanąm, gen.pl.)

*bʰérǵʰ-ont-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥t-és

*bʰérǵʰ-o-s

*bʰérǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰnás

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jnáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬥𐬀 (bar^əšna, inst.m.sg.)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎠 (b-r-š-n-a /baršnā/, inst.m.sg.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫢𐫗 (bšn /bašn/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bšn /bašn/)

*bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és

*bʰérǵʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *forktis

Old Latin: forctis

Latin: fortis

*bʰérǵʰ-tu-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téw-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *brixtus (“magical formula, incantation”)

*bʰérǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éws

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkäre (“long”)

Tocharian A: pärkär

Tocharian B: pärkare

Unsorted formations

q

or related to Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">bragr</i> (“poetry”)

>? Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन् (bráhman) (or related to Old Norse bragr (“poetry”))


snusós

non-ablauting (romanization)
snusós (nominative singular)
snusóes (nominative plural)
snusé (singular vocative)
snusóes (plural vocative)
snusóm (accusative singular)
snusóms (accusative plural)
snusósyo (genitive singular)
snusóHom (genitive plural)
snuséad (ablative singular)
snusómos (ablative plural)
snusóbʰos (ablative plural)
snusóey (dative singular)
snusómos (dative plural)
snusóbʰos (dative plural)
snuséy (locative singular)
snusóy (locative singular)
snusóysu (locative plural)
snusṓys (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Albanian: *snutjā

Albanian: nuse

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նու (nu)

Armenian: նու (nu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snušā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *snъxa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snuzō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hnuhós

Ancient Greek: νυός (nuós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snušás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *snuzos, *snuzus

Latin: nurus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: santse

desc

→? Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *nusa (“daughter-in-law; bride”)

→? Proto-Northwest Caucasian: *nəsá (“daughter-in-law”)


Anatolian:

Carian: 𐊨𐊲𐊨 (quq, “grandfather”)

Hittite: 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 (ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as, “grandfather”)

Luwian:

Luwian: 𒄷𒌋𒄩 (ḫūḫa-, “grandfather”)

Luwian: 𔕳𔓷 (huha-, “grandfather”)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)

Lydian: 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮 (kukas, “grandfather”)

Milyan: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւ (haw) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *awos

Latin: avus (“grandfather”) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āwe

awô

grandfather; see there for further descendants

⇒ Latin: avunculus

maternal uncle; see there for further descendants

awis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *auˀis, *auˀjas; Old Prussian

ᚐᚃᚔ

descendant; see there for further descendants


Proto-Italic: *ordō

Latin: ōrdō (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: अर्ध (ardhá)

Proto-Hellenic: *artʰmós

Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)

>? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ir

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: i

Latvian: ir

Lithuanian: ir̃

Old Prussian: ir, er

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)

⇒ *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)

q

maybe with root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)neh₁-</i>

⇒ *h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ (possibly, maybe with root *(s)neh₁-)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

>? Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ártʰron

Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)

*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀmen-, *árˀmen-

Proto-Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ármə

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
Greek: άρμα (árma)
Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐ (ʔarmā)

⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-

Italic:

Latin: armenta

⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)

*h₂er-mó-s ~ *h₂r̥-mó-s

⇒ Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀma-

Old Prussian: irmo

Proto-Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *armós

Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós)
Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Ottoman Turkish: آرموز (armuz, armoz)
Turkish: armuz, armoz
Pontic Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Turkish: armoz
→ Laz: არმოზი (armozi)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma, “arm, forequarter”)

Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ārra, “arm; hand paw”)

Wakhi: (/yurm/)

Arabic script: یؤرم

Cyrillic script: юрм (yurm)

Yidgha: یارمه (yārmë, “shoulder”)

Zazaki: erme (/arma/), ermı (/arme/), harme (/hārma/), herme (/harma/)

Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎶 (*a-r-m /*arma/, “arm”)

Middle Persian: (/arm/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlm)

Italic:

Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti

Proto-Hellenic: *armóďďō

Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂

Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
→ Latin: harmonia (see there for further descendants)
→ Russian: гармония (garmonija)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āmpär

*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hártiš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (arəⁱti, “reward”)

Proto-Italic: *artis

Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtsä

Tocharian A: ārts

Tocharian B: artsa

*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արդ (ard)
Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ

Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)

Sogdian: (/rətu ~ ratu/, “period of 10 seconds”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)

Middle Persian: (/rad/, “chief, master; judge”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')

Proto-Italic: *artus

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtw-

Tocharian A: ārt-

Tocharian B: ārtt-

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *arjaz
Proto-West Germanic: *ari
Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
Old Norse: *err
Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)

*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és

⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn)

⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos)

⇒ *h₂r-is-teró-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós)
Greek: αριστερός (aristerós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háram

Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)

Sanskrit: अलम् (alam)
→ Hindustani: (learned)
Hindi: अलम् (alam), अलं (alam)
Urdu: الم

Proto-Iranian: *Háram

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ar^əm, “fitting”)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *artos

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)

Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)

Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)

Tocharian B: arañce (“heart”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)

Tocharian A: ārwar

Tocharian B: ārwer

to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot


h₁ésh₂r̥

h₁ésh₂r̥ (nominative singular)
h₁ésh₂ōr (collective nominative)
h₁ésh₂r̥ (singular vocative)
h₁ésh₂ōr (collective vocative)
h₁ésh₂r̥ (accusative singular)
h₁ésh₂ōr (accusative collective)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésHr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian: *ehar

Old Armenian: *ար (*ar)

⇒ Old Armenian: արիւն (ariwn)

Armenian: արյուն (aryun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asn̥-

Latvian: asinis

Latgalian: asnis, ašņa (1sg.gen.)

Proto-Hellenic: *éhər (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásHr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aser

Latin: assyr, aser, ascer

⇒ Latin: assarātum

Proto-Tocharian: *yä́sar

Tocharian A: ysār

Tocharian B: yasar

→ Proto-Germanic: *īsarną

>? Proto-Celtic: *īsarnom (“iron”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: sanguīs

blood; see there for further descendants


*h₁éy-ti ~ *h₁y-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁e-h₁óy-e ~ *h₁e-h₁y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *ijjē, *ijjēdun (past tense of *gāną, *ganganą)

Old English: ēode, ēodon

Middle English: yode

English: yode, yede

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja), 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (iddjēdun)

*h₁oy-ós (nominalization)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sheep, goat”)

Tocharian B: eye

*h₁éy-mn̥ (“course, way”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háyma

Sanskrit: एमन् (éman)

*h₁éy-ti-s ~ *h₁i-téy-s

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aiñye (“traversable”)

*h₁ey-tw-om (verbal noun)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aittäṃ (“forth”)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: eituam (“money, cattle”)

*h₁éy-tr̥ ~ *h₁i-tn-és (r/n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *oitos

Old Irish: óeth

Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (see there for further descendants)

q

or descendants from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂i wa</i>

*h₁éy-wr̥ ~ *h₁i-wén-s (or descendants from *h₂i wa)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄿𒉿𒅈 (i-wa-ar /iwr̩/, “in the manner of, like”) (with zero-grade from weak stem)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁i-wn̥</i>?

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiwa (< *h₁i-wn̥?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiwa

desc

Sanskrit: इव (iva, “in the manner of, like”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *ainja

Albanian: eja

Proto-Albanian: *eika

Albanian: iki

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: *eigra

Icelandic: eigra

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀 (yaona, “way”)

→ Persian: جن (jan, “side, way”)

Northern Kurdish: -ê- (present stem of "hatin", "to come")

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*ā-</i>

Persian: آی (ây) (present stem of آمدن (âmadan, “to come”)) (+ *ā-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: एव (éva)

Phrygian: ειτου (eitou)

Proto-Tocharian: *jä-

Tocharian A: i-

Tocharian B: i-


gʷem-

*gʷém-t ~ *gʷm-ént (athematic root aorist)

*gʷe-gʷóm-e ~ *gʷe-gʷm-ḗr (stative)

*gʷm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*gʷm̥-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷəňňō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətʰmós (+ action noun suffix *-tʰmós)

Ancient Greek: βαθμός (bathmós, “step”)

Proto-Italic: *gʷənjō (< earlier *gʷəmjō) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷom-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gāmáyati

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: गामय (gāmaya, 2sg.impv.)

