dʰlegʰ-

*dʰlḗg-s-t ~ *dʰlég-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *dlīxst

Old Irish: dlicht, dlecht

*dʰl̥gʰ-é-ti ("tudati" type thematic root present) or *dʰlégʰ-ti ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *dligeti (“to owe, be indebted to”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dligetom (“debt, duty”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰlégʰ-s ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-és

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *dʰl̥gʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilgas

Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (“debt”) (or borrowed from Gothic) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *dulgaz (“debt”)
Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃 (dulgs)
→ Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (possibly, if not inherited)
→ Proto-Samic: *tuolkō (see there for further descendants)


krows-

*krows-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušī́ˀtei (“to strike, smash, crush”, literally “to cause to collapse?”) (see there for further descendants)

q

o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*króws-e</i> (3rd conjugation o-grade present)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *króuhō (o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from *króws-e (3rd conjugation o-grade present))

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κρούω (kroúō, “to strike, stamp, knock”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krušā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *hreusaną (“to fall, collapse; to shudder?”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly an extended form of *krew(H)- as found in Proto-Germanic *hrewwaną (“to be/make sad, regret, rue”) and Proto-Tocharian *krun- (“to strike, hit”). Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō) may reflect either root.


lek-

Unsorted formations:

Latin: locusta (“locust”)

Proto-Germanic:

desc

Norwegian: lakka (“to hop, patter about”)

>? Middle High German: lecken (“to hop”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lekt-

Proto-Slavic: *letěti (“to fly”)

Latvian: lḕkt (“to spring, jump”)

Lithuanian: lė̃kti (“to fly”)

Ancient Greek: ληκάω (lēkáō, “to dance to music”)

Proto-Albanian: *awa-laka

Albanian: flak (“to throw, fling, eject”)


gew-

*gewd- (“bag, stomach”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūtiz (“bag, stomach, gut”) (see there for further descendants)

*gudóm (“intestines”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gudás

Sanskrit: गुद (guda)

*gugā

German: Kugel (“ball, orb”)

Russian: гугля (guglja, “bump, lump”)

Lithuanian: gugà (“hump, hill”)

*gewl- (“vessel, cub”)

Proto-Germanic: *kiulijǭ, *kūlǭ (“bump, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

English: kile (“ulcer, sore”)

German: Keule (“club”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūliz (“round vessel, ball, bag, sack”)

*gewlos (“vessel, bowl”)

Proto-Germanic: *keulaz (“ship”) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) गोल (gola)

*gewp- ~ *gup- (“round object, knoll; cavity”)

Proto-Albanian: *gāupā

Albanian: gop

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gjaupāˀ

>? Proto-Slavic: *župa (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: γῡ́πη (gū́pē)

Proto-Germanic: *kubô (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kubnáz > *kuppaz (“round object, bowl, skull, knoll”) (see there for further descendants)

*gup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guptás

Sanskrit: गुप्त (gupta)

*gewt- (“pouch, sack”)

Proto-Germanic: *keudō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kuddô (“bag, pod, sack, purse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kudilǭ (“cuttlefish, squid, cephalopod”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kweþuz (“belly,stomach, womb”) (via inversion *gewt- > *gʷet-?) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *gówr̥ (“curl”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-ro-s (“lock of hair”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gauras

Latvian: gauri pl (“pubes”)

Lithuanian: gaurai̇̃ pl (“curls of hairs”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *guriti (“to hunch, to bow”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic:

Norwegian: kaure (“curly lock of hair”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-no-s (“furry, shaggy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gawnám (“fur”)

→ Proto-Slavic: *guna, *guňa (“coat, rag”) (could also be native)

→ Byzantine Greek: γούνα (goúna, “fur, fur garment”)

→ Latin: gunna (see there for further descendants)

*gu-r-nos (“back”)

Old Armenian: կուռն (kuṙn) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gur̃nas (“ankle, hip, bone”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կոր (kor, “curved, crooked”)

Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *guja (“serpent”) (see there for further descendants)

Germanic:

q

Proto-Germanic: *gut- (“gut, entrail, intestine”) (perhaps via archaic phonology, as *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”) doesn't make much sense)

English: gut

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γῡρός (gūrós, “round”)

desctree

Ancient Greek: γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”)
Greek: γύρος (gýros)
→ Latin: gȳrus (see there for further descendants)
 (substantivized)


bʰedʰ-

Proto-Indo-European phonology#Roots
de:Brian D. Joseph

Alternative reconstruction of *bʰedʰh₂- (“to pierce, dig, burrow”)


bʰedʰ-

Brill Publishers
Brugmann's law
Wojciech Smoczyński

*bʰḗdʰ-t (“to press”, root aorist?)

ref

Or perhaps from the fossilized o-grade <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰodʰ-</i> which had lengthened in prevocalic positions due to Brugmann's law.

⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰ-

Sanskrit: बाध् (bādh), बाधति (bā́dhati)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *bād- (“to press; to agglomerate, curdle”)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”)

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*ham-</i> (“together”)

⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”) (with *ham- (“together”))

⇒ *bastáh (“curdled”)

Baluchi: [script needed] (bast)

Persian: [script needed] (bastah)

⇒ *bʰḗdʰ-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰā́dʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bā́dʰatay

Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate, “to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain”)

⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)

⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)

trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗdāˀ (“trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt”)

ref

No consensus on etymology: suggested alternatives are *bʰeydʰ- (if the Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic, though Derksen doubts this) and *bʰedʰ(h₂)-.

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: bēda, bę̀da

Lithuanian: bėdà

Proto-Slavic: *bě̄dà (see there for further descendants)

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰodʰ-éh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰáH (or from *bʰodʰ-éh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰáH

desctree

Sanskrit: बाधा (bādhā)
→ Tamil: வாதை (vātai)

*bʰ-né-dʰ-ti (nasal-infixed present)

desc

⇒? *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”) (reanalyzed root)

*bʰedʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

ref

Alternatively from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech, pray”), which, at least in terms of semantics<ref name=EDPG2/> and Indo-European cognates, is more convincing, despite requiring the controversial sound shift *gʷʰ > *b without a clear motivation. Another phonetically problematic etymology assumes back-formation from *bīdaną (“to wait”). If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”).

>? Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to pray, request, bid”) If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”). (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“prayer, request”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰodʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *badą (“pressure; trouble, distress”)

Old Norse: *bað n

Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)

East Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)

Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)

Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)

desctree

→? Middle English: badde (“evil, bad”), bad
English: bad
Scots: bad

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti</i>

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *badō(ja)ną (“to press; to distress, frighten”) (or from *bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰodʰ-o-s (“torment; tormenter”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *badas (“lack, hunger, starvation”)

ref

Alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i> (“to pierce”), referring to the sharp pains of prolonged hunger.<ref name=EDBIL/>

Latvian: bads

Lithuanian: bãdas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰás

Synchronically contains the root बाध् (bādh) as if from *bʰēdʰ- above.

Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)

*bʰedʰ-r-(o-m)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bedra

desc

>? Proto-Slavic: *bedrò, *bȅdro, *bedrà (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰodʰ-yo-m

noncog

Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”)

ref

Several other etymologies have been proposed but with unconvincing semantics, such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”).

>? Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed”) such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”). (see there for further descendants)

*ǵnu-bʰedʰ- (“to bend the knee, kneel (in reverence), pray?”)

Independent derivatives from the root of *bedō and *bidjaną (see s.v. *bʰedʰ-ye-ti, *bʰedʰ-eh₂), but no related verb meaning “to bend the knee” is reconstructible, rendering the etymology questionable.

⇒? Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic:

desc

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġebed</i>

Old English: cnēow-ġebed (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with ġebed)

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">beda</i>

Old Saxon: kneo-beda (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with beda)

with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją

>? Old Norse: kné-beðr (“hassock”, literally “knee-bed”) (with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją)

⇒ *ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence

Sanskrit: ज्ञु-बाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence”, adjective)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: bashkr (“together”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: bodùs (“disgusting”), bodė́ti (“to despise, be disgusted by”)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: poto (“worship”)

Tocharian B: peti (“flattery”)

to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress

to push to limits; to cause trouble, distress


lewǵ-

*léuǵ-t ~ *luǵ-ént (athematic root aorist)

1sg.aor.ind. of <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">լուծանեմ</i> (lucanem)

Old Armenian: լուծի (luci, 1sg.aor.ind. of լուծանեմ (lucanem))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: रोक् (rok, 2sg.aor.inj.)

*luǵ-é-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ruȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ruȷ́áti

Sanskrit: रुजति (rujáti, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”)

Lithuanian: lū́žti (“to fracture”)

Latvian: lauzt (“to break, fracture”)

Proto-Germanic: *leukaną (see there for further descendants)

*luǵrós

Ancient Greek: λυγρός (lugrós, “baneful, mournful”)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “hiccup”)

Ancient Greek: λευγαλέος (leugaléos, “sad, wretched”)

>? Latin: lūgeō (“to mourn, grieve, lament”)

Old Armenian: լուծանեմ (lucanem)

Tocharian B: lakle (“pain, suffering”)

Proto-Celtic: *luxtus (“contents, crowd, people”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰerǵʰ-

*dʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *drūgiz (“hard, solid, dry”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥ǵʰtós (“strong, firm, hard”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥ždʰás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: dir̃žas (“belt, strap”)

Latvian: dir̂ža (“leather girdle”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žnas (“firm, strong”)

⇒ Old Prussian: dīrstlan (“stately”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žti (“to harden, become tough”)

𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to attach”)

Proto-Germanic: *druknaz (“dry”)

Possibly an extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


tewH-

Proto-Italic: *toweōr

Latin: tueor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *towto- (“left, north”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þiudijaz (“kind, good, friendly”)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: *tāwa/i (“eye”)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *tews- (see there for further descendants)


swergʰ-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svorga (“bane, infelicity, severity”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sìrgt

Lithuanian: sir̃gti

Proto-Germanic: *surgō (“worry, care, sorrow”)

Tocharian A: särk (“illness, pain”)

q

root <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">सूर्क्ष्</i> (sūrkṣ)

>? Sanskrit: सूर्क्षति (sū́rkṣati, “to heed, care about”) (root सूर्क्ष् (sūrkṣ))


kel-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: कलयति (kalayati, “to drive, impel”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: kelti (“to lift”)

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, keep”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: hallita

→ Estonian: haldama

Proto-Hellenic: *kelomai < *kel-etor

Ancient Greek: κέλομαι (kélomai)

Proto-Hellenic: *keľľō < *kel-yeti

Ancient Greek: κέλλω (kéllō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: celer (“swift, fast”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: käl-


h₁élḱōs (nominative plural)
h₁élḱōs (plural vocative)
h₁élḱōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *élkos

