webʰ-

*wébʰ-e-ti ~ *wébʰ-o-nti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *webaną (see there for further descendants)

*wébʰ-ti ~ *ubʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabdʰi

Proto-Iranian: *wabdi

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟- (vaf-, “to weave”)

Parthian: wfyd (ind.3sg.)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wp- (waf-)

Persian: بافتن (bâftan)

*wobʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wabjaną (see there for further descendants)

*u-né-bʰ-ti ~ *u-m-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *umbʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *umbʰáti

Sanskrit: उम्भति (umbháti), उनब्द्धि (unábddhi)

*ubʰ-néH-ti ~ *ubʰ-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ubʰnā́ti

desc

Sanskrit: उभ्नाति (ubhnā́ti, “cover over; hurt, kill”)

Proto-Iranian: *ubnáHti

Northern Kurdish: hûnan

*ubʰ-yéti ~ *ubʰ-yónti (*yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *ubyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀- (ufiia-, “to weave, to web”)

*wobʰ-eh₂-ti (o-grade eh₂-iterative-intensive)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäp- (“to weave, braid”)

Tocharian A: wäp-

Tocharian B: wāp-

*webʰ-n- (either denominal from an n-stem or deverbal from an n-infixed verb)

⇒ *webʰ-n-ye-

Proto-Albanian: *webnja

Albanian: vej

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑφαίνω (huphaínō)

Greek: υφαίνω (yfaíno)

*wobʰ-ó-s

Proto-Tocharian: *yape (“spider”)

Ancient Greek: ὑφή (huphḗ)

*ubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubdʰás

Proto-Iranian: *ubdáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬠𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (ubdaēna, “made of cloth”)

*wébʰ-os (neuter *-os result noun)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὕφος (húphos, “web”) (with analogical zero grade)

*wébʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *wiftiz (see there for further descendants)

*wobʰ-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *wabją (“web”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *wabōną, *wabijaną (“to wave”)

desctree

Old English: wafian (“to wave”)
Middle English: waven
English: wave

desc

Middle High German: waben (“to wave, undulate”)

Old Norse: váfa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *wabuš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬏𐬱 (vafūš, “hymn, web”)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyúHā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂óyu (“long time, lifetime”) + *-Hō (Hoffman's suffix).


*pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʻanam)

Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi

Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti

Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

*pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

*pléh₁-dʰ(h₁)e-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati

Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pleh₁dʰ(h₁)-r-

⇒ Proto-Italic:

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.)

⇒ *pl̥h₁dʰ(h₁)-wéh₁-s ~ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-uh₁-s

Proto-Hellenic: *plētʰús

Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)

Proto-Italic: *plēðwēs

>? Old Latin: plēbēs

Latin: plēbs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-ōr

Proto-Hellenic: *plétʰōr, ⇒ *pletʰṓrā f

Ancient Greek: πληθώρη (plēthṓrē) (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *plējō

Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

*plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ելից (elicʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse

Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHst

q

with later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्रात्</i> (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.

Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās, 2/3sg.aor.ind.act.) (with later अप्रात् (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.)

*pl̥h₁-é-ti (tudáti type thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀtei

⇒ Latgalian: piļdeit (secondary)

Latvian: pil̂t

⇒ Latvian: pilēt, pildīt (secondary)

Lithuanian: pi̇̀lti

⇒ Lithuanian: pilóti, piláuti (secondary)

*pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)

⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

*pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

*pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīros (“sea, ocean”)

Old Irish: ler

Proto-Hellenic: *plērós

Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)

Proto-Italic: *plēros

Latin: plērus

*pléh₁-ti-s ~ *pl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիր (lir)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiṣ

Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

*pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

(perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸelus

Old Irish: il, hil
Irish: il
Manx: yl

Proto-Germanic: *felu

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)

Proto-Iranian: *parH-

Birgit Anette Olsen
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Mate Kapović
de:Brian D. Joseph


lewbʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*lubʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *luPi-

Albanian: lyp

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lubʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lubʰyáti

desc

Sanskrit: लुभ्यति (lúbhyati, “to desire, to be perplexed”) (see there for further descendants)

*lowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *laubitja

Albanian: lubi

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawbʰáyati

Sanskrit: लोभयति (lobháyati, “to make crazy”)

Proto-Iranian:

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*pati-</i>

⇒ Parthian: [script needed] (pdrwbynd /padrōbēnd/, “to throw into confusion, rout”, 3pl.pres.) (+ *pati-)

desc

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (pdrwbynd, 3pl.pres.)

*lubʰ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *luβēō (see there for further descendants)

*lewbʰ-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *lubō (“love”), *leubō (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *lubą (“praise”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lubōną (“to praise”) (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लुब्ध (lubdha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubūˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ľubỳ (“love”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: liaupsė (“praise”)

Proto-Germanic: *laubō

Proto-Italic: *louβ-

Oscan: loufir

Classical Persian: آلفتن (āluftan)

Sanskrit: लोभ (lobha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लुभ् (lubh)

to desire, covet, want (someone or something)


lewbʰ-

*lowbʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *laubą (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *luβros (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-tu-s

Proto-Germanic: *luftuz (“roof, air”)

*lowbʰ-ó-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: labë (“rind, cork”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: luobs (“peel”)

Lithuanian: lúobas (“bast”)

Proto-Slavic: *lubъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: luba (“bast, plank, shelf”)

Lithuanian: lubà (“plank, board”)

Old Prussian: lubbo (“bast, plank, shelf”)

Proto-Slavic: *lъbъ (“skull”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *lubā (“herb, plant”)

Ancient Greek: λῡ́πη (lū́pē, “pain”)

Lithuanian: lùpti (“to peel, to shell”)


*h₃méyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃meyǵʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *meiɣjō

Latin: mēiō

Proto-Slavic: *mižati (see there for further descendants)

*h₃mi-ne-ǵʰ- ~ *h₃mi-n-ǵʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *minɣō

Latin: mingō (see there for further descendants)

and/or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃meygʰ-</i> (“to drizzle”)

Proto-Germanic: *miggо̄ną (and/or from *h₃meygʰ- (“to drizzle”))

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*-lōn</i>

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *migg-l-ōn (with *-lōn)

Dutch: miggelen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmiždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmiẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: मीढ (mīḍhá), मीळ्ह (mīḷhá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mictus

*h₃meyǵʰ-s-tus or *h₃miǵʰ-s-tus

>? Proto-Germanic: *mihstuz (see there for further descendants)

*h₃moyǵʰos or *h₃meyǵʰos (“urine”)

desctree

Old Armenian: մէզ (mēz)
Armenian: մեզ (mez)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰas

Sanskrit: मेह (méha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (maēza)

*h₃moyǵʰ-ó-s (“urinator”, agent noun)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: (with laryngeal deletion?)

>? Ancient Greek: μοιχός (moikhós, “adulterer”) (doubtful connection) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: meizols (“urine”)

Latgalian: meiznīks, meižka (“organ of urinary”)

Latgalian: meizeļs (“person who urinates”)

Proto-Albanian: *medzra

Albanian: përmjerr

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Middle Persian: myc (mēz-), mstn' (mistan)

Persian: میزیدن (mêz-), میزیدن (mêzidan), میختن (mêxtan)

Northern Kurdish: mîz, میز (mîz), mîstin

Proto-Slavic: *mězga

Proto-Slavic: *mьza, *mьzěti

Proto-Slavic: *mьža, *mьžati, *mьžiti

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: miśo (< *h₃m(e)iǵʰyeh₂-)

A connection to *h₃meygʰ- (“mist, cloud, condensation”), with Dutch miggelen preserving the original meaning of “to drizzle”, is conceivable, though the particulars of the morphology in pre-PIE times are unknown. For the semantics, compare Ancient Greek οὐρέω (ouréō, “to produce water, urinate”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁worséyeti (“to make (it) rain”).

m+

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov


*h₂mélǵ-ti ~ *h₂ml̥ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

*h₂molǵ-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Italic: *molgeō

Latin: mulgeō (“I milk”)

*h₂mélǵ-os ~ h₂mélǵ-es-os (s-stem noun)

Proto-Celtic: *melgos

Old Irish: melg

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: malks (“sip, nip, swig”)

Lithuanian: malkas

Proto-Celtic: *mlixtus (< *h₂ml̥ǵtus)

Old Irish: mlicht

Middle Irish: blicht

Irish: bleacht (“milk yield”)

Proto-Brythonic: bliθ

Welsh: blith (“milch”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *melkaz (“milky, milk-giving”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *milkijaz

Old English: *melċe, *milċe (þrimilċe)

Middle English: milche, melche

English: milch

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: meelk

Old Saxon:

Low German: melke

Old High German: melch

Middle High German: mëlch, melk

Alemannic German: mëlch

German: melk

Old Norse:

Icelandic: milkur, mjólkur

Proto-Germanic: *meluks (“milk”) (with unexplained -u-)

→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē

→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (“milk”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: malke (“milk”), mālk- (“to milk”) (< *h₂melǵ-ei̯e)

Tocharian B: malkwer (“milk”), mālkant (“to milk”)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bardā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bardaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *farβā (see there for further descendants)

From the stem *bʰar-/-bʰor- (“projecting forward; tip, point; bristle, awn”), form of *bʰer- (“to cut, to grate, to split, to hit”). Kroonen considers the root to be potentially derived from *bʰers- (“tip, point”) (which seems to be related to the roots discussed above), with sense development "pointy and prickly thing" > "beard".

barbātus

the initial /b-/ is also found in barba; see there for further descendants


péysks

péysks (nominative singular)
péyskes (nominative plural)
péysk (singular vocative)
péyskes (plural vocative)
péyskm̥ (accusative singular)
péyskm̥s (accusative plural)
piskés (genitive singular)
piskóHom (genitive plural)
piskés (ablative singular)
piskmós (ablative plural)
piskbʰós (ablative plural)
piskéy (dative singular)
piskmós (dative plural)
piskbʰós (dative plural)
péysk (locative singular)
péyski (locative singular)
pisksú (locative plural)
piskmís (instrumental plural)
piskbʰís (instrumental plural)

*péysk-o-s

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeiskos
Proto-Brythonic: *uɨsk
⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Uɨsk
Old Irish: íasc
Irish: iasc
Manx: eeast
Scottish Gaelic: iasg

*pisk-í-s

Proto-Italic: *piskis

Latin: piscis
Aragonese: pex
Balkan Romance:
Aromanian: peashti, peashte, peshti
Istro-Romanian: peșt
Megleno-Romanian: peaști
Romanian: piște, pește
Catalan: peix
Corsican: pesciu
Dalmatian: pasc, pask
Friulian: pes
Istriot: piso
Italian: pesce
Ladin: pësc
Ligurian: péscio
Lombard: pès
Neapolitan: pesce
Occitan: peis
Old French: poisson, peison, peisoun, peisun, peisson, peissoun, peissun, pescion, poissoun (see there for further descendants)
Old Galician-Portuguese: peixe, pexe, peyxe
Galician: peixe
Ladino: peshe
Portuguese: peixe (see there for further descendants)
Old Leonese: [Term?]
Asturian: pexe
Extremaduran: peci
Leonese: peixe
Mirandese: peç
Old Spanish: pez
Spanish: pez
Piedmontese: pess
Romagnol: pèṣ
Romansch: pèsch, pesch (Rumantsch Grischun, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader), pestg (Sutsilvan)
Sardinian: pisci (Campidanese), pische (Logudorese, Nuorese)
Sicilian: pisci
Venetan: pése, pésse, pisse
→ Albanian: peshk
→ Proto-Brythonic: *pɨsk (see there for further descendants)