⇒ Sanskrit: गमयति (gamáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰāmáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s

*gʷém-tu-s ~ *gʷm̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gántuṣ

Sanskrit: गन्तु (gántu, “walk, road”)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentus

Latin: ventus

*gʷm̥-tó-s

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gat

Albanian: gati

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկ (ek)

Armenian: եկ (ek)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: gemton (“to give birth (to)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gỹmis (“birth; nature; face”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: giminė̃ (“family, kin; genus; gender; (dial.) relative”)

→ Latvian: ģimene

Sudovian: gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ga-t-s (verbal root noun)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

as in <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अध्वगत्</i> (adhvagát)

Sanskrit: गत् (gat) (as in अध्वगत् (adhvagát))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गम् (gam)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷäm-

Tocharian A: kum-

Tocharian B: käm-

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷeh₂- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


gʷémtis

gʷémtis (nominative singular)
gʷémteyes (nominative plural)
gʷémti (singular vocative)
gʷémteyes (plural vocative)
gʷémtim (accusative singular)
gʷémtims (accusative plural)
gʷm̥téys (genitive singular)
gʷm̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷm̥téys (ablative singular)
gʷm̥tímos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥téyey (dative singular)
gʷm̥tímos (dative plural)
gʷm̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
gʷm̥téy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tḗy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tísu (locative plural)
gʷm̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tímis (instrumental plural)
gʷm̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷm̥tís</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtís (< *gʷm̥tís)

Latvian: dzìmts

Lithuanian: gimti̇̀s

Proto-Germanic: *kumþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́tis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gátiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentis

Latin: ventiō

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


ters-

*térs-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þersaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρσομαι (térsomai)

*tr̥s-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *þurzijaną

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*þaursjan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afþaursjan))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ṣyati

desctree

Sanskrit: तृष्यति (tṛ́ṣyati)
→ Hindustani:
→ Hindi: तरसना (tarasnā)
→ Urdu: ترسنا (tarasnā)

*tors-éye-ti (causative) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-eh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: dorrēn

Proto-Italic: *torz-ēō

Latin: torrēns (see there for further descendants)

*ters-o-

Proto-Italic: *terzā, *terzom

Latin: terra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), 𐌕𐌄𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (teerúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (terúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (tereís), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝 (tereí)

*tērs-os or root noun *tḗrs

Proto-Celtic: *tīros (see there for further descendants)

*tīrs-es-mi-

Old Irish: tírimm, tirimm

*tr̥s-ḱós

Proto-Germanic: *þurskaz (“cod”) (see there for further descendants)

*ters-kʷo-

Proto-Celtic: *terskos

Old Irish: terc
Irish: tearc

>? Latin: *te(r)skʷom

Latin: tesquum, tescum

*térs-ti-s ~ *tr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *þurstiz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-tu-s ~ *tr̥s-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *tartus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þurstuz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-us

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tur

Proto-Germanic: *þursuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táršuš

Proto-Iranian: *táršuš

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎 (taršu)

Middle Persian: tšknk'

→? Old Armenian: թաշկինակ (tʻaškinak)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: torrus

*tr̥s-nós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šnas (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ós (“flat surface for drying food”)

Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: թառ (tʻaṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þarzṓ

desc

Old High German: darra (“apparatus for drying fruits, etc.”)

Middle High German: darre

>? Cimbrian: dèrra

German: Darre

Old Norse:

Norwegian: tarre (“frame for drying malts, etc.”)

Swedish: tarre

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταρσός (tarsós, “cheese hurdle; flat surface, board, blade, sole, palm”)

*tr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: तृष्ट (tṛṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *torstos

Latin: torstus, tostus (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Proto-Albanian: *tarsja

Albanian: ter

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թառամ (tʻaṙam), թարշամ- (tʻaršam-)

>? Proto-Slavic: *tersvъ

Proto-Slavic: *terzvъ


mréǵʰus

mréǵʰus (nominative singular)
mréǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
mréǵʰewes (nominative plural)
mréǵʰu (singular vocative)
mréǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
mréǵʰewes (plural vocative)
mréǵʰum (accusative singular)
mréǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
mréǵʰums (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mréǵʰu (nominative singular)
mréǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
mréǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
mréǵʰu (accusative singular)
mréǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰús (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúes (nominative plural)
mr̥ǵʰú (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúes (plural vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúm (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúms (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwsu (locative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwbʰis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰú (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
mr̥ǵʰú (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (accusative plural)
*mr̥ǵʰús (alternative)

Proto-Germanic: *murguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *brəkʰús

Ancient Greek: βραχύς (brakhús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥ȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *breɣʷis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̑rzъ (likely)

From *mreǵʰ- (“short”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₂éd

Proto-Celtic: *ad-

Proto-Germanic: *at, *at- (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂éh₁-</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH- (< *h₂éh₁-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáH, *HaH-

Sanskrit: आ (ā́)

Proto-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH- > *ā, *ā-

Avestan: 𐬁 (ā)

Proto-Italic: *ad, *ad-

Latin: ad, ad-, (ap)ud (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az)

Phrygian: αδ (ad), αδ- (ad-)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ántaras

Latgalian: ūtrs, ūtrys

Latvian: ùotrs, uotars, otrs

Lithuanian: añtras, añtaras

Old Prussian: antars, antrā, anters

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*vъntorъ</i>

>? Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ (< *vъntorъ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anþeraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántaras

Sanskrit: अन्तर (ántara)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántarah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (aṇtara)

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (handara, “other”)

Ossetian: ӕндӕ́р (ændǽr)

q

Khwarezmian: اندیر (*andīr, “other; step-”) (e.g., پراندریر (*pirandīr, “step-son”), ذغذاندیر (*δuδɣandīr, “step-daughter”))

Pashto: نور (nōr, “other”)

Ormuri: اندر (andar, “step-”) (e.g., بچهاندر (bačandar, “step-son, (lit) step-kid”))

q

Classical Persian: اندر (/andar/, “other; step-”) (always in combined words e.g., پدرندر (pidarandar, “step-father”), مادرندر (mādarandar, “step-mother”), کسندر (kasandar, “other people”))

Dari: اندر (/andar/, “step-”) (e.g., بچهاندر (baččaandar, “step-son”))

Proto-Italic: *anteros

Latin: *anterus (adjective)

⇒ Latin: anterior (comparative) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *airi (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: (or < *h₂ews-er-i < *h₂ews-)

Ancient Greek: ἦρι (êri)

From *h₂ey- (“day, morning”) + *-eri (locative adverbial suffix).


bʰeh₂ǵʰús

bʰéh₂ǵʰus (nominative singular)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰu (singular vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰum (accusative singular)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂ǵʰums (accusative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéw (locative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *bōguz

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́kʰus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaHȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pokowjä-

Tocharian A: poke

Tocharian B: poko


bʰendʰ-

*bʰéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bindaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰati

Sanskrit: बन्धति (bándhati) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *bandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bandʰáyati

Sanskrit: बन्धयति (bandháyati)

Proto-Iranian: *bandáyati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bandaiiaⁱti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *badʰnáHti

Sanskrit: बध्नाति (badhnā́ti)

Assamese: বান্ধা (bandha)

Latin: funda (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *bandiz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-ni-s

Proto-Italic: *fondnis

>? Latin: fūnis (“rope”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tó-s (“bound, tied”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tú-s (“bond, agreement, custom”)

Proto-Celtic: *banssus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundą (“bundle”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundiją

Proto-West Germanic: *bundī

Frankish: *bunni

⇒ Frankish: *obbunni

→ Late Latin: abbonis, obbonis (“ribbon of a headdress”)

→? Basque:

→ Spanish: boina (“beret”)

→ Old French: bonet

Middle French: bonet

desc

→ Catalan: bonet (“(a historical type of) biretta; spindle fruit”)