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἕλκος (hélkos)
→ Greek: έλκος (élkos) (learned)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárćas (“ulcer; haemorrhoids”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *elkos

Latin: ulcus (“ulcer”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)gʷes-

*(s)gʷés-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰásyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ásyati

Sanskrit: जस्यति (jásyati, “to be exhausted”)

*(s)gʷés-t ~ *(s)gʷₑs-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σβέσαι (sbésai), σβέσσαι (sbéssai)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σβέννυμι (sbénnumi, “to quench, extinguish”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰast

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दसत् (dasat, “to be languished”, 3sg.aor.inj.) (thematicised)

Proto-Tocharian: *käs- (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷos-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́āsáyati

Sanskrit: जासयति (jāsayati, “to exhaust”)

*(s)gʷṓs-ye-ti (lengthened causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gōsīˀtei

Latgalian: dzēst

Latvian: dzēst

Lithuanian: gesýti

Proto-Slavic: *gasiti (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷés-ti-s ~ *(s)gʷs-téys

Proto-Germanic: *kwistiz (“damage, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dzist (“to be extinguished”)

Lithuanian: gesti (“to be extinguished”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷeh₂-</i> (“to go”)

Proto-Celtic: *bāstom (“death”) (or from *gʷeh₂- (“to go”))

Middle Irish: bás

Irish: bás

Manx: baase

Scottish Gaelic: bàs


gʰóstipotis

gʰóstipotis (nominative singular)
gʰóstipoteyes (nominative plural)
gʰóstipoti (singular vocative)
gʰóstipoteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstipotim (accusative singular)
gʰóstipotims (accusative plural)
gʰóstipotis (genitive singular)
gʰóstipotyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰóstipotis (ablative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotyey (dative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (dative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (dative plural)
gʰóstipoti (locative singular)
gʰóstipotisu (locative plural)
gʰóstipotimis (instrumental plural)
gʰóstipotibʰis (instrumental plural)
gʰóstipotis (nominative singular)
gʰóstipoteyes (nominative plural)
gʰóstipoti (singular vocative)
gʰóstipoteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstipotim (accusative singular)
gʰóstipotims (accusative plural)
gʰóstipotis (genitive singular)
gʰóstipotyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰóstipotis (ablative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotyey (dative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (dative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (dative plural)
gʰóstipoti (locative singular)
gʰóstipotisu (locative plural)
gʰóstipotimis (instrumental plural)
gʰóstipotibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gástipatis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hostipotis (see there for further descendants)


Brill Publishers
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éiˀwāˀ

East Baltic:

Latvian: iẽva (“bird cherry”)

Lithuanian: ievà (“bird cherry”); jievà, i̇́eva (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: iuwis (“yew”)

Proto-Slavic: *jь̀va (“willow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *īwō

Proto-Germanic: *īhwaz, *īgwō, *īwaz (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *iwos, *īwos (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oywā

Ancient Greek: ὄᾱ (óā), ὄη (óē, “service tree”), οἴη (oíē)

Proto-Italic: *oiwā

Latin: ūva (“bunch of grapes; raisins”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Old Armenian: *այգ (*ayg, “grapes, vine”)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: այգի (aygi, “grapevine; vineyard”)
Armenian: այգի (aygi)
→ Arabic: أَيْك (ʔayk)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (GIŠ-e(y)a(n)-, “yew (?)”)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárkaraH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárkaraH

Sanskrit: शर्करा (śárkarā, “gravel, grit, pebbles, shingle”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *krókā (metathesis)

Ancient Greek: κρόκη (krókē, “pebble on the seashore”), κροκάλη (krokálē)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κροκόδειλος (krokódeilos, “crocodile”, literally “pebble-worm”)

Unsorted formations:

⇒ Sanskrit: कृकलास (kṛkalāsa, “lizard, chameleon”, literally “pebble-sitter”)


wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wišás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wihós

Ancient Greek: ἰός (iós /iós/)

Proto-Italic: *weizos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wä́së (see there for further descendants)


*kwéth₂-e-ti (“to bubble, foam”, thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwátʰati

Sanskrit: (Vedic) क्वथन्त् (kváthant-), (Classical) क्वथते (kváthate)

*kwoth₂-éye-ti (“to let bubble”, causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwātʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwātʰáyati

Sanskrit: क्वाथयति (kvātháyati)

Proto-Germanic: *hwaþjaną

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ƕaþjan, “to foam”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷotamós (“river”)

Ancient Greek: ποταμός (potamós)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷētʰus (sea goddess)

Ancient Greek: Τηθῡ́ς (Tēthū́s)

>? Ancient Greek: τήθεα (tḗthea, “sea squirt”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *kvȃsъ (“leaven, fermented drink”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: cāseus (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źjáuˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-West Germanic: *kauā (“jaw”)

Middle English: *chawe

English: chawe (“jaw”), chaw (“jaw”) (en, obsolete)

Middle English: jawe, jowe, geowe (enm, alteration)

English: jaw

Middle Dutch: kauwe (“fish jaw”), kouwe (“mouth cavity”)

German: Käu, Keu (“jaw, donkey jowl”) (de, dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *žuka

Italic:

Latin: gingīva

Proto-Slavic: *žuti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kewwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰyawH-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywtn’ /jūdan/)

Persian: جویدن (“to chew”)

Pashto: ژول (žovạl, “to gnaw”)

Baluchi: جایگ (jáyag)

Parthian:

Northern Kurdish: cûtin (“to chew”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śuwaṃ (“to eat”)


kʷem-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čam-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćam-

Sanskrit: चम् (cam)


kew(H)-

*ków(Η)-ti (o-grade athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káwti

Sanskrit: कौति (kauti, “to hum, cry out, vocalize”)

ref

Skt

Known only from grammarians.<ref name=EDG/>

*kew(H)-kúH-, *kow-kúH- ("intensive" reduplication)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kū-kū́-ō

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κωκῡ́ω (kōkū́ō, “to wail, shriek, especially in lament”)

ref

Formally cannot reflect *kowk-, so Pokorny assumes dissimilation from *kū-kū́-. More likely from independent onomatopoeia or Pre-Greek.

Or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kōk-</i>.

desc

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: (from the deponent ye-present) *čawkūyatay, *kawkūyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćawkūyatay, *kawkūyatay

Sanskrit: चोकूयते (cokūyate, “to cry aloud”), कोकूयते (kokūyate)

*ków(H)-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káwas

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: kávas (“rook”)

Unsorted formations:

ref

See van der Sijs<ref name=Etymologiebank/>.

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hūwilōną (“to howl, scream”) (see there for further descendants)

Extended forms

*kew-k-

⇒ *kówk-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauktei

Proto-Baltic:

desc

Lithuanian: kaukti (“to howl, yell, roar”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kauk-

Tocharian B: kauk- (“to call out, entreat”)

ref

Initial consonant can also reflect *ḱ- as in *ḱew-, *ḱewk-.<ref name=DTB/>

⇒ *kówk-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káwkas

desc

Sanskrit: कौक (kauka, “owl; dog”), ⇒? कोकिल (kokila, “cuckoo”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Old Armenian: քուք (kʻukʻ, “groan, moan, wail, sigh”), քոք (kʻokʻ)

ref

It is unclear whether the noun or verb is older, but more authors imply the noun as the base of the verb.

>? Old Armenian: քուքամ (kʻukʻam, verb)

ḱewk-

compare Sanskrit शुक (śuka; ), Lithuanian šaũkti


*h₂élgʷʰ-e-ti (root thematic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárǰʰati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀλφή (alphḗ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *algā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: अर्ह् (arh) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hargʰás (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to cost, have value”) + *-ós.


krews-

*krustós (“hardened”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)

*krows-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušas

Proto-Slavic: *kruxъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)

>? Proto-Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)

desctree

⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)
Belarusian: кры́га (krýha)
→ Polish: kryha
Carpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
Ukrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
→ Slovak: kryha
→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hruse

Old High German: hrosa

Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)

Tocharian A: kᵤraś

Tocharian B: krośce

A connection to *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body; to coagulate, harden (as a scab)”) is disputed.

be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harč-

Sanskrit: अर्च् (arc)

Sanskrit: ऋच् (ŕc)

Old Armenian: երգ (erg, “song”)

Hittite: [script needed] (ārku-ᶻⁱ, “to sing”)

Proto-Celtic: *erkw-

Old Irish: erc (“sky, heaven”)

Proto-Celtic: *su-erkwis

Middle Irish: suairc (“pleasant, beautiful, radiant”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yärk

Tocharian B: yarke

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harčati

Sanskrit: अर्चति (arcati)

Khotanese: [script needed] (āljis)

Hittite: [script needed] (arkuwanzi)


*ḱeh₁s-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáHsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaHstram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaHstram

Sanskrit: शास्त्र (śāstrá, “teaching; order, command; precept, rule”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱens-</i>

Albanian: them (or from *ḱens-)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *käṣṣī (“teacher, master”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazjaną

Old Armenian: սաստ (sast)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)taHyúš (“thief”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)taHyúṣ

Sanskrit: स्तायु (stāyu), तायु (tāyu)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (tāiiu)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *stāyä (“secret”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *tātants

Old Irish: táid (“thief”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τητάω (tētáō, “to deprive”), τηΰσιος (tēǘsios)

Hittite: [script needed] (tāyezzi) [script needed] (tāyazzi, “to steal”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tajiti (“to hide, conceal”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьnъ (“secret”, adjective)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьna (“secret”, abstract noun)

Proto-Italic: *(s)taō

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


*h₁régʷos (nominalization) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *erkent

Tocharian A: arkant

Tocharian B: erkent

? *h₁régʷti (athematic root present)

? Proto-Slavic: *regti


kʷels-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *karš-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *karṣ-

Sanskrit: कृष् (kṛṣ)

*kʷéls-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷélseti

q

Hittite: 𒄢𒀸𒍣 (gul-aš-zi /kʷlStˢi/, “to scratch, carve, engrave”), 𒄢𒊭𒀭𒍣 (gul-ša-an-zi /kʷlSantˢi/, 3pl.pres.act.) (apparently generalized from the weak forms)

desc

⇒ Luwian: [script needed] (*gulza/i-, “engraving”)

→ Hittite: [script needed] (gulzi-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káršati

Proto-Iranian: *káršati

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (karšaⁱti)

Persian: کشیدن (kašidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárṣati

Sanskrit: कर्षति (karṣati, “draw, pull, drag”)

*kʷéls-o-m

q

otherwise from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷél(h₁)-es-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélson (otherwise from *kʷél(h₁)-es-)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: τέλσον (télson, “end, limit”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: [script needed] (gulzā(i)-, “to draw”)


dʰgʷʰer-

Ancient Greek: φθείρω (phtheírō)

Avestan: 𐬖𐬲𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (γžaraⁱti)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gẓʰar-
Sanskrit: क्षर् (kṣar)
Pali: ghar


gʰrem-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*gʰrém-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō

Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati

Proto-Iranian: *grámati

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)

*gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)

*gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati

Proto-Iranian: *grámyati

Sogdian:

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)

Middle Persian:

Persian: غرمیدن (ġarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)

Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)

*gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)

q

or denominative from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*gramaz</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: grumė́ti

*gʰrem-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰróm-o-s

*gʰrm̥-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀 (graṇta) (with full grade)

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)

Unsorted formations

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ɣrʾnsnʾy /ɣrānsnē/, “annoyed, angry, irritable”, pres.ptc.) (with inchoative suffix *-sa-)

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑 (ɣrʾns /ɣrāns/, “to get angry”, 3sg.impf.)