*pisk-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *fiskaz
Proto-West Germanic: *fisk
Old English: fisċ, fix, ᚠᛁᛋᚳ (fisc) — Runic
Middle English: fisch, fysshe, fysch, fish, fische, fis, fyshe, fissh, vish
English: fish (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fish, fysch, fisch
Yola: wish
Old Frisian: fisk
North Frisian:
Mooring: fasch
Fering-Öömrang: fask
Söl'ring: fesk
Halunder: fesk
Saterland Frisian: Fisk
West Frisian: fisk
Old Saxon: fisk, fisc, visk, visc
Middle Low German: visch, vis
Low German: Fisch
Dutch Low Saxon: visch
German Low German: Fisk, Fiss, Fisch, Fösch
Plautdietsch: Fesch
Old Dutch: fisc, visc
Middle Dutch: visch, visc, vis, vesch, fisch, fisc
Dutch: vis, visch (before 1934)
Afrikaans: vis
Berbice Creole Dutch: fesi
Jersey Dutch: väśe
Negerhollands: visch, vesch, fes, fis, vis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fis (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: fesi, fisse, fiche
Petjo: fis
→? Aukan: fisi
Limburgish: visj, vèsj
West Flemish: vissch
Old High German: fisk, fisc
Middle High German: visch, fisch, visc, vesc
Bavarian: Fiisch
Cimbrian: viss, biss, visch
Mòcheno: visch
Central Franconian: Fesch
Hunsrik: Fisch
Kölsch: Fesch
Luxembourgish: Fësch
Transylvanian Saxon: Fäsch
German: Fisch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Fusch, Fisch
Pennsylvania German: Fisch
Vilamovian: fejś
Yiddish: פֿיש (fish)
Old Norse: fiskr
Icelandic: fiskur
Faroese: fiskur
Norn: fisk
Norwegian Bokmål: fisk
Norwegian Nynorsk: fisk
Elfdalian: fisk
Old Swedish: fisker, ᚠᛁᛋᚴᚽᚱ
Swedish: fisk
Old Danish: fisk
Danish: fisk
Old Gutnish: *fiskr
Gutnish: fisk
Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks)
Crimean Gothic: fisct

Limited to West Indo-European, which has led to some speculation of a substrate borrowing. Alternatively reconstructed as a vṛddhi derivative of a sḱ-present verb:
* *peyḱsḱ- (“something painted, spotted”), from *piḱ-sḱé-ti, from *peyḱ- (“to paint, mark; spotted”), compare semantics of Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”), Old Irish erc (“perch”), Proto-Germanic *furhnō (“trout”), from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“colored, speckled”);
* *peytsḱ- (“something nourishing, food”), from *pit-sḱé-ti, from *péyh₂tu (“something fattening, nourishing”), cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *piHtú (“fat; food”), Proto-Slavic *piťa (“food”);
* *peysḱ- (“something winged, finned”), cognate with Sanskrit पिच्छ (piccha, “tail feather, wing”), Czech pisk (“young feather”), perhaps further related to Proto-West Germanic *finnā (“fin”), Latin pinna (“wing, feather, fin”), from *(s)peyh₂-; also compare semantics of Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, “feather, wing, fin”), Sanskrit पक्ष (pakṣa, “wing, fin”);
* or *peysḱ- (“something soft tissued”), cognate with Sanskrit पिच्छ (piccha, “calf (of the leg)”), compare semantics of Proto-Slavic *jьkra (“fish roe; calf of leg”), Dutch kuit (“fish roe; calf of leg”).


yóh₁r̥

yóh₁r̥ (nominative singular)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
yéh₁ōr (collective nominative)
yóh₁r̥ (singular vocative)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
yéh₁ōr (collective vocative)
yóh₁r̥ (accusative singular)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
yéh₁ōr (accusative collective)
yéh₁n̥ (locative singular)
yéh₁n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)

Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah

Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 (yār^ə) ~ 𐬫𐬃 (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁 (yā))

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (dužiiāⁱriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)

Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)

Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)

Persian: دچار (dočâr)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”) (+ *Hhu-)

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (huiiāⁱriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

Beekes mentions a possible derivation from *(H)yeh₁- (“to send”).

jarъ

summer; spring; see there for further descendants

hōrnus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”))


dáḱru

dáḱru (nominative singular)
dáḱru (singular vocative)
dáḱru (accusative singular)
dḱréws (genitive singular)
dḱréwoHom (genitive plural)
dḱréws (ablative singular)
dḱrúmos (ablative plural)
dḱrúbʰos (ablative plural)
dḱréwey (dative singular)
dḱrúmos (dative plural)
dḱrúbʰos (dative plural)
dḱréw (locative singular)
dḱréwi (locative singular)
dḱrúsu (locative plural)
dḱrúh₁ (instrumental singular)
dḱrúmis (instrumental plural)
dḱrúbʰis (instrumental plural)
*dráḱru (alternative)
*dráḱwr̥ (alternative)
*dráḱr̥ (alternative)
*dáḱr-o-m (alternative)

Proto-Armenian:

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*draḱru-</i>

Old Armenian: արտաւսր (artawsr, “tear”) (< *draḱru-)

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*draḱu-</i>

Old Armenian: արտասուք (artasukʻ, “tears”) (< *draḱu-)
Armenian: արտասուք (artasukʻ), արցունք (arcʻunkʻ)

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dáḱr-o-m</i>

Proto-Celtic: *dakrom (< *dáḱr-o-m)

Proto-Brythonic: *dagr

Cornish: dagr

desctree

Old Irish: dér, dǽr (Milan glosses)
Middle Irish: dér f
Irish: deoir
Scottish Gaelic: deur
Manx: jeir

desc

Proto-Celtic: *dakrū (plural or collective) < *dáḱruh₂ pl

Proto-Brythonic: *dėgr

Middle Welsh: deigyr

Welsh: deigr (archaic)

⇒ Welsh: deigryn

Proto-Germanic: *tahrą (< *dáḱr-o-m) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dráḱ-nu-s</i>

Proto-Germanic: *trahnuz (< *dráḱ-nu-s)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: δάκρυ (dákru), δάκρυον (dákruon)
Greek: δάκρυ (dákry)
→ English: dacryo-

Proto-Italic: *d(r)(k)akrunā?

Old Latin: dacruma, dacrima

Latin: lacruma, lacrima (see there for further descendants)

Linked to *h₂éḱru in some way, but the derivation is unclear. One possibility is that it is a contraction from earlier *dh₂éḱru, from the compound *dr̥ḱ-h₂éḱru (“eye-bitter”). This hypothesis explains the Old Armenian reflexes and Proto-Germanic *trahnuz well, but creates other questions. Even aside from the lack of known phonological parallels to such a contraction, it is unclear why the root *derḱ- was used rather than the main word for “eye” in Proto-Indo-European, *h₃ókʷs, though C.J. Ruijgh suggests that the semantic distinction was a meaning “fixed eye” for the former.
Alternatively, Dunkel suggests *h₂éḱru was prefixed with *d, the zero grade of *ád.

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


wr̥mis

Proto-Albanian: *wrimi

Albanian: rrime

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: որդն (ordn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārmi-, *wārmas

desc

Lithuanian: var̃mas (“mosquito, horse-fly, fly, bug”)

Old Prussian: wormyan (“red”), urminan, warmun

Proto-Slavic: *vьrmьje (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gwraint

Proto-Germanic: *wurmiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wrómos

Ancient Greek: ῥόμος (rhómos, “wood-worm”)

Proto-Italic: *wormis

Latin: vermis (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from the root *wer- (“to turn, to bend”). Alternatively, a mutation of the synonymous *kʷr̥mis.


ǵómbʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵómbʰos (nominative singular)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵómbʰoes (nominative plural)
ǵómbʰe (singular vocative)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵómbʰoes (plural vocative)
ǵómbʰom (accusative singular)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵómbʰoms (accusative plural)
ǵómbʰosyo (genitive singular)
ǵómbʰoHom (genitive plural)
ǵómbʰead (ablative singular)
ǵómbʰomos (ablative plural)
ǵómbʰobʰos (ablative plural)
ǵómbʰoey (dative singular)
ǵómbʰomos (dative plural)
ǵómbʰobʰos (dative plural)
ǵómbʰey (locative singular)
ǵómbʰoy (locative singular)
ǵómbʰoysu (locative plural)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵómbʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *dzamba

Albanian: dhëmb

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źámbas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kambaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gómpʰos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ámbʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *këmë

Tocharian A: kam

Tocharian B: keme

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ծամեմ (camem, “to chew, ruminate”)

Armenian: ծամել (camel)


dʰwer-

*dʰwṓr ~ *dʰurés (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwor-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwára (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dworā, *duros

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dor

Cornish: dor

Old Welsh: dor

Middle Welsh: dor

Old Irish: dorus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwā́ram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwā́ram

Sanskrit: द्वार (dvā́ra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dwara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fworom

Latin: forum (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌖𐌓𐌖 (furu), furo

Proto-Tocharian: *twere

Tocharian B: twere

Proto-Italic: *fworā

Latin: forās, forīs

*dʰwōr-eh₂ (innovative collective)

Proto-Albanian: *dwōrā

Albanian: derë

*dʰur-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Germanic: *durō

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (daura)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰurā

Ancient Greek: θῠ́ρᾱ (thŭ́rā)

Greek: θύρα (thýra)

*dʰur-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *durą

*dʰúr-m̥ ~ *dʰwor-m̥

Old Armenian: դուռն (duṙn)

Armenian: դուռ (duṙ)

*dʰwor-es-tus (innovative)

Proto-Celtic: *dworestus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: derî

Nuristani:

Kamviri: [script needed] (du)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


Proto-Albanian: *aśt-

Albanian: asht

Armenian: (< *h₃ost-wer-)

Old Armenian: ոսկր (oskr)

Armenian: ոսկոր (oskor)

Proto-Celtic: *ast (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástʰH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH

Sanskrit: अस्थि (ásthi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HástH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Kamviri: âṭi

Italic:

Latin: os (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āyä

Tocharian A: āy

Tocharian B: āy (plural āsta)

Ancient Greek: ὀστέον

Hellenic: Proto-Hellenic: *ósteyom (alternatively, *óstewom like the Armenian u-derivative)


perd-

*pérd-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

*pr̥d-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirdḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *pьrdě̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikkā

Proto-Brythonic: *rex

Welsh: rhech

*pr̥d-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *furtuz, *fertaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *furtu (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: perdēt

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*gʷéyh₃-ti ~ *gʷih₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷéyomai (subj.)

Epic Greek: βείομαι (beíomai), βέομαι (béomai, future verb of βιόω (bióō))

*gʷoyh₃-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gájīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *gojìti (see there for further descendants)

q

whence possibly <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷíh₃weti</i>

*gʷih₃-wó-s (“alive, living”) (whence possibly *gʷíh₃weti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gajas

Proto-Slavic: *gȍjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गय (gáya)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (gaiia)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géiˀta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *beitom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: жить (žitĭ, “life”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬍𐬙𐬌 (jīti, “life”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जीर (jīrá, “quick”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬭𐬀 (jira)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *džita

Albanian: nxit, zit

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կեամ (keam)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑγιής (hugiḗs)

Italic:

Latin: iūgis


kʷékʷlos

non-ablauting (romanization)
*kʷekʷlóm (alternative)
*kʷókʷlos (alternative)
*kuklós (alternative)
kʷékʷlos (nominative singular)
kʷékʷloes (nominative plural)
kʷékʷle (singular vocative)
kʷékʷloes (plural vocative)
kʷékʷlom (accusative singular)
kʷékʷloms (accusative plural)
kʷékʷlosyo (genitive singular)
kʷékʷloHom (genitive plural)
kʷekʷlósyo (collective genitive)
kʷékʷlead (ablative singular)
kʷékʷlomos (ablative plural)
kʷékʷlobʰos (ablative plural)
kʷekʷléad (ablative collective)
kʷékʷloey (dative singular)
kʷékʷlomos (dative plural)
kʷékʷlobʰos (dative plural)
kʷekʷlóey (collective dative)
kʷékʷley (locative singular)
kʷékʷloy (locative singular)
kʷékʷloysu (locative plural)
kʷekʷléy (collective locative)
kʷekʷlóy (collective locative)
kʷékʷlōys (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

(perhaps) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 (ᴺᴵᴺᴰᴬKU.GUL.LA, “lard biscuit, doughnut”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos)

Latgalian: koklys (“neck”)

Latvian: kakls (“neck”)

Lithuanian: kãklas (“neck”)

Proto-Slavic: *kolo (“wheel”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kakla (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷókʷlos (< *kʷokʷlos) or *kúklos? (< *kʷukʷlos)

Ancient Greek: κύκλος (kúklos, “cycle, wheel”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakrám (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κίκλην (kíklēn) (+ *-ēn)

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷukʷlo-</i>

Proto-Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le, *kukle (< *kʷukʷlo-)
Tocharian A: kukäl
Tocharian B: kokale
→? Chinese: 車 (OC *kla)

Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).

