ḱeyp-

*ḱoyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipeitei

desc

Lithuanian: šaipýtis (“to ridicule, snarl at”)

*ḱoyp-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipas

Lithuanian: šai̇̃pas (“ridicule, mockery”)

*ḱoyp-stis

Proto-Germanic: *haifstiz (“conflict”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰwṓr

dʰwṓr (nominative singular)
dʰwóres (nominative plural)
dʰwór (singular vocative)
dʰwóres (plural vocative)
dʰwórm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰwórm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰurés (genitive singular)
dʰuróHom (genitive plural)
dʰurés (ablative singular)
dʰwr̥mós (ablative plural)
dʰwr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
dʰuréy (dative singular)
dʰwr̥mós (dative plural)
dʰwr̥bʰós (dative plural)
dʰwór (locative singular)
dʰwóri (locative singular)
dʰwr̥sú (locative plural)
dʰwr̥mís (instrumental plural)
dʰwr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀭𒄙𒍝 (an-dur-za) (< *h₁en-dʰur-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwírs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *dwōrā

Albanian: derë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուռն (duṙn) (< *dʰwór-m̥ (acc.s.))

Armenian: դուռ (duṙ)

Proto-Celtic: *dwār (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *durz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰurā

Ancient Greek: θῠ́ρα (thŭ́ra), θῠ́ρᾱζε (thŭ́rāze)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwā́r

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwā́r

Sanskrit: द्वार् (dvā́r), द्वारः (dvā́raḥ, nom.p.), द्वारा (dvā́rā, nom.d.), दुरः (dúraḥ, acc.p.)

Proto-Iranian: *dwā́r

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm, acc.s.), 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (duuar^ə, loc.s.)

Persian: در (dar)

Ossetian: дуар (dwar)

Proto-Nuristani: *dwara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fworis

Latin: foris (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰwer- (“door”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


bʰéwdʰeti

bʰéwdʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰéwdʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰe (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰéwdʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰéwdʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéwdʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéwdʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéwdʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéwdʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéwdʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéwdʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéwdʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéwdʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéwdʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰéwdʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰéwdʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰéwdʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰéwdʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰéwdʰete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéwdʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéwdʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéwdʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéwdʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰonts (indicative participle present)
bʰéwdʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéwdʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰéwdʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéwdʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéwdʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéwdʰomnos (indicative participle present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bjaustei
Proto-Slavic: *bľustì (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *beudaną (“to offer, to bid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéutʰomai

Ancient Greek: πεύθομαι (peúthomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwdʰati (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, aware”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


bʰebʰówdʰe

bʰebʰówd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰudʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰéwdʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰebʰówdʰe (indicative singular third-person)
bʰebʰówdʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰudʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰebʰéwdʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰudʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰebʰéwdʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰé (indicative plural second-person)
bʰebʰudʰté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰudʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
bʰebʰudʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰebʰéwdʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰudʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: at·bobuid

Proto-Germanic: *baud ~ *budun

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπυσμαι (pépusmai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰáwdʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: बुबोध (bubodha)

⇒ Sanskrit: बुबोधति (búbodhati, perf.subj.), बुबुधान (bubudhāná, perf.med.ptc.)

Reduplicated perfect of *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, be aware”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


bʰowdʰéyeti

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

bʰowdʰéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰowdʰéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéye (imperative second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰowdʰéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰowdʰéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰowdʰéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰowdʰéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰowdʰéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰowdʰéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰowdʰéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰowdʰéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰowdʰéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰowdʰéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰowdʰéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰowdʰéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰowdʰéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰowdʰéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰowdʰéyete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰowdʰéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰowdʰéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰowdʰéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰowdʰéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyonts (indicative participle present)
bʰowdʰéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰowdʰéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰowdʰéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰowdʰéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰowdʰéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰowdʰéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *báudīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bawdʰáyati

Sanskrit: बोधयति (bodháyati)

Proto-Iranian: *bawdáyati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (baodaiieⁱti)