→ Middle English: bonet

desctree

English: bonnet
→ Scottish Gaelic: bonaid

desc

→ Piedmontese: bonet (“bonnet, cap; rounded cake mold; bonet, a traditional pudding”)

→ Italian: bonet (“bonet”)

→? Spanish: bonete (“biretta; cone hat”)

desctree

French: bonnet
→ Portuguese: boné
→ Spanish: bonete
→ Turkish: bone

Jersey Norman: bannète

Unsorted formations

Armenian

Old Armenian: պինդ (pind) (or borrowed from Iranian)
Armenian: պինդ (pind)

>? Old Armenian: պապանձիմ (papanjim)
Armenian: պապանձվել (papanjvel), պապանձել (papanjel)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: beñdras

Polish: pęta

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: buinne
Irish: buinne
⇒ Middle Irish: buinnén (“sprig, shoot”)

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: πεῖσμα (peîsma) (for *πένθσμα (*pénthsma))

Ancient Greek: πενθερός (pentherós)
Greek: πεθερός (petherós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰanam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰanam

Sanskrit: बन्धन (bandhana)

Hindi: बन्धन (bandhan)

→ English: bandana (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bandah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀 m (banda)

Pashto: وندی (wandai)

Western Iranian

Zazaki: bend

Talysh: band

Old Persian: *𐎲𐎴𐎭 (*b-n-d /*bandaʰ/)

Persian: بند (band)

desc

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎭𐎲𐎴𐎭 (b-a-d-b-n-d /bādubandaʰ/)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/bāhuβand/)

→ Old Armenian: բահուանդ (bahuand)

⇒ Central Kurdish: بەستن (bestin)

⇒ Persian: بستن (bastan)

→ Georgian: ბანდი (bandi)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: բանտ (bant), բանդ (band)
Armenian: բանտ (bant)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդ (-awand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդակ (-awandak)

→⇒ Old Armenian: մեհեւանդ (mehewand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: կարաւանդք (karawandkʻ)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պախճաւանդ (paxčawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պարաւանդ (parawand)

desc

→⇒ Old Armenian: դանդանաւանդ (dandanawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: շարաւանդ (šarawand)

→ Proto-Permic: *bɔn

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: бон (bon)

Komi-Zyrian: бон (bon)

Udmurt: бун (bun)

Italic:

Latin: *fendīx

⇒ Latin: offendīx

Sanskrit: बन्ध् (bandh)


bʰewg-

*bʰéwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéugō

Ancient Greek: φεύγω (pheúgō)

Greek: φεύγω (févgo)

*bʰug-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔφυγον (éphugon)

*bʰug-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fugiō

Latin: fugiō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *bauǰ, *bauxtah

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “to save, redeem”)

Bactrian: βογ- (bog-, “to save”)

Baluchi: بوج- (bōǰ-, “to open”)

Kurdish: (perhaps)

Central Kurdish: بووژانەوە (bûjanewe /būžānawa/), بووژێ- (bûjê- /būžē-/, “to revive”)

Parthian: (/buxtan, bōž-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫋- (bwj-)

Middle Persian: (/buxtan, bōz-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫉- (bwz-)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwc-)

*bʰug-tos

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fugitus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰtás

Proto-Iranian: *bauxtah, > *bauxtakah

Ossetian: (“open (of space), not enclosed, laid bare”)

Digor Ossetian: бугъдӕг (buǧdæg)

Iron Ossetian: быгъдӕг (byǧdæg)

Parthian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤 (bwxt), 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫃 (bwxtg)

Middle Persian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwht'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtk')

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰegʷ-.


bʰewg-

*bʰu-né-g-ti ~ *bʰu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰunákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰunákti

Sanskrit: भुनक्ति (bhunákti, “to be of use”, active), भुन्क्ते (bhuṅkté, “to enjoy”, middle)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fungōr (“to perform, function”)

Latin: fungor

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: բուծանեմ (bucanem, “to nourish”)

Armenian: բուծել (bucel, “to breed, cultivate”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (“to reap, break”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰe-bʰówg-e ~ *bʰe-bʰug-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰubʰuǰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bubʰuȷ́áy

Sanskrit: बुभुजे (bubhujé)

*bʰéwg-ti-s ~ *bʰug-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բուտ (but, “nourishment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuktiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuktiṣ

Sanskrit: भुक्ति (bhukti, “enjoyment”)

*bʰéwg-s (or only originating in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúkṣ

Sanskrit: भुज् (bhúj, “enjoyment”), भुक् (bhúk, nom. sg)

Proto-Iranian: *búkš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “atonement”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwkšnas

Proto-Iranian: *báwxšnas

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬀 (baoxšna, “refreshment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀽𑀚𑁆𑀲𑀦 (būjsana, “feasting”)


bʰeyd-

*bʰéydt (athematic root aorist)

*bʰi-né-dti (“to be splitting”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*bʰéyd-e-ti (thematic root present) (or descendants developed from aorist subjunctive)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydati (“to break, to split”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóyd-os

Proto-Germanic: *baitaz (“boat, ship”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baitō (“food, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰíd-is

Proto-Germanic: *bitiz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰid-nós

*bʰid-tós

*bʰid-rós

Proto-Germanic: *bitraz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Armenian: բդկել (bdkel, “to burst, to explode”)


bʰidtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidtós (nominative singular)
bʰidtóes (nominative plural)
bʰidté (singular vocative)
bʰidtóes (plural vocative)
bʰidtóm (accusative singular)
bʰidtóms (accusative plural)
bʰidtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidtéad (ablative singular)
bʰidtómos (ablative plural)
bʰidtóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰidtóey (dative singular)
bʰidtómos (dative plural)
bʰidtóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰidtéy (locative singular)
bʰidtóy (locative singular)
bʰidtóysu (locative plural)
bʰidtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidtóm (nominative singular)
bʰidtóy (dual nominative)
bʰidtóm (singular vocative)
bʰidtóy (dual vocative)
bʰidtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰitˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰittás

Sanskrit: भित्त (bhitta, “bit”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: (“board”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: bitëlë

Kativiri: bëtyel

Prasuni: vëtlë, vatël

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: bitalë

Waigali: bitala

Proto-Italic: *fissos

Latin: fissus

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


bʰeydʰ-

*bʰéydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰe-bʰóydʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰidʰ-ḗr (stative)

*bʰi-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰi-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infixed athematic root present)

Proto-Albanian:

desc

Albanian: bind (“to convince, persuade”); Albanian: bíndem (“to obey”)

*bʰoydʰ-éh₂ (“pledge”)

*bʰeydʰ-ós (e-grade *-ó-stem adjective)

*bʰéydʰ-os ~ bʰéydʰ-es-os (neuter *-es-stem action/result noun)

Proto-Italic: *feiðos n

Latin: foedus (“treaty, pact, alliance”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰeydʰ-ti-s

Proto-Albanian: *baitši

Albanian: besë

>? Proto-Celtic: *bēssos (“custom, habit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pítstis

Ancient Greek: πί̆στῐς (pí̆stĭs)

*bʰidʰ-tó-s

*bʰoydʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baideitei

Proto-Slavic: *běditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baidijaną (see there for further descendants)


bʰidʰtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidʰtós (nominative singular)
bʰidʰtóes (nominative plural)
bʰidʰté (singular vocative)
bʰidʰtóes (plural vocative)
bʰidʰtóm (accusative singular)
bʰidʰtóms (accusative plural)
bʰidʰtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidʰtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidʰtéad (ablative singular)
bʰidʰtómos (ablative plural)
bʰidʰtóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰidʰtóey (dative singular)
bʰidʰtómos (dative plural)
bʰidʰtóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰidʰtéy (locative singular)
bʰidʰtóy (locative singular)
bʰidʰtóysu (locative plural)
bʰidʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidʰtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidʰtóm (nominative singular)
bʰidʰtóy (dual nominative)
bʰidʰtóm (singular vocative)
bʰidʰtóy (dual vocative)
bʰidʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *pitstós