Sogdian:

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾɣrʾntʾnt /əɣrándənd/, 3pl.pret.ind.)

Sogdian:

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*grantakah</i> ?

Manichaean script: 𐫃̌𐫡𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫙 (ǧrʾndʿ /ɣrāndē/, “irritated”, ppp) (from *grantakah ?)

Sogdian:

desc

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ʾɣrʾm- /aɣrām/, “to slander”)

An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.


gʰrómos

non-ablauting (romanization)
gʰrómos (nominative singular)
gʰrómoes (nominative plural)
gʰróme (singular vocative)
gʰrómoes (plural vocative)
gʰrómom (accusative singular)
gʰrómoms (accusative plural)
gʰrómosyo (genitive singular)
gʰrómoHom (genitive plural)
gʰrómead (ablative singular)
gʰrómomos (ablative plural)
gʰrómobʰos (ablative plural)
gʰrómoey (dative singular)
gʰrómomos (dative plural)
gʰrómobʰos (dative plural)
gʰrómey (locative singular)
gʰrómoy (locative singular)
gʰrómoysu (locative plural)
gʰrómōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gramas

Proto-Slavic: *gromъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *gramaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrómos

Ancient Greek: χρόμος (khrómos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámas

Proto-Iranian: *grámah

Pashto: غړوم (ğṛum, “roar; rumble, peal of thunder”)

Persian: غرم (ġaram)

From *gʰrem- (“to roar, rumble; to thunder”) + *-os


gʷérh₃ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtei (“to glut; to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”) + *-eti.


Proto-Tocharian: *iäkre (“empty”) (possibly)

*āikäre

Tocharian A: ekär

Tocharian B: aikare

Proto-Celtic: *anextlom

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *anegeti (“to protect”)

Old Irish: aingid (“to protect”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ekla (“scarcity”)

Icelandic: ekla

Proto-Italic:

Latin: egeo (“to need, lack”)

Oscan: egmo (“need, lack”) (noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäk- (“to neglect”)

Tocharian A: yäk-

Tocharian B: yäk-


énu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ánu

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬎 (anu, “after; corresponding to”)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /anuv/)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अनु (anu, “after, again, next”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: in- (“after”)

Proto-Germanic: *enu (“without”)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu)

w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

आनुशक्

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ānušakš (“in sequence, in turn”)

ēnu (< < }}

without; past; along; see there for further descendants


h₂ógr̥

h₂ógr̥ (nominative singular)
h₂égōr (collective nominative)
h₂ógr̥ (singular vocative)
h₂égōr (collective vocative)
h₂ógr̥ (accusative singular)
h₂égōr (accusative collective)
h₂égn̥ (locative singular)
h₂égn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)

Adams suggests a root *h₂eg- (“to grow”) as found in Old Armenian աճեմ (ačem), but such an etymology for the Armenian is disputed.
Or possibly related to *h₂éǵros (“field”).

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨronMiddle Welsh: aeronWelsh: aeron

ṓˀgāˀ

berry; see there for further descendants


Proto-Celtic: *nowinyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: nõvyti (“to opress, torment, destroy”)

Czech: naviti (“(poetic) to tire”)

*nuh₂-eh₂ (verbal stem)

Proto-Tocharian: *näut- (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: onuwaññe (“immortality”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nā́ˀwis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nawiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *naudiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nwām (“sick”)


Proto-Hellenic: *pīwər

Ancient Greek: πῖαρ (pîar, “fat, tallow”)

From *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suf

յոյր

Proto-Armenian: *he(i)ur-i- (loss of the intervocalic -i-); Old Armenian

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *Φīweryū

Proto-Celtic: *ɸīweriyū (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péiˀtu

Lithuanian: piẽtūs pl (“dinner”)

Proto-Slavic: *piťa (“food”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pitati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeitu

Old Irish: íath (“land, territory”)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸitu (“grain”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtú (“fat, tallow; food”) (see there for further descendants)

From *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”) + *-tu.

piθwáh

fat, tallow; food; see there for further descendants


pī́ts

pī́ts (nominative singular)
pī́tses (nominative plural)
pī́ts (singular vocative)
pī́tses (plural vocative)
pī́tsm̥ (accusative singular)
pī́tsm̥s (accusative plural)
pitsés (genitive singular)
pitsóHom (genitive plural)
pitsés (ablative singular)
pitsmós (ablative plural)
pitsbʰós (ablative plural)
pitséy (dative singular)
pitsmós (dative plural)
pitsbʰós (dative plural)
pī́ts (locative singular)
pī́tsi (locative singular)
pitsú (locative plural)
pitsmís (instrumental plural)
pitsbʰís (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *päits

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päits-ko-

Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

Suggested to be from *péyh₂-d-s ~ *pih₂-d-s-és, from *peyh₂- (“to swell (with milk, resin)”), cognate with Tocharian B pitke (“fat, grease, oil”), Proto-Germanic *faitaz (“fat”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *piHtú (“fat, tallow; food”), compare semantics of Hittite 𒊭𒂵𒀭 (ša-ga-an, “(animal) fat, tallow; pitch, resin”). Alternatively, related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).


médʰi

Proto-Germanic: *midi (see there for further descendants)

From the adverb *me (“near, by, with”) + *-dʰi (locative suffix).

affix

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աւղ (awł, “ring”)
Armenian: օղ (ōł)
→ Georgian: ოღი (oɣi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aulos

East Baltic:

Lithuanian: aulas (“leg of a boot”)

Latvian: aũle (“leg of a boot”)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: aulis (“shinbone”)

Proto-Italic: *alwos (< earler *aulos)

Latin: alvus (“stomach, bowels, womb”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *alwejos

Latin: alveus (“hollow, cavity”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aulós

desc

Ancient Greek: αὐλός (aulós, “pipe, tube”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: αὐλών (aulṓn, “hollow, channel, strait”)

Unknown. Possible so-called "chiming root" with *kawlós, whence Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem, shaft”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”).

noncog

ùlica

passage, street; see there for further descendants

olyik

>? Proto-Tocharian: *olyä f (“boat”) (< earlier *oluyä (< *h₂ulu-h₁n̥))

ulьjь

beehive; see there for further descendants


gʰeydʰ-

*gʰeydʰ-lós

desc

Proto-Celtic: *geistlos (“hostage; bail”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géistei, *gístei

Lithuanian: gei̇̃sti (“to desire”)

Latvian: gàidît (“to wait”)

Old Prussian: gēide, giēidi (“[they] wait”, 3rd pl.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gidā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьdàti (“to wait; to expect”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *gīdaz (“greed, desire”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gīd (“greed, avarice”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gīdisōn (“to be greedy”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰoysós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰoysós (nominative singular)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰoysóes (nominative plural)
ǵʰoysé (singular vocative)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰoysóes (plural vocative)
ǵʰoysóm (accusative singular)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰoysóms (accusative plural)
ǵʰoysósyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰoysóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰoyséad (ablative singular)
ǵʰoysómos (ablative plural)
ǵʰoysóbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰoysóey (dative singular)
ǵʰoysómos (dative plural)
ǵʰoysóbʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰoyséy (locative singular)
ǵʰoysóy (locative singular)
ǵʰoysóysu (locative plural)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰoysṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *gaizaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χαῖος (khaîos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyṣas

Sanskrit: हेषस् (héṣas)

From *ǵʰeys- + *-ós, ultimately from *ǵʰey- (“throw, wound”).


bʰóros

bʰóros (nominative singular)
bʰóroes (nominative plural)
bʰóre (singular vocative)
bʰóroes (plural vocative)
bʰórom (accusative singular)
bʰóroms (accusative plural)
bʰórosyo (genitive singular)
bʰóroHom (genitive plural)
bʰóread (ablative singular)
bʰóromos (ablative plural)
bʰórobʰos (ablative plural)
bʰóroey (dative singular)
bʰóromos (dative plural)
bʰórobʰos (dative plural)
bʰórey (locative singular)
bʰóroy (locative singular)
bʰóroysu (locative plural)
bʰórōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰóros

Ancient Greek: φόρος (phóros) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáras

Sanskrit: भर (bhára)

From *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-os (action noun suffix).


