linékʷti

linékʷmi (first-person indicative present singular)
linékʷm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
linékʷsi (indicative present second-person singular)
linékʷs (indicative past second-person singular)
linék (imperative second-person singular)
linkʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
linékʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
linékʷti (indicative present singular third-person)
linékʷt (indicative past singular third-person)
linékʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
linékʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
linkwós (dual first-person indicative present)
linkwé (dual first-person indicative past)
linékʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
linkʷtés (dual indicative present second-person)
linkʷtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
linkʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
linékʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
linkʷtés (dual indicative present third-person)
linkʷtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
linkʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
linékʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
linkʷmós (first-person indicative plural present)
linkʷmé (first-person indicative past plural)
linékʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
linkʷté (indicative plural present second-person)
linkʷté (indicative past plural second-person)
linkʷté (imperative plural second-person)
linékʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
linkʷénti (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷént (indicative past plural third-person)
linkʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
linékʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
linkʷónts (indicative participle present)
linkʷsó (imperative second-person singular)
linkʷtór (indicative present singular third-person)
linkʷór (indicative present singular third-person)
linkʷtó (indicative past singular third-person)
linkʷó (indicative past singular third-person)
linékʷetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
linkʷn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷrór (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
linkʷró (indicative past plural third-person)
linékʷontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լքանեմ (lkʻanem, “to leave”)

Proto-Celtic: *linkʷīti (with unexpected extension of the stem with -ī-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rinákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rinákti

Sanskrit: रिणक्ति (riṇákti, “he leaves”)

Proto-Iranian: *rináxti

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬌 (ⁱrinaxti)

Proto-Italic: *linkʷō

Latin: linquō (“I leave”)

Ancient Greek: λιμπάνω (limpánō, “I leave; I am absent”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lifnaną (to remain, be left)

From *leykʷ- (“to leave”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


bʰinédti

bʰinédmi (first-person indicative present singular)
bʰinédm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰinédsi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰinéds (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰinéd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰinddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰinédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰinédti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰinédt (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰinédtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰinédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰindwós (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰindwé (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰinédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰindtés (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰindtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰindtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰinédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰindtés (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰindtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰindtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰinédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰindmós (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰindmé (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰinédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰindté (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰindté (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰindté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰinédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰindénti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindént (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰindéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰinédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰindónts (indicative participle present)
bʰindsó (imperative second-person singular)
bʰindtór (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰindór (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰindtó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰindó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰinédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰindn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindrór (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰindró (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰinédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰinátˢti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *findō (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


bʰéydt

bʰéydm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
bʰéyds (indicative second-person singular)
bʰéyd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰiddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydt (indicative singular third-person)
bʰéydtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰidwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰidtóm (dual indicative second-person)
bʰidtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰidtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
bʰidtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰidmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰidté (indicative plural second-person)
bʰidté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰidént (indicative plural third-person)
bʰidéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰidónts (indicative participle)
bʰidsó (imperative second-person singular)
bʰidtó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰidó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰéydetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰidn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
bʰidró (indicative plural third-person)
bʰéydontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Germanic: *bītaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: φείδομαι (pheídomai, “to spare”) (unclear semantic development)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hábʰayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hábʰayt

Sanskrit: अभेत् (ábhet), भेदति (bhédati, 3sg.subj.aor.)

Athematic root aorist of *bʰeyd- (“to split”).


spéḱyeti

spéḱyom (first-person indicative past singular)
spéḱyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
spéḱyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
spéḱyes (indicative past second-person singular)
spéḱye (imperative second-person singular)
spéḱyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
spéḱyoys (optative second-person singular)
spéḱyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
spéḱyet (indicative past singular third-person)
spéḱyetu (imperative singular third-person)
spéḱyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyt (optative singular third-person)
spéḱyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
spéḱyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
spéḱyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoywe (dual first-person optative)
spéḱyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
spéḱyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
spéḱyetom (dual imperative second-person)
spéḱyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoytom (dual optative second-person)
spéḱyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
spéḱyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
spéḱyetām (dual imperative third-person)
spéḱyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoytām (dual optative third-person)
spéḱyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
spéḱyome (first-person indicative past plural)
spéḱyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
spéḱyoyme (first-person optative plural)
spéḱyete (indicative plural present second-person)
spéḱyete (indicative past plural second-person)
spéḱyete (imperative plural second-person)
spéḱyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoyte (optative plural second-person)
spéḱyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
spéḱyont (indicative past plural third-person)
spéḱyontu (imperative plural third-person)
spéḱyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyonts (indicative participle present)
spéḱyeso (imperative second-person singular)
spéḱyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
spéḱyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
spéḱyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyto (optative singular third-person)
spéḱyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
spéḱyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
spéḱyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyro (optative plural third-person)
spéḱyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *sképťomai (with metathesis)

Ancient Greek: σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)páśyati

Sanskrit: पश्यति (páśyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *spácyati

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬁 (spasiiā, 1sg.pres.act.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spasiieⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *spekjō

Latin: speciō

From *speḱ- (“to see, to look, to observe”) + *-yeti.


ḱéytor

ḱéyh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱéyso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱéytor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéyor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéyto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéyo (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱéyn̥tor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱéyror (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱéyn̥to (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱéyro (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱéyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ḱiytor

desc

Hittite: 𒆠𒀉𒋫 (ki-it-ta /kitta/), 𒆠𒀉𒋫𒊑 (ki-it-ta-ri /kittari/), 𒆠𒀉𒁕𒊑 (ki-id-da-ri /kittari/)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒍣𒄿𒀀𒅈 (zi-ya-ar /ziyar/), 𒍣𒄿𒄿𒀀𒊑 (zi-i-ya-ri /zīyari/)

Lycian: 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊚𐊏𐊆 (sijẽni), 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊏𐊆 (sijeni)

Palaic: 𒆠𒄿𒋫𒅈 (ki-i-ta-ar /kītār/)

Proto-Hellenic: *kéimai

Ancient Greek: κεῖμαι (keîmai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáyay

Sanskrit:

Vedic Sanskrit: शये (śáye, 3sg.)

Classical Sanskrit: शेते (śéte)

Proto-Iranian: *cáytay

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬉 (saētē, 3sg.), 𐬯𐬋𐬌𐬭𐬈 (sōⁱre, 3pl.)

Athematic Narten root verb of *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).