From *bʰewdʰ- (“aware, alert”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


bʰers-

*bʰars- ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)

Albanian: bar (“grass”)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *buras (< *bʰr̥-(e)s-)

Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)

Proto-Brythonic: *baraɣ

Breton: bara (“bread”)

Old Cornish: bara

Welsh: bara (“bread”)

desctree

Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)
Irish: bairín

>? Pictish: ᚁᚐᚆᚆᚏᚏᚐ (bahhrra)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fars (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰr̥s-ḱo-s

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰrus-go-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *bruskaz (“tuft; thicket”) (or from *bʰrus-go-?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰərskos

>? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)

desc

Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)

*bʰr̥s-t-yós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burštjás

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̃rščь (“hogweed”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥s-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *barros (“top, point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s

Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ

Sanskrit: भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “a point, top”)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (voᵘru-bar^əšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)

Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom

Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰors-i(H)n- ~ *bʰars-i(H)n-

*bʰors-in-óm ~ *bʰars-in-óm n

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina (see there for further descendants)

*bʰors-iHn-eh₂ ~ *bʰars-iHn-eh₂ f

Proto-Italic: *farsīnā

Latin: farīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)

*bʰórs-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *barskaz

Old Saxon: *barsk

Middle Low German: barsch (“sharp, rough, stern”)

→ German: barsch

→ Danish: barsk

→ Norwegian: barsk

→ Swedish: barsk

Unsorted formations:

Lithuanian: brū̃sgai m pl (“underbrush”)

Compounds

*bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o- (with vowel metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *brazdos

Old Irish: brot (“goad”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *brazdą (“edge, brim”)

Proto-West Germanic: *braʀd m

Old English: breard (“brim, margin”)

Old High German: brart (“edge”)

Middle High German: brart (“edge; board”)

Old Norse: *bradd

Elfdalian: bradd m (“edge”)

Icelandic: bradd n (“edge”)

Norwegian: bradd n (“shore, side”)

Proto-Germanic: *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”) (see there for further descendants)


*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati

Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)

Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati

>? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)

*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)

>? Proto-Celtic: *glādītor (deponent)

⇒ Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)

Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: griddfan

Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)


*sh₂-né-k-ti ~ *sh₂-n-k-énti (post-PIE nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *sankjō (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒅖 (ša-ak-la-iš), 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-ak-la-a-iš), 𒊭𒀀𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-a-ak-la-a-iš /šāklāiš/)

*séh₂k-mn̥ ~ *sh₂k-mén-s

Italic:

Latin: sagmen

Proto-Italic: *sākris (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sakros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sakros (see there for further descendants)


*dh₂p-yé-ti (yé-present) (Beekes prefers a Pre-Greek origin)

Proto-Hellenic: *dapťō

Ancient Greek: δάπτω (dáptō)

*déh₂p-s ~ *dh₂p-és

Proto-Italic: *daps

Latin: daps

Proto-Germanic: *tappōną

Old Norse: tapa

Icelandic: tapa

Faroese: tapa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tape

Norwegian Nynorsk: tape, tapa

Old Swedish: tappa, tapa

Swedish: tappa

Old Danish: tapæ, tapa

Danish: tabe

Elfdalian: tappa

Gutnish: tappe

Scanian: taba

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տաւն (tawn)

Proto-Germanic: *tabną

Old Norse: tafn

Proto-Italic: *dapnom

Latin: damnum

Proto-Celtic: *daunā

Middle Irish: dúan

Irish: duan

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαπάνη (dapánē)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ᴸᵁtappala-, “person responsible for court cooking”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: tāpal (“food”)


némos

némos (nominative singular)
némōs (nominative plural)
némos (singular vocative)
némōs (plural vocative)
némos (accusative singular)
némōs (accusative plural)
némesos (genitive singular)
némesoHom (genitive plural)
némesos (ablative singular)
némesmos (ablative plural)
némesbʰos (ablative plural)
némesey (dative singular)
némesmos (dative plural)
némesbʰos (dative plural)
némes (locative singular)
némesi (locative singular)
némesu (locative plural)
némesmis (instrumental plural)
némesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *némos