ḱléwseti

ḱléwsom (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱléwsōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléwsesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱléwses (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱléwse (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléwsēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléwsoys (optative second-person singular)
ḱléwseti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléwset (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléwsetu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱléwsēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoyt (optative singular third-person)
ḱléwsowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱléwsowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱléwsōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱléwsoywe (dual first-person optative)
ḱléwsetes (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱléwsetom (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱléwsetom (dual imperative second-person)
ḱléwsētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱléwsoytom (dual optative second-person)
ḱléwsetes (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱléwsetām (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱléwsetām (dual imperative third-person)
ḱléwsētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoytām (dual optative third-person)
ḱléwsomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱléwsome (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱléwsōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱléwsoyme (first-person optative plural)
ḱléwsete (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱléwsete (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱléwsete (imperative plural second-person)
ḱléwsēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱléwsoyte (optative plural second-person)
ḱléwsonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléwsont (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléwsontu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱléwsōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsonts (indicative participle present)
ḱléwseso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléwsetor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléwseto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléwsētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoyto (optative singular third-person)
ḱléwsontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléwsonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléwsōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléwsoyro (optative plural third-person)
ḱléwsomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klaušatei

Proto-Slavic: *slušati (“to listen”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlusjaną, *hlusinōną (“to hear, listen”)

desctree

Old English: hlosnian, hlysnan
Middle English: listenen
English: listen

Old High German:

Middle High German: lüsenen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śráwšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwṣati

desc

Sanskrit: श्रोषति (śroṣati, “to listen, obey”)


ḱlews-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klusḗˀtei

Latvian: klusêt

Proto-Slavic: *slyšati (“to hear”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klusīti (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kláusīˀtei

Latvian: klausīt (“to obey, follow, comply with”)

Lithuanian: klausýti (“to listen”)

Old Prussian: klausiton (“to hear”)

*ḱlu-né-s-ti ~ *ḱlu-n-s-ti

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լսեմ (lsem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klunstei

Lithuanian: klùsti

*ḱlows-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ (“hearing, rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kloustā (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlus-ró-s

desctree

Old Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)
Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)

*ḱlus-tí-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlustiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śruštíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śruṣṭíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुष्टि (śruṣṭí, “obedience”)

Reanalyzed from *ḱléwseti, se-desiderative of *ḱlew-.


stéyks

stéyks (nominative singular)
stéygʰes (nominative plural)
stéyg (singular vocative)
stéygʰes (plural vocative)
stéygʰm̥ (accusative singular)
stéygʰm̥s (accusative plural)
stigʰés (genitive singular)
stigʰóHom (genitive plural)
stigʰés (ablative singular)
stigʰmós (ablative plural)
stigʰbʰós (ablative plural)
stigʰéy (dative singular)
stigʰmós (dative plural)
stigʰbʰós (dative plural)
stéyg (locative singular)
stéygʰi (locative singular)
stigʰsú (locative plural)
stigʰmís (instrumental plural)
stigʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stigāˀ

Lithuanian: stiga

Proto-Slavic: *stьga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stigǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *stigā (see there for further descendants)

*stígʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *stigą

Old Norse: stig

*stígʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stigaz

Proto-West Germanic: *stig

Old High German: steg

Old Norse: stígr, stigr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stíkʰos

Ancient Greek: στίχος (stíkhos) (see there for further descendants)

From *steygʰ- (“to go, climb”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


mr̥twós

mr̥twós (nominative singular)
mr̥twóes (nominative plural)
mr̥twé (singular vocative)
mr̥twóes (plural vocative)
mr̥twóm (accusative singular)
mr̥twóms (accusative plural)
mr̥twósyo (genitive singular)
mr̥twóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥twéad (ablative singular)
mr̥twómos (ablative plural)
mr̥twóbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥twóey (dative singular)
mr̥twómos (dative plural)
mr̥twóbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥twéy (locative singular)
mr̥twóy (locative singular)
mr̥twóysu (locative plural)
mr̥twṓys (instrumental plural)
mr̥twā́m (accusative singular)
mr̥twóm (nominative singular)
mr̥twóy (dual nominative)
mr̥twóm (singular vocative)
mr̥twóy (dual vocative)
mr̥twóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mirtwas

Proto-Slavic: *mьrtvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mortwos (see there for further descendants)


moréyeti

moréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
moréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
moréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
moréye (imperative second-person singular)
moréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
moréyoys (optative second-person singular)
moréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
moréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
moréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
moréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
moréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
moréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
moréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
moréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
moréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
moréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
moréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
moréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
moréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
moréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
moréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
moréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
moréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
moréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
moréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
moréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
moréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
moréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
moréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
moréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
moréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
moréyete (imperative plural second-person)
moréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
moréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
moréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
moréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
moréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
moréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
moréyonts (indicative participle present)
moréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
moréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
moréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
moréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
moréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
moréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
moréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
moréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
moréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
moréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maréitei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *māráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *māráyati

Sanskrit: मारयति (māráyati)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


gʰegʰuǵʰ-

*gʰegʰuǵʰ-eh₂ ~ *gʰegʰuǵʰ-yeh₂ f

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *geguźāˀ, *geguźjāˀ (“cuckoo”)

East Baltic:

Latvian: dzȩguze; dzȩgûze, dzȩguôze, dzȩguse, dzȩgusis (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gegužė̃, gegùžė; degužė̃, gegùžis, gegužė̃lė (dialectal)

⇒ Lithuanian: gegė̃, gẽgė

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: geguse

Proto-Slavic: *žegъza (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *žegъzuľa (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe(gʰ)uǵʰ-os m

Proto-Germanic: *gaukaz (“cuckoo”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived from a repeating root *gʰe-gʰu-ǵʰ-, of onomatopoeic origin.

Brill Publishers
Jaroslav Rudnyckyj
Oleg Trubachyov
be:Віктар Уладзіміравіч Мартынаў
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


(H)resg-

*(H)résg-e-ti (thematic present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: regzti

*(H)résg-ti-s (“weaving”)

*(H)résg-u-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rázǰuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráźȷ́uṣ

Sanskrit: रज्जु (rajju)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *razgā́ˀ

Latvian: razga

Lithuanian: razgai

Proto-Slavic: *rozga (see there for further descendants)


dʰénwr̥

dʰénwr̥ (nominative singular)
dʰénwōr (collective nominative)
dʰénwr̥ (singular vocative)
dʰénwōr (collective vocative)
dʰénwr̥ (accusative singular)
dʰénwōr (accusative collective)
dʰn̥wéns (genitive singular)
dʰnunés (collective genitive)
dʰn̥wéns (ablative singular)
dʰnunés (ablative collective)
dʰn̥wéney (dative singular)
dʰnunéy (collective dative)
dʰn̥wén (locative singular)
dʰn̥wéni (locative singular)
dʰn̥wén (collective locative)
dʰn̥wéni (collective locative)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dʰén(w)ōr</i>

Proto-Germanic: *den(n)(a)raz (< *dʰén(w)ōr)

Proto-West Germanic: *denar, *denr

Old High German: tenar (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέναρ (thénar, “palm (of hand)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánwr̥ (“bow”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धनुस् (dhanus), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (θanuuan), 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə)

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎰𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎡𐎹 (θ-nu-u-v-n-i-y /θanuvaniya/, “archer”)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: femur (“thigh”)

From *dʰen- + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).


léwks

léwks (nominative singular)
léwkes (nominative plural)
léwk (singular vocative)
léwkes (plural vocative)
léwkm̥ (accusative singular)
léwkm̥s (accusative plural)
lukés (genitive singular)
lukóHom (genitive plural)
lukés (ablative singular)
lukmós (ablative plural)
lukbʰós (ablative plural)
lukéy (dative singular)
lukmós (dative plural)
lukbʰós (dative plural)
léwk (locative singular)
léwki (locative singular)
luksú (locative plural)
lukmís (instrumental plural)
lukbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *leuxs

Gaulish: leux

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rúkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rúkṣ

Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc, noun)

Proto-Iranian: *rúxš

Ossetian: (“light, red”)

Digor Ossetian: рохс (roxs)

Iron Ossetian: рухс (ruxs)

Persian: رخش (roxš, “light”)

Proto-Italic: *louks (see there for further descendants)

From *lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


bʰérǵʰos

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bérgas
Proto-Slavic: *bȇrgъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bergaz (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, be elevated”) + *-os.


gʰébʰōl

gʰébʰōl (nominative singular)
gʰébʰoles (nominative plural)
gʰébʰol (singular vocative)
gʰébʰoles (plural vocative)
gʰébʰolm̥ (accusative singular)
gʰébʰolm̥s (accusative plural)
gʰbʰlés (genitive singular)
gʰbʰlóHom (genitive plural)
gʰbʰlés (ablative singular)
gʰbʰl̥mós (ablative plural)
gʰbʰl̥bʰós (ablative plural)
gʰbʰléy (dative singular)
gʰbʰl̥mós (dative plural)
gʰbʰl̥bʰós (dative plural)
gʰbʰél (locative singular)
gʰbʰéli (locative singular)
gʰbʰl̥sú (locative plural)
gʰbʰléh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʰbʰl̥mís (instrumental plural)
gʰbʰl̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *gebla-, *gabla- m (“head; top, summit; gable”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gebl m

Old High German: gebal (“head, cranium”)

Middle High German: gebel (“skull”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gebil m (“gable”)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: gevel

desctree

Dutch: gevel
Afrikaans: gewel
→ Papiamentu: gevel, hevel (dated)
→ West Frisian: gevel

Old High German: gibil; gibilla f

Middle High German:

German: Giebel

Old Norse: gafl
Icelandic: gafl
Faroese: galvur
Norn: gabel, gevel
Norwegian Bokmål: gavl
Swedish: gavel
Danish: gavl
→ Old French: gable
→ Middle English: *gable
English: gable
French: gâble

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌻𐌰 (gibla, “pinnacle”)

(pre-)Proto-Hellenic: *kʰépʰəl

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *kepʰəlā́ f

Ancient Greek: κεφαλή (kephalḗ)

desc

Ancient Macedonian: κεβαλή (kebalḗ), κεβλή (keblḗ)

Proto-Tocharian: *ćäpāl(ä) n (“head”)

Tocharian A: śpāl

Tocharian B: śpāl

Unknown:

→? Latin: Cībalae

→? Ancient Greek: γαβαλάν (gabalán)

Uncertain, but seemingly from *gʰebʰ- (“to give; to take?”) + *-ōl / *-l̥. Similar in formation to the synonym *káp-ōl, which likewise may be from *kap- (“to seize”), a sound-symbolic “chiming root” to *gʰebʰ-.


*(s)ténh₂-e-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *sténō

Ancient Greek: στένω (sténō)

Proto-Italic: *tenō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ténh₂-t ~ (s)tn̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštanHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáṣṭanHt

Sanskrit: *अष्टनीत् (*áṣṭanīt)

⇒ Sanskrit: स्तन् (stan, 3sg.inj.act), ष्टनिहि (ṣṭanihi, “to thunder”, 2sg.impv.act.)