ḱey-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*ḱéy-tor (deponent athematic Narten root present)

*ḱéy-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Celtic: *kēdeti (“to fall”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: coezaff

Breton: kouezhañ

Cornish: koedha, kodha

Welsh: cwyddo

⇒ Welsh: digwydd

*ḱéy-us (“orphan”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyuš (see there for further descendants)

*ḱey-ro-s (“orphaned”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śeiras

Lithuanian: šeirỹs

Proto-Slavic: *sirъ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱéy-wo-s (“intimate, dear, friendly”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śéiwāˀ

Latvian: siẽva

Latgalian: sīva

Proto-Germanic: *hīwą, *hīwô n (“sg. household member, pl. married couple, household”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáywas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáywas

Sanskrit: शेव (śéva, “dear, friendly”), शिव (śivá, “auspicious, propitious, gracious”)

Proto-Italic: *keiwis (i-stem derivation)

Latin: cīvis

*ḱóy-mos

Proto-Italic: *koinā

Latin: cūnae

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κοίτη (koítē)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *tšūtja

Albanian: cys

Proto-Albanian: *tseu-

Albanian: ndërsej

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սէր (sēr)

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: посивьнъ (posivĭnŭ)

Old East Slavic: посивъ (posivŭ)

Russian: посив (posiv)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κινέω (kinéō)

Ancient Greek: κίω (kíō)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Ossetian: цӕуын (cæwyn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शी (śī, “to lie”)

The meaning "to be lying down" might come from "to have fallen" as the meaning "to fall" occurs in Celtic and Sanskrit.


wéstor

wéso (imperative second-person singular)
wéstor (indicative present singular third-person)
wésor (indicative present singular third-person)
wésto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéso (indicative past singular third-person)
wésetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wésn̥tor (indicative plural present third-person)
wésror (indicative plural present third-person)
wésn̥to (indicative past plural third-person)
wésro (indicative past plural third-person)
wésontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒋫 (ú-e-eš-ta) 𒌑𒌍𒋫 (ú-eš-ta, 3.sg.pres.mid.), 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ú-e-eš-ša-an-da, 2.pl.pres.mid.)

q

from earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*wésmai</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmai (from earlier *wésmai)

desc

perfect of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἕννυμι</i> (hénnumi)

Ancient Greek: εἷμαι (heîmai, perfect of ἕννυμι (hénnumi)), ἕσσαι (héssai, 2sg.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wástay

Sanskrit वस्ते (váste)

Proto-Iranian: *wástay

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬉 (vastē)

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaŋhaⁱti) (thematization)

Athematic Narten root verb of *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).

𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁𐬥𐬀

Proto-Iranian: *wáhaHnah; Younger Avestan


stā́m (first-person indicative singular)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστην (éstēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástaHt

Sanskrit: अस्थात् (ásthāt)

Athematic root aorist of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).


stístām (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Celtic: *sistati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hístāmi

Ancient Greek: ἵστημι (hístēmi), ἵστᾱμαι (hístāmai)

Doric Greek: ἵστᾱμι (hístāmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stíštaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)tíṣṭaHti

Sanskrit: तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati)

Proto-Iranian: *híštaHti

Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hištaⁱti, med.3.sg), 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (hištəṇti, med.3.pl)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎫 (aištatā-) (< *a-hišta-)

Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)

Proto-Italic: *sistō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: sistō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic i-reduplicated root of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


stnā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Albanian: *stan-

Albanian: shtãj

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (istanh-ᵐⁱ)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ստանամ (stanam)

Armenian: ստանալ (stanal)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stati (present *stan-)

Hellenic:

Cretan Greek: στανύω (stanúō)

Proto-Italic: *stanō

Latin: dē-stinō, ob-stinō

From *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


dʰéh₁t

dʰéh₁m̥ (first-person indicative singular)
dʰéh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
dʰh₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
dʰéh₁s (indicative second-person singular)
dʰéh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
dʰh₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰéh₁t (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁wé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰh₁tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
dʰh₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰh₁mé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰh₁té (indicative plural second-person)
dʰh₁té (imperative plural second-person)
dʰh₁h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
dʰh₁ih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
dʰh₁th₂é (indicative second-person singular)
dʰh₁só (imperative second-person singular)
dʰh₁tó (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁ó (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁ih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
dʰh₁wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative)
dʰh₁médʰh₂ (first-person indicative plural)
dʰh₁dʰh₂wé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰh₁dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
dʰh₁n̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
dʰh₁ró (indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *dǣ́di (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եդ (ed)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *děti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dōną (from o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *étʰēka (rebuilt as k-aorist)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔθηκᾰ sg (éthēkă), ἔθεμεν pl (éthemen)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádʰaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HádʰaHt

Sanskrit: अधात् (ádhāt)

Proto-Italic: *(fe)ðō

Latin: -dō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root aorist of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).


dʰédʰeh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰédʰeh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
dʰédʰh₁dʰi (imperative second-person singular)
dʰédʰh₁tām (dual indicative past third-person)
dʰédʰh₁tām (dual imperative third-person)
dʰédʰh₁n̥t (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰédʰh₁h₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰédʰh₁o (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *didīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dedē (past tense of *dōną, from imperfect; possibly also the source of the past tense suffix of weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *t(e/i)tʰēmi

Ancient Greek: τίθημι (títhēmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰaHti (see there for further descendants)

Athematic e-reduplicated present of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).


tl̥nā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: թողում (tʻołum)
Armenian: թողնել (tʻołnel), թողել (tʻołel), թողուլ (tʻołul) — Western Armenian

Proto-Celtic: *tlinati
Old Irish: tlenaid

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀνατέλλω (anatéllō)

Proto-Italic: *tolnō

Latin: tollō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tallaṃ

From *telh₂- (“to bear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


tḗl (imperative second-person singular)
tl̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tl̥h₂h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
tl̥h₂ó (indicative singular third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔτλην (étlēn)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Old Latin: abstulās, attulat (subj.)

Athematic root aorist of *telh₂- (“to bear”).


tetṓl (imperative second-person singular)
tetóltu (imperative singular third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

1pl.perf. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἔτλην</i> (étlēn)

Epic Greek: τέτλαμεν (tétlamen, 1pl.perf. of ἔτλην (étlēn))

Proto-Italic: *tetolai

i

Latin: tetulī, tulī (now suppletive conjugations of the unrelated ferō (“to bear, carry”))

Venetic: 𐌕𐌏𐌋𐌄𐌓 (toler)

Reduplicated stative of the root *telh₂- (“to bear”).


sísdeti

sísdom (first-person indicative past singular)
sísdesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sísdes (indicative past second-person singular)
sísde (imperative second-person singular)
sísdēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sísdoys (optative second-person singular)
sísdeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sísdet (indicative past singular third-person)
sísdetu (imperative singular third-person)
sísdēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sísdoyt (optative singular third-person)
sísdowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sísdowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sísdōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sísdoywe (dual first-person optative)
sísdetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sísdetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sísdetom (dual imperative second-person)
sísdētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sísdoytom (dual optative second-person)
sísdetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sísdetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sísdetām (dual imperative third-person)
sísdētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sísdoytām (dual optative third-person)
sísdomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sísdome (first-person indicative past plural)
sísdōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sísdoyme (first-person optative plural)
sísdete (indicative plural present second-person)
sísdete (indicative past plural second-person)
sísdete (imperative plural second-person)
sísdēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sísdoyte (optative plural second-person)
sísdonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sísdont (indicative past plural third-person)
sísdontu (imperative plural third-person)
sísdōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sísdonts (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նստիմ (nstim) (< *ni-sísdeti)

Armenian: նստել (nstel)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēˀstei

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: sindants (reformed as a nasal-infix present, or perhaps cf. Polish siąść)

East Baltic:

Latvian: sēsties

Lithuanian: sė́sti

Proto-Slavic: *sěsti (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *hízdō
Ancient Greek: ἵζω (hízō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síždati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sizdō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic i-reduplicated root of *sed- (“to sit”).


sédt

sédm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
séds (indicative second-person singular)
séd (imperative second-person singular)
sddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
sédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sédt (indicative singular third-person)
sédtu (imperative singular third-person)
sédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sdwé (dual first-person indicative)
sédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sdtóm (dual indicative second-person)
sdtóm (dual imperative second-person)
sédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sdtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
sdtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
sédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sdmé (first-person indicative plural)
sédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sdté (indicative plural second-person)
sdté (imperative plural second-person)
sédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
sdént (indicative plural third-person)
sdéntu (imperative plural third-person)
sédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sdónts (indicative participle)
sdsó (imperative second-person singular)
sdtó (indicative singular third-person)
sdó (indicative singular third-person)
sédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sdn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
sdró (indicative plural third-person)
sédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἷσα (heîsa)