Ancient Greek: νέμος (némos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nemos

Latin: nemus (“wood, forest”)


pers-

*pérs-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párṣati

Sanskrit: पर्षति (párṣati)

*pe-pérs-ti ~ *pe-pr̥s-énti (reduplicated athematic present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉺𒀊𒈦𒀸𒍣 (pa-ap-pár-as-zi)

*pr̥s-ló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puršlas

Lithuanian: pur̃slas

*pérs-ont-s ~ *pŕ̥s-ont-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥šants

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (paršuiia)

Northern Kurdish: pelişîn (“to scatter, sprinkle, crush, decay”)

Persian: پاشیدن (pâšidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥ṣants

Sanskrit: पृषत् (pṛ́ṣat)

*pors-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paršas

Latvian: pā̀rsla

Proto-Slavic: *pȏrxъ (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piršas

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rxъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fursaz (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-ti-s ~ *pr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirštis

Latvian: pìrkstis

Lithuanian: pir̃kšnys

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rstь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *pärs-

Tocharian A: präsā-

⇒ Tocharian A: pärs-

→? Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺𐰽 (bars /b¹r¹s¹/, “leopard”)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽾𐽻 (bars), 𐾀𐽰𐽿𐾅 (taš)

Tocharian B: pärsā-


pes-

*pés-os ~ *pés-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *péhos

Ancient Greek: πέος (péos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pásas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pásas

Sanskrit: पसस् (pásas)

*pés-ō ~ *ps-n-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇽𒀸 (LÚ-aš, “man, husband”, nom.sg) ~ 𒁉𒌍𒈾𒀸 (pé-eš-na-aš /pešnaš/, gen.sg.)

Proto-Italic: *peznis (< *pésn-i-s ~ *psn̥-yé-s)

Latin: pēnis (see there for further descendants)

*pós-l̥ ~ *pés-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *faslaz (“brood, offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Germanic: *fasl

Old English: fæsl (“offspring, progeny”)

Old High German: fasal (“offspring”)

Middle High German: vasel (“breeding animal”)

German: Fasel

Old Norse: fǫsull


puH-

*púH-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: pyut

Latvian: pũt (with ste-present)

Lithuanian: pū́ti (with ne-present)

*púH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHyati

Sanskrit: पूयति (pū́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *púHyati

Avestan: 𐬞𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (puiieti)

*powH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*púH-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́tʰomai

Ancient Greek: πῡ́θομαι (pū́thomai)

*puH-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūlaz (see there for further descendants)

*pewH-l-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: praûls

Lithuanian: piaũlas

*pewH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: piaulai̇̃

*puH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūlis

Lithuanian: pū́liai

*puH-ō

Proto-Germanic: *fūô

Old Norse: fúi

Faroese: fúgvi

*púH-o-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῦον (pûon), πῡός (pūós)

Greek: πύον (pýon), πύο (pýo)

*púH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: puvesis

Lithuanian: puvė̃sis

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́os

Ancient Greek: πῡ́ος (pū́os)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHas

Sanskrit: पुवस् (púvas)

Proto-Italic: *puos

Latin: pūs (see there for further descendants)

*puH-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūanaz

Old Norse: fúinn

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)

Proto-Iranian: *puHtáh

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pwtk /pūdag/)

Proto-Italic: *pūtēō (< *pūtos)

Latin: pūteō

*púH-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHtiṣ

Sanskrit: पूति (pū́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *púHtiš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pūⁱti)

Middle Persian: pwtk' (pūdag)

Persian: پود (pud), پوده (pude)

→ Old Armenian: փուտ (pʻut)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *putso

Albanian: + -rr

Albanian: puçërr

Proto-Albanian: *spHul

Albanian: fëlliq


prep-

*prép-e-ti

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երևիմ (erewim)

Proto-Hellenic: *prépō

Ancient Greek: πρέπω (prépō)

*pr̥p-yé-ti

>? Proto-Germanic: *furbijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *furbēn (see there for further descendants)