*(s)ténh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tányati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tányati

Sanskrit: तन्यति (tanyati, “to thunder”)

*(s)tonh₂-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stanHáyanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stanHáyanti

Sanskrit: स्तनयति (stanáyanti, “to thunder”)

Proto-Italic: *tonāō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ténh₂-tr̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-tén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHtā (“thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tenatrus

Latin: tonitrus (“thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tónh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)ténh₂-n̥s, *(s)ténh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-éns

Proto-Celtic: *toranos (“thunder”) (< *tonaros < *(s)tónh₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þun(a)raz (“thunder”) (< *(s)tn̥h₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)


(s)kerbʰ-

*(s)korb-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skárˀbas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarpaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *skrepaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skrapōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skrobeis

Latin: scrobis (see there for further descendants)

*korb-o-s

Latgalian: kõrba

Latvian: kā̀rba

Lithuanian: kar̃bas

Old Prussian: kārbija

Proto-Slavic: *kȏrbъ

An extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut; to turn”).


snewbʰ-

*snéwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *snouβō

Latin: nūbō (see there for further descendants)

*snḗwbʰ-s-t ~ *snéwbʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *snoupsai

Latin: nūpsī

*snowbʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snaubīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *snubìti (see there for further descendants)

*snu-né-bʰ-ti ~ *snu-n-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰō

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰā

Ancient Greek: νύμφη (númphē)

Possibly related to *snusós (“daughter-in-law”), suggesting an underlying *snew- root.


telk-

*tl̥k-s-ḱos

Proto-Celtic: *talskos (“fragment, piece”)

Proto-Brythonic: *talx (see there for further descendants)

*telk-s-m̥-is

Proto-Celtic: *telmis (“sling, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

*tolk-os

Proto-Celtic: *tolkos (see there for further descendants)

>? Thracian: *talkas (attested as an onamastic component)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talkāˀ

Latgalian: tolka

Latvian: tàlka

Lithuanian: talkà

Proto-Slavic: *tolkà (“neighbourly help (of farmworkers)”) (see there for further descendants)

*telk-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *telktei

Lithuanian: tel̃kti (“assemble for collective assistance”)

Old Prussian: tlāku (“threshes”, 3 sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *telktì, *telťì (“to beat; to pound”) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ǵʰed-

*ǵʰéd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰádati

Sanskrit: हदति (hádati, “to evacuate, discharge excrement”)

*ǵʰéd-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰédzō

Ancient Greek: χέζω (khézō, “to shit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *dzetša
Albanian: dhjes

*ǵʰḗd-s-t ~ *ǵʰéd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰesə

Ancient Greek: ἔχεσα (ékhesa)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰód-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰd-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kékʰoda

Ancient Greek: κέχοδα (kékhoda)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: ndot (“to make dirty”)

*ǵʰéd-o-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձետ (jet, “tail”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádas

Proto-Iranian: *jádah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬵 m (zadah, “buttocks”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Slavic: *zadъ m (“rump”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lamīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lomìti (“to break”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) >? Latin: lanius (“butcher”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *lamaz (“lame; defective”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lémešis (“plough”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: lem (“soft, tender, weak, powerless, impotent”)

Irish: leamh (“soft; weak”)

Welsh: llefrith (“milk”)

Ancient Greek: νωλεμέως (nōleméōs, “unceasingly; firmly”)


Proto-Hellenic: *auhéri

Ancient Greek: ἦρι (êri, “early in the morning”) (or from *h₂éyeri (“early”))

Ancient Greek: αὔριον (aúrion) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light”) + *-ér, *-éri (innovative locative suffix).

err

>? Proto-Albanian: *ausra (“twilight”); Albanian

auštrā́ˀ

*h₂éwser-h₂ ~ *h₂usr-és (“dawn, morning”)

dawn, morning; see there for further descendants


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*léyd-ti ~ *lid-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *léiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*le-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *linda

desc

Albanian: lind (“to bear, give birth”), lindem (“to be born”) (or *leunda ⇐ *leuda)

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Albanian: *laida

q

>? Albanian: le (“to bear, give birth”) (dialectal, or < *leuda < *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”))

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *laidna

Albanian: lë (“to let”) (or < *lādna < *leh₁d- (“to be tired”))

⇒? Proto-Albanian: *laidnja

Albanian: lej (“to bear, give birth”) (or < *leudnja)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laidīˀti

desc

Lithuanian: láidyti (“to let, let go, start moving”)

*leid-sk-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: láiškas (“letter”)

Latvian: laiska (“leaf”)

Old Prussian: lāiskas (“booklet”)

Proto-Slavic: *listъ (“letter”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *loydā

Old Irish: loíd

Middle Irish: láed, laíd

Irish: laoidh

Scottish Gaelic: laoidh


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
fr:Jacques André

*lé-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *loidō

Latin: lūdō (“to play”) (see there for further descendants)

*lid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *líďďō

Ancient Greek: λίζω (lízō, “to play”)

Proto-Hellenic: *líndō

Ancient Greek: *λίνδω (*líndō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λίνδεσθαι (líndesthai, “to contend”, pres.mp.inf.) (+ -εσθαι (-esthai))

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *loydīti

Old Irish: laídid (“exhort, incite”)

Middle Irish: laídid

*loyd-o-s

Proto-Italic: *loidos

Old Latin: loidos, loedos

Latin: lūdus (“game”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyd-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *loissos

Latin: lūsus (“played”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *austraz (“eastern”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *austrą (“east; eastward”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *Austrǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušástaras

Proto-Iranian: *Hušástarah

Avestan:

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (ušastara, “eastern”)

Proto-Italic: *austeros

Latin: auster (“south wind”) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂éws-s ~ *h₂us-és (“dawn”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix), ultimately from the root *h₂ews- (“to dawn”).


bʰérǵʰs

bʰérǵʰs (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰes (nominative plural)
bʰérǵ (singular vocative)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰes (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰés (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰóHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰbʰós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéy (dative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmós (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰbʰós (dative plural)
bʰérǵ (locative singular)
bʰérǵʰi (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰsú (locative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *brixs, *brigā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burgz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: πύργος (púrgos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰás

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨 (bər^əzəm, acc.sg.), 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋 (bər^əzō, gen.sg.)

desc

Northern Luri: برگ (berg, “mountain,hill”)

Ossetian: барз (barz)

→ Chechen: барз (barz)

→ Ingush: боарз (boarz)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, be elevated”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīyos

Old Irish: lïa
Irish: lia

Proto-Hellenic: *pléyōs

desc

Ancient Greek: πλεῖος (pleîos), πλέος (pléos), πλέως (pléōs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHyas

Sanskrit: प्रायस् (prāyas, “mostly”)

Proto-Iranian: *fráHyah

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (frāiiah)

Old Persian: *frāyah

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: [Term?] (/frāy/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Term?] (/frāy/), [Term?] (/frēh/)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *plēōs
Old Latin: pleores (nominative plural)
Latin: plūs, plūres (remodelled via an unclear mechanism)

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).


Proto-Albanian: *plāta

Albanian: plotë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լի (li)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHtás

Sanskrit: प्रात (prātá)

Proto-Italic: *plētos

Latin: plētus

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adalbert Bezzenberger
August Fick
Mate Kapović
Whitley Stokes
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Celtic: *ɸlinīti

⇒ Old Irish: do·lin

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *polnēō

Latin: polleō (see there for further descendants)

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-né- (nasal infix).

infix

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


h₂óyu kʷíd

Proto-Hellenic: *oyuki

Ancient Greek: οὐκί (oukí, "not so, never")

Greek: όχι (óchi, "no, not")

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ոչ (oč', "not")

Armenian: ոչ (oč', "no, not")

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: as ("not, neither, nor") (possibly)


(s)pel-

Proto-Albanian: *feln-

Albanian: fjalë (“word”)

Proto-Albanian: *śp(e)latśi-

Albanian: flas (“to speak”)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: առասպել (aṙaspel, “tale, proverb, riddle”) (←aṙ-a-spel)

Proto-Germanic: *spellą (see there for descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπειλή (apeilḗ, “boast, boastful promise”)

Possibly from *bʰel- (“to sound, speak”), with an s-mobile prefix.


smóḱwr̥

q

reflecting <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*smeḱr-V-</i><ref name=Demiraj/>

Albanian: mjekër f (reflecting *smeḱr-V-)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒍝𒈠𒀭𒆳 (za-ma-an-kur /zamankur/)

Old Armenian: մաւրու-ք pl (mawru-kʻ) (see there for further descendants)

reflecting <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*smóḱr-o-s</i><ref name=deVaan/>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smákras m (reflecting *smóḱr-o-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *smahrjaz

Proto-West Germanic:

desc

Old English: smǣras m pl (“lips”) (hapax)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: श्मश्रु n (śmaśru) (see there for further descendants)


smeḱ-

*sméḱ-om

Proto-Celtic: *smekom

Old Irish: smech n (“chin”)

Proto-Italic: *smakslā, ⇒ *smakslelā

Latin: māla; maxilla (see there for further descendants)

*smóḱ-wr̥


lúkʷos

non-ablauting (romanization)
lúkʷos (nominative singular)
lúkʷoes (nominative plural)
lúkʷe (singular vocative)
lúkʷoes (plural vocative)
lúkʷom (accusative singular)
lúkʷoms (accusative plural)
lúkʷosyo (genitive singular)
lúkʷoHom (genitive plural)
lúkʷead (ablative singular)
lúkʷomos (ablative plural)
lúkʷobʰos (ablative plural)
lúkʷoey (dative singular)
lúkʷomos (dative plural)
lúkʷobʰos (dative plural)
lúkʷey (locative singular)
lúkʷoy (locative singular)
lúkʷoysu (locative plural)
lúkʷōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)

A corruption of *wĺ̥kʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. In daughter languages only attested in Italic and Greek.


séǵʰwr̥

séǵʰwr̥ (nominative singular)
séǵʰwōr (collective nominative)
séǵʰwr̥ (singular vocative)
séǵʰwōr (collective vocative)
séǵʰwr̥ (accusative singular)
séǵʰwōr (accusative collective)
sǵʰwéns (genitive singular)
sǵʰunés (collective genitive)
sǵʰwéns (ablative singular)
sǵʰunés (ablative collective)
sǵʰwéney (dative singular)
sǵʰunéy (collective dative)
sǵʰwén (locative singular)
sǵʰwéni (locative singular)
sǵʰwén (collective locative)
sǵʰwéni (collective locative)
sǵʰwénh₁ (instrumental singular)
sǵʰunéh₁ (collective instrumental)

From *seǵʰ- (“to overpower; to take hold of”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suffix

sevērus

severe, serious; see there for further descendants


bʰóh₁

bʰóh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰóh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰóh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
bʰóy (dual nominative)
bʰóyh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰóy (dual vocative)
bʰóyh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰóy (accusative dual)
bʰóyh₁ (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *bai (see there for further descendants)

The Latin, Greek and Tocharian forms are often linked to *h₂m̥bʰi, but Dunkel thinks only the first element is related.