(in the collective) set of wheels; cart, wagon, chariot


(s)kreybʰ-

*(s)kréybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrībaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skreiβō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kréybʰ-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibtei

Lithuanian: skriẽbti

*(s)kréybʰ-i-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibis-tas

Latgalian: skreibsts (“hook”)

Proto-Slavic: *xrьbьtъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: skre(i)beļs

Latgalian: skrybyns (“scraper”)

(perhaps) Celtic: *skrībbāti (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκᾰ́ρῑφος (skắrīphos)

Probably an extended form of *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever”).


sweyd-

*swéyd-e-ti (root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̓δίω (īdíō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáydati

Sanskrit: स्वेदते (svédate)

*swíd-ye-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *switjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swídyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swídyati

Sanskrit: स्विद्यति (svídyati)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: syā-

*swoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Germanic:

Old High German: sweizzen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaydáyati

Sanskrit: स्वेदयति (svedáyati)

*swéyd-os ~ *swéyd-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éidos

Ancient Greek: ἶδος (îdos)

Italic:

Latin: sūdor

*swéyd-r̥ ~ *swid-én-s (*r/n heteroclitic)

Proto-Albanian: *(ui)dertśiā (< *swid-ro-t-yeh₂)

Albanian: djersë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: քիրտն (kʻirtn)

Armenian: քրտինք (kʻrtinkʻ)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sviêdri

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs)

*swid-tós

Proto-Celtic: *swissos

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨs

Middle Breton: hues

Breton: c'hwez

Cornish: hwys

Middle Welsh: chuis

Welsh: chwys

*swoyd-o-

desc

Proto-Germanic: *swaitaz, *swaitą, *swaitô

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydas (see there for further descendants)

Italic: (denominative)

Latin: sūdō


wes-

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (waš-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *was-

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)

Proto-Iranian: *wah- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäs-

Tocharian A: wäs-

Tocharian B: wäs-

*wés-tor (deponent athematic Narten root present)

*wes-néw-ti ~ *wes-n̥w-énti (nu-present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգենում (zgenum)

Proto-Hellenic: *wehnūmi

Ancient Greek: ἕννῡμῐ (hénnūmĭ)

Ionic Greek: εἵνῡμῐ (heínūmĭ)

*wos-éye-ti (causative)

*wés-n̥no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhanos

Ancient Greek: ἑᾰνός (heănós), εἱᾰνός (heiănós) (verse-initially), ἑᾱνός (heānós) (later)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐁀𐀜𐀂 (we-a2-no-i /wehanoiʰi/, dat.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásanam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásanam

Sanskrit: वसन n (vásana)

Proto-Iranian: *wáhanam

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 n (vaŋhana)

*wés-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmə

Ancient Greek: εἷμα (heîma), εἵματα (heímata, “clothes”)

Aeolic Greek: ἔμμα (émma)

Cretan Greek: ϝῆμα (wêma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásma

Sanskrit: वस्मन् (vásman)

*wés-ti-s ~ *us-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*wés-tro-m

Germanic:

Middle High German: wester (“christening dress”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéstrā

Doric Greek: ϝέστρᾱ (wéstrā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástram (see there for further descendants)

*wés-tu-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առա-գաստ (aṙa-gast) (< *wés-t-eh₂-) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐσθής (esthḗs)

Tocharian:

q

infinitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="txb">wäs-</i>

Tocharian B: wastsi (infinitive of wäs-)


wes-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*wḗs-ti ~ *wés-n̥ti (acrodynamic present)

Latin: vēscor (“to nourish oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Hittite: wesiyattari (“grazes”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *westā (“food, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ti-

Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“provisions, food”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ri-

Tocharian A: wäsri (“pasture”)

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: wēsi- (“meadow”)

Hittite: wastara- (“herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 (vāstar, “herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (vāstra, “pasture”)

Proto-Germanic: *wisundz (“bison”)


wes-

*wés-ti ~ *us-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/u̯a-a-ši/)

*we-wós-e ~ *we-ws-ḗr (perfect)

Hittite: [Term?] (/wāsi/)

*wós-n̥ ~ *us-né-s (“sale; price”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ó-s (“selling, trade”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wasás

Proto-Iranian: *waháh

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀳𑁄𑀬𑁆𑀲𑀦 (bahoysana)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/wahāg/)

Persian: بها (bahâ)

Ossetian: уӕй (wæj)

Sogdian: [Term?] (/xwʾqr/, “merchant”)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷel-</i> (“to walk”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wahá-čāra- (“market”) (with *kʷel- (“to walk”))

desc

Gilaki: واجار (vājār, “open market, bazaar”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: باژاڕ (bajarr), باژێڕ (bajêrr)

Northern Kurdish: bajar

Mazanderani: واجار (vājār)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾčʾl /wāzār/)

Persian: بازار (bâzâr) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *wosa (see there for further descendants)


dʰegʷʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*dʰégʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*dʰogʷʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-dadžja

Albanian: ndez

Proto-Celtic: *degʷyeti (“to flame, blaze”)

Welsh: deifio

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāǰʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: दाहयति (dāháyati)

Proto-Italic: *foɣʷeō

Latin: foveō

*dʰḗgʷʰ-s-t ~ dʰégʷʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰākš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰākṣ

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अधाक्षीत्</i> (ádhākṣīt)

(later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अधाक् (ádhāk) (later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tsekär (3pl.), tseksamai (1sg.med.)

*dʰgʷʰ-éh₁ye-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éh₁yonti (thematic *éh₁-stative)

desc

*ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰáHyati

Sanskrit: क्षायति (kṣā́yati)

*dʰgʷʰ-éy-ti (*éy-present)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”, reanalyzed root)

*dʰegʷʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dеgis, *dаgis

Lithuanian: dẽgis

Proto-Celtic: *degʷis (“flame, blaze”)

Old Irish: daig

Irish: daigh, doigh

Middle Welsh: goddeith

Welsh: goddaith

Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-dextā

Middle Welsh: goddeith

(possibly) *dʰₔgʷʰ-tós (?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰagdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dagdʰás

Sanskrit: दग्ध (dagdhá, “burned”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dagāˀ

Latvian: daga

Lithuanian: dagà

Old Prussian: dagis

*dʰógʷʰ-r̥ ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éns (“burning”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέφρα (téphra) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰegʷʰr-i-s

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷris

Latin: febris (“fever”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰógʷʰr-us ~ *dʰgʷʰr-éws

*dʰégʷʰrw-o-m

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷrwom

Latin: februum (“means of purification”)

(possibly) *dʰogʷʰ-o-s

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">**dawaz</i> expected

Proto-Germanic: *dagaz (loss of labiovelar unexplained, **dawaz expected)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հր-դեհ (hr-deh) (possible borrowing)

Proto-Germanic: *diurijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fōmes

Proto-Italic:

Latin: *fovimentum

Latin: fōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *və-dez

Albanian: dhez

Sanskrit: दह् (dah)


-iskos

-iskos (nominative singular)
-iskoes (nominative plural)
-iske (singular vocative)
-iskoes (plural vocative)
-iskom (accusative singular)
-iskoms (accusative plural)
-iskosyo (genitive singular)
-iskoHom (genitive plural)
-iskead (ablative singular)
-iskomos (ablative plural)
-iskobʰos (ablative plural)
-iskoey (dative singular)
-iskomos (dative plural)
-iskobʰos (dative plural)
-iskey (locative singular)
-iskoy (locative singular)
-iskoysu (locative plural)
-iskōys (instrumental plural)
-iskām (accusative singular)
-iskom (nominative singular)
-iskoy (dual nominative)
-iskom (singular vocative)
-iskoy (dual vocative)
-iskoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-iškas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-iskaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-iskos

Ancient Greek: -ῐ́σκος (-ĭ́skos)

Characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to


wiḱpótis

wiḱpótis (nominative singular)
wiḱpóteyes (nominative plural)
wiḱpóti (singular vocative)
wiḱpóteyes (plural vocative)
wiḱpótim (accusative singular)
wiḱpótims (accusative plural)
wiḱpótis (genitive singular)
wiḱpótyoHom (genitive plural)
wiḱpótis (ablative singular)
wiḱpótimos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótyey (dative singular)
wiḱpótimos (dative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (dative plural)
wiḱpóti (locative singular)
wiḱpótisu (locative plural)
wiḱpótimis (instrumental plural)
wiḱpótibʰis (instrumental plural)
wiḱpótis (nominative singular)
wiḱpóteyes (nominative plural)
wiḱpóti (singular vocative)
wiḱpóteyes (plural vocative)
wiḱpótim (accusative singular)
wiḱpótims (accusative plural)
wiḱpótis (genitive singular)
wiḱpótyoHom (genitive plural)
wiḱpótis (ablative singular)
wiḱpótimos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótyey (dative singular)
wiḱpótimos (dative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (dative plural)
wiḱpóti (locative singular)
wiḱpótisu (locative plural)
wiḱpótimis (instrumental plural)
wiḱpótibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *w(i)tspáti

Proto-Albanian: *dzwāpt

Albanian: zota

Albanian: zot (“lord”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *w(e)iśpatis

Lithuanian: viēšpats (“god”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wićpátiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiśpátiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: विश्पति (viśpáti, “chief of a settlement or tribe”)

Proto-Iranian: *wicpátiš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vīspaⁱti, “master of borough, clan-chief, household-chief”)

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎰𐎳𐎫 (*viθfáti)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wyspt' /wisbed/, “clan-chief, village headman”)

Manichaean Middle Persian: [script needed] (wysbyd /wisbed/, “village headman”)

> (right loanword) Persian: ویسبذ (visbaz, “a class of rulers in ancient Iran”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wikpots (“master of the clan”)

From *weyḱ- (“village, household”) + *pótis (“master”).

compound

waispattin

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *w(e)iśpatnīˀ; Old Prussian


táwros

non-ablauting (romanization)
táwros (nominative singular)
táwroes (nominative plural)
táwre (singular vocative)
táwroes (plural vocative)
táwrom (accusative singular)
táwroms (accusative plural)
táwrosyo (genitive singular)
táwroHom (genitive plural)
táwread (ablative singular)
táwromos (ablative plural)
táwrobʰos (ablative plural)
táwroey (dative singular)
táwromos (dative plural)
táwrobʰos (dative plural)
táwrey (locative singular)
táwroy (locative singular)
táwroysu (locative plural)
táwrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *taura (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *taurás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *steuraz, *þeuraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tarwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *táuros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáwras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tauros (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: taurom

Borrowed from or into Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- (“bull, ox”), or both originated from a common unknown source. (The unconditioned /a/ suggests a non-Indo-European etymon.)


Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-an-za /ḫants/, “in front”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընդ (ənd, “to, at, towards, by”)

Proto-Germanic: *andi (“and, also, against”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀντί (antí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánti

Vedic Sanskrit: अन्ति (ánti)

Proto-Italic: *anti

Latin: ante (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌕 (ant)

Locative singular case of the root noun *h₂énts (“forehead, front”).


ser-

*sr-ew-

*ser-o-

Proto-Italic: *serom (“serum, whey”)

Latin: serum (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *hëra (“whey”) (see there for further descendants)

*sor-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *horós (“serum, whey”)

Ancient Greek: ὀρός (orós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hοrmā́

Ancient Greek: ὁρμή (hormḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सरित् (sarít, “river, stream”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सिरा (sirā́, “stream, channel; vessel in the body”) (see there for further descendants)

partly; merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sel-</i> (“to spring”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sar- (partly; merged with *sel- (“to spring”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sar-

Sanskrit: सृ (sṛ)


ser-

*ser-wo-s

q

Proto-Italic: *serwos (or perhaps from the sense “to bind” below)

Old Latin: servos

Latin: servus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ser-w-eh₂-ye-ti

>? Proto-Hellenic: *hrūomai, *hehrūomai

desc

Ancient Greek: ῥύομαι (rhúomai), εἰρύομαι (eirúomai) — Epic

Proto-Italic: *serwāō

Latin: servō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *sьrbъ


ser-

*sér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sertéi

Latvian: sẽrt

Proto-Italic: *serō
Latin: serō

*sér-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *héřřō
Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)

*sér-mn̥ ~ *sér-mō

Proto-Hellenic: *hérmə

Ancient Greek: ἕρμα (hérma)

Proto-Italic: *sermō

Latin: sermō (see there for further descendants)

*sér-ti-s

Proto-Italic: *sortis

Latin: sors (see there for further descendants)

*sór-mo-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որմ (orm), որմն (ormn)
Armenian: որմ (orm), առորմի (aṙormi)

Proto-Hellenic: *hórmos

Ancient Greek: ὅρμος (hórmos)

*ser-wo-s

>? Proto-Italic: *serwos (or from the sense “to guard” above)

*sor-wo-m

desc

Proto-Germanic: *sarwą (“equipment, armour”) (possibly)(or from the sense “to guard” above) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gasarwiją

Old High German: gisarawi

Middle High German: geserwe

Old Norse: sørvi

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *surmā

Albanian: gjurmë

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: յեռում (yeṙum), յեռեմ (yeṙem) — post-Classical (< յ- (y-) + *ser-s-)
→ Armenian: հեռել (heṙel) (learned)

(?) Old Armenian: *հուռ- (*huṙ-) (< *sōr-s-)
Armenian: հուռ (huṙ)

(?) Old Armenian: յիրեմ (yirem) (յ- (y-) + *sēr-)
→ Armenian: հիրել (hirel) (learned)

Proto-Germanic: *sarkiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सरत् (sarat)

Sanskrit: सिरा (sirā)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: seriēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: sar-


ser-

*sr̥-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *həřřō, ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *həřřéyō

Ancient Greek: αἱρέω (hairéō)

*ser-(e-)ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sertéi

Latvian: sirt (“to loot”)

*sór-u-

Proto-Anatolian: *sōru-

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒊒 (sāru, “booty, plunder”)

Luwian:

desc

⇒ Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔐫𔗔𔗑𔗔 (sarusa, nom./acc.sg.)

⇒ Cuneiform script: 𒊭𒊒𒍑𒊭 (šarūša, “loot, plunder”, nom./acc.sg.)

Proto-Celtic: *serwā (“theft, plundering”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰew-

*ǵʰew-d-

*ǵʰéw-t ~ *ǵʰw-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔχυτο (ékhuto)

*ǵʰéw-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χέω (khéō)

*ǵʰi-ǵʰéw-ti (reduplicated present)

*ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰáwti

Sanskrit: जुहोति (juhóti)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰów-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰw-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέχῠκᾰ (kékhŭkă)

*ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰā́wa

Sanskrit: जुहाव (juhā́va)

*ǵʰu-tó-s (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-ti-s ~ *ǵʰu-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *foutis

Latin: fūtis, fūtilis, effūtiō

*ǵʰéw-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰu-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéumə

Ancient Greek: χεῦμᾰ (kheûmă), χύμα (khúma)

Phrygian: ζευμάν (zeumán)

*ǵʰéw-mo-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwmas

Sanskrit: होम (hóma)

*ǵʰu-mo-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χῡμός (khūmós)

*ǵʰu-lo-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χῡλός (khūlós)

*ǵʰew-yó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰawyám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰawyám

Sanskrit: हव्य (havyá)

*ǵʰéw-tlo/eh₂- ~ *ǵʰu-tlo/eh₂-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtraH (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰu-tlo-

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutlon

Ancient Greek: χύτλον (khútlon)

*ǵʰéw-tro-m, *ǵʰú-tro-m

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰútra (pl.)

Ancient Greek: χύτρα (khútra)

Greek: χύτρα (chýtra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtram (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-tōr ~ *ǵʰu-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *j́ūla

Albanian: dyllë

Proto-Albanian: *guònmi

Albanian: gumoj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձեւ (jew) < *ǵʰew-os or *ǵʰew-o-

Old Armenian: ձոյլ (joyl) < *ǵʰew-lo-

Old Armenian: ձոր (jor) < *ǵʰoworo- < *ǵʰowero-

(?) Old Armenian: զուտ (zut) < *ǵʰu-d-o-

(?) Old Armenian: ձագար (jagar)

Proto-Tocharian: *eñcäuwo (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käutk- (see there for further descendants)


*télh₂-t ~ *tl̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*tl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*te-tólh₂-e ~ *te-tl̥h₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

*tolh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Venetic: 𐌕𐌏𐌋𐌀𐌓 (tolar)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tolazāō
Latin: tolerō (see there for further descendants)

*tl̥h₂-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þulāną (“to bear, to endure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tálanton

Ancient Greek: τάλαντον (tálanton)

Proto-Hellenic: *tólmā (with loss of laryngeal)

Ancient Greek: τόλμα (tólma)

Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”), τλήμων (tlḗmōn) (< *tl̥h₂-m-)

*tl̥h₂-tó-m (“bridge, ford”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tílˀta

Latgalian: tylts

Latvian: til̃ts

Lithuanian: ti̇̀ltas

→ Proto-Finnic: *cilta

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुला (tulā́)

⇒ Sanskrit: तुलयति (tulayati), तोलयति (tolayati)

Proto-Iranian: *tarā-

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (tlʾcwk /tarāzūg/, “balance, scales”)

Persian: ترازو (tarâzu)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *tlātis

Proto-Brythonic: *tlọd

Middle Welsh: tlawt

Welsh: tlawd

Middle Irish: tláith

Irish: tláith

Scottish Gaelic: tlàth

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάλας (tálas)

Ancient Greek: ταλαίπωρος (talaípōros)

Ancient Greek: ταλασίφρων (talasíphrōn)

Ancient Greek: Ἄτλας (Átlas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Latin: opitulor


Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tьlò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talˀa-

Old Prussian: talus (“floor”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patalˀa-

Lithuanian: pãtalas (“bed”)

Proto-Slavic:

Russian: потоло́к (potolók, “ceiling”)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)
Old Irish: talam
Irish: talamh
Manx: thalloo
Scottish Gaelic: talamh
Gaulish: *talamon
→ Latin: Talamone
→ Latin: Talmun
French: Talmont

*tel(h₂)-nos ~ *tel(h₂)-nes-

Proto-Italic: *telnos

Latin: tellūs (“earth”) (perhaps, and reshaped after rūs)

Unsorted formations

desc

>? Old Armenian: թաղ (tʻał, “ward, district”), թաղեմ (tʻałem, “to bury”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ti̇̀lės (“wooden floor in a boat”)

Proto-Germanic: *þelą (“floor, deal (of plank)”)

Proto-Germanic: *þiljǭ (“board, plank; floorboard”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *talam (“surface, bottom”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *talam

Sanskrit: तल (tala) (see there for further descendants)

ground, bottom. Possibly a derivative of *telh₂- "to bear" in the sense of that which bears, carries, supports.


*dm̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *dm̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *damnāti (“to subdue, break a horse”)

Old Irish: damnaid (“bind, subdue”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάμνημι (dámnēmi)

*dm̥h₂-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *damyeti (“to allow, permit, endure”) (see there for further descendants)

*domh₂-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दमयति (damáyati) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *domaō
Latin: domō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *domanos

Latin: dominus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *domatos

Latin: domitus

*dm̥h₂-h₁yé-ti ('essive')

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दाम्यति (dā́myati)

*démh₂-ti-s ~ *dm̥h₂-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δμῆσις (dmêsis)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: δάμαρ (dámar)

Proto-Germanic: *tamaz (see there for further descendants)

*dm̥h₂-tó-s, *demh₂-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *dametos (“sheep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δμητός (dmētós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *damHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *damHtás

Sanskrit: दमित (damita)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: dem (“bull, steer”)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒋫𒈠𒀸 (tamāšš-, “to press, push”)

Proto-Celtic: *damos (“bull; domesticated animal”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαμάζω (damázō)

Ancient Greek: δμώς m (dmṓs), δμῳή f (dmōiḗ, “slave taken in war”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दमायति (damāyáti, “to subdue, tame”)


*h₁léwdʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *leudaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwdʰati

Vedic Sanskrit: रोधति (ródhati)

Sanskrit: रोहति (róhati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwdati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (raoδəṇti)

Proto-Tocharian: *lut-

Tocharian A: lut-

Tocharian B: lut-

*h₁ludʰ-é-t (thematic root aorist) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁lewdʰ-i-s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eléutʰeros

Ancient Greek: ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros, “free”)

Proto-Italic: *louðeros (see there for further descendants)

*h₁lewdʰ-er-tos, *h₁lewdʰ-er-teh₂

Proto-Italic: *louðertos (“freedman”), *louðertā (“freedwoman”)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌀 (loiferta), 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀 (loifirta, “freedwoman”) (with *ou > *oi)

Latin: lībertus, līberta (with *ou > *oi)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: lirë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaudas

Proto-Slavic: *ľudъ

Proto-Italic: *louðortāts (“freedom”)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌏 (loifirtato) (with *ou > *oi)

Old Latin: loebertās (with *ou > *oi)

Latin: lībertās (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léwdʰ-tus ~ *h₁ludʰ-téws

Proto-Celtic: *lussus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *lèud-no

Albanian: lem, len — dialectal

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vëlla

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwdʰas

Sanskrit: रोध (ródha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwdah

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (raoδa)

Baluchi: ردگ (ruddag)

Pashto: لويېدل (loyedal)

Persian: رستن (rostan)

Talysh: lolo (people)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: रुध् (rudh, “to grow”)

Sanskrit: रुह् (ruh)


*h₁égʷʰ-ti ~ *h₁gʷʰ-énti (athematic root present) or *h₁ḗgʷʰ-ti ~ *h₁égʷʰ-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔégʷti

Hittite: 𒀀𒆪 (a-ku-), 𒂊𒆪 (e-ku-)

Luwian: 𒌋 (u-)

Lydian: 𐤨𐤬𐤱𐤰 (kofu, “water”)

Palaic: 𒀀𒄷 (a-ḫu /aḫu-/)

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʷʰō

Ancient Greek: νήφω (nḗphō, “be sober”) (prefixed with *ne-)

Proto-Tocharian: *yok- (“to drink”)

Tocharian A: yok-

Tocharian B: yok-

Proto-Italic: *ēɣʷrjos

Latin: ēbrius


(s)teg-

*(s)tég-e-ti (root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέγω (stégō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰágati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰágati

Sanskrit: स्थगति (sthágati)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tegō
Latin: tegō
⇒? Umbrian: 𐌕𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌄𐌛𐌉𐌌 (tehteřim, acc. sg.) (< *tekt-edjo-)

*stog-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *togīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰagáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰagáyati

Sanskrit: स्थगयति (sthagáyati)

*(s)tḗg-s (root noun)

Proto-Celtic: *tīxs

Old Irish: tí

Italic:

Latin: tēgula (see there for further descendants)

*tég-mn̥

Italic:

Latin: tegmen, tegimen, tegumen (with epenthetic -i- -u-)

*teg-no-

Proto-Italic: *tegnom

Latin: tignum

*steg-nós

Proto-Hellenic: *stegnós

Ancient Greek: στεγανός (steganós)

⇒ English: steganography

*(s)tég-os

Proto-Albanian: *tāga

Albanian: tog

Albanian: toger

Proto-Celtic: *tegos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *(s)tégos

Ancient Greek: στέγος (stégos), τέγος (tégos)
⇒ English: stegosaur, stegosaurus

*teg-ur-yo-

Italic:

Latin: tugurium, tegurium, tigurium

*tég-us (“thick”)

Proto-Italic: *togā

Latin: toga

South Picene: 𐌕𐌏𐌊𐌀𐌌 (tokam)

*tog-o-

Proto-Celtic: *togos (“roof”)

Brythonic:

Breton: to

Welsh: to

Proto-Germanic: *þaką, *þakjaną, *þakinō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāgas

Old Prussian: stogis

Latgalian: stogs

Lithuanian: stogas

Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *entogos (< *h₁én-togo-)

Old Irish: étach (“clothing”)
Irish: éadach
Manx: eaddagh
Scottish Gaelic: aodach

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táktas

Proto-Iranian: *táxtah

Middle Persian: tʾht' (taxt) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Khotanese: 𐨟𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨌 (ttī, “abode, covered place, nest”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *tāgah (“arch, vault”)

Middle Iranian: *tāk

→ Arabic: طَاق (ṭāq)

Middle Persian: tʾg (/tāg/)

desctree

Persian: طاق, تاق (tâq)
→ Armenian: թաղ (tʻaġ)
→ Azerbaijani: tağ


(s)teg-

Proto-Germanic: *stakô (see there for further descendants)

*stog-nos

Proto-Germanic: *stakkaz (see there for further descendants)

*teg-slom

Proto-Italic: *tekslom

Latin: tēlum (see there for further descendants)

*teg-nom

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թակն (tʻakn)

Proto-Italic: *tegnom

Latin: tignum


h₁ésm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁és (indicative past second-person singular)
h₁és (imperative second-person singular)
h₁sdʰí (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *esmi
Albanian: jam, (3sg.) është

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: եմ (em), ես (es), է (ē), են (en), (probably) -ի- (-i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (*esmi, *esi, *esti)

Latgalian: byut (asmu, esi, etc. (except ir))

Latvian: būt (esmu, esi, etc. (except ir))

Lithuanian: būti (esu, esi, etc. (except yra))

Old Prussian: ast

Proto-Slavic: *byti (*(j)esmь, *(j)esi, *(j)estь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi
Ancient Greek: εἰμί (eimí)
Aeolic: ἔμμι (émmi)
Cretan: ἠμί (ēmí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *som, *ezom (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ste (“is”)

Athematic root present of *h₁es- (“to be”).


ǵʰh₂éns

ǵʰh₂éns (nominative singular)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁e (dual nominative)
ǵʰh₂éns (singular vocative)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁e (dual vocative)
ǵʰh₂énsm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁e (accusative dual)
ǵʰh₂énsm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sés (genitive singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥sés (ablative singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥smós (ablative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥séy (dative singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥smós (dative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰh₂éns (locative singular)
ǵʰh₂énsi (locative singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥séh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥smís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *gatā

Albanian: gatë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źansís / *gansís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gansis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gans (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰā́n

Ancient Greek: χήν (khḗn)

Doric Greek: χᾱ́ν (khā́n)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀜 (ka-no /kʰā́nhos/, gen.sg.), 𐀏𐀯 (ka-si /kʰā́si/, dat.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰansás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hāns (see there for further descendants)

Likely of imitative origin. See *gerh₂ḗn (“crane”) for a similar onomatopoeia-based bird name.
Nonetheless, Hyllested and others have suggested a (genetic) relationship with Proto-Finno-Ugric *joŋkće, with regular correspondence of Proto-Uralic *j- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰ-. Similarity to Proto-Turkic *kāz (“goose”) is often discussed as well, but this is likely coincidental.

onomatopoeic

imitative


h₃nógʰh₁ (dual nominative)
h₃nógʰh₁ (dual vocative)
h₃nógʰm̥ (accusative singular)
h₃nógʰh₁ (accusative dual)

Armenian: *unug- (< accusative *h₃nógʰ-m̥)

Old Armenian: եղունգն (ełungn) (+ *-n (body part suffix))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nágas

East Baltic:

Lithuanian: nãgas

Latvian: nags

Latgalian: nogs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́kš (see there for further descendants)

nagutis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nagutis; Old Prussian

unguis

Proto-Italic: *ungus (or < later *h₃n̥gʰ-ú-s)


ǵénus

ǵénus (nominative singular)
ǵénuh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵénewes (nominative plural)
ǵénu (singular vocative)
ǵénuh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵénewes (plural vocative)
ǵénum (accusative singular)
ǵénuh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵénums (accusative plural)
ǵn̥wés (genitive singular)
ǵn̥wóHom (genitive plural)
ǵn̥wés (ablative singular)
ǵnumós (ablative plural)
ǵnubʰós (ablative plural)
ǵn̥wéy (dative singular)
ǵnumós (dative plural)
ǵnubʰós (dative plural)
ǵnéw (locative singular)
ǵnéwi (locative singular)
ǵnusú (locative plural)
ǵn̥wéh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵnumís (instrumental plural)
ǵnubʰís (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *ծին-աւտ (*cin-awt)

desctree

Old Armenian: ծնօտ (cnōt), ծնաւտ (cnawt), ծնոտ (cnot)
Armenian: ծնոտ (cnot)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: żauna

Proto-Celtic: *genus (see there for further descendants)

q

with geminate *nn of uncertain origin; perhaps < <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵenw-ú-s</i>?

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *kinnuz (with geminate *nn of uncertain origin; perhaps < *ǵenw-ú-s?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *génus

Ancient Greek: γένυς (génus)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánuš (with unexplained aspiration of *ĵ) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *genā f

Latin: gena (“cheek(bone)”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Phrygian: ἀζήν (azḗn, “beard”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ćänu

Tocharian A: śanweṃ du (“jaws”)


>? Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τῖφος (tîphos, “pond, swamp”)

*teh₂-bʰ-eh₁- (“to be melting”)

Proto-Italic: *tāfē-

Latin: tābēs (“melting, decay”), tābēo (“to rot, decay”), tābum (“gore”)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tādeti (“to melt”)
Proto-Brythonic: *tọðɨd
Old Breton: todint
Middle Breton: teuziff
Breton: teuziñ
Cornish: teudha, teudhi
Middle Welsh: todi
Welsh: toddi
Old Irish: (incorporated into the paradigm of tinaid) ·taa (3sg. subj.), ro·tetha (3sg. perf.)

*teh₂-k- (“to melt”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τήκω (tḗkō, “to melt”), τηκτός (tēktós, “molten”)

Doric Greek: τάκω (tákō, “to melt”)

Proto-Iranian: *taHč- (“to melt”)

Khotanese: byāj- (“to dissolve”)

Northern Kurdish: bihoştin, bihoj- (“to melt”)

Parthian: wdc- (“to melt”), w(y)d’c- (“to dissolve”)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: wdc- (“to melt”)

Book Pahlavi: wt’c- (widāz-, “to melt”), wt’cyn- (widāzēn-, “to cause to melt”)

Persian: گداختن (godâxtan), گداز (godâz, “to smelt, melt”)

Tajik: гудохтан (gudoxtan)

Sogdian: [script needed] (wyt’wxs, “to disappear, melt away”), [script needed] (wyt’yc, “to melt”)

*teh₂-w- (“to melt”)

Proto-Germanic: *þawjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tāyeti (“to melt”)

Old Irish: taíd

Proto-Iranian: *taH- (“to flow; to melt”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khwarezmian: t’sy- (“to melt”)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: тайун (tajun, “to melt, thaw”), уодайун (uodajun, “to wet, soak”)

Iron Ossetian: та́йын (tájyn, “to melt, thaw”), у́дайын (údajyn, “to wet, soak”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Awromani: [script needed] (tāwiā́y)

Gurani: [script needed] (-tāwin-, “to melt”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: تاویانەوە (tawyanewe), توانەوە (twanewe, “to dissolve, melt”)

Proto-Slavic: *tàjati (“to thaw”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þainaz (“wet, moist”)

Old English: þān

Middle English: *than, *thon

English: thone, thoan

Scots: thane, thain

Proto-Celtic: *tāmus

Old Irish: tám (“plague, death”)

Proto-Celtic: *tasyā

Old Irish: taise (“dampness; corpse, decay”)

Proto-Celtic: *tasyos

Old Irish: tais (“damp, moist; soft, spongy”)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: թանամ (tʻanam, “to make wet”), թան (tʻan, “soup”), թանչ (tʻančʻ, “dysentery”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: tyras

Latvian: tīrelis (“moor”)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *þaisimō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *tīn

Sanskrit: तामर (tāmara, “water”), तोयम् (toyam, “water”), Sanskrit: तोशते (tośate, “drip, distil, trickle”), possibly Sanskrit: तुषार (tuṣāra, “rain, mist, drizzle, sleet, snow; frigid, wet”).


>? Proto-Italic: *taðlom

Latin: tabulum, tabula (see there for further descendants)


third-person plural present indicative of *h₁ésti


wert-

*wért-t ~ *wr̥t-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अवर्त् (ávart)

*wért-e-tor (thematic middle)

Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártatay

Sanskrit: वर्तते (vártate, “to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *wertō (active verb with transitive meaning, vs. intransitive *wertōr)

Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥t-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *vьrtě̀ti (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

*wert-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: versti

*we-wórt-e ~ *we-wr̥t-ḗr (stative)

*wort-éye-ti (causative)

*wr̥t-ís

Proto-Germanic: *wurdiz (“fate”) (see there for further descendants)

*wert-en-om

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वर्तन (vártana)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wertena

Proto-Slavic: *verteno (see there for further descendants)

*wért-mn̥

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *werˀtmin

Proto-Slavic: *vermę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártma

Sanskrit: वर्त्मन् (vártman) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥t-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वृत्त (vṛttá)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirstā́ˀ (from feminine *wr̥t-téh₂)

Proto-Slavic: *vьrsta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *worssos

Latin: versus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *writja

Albanian: rris

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वर्तिन् (vartin)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wrd-)

Persian: گرد (gerd)

Tajik: гирд (gird)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

(Baltic:)

Latvian: virst

Lithuanian: vir̃sti

Old Prussian: wirst

Proto-Slavic: *vorta (“gate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *werþaz, *wardaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wertos

Proto-Brythonic: *gwerθ (possibly Germanic borrowing) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *p(e)izda

Albanian: pidh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pīˀsdāˀ (long vowel by Winter's law) or *peisdāˀ

East Baltic:

Latvian: pīzda

Lithuanian: pyzdà

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: peisda (“ass”)

Proto-Slavic: *pīzdà (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pízdaH

Proto-Iranian: *pízdaH

Persian: پیزی (pīzī, “ass, anus”)

Proto-Nuristani: *pīḍikā́ (< *pizdikáH)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: přī́

Kativiri: přií

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: piṛí

As suggested by Hamp 1968: from *h₁epi (“upon, by”) + *sed- (“to sit”); i.e. originally an euphemism meaning "what one sits on". Compare *nisdós (“nest”) < *ní (“down”) + *sed- (“to sit”).
Archaic formation, but with geographically limited distribution, only to central and eastern Indo-European dialects.