*prép-tu-s ~ *pr̥p-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrixtus

*próp-os (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θεο-πρόπος (theo-própos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեսք pl (ereskʻ)


prew-

*préw-e-tor (thematic middle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práwatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práwatay

Sanskrit: प्रवते (právate)

*prow-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frawaz (see there for further descendants)

*prew-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prawás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prawás

Sanskrit: प्रव (pravá)

*prów-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *frauþaz

*pru-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prutás

Sanskrit: प्रुत (prutá)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: پر (par) (present stem of پریدن (paridan, “to jump, fly”))


bʰreHg-

*bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *bragyeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰréHg-ye-ti

(possibly) Germanic: *brēkijaną

Middle High German: bræhen

*bʰréHg-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥Hg-mén-s

Proto-Celtic: *braxsman

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bramm

Cornish: bram

Middle Welsh: bram

Old Irish: broim

*bʰr̥Hg-nó-s

Proto-Celtic: *bragnos

Proto-Brythonic: *braɨn

Middle Breton: brein

Breton: brein

Middle Welsh: braen

Middle Irish: brén

Hispano-Celtic:

Galician: braña

*bʰr̥Hg-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *fragros → *fragrāō

Latin: fragrō

Unsorted descendants:

(possibly) Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brāˀg-

Proto-Slavic: *braga (“pre-distilled alcohol mixture, must”)

Proto-Slavic: *bražiti (“to ferment”) (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *brězgati/*brьzgati (“to burst, to get bitter, to decompose”) (inchoative)

Proto-Slavic: *broščь (“madder (Rubia tinctorum)”)


bʰreyH-

*bʰriH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *brìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰri-né-H-ti ~ *bʰriH-né-n-ti (nasal-infix present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brinati
Old Irish: ro·bria (3sg. subj.), ro·bríathar (pass. sg. subj.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Sanskrit: बृणाति (bhrīṇā́ti), भ्रीणन्ति (bhrīṇánti)

Proto-Iranian: *briHnáHti, *briHnánti

desc

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (paⁱribrīnəṇte, 3pl.pres.med.)

Old Persian:

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅 (brynyd, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brynynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

*bʰriH-nos

(possibly) Germanic: *brīnaz, *brīnijaz

Old English: brīne, brȳne

Middle English: brine, bryne

Scots: brime

English: brine

Old Dutch: *brīni

Middle Dutch: brine

Dutch: brijn

West Flemish: brijne

Old Frisian: brein

West Frisian: brein

*bʰriH-o-s

Proto-Italic: *frios → *friāō

Latin: friō

*bʰriH-wo-s

Proto-Italic: *frīwos

Latin: (re)frīvus

Unsorted formations:

Phrygian: βρειτ (breit)

Proto-Albanian: *brin(i)

Albanian: brij


twerḱ-

*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti

Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)

*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)

Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas

Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah

Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)

*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Italic: *trunkos

Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

*turḱ-s (s-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks

Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)

Proto-Italic: *truks

Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *turḱ-s-os

Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”) (see there for further descendants)

*twérḱ-tōr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)


ḱers-

*ḱr̥s-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzaną (“to rush”)

English: hurry

Proto-Italic: *korzō (“I run”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-néh₂-ti ~ *ḱr̥s-n̥h₂-énti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzōną (“to rush”)

*ḱr̥s-kó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hurskaz (“quick, lively”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-ó-s

*ḱr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *korstos

Latin: cursus

*ḱr̥s-r-u-

Proto-Tocharian: *kwärsär (“league, path, course”)

Tocharian A: kursär

Tocharian B: kwarsär


gʷéru

gʷéru (nominative singular)
gʷéru (singular vocative)
gʷéru (accusative singular)
gʷréws (genitive singular)
gʷréwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷréws (ablative singular)
gʷrúmos (ablative plural)
gʷrúbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷréwey (dative singular)
gʷrúmos (dative plural)
gʷrúbʰos (dative plural)
gʷréw (locative singular)
gʷréwi (locative singular)
gʷrúsu (locative plural)
gʷrúh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷrúmis (instrumental plural)
gʷrúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *beru (“spit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kweru (“sharp stick”)