āmpi

Proto-Tocharian: *āntӓp(ӓ)i (either from the neuter dual in *-oyh₁, or with plural ending)

abi

with dual ending -u replaced with plural -i

обои

Proto-Slavic: *oboji; Old Church Slavonic

Hubʰáyas

*bʰó-yo-s (“on both sides, in both ways”) (with the descendants adapting to their respective word without *-yo-suffix)


*h₁ép-ti ~ *h₁p-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /ʔéptsi/, “seizes”)

*h₁p-i- (present)

Proto-Italic: *api- (“to get, seize”)

Latin: apiō

⇒ Latin: apīscor (“to seize, get, obtain”)

*h₁e-h₁óp-e ~ *h₁e-h₁p-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आप (ā́pa)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬞𐬀 (āpa)

Proto-Italic:

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">co-</i>

⇒ Latin: coēpī (+ co-)

*h₁op-éye-ti (“to make reach; to give”, causative)

Proto-Albanian: *apa (“to give”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāpáyati (the descendants are probably later creations)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāpáyati

Sanskrit: आपयति (āpayati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hāpáyati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (apaiieⁱti)

*h₁epi (“on, at”) (locative case) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁op- (“to desire”)

Unsorted formations

desc

Hittite: 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /pāi/, “gives, hands over, pays”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*senh₂-</i> (“to obtain”)

>? Old Armenian: ունիմ (unim) (or from *senh₂- (“to obtain”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आप् (āp)


weyg-

*wig-é-tor (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiǰátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiȷ́átay

Sanskrit: विजते (vijáte)

*we-wóyg-e (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwiǰe

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwiȷ́e

Sanskrit: विविजे (vivije)

*woyg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वेजयति (vejáyati)

Northern Kurdish: avêtin (“to throw”)

desc

Central Kurdish: هاویشتن (hawîştin, “to throw”)

Southern Kurdish: ئۆیشتن (oyiştin)

*wóyg-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáygas

Proto-Indo-European: *wáygas

Sanskrit: वेग (vega)

Ancient Greek: οἴγω (oígō) (< *h₃wóyg-os)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *wikǭ (see there for further descendants)

Pokorny suggests an extension of *weh₁y- (“to twist, weave”).


*h₃mḗrǵ-ti ~ *h₃mérǵ-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmā́ršti ~ *Hmárȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मार्ष्टि (mā́rṣṭi, “to wipe, cleanse”), मृजन्ति (mṛjánti, 3pl.) (with zero-grade weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mar^əzaⁱti, “to wipe, rub”) (thematized from weak stem)

*h₃mr̥-né-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃mr̥-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmĭ, “to wipe (tears)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥nášti ~ *Hmr̥nȷ́ánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥náṣṭi ~ *Hmr̥njánti

Vedic Sanskrit: मृञ्जत (mṛñjata, 3pl.inj.med.)

? *h₃mḗrǵ-s-t ~ *h₃mérǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or secondary formation with vocalism from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὀμόργνῡμῐ</i> (omórgnūmĭ)

Ancient Greek: ὀμόρξαι (omórxai, aor.inf.) (or secondary formation with vocalism from ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmĭ))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अमार्क्षीत् (amārkṣīt) (or secondary formation from the lengthened-grade root present)

*h₃morǵ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मर्जयति (marjáyati)

*h₃mr̥ǵ-(h₁)sé-ti (zero-grade desiderative)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥ćšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṭṣati

desc

Sanskrit: मृक्षति (mṛkṣati, “to rub, smear”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: मृष्ट (mṛṣṭá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: márška (“net for fish”)

Proto-Italic: *merga

>? Latin: mergae pl (“two-pronged fork”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: मृश् (mṛś, “to touch, stroke”) (or from a different root)

Sanskrit: मृज् (mṛj)


ǵʰéymn̥

ǵʰéymn̥ (nominative singular)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰéymō (collective nominative)
ǵʰéymn̥ (singular vocative)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰéymō (collective vocative)
ǵʰéymn̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰéymō (accusative collective)
ǵʰiméns (genitive singular)
ǵʰym̥nés (collective genitive)
ǵʰiméns (ablative singular)
ǵʰym̥nés (ablative collective)
ǵʰiméney (dative singular)
ǵʰym̥néy (collective dative)
ǵʰimén (locative singular)
ǵʰiméni (locative singular)
ǵʰimén (collective locative)
ǵʰiméni (collective locative)
ǵʰiménh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰym̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Anatolian:

< acc.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰimn̥</i>

< loc.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰimni</i>

Hittite: 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (gi-ma-an /giman/, “the winter”, acc.sg.) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰimn̥), 𒄀𒅎𒈪 (gi-im-mi /gimmi/, “in the winter”, dat.loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰimni)

Proto-Albanian: *deimena, *dimena

Albanian: dimër, dimën (“winter”)

< nom.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰéymn̥</i>

< nom.col. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰéymō</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéimə (< nom.sg. *ǵʰéymn̥), *kʰeimṓn (< nom.col. *ǵʰéymō)

Ancient Greek: χεῖμα (kheîma), χειμών (kheimṓn, “winter”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma

Sanskrit: हेमन् (héman, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: हेमन्त (hemantá) (see there for further descendants)

May be analysed as a primary derivative *ǵʰey- (“winter”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix), but this is unlikely as all derivatives in daughter languages are based on *ǵʰéy-ōm. Thus other possiblilties listed by NIL and Ozoliņš (2015) are:
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-mn̥ (secondary men-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-n̥ (secondary n-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-r̥ (secondary r/n-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-m (loc.sg.) + *én (“in”), a postpositional phrase meaning "in winter", reanalysed as *ǵʰéy-men, the loc.sg. of a men-stem.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raudás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *roudos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raudaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawdʰás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rouðos (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gabʰrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gabʰrás

Sanskrit: गभीर (gabhīra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀 (jafra)

Northern Luri: گںهںر (gəhər, a lake)

desc

Parthian: [script needed] (jfr /žafr/, “deep”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *kwēbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwabbā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷápťō (see there for further descendants)


mend-

*mend-yos

Proto-Albanian: *mandja (see there for further descendants)

*mend-os

Illyrian: *mandos

⇒? Latin: mannus

*mend-ye-nos

Thracian: μεζηνα (mezēna), Μεζηναι (Mezēnai)

*mend-yo-nos

⇒ Messapic: Iuppiter Menzanas

*mend-wos

Gaulish: *manduos

⇒ Gaulish: Wiro-manduoi

→ Latin: Viromanduī

Οὐιῥομάνδυες

→ Ancient Greek: Οὐιῥομάνδυες (Ouirhomándues)

Dacian:

→ Romanian: mînz, mânz


bʰil-

*bʰíl-o-s

Ancient Greek: φίλος (phílos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: bil (“good, mild”)

*bʰíl-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *biliz (see there for further descendants)


trís

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρίς (trís)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tríš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tríṣ

Sanskrit: त्रिस् (trís)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬚𐬭𐬌𐬱 (θriš)

Proto-Italic: *tris

Latin: ter

From Proto-Indo-European *tréyes (“three”).


*h₂wérg-t ~ *h₂wr̥g-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अवर्क् (ávark)

*h₂wérg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vergō (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἐέργω (eérgō, “to stop, scare away”)

*h₂wr̥-né-g-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वृणक्ति (vṛṇákti, “to turn around, ward off”)

*h₂wḗrg-s-t (s-aorist) (probably later formation)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἶρξαι (eîrxai, “to hold off”)

*h₂wérg-se-ti (se-present)

Tocharian A: wärkṣantāñ (“rotating”, ptcp.)

*h₂wérg-mn̥ (action noun)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: vermina

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫurki-, “wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: वरीवृजत् (várīvṛjat, “bending again and again”, ptcp.)

Sanskrit: प्र वावृजे (pra vāvṛje, “is turned towards”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वृज् (vṛj, “to turn, bend”)


*syuh₁-ti (root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjū́ˀtei
Latgalian: šyut
Latvian: šũt
Lithuanian: siū́ti
Samogitian: siūtė
Proto-Slavic: *šìti (see there for further descendants)

*syewh₁-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *sūō

Latin: suō (compare the development of spuō)

*syúh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sih₁w-ye-ti (by metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síHwyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síHwyati

Sanskrit: सीव्यति (sīvyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Ossetian: хуийын (xwijyn)

Proto-Germanic: *siwjaną (see there for further descendants)

*syuh₁-mḗn or *syuh₁-mō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syúHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syúHmā

Sanskrit: स्यूमन् (syūman), स्यूम (syūma)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῠ̔μήν (hŭmḗn), Ῡ̔μήν (Hūmḗn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjūˀtas

Proto-Slavic: *šitъ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syuHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syuHtás

Sanskrit: स्यूत (syūta)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sūtus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्यू (syū)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: सूत्र (sūtra) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: सूना (sūnā)

Sanskrit: सूचि (sūci), सूची (sūcī), सूक्ष्म (sūkṣma) and Persian: سوزن (either from this root or *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”))

Ancient Greek: κασσύω (kassúō) (or Pre-Greek)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ōp-

Proto-Slavic: *(j)apa, *(j)apъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπιόψομαι (epiópsomai)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: optō

desc

>? Proto-Tocharian: (more likely an Iranian loanword)

Tocharian A: opyāc

Tocharian B: epyac, epiyac


(s)leg-

*sl̥né(h₁)g-ti ~ *sln̥(h₁)génti

Proto-Italic:

Latin: langueō (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λαγγάζω (langázō, “to slacken”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लङ्ग (laṅga, “limp”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λήγω (lḗgō)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lágati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lágati

Sanskrit: लगति (lagati)

*(s)lé(h₁)g-seti (se-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *slágžʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: laxus

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lakšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lakṣás

Sanskrit: लक्ष (lakṣá)

(?) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́γνος (lắgnos)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lagnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lagnás

Sanskrit: लग्न (lagna)

Proto-Germanic: *slakaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λαγαρός (lagarós), λᾰγών (lăgṓn), λωγᾰ́νῐον (lōgắnĭon)

Old Irish: lac (“slack”)

Tocharian A: slākkär (“sad”)


*(s)gʷʰh₂él-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skHálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skHálati

Sanskrit: स्खलति (skhalati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սխալեմ (sxalem)

*(s)gʷʰh₂él-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σφᾰ́λλω (sphắllō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *falsō

Latin: fallō

Proto-Iranian: *skarf-

Persian: سکرفیدن (sekarfidan)

>? Welsh: sâl


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-n̥yéh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-n̥yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ūnīˀ ~ *-unjāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-ьňà

Old Polish: -nia

Polish: -nia

Proto-Slavic: *-yni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-inī ~ *-unjǭ (see there for further descendants)


lew-

*l(H)u-to- (“dirt”)

Latin: lutum (“mud, dirt, clay”)

*lew-to- (“mud, dirt”)

Proto-Celtic: *lutā

*l(H)u-(s)tro- (“dirty place”)

Latin: lustrum

Unsorted formations:

Latin: polluō

>? Latin: luēs

Ancient Greek: λῦμα (lûma), λῡ́μη (lū́mē), >? λύθρον (lúthron)