Ancient Greek: πιστός (pistós)

Greek: πιστός (pistós)

Proto-Italic: *fissos

Latin: fīsus

From *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


bʰidnós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidnós (nominative singular)
bʰidnóes (nominative plural)
bʰidné (singular vocative)
bʰidnóes (plural vocative)
bʰidnóm (accusative singular)
bʰidnóms (accusative plural)
bʰidnósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidnóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidnéad (ablative singular)
bʰidnómos (ablative plural)
bʰidnóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰidnóey (dative singular)
bʰidnómos (dative plural)
bʰidnóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰidnéy (locative singular)
bʰidnóy (locative singular)
bʰidnóysu (locative plural)
bʰidnṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidnā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidnóm (nominative singular)
bʰidnóy (dual nominative)
bʰidnóm (singular vocative)
bʰidnóy (dual vocative)
bʰidnóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *bitanaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰidnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰidnás

Sanskrit: भिन्न (bhinná)

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-nós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


-nós

-nós (nominative singular)
Ø-nós (nominative singular)
Ø-nóh₁ (dual nominative)
-nóes (nominative plural)
Ø-nóes (nominative plural)
-né (singular vocative)
Ø-né (singular vocative)
Ø-nóh₁ (dual vocative)
-nóes (plural vocative)
Ø-nóes (plural vocative)
-nóm (accusative singular)
Ø-nóm (accusative singular)
Ø-nóh₁ (accusative dual)
-nóms (accusative plural)
Ø-nóms (accusative plural)
-nósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-nósyo (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-néad (ablative singular)
Ø-néad (ablative singular)
-nómos (ablative plural)
Ø-nómos (ablative plural)
-nóbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-nóbʰos (ablative plural)
-nóey (dative singular)
Ø-nóey (dative singular)
-nómos (dative plural)
Ø-nómos (dative plural)
-nóbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-nóbʰos (dative plural)
-néy (locative singular)
Ø-néy (locative singular)
-nóy (locative singular)
Ø-nóy (locative singular)
-nóysu (locative plural)
Ø-nóysu (locative plural)
Ø-nóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-nṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-nṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-néh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-nā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-nā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-néh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-néh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-nóm (nominative singular)
Ø-nóm (nominative singular)
-nóy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-néh₂ (nominative plural)
-nóm (singular vocative)
Ø-nóm (singular vocative)
-nóy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-néh₂ (plural vocative)
-nóy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-néh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-nas, *-inas

Lithuanian: -inas

Old Prussian: -ins

Proto-Slavic: *-ьnъ (from *-inas)

Proto-Slavic: *-nъ (most past passive participles)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *-anaz (all strong past participles)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en, -e

English: -en, -Ø

Proto-Hellenic: *-nos

Ancient Greek: -νος (-nos)

Proto-Italic: *-nos

Latin: -nus, -ānus (and -iānus after that), -ēnus, -īnus, -ūnus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-nás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *-njā

Albanian: -një


bʰreg-

*bʰreg- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brekaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥-né-g-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: frangō

Proto-Germanic: *brekō

Proto-West Germanic: *breku

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: brishtë, breshër

Proto-Germanic: *brōks (see there for further descendants)


bʰrem-

*bʰrém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bremeti

Proto-Brythonic: *brėβ̃ɨd

Middle Welsh: brefu, brefad

Gaulish: Bremia, Bremenium

Proto-Germanic: *bremaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *brummōną (see there for further descendants)

q

unless =<i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*bʰrámHati</i>; the root is uncertain

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰrámati (unless =*bʰrámHati; the root is uncertain)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰrámati

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमति (bhrámati, “to wander, rove, ramble”)

Proto-Iranian: *brámati

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1sg.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1pl.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brmynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (blʾmynd /brāmēnd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Italic: *fremō

Latin: fremō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьměti

West Slavic:

Polish: brzmieć

*bʰrém-ti-s ~ *bʰrm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *brumþiz

*bʰrōm-is

Proto-Germanic: *brōmiz

*bʰrem-onts

q

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰramants (or *bʰrámHants; cf. *bʰrám(H)ati above)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰramants

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमत् (bhramat, “wandering about, roaming”)

*bʰŕ̥m-gos

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ngas

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰŕ̥ngas

Sanskrit: भृङ्ग (bhṛ́ṅga, “a species of large black bee, the humble bee”)


bʰudʰtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰudʰtós (nominative singular)
bʰudʰtóes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰté (singular vocative)
bʰudʰtóes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰtóm (accusative singular)
bʰudʰtóms (accusative plural)
bʰudʰtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰudʰtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰtéad (ablative singular)
bʰudʰtómos (ablative plural)
bʰudʰtóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰudʰtóey (dative singular)
bʰudʰtómos (dative plural)
bʰudʰtóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰudʰtéy (locative singular)
bʰudʰtóy (locative singular)
bʰudʰtóysu (locative plural)
bʰudʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰudʰtóm (nominative singular)
bʰudʰtóy (dual nominative)
bʰudʰtóm (singular vocative)
bʰudʰtóy (dual vocative)
bʰudʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *pustós

Ancient Greek: πυστός (pustós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *pʰugā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fugā

Latin: fuga

From *bʰewg- (“to flee, to escape”) + *-éh₂.


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: տայգր (taygr), տագր (tagr)

Armenian: տեգր (tegr), տագր (tagr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dāˀiwēris

Lithuanian: di̇́everis

Latvian: diẽveris

Proto-Slavic: *dě̀verь (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Germanic: *taikuraz (with *k < *h₂ from Cowgill's law, reformed as an a-stem in analogy to *swehuraz)

Proto-Hellenic: *dāiwḗr

Ancient Greek: δᾱήρ (dāḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHiwā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *daiwēr

⇒ Latin: lēvir, laevir (see there for further descendants)


deyḱ-

*déyḱ-ti ~ *diḱ-énti (athematic root present)

*deyḱ-néw- ~ *deyḱ-nú- (full-grade nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *deiknéumi

Ancient Greek: δείκνῡμι (deíknūmi), thematicized δεικνύω (deiknúō)

Greek: δείχνω (deíchno)

*dḗyḱ-s-t ~ *déyḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*doyḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taikijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśáyati

Sanskrit: देशयति (deśayati)

*diḱ-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dićáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diśáti

Sanskrit: दिशति (diśáti)

*déyḱ-s ~ *diḱ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćš ~ *dićás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díṭṣ ~ *diśás

Sanskrit: दिश् (diś)

Proto-Italic: *-diks

Latin: *-dex

⇒ Latin: in-dex, iū-dex, vin-dex (see there for further descendants)

*deyḱ-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśás

Sanskrit: देश (deśá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *díkā

Ancient Greek: δίκη (díkē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíōma)

Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíoma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díśaH

Sanskrit: दिशा (díśā, “direction”) (see there for further descendants)

*déyḱ-mn̥ ~ *diḱ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *déikmə

Ancient Greek: δεῖγμα (deîgma) (see there for further descendants)

*diḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diṣṭás

Sanskrit: दिष्ट (diṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *diktos

Latin: dictus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *taihwǭ, *taikną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *digitos

Latin: digitus (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: daiktas


deywós

non-ablauting (romanization)
deywós (nominative singular)
deywóes (nominative plural)
deywé (singular vocative)
deywóes (plural vocative)
deywóm (accusative singular)
deywóms (accusative plural)
deywósyo (genitive singular)
deywóHom (genitive plural)
deywéad (ablative singular)
deywómos (ablative plural)
deywóbʰos (ablative plural)
deywóey (dative singular)
deywómos (dative plural)
deywóbʰos (dative plural)
deywéy (locative singular)
deywóy (locative singular)
deywóysu (locative plural)
deywṓys (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Anatolian: *diu̯- (“daylight god”)

Lycian: 𐊈𐊆𐊇 (ziw)

Lydian: 𐤣𐤦𐤥𐤦 (diwi)

Luwian: 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz, “a sun god”)

Palaic: 𒋾𒅀𒊍 (ti-ia-az /tiyaz/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daywás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deiwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tīwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *deiwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *deiwos (see there for further descendants)

Schwebeablaut or vṛddhi derivative of zero-grade *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-ós.


diwyós

Proto-Hellenic: *diyyos

Ancient Greek: (Homeric) δῖος (dîos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diwyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diwyás

Sanskrit: दिव्य (divyá)

Proto-Iranian: *diwyáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (daēuuiia, “deavic, related to daeva”)

Italic:

Latin: dīus

From *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).