Gothic: 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿 (qairu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáru

Proto-Iranian: *gráw, *gáru (“stick, hollow reed”)

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬀 (grava, “staff”)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫃𐫡𐫇𐫇 (grww, “cane, reed”)

Persian: غرو (ġarv)

Proto-Italic: *gʷeru (“spit”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰuǵ-

būzas

possibly attested in Thracian personal names Byzas, Byzes

बोको

Sanskrit: बुक्क (bukka, “he-goat”); Nepali


*h₁i-h₁éysh₂-ti ~ *h₁i-h₁ish₂-énti (reduplicated present)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰάομαι (iáomai, “to cure, heal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHišHánti

Proto-Iranian: *HiHišHántī

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬍 (išəṇtī, 3pl.pres.act.ind.), 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬝 (išat̰, 3sg.pres.act.inj.)

*h₁is-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₁is-n-h₂-énti (nasal present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰνάω (ináō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HišnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiṣṇáHti

Sanskrit: इष्णाति (iṣṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíšHyati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁oysh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HayšHáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *eizā

Latin: īra (“anger, wrath”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aisōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáyšHmas

Proto-Iranian: *HáyšHmah (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ankas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ónkos

Ancient Greek: ὄγκος (ónkos), ὄγκη (ónkē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hankás

Sanskrit: अङ्क (aṅká)

Proto-Iranian: *Hankáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬐𐬎 (anku, “hook”)

Proto-Italic: *onkos

Latin: uncus


(H)ísus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)íšuš (see there for further descendants)


kr̥snós

non-ablauting (romanization)
kr̥snós (nominative singular)
kr̥snóes (nominative plural)
kr̥sné (singular vocative)
kr̥snóes (plural vocative)
kr̥snóm (accusative singular)
kr̥snóms (accusative plural)
kr̥snósyo (genitive singular)
kr̥snóHom (genitive plural)
kr̥snéad (ablative singular)
kr̥snómos (ablative plural)
kr̥snóbʰos (ablative plural)
kr̥snóey (dative singular)
kr̥snómos (dative plural)
kr̥snóbʰos (dative plural)
kr̥snéy (locative singular)
kr̥snóy (locative singular)
kr̥snóysu (locative plural)
kr̥snṓys (instrumental plural)
kr̥snā́m (accusative singular)
kr̥snóm (nominative singular)
kr̥snóy (dual nominative)
kr̥snóm (singular vocative)
kr̥snóy (dual vocative)
kr̥snóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kiršnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥šnás (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Albanian: *tšārnā

Albanian: sorrë (“crow”)

Thracian: *kersas

From *kers- + *-nós or *ker-s- + *-nós. Compare Proto-Celtic *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see also *dubus (“black”) and *dubnos (“deep; world”)).
Possibly related words:
* Lithuanian kéršas (“with black/white spots/patches”), kéršė (“pied cow”) and kiršlỹs (“grayling”)
* Swedish harr (“grayling”) < Proto-Germanic *harzuz. See also Proto-Finnic *harjus (“grayling”).
* Bulgarian чер (čer, “black”) < *черх (*čerh) like вет (vet) < ветх (veth), if not shortened from черен (čeren, “black”).
* In 3+2 anthroponyms: Thracian *kersas.
* River name: Hungarian Körös (“Criș”), Fekete-körös (“Crișul Negru”).
* Probably unrelated to Proto-Turkic *kara (“black”) and other similar words.
Compare "black" (absorbing/without light) names:
* burn (soot/char/tan): (*dʰegʷʰ-) Lithuanian dègti (“to burn”) : dãglas (“fire/burn-colored?”), dẽglas (“black-piebald?”), (*gʷʰer-) Serbo-Croatian gȃr (“ashes, cinder”) : gȁrav (“soot-colored, black”), Slovene čad (“smoke/fume, haze”) : čadeti (“to become smoke-like, blackish”), (?*(s)mewg-) Old East Slavic смага (smaga, “fire, flame”) : Russian Church Slavonic смаглъ (smaglŭ, “dark-skinned”).
** See also *kerh₃- (“to burn”), *wer- (“to burn”), *dʰewh₂- (“smoke?”), *h₁óngʷl̥ (“charcoal”), *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”) and Proto-Dravidian *kār.
* dirt/spot: (*melh₂-/*mel-) Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “dark, black”) : Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirt, filth, dust”), Latvian īls (“very dark (pitch-dark)”) : Ancient Greek ἰλύς (ilús, “mud, slime”), (*swerd-) Old High German swarz (“black”) : Latin sordēs (“dirt, filth”).
* dark: *(s)ḱeh₃-, *temH-, *merk-/*merHk-, *h₂mergʷ-/*mergʷ-, *h₁regʷ-, ?*dʰewbʰ-.