*kléh₂-t ~ *klh₂-én-t (root athematic)

⇒ *kléh₂t-e-ti (reanalyzed perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *hlaþaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kléh₂t-tu-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlastuz (see there for further descendants)

*kléh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klā́ˀtei

Latvian: klāt

Lithuanian: klóti

*kléh₂-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klāˀstei

Proto-Slavic: *klasti (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *agnjā

Albanian: enjë

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ōgnas (long initial vowel due to Winter's law)

Proto-Slavic: *agnъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *agnę (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Finnic: *vootna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ognos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aunaz (influenced by *awiz (“ewe, sheep”))

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aunōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀμνός (amnós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *agʷnos

Latin: agnus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *agʷnelos (diminutive)

Latin: avillus (< *agʷn̥los)


kʷíd

Proto-Albanian: *tši

Albanian: çë

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷíd

Hittite: 𒆪𒀉 (ku-it)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ki (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷid (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷí

Ancient Greek: τί (tí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číd

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíd

Sanskrit: चिद् (cíd) चित् (cít)

Proto-Iranian: *číd

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬝 (cit̰)

Proto-Italic: *kʷid

Latin: quid (see there for further descendants)

neuter nominative/accusative singular of *kʷís


kʷos

kʷós (nominative singular)
kʷóh₁ (dual nominative)
kʷóy (nominative plural)
kʷóm (accusative singular)
kʷóh₁ (accusative dual)
kʷóms (accusative plural)
kʷósyo (genitive singular)
kʷóysoHom (genitive plural)
kʷósmead (ablative singular)
kʷóymos (ablative plural)
kʷóybʰos (ablative plural)
kʷósmey (dative singular)
kʷóymos (dative plural)
kʷóybʰos (dative plural)
kʷósmi (locative singular)
kʷóysu (locative plural)
kʷṓys (instrumental plural)
kʷéh₂ (nominative singular)
kʷā́m (accusative singular)
kʷéh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
kʷéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
kʷéh₂eh₁ (instrumental singular)
kʷód (nominative singular)
kʷóy (dual nominative)
kʷéh₂ (nominative plural)
kʷód (accusative singular)
kʷóy (accusative dual)
kʷéh₂ (accusative plural)


n̥h₂ḗwh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥h₂ḗw (singular vocative)
n̥h₂ḗwh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥h₂ḗm (accusative singular)
n̥h₂ḗwh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥h₂ḗw (locative singular)
n̥h₂wéh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥h₂éw (locative singular)
n̥h₂wéh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *nawa-

Old Armenian: նաւ (naw)

Proto-Celtic: *nāwā

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: neau, nev

Breton: new

Middle Welsh: noe

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: nau
Middle Irish: nó, nóe
Irish: nae

Proto-Germanic: *nōaz (perhaps, with labiovelar from *Hw) *nakwô

Old Norse: nór

Icelandic: nór

Proto-Hellenic: *náus

Ancient Greek: ναῦς (naûs)

Epic, Ionic Greek: νηῦς (nēûs)

Doric Greek: νᾱός (nāós, gen.sg.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náHuš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *naus ~ *nāwis

Latin: nāvis

Illyrian: *Nauna, *Nauportus (toponyms)

An agent noun originally meaning "swimmer, that which swims" derived from *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”).
Gamkrelidze and Ivanov argue that it is a borrowing from the Proto-Semitic term from which Arabic إِنَاء (ʔināʔ) descends and which is of no distinct form to be discerned from its distorted descendants: *ʔunw(at)-, *ʔunawāy-, *ʔunuwāy-, *ʔuniwāy- (“jar, vessel; boat”).

նավաստի

→ Old Armenian: նաւաստի (nawasti, “sailor”)


-ti

desc

Proto-Anatolian: *-ti (athematic ablative/instrumental ending)

Hittite: [script needed] (-z)

Adverbial suffix with ablative or instrumental meaning, sometimes multiplicative


desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *dótis
Ancient Greek: δόσις (dósis)
→ Late Latin: dosis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dítiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dítiṣ

Sanskrit: दिति (díti)

Proto-Italic: *dōtis

Latin: dōs (see there for further descendants)

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


h₁ógʷʰis

h₁ógʷʰis (nominative singular)
h₁ógʷʰih₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ógʷʰih₁e (dual nominative)
h₁ógʷʰi (singular vocative)
h₁ógʷʰih₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ógʷʰih₁e (dual vocative)
h₁ógʷʰim (accusative singular)
h₁ógʷʰih₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ógʷʰih₁e (accusative dual)
h₁égʷʰis (genitive singular)
h₁égʷʰis (ablative singular)
h₁égʷʰi (locative singular)
h₁égʷʰih₁ (instrumental singular)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: իժ (iž)

Proto-Germanic: *agwiz

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *egalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *agi

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *agiþahsijā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷʰis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰʰiš (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ewk (< *ekw)

Tocharian B: auk

How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics

a mythic serpent or dragon that is slain by a great hero in Indo-European mythology


swer-

*swer- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)

*swer-wos

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)
Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw
Old Breton: hueru
Breton: c'hwerv
Cornish: hwerow
Middle Welsh: chwerw
Welsh: chwerw
Old Irish: serb
Irish: searbh
Scottish Gaelic: searbh
Manx: sharroo

*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-

qual

Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)

*swer-ō

Proto-Germanic: *swerô

Old High German: swero

German: Schwäre

*swór-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, sore”)

desc

Ossetian: [script needed] (xwærun, “to itch, scratch”)

Kurdish: xurîn (“to itch, scratch”)


swer-

*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati

Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)

*swḗr-s-t ~ *swér-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)

*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)

*swor-éye- (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)

*swor-ós

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)

*swr̥-yé-ti (zero-grade thematic *-yé- present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swaryeti
Proto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd
Middle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)
Breton: c’hoarzhin
Old Cornish: hwerthin
Middle Cornish: wharth (3sg. pres.)
Old Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)
Middle Welsh: chwerthin
Welsh: chwerthin

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)

Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)

Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)


*h₁r̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (āraskizzi)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ergʰ-</i> (“to mount”)

Ancient Greek: ἔρχομαι (érkhomai) (or from *h₁ergʰ- (“to mount”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥sćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥sćáti

Sanskrit: ऋच्छति (ṛccháti)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎶 (a-r-s-m /ars(s)am/, 1sg.impf.)

*h₁ér-t ~ *h₁r-ént (athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आरत् (ā́rat) (thematized)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ār^əm, 1sg.)

*h₁e-h₁ór-e ~ *h₁e-h₁r-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (āri)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आर (ā́ra)

*h₁ér-ti-s ~ *h₁r̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, ṛ́ti)


Proto-Germanic: *erþō (“earth, ground, soil”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ā̆ur(V)n

Albanian: varr

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: érdvė

Celtic:

Welsh: erw (“field”) (or < *h₂erh₃- (“to plow”))

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *ἔρα (*éra) (in ἔραζε (éraze, “on the ground”) and compounds)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āre


Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւղի (awłi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *álu (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *olut (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alu (see there for further descendants)

→? Ossetian: *ӕлут (*ælut), ӕлутон (æluton), илӕтон (ilæton), ӕлотон (æloton)

→ Georgian: ლუდი (ludi), ალუდი (aludi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harušás (“reddish”) (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haruṣás

Sanskrit: अरुष (aruṣá)

Proto-Iranian: *Harušáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (aᵘruša, “bright, white”)

According to some the original meaning was "a bitter drink" and is related to Latin alūmen (“alum”) and Ancient Greek ἀλύδοιμος (alúdoimos, “bitter, pungent”).
Another theory is that it is connected to Proto-Norse ᚨᛚᚢ (alu, “something magical”), and related to Latvian aluot (“be distraught”), Ancient Greek ἀλύω (alúō, “to be distraught”) and Hittite [script needed] (alwanzaḫḫ-, “to bewitch, hex”). EIEC explains the semantic connection as: The notion would be that beer induced a "high" wherein the drinker was infused with a sort of magical power.
The most recent theory is that it is related to Sanskrit अरुष (aruṣá, “reddish”) and Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (aᵘruša, “bright, white”), from which Proto-Indo-Iranian *Harušás can be reconstructed from the two languages.


pró

desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *prṓ
Hittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /prā/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra

Old Prussian: pra, pro

Proto-Slavic: *pro (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸro (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pró

Ancient Greek: πρό (pró) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prá

Sanskrit: प्र (prá)

Proto-Iranian: *frá

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra), 𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra)

Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼 (f-r /fra/)

From *per- (“before”) + *-o (allative suffix).

suf

pra-

if not from *pro-; with *H adopted from nouns with initial laryngeal

Proto-Italic: *prōLatin: prōOscan: 𐌐𐌓

*pró-o > *prṓ (with double suffix) or *pro-h₁ (with instrumental suffix)

fram

Proto-West Germanic: *fram; Middle High German

framr

Proto-Germanic: *framaz (“forward; forthright”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *framjaną

Proto-Germanic: *fram (“forward, from, away”) (see there for further descendants)

to perform, promote, further; see there for further descendants

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀

Proto-Iranian: *frataráh; Younger Avestan

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamásProto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰamásSanskrit: प्रथमProto-Iranian: *fratamáhCentral Iranian:Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀Northeastern Iranian:Sogdian: [script needed]Western Iranian:Southwestern Iranian:Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠Middle Persian:Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡𐫤𐫇𐫖Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed]Persian: فردم→ Old Armenian: փարթամArmenian: փարթամ


prews-

*prews- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *freusaną (see there for further descendants)

*presw-os (by metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸreswos (see there for further descendants)

*prus-tós

Proto-Germanic: *frustaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *pruś-

Albanian: prush

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prušwáH (“ice”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pruṣwáH

Sanskrit: प्रुष्वा (pruṣvā́, prúṣvā)

Latin:

pruīna (see there for further descendants)

prūna (see there for further descendants)

prūriō (see there for further descendants)


h₂n̥gʷʰéy- (oblique stem)
h₂éngʷʰih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éngʷʰi (singular vocative)
h₂éngʷʰih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éngʷʰih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥gʷʰéys (genitive singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰéys (ablative singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰíbʰos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥gʷʰíbʰos (dative plural)
h₂n̥gʷʰéy (locative singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰḗy (locative singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰísu (locative plural)
h₂n̥gʷʰíh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *ts-angulā

Albanian: thnegël (“ant”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւձ (awj)

Armenian: օձ (ōj)

(possibly) Armenian: անգի (angi, “thin, emaciated”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ángis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

desctree

Old Irish: escong (“eel”)
Irish: eascann
Manx: astan
Scottish Gaelic: easgann

Welsh: llysywen

Proto-Italic: *anɣʷis

Latin: anguis

Proto-Germanic: *unkwiz or *unkwô (< *h₂n̥gʷʰ-)

Old High German: unc
German: Unke

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánǰʰiš

Proto-Iranian: *Hánǰiš

Persian: یغنیج (yaġnij, “grass snake”) (archaic)


kʷer-

*kʷér-t ~ *kʷr-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆪𒅕𒈪 (ku-er-mi, 1sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 (ku-e-er-zi, “to cut, to cut up, to cut off”, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒋫 (ku-e-er-ta, 3sg.pret.act.)

Luwian: [script needed] (kuwarti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: kūra (“he built”)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷareti (“make, cause”)

Middle Breton: paras (3sg.pret.)