Athematic root aorist of *sed- (“to sit”).


wéryeti

wéryom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéryesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéryes (indicative past second-person singular)
wérye (imperative second-person singular)
wéryēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéryoys (optative second-person singular)
wéryeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéryet (indicative past singular third-person)
wéryetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéryēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéryoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéryowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéryowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéryōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéryoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéryetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéryetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéryetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéryētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéryoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéryetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéryetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéryetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéryētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéryoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéryomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéryome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéryōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéryoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéryete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéryete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéryete (imperative plural second-person)
wéryēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéryoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéryonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéryont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéryontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéryōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéryonts (indicative participle present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒄿𒊍𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ya-az-zi, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřō

Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)

From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y.


wértti

wértmi (first-person indicative present singular)
wértm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
wértsi (indicative present second-person singular)
wérts (indicative past second-person singular)
wért (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥tdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wértesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wértti (indicative present singular third-person)
wértt (indicative past singular third-person)
wérttu (imperative singular third-person)
wérteti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥twós (dual first-person indicative present)
wr̥twé (dual first-person indicative past)
wértowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wr̥ttés (dual indicative present second-person)
wr̥ttóm (dual indicative past second-person)
wr̥ttóm (dual imperative second-person)
wértetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ttés (dual indicative present third-person)
wr̥ttā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
wr̥ttā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wértetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wr̥tmós (first-person indicative plural present)
wr̥tmé (first-person indicative past plural)
wértomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wr̥tté (indicative plural present second-person)
wr̥tté (indicative past plural second-person)
wr̥tté (imperative plural second-person)
wértete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ténti (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥tént (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥téntu (imperative plural third-person)
wértonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥tónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wertō

Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).


bʰéydʰeti

bʰéydʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰéydʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéydʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰéydʰe (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéydʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéydʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰéydʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰéydʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéydʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéydʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéydʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéydʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéydʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéydʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéydʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéydʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéydʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰéydʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰéydʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰéydʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰéydʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰéydʰete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéydʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéydʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéydʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéydʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéydʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰonts (indicative participle present)
bʰéydʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéydʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéydʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéydʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéydʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéydʰomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *bīdaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *péitʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *feiðō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).


Proto-Celtic: *ludet

Old Irish: luid

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗlutʰe

Ancient Greek: ἤλυθε (ḗluthe), ἤλυθον (ḗluthon), ἦλθον (êlthon) (< syncope)

Proto-Tocharian: *lŭt-

Tocharian A: lät-

Tocharian B: lät-

Thematic root aorist of *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow, climb”).


tn̥néwti

tn̥néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
tn̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
tn̥néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
tn̥néws (indicative past second-person singular)
tn̥néw (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tn̥néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
tn̥néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
tn̥nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
tn̥néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tn̥nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
tn̥nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
tn̥nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
tn̥néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tn̥nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
tn̥nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
tn̥nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tn̥néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tn̥numós (first-person indicative plural present)
tn̥numé (first-person indicative past plural)
tn̥néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tn̥nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
tn̥nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
tn̥nuté (imperative plural second-person)
tn̥néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tn̥nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
tn̥nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
tn̥nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
tn̥néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nwónts (indicative participle present)
tn̥nusó (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
tn̥nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
tn̥nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
tn̥nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
tn̥néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *tannuti

Cornish: tan

Middle Welsh: tannu

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάνυται (tánutai), τανύω (tanúō) (through later thematicization)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tanáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tanáwti

Sanskrit: तनोति (tanóti)

Proto-Iranian: *tanáwti

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (tanuiia, 1sg.opt.)

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-néwti.


pr̥sḱéti

pr̥sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
pr̥sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
pr̥sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
pr̥sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
pr̥sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
pr̥sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
pr̥sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
pr̥sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
pr̥sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
pr̥sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
pr̥sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
pr̥sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
pr̥sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
pr̥sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
pr̥sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
pr̥sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
pr̥sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
pr̥sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
pr̥sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
pr̥sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
pr̥sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
pr̥sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
pr̥sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
pr̥sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
pr̥sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
pr̥sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
pr̥sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
pr̥sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
pr̥sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱónts (indicative participle present)
pr̥sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
pr̥sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
pr̥sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
pr̥sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
pr̥sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
pr̥sḱómnos (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: հարցանեմ (harcʻanem)
Armenian: հարցնել (harcʻnel)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸarsketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥šćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porskō (see there for further descendants)

From *preḱ- (“to ask”) + *-sḱéti (iterative verbal suffix), with simplification of the consonant cluster.

suffix

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *forskōn

Proto-West Germanic: *forsku (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: पृच्छा→ Malayalam: പൃച്ഛPali: pucchā→ Telugu: పృచ్ఛ


wr̥ǵyéti

wr̥ǵyóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
wr̥ǵyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
wr̥ǵyṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyési (indicative present second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyés (indicative past second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyé (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóys (optative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyét (indicative past singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyétu (imperative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyt (optative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
wr̥ǵyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
wr̥ǵyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóywe (dual first-person optative)
wr̥ǵyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
wr̥ǵyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
wr̥ǵyétom (dual imperative second-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóytom (dual optative second-person)
wr̥ǵyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
wr̥ǵyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
wr̥ǵyétām (dual imperative third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóytām (dual optative third-person)
wr̥ǵyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
wr̥ǵyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
wr̥ǵyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóyme (first-person optative plural)
wr̥ǵyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
wr̥ǵyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyéte (imperative plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóyte (optative plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥ǵyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyónts (indicative participle present)
wr̥ǵyéso (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyto (optative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥ǵyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyro (optative plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *wurkijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wərďďō

Ancient Greek:

ἔρδω (érdō) (< secondary full-grade *wérďďō)

ῥέζω (rhézō) (< secondary metathesized full-grade *wréďďō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀽 (wo-ze /worzei/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥ȷ́yáti

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥jyáti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti)


gʷʰédʰyeti

gʷʰédʰyoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰédʰyom (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰédʰyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyes (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰye (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoys (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyet (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰédʰyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰédʰyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷʰédʰyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰédʰyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰédʰyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷʰédʰyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰédʰyome (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰédʰyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷʰédʰyete (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰédʰyete (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyete (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyont (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyontu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyonts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰédʰyōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyeso (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyto (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyro (optative plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyeti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to bid, make a request (of); ask”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰádʰyati

Proto-Iranian: *ǰádyati

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (jaⁱδiiemi)

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 (j-di-i-y-a-mi-i-y /jadiyāmiy/)

From *gʷʰedʰ- (“to request, ask for”) + *-yeti.