-yós

-yós (nominative singular)
-yóes (nominative plural)
-yé (singular vocative)
-yóes (plural vocative)
-yóm (accusative singular)
-yóms (accusative plural)
-yósyo (genitive singular)
-yóHom (genitive plural)
-yéad (ablative singular)
-yómos (ablative plural)
-yóbʰos (ablative plural)
-yóey (dative singular)
-yómos (dative plural)
-yóbʰos (dative plural)
-yéy (locative singular)
-yóy (locative singular)
-yóysu (locative plural)
-yṓys (instrumental plural)
-yā́m (accusative singular)
-yóm (nominative singular)
-yóy (dual nominative)
-yóm (singular vocative)
-yóy (dual vocative)
-yóy (accusative dual)
*-iyos (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas

Lithuanian: -ỹs, -ias/-jas

Proto-Slavic: *-jь (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)

Italic:

Latin: -ius

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yás

Sanskrit: -य (-yá)

Proto-Iranian: *-yáh

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-iia) (e.g. 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haomiia, “made from Haoma”) from 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma, “Haoma”))

Proto-Germanic: *-jaz

Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)


dyew-

*dyḗws

*dyutkós (“celestial, heavenly”) (+ *tek- (“to obtain, receive”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyukšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyukṣás

Vedic Sanskrit: द्युक्ष (dyukṣá)

*deyn-o-s (“day”) (probably a back-formation from *deywós, interpreting *dey- as the root)

Proto-Albanian: *deina

Albanian: din (“to break (of dawn)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deinas, *dinas

Latgalian: dīna

Latvian: diena

Lithuanian: diena

Old Prussian: dēinā

Samogitian: dėina

Proto-Slavic: *dьnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tīnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dinám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dinám

Sanskrit: दिन (diná) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dinos

⇒ Latin: nūndinus, perendinus

*deywós

*diwyós

*d(i)wi-n- (possibly)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկինք (erkinkʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *Diw-ōt-s

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (šiwatt-, “day”)

Luwian: [script needed] (Tiwaz), [script needed] (Tiwad-, “theonym”)

Palaic: [script needed] (Tiyaz), [script needed] (Tiyad-, “theonym”)

⇒ Lycian: Τευδιαρμα (“Sun-Moon, given name”)

⇒ Lydian: 𐤯𐤦𐤰𐤣𐤠𐤩𐤦𐤳 (tiudališ, “given name”)

Proto-Celtic: *dīyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *diviti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒌦𒅀𒋻 (/šiuniyatar/, “divine image, divinity”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwṣ

Sanskrit: द्यु (dyú), दिव (divá, “sky, heaven”), द्यो (dyó, “heaven”)

Proto-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Sogdian: ܠܝܘܐܟܟ (δēwāk, “heavenly”), ܠܝܘܮܘܢ (δēwγōn, “heavenly”)

⇒ Persian: لیو (liv, “sun”) (δēwāk > *lēwāk > lēw > lēv > līv) (perhaps)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyumā́

Sanskrit: द्युमान् (dyumān)

→ Proto-Uralic: *juma


Proto-Germanic: *dēdiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰétis

Ancient Greek: θέσις (thésis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fētis

⇒ Latin: fētiālis, fētiāles (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHtíṣ

q

only in compounds, e.g. <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">वनधिति</i> (vanádhiti)

Sanskrit: धिति (dhiti) (only in compounds, e.g. वनधिति (vanádhiti))

Proto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bolgodětь

desctree

Old Church Slavonic: благодѣть (blagodětĭ)
→ Russian: благодать (blagodatʹ)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to put”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


dʰewbʰ-

*dʰewbʰ-é-ti

Proto-Slavic: *ďubati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *daupijaną (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-et-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *deubeta

Arbëresh Albanian: dejët, deejt, dejt (“sea”)

Gheg Albanian: dēt (South Gheg)

Albanian: det

*dʰewbʰ-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *deupaz (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubus

Latvian: dobs

Lithuanian: dubùs

Proto-Celtic: *dubus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰubʰ-nó-s

*dʰub⁽ʰ⁾-ó-s

*budʰ-ó-s (metathesized)

Proto-Hellenic: *butʰós (or *tʰubós, if the metathesis happened later)

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: βυθός (buthós, “depth”), βυσσός (bussós)
Greek: βυθός (vythós)

*dʰubʰ-ró-s

*bʰudʰ-mḗn (possibly, with metathesis)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

desc

>? Albanian: dudum (“dumb person, fool”)

Proto-Albanian: *deupa

Albanian: djep

Proto-Germanic: *dumbaz (“mute, dumb”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: τυφλός (tuphlós, “unseen, obscure, hazy, dark; blind”)
Greek: τυφλός (tyflós)


dʰewgʰ-

dʰewgʰ- (canonical)
possibly *dʰewgʰ- (canonical)

*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō

Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)
Greek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)

*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)

*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr (stative)

*dʰugʰ-

(possibly) Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)

*dʰéwgʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas

Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)

⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)

Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)

Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā

desctree

Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian, τύχα (túkha) — Laconian, Doric
Greek: τύχη (týchi)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰugʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)

*dʰugʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás

Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)

*dʰugh₂tḗr (perhaps)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)

Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”) (see there for further descendants)

Irish: dual

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture


non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰoHnā́m (accusative singular)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Middle Armenian: դոն (don)
Armenian: դոն (don)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dṓˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰaHnáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰaHnáH

Sanskrit: धाना (dhānā́)

Punjabi: ਧਾਣ (dhāṇ)

desc

⇒? Sanskrit: धानक (dhānaka), धन्याक (dhanyāka), धानेय (dhāneya, “coriander”)

Proto-Iranian: *daHnáH

Middle Persian: dʾn' (dān)

Persian: دانه (dâne)

Northern Luri: دۆنںە (downa)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāno

Possibly from *dʰeh₁- + *-néh₂, with semantic development "what is laid in the soil (= seed)" > "grain".


Proto-Germanic: *dōmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰōmos

Ancient Greek: θωμός (thōmós)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to put”) + *-mos (action or result suffix).


dʰubʰrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰubrós (nominative singular)
dʰubróes (nominative plural)
dʰubré (singular vocative)
dʰubróes (plural vocative)
dʰubróm (accusative singular)
dʰubróms (accusative plural)
dʰubrósyo (genitive singular)
dʰubróHom (genitive plural)
dʰubréad (ablative singular)
dʰubrómos (ablative plural)
dʰubróbʰos (ablative plural)
dʰubróey (dative singular)
dʰubrómos (dative plural)
dʰubróbʰos (dative plural)
dʰubréy (locative singular)
dʰubróy (locative singular)
dʰubróysu (locative plural)
dʰubrṓys (instrumental plural)
dʰubrā́m (accusative singular)
dʰubróm (nominative singular)
dʰubróy (dual nominative)
dʰubróm (singular vocative)
dʰubróy (dual vocative)
dʰubróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubrás

⇒ Latvian: dubra (“puddle”) (a-stem derivative)

⇒ Lithuanian: Dubrà (a-stem derivative)

i

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dъbrь (“ravine”) (i-stem derivative, refined in later times into *dьbrь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dubraz

Old Norse: Dófrar (place name)

Norwegian: Dovre (place name)

Swedish: Dovra (place name)

Proto-Celtic: *dubros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *täpre

Tocharian A: tpär

Tocharian B: tapre

From *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

suffix

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glewbʰ-

*gléwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kleubaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβō

Latin: glūbō

*glúbʰ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *glúpʰō

Ancient Greek: γλύφω (glúphō)

*glowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *klaubijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβ(s)mā

Latin: glūma (“husk, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléwbʰ-ti-s ~ *glubʰ-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kluftiz (see there for further descendants)

*glubʰ-on-

Proto-Germanic: *klubô

Proto-West Germanic: *klubō

Old High German: chlobo

Middle High German: klobe

Cimbrian: khlóop

German: Klobe, Kloben

Middle Dutch: clove

desctree

Dutch: kloof
Afrikaans: kloof
→ English: kloof
→ Papiamentu: kloof (dated)

Old Norse: klofi (“fork of a river”)

*glu-m-bʰ-o-

>? Proto-Slavic: *glǫbòkъ (“deep”)

Old English: clufu
Middle English: clove, clof, clowe
English: clove
Scots: clow

Old Norse: klof (“fissure”)

Icelandic: klof (“crotch”)

Middle Irish: *clob (“tongs”)

Irish: tlú, clobhadh (obsolete)

Manx: cloughyn pl

Scottish Gaelic: clobha


gel-

*gol- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kalaną (“to be cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz (“cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-i-

Proto-Germanic: *kaliz (see there for further descendants)

*gel-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gelus m, gelū n (“frost”), gelidus (“icy, frosty”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: gelumà

→? Proto-Finno-Permic: *külmä

Proto-Finnic: *külmä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *kɨn

Komi-Permyak: кын (kyn)

Udmurt: кын (kyn)

Proto-Samic: *këlmētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *golotь

Old Church Slavonic: голоть (golotĭ)

>? Proto-Slavic: *xȏldъ

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जल (jala), Sanskrit: जड (jaḍa)


gʰóstis

gʰóstis (nominative singular)
gʰósteyes (nominative plural)
gʰósti (singular vocative)
gʰósteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstim (accusative singular)
gʰóstims (accusative plural)
gʰostéys (genitive singular)
gʰostéyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰostéys (ablative singular)
gʰostímos (ablative plural)
gʰostíbʰos (ablative plural)
gʰostéyey (dative singular)
gʰostímos (dative plural)
gʰostíbʰos (dative plural)
gʰostéy (locative singular)
gʰostḗy (locative singular)
gʰostísu (locative plural)
gʰostímis (instrumental plural)
gʰostíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gastis

Latgalian: gosts

Proto-Slavic: *gostь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gostis

desc

Lepontic: 𐌊𐌏𐌑𐌉𐌏 (kośio), 𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌏𐌊𐌏𐌆𐌉𐌔 (uvamokozis)

Proto-Germanic: *gastiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hostis (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *gʰes- (“to eat”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix). Compare Sanskrit घसति (ghásati), Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬵 (gah, “to eat, to gorge”).
Heidermanns derives this from *gʰo + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-is.


*h₂yéw-os ~ *h₂yéw-es-

desctree

Proto-Italic: *jowos
Old Latin: ious
Latin: iūs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwṣ

Sanskrit: योस् (yós)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱 (yaoš)

Proto-Celtic: *yowdos

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowestos

Latin: iūstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowezāō

Latin: iūrō (see there for further descendants)

*Hyewdʰ-

Back-formation from the noun *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéw-, from the root *h₂ey- (“vital force, life”).


>? Proto-Albanian: *bunga

Albanian: bung (“chestnut, oak”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀźas

Proto-Slavic: *bazъ (“elder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bāgos

Gaulish: *bagos (“beech”)

Proto-Germanic: *bōkō (“beech”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰāgós (“oak”)
Ancient Greek: φηγός (phēgós)
Doric Greek: φᾱγός (phāgós)

Proto-Italic: *fāgos

Latin: fāgus (“beech”)


yúHs

>? Proto-Albanian: *ju(s)

q

Albanian: ju (or from oblique *wos > *wë with added j-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)

Armenian: ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀs

Latgalian: jius

Latvian: jūs

Lithuanian: jūs

Old Prussian: ioūs

Proto-Germanic: *jūz, *jut (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúHš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yes (conflated with oblique stem)

Tocharian A: yas

Tocharian B: yes

wans

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōns (with nasal from acc.pl. ending *-ons); Old Prussian


*h₁réwdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արոյդ (aroyd), երոյդ (eroyd), արուրդ (arurd), երուրդ (erurd)

Proto-Germanic: *reudaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eréutʰō

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύθω (ereúthō)

*h₁réwdʰ-s ~ *h₁rudʰ-ós (root noun)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ruts (“madder”)
Old Irish: rú (“madder, a plant from which red dye is produced”)
Middle Irish: rú
⇒ Irish: rú Mhuire (“lady's bedstraw”)

*h₁rudʰ-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰitas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *russos

Latin: russus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdjas (post-PIE lengthened grade *h₁ruHdʰ-yo-s)

Proto-Slavic: *ryďь (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ru-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₁ru-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *rundeti
Old Irish: rondaid, ⇒ fo·roind (verbs), ruisse (from past participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raudsas

Proto-Slavic: *rusъ (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rowdʰ-os ~ *h₁rowdʰ-es-os

Proto-Italic: *rouβos ~ *rouβoses

Old Latin: rōbos ~ rōbores

Latin: rōbur

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raũmins

Lithuanian: raumuõ

Proto-Slavic: *ruměnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *rъďa, *rъďavъ (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

>? Proto-Albanian: *awa-ruđa

Albanian: fruth

>? Proto-Albanian: *apa-ruđa

Albanian: pruth


*péth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

*pe-póth₂-e (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́ta

Sanskrit: पपात (papā́ta)

*pí-pth₂-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *píptō

Ancient Greek: πίπτω (píptō), πίσσω (píssō) — Aeolic
Greek: πέφτω (péfto)

*pt-né-h₂-ti ~ *pt-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Ancient Greek: πίτνημι (pítnēmi)

Proto-Italic: *patnō

Latin: pandō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

Proto-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

desc

Sanskrit: पातयति (pātáyati, “to cause to fly, throw, send; to cause to fall, fell; to spill, pour”)

*péth₂-lom (“leaf”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pétalon

Ancient Greek: πέτᾰλον (pétălon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *feþlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátram

Sanskrit: पत्र (pátra, “leaf”), पत्त्र (pattra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pátram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (patar^əta, “winged”)

*péth₂-r̥ (“feather, wing”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *peta

Albanian: pjetë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸanssā

Old Irish: éis

Irish: éis

Proto-Germanic: *faþmaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πετάννῡμι (petánnūmi), πέτασος (pétasos), πέτηλος (pétēlos), ποταμός (potamós), πότμος (pótmos), πετηνός (petēnós), πτῶμα (ptôma), πτῆσις (ptêsis), πτῶσις (ptôsis), πτωτικός (ptōtikós), πτωτός (ptōtós), πτίλον (ptílon), πατάνη (patánē)

Italic:

Latin: pateō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: patera (see there for further descendants)

Latin: passus (“step”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: impetus, praepes, perpetuus (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Latin: propitius (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: petulans, petulcus (see there for further descendants)

Existing in variations, *pet-, *peth₁-, *peth₂-.

to fly (through the sense ‘spread one’s wings’)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁁𒋻 n (pát-tar /pattar/, “wing”), 𒁁𒁕𒈾𒀸 (pád-da-na-aš /pattanaš/, gen.sg.)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թեր (tʻer, “*wing, *feather; *leaf; side”), թերթ (tʻertʻ, “leaf”), թիթեռն (tʻitʻeṙn, “butterfly”) < *pter-

Armenian: թեր (tʻer, “leaf”)

Old Armenian: թիռ- (tʻiṙ-, “to fly”) < *ptēr-

qual

Old Armenian: փետուր (pʻetur, “feather”) (possibly; or a borrowing from other descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸatar

Proto-Brythonic: *adar

Welsh: adar

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

ὑποπετρίδιος

ὑπο-πετρίδιος

Ancient Greek: ὑπο-πετρίδιος (hupo-petrídios, “winged”)