Welsh: peri; paraf (1sg.pres.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákart (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-sḱ-éti ~ *kʷr̥-sḱ-ónti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kuraski[zzi], 3sg.), [script needed] (kureskanzi, 3pl.)

*kʷér-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷér-(h₁)s-onti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ku-e-er-šu-un, 1sg.pret.act.), [script needed] (kur-ša-a-i, “to cut off”, 2sg.imp.act.)

*kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-onti (reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ku-kur-ša-an-t-), Hittite: [script needed] (ku-gur-ša-an-t-, “to cut up, to mutilate”, part.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číkr̥Hšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíkr̥Hṣati

Sanskrit: चिकीर्षति (cíkīrṣati)

*kʷér-kʷor- ~ *kʷér-kʷr̥- (intensive)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kurkuriyat)

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kárkr̥- (as if from *kʷor-kʷr̥-; expected **čárkr̥-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárkr̥-

desc

Sanskrit: करिकृत् (kárikrat, act. participle)

*kʷor-éye-ti ~ *kʷor-éy-onti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kāráyati

Sanskrit: कारयति (kāráyati), कारयते (kāráyate)

*kʷe-kʷór-e (perfect) (or only formed in Proto-Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakā́ra

Sanskrit: चकार (cakā́ra, “has made”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬗𐬁𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬭𐬆 (cāxrar^ə, 3pl.perf.)

Old Persian: 𐎨𐎧𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠 (c-x-r-i-y-a /caxriyā/, 3sg.perf.opt.)

*kʷér-mn̥ ~ *kʷr̥-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma ~ *kr̥máns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćárma ~ *kármanas

>? Sanskrit: कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷér-os

Proto-Germanic: *hweraz (“cauldron”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷér-ōr

Ancient Greek: πέλωρ (pélōr, “supernatural monster”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πελώριος (pelṓrios)

Greek: πελώριος (pelórios, “gigantic, enormous”)

*kʷór-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras

Proto-Iranian: *kā́rah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾl /kār/, “work, deed, affair”)

Persian: کار (kâr, “work”)

*kʷér-tis ~ *kʷr̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥tiṣ

Sanskrit: कृति (kṛ́ti, “the act of doing”)

*kʷér-tu-s ~ *kʷr̥-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *kʷritus

desctree

Old Irish: cruth (“form”), crud
Irish: cruth
Manx: croo
Scottish Gaelic: cruth

Welsh: pryd (“form, time”), prydaf (“compose poetry, versify”)

*kʷr̥-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-yos

Proto-Celtic: *kʷaryos (“cauldron”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷór-yo-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ryas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́ryas

Sanskrit: कार्य (kārya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *karyah

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (kaⁱriia)

Proto-Slavic: *čara (“bowl, mug”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *tšerkā

Albanian: sarkë (“build, frame”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kēr-, *ker-

Lithuanian: kẽras (“charm, magic”), kerė́ti (“to enchant, charm, bewitch”), kùrti (“to do, make, build”)

Proto-Slavic: *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”), *čara (“magic, sorcery”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷritanī, *kʷritenī

Proto-Brythonic: *Pritanī, *Pritenī, ?*Brɨθon

Middle Welsh: Prydein

Welsh: Prydain, ?Brython

→ Ancient Greek: Πρεττανία (Prettanía), Βρεττανία (Brettanía)

→ Latin: Brittānia

Proto-Hellenic:

q

with <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">-ας</i> (-as) added within Greek

Ancient Greek: τέρας (téras) (with -ας (-as) added within Greek) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kar-

Proto-Iranian: *kar-

Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭫𐭩 (-kly /-gar/)

Persian: ـگر (-gar)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: karel

Tocharian B: kerū

The original meaning is often reconstructed as "to carve, to shape by cutting", based on the Anatolian forms.


*ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱérh₂-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *kéras

Ancient Greek: κέρᾰς (kérăs)

*ḱérh₂-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-és (root noun)

desc

>? Proto-Italic: *krās (“at the peak, at the start, early”)

>? Latin: crās (“tomorrow”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱérh₂-s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-né-s (see there for further descendants)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*new-</i>

⇒ *ḱerh₂-o-now-os (literally “head nodding”) (with *new-)

Proto-Italic: *keronowos

Latin: cernuus

Proto-Italic: *kerazrom

Latin: cerebrum (see there for further descendants)

*ḱer(h₂)-w-os ~ *ḱr̥(h₂)-wo-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-éw-os (“deer, stag”, literally “the horned one”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀwas

Old Prussian: sirwis

→ Proto-Finnic: *hirvas, *hirvi (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *sërvēs, *sërvë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *karwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kerawós

Ancient Greek: κερᾰός (kerăós), κερᾱΐς (kerāḯs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kerwos

Latin: cervus (see there for further descendants)

*ḱórh₂-we-h₂ (collective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kárˀwāˀ

Lithuanian: kárvė

Proto-Slavic: *kòrva (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s

Proto-Germanic: *hrinþaz, *hrunþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱŕ̥h₂-es-n-h₂ (collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *kárahna

Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρηνον (kắrēnon) (backformation from *kárahna)

Doric: κᾰ́ρᾱνον (kắrānon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hšā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hṣā

Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षा (śīrṣā)

Proto-Celtic: *karnos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hurną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥ngam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥ngam

Sanskrit: शृङ्ग (śṛ́ṅga, “horn, tusk”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kornū
Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂

⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śírˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սար (sar, “tip, top; mountain”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćŕ̥Has

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hás

Sanskrit: शिर (śira)

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥Háh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬭𐬀 (sāra), 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬀 (sara)

*ḱr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-n-ós (“hornet”, literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀšō (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: šyršyns

Latvian: sir̂senis

Lithuanian: širšuo, ši̇̀ršė

Proto-Slavic: *sьrxy (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *herhiläinen

Proto-Germanic: *hurnuta- ~ hurnutō-

Proto-West Germanic: *hurnutu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *krāzrō

Latin: crābrō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *krōna

Albanian: krye

*ḱr-ó-ur ~ *ḱr-ó-un

Hittite: [script needed] (karau̯ar, “horn(s), antler(s)”), [script needed] (surna), [script needed] (harsar)

[script needed] (SI-na-, “horn”), Luwian: [script needed] (zaru̯ani(ia)-, “of a horn”), Luwian 𒍪𒌨𒉌 (zurni, “horn”), [script needed] (suran-, “horn; plentifulness (?)”)

→ Classical Persian: سرنا (surnā) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱeru-d- or *ḱr- + *-utaz

Proto-Germanic: *herutaz (“deer, stag”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κάρυον (káruon)

q

a lost verb formed as <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἐλαύνω</i> (elaúnō)

Proto-Hellenic: (a lost verb formed as ἐλαύνω (elaúnō))

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: κεραΐζω (keraḯzō, “to destroy”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *κεραϝαρ

Ancient Greek: κεραυνός (keraunós, “thunderbolt, lightning”)

Potentially a collective derivation in *-h₂ from *ḱer- (“to grow”), of which the original root noun may be fossilized in Latin crās. A possible loan relation with Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) has also been suggested. However, it is probably unrelated to Old Chinese 觡 (*kraːɡ, “antler”) and 觥 (*kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made of animal horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.


Armenian:

Old Armenian: տուր (tur)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dōˀra n

q

Proto-Slavic: *dȃrъ m (or from *dóh₃r-u-s, *déh₃r-u-s ~ *dh₃r-éw-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dṓron

Ancient Greek: δῶρον (dôron)

From *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-om. Alternatively, substantivized from *dh₃-ró-s, *deh₃-ró-s (“given, gifted”), from *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-rós.


Proto-Albanian: *mē

Albanian: mo

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մի (mi)
Armenian: մի (mi)

desc

→ Urartian: 𒈪𒉌 (/mī, mi, me(i)/, “usually: and; as a prohibitive: no, not”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗ

Ancient Greek: μή (mḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maH (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: [script needed] (ma, “not”)

Proto-Tocharian: *mā

Tocharian A: mā (“not, no”)

Tocharian B: mā (“not, no”)

Compare Tocharian A/Tocharian B mā (“not, no”), not a prohibitive particle. According to Martirosyan, if the word originally meant ‘not’ and later obtained the function of the prohibitive, we are dealing with an Armeno-Greek-Albanian-Indo-Iranian grammatical isogloss.
Possibly related to Hittite [script needed] (mimmai, “to refuse, to reject”).


wek(ʷ)speros

weksperos (canonical masculine)
non-ablauting (romanization)
weksperos (nominative singular)
wekʷsperos (nominative singular)
weksperoes (nominative plural)
wekʷsperoes (nominative plural)
wekspere (singular vocative)
wekʷspere (singular vocative)
weksperoes (plural vocative)
wekʷsperoes (plural vocative)
weksperom (accusative singular)
wekʷsperom (accusative singular)
weksperoms (accusative plural)
wekʷsperoms (accusative plural)
weksperosyo (genitive singular)
wekʷsperosyo (genitive singular)
weksperoHom (genitive plural)
wekʷsperoHom (genitive plural)
weksperead (ablative singular)
wekʷsperead (ablative singular)
weksperomos (ablative plural)
wekʷsperomos (ablative plural)
weksperobʰos (ablative plural)
wekʷsperobʰos (ablative plural)
weksperoey (dative singular)
wekʷsperoey (dative singular)
weksperomos (dative plural)
wekʷsperomos (dative plural)
weksperobʰos (dative plural)
wekʷsperobʰos (dative plural)
weksperey (locative singular)
wekʷsperey (locative singular)
weksperoy (locative singular)
wekʷsperoy (locative singular)
weksperoysu (locative plural)
wekʷsperoysu (locative plural)
weksperōys (instrumental plural)
wekʷsperōys (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գիշեր (gišer)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wékeras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weskʷeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *westraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wésperos

Ancient Greek: ἕσπερος (hésperos)

Proto-Italic: *wesperos

Latin: vesper (see there for further descendants)

Possibly a compound of the unknown element *we- and the zero-grade of the noun *kʷséps (“night”). The first element has been connected with Latin vē- in vē-sanus (“mad”), although this is rejected by De Vaan. The original meaning could have been "(stretching) towards the night".


*h₂éǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *agdlom?

⇒ Latin: (co)āgulum (see there for further descendants)

*h₂eǵ-i-no- (“of a goat; goat-skin”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźina

Lithuanian: oženà f (“goat-skin”), oži̇̀nis (“goat”, adj.)

Proto-Slavic: *azьno n (“goat-skin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: अजिन n (ajína, “skin (of an animal, esp. goat), hide; pelt, fur; leather bag”)

→⇒ Telugu: అజినము (ajinamu, “skin”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (īzaēna, “leathern”)

*h₂éǵ-mn̥ ~ *h₂ǵ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ákʰmə

⇒ Aeolic Greek: ἄχματα (ákhmata)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ma

Sanskrit: अज्मन् (ájman)

Proto-Italic: *agmən

Latin: agmen

⇒ Latin: exāmen (see there for further descendants)

*h₂óǵ-mo-s (“drive, path”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *agnas

Lithuanian: agnùs (“agile, energetic”)

Proto-Hellenic: *agós

Ancient Greek: ἀγός (agós, “leader”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ás (“leader; goat”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éǵ-ro-s (“field, pasturage”)

*h₂eǵ-ro- (“hunt, slaughter”)

Proto-Celtic: *agrom (“slaughter, battle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), ᾰ̓́γρη (ắgrē) — Ionic
Greek: άγρα (ágra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”)

*h₂eḱs- (“axis”)

*h₂ǵ-es- (post-PIE)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kas-

Proto-Italic: *gezō

Faliscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌕 (keset)

Latin: gerō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: gestō (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambaxtos
Proto-Brythonic: *ammaɨθ
Old Breton: ambaith
Cornish: ammeth
Middle Welsh: amaeth
Welsh: amaeth
Old Irish: amos, amsach (perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)
Irish: amhas
Gaulish: ambaxtos
→ Latin: ambactus, ambaxtus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Germanic: *ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aktós

Ancient Greek: ἐπακτός (epaktós)

Proto-Italic: *aktos

Latin: āctus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éǵ-tōr ~ *h₂ǵ-trés

Proto-Hellenic: *áktōr

Ancient Greek: ἄκτωρ (áktōr)

Proto-Italic: *aktōr

Latin: actor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštraH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit:

desc

Sanskrit: आजि (āji, “match, competition”)

Iranian:

Classical Persian: آژیانه (āžiyāna, “the marbled field or ground”)

Classical Persian: آژینه (āžīna, “the iron tool which releated to axile”)

Zazaki: hêga (hēgā, “ground, earth”) (maybe from un-iranian roots)

Proto-Tocharian: *āk

Tocharian A: āk

Tocharian B: āk

Proto-Tocharian: *ekäñye- (possibly)

Tocharian A: akäṃtsune

Tocharian B: ekaññe

Proto-Tocharian: *āk-

Tocharian A: āk-

Tocharian B: āk-

Sanskrit: अज् (aj)

→ Proto-Uralic: *aja- (see there for further descendants)


-tlom

-tlom (nominative singular)
-tloy (dual nominative)
-tlom (singular vocative)
-tloy (dual vocative)
-tlom (accusative singular)
-tloy (accusative dual)
-tlosyo (genitive singular)
-tloHom (genitive plural)
-tlead (ablative singular)
-tlomos (ablative plural)
-tlobʰos (ablative plural)
-tloey (dative singular)
-tlomos (dative plural)
-tlobʰos (dative plural)
-tley (locative singular)
-tloy (locative singular)
-tloysu (locative plural)
-tlōys (instrumental plural)
*-dʰlom (alternative)
*-dʰrom (alternative)
*-trom (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tla(s)

Proto-Baltic: *-tla

Lithuanian: *-kla

Proto-Slavic: *-slo

Proto-Celtic: *-tlom

Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-dʰlom via Verner's law) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tlon

Ancient Greek: -τλον (-tlon)

Proto-Italic: *-klom

Latin: -clum

Latin: -culum (by anaptyxis)

Latin: -crum

Latin: -ulum


-dʰrom

-dʰrom (nominative singular)
-dʰroy (dual nominative)
-dʰrom (singular vocative)
-dʰroy (dual vocative)
-dʰrom (accusative singular)
-dʰroy (accusative dual)
-dʰrosyo (genitive singular)
-dʰroHom (genitive plural)
-dʰread (ablative singular)
-dʰromos (ablative plural)
-dʰrobʰos (ablative plural)
-dʰroey (dative singular)
-dʰromos (dative plural)
-dʰrobʰos (dative plural)
-dʰrey (locative singular)
-dʰroy (locative singular)
-dʰroysu (locative plural)
-dʰrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰron, *-tʰrē

Ancient Greek: -θρον (-thron), -θρη (-thrē)

Proto-Italic: *-ðrom, *-ðrā

Latin: -brum, -bra

Variant of *-trom.
Sometimes hypothesized to have developed from assimilation to a preceding voiced aspirate (compare Bartholomae's law in Indo-Iranian). Sihler describes this as the usual explanation and considers it "the only remotely plausible" one if the *t- forms of the suffix are original, but says it is problematic, noting that this form of the suffix is not attested in contexts like Greek λέκτρον (léktron) (from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-) even though, under this hypothesis, the *-dʰ-initial variants would have originated in words like this.
Based on the contexts in which it occurs, Olsen 1988 argues that it actually originated from coalescence of a voiceless laryngeal (*h₁ or *h₂) with the following *-t-, initially resulting in a voiceless aspirate, which is proposed to have merged with the outcome of voiced aspirates in the languages in which this allomorph is attested.


-dʰlom

-dʰlom (nominative singular)
-dʰloy (dual nominative)
-dʰlom (singular vocative)
-dʰloy (dual vocative)
-dʰlom (accusative singular)
-dʰloy (accusative dual)
-dʰlosyo (genitive singular)
-dʰloHom (genitive plural)
-dʰlead (ablative singular)
-dʰlomos (ablative plural)
-dʰlobʰos (ablative plural)
-dʰloey (dative singular)
-dʰlomos (dative plural)
-dʰlobʰos (dative plural)
-dʰley (locative singular)
-dʰloy (locative singular)
-dʰloysu (locative plural)
-dʰlōys (instrumental plural)
*-dʰrom (alternative)
*-tlom (alternative)
*-trom (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-dla < *-dʰlom or *-tlom

Proto-Slavic: *-dlo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-tlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -θλον (-thlon)

Ancient Greek: -θλη (-thlē)

Italic:

Latin: -bulum (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: -bula (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: -ula (when compounded as *-gdʰl-)


Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (išḫunawar, “sinew, string”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նեարդ (neard)

Armenian: նյարդ (nyard)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: šņore

Proto-Germanic: *senawō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νεῦρον (neûron) (< *sneh₁wr-o-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáHwr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snáHwr̥

Sanskrit: स्नावन् (snā́van, snāván)

⇒ Sanskrit: अस्नाविर (a-snāvirá)

Proto-Iranian: *snáHwr̥

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (snāuuar^ə)

Persian: سنور (sanavvar, “string, weapon”)

Ossetian:

Iron: нуар (nwar)

Digor: науӕр (nawær)

Proto-Italic: *(s)nēuros (< *sneh₁wr-o-)

Latin: nervus (< *neuros by metathesis)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ṣñor

From *(s)neh₁- (“to twist threads, spin, weave”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).


der-

*dér-e-ti (thematic present) (see there for further descendants)

*dér-t ~ *dr-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: दर्त् (dárt, 3sg.aor.inj.act.)

*dr̥-néH-ti ~ *dr̥-nH-énti (néH-present?) (or later formation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥náHti

Sanskrit: दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥náHti

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (dər^ənəṇti, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dar(r)-)

Baluchi: درت (dirt, “to tear up”), در (dirr)/ دن (din-)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

Northern Kurdish: dirîn (dirīn), dir (dir-)

Southern Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: دڕیای (diřāy, “to tear”), در (dir-)

Zazaki: dirnayen (dirnāyan, “to tear off, cut off”), diřa (dirrā-)

Middle Persian: (/darrīdan/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (SDKWNtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlytn')

Lurish:

Northern Luri: درنییاْ (derniye)

Bakhtiari: درنیڌن (derniđen)

Southern Luri: درنیڌن (derniđen)

*dr̥-nh₂-é-ti ~ *dr̥-nh₂-é-nti (nh₂-present?) (or later formation)

Proto-Germanic: *turnaną

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*taurnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aftaurnan), 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan))

*de-dór-e ~ *de-dr-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ददार (dadā́ra)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδαρται (dédartai)

*dér-mn̥ ~ *dr̥-mnés (deverbal)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérmə

Ancient Greek: δέρμα (dérma)

*dr̥-tis

Proto-Germanic: *turþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *də́rtis

Ancient Greek: δάρσις (dársis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥tiṣ

Sanskrit: दृति (dṛ́ti)

*dr̥-nos

Proto-Celtic: *darnos, *darnā

Proto-Brythonic: *darn

Middle Breton: darn

Cornish: darn

Middle Welsh: darn

Welsh: darn

Gaulish: *darnā

→ French: darne (“piece, slice of fish”)

Proto-Germanic: *turnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *dь̀rnъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

q

or variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sq">bjerr</i>

>? Albanian: djerr (or variant of bjerr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dírāˀtei

Lithuanian: di̇̀rti

Proto-Slavic: *dьràti (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: drécht (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *trinnaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *trannijaną (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárdarti (intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दर्दर्षि (dárdarṣi, 2sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Iranian:

𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*niš-</i>

⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (niždarədaⁱriiāt̰, 3sg.pres.opt.) (+ *niš-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hyátay

Sanskrit: दीर्यते (dīryáte)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hakas (perhaps)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hakah

desc

Classical Persian: دره (dirra, “skin; a kind of Islamic punishment which related to sewing skin of the sinful person”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dar-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dar-

Sanskrit: दॄ (dṝ)

Proto-Tocharian: *tsär-

Tocharian A: tsär-

Tocharian B: tsär-


Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հողմ (hołm)

Proto-Hellenic: *ánemos (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *anamos (“spirit, soul”), *anemos
Latin: animus (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Latin: anima (“breath, wind, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌𐌞𐌌 (anamúm, accusative singular)

From *h₂enh₁- + *-mos. Compare *h₂énh₁-mn̥, whence Proto-Celtic *anaman.


Armenian:

Old Armenian: այգ (ayg)

Armenian: այգ (ayg)

Proto-Hellenic: *auhṓs
Ancient Greek: ἠώς (ēṓs), ἕως (héōs) — Attic, αὔως (aúōs), ᾱ̓́ϝως (ā́wōs) — Aeolic, ᾱ̓ώς (āṓs) — Doric, ᾱ̓́ας (ā́as) — Boeotian, ᾱ̓ϝώρ (āwṓr), αβώρ (abṓr) — Laconian

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušā́s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *auzōs
Latin: aurōra (with ā-stem extension)

առավոտ

Old Armenian: առաւօտ (aṙawōt), աւօտ (awōt)


méǵh₂s

m̥ǵh₂- (oblique stem)
méǵh₂s (nominative singular)
méǵh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
méǵh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
méǵh₂ (singular vocative)
méǵh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
méǵh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
méǵh₂m̥ (accusative singular)
méǵh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
méǵh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
méǵh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
m̥ǵh₂és (genitive singular)
m̥ǵh₂és (ablative singular)
m̥ǵh₂mós (ablative plural)
m̥ǵh₂bʰós (ablative plural)
m̥ǵh₂éy (dative singular)
m̥ǵh₂mós (dative plural)
m̥ǵh₂bʰós (dative plural)
méǵh₂ (locative singular)
méǵh₂i (locative singular)
m̥ǵh₂sú (locative plural)
m̥ǵh₂éh₁ (instrumental singular)
m̥ǵh₂mís (instrumental plural)
m̥ǵh₂bʰís (instrumental plural)
méǵh₂ih₂ (nominative singular)
méǵh₂ih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
méǵh₂ih₂ (singular vocative)
méǵh₂ih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
méǵh₂ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
méǵh₂ih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂s (genitive singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂s (ablative singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂ (locative singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂i (locative singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
méǵh₂ (nominative singular)
méǵh₂ih₁ (dual nominative)
méǵh₂h₂ (nominative plural)
méǵh₂ih₁ (dual vocative)
méǵh₂h₂ (plural vocative)
méǵh₂ (accusative singular)
méǵh₂ih₁ (accusative dual)
méǵh₂h₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *madza

Albanian: madh

Proto-Albanian: *mai

Albanian: më (“more”)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈨𒂊𒅅𒆠𒅖 (me-e-ek-ki-iš, “numerous”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեծ (mec)

Armenian: մեծ (mec)

Proto-Hellenic: *mégas, *əga- (< *m̥ǵh₂-), *əgān (< *m̥ǵéh₂m)

Ancient Greek: μέγας (mégas), ἀγα- (aga-), ἄγᾱν (ágān)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maȷ́ʰā́ (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: μεκας (mekas /megas/, “great”, dat.sg./pl.)

Proto-Tocharian: *mākā (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *magos

plain, field; see there for further descendants


Proto-Celtic: *kaikos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haihaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaykaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaykaras

Sanskrit: केकर (kekara)

Proto-Italic: *kaikos (see there for further descendants)