*h₂lék-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Celtic: *lexstus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂elk-éh₂-(ye)-ti (with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Germanic: *algōną

Proto-West Germanic: *algōn (see there for further descendants)

*h₂elk-s (“sacred place, sanctuary; idol”)

Proto-Germanic: *alhs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: ἀλκή (alkḗ)

Proto-Italic: *ulkīskōr

Latin: ulciscor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrakš-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrakṣ-

Sanskrit: रक्ष् (rakṣ)


desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *aléksō
Ancient Greek: ἀλέξω (aléxō), ἀλέκω (alékō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrákšati (see there for further descendants)


wéwket

wéwkom (first-person indicative singular)
wéwkes (indicative second-person singular)
wéwke (imperative second-person singular)
wéwkēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéwkoys (optative second-person singular)
wéwket (indicative singular third-person)
wéwketu (imperative singular third-person)
wéwkēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéwkowe (dual first-person indicative)
wéwkōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéwkoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéwketom (dual indicative second-person)
wéwketom (dual imperative second-person)
wéwkētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéwkoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéwketām (dual indicative third-person)
wéwketām (dual imperative third-person)
wéwkētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéwkome (first-person indicative plural)
wéwkōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéwkoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéwkete (indicative plural second-person)
wéwkete (imperative plural second-person)
wéwkēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéwkoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéwkont (indicative plural third-person)
wéwkontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéwkōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéwkonts (indicative participle)
wéwkeso (imperative second-person singular)
wéwketo (indicative singular third-person)
wéwkētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéwkonto (indicative plural third-person)
wéwkōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéwkomnos (indicative participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *weikʷon (< earlier *weukʷom)

Ancient Greek: εἶπον (eîpon) (Homeric ἔειπον (éeipon))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwawčat (see there for further descendants)

Thematic reduplicated root aorist of *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”).


dḗyḱst

dḗyḱsm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
dḗyḱs (indicative second-person singular)
dḗyḱs (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱsdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
dḗyḱsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dḗyḱst (indicative singular third-person)
dḗyḱstu (imperative singular third-person)
dḗyḱseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
déyḱswe (dual first-person indicative)
dḗyḱsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
déyḱstom (dual indicative second-person)
déyḱstom (dual imperative second-person)
dḗyḱsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
déyḱstām (dual indicative third-person)
déyḱstām (dual imperative third-person)
dḗyḱsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsme (first-person indicative plural)
dḗyḱsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
déyḱste (indicative plural second-person)
déyḱste (imperative plural second-person)
dḗyḱsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
déyḱsn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
déyḱsn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
dḗyḱsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsn̥ts (indicative participle)
déyḱso (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱsto (indicative singular third-person)
déyḱso (indicative singular third-person)
dḗyḱsetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
déyḱsro (indicative plural third-person)
dḗyḱsontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *édeixə

Ancient Greek: ἔδειξᾰ (édeixă)

Proto-Italic: *deiksai

Latin: dīxī

From *deyḱ- (“to point out, to show”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).


-seti

-som (first-person indicative past singular)
é-som (first-person indicative past singular)
é-sōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-sesi (indicative present second-person singular)
é-sesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-ses (indicative past second-person singular)
é-ses (indicative past second-person singular)
-se (imperative second-person singular)
é-se (imperative second-person singular)
-sēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-sēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-soys (optative second-person singular)
é-soys (optative second-person singular)
-seti (indicative present singular third-person)
é-seti (indicative present singular third-person)
-set (indicative past singular third-person)
é-set (indicative past singular third-person)
-setu (imperative singular third-person)
é-setu (imperative singular third-person)
-sēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-sēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-soyt (optative singular third-person)
é-soyt (optative singular third-person)
-sowos (dual first-person indicative present)
é-sowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-sowe (dual first-person indicative past)
é-sowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-sōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-sōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-soywe (dual first-person optative)
é-soywe (dual first-person optative)
-setes (dual indicative present second-person)
é-setes (dual indicative present second-person)
-setom (dual indicative past second-person)
é-setom (dual indicative past second-person)
-setom (dual imperative second-person)
é-setom (dual imperative second-person)
-sētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-sētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-soytom (dual optative second-person)
é-soytom (dual optative second-person)
-setes (dual indicative present third-person)
é-setes (dual indicative present third-person)
-setām (dual indicative past third-person)
é-setām (dual indicative past third-person)
-setām (dual imperative third-person)
é-setām (dual imperative third-person)
-sētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-sētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-soytām (dual optative third-person)
é-soytām (dual optative third-person)
-somos (first-person indicative plural present)
é-somos (first-person indicative plural present)
-some (first-person indicative past plural)
é-some (first-person indicative past plural)
-sōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-sōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-soyme (first-person optative plural)
é-soyme (first-person optative plural)
-sete (indicative plural present second-person)
é-sete (indicative plural present second-person)
-sete (indicative past plural second-person)
é-sete (indicative past plural second-person)
-sete (imperative plural second-person)
é-sete (imperative plural second-person)
-sēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-sēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-soyte (optative plural second-person)
é-soyte (optative plural second-person)
-sonti (indicative plural present third-person)
é-sonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-sont (indicative past plural third-person)
é-sont (indicative past plural third-person)
-sontu (imperative plural third-person)
é-sontu (imperative plural third-person)
-sōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-sōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sonts (indicative participle present)
é-sonts (indicative participle present)
-seso (imperative second-person singular)
é-seso (imperative second-person singular)
-setor (indicative present singular third-person)
é-setor (indicative present singular third-person)
-seto (indicative past singular third-person)
é-seto (indicative past singular third-person)
-sētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-sētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-soyto (optative singular third-person)
é-soyto (optative singular third-person)
-sontor (indicative plural present third-person)
é-sontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-sonto (indicative past plural third-person)
é-sonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-sōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-sōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-soyro (optative plural third-person)
é-soyro (optative plural third-person)
-somnos (indicative participle present)
é-somnos (indicative participle present)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rъděti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rudīti
Old Irish: ruidid

Proto-Germanic: *rudāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruðēō

Latin: rubeō

From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-éh₁ti (inchoative or fientive verbal suffix).


wéydseti

wéydsom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéydsesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéydses (indicative past second-person singular)
wéydse (imperative second-person singular)
wéydsēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéydsoys (optative second-person singular)
wéydseti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéydset (indicative past singular third-person)
wéydsetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéydsēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéydsowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéydsowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéydsōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéydsoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéydsetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéydsetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéydsetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéydsētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéydsoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéydsetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéydsetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéydsetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéydsētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéydsomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéydsome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéydsōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéydsoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéydsete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéydsete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéydsete (imperative plural second-person)
wéydsēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéydsoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéydsonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéydsont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéydsontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéydsōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéydsonts (indicative participle present)
wéydseso (imperative second-person singular)
wéydsetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wéydseto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéydsētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéydsontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wéydsonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wéydsōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéydsomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Italic: *weissō

Latin: vīsō

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

East Baltic:

desc

Latgalian: vaicuot (“to want to see, to look for”)

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-(h₁)seti (desiderative verbal suffix).


Creates desiderative imperfective verbs from roots.


néwām (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉈𒂊𒌋𒉿𒄴𒄩𒀭𒍣 (ne-e-u-wa-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi /nēwaḫḫ-/, “renew”)

Proto-Hellenic: *newaō

Ancient Greek: νεάω (neáō)

Proto-Italic: *nowāō

Latin: novō

From the adjective *néwos (“new”) + *-h₂ti.