Ancient Greek: πτέρυξ (ptérux) (possibly)

From *peth₂- (“to fly”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

>? Proto-Slavic: *pero

feather; see there for further descendants


tribʰí

instrumental masculine/neuter of *tréyes


tres-

*trés-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō

Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós

Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati

Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás

Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)

*tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)

*tros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *trozeō

Latin: terreō

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)

desc

Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)

*trés-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma

Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós

Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)

Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)

*tr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)

Unsorted formations

q

Proto-Celtic: *tarr- (earlier *tars-, from zero grade *tr̥s-)

Old Irish: tarrach


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwaH-

Sanskrit: वा (vā)

*h₂wḗh₁-ti ~ *h₂wéh₁-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present)

*h₂wéh₁-n̥ts (“wind”, active participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀtrāˀ

Lithuanian: vė́tra (“storm”)

Latvian: vȩ̄tra (“storm”)

Old Prussian: vetro (“wind”)

Proto-Slavic: *větrъ (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂weh₁-yú-s (“wind”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vė́jas (“wind”) (or formed synchronically)

Latvian: vējš (“wind”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaHyúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւդ (awd), օդ (ōd)

Armenian: օդ (ōd)

Proto-Celtic: *awelā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫūda-, “readiness, ability to act swiftly”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuntarii̯a(i)-, “to break wind”)

*h₂uh₁-oy-ey ~ h₂uh₁-i-enti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuu̯ai-), [script needed] (ḫui-, “to run, hurry”)

Proto-Hellenic: *awetʰlon

Ancient Greek: ἄεθλον (áethlon)

Proto-Hellenic: *aweľľā

Ancient Greek: αὔελλα (aúella), ἀέλλη (aéllē), ἄελλα (áella)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vetëtin (“it thunders”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *awuòr

Albanian: fjur (“aloft”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėsùs (“fresh, cool”)

Latvian: vȩ̄ss (“fresh, cool”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀτμός (atmós), ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ), ἀίσθω (aísthō)

Germanic:

Old Norse: vængr (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indic:

Sanskrit: वीज् (vīj)

Iranian:

Persian: وز (vaz)

Italic:

Latin: vannus (for *vatnus), vatillum


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-wa-an-za /huwanza/), 𒄷𒌋𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-u-wa-an-za /hūwanza/)

Proto-Celtic: *wintos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *windaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *awḗəts

Ancient Greek: ἀείς (aeís), ἀέντα (aénta, acc.s.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHatas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wentos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyente (see there for further descendants)

Participle of *h₂wḗh₁ti (“to blow”), from the root *h₂weh₁-.

(as substantive) that which blows; the wind, air


Proto-Hellenic: *óťťomai

Ancient Greek: ὄσσομαι (óssomai)

*h₃ékʷ-s-e-tor (s-desiderative)?

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷsomai

Ancient Greek: ὄψομαι (ópsomai)

*h₃e-h₃ókʷ-e ~ *h₃e-h₃kʷ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

clarified from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*ὦπα</i> (*ôpa)

Ancient Greek: ὄπωπα (ópōpa) (clarified from *ὦπα (*ôpa))

*h₃ékʷ-ti-s ~ *h₃kʷ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷtis

Ancient Greek: ὄψις f (ópsis) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃ékʷ-mn̥ ~ *h₃kʷ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷmə

Ancient Greek: ὄμμα n (ómma, “eye”)

Proto-Hellenic: *okʷā́

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀπή (opḗ, “sight; opening, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*h₃ekʷ-(e)lo-s, *h₃okʷ-(e)lo-s (grade uncertain, the diminutivisation is probably secondary)

Proto-Italic: *okʷ(e)los

Latin: oculus (“eye”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *antīkʷos

Latin: antīquus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *enīkʷom

Brythonic:

Old Breton: enep

Old Cornish: eneb

Old Welsh: enep

Middle Welsh: wyneb

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas)

Old Irish: enech (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *enōkʷā́

Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas

Sanskrit: अनीक (ánīka)

Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀 (aⁱnika)

Northern Kurdish: enî (“forehead”)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (anîg, “front, forehead”)

*ní-h₃kʷ- (“looking down”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nīˀkjas

Latvian: nīca

Proto-Slavic: *nicь (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *nīwalaz (from earlier *nīgwalaz ?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: न्यञ्च् (nyàñc), नीचा (nīcā́, “down(wards)”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեսք (ereskʻ, “face”, plurale tantum)

Proto-Hellenic: *prótsōkʷon

Ancient Greek: πρόσωπον (prósōpon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्रतीक (prátīka, “face, appearance”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pratsak

Tocharian B: pratsāko (“breast”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: *ekʷṣäliē (see there for further descendants)


dʰew-

*dʰew- (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *dej

Albanian: vdekje

Albanian: vdes

Proto-Germanic: *dewaną

*dʰow-eye- (causative-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *dawjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dawéiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *davìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-iH-to-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դի (di, “corpse”)

*dʰu-iH-tu-

Celtic:

Old Irish: díth

*dʰów-tus

Proto-Germanic: *dauþuz (“death”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-Hnós

Proto-Italic: *fūnos

Latin: fūnus

*dʰow-Htós

Proto-Germanic: *daudaz (“dead”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *dowenis

Old Irish: doíni (suppletive plural of duine)

Rix considers the "die" sense to be related to the "flow" sense in Etymology 2, the latter which he seems to view as the original. For a semantic parallel, compare English pass away.


dʰew-

*dʰéw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰéwō

Ancient Greek: θέω (théō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́wati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́wati

Sanskrit: धावति (dhā́vati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́wati

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: LHTWN-tn' (dawīdan)

Classical Persian: دَوِیدَن (dawīdan)

Tajik: давидан (davidan)


wídḱm̥ti

Proto-Albanian: *w(ī)džatī

Albanian: -zet

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քսան (kʻsan)
Armenian: քսան (kʻsan)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwideśimt (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wikantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewīkəti

Ancient Greek: εἴκοσι (eíkosi), ἐείκοσῐ (eeíkosĭ), ἐείκοσῐν (eeíkosĭn) — Epic, εἴκοσ’ (eíkos’) — apocopic, ϝίκᾰτῐ (wíkătĭ) — Doric, ϝείκᾰτῐ, ϝίκᾰτῐ, βείκᾰτῐ (weíkătĭ, wíkătĭ, beíkătĭ) — Laconian
Greek: είκοσι (eíkosi)

Doric: ϝείκατι (weíkati)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwiHćati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wīgentī
Latin: vīgintī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *w'īkän

Tocharian A: wiki

Tocharian B: ikäṃ

Tocharian B: ikante

From earlier *dwidḱómt, with loss of initial *d- (or perhaps, as suggested by Hellenic, dissimilation to *h₁-) and compensatory lengthening, from *dwi- (“two”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”). The change from *wīdḱómt- > wīḱm̥t- was in analogy to *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


Proto-Anatolian: *páHʷr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հուր (hur) (< *puh₂r-)

Old Armenian: հն-ոց (hn-ocʻ, “furnace”) (< *ph₂wéns + -ոց (-ocʻ))

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūrs (“winter wheat”) but more often pūr̨i in analogy to kvieši, rudzi, mieži

desc

Lithuanian: pū̃ras (“one corn of winter-wheat; used in the plural for winter-wheat”)

Old Prussian: panno (“fire”), pure (“bromegrass”)

Proto-Slavic: *pyrь (“cinder; couch grass; spelt”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *panu (“fire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pāwər?