>? Albanian: lym, llom


(s)prengʰ-

*(s)préngʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: spreñgti (“to push, tense, span”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *φlengeti

Old Irish: lingid (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *springaną (“to spring, burst”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)prongʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *prǫžiti (“to prance, recoil”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sprangijaną

*(s)prongʰ-ó-s (“locust”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)prangas

Proto-Slavic: *prǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *φlanxsman (“jump”) (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen (2013) links this root to *sperǵʰ- (“to move rapidly”).. This could be from the nasal-infix present, *spr̥néǵʰti ~ *spr̥nǵʰénti. See *sperǵʰ- for more.


déh₁

Proto-Celtic: *dī (“from, of”)

Proto-Brythonic: *di

Old Breton: di-

Middle Welsh: di-, ⇒ Middle Welsh: oddi (“from, out of”)

Old Irish: dí-, di

Irish: de

Manx: jeh

Scottish Gaelic: de

Proto-Hellenic: *dḗ (“to this, so far”)

Ancient Greek: δή (dḗ, “indeed, now, already”)

Proto-Italic: *dē (“from”)

Faliscan: de (“from”)

Latin: dē, dē- (“from, off, without, about”)

⇒ Oscan: dat (“on the basis of, authorised by”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: տ- (t-, negative prefix)

From *de (“to, towards”) + *-h₁ (instrumental suffix), original meaning perhaps "by means of".


sérpeti

sérpom (first-person indicative past singular)
sérpesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sérpes (indicative past second-person singular)
sérpe (imperative second-person singular)
sérpēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sérpoys (optative second-person singular)
sérpeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sérpet (indicative past singular third-person)
sérpetu (imperative singular third-person)
sérpēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sérpoyt (optative singular third-person)
sérpowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sérpowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sérpōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sérpoywe (dual first-person optative)
sérpetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sérpetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sérpetom (dual imperative second-person)
sérpētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sérpoytom (dual optative second-person)
sérpetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sérpetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sérpetām (dual imperative third-person)
sérpētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sérpoytām (dual optative third-person)
sérpomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sérpome (first-person indicative past plural)
sérpōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sérpoyme (first-person optative plural)
sérpete (indicative plural present second-person)
sérpete (indicative past plural second-person)
sérpete (imperative plural second-person)
sérpēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sérpoyte (optative plural second-person)
sérponti (indicative plural present third-person)
sérpont (indicative past plural third-person)
sérpontu (imperative plural third-person)
sérpōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sérponts (indicative participle present)
sérpeso (imperative second-person singular)
sérpetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sérpeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sérpētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sérpoyto (optative singular third-person)
sérpontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sérponto (indicative past plural third-person)
sérpōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sérpoyro (optative plural third-person)
sérpomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hérpō

desc

Ancient Greek: ἕρπω (hérpō, “to creep, crawl”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárpati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sárpati

Sanskrit: सर्पति (sárpati, “to creep, crawl”)

Proto-Italic: *serpō

Latin: serpō

Thematic root present of *serp- (“to creep, crawl”).


keyt-

*kéyt-e-ti (full-grade thematic present)

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytati (merged with descendants of *kʷeyt- (“to notice”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytati

desc

Sanskrit: चेतति (cétati, “to shine, show oneself, stand out”)

*kit-éye-ti (eye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćitáyati

Sanskrit: चितयन्ति (citáyanti, “to shine, illuminate”, 3pl.act.)

q

*ke-kóyt-e ~ *ke-kit-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative) (or secondarily formed in Proto-Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikáyta ~ *čičitŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikáyta

desc

Sanskrit: चिकेत (cikéta or cíketa, “to shine”)

Proto-Iranian: *čikáyta

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬐𐬋𐬌𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱 (cikōitər^əš, “to show oneself”, 3pl.(p)pf.med.)

*kit-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitrás (“shiny, visible”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóyt-s ~ *kéyt-s (“brightness”) (or *kóyt-r̥ ~ *kéyt-n̥s)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *koyt-ró-s

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haidraz (“clear, bright”) (or secondary to *haiduz) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *koyt-ú-s

Proto-Germanic: *haiduz (“way, appearance”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaytúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaytúṣ

Sanskrit: केतु m (ketú, “bright appearance, clearness, brightness”)

⇒ *kitw-ó-

Ancient Greek: κισσός (kissós)


keHy-

*kéHi-de-ti (de-present)

⇒ *kéHid-ih₂ ~ *kHid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *hitjǭ (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *keHid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *haitaz (“hot”) (see there for further descendants)

*kéHi-te-ti (te-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaistei

Lithuanian: kai̇̃sti, kai̇̃sta (3p.pres.), kai̇̃to (“to heat; to become hot”, 3p.pret.)

Latvian: kàist, kàistu (1sg.pres.), kàitu (“to burn, singe, heat”, 1sg.pret.)

*kéHi-tr-eh₂ (or *kéHi-tr̥ ~ *kHi-tén-s)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káitrāˀ

Lithuanian: kaitrà (“heat”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaitrús

Lithuanian: kaitrùs (“hot”)

*kéHy-os

Proto-Germanic: *hajaz (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵembʰ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen

*ǵémbʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *dzemba (“to ache”)
Albanian: dhemb

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žembti

Proto-Slavic: *zęti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵombʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जम्भयति (jambháyati)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

𐬰𐬆𐬧𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬜𐬡𐬆𐬨

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬆𐬧𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬜𐬡𐬆𐬨 (zəṇbaiiaδβəm, 2pl.impv.mid.)

*ǵómbʰos (“tooth”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *ǵ-né-bʰ-ti ~ *ǵ-m̥-bʰ-énti, nasal infix of a contested root, *ǵebʰ-, possibly found in Proto-Germanic *kaflaz (“jaw, jowl”), German Kiefer (“jaw”), Proto-Slavic *zȍbь (“fodder, oats”), *zobъ (“peck; beak, mouth; goiter”), Serbo-Croatian gȕbica (“snout, muzzle”), Lithuanian žė̃bti (“jaw, jowl”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬟𐬀𐬭𐬆 (zafar^ə, “mouth”), Proto-Celtic *gobbos (“muzzle, snout”) and, much less securely, a presumed Gaulish *gauta (“cheek”) as the source of Vulgar Latin *ga(v)ota. Or, for *ǵnébʰ-, see Old High German knebil, Middle Low German knevel (“short crossbar”), dialectal Swedish knavel (“thin rod”), knabb (“stake”). Conspicuously, however, these are all nouns.


trep-

*trép-t ~ *tr̥p-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

q

or from present verb <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*trép-ti ~ *tr̥p-énti</i>

Hittite: 𒋼𒊑𒅁𒍣 (te-ri-ip-zi, “to plough”) (or from present verb *trép-ti ~ *tr̥p-énti)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔτραπον (étrapon)

*trép-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρέπω (trépō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: त्रपते (trapate, “to feel ashamed”)

*trop-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τροπέω (tropéō)


*h₁réy-t ~ *h₁ry-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, arise”)

*h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *rīsaną (“to rise”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁róy-ey ~ *h₁r̥y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄿 (a-ra-a-i), 𒀀𒊏𒄿 (a-ra-i /arāi/), 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-a-ez-zi), 𒀀𒊏𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-iz-zi /arāizzi/, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀭𒍣 (a-ri-ya-an-zi /aryanzi/, “to rise, arise, lift; to raise”, 3pl.pres.act.)

Luwian: 𒀀𒊑𒀉𒋾 (a-ri-it-ti, “to raise”)

Lydian: 𐤤𐤭𐤦𐤧𐤤 (eriye, “to raise; to levy”)

*h₁r̥y-é-tor (middle-voice "tudati"-type root thematic present)?

⇒ Proto-Italic: *orjōr (“to rise, arise”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain if related to *h₃reyH- (“to churn, swirl”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


*h₃rewH-yeti : *h₃ruH-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀtei, *rūˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *řűti (“to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *orūomai

Ancient Greek: ὠρῡ́ομαι (ōrū́omai)

Greek: ωρύομαι (orýomai, “to howl”)

*h₃rewH-k-yeti : *h₃ruH-k-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀktei; *rūˀktei

Latvian: rûkt

Lithuanian: rū́kti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ruka̋ti, *ryka̋ti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ryčati (see there for further descendants)

Middle High German: ruohen (“to roar; to grunt; to make noise”).

*h₃rewH-mos : *h₃ruH-mos ~ *h₃rewH-mōs : *h₃ruH-mōs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmas m, *rjauˀmāˀ f; *rūˀmas m, *rūˀmāˀ f

Proto-Slavic: *řumъ m, *řuma f (“noise; crybaby”); *řymъ m, *řyma f (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmā́ˀtei; *rūˀmā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: riaumóti, riáumoti (“to scold, to shout, to roar”)

Proto-Slavic: *řumati (“to make a noise”); *rymati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roumōs

Latin: rūmor (“rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rawos

Latin: rāvis (“hoarseness”)

Sanskrit: रव (rava, “roaring, howling”)

Extensions

*h₃rew-dH- (“to weep”)


Proto-Albanian: *baidā

Albanian: bē (“oath, swearing”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *báidāˀ

>? Proto-Slavic: *běda (“misery, adversity; hunger, lack, need”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baidō

Proto-West Germanic: *baidu

Old English: bād (“pledge; expectation; contractual property”)

ref

Indirect evidence only: Latin foedus (“pledge, contract”) (< *bʰéydʰ-es-) may have been contaminated with an o-grade noun such as thematic *bʰoydʰ-o/eh₂-; cf. de Vaan (2008), who assumes specifically an o-stem.

Proto-Italic: *foiðā

*bʰeydʰ(h₁)- (“to pledge, (en)trust”) + *-éh₂


Proto-Albanian: *barā

Albanian: barrë (“burden, load”)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

⇒ Old Armenian: -(ա)ւոր (-(a)wor, adjectival suffix for possession/quality) (see there for further descendants)

bier; <abbr title="uncertain">^?</abbr> beam, plank, barrier

Proto-Germanic: *barō (“bier;  beam, plank, barrier”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: barar pl (“handbarrow, bier”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorā́

Ancient Greek: φορᾱ́ (phorā́), φορή (phorḗ) — Ionic (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰer(H)- (“to bear, carry”) + *-éh₂ (action/abstract noun suffix)


o₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-nā́m (accusative singular)
o-nā́m (accusative singular)
o₁ (accusative dual)

*-n- + *-éh₂, possibly reanalyzed from deadjectival nouns in *-nós (compare the zero-grade formation of *tn̥-néh₂), but with the ablaut pattern taken from *(o)-éh₂. In some cases thematicized from an n- or r/n-stem, e.g. *h₁osnéh₂.

bʰeh₂- (“speak”) + *-néh₂ → *bʰoh₂-néh₂ (“voice”)

ǵʰer(H)- (“enclose”) + *-néh₂ → *ǵʰor(H)-néh₂ (“intestines”)


*gʷéh₁u-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

⇒ *gʷóh₁udʰ-i ~ *gʷuh₁dʰ-éy-s

desc

Proto-Celtic: *boudi (“profit, gain; victory”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéh₁u-ti ~ *gʷuh₁-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀtei (“to get, obtain, gain”) (levelled from *gjáuˀti ~ *gūˀę́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáwti ~ *guHánti (“to increase, multiply”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷḗh₁u-s-t ~ *gʷéh₁u-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

q

>? Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬎𐬱 (gāuš, “to increase”, 3sg.s-aor.inj.) (g- under influence of 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)? Also interpreted as meaning "to commit a sin", from another root.)