-h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-h₂h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
-h₂ó (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *-āti

Forms factitive verbs from adjective stems.


déyḱti

déyḱmi (first-person indicative present singular)
déyḱm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
déyḱsi (indicative present second-person singular)
déyḱs (indicative past second-person singular)
déyḱ (imperative second-person singular)
diḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
déyḱti (indicative present singular third-person)
déyḱt (indicative past singular third-person)
déyḱtu (imperative singular third-person)
déyḱeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
diḱwós (dual first-person indicative present)
diḱwé (dual first-person indicative past)
déyḱowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
diḱtés (dual indicative present second-person)
diḱtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
diḱtóm (dual imperative second-person)
déyḱetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
diḱtés (dual indicative present third-person)
diḱtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
diḱtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
déyḱetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
diḱmós (first-person indicative plural present)
diḱmé (first-person indicative past plural)
déyḱomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
diḱté (indicative plural present second-person)
diḱté (indicative past plural second-person)
diḱté (imperative plural second-person)
déyḱete (plural second-person subjunctive)
diḱénti (indicative plural present third-person)
diḱént (indicative past plural third-person)
diḱéntu (imperative plural third-person)
déyḱonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
diḱónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *tīhaną (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *deikō
Latin: dīcō, deicō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌊𐌖𐌌 (deíkum)
Umbrian: deitu

Athematic root present of Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show”).


dʰéwgʰti

dʰéwgʰmi (first-person indicative present singular)
dʰéwgʰm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰéwgʰsi (indicative present second-person singular)
dʰéwgʰs (indicative past second-person singular)
dʰéwg (imperative second-person singular)
dʰugʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰéwgʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰéwgʰti (indicative present singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰt (indicative past singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰwós (dual first-person indicative present)
dʰugʰwé (dual first-person indicative past)
dʰéwgʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰtés (dual indicative present second-person)
dʰugʰtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
dʰugʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰéwgʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰtés (dual indicative present third-person)
dʰugʰtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
dʰugʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰéwgʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰmós (first-person indicative plural present)
dʰugʰmé (first-person indicative past plural)
dʰéwgʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰugʰté (indicative plural present second-person)
dʰugʰté (indicative past plural second-person)
dʰugʰté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰéwgʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰénti (indicative plural present third-person)
dʰugʰént (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰugʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰéwgʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *téukʰō (thematized)

Ancient Greek: τεύχω (teúkhō)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgdʰi (“to milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).


dʰedʰówgʰe

dʰedʰówg (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰugʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰéwgʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰedʰówgʰe (indicative singular third-person)
dʰedʰówgʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰedʰéwgʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰedʰéwgʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰedʰugʰté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
dʰedʰugʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *duganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰudʰáwǰʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dudáwźʰa

Sanskrit: दुदोह (dudóha), दुदुहुर् (duduhúr, 3.pl.perf.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).


Hrewp-

*Hréwp-t ~ *Hrup-ént (athematic root aorist)

*Hrup-yé-ti (“to suffer pain”, zero-grade yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrúpyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrúpyati

Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rúpyati, “to suffer violent pain”)

*Hru-né-p-ti ~ *Hru-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)

*Hrowp-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *raubijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati (“to have/cause physical pain”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpáyati

Sanskrit: रोपयति (ropayati, “to cause pain”), लोपयति (lopayati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati

𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍

Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 (urūpaiieⁱṇtī, 3pl.)

*Hrewp-í-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpiṣ

Sanskrit: रोपि (rópi, “acute or racking pain”)

Proto-Italic: *roupēs

Latin: rūpēs (“cliff, crag”) (see there for further descendants)

*Hréwp-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwpas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwpas

Sanskrit: रोप (rópa, “disturbing, confusing”), लोप (lópa, “breaking, injury, destruction”)

*Hrowp-éh₂, *Hrowp-óm

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rupa

Bulgarian: ру́па (rúpa)

Serbo-Croatian: rȕpa /ру̏па (“hole”)

Proto-Germanic: *raubō, ⇒ *raubōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpám

Sanskrit: रोप (ropá, “hole, fissure”)

Proto-Italic: *roupā

Latin: rūpa (Apul.)

*Hrowp-ó-s (“plundering, pillage, loot”)

Proto-Germanic: *raubaz, *raubą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpás

Sanskrit: लोप (lopá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáh

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwp /rōb/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwpk /rōbag/)

*Hrup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hruptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hruptás

Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “broken, injured, disappeared”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruptos

Latin: ruptus (see there for further descendants)

*Hrewp-i-yo-

Proto-Tocharian: *krupiye (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Italic:

>? Latin: rupex

Paleo-Balkan:

Thracian:

→ Ancient Greek: ῥομφαία (rhomphaía, “Thracian spear”)

Albanian: rrufé, -ja (“lightning”)

→ Bulgarian: рофия (rofija), руфя (rufja, “lightning”)

Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”). Compare also *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
bg:Иван Дуриданов


Hrunépti

Hrunépmi (first-person indicative present singular)
Hrunépsi (indicative present second-person singular)
Hrunépesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Hrunépti (indicative present singular third-person)
Hrunépt (indicative past singular third-person)
Hrunéptu (imperative singular third-person)
Hrunépeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Hrunépete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Hrunéponti (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrumpáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrumpáti

Sanskrit: लुम्पति (lumpáti), लुम्पते (lumpáte)

Proto-Italic: *rumpō

Latin: rumpō (see there for further descendants)

From *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


Hréwpt

Hréwps (indicative second-person singular)
Hréwpt (indicative singular third-person)
Hréwptu (imperative singular third-person)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *reufaną (from subjunctive) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roupai

Latin: rūpī

Athematic root aorist of *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”).


h₁édm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁éd (imperative second-person singular)
h₁ddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₁dh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁dó (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔed- ~ *ʔd- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀdtei (earlier)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *essi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *etaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *édō (thematic) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátˢti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *edō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *h₁ed- (“to eat”).


Proto-Germanic: *rikwizjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraǰasyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́asyáti

Sanskrit: रजस्यति (rajasyáti)

From *h₁régʷos (“darkness”) + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).


h₂élōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *aleti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alō

Latin: alō

Thematic root present of *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”).


h₂éryōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtei

Latvian: ar̂t

Lithuanian: árti

Proto-Slavic: *orati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aryeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aroyō (with restored laryngeal)

Ancient Greek: ἀρόω (aróō)

Proto-Italic: *araō (with restored laryngeal)

Latin: arō (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y (Pinault's law).


h₂wḗh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂wḗh₁ (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *awēmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwā́ti

Sanskrit: वाति (vā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwā́tī

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāⁱti)

Athematic Narten root present of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


h₃méyǵʰoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₃méyǵʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₃méyǵʰe (imperative second-person singular)
h₃méyǵʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₃méyǵʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₃méyǵʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miźtei

Latgalian: meizt

Latvian: mīzt

Lithuanian: mȳžti

Proto-Slavic: *mižati, *mьzěti

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: mìžati (dialectal)

Slovene: məzẹ́ti

Proto-Germanic: *mīganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oméikʰō

Ancient Greek: ὀμείχω (omeíkhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰati

Sanskrit: मेहति (méhati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjati

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬌 (maēsati)

Northern Kurdish: mîstin

Thematic root present of *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).