gʷelbʰ-

*gʷélbʰ-us ~ *gʷl̥bʰ-éws

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δελφύς (delphús, “womb”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀδελφεός (adelpheós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δελφίς (delphís)

⇒ Ancient Greek: Δελφοί (Delphoí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥bʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥buš

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (gər^əbuš, “young animal”)

*gʷólbʰ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δολφός (dolphós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárbʰas (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥-gʷelbʰós (“of the same womb”)

Proto-Hellenic: *əgʷelpʰós (“brother”)

Sanskrit: सगर्भ्य (sagarbhya, “brother”)


ḱweyt-

*ḱwéyt-t ~ *ḱwit-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwaytˢt ~ *Háćwitan

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśwayt ~ *Háświtan

Sanskrit: अश्वितन् (áśvitan, “to become bright, white”)

*ḱwéyt-ti ~ *ḱwit-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweistei

Latgalian: sveist'(i) (“to dawn, to become bright”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweisas

Lithuanian: šviesa (“light”)

*ḱwḗyt-ti ~ *ḱwéyt-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwēistei

Lithuanian: šviẽsti (“to shine”)

*ḱwi-né-t-ti ~ *ḱwi-n-t-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwístei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwinátˢti ~ *ćwintánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *świnátti ~ *świntánti

Sanskrit: श्विन्दते (śvindate, “to shine”)

*ḱwéyt-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáytatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwáytatay

Sanskrit: श्वेतते (śvetate, “to shine, be white”)

*ḱwit-éh₁(ye)-ti ~ *ḱwit-е́h₁(ye)-n̥ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *świtḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ó-s (“white”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kweitás (analogical k-?)

Lithuanian: kvietys, kvieši (“wheat”) (or borrowed from Old Norse or Gothic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwaytás (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ōr ~ ḱwit-nós?

i

Proto-Germanic: *hwītaz, *hwittaz (see there for further descendants) (Kroonen assumes Kluge's law in the genitive singular)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hwaitijaz (“wheat”) (or < *ḱweyd-) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwoyt-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitas

Proto-Slavic: *světъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitī́ˀtei

Lithuanian: švaitýti

Proto-Slavic: *světiti (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwaitas (or perhaps from a separate root *kweyt- (“to shine, gleam; to bloom”))

Proto-Slavic: *květъ (“flower”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwit-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwitrás (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


gʷet-

*gʷét-u ~ *gʷt-éw-s

*gʷet-yó-s

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *betyos

Gaulish: *betyos

→ Vulgar Latin: *betius

Catalan: bez

Occitan: bez

Spanish: biezo

*gʷēt-

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdǭ

Old Norse: kváða

Norwegian: kvåde, kode

Swedish: kåda

Elfdalian: kwåða

*gʷēt-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiją

Old Norse: *kvæði

Norwegian: kvæde


gʷet-

*gʷét-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *kweþaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kwadjaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-ye-ti (ye-present)

Old Armenian: կոչեմ (kočʻem) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷēt-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷet-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwidiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷét-ti-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwissiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gatati (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: गदति (gadati)


*kowh₂-e-ti (o-grade iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káuˀtei

Latvian: kaût

Lithuanian: káuti

Proto-Slavic: *kuti, *kovati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hawwaną (see there for further descendants)