*gʷoh₁w-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HabigaHwáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuh₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *guHnáwti

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)

Sogdian: [Syriac needed] f (γwnnc, “increasing”, pres.ptc.)

>? *gʷóh₁u-s ~ *gʷéh₁u-s (“cattle”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀsas

Lithuanian: gausà (“abundance”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwas

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwah (“an increase”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHtás

Proto-Iranian: *guHtáh (see there for further descendants)


HéHḱus

HéHḱus (nominative singular)
HéHḱum (accusative singular)
HéHḱums (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ākus

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīākus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὠκύς (ōkús)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHćúš
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHśúṣ
Sanskrit: आशु (āśú)
Proto-Iranian: *HaHcús
Avestan: 𐬁𐬯𐬎 (āsu)

Proto-Italic: *ōkus

desc

Latin: ōcior, ōcissimus (from the comparative and superlative)


dóh₃r̥

dóh₃r̥ (nominative singular)
déh₃ōr (collective nominative)
dóh₃r̥ (singular vocative)
déh₃ōr (collective vocative)
dóh₃r̥ (accusative singular)
déh₃ōr (accusative collective)
déh₃n̥ (locative singular)
déh₃n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)


lewd-

*léwd-e-ti

>? Proto-Germanic: *lūtaną (“to bow down”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lutōną (“to conceal”) (perhaps denominal or deadjectival) (see there for further descendants)

*lewd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *leutaz (“deceitful, dishonhest”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Albanian: lut (“to plead”)

⇒ (West Germanic) *lūtilaz (“little”, literally “tending to stoop down”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: liūdė́ti (“to be sad”)

>? Lithuanian: liū̃dnas (“sad”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *lȗdъ (“crazy, foolish”) (see there for further descendants)


minéwti

minéwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
minḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
minéwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
minéws (indicative past second-person singular)
minéw (imperative second-person singular)
minudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
minéwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
minéwti (indicative present singular third-person)
minéwt (indicative past singular third-person)
minéwtu (imperative singular third-person)
minéweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
minuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
minuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
minéwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
minutés (dual indicative present second-person)
minutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
minutóm (dual imperative second-person)
minéwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
minutés (dual indicative present third-person)
minutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
minutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
minéwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
minumós (first-person indicative plural present)
minumé (first-person indicative past plural)
minéwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
minuté (indicative plural present second-person)
minuté (indicative past plural second-person)
minuté (imperative plural second-person)
minéwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
minwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
minwént (indicative past plural third-person)
minwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
minéwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
minwónts (indicative participle present)
minusó (imperative second-person singular)
minutór (indicative present singular third-person)
minwór (indicative present singular third-person)
minutó (indicative past singular third-person)
minwó (indicative past singular third-person)
minéwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
minwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
minurór (indicative plural present third-person)
minwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
minuró (indicative past plural third-person)
minéwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: minow

Proto-Italic: *minuō (see there for further descendants)

From *mey- (“small”) + *-néwti (verbal suffix).


Hyowdʰéyeti

Hyowdʰéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéye (imperative second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Hyowdʰéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
Hyowdʰéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
Hyowdʰéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
Hyowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
Hyowdʰéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
Hyowdʰéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
Hyowdʰéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
Hyowdʰéyete (imperative plural second-person)
Hyowdʰéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Hyowdʰéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
Hyowdʰéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Hyowdʰéyeso (imperative participle second-person singular)
Hyowdʰéyetor (indicative participle present singular third-person)
Hyowdʰéyeto (indicative participle past singular third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰáyati

Sanskrit: योधयति (yodháyati)

Proto-Iranian:

Bactrian: ιωλ- (iōl-, “to fight”)

Proto-Italic: *jouðeō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaudīˀtei

Lithuanian: judėti, judinti, jundù

Proto-Slavic: *jùditi (see there for further descendants)

From *Hyewdʰ- (“to move”) + *-éyeti (causative suffix).


gʷʰónos

gʷʰónos (nominative singular)
gʷʰónoh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷʰónoes (nominative plural)
gʷʰóne (singular vocative)
gʷʰónoh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷʰónoes (plural vocative)
gʷʰónom (accusative singular)
gʷʰónoh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷʰónoms (accusative plural)
gʷʰónosyo (genitive singular)
gʷʰónoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰónead (ablative singular)
gʷʰónomos (ablative plural)
gʷʰónobʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰónoey (dative singular)
gʷʰónomos (dative plural)
gʷʰónobʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰóney (locative singular)
gʷʰónoy (locative singular)
gʷʰónoysu (locative plural)
gʷʰónoh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰónōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰónos (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike down, slay”) + *-os (action noun suffix), if not formed independently in each language.


desc

Proto-Germanic: *sagjaz (“retainer, warrior”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sákʰā (“friend, companion”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sokjos

Old Latin: sokios (“sharing, joining, allied”)

Latin: socius (“sharing, joining, allied”)

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌏𐌂𐌉𐌀𐌉 (sociai, “female companion, girlfriend”, dat. sg. f. and voc. pl. f.)

From *sekʷ- (“to follow”) + *-éh₂ (action noun suffix) + *-ṓy (animate deverbal/denominal suffix).


-ṓy

(∅)-ṓy (nominative singular)
(∅)-óyes (nominative plural)
(∅)-óy (singular vocative)
(∅)-óyes (plural vocative)
(∅)-ṓm (accusative singular)
(∅)-óym̥s (accusative plural)
(∅)-yés (genitive singular)
(∅)-yóHom (genitive plural)
(∅)-yés (ablative singular)
(∅)-imós (ablative plural)
(∅)-ibʰós (ablative plural)
(∅)-yéy (dative singular)
(∅)-imós (dative plural)
(∅)-ibʰós (dative plural)
(∅)-óy (locative singular)
(∅)-ṓy (locative singular)
(∅)-isú (locative plural)
(∅)-imís (instrumental plural)
(∅)-ibʰís (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (-āiš)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ṓi

Ancient Greek: -ώ (-ṓ)

sekʷ- (“to follow”) + *-éh₂ (action noun suffix) + *-ṓy → *sokʷh₂ṓy (“retinue follower”)


(s)nerk-

Ancient Greek: νάρκη (nárkē)

Proto-Germanic: *snarhǭ (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: ներգև (nergew)


*(s)kuh₁-né-t-ti ~ *(s)kuh₁-n-t-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kùsti (“to recover”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skundijaną (“to hasten”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuh₁t-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *skudjaną (with analogical short u)

Proto-West Germanic: *skuddjan (“to shiver, shake”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷatjō

Latin: quatiō (“to shake”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσω (pássō, “to sprinkle”)

*(s)kwóh₁t-is (o-grade *-is noun)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷātis

Old Irish: cáith (“chaff”)

Middle Irish: cáith

Irish: cáith

Scottish Gaelic: càth


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Winter's law
de:Norbert Oettinger

*gʰrébh₂-t ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अग्रभीत् (ágrabhīt)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬠𐬆𐬨 (grabəm)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [script needed] (kar(ap)p-, “to pick up, lift, take”)

ref

More likely from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kerp-</i> (“to pick, pluck”).

*gʰr̥b-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

*gʰe-gʰróbh₂-e ~ *gʰe-gʰr̥bh₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagrábʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agrábʰa

Sanskrit: जग्रभ (jagrabha)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬁𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (jāgər^əbuš)

*gʰróbh₂-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *grabaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrobh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *grabiti

*gʰr̥b-yé-ti

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

>? Hittite: 𒋼𒀀𒁉𒄿𒄑𒍣 (kar-pí-i-ez-zi), 𒋼𒀀𒀊𒁉𒄑𒍣 (kar-ap-pí-ez-zi /kr̩pjɛt͡sːi/, “picks up, lifts up, takes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grábʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grábʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ (grabha), ग्राभ (grābha)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह (graha), ग्राह (grāha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *grobъ

*gʰrébh₂-tus ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-téws

Proto-Germanic: *graftuz

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gretì

Proto-Germanic: *grabą, *grōbō, *grōbiz, *grēbiz, *grubilōną

Latvian: grebt (“to scrape, excavate, seize”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grabʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grabʰ-

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ् (grabh)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह् (grah)


ḱwes-

*ḱwés-ti ~ *ḱus-énti (athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwás-ti ~ *ćus-ánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

with -i- possibly from <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अनिति</i> (aniti, “to breathe”)

⇒ Sanskrit: श्वसिति (śvasiti) (with -i- possibly from अनिति (aniti, “to breathe”))

⇒ Sanskrit: श्वसति (śvásati) (thematised; first attested in Atharvaveda)

Proto-Italic: *kwesō (thematised)

Latin: queror (“to complain”)

*ḱwos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwāsáyati

Sanskrit: श्वासयति (śvāsáyati)

*ḱus-ih₂ (nominal dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬎𐬱𐬌 f du (suši, “lungs”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (suvá)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (suš)

Old Ossetic: [script needed] (sūs, sos)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *hwēsaną (“to wheeze”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: श्वास (śvāsa, “breath”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kwäsnātär (“to bemoan”)


krewH-

*kruH-yé-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kraut

Lithuanian: krauti

Proto-Slavic: *kryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hreudaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kruwos (“enclosure”)


swerd-

*swórd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *swartaz (“black”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárdas

Proto-Iranian: *hwárdah

Northern Kurdish: xwelî (“ashes; dust”)

Persian: خوال (xvâl, “soot”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sword-ēō

Latin: sordeō (“to be dirty”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *swordo-woris (“black water”, Balkan substrate name for a river)

→ Albanian: Vardar

→ Ancient Greek: Βαρδάριος (Bardários)

→ Macedonian: Вардар (Vardar)

*swórd-is

Proto-Italic: *swordēi(s)

Latin: sordēs