h₁ḗdm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁ḗd (imperative second-person singular)


kapyéti

kapyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
kapyési (indicative present second-person singular)
kapyés (indicative past second-person singular)
kapyé (imperative second-person singular)
kapyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
kapyóys (optative second-person singular)
kapyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
kapyét (indicative past singular third-person)
kapyétu (imperative singular third-person)
kapyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
kapyóyt (optative singular third-person)
kapyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
kapyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
kapyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
kapyóywe (dual first-person optative)
kapyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
kapyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
kapyétom (dual imperative second-person)
kapyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
kapyóytom (dual optative second-person)
kapyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
kapyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
kapyétām (dual imperative third-person)
kapyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
kapyóytām (dual optative third-person)
kapyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
kapyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
kapyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
kapyóyme (first-person optative plural)
kapyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
kapyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
kapyéte (imperative plural second-person)
kapyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
kapyóyte (optative plural second-person)
kapyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
kapyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
kapyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
kapyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
kapyónts (indicative participle present)
kapyéso (imperative second-person singular)
kapyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
kapyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
kapyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
kapyóyto (optative singular third-person)
kapyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
kapyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
kapyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
kapyóyro (optative plural third-person)
kapyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *kapa

Albanian: kap (“to grab, catch, seize”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Latvian: kàmpju, kàmpt

Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to lift”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kapťō
Ancient Greek: κάπτω (káptō)
Greek: χάφτω (cháfto), χάβω (chávo)

Proto-Italic: *kapjō
Latin: capiō
Oscan: kahad (3rd person singular present active subjunctive)


ḱéleti

ḱéloh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱélom (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱélōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱélesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱéles (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱéle (imperative second-person singular)
ḱélēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱéloys (optative second-person singular)
ḱéleti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱélet (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéletu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱélēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloyt (optative singular third-person)
ḱélowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱélowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱélōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱéloywe (dual first-person optative)
ḱéletes (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱéletom (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱéletom (dual imperative second-person)
ḱélētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱéloytom (dual optative second-person)
ḱéletes (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱéletām (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱéletām (dual imperative third-person)
ḱélētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloytām (dual optative third-person)
ḱélomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱélome (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱélōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱéloyme (first-person optative plural)
ḱélete (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱélete (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱélete (imperative plural second-person)
ḱélēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱéloyte (optative plural second-person)
ḱélonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱélont (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱélontu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱélōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱélonts (indicative participle present)
ḱélōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱéleso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱéletor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéleto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱélētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloyto (optative singular third-person)
ḱélēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱélontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱélonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱélōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱéloyro (optative plural third-person)
ḱélomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *keleti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *helaną (“to cover, to conceal”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelō

Latin: *celō (attested in occulō)

Thematic root verb of *ḱel- (“to cover”).


légʰyeti

légʰyom (first-person indicative past singular)
légʰyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
légʰyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
légʰyes (indicative past second-person singular)
légʰye (imperative second-person singular)
légʰyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
légʰyoys (optative second-person singular)
légʰyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
légʰyet (indicative past singular third-person)
légʰyetu (imperative singular third-person)
légʰyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
légʰyoyt (optative singular third-person)
légʰyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
légʰyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
légʰyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
légʰyoywe (dual first-person optative)
légʰyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
légʰyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
légʰyetom (dual imperative second-person)
légʰyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
légʰyoytom (dual optative second-person)
légʰyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
légʰyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
légʰyetām (dual imperative third-person)
légʰyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
légʰyoytām (dual optative third-person)
légʰyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
légʰyome (first-person indicative past plural)
légʰyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
légʰyoyme (first-person optative plural)
légʰyete (indicative plural present second-person)
légʰyete (indicative past plural second-person)
légʰyete (imperative plural second-person)
légʰyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
légʰyoyte (optative plural second-person)
légʰyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
légʰyont (indicative past plural third-person)
légʰyontu (imperative plural third-person)
légʰyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
légʰyonts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *legḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *ležati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ligjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λέκτο (lékto)

From *legʰ- (“to lie in resting position”) + *-yeti.


mléwHti

mléwHmi (first-person indicative present singular)
mléwHm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
mléwHsi (indicative present second-person singular)
mléwHs (indicative past second-person singular)
mléwH (imperative second-person singular)
mluHdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
mléwHesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
mléwHti (indicative present singular third-person)
mléwHt (indicative past singular third-person)
mléwHtu (imperative singular third-person)
mléwHeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
mluHwós (dual first-person indicative present)
mluHwé (dual first-person indicative past)
mléwHowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
mluHtés (dual indicative present second-person)
mluHtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
mluHtóm (dual imperative second-person)
mléwHetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
mluHtés (dual indicative present third-person)
mluHtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
mluHtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
mléwHetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
mluHmós (first-person indicative plural present)
mluHmé (first-person indicative past plural)
mléwHomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
mluHté (indicative plural present second-person)
mluHté (indicative past plural second-person)
mluHté (imperative plural second-person)
mléwHete (plural second-person subjunctive)
mluHénti (indicative plural present third-person)
mluHént (indicative past plural third-person)
mluHéntu (imperative plural third-person)
mléwHonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
mluHónts (indicative participle present)
mluHsó (imperative second-person singular)
mluHtór (indicative present singular third-person)
mluHór (indicative present singular third-person)
mluHtó (indicative past singular third-person)
mluHó (indicative past singular third-person)
mléwHetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
mluHn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
mluHrór (indicative plural present third-person)
mluHn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
mluHró (indicative past plural third-person)
mléwHontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mráwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bráwHti

desc

Sanskrit: ब्रवीति (brávīti), ब्रूते (brūté)

Proto-Iranian: *mráwHti

Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mraoⁱti)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: pälw-

Athematic root present of *mlewH- (“to say”).


mlewH-

*mléwH-ti ~ *mluH-énti (root athematic present)

*mléwH-t ~ *mluH-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mréwHt

Proto-Iranian: *mréwHt

Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬝 (mraot̰)

*ml̥wH-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ब्रुव (bruva)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀwāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *mъ̀lva (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥wH-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *mъ̀lviti (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: ब्रू (brū)


píph₃ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

>? Proto-Albanian: *pīja

Old Albanian: pii

Albanian: pi

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ըմպեմ (əmpem)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸibeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píbati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pibō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic i-reduplicated present of *peh₃- (“to drink”).


píbeti

píbom (first-person indicative past singular)
píbōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
píbesi (indicative present second-person singular)
píbes (indicative past second-person singular)
píbe (imperative second-person singular)
píbēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
píboys (optative second-person singular)
píbeti (indicative present singular third-person)
píbet (indicative past singular third-person)
píbetu (imperative singular third-person)
píbēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
píboyt (optative singular third-person)
píbowos (dual first-person indicative present)
píbowe (dual first-person indicative past)
píbōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
píboywe (dual first-person optative)
píbetes (dual indicative present second-person)
píbetom (dual indicative past second-person)
píbetom (dual imperative second-person)
píbētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
píboytom (dual optative second-person)
píbetes (dual indicative present third-person)
píbetām (dual indicative past third-person)
píbetām (dual imperative third-person)
píbētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
píboytām (dual optative third-person)
píbomos (first-person indicative plural present)
píbome (first-person indicative past plural)
píbōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
píboyme (first-person optative plural)
píbete (indicative plural present second-person)
píbete (indicative past plural second-person)
píbete (imperative plural second-person)
píbēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
píboyte (optative plural second-person)
píbonti (indicative plural present third-person)
píbont (indicative past plural third-person)
píbontu (imperative plural third-person)
píbōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
píbonts (indicative participle present)
píbeso (imperative second-person singular)
píbetor (indicative present singular third-person)
píbeto (indicative past singular third-person)
píbētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
píboyto (optative singular third-person)
píbontor (indicative plural present third-person)
píbonto (indicative past plural third-person)
píbōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
píboyro (optative plural third-person)
píbomnos (indicative participle present)


priHós

priHós (nominative singular)
priHóes (nominative plural)
priHé (singular vocative)
priHóes (plural vocative)
priHóm (accusative singular)
priHóms (accusative plural)
priHósyo (genitive singular)
priHóHom (genitive plural)
priHéad (ablative singular)
priHómos (ablative plural)
priHóbʰos (ablative plural)
priHóey (dative singular)
priHómos (dative plural)
priHóbʰos (dative plural)
priHéy (locative singular)
priHóy (locative singular)
priHóysu (locative plural)
priHṓys (instrumental plural)
priHā́m (accusative singular)
priHóm (nominative singular)
priHóy (dual nominative)
priHóm (singular vocative)
priHóy (dual vocative)
priHóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸriyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *frijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *prijos

⇒? Latin: pro-prius (see there for further descendants)

From *preyH- (“to please; to love”) + *-ós.