Ancient Greek: πῦρ (pûr), πῠρᾰ́ (pŭrắ)

desctree

Ancient Greek: πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”), σπυρός (spurós)
→? Arabic: بُرّ (burr, “wheat”)
→ Old Georgian: პური (ṗuri)
Georgian: პური (ṗuri, “wheat; bread”)
→ Armenian: պուրի (puri)
⇒ Sicilian: puru puru (interjection used to call hens, now disconnected from the sense of “wheat”)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: πύρνον (púrnon, “wheaten bread; food, meat”) (compare the Arabic طَعَام (ṭaʕām) for the semantics)

Proto-Italic: *pūr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *puwār

Tocharian A: por

Tocharian B: puwar

Often considered to contain the substantifying suffix *-wr̥ or *-r̥ on some root (*peh₂- or *peh₂w- respectively), but clearly related terms are lacking.


h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁n̥gʷní (singular vocative)
h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *agni

Albanian: e enjte

Albanian: En

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *úngnis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hagníš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *əngʷnis (see there for further descendants)


sep-

*s(ə)p-yé-ti or *sh₁p-yé-ti or *sop-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *sapjō

Latin: sapiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: համ (ham, “taste”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *saɸeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: sipus (“knowing”)

Volscian: sepu (“knowing”) (ablative singular)

Proto-Germanic: *sebô


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *biwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwiwaz, *kwikwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwos

Ancient Greek: βίος (bíos) (or possibly a syncope of βίοτος (bíotos))

Greek: βίος (víos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰiHwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷīwos (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śāw-, śāy-

From *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”) + *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

suffix

giwato

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwatas; Old Prussian

Old Irish: bethu

Proto-Celtic: *biwotūts (“life, existence”)

bethadMiddle Irish: bethaIrish: beathaManx: beaScottish Gaelic: beatha


gʷíh₃wōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwetei

Latvian: dzīt, dzīvot

Lithuanian: gyventi

Old Prussian: gi(j)wan

Proto-Slavic: *žiti (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Breton: beva

Scottish Gaelic: bi

Welsh: byw

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓwō (< *gʷyṓw-ō < *gʷyéh₃w-oh₂)
Ancient Greek: ζώω (zṓō), ζῶ (zô)
Greek: ζω (zo)
Mariupol Greek: зу (zu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰíHwati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷīwō
Latin: vīvō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *śāw-

Tocharian A: śo-

Tocharian B: śai-

Apparently from the adjective *gʷih₃wós (“alive, living”), ultimately from the root *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).
However, Gąsiorowski (2006) takes this verb (and thus the root) to be an irregular dissimilation of *gʷígʷwe-, an isolated reduplicating thematic present from a lost *gʷew- (“move”) (?) with an o-grade root noun in *gʷṓws.


mr̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
mr̥tós (nominative singular)
mr̥tóes (nominative plural)
mr̥té (singular vocative)
mr̥tóes (plural vocative)
mr̥tóm (accusative singular)
mr̥tóms (accusative plural)
mr̥tósyo (genitive singular)
mr̥tóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥téad (ablative singular)
mr̥tómos (ablative plural)
mr̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥tóey (dative singular)
mr̥tómos (dative plural)
mr̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥téy (locative singular)
mr̥tóy (locative singular)
mr̥tóysu (locative plural)
mr̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
mr̥tā́m (accusative singular)
mr̥tóm (nominative singular)
mr̥tóy (dual nominative)
mr̥tóm (singular vocative)
mr̥tóy (dual vocative)
mr̥tóy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, mortal”)

Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, person”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mrətós

Ancient Greek: βροτός (brotós, “mortal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *murþą (see there for further descendants)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


h₁eǵʰs

Proto-Albanian: *its

desc

Albanian: ith (“back, backward”), ish- (“former”) (< ek's)

Proto-Albanian: *eś-

Albanian: sh-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iź, *iś

Latvian: iz

Lithuanian: iš

Old Prussian: is

Proto-Slavic: *jьz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *exs, *exs- (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *eh

Proto-Hellenic: *eks, *eks-

Ancient Greek: ἐξ (ex), ἐξ- (ex-) > ἐκ (ek), ἐκ- (ek-)

Greek: εξ (ex), εξ- (ex-), εκ (ek), εκ- (ek-)

Mycenaean Greek: *eks-

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒 (e-ko-so-wo-ko, “outside workers”)

Proto-Italic: *eɣ, *eks (see there for further descendants)

Extension of *h₁eǵʰ (“out”) with the adverbial suffix *-s.

actIrish: achManx: aghScottish Gaelic: ach

exteros

outside (of), without; see there for further descendants

ἔσχατος

>? Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)

with metathesis and simplification of the cluster

outermost, farthest, most remote, last; see there for further descendants


suH-

súHs (nominative singular)
súHes (nominative plural)
súH (singular vocative)
súHes (plural vocative)
súHm̥ (accusative singular)
súHm̥s (accusative plural)
suHés (genitive singular)
suHóHom (genitive plural)
suHés (ablative singular)
suHmós (ablative plural)
suHbʰós (ablative plural)
suHéy (dative singular)
suHmós (dative plural)
suHbʰós (dative plural)
suHé (locative singular)
suHéy (locative singular)
suHsú (locative plural)
suHmís (instrumental plural)
suHbʰís (instrumental plural)
*suH-ḗn (alternative)
*súH-ō (alternative)

Proto-Albanian: *sūs

Albanian: thi, thaj — Gheg

q

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀēnas (< *suH-en- or independently derived in Baltic from unrepresented *sū́ˀs)

Latgalian: syvāns

Latvian: sivę̄ns, suvę̄ns

Proto-Germanic: *sūz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hūs, *sūs

Ancient Greek: ὗς (hûs), σῦς (sûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suH- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sūs

Latin: sūs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: sif

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*suw-on-</i>

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: (< *suw-on-)

Tocharian B: suwo

Has been suggested to derive from *sewH- (“to give birth”) if the original meaning was “sow”.
Possibly related to Akkadian 𒊺𒄷𒌑 (še-hu-u₂, “pig”) (Old Babylonian šahû), which may be an Indo-European borrowing, as well as Sumerian 𒋚 (šah), 𒂄 (šaḫ) and 𒍢𒄴 (ze₂-eh).

⇒ *svinьja

Proto-Slavic: *svinъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *sukkos

< *su(H)k-kós?; or perhaps borrowed from another language

sugu

>? Proto-Germanic: *sugō f (< *su(H)k-éh₂?; or *suwu-: see second reconstruction note); Proto-West Germanic

huHkáh

see Proto-Indo-Iranian *suH- for further descendants

>? Sanskrit: सूकर

may be a compound formed in Sanskrit; see there for further descendants


Proto-Albanian: *śālā

Albanian: gjollë (“salt”)

Proto-Albanian: * ̊śali(m)-

Albanian: ngjelmë (“salty”)

Proto-Albanian: *en-salima

Albanian: ngjelmët (“salty, briny”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աղ (ał)

Old Armenian: աղտ (ałt) < *séh₂ld-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *salˀdus (from *sh₂el-d-u-s or *sh₂l-d-u-s), *sāˀlis

Latgalian: sõļs, solds, soldons

Latvian: sāls, salds

Old Prussian: sal

Lithuanian: saldus, sálti (“sweeten”)

Proto-Slavic: *solь (see there for further descendants), *soldъ (“malt”) (see there for further descendants), *soldъkъ (“sweet”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Iranian: *solH (“salt”)

Zazaki: sol (“salt”)

desc

Northern Kurdish: solin (“salt”), sû (“saltless”)

Proto-Celtic: *sālos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *saleinos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saltą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hāls

Ancient Greek: ἅλς (háls)

Greek: αλάτι (aláti)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सलिल (salila, “water”)

→ Bengali: সলিল (śolil)

Iranian

Persian: هلتاک (haltâk, “salty yoghurt”), هلث (halþ~halt, “salty, salty food”)

Italic:

Latin: sāl (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: salu

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: sāle

Tocharian B: salyiye

qual

→ Proto-Uralic: (independent loans from early Indo-European at least in Finno-Permic and Ob-Ugric; common Finno-Permic *sala is sometimes reconstructed)

Proto-Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: салнә (salnə)

Northern Khanty: сӑл (săl)

Proto-Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: сов (sov), сол (sol)

Komi-Zyrian: сов (sov)

Udmurt: сылал (sylal)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: шинчал (šinčal)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: сал (sal)

Moksha: сал (sal)

Proto-Finnic: *soola (see there for further descendants)