*kéwdʰh₁-e-ti (dʰh₁e-present) or *keh₂u-d-, *kuh₂-d-

Proto-Italic: *kūdō (“beat, knock”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kot-

Tocharian B: kaut-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: kuodas (“tuft”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudā

Latin: cauda (“tail”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudeks

desc

Latin: caudex (“tree trunk, stump; post”), cōdex (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kū́ˀjas

Lithuanian: kū́jis

Proto-Slavic: *kyjь (see there for further descendants)

Metathetic variant *keh₂w-

Proto-Tocharian: *kāu- (“kill, strike down, chop”)

Tocharian A: ko-

Tocharian B: kau-

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kawš-

Proto-Iranian: *kawš- (“to fight, struggle; to kill”)

Persian: کُشتَن (koštan, “to kill, put out, switch off, suppress”)

Persian: کوشیدن (kušidan, “to try, strive, endeavor”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaatadak (“to overturn; to spill, pour out”)


gʷétu

gʷétu (nominative singular)
gʷétu (singular vocative)
gʷétu (accusative singular)
gʷtéws (genitive singular)
gʷtéwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷtéws (ablative singular)
gʷtúmos (ablative plural)
gʷtúbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷtéwey (dative singular)
gʷtúmos (dative plural)
gʷtúbʰos (dative plural)
gʷtéw (locative singular)
gʷtéwi (locative singular)
gʷtúsu (locative plural)
gʷtúh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷtúmis (instrumental plural)
gʷtúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *betu (“birch”)

Gaulish: *betu

→⇒? Latin: betulla, betūla? (Medieval Latin), betula (medieval?, early New Latin) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kweduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷetu

Osco-Umbrian:

→⇒ Latin: bitūmen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰátu (see there for further descendants)

betuyā

birch; see there for further descendants


kʷeḱ-

*kʷéḱ-t ~ *kʷḱ-ént (aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákšat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣat

Sanskrit: अक्षत् (ákṣat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háxšat

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬑𐬯𐬋 (āxsō, 2sg.inj.), 𐬑𐬯𐬁𐬌 (xsāi /xsaāi/, 1sg.subj.mid.)

*kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti (Narten present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śati

Sanskrit: काशते (kā́śate)

Proto-Iranian: *kā́cati

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)

*kʷe-kʷóḱ-e ~ *kʷe-kʷḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšr̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćákṣr̥ṣ

Sanskrit: चक्षुर् (cákṣur)

⇒ *kʷé-kʷ-ḱ-u-s (neuter participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšuš (see there for further descendants)

?*kʷṓḱ-ye-ti, *kʷṓǵ-ye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kāzàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śyati

Sanskrit: काश्यते (kā́śyate)

*kʷéḱ-s-ti ~ kʷḱ-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáštay (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéḱ-mr̥ ~ *kʷḱ-mén-s, *kʷéḱ-mōr ~ *kʷḱ-mn-és (collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷékmər, *kʷékmōr

Ancient Greek:

Attic Greek: τέκμᾰρ (tékmăr)

Epic Greek: τέκμωρ (tékmōr)

*kʷéḱ-s-mn̥ ~ *kʷḱ-s-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáćšma (see there for further descendants)

*kʷóḱ-tu-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *koxtus

Old Irish: cucht (“external appearance”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *kekts'en- (“body”)

Tocharian A: kapśañi

Tocharian B: kektseñe


tr̥nós

tr̥nós (nominative singular)
tr̥nóes (nominative plural)
tr̥né (singular vocative)
tr̥nóes (plural vocative)
tr̥nóm (accusative singular)
tr̥nóms (accusative plural)
tr̥nósyo (genitive singular)
tr̥nóHom (genitive plural)
tr̥néad (ablative singular)
tr̥nómos (ablative plural)
tr̥nóbʰos (ablative plural)
tr̥nóey (dative singular)
tr̥nómos (dative plural)
tr̥nóbʰos (dative plural)
tr̥néy (locative singular)
tr̥nóy (locative singular)
tr̥nóysu (locative plural