⇒ *prijateľь

Proto-Slavic: *prijati (“to please”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *frijōndz

Proto-Germanic: *frijōną (“to love, to free”) (see there for further descendants)

companion, friend; see there for further descendants

Frijjō

Frigg; name of a goddess; see there for further descendants


pr̥k-

*(s)pr̥k-éh₂ (?)

>? Proto-Albanian: *frikā

Albanian: frikë

*pr̥k-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: präskā-

Tocharian B: präskā-

*pr̥k-tós

Proto-Germanic: *furhtaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *furhtijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furhtō (see there for further descendants)


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆠𒄑𒍣 (ša-a-ki-ez-zi /šākizzi/, 3.sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Germanic: *sōkijaną (“to seek, to look for”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sāgiō

Latin: sāgiō


seykʷ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*séykʷ-t ~ *sikʷ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Germanic: *sīhwaną (“to filter”) (from aorist subjunctive) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: असिचत् (ásicat) (thematized)

? *seykʷ-éh₂-ti ~ *sikʷ-éh₂-ti ~ *soykʷ-éh₂-ti (“*eh₂-stative”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *seikā́ˀtei, *sikā́ˀtei, *saikā́ˀtei (“to piss”)

Proto-Slavic: *sikati, *sьcati (< *sьkati), *sěkati (“to piss”) (see there for further descendants)

*soykʷ-ís

Proto-Germanic: *saiwiz (“sea”)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (saiws)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: सेक (séka, “sprinkling”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰκμάς (ikmás, “wetness, moisture, secretion”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सिच् (sic)


skéydt

skéydm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
skéyds (indicative second-person singular)
skéyd (imperative second-person singular)
skiddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
skéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
skéydt (indicative singular third-person)
skéydtu (imperative singular third-person)
skéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
skidwé (dual first-person indicative)
skéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
skidtóm (dual indicative second-person)
skidtóm (dual imperative second-person)
skéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
skidtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
skidtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
skéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
skidmé (first-person indicative plural)
skéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
skidté (indicative plural second-person)
skidté (imperative plural second-person)
skéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
skidént (indicative plural third-person)
skidéntu (imperative plural third-person)
skéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
skidónts (indicative participle)
skidsó (imperative second-person singular)
skidtó (indicative singular third-person)
skidó (indicative singular third-person)
skéydetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
skidn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
skidró (indicative plural third-person)
skéydontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Germanic: *skītaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásčaydt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśćaydt

Sanskrit: छेद्म (chedma, 1.pl.inj), अच्छेदि (ácchedi), छेदि (chédi); (later) अच्छिदत् (acchidat), अच्छैत्सीत् (acchaitsīt)

Athematic root aorist of *skeyd- (“to split, to divide”).


skinédti

skinédmi (first-person indicative present singular)
skinédm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
skinédsi (indicative present second-person singular)
skinéds (indicative past second-person singular)
skinéd (imperative second-person singular)
skinddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
skinédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
skinédti (indicative present singular third-person)
skinédt (indicative past singular third-person)
skinédtu (imperative singular third-person)
skinédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
skindwós (dual first-person indicative present)
skindwé (dual first-person indicative past)
skinédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
skindtés (dual indicative present second-person)
skindtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
skindtóm (dual imperative second-person)
skinédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
skindtés (dual indicative present third-person)
skindtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
skindtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
skinédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
skindmós (first-person indicative plural present)
skindmé (first-person indicative past plural)
skinédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
skindté (indicative plural present second-person)
skindté (indicative past plural second-person)
skindté (imperative plural second-person)
skinédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
skindénti (indicative plural present third-person)
skindént (indicative past plural third-person)
skindéntu (imperative plural third-person)
skinédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
skindónts (indicative participle present)
skindsó (imperative second-person singular)
skindtór (indicative present singular third-person)
skindór (indicative present singular third-person)
skindtó (indicative past singular third-person)
skindó (indicative past singular third-person)
skinédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
skindn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
skindrór (indicative plural present third-person)
skindn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
skindró (indicative past plural third-person)
skinédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śćinátˢti (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *skindō
Latin: scindō (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sek-?
Proto-Indo-European *-éyti?
Proto-Indo-European *skey-
Proto-Indo-European *skeyd-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Proto-Indo-European *skinédti
From *skeyd- (“to split, divide”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


sperH-

*spr̥H-é-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰr̥Háti

Sanskrit: स्फुरति (sphuráti)

Proto-Iranian: *spr̥Háti

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬝 (sparōit̰)

*spr̥-né-H-ti ~ *spr̥-n-H-éti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *spurnaną (see there for further descendants)

qual

with irregular e-grade for <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">**spornō</i>

Proto-Italic: *spernō (with irregular e-grade for **spornō)

Latin: spernō

*spr̥H-yé-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: spert

Latvian: spert

Lithuanian: spi̇̀rti

Proto-Hellenic: *spəřřō

Ancient Greek: σπαίρω (spaírō)

Proto-Celtic: *sɸerā (see there for further descendants)

*spr̥H-óm

Proto-Germanic: *spurą (see there for further descendants)

→ Germanic: *spurjaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (išparrai)


stéygʰeti

stéygʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
stéygʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
stéygʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
stéygʰe (imperative second-person singular)
stéygʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
stéygʰoys (optative second-person singular)
stéygʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
stéygʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
stéygʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
stéygʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
stéygʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
stéygʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
stéygʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
stéygʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
stéygʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
stéygʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
stéygʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
stéygʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
stéygʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
stéygʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
stéygʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
stéygʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
stéygʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
stéygʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
stéygʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
stéygʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
stéygʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
stéygʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
stéygʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
stéygʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
stéygʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
stéygʰete (imperative plural second-person)
stéygʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
stéygʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
stéygʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
stéygʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
stéygʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
stéygʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
stéygʰonts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stéigtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *teigeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stīganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stéikʰō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *steygʰ- (“to go; to climb”).


tonéyeti

tonéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
tonéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
tonéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
tonéye (imperative second-person singular)
tonéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tonéyoys (optative second-person singular)
tonéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
tonéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
tonéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
tonéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
tonéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
tonéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
tonéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tonéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
tonéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
tonéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
tonéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
tonéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tonéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
tonéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
tonéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
tonéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
tonéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
tonéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
tonéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
tonéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tonéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
tonéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
tonéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
tonéyete (imperative plural second-person)
tonéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
tonéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
tonéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
tonéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
tonéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
tonéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tonéyonts (indicative participle present)
tonéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
tonéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
tonéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
tonéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
tonéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
tonéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
tonéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
tonéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
tonéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *þanjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tānáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tānáyati

Sanskrit: तानयति (tānáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *tānáyati

Ossetian:

Digor: тонун (tonun)

Iron: то́нын (tónyn)

Wakhi: tыnak

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


wortéyeti

wortéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
wortéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wortéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
wortéye (imperative second-person singular)
wortéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wortéyoys (optative second-person singular)
wortéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wortéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
wortéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
wortéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
wortéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wortéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wortéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wortéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
wortéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wortéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wortéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
wortéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wortéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
wortéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wortéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wortéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
wortéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
wortéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wortéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
wortéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wortéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
wortéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
wortéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
wortéyete (imperative plural second-person)
wortéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wortéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
wortéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wortéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
wortéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
wortéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wortéyonts (indicative participle present)
wortéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
wortéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wortéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
wortéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
wortéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wortéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wortéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wortéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
wortéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wártīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wortīti

⇒ Old Irish: do·fortai (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *frawardijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wartáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wartáyati

Sanskrit: वर्तयति (vartáyati)

Ashokan Prakrit:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: বাটা (baṭa)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (vaṭṭei)

Marathi: वाटणे (vāṭṇe)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: વાટવું (vāṭvũ)

Latin: *opvortet

Latin: oporteō

From *wert- (“to turn, rotate”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


woséyeti

woséyom (first-person indicative past singular)
woséyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
woséyes (indicative past second-person singular)
woséye (imperative second-person singular)
woséyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
woséyoys (optative second-person singular)
woséyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
woséyet (indicative past singular third-person)
woséyetu (imperative singular third-person)
woséyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
woséyoyt (optative singular third-person)
woséyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
woséyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
woséyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
woséyoywe (dual first-person optative)
woséyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
woséyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
woséyetom (dual imperative second-person)
woséyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
woséyoytom (dual optative second-person)
woséyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
woséyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
woséyetām (dual imperative third-person)
woséyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
woséyoytām (dual optative third-person)
woséyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
woséyome (first-person indicative past plural)
woséyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
woséyoyme (first-person optative plural)
woséyete (indicative plural present second-person)
woséyete (indicative past plural second-person)
woséyete (imperative plural second-person)
woséyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
woséyoyte (optative plural second-person)
woséyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
woséyont (indicative past plural third-person)
woséyontu (imperative plural third-person)
woséyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
woséyonts (indicative participle present)
woséyeso (imperative second-person singular)
woséyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
woséyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
woséyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
woséyoyto (optative singular third-person)
woséyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
woséyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
woséyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
woséyoyro (optative plural third-person)
woséyomnos (indicative participle present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *wesja

Albanian: vesh

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉿𒀸𒊺𒄑𒍣 (wa-aš-š-še-ez-zi /waššezzi/)

Proto-Germanic: *wazjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāsáyati

Sanskrit: वासयति (vāsáyati), वासयते (vāsáyate)

From *wes- (“to dress, clothe”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


néwyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
néwyos (nominative singular)
néwyoes (nominative plural)
néwye (singular vocative)
néwyoes (plural vocative)
néwyom (accusative singular)
néwyoms (accusative plural)
néwyosyo (genitive singular)
néwyoHom (genitive plural)
néwyead (ablative singular)
néwyomos (ablative plural)
néwyobʰos (ablative plural)
néwyoey (dative singular)
néwyomos (dative plural)
néwyobʰos (dative plural)
néwyey (locative singular)
néwyoy (locative singular)
néwyoysu (locative plural)
néwyōys (instrumental plural)
néwyām (accusative singular)
néwyom (nominative singular)
néwyoy (dual nominative)
néwyom (singular vocative)
néwyoy (dual vocative)
néwyoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náujas

Latvian: nàujš

Lithuanian: naũjas

Proto-Celtic: *nowiyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niwjaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwyas

Sanskrit: नव्य (návya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *nawiya

Kamkata-viri:

Eastern Kata-vari: nui

Kamviri: nuĩ

Western Kata-vari: nuy

Prasuni:

Pronz: unü

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun:

Masegal: nuṅë

Waigali:

Nisheigram: nuṅa


Proto-Italic: *dōnom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHnam (see there for further descendants)

From *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-om. Alternatively, substantivized from *dh₃-nó-s, *deh₃-nó-s (“given, gifted”), from *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-nós.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dṓˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *didāti (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δίδωμι (dídōmi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dádaHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *didō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic e-reduplicated present of *deh₃- (“to give”).


déh₃m̥ (first-person indicative singular)
déh₃ (imperative second-person singular)
dh₃dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dh₃h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
dh₃ó (indicative singular third-person)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ետ (et) (3sg.aor. of տամ (tam))

Proto-Celtic: *dāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: ἔδομεν (édomen) (defective aorist of δίδωμι (dídōmi)), ἔδωκᾰ (édōkă) (extended with -k-))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HádaHt

Sanskrit: अदात् (ádāt)

Proto-Iranian: *HádaHt

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬝 (dāt̰, 3sg.aor.act.inj.)

Proto-Italic: *dōai (possibly)

Venetic: 𐌃𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto)

Athematic root aorist of *deh₃- (“to give”).


*d(h₁)-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋾𒄿𒀀 (ti-ya /tiya/)

Proto-Hellenic: *deyō

desctree

Ancient Greek: δέω (déō, “to bind”), δέννω (dénnō)
Greek: δένω (déno)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyáti (see there for further descendants)

*déh₁-mn̥ ~ *dh₁-mén-s

Proto-Albanian: *dēma

Albanian: duo, dua, dúaj

Proto-Hellenic: *dḗmə

Ancient Greek: ῠ̓πόδημᾰ (ŭpódēmă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHma

Sanskrit: दामन् (dā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHma

Persian: دام (dâm)

Proto-Albanian: *dōla

Albanian: dell

Proto-Hellenic: *detós

Ancient Greek: δετός (detós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dHtás

Sanskrit: दित (ditá)


ḱléwt

ḱlḗm (first-person indicative singular)
ḱléws (indicative second-person singular)
ḱléw (imperative second-person singular)
ḱludʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléwt (indicative singular third-person)
ḱléwtu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱléweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱluwé (dual first-person indicative)
ḱléwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱlutóm (dual indicative second-person)
ḱlutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱléwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱlutā́m (dual indicative third-person)
ḱlutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱléwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱlumé (first-person indicative plural)
ḱléwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱluté (indicative plural second-person)
ḱluté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱléwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥wént (indicative plural third-person)
ḱl̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱléwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥wónts (indicative participle)
ḱluh₂é (first-person indicative singular)
ḱl̥wih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
ḱlusó (imperative second-person singular)
ḱlutó (indicative singular third-person)
ḱl̥wó (indicative singular third-person)
ḱléwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥wih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
ḱl̥wn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
ḱluró (indicative plural third-person)
ḱléwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լուաւ (luaw)

(perhaps) Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *slùti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: κλῦτε (klûte, 2pl.aor.impv.)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔκλῠον (éklŭon, thematic aorist)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κλύω (klúō, present verb)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćrawt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśrawt

Sanskrit: अश्रोत् (áśrot)

Proto-Iranian: *cráwt

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬏 (sraotū, 3sg.aor.act.impv.)

Athematic root aorist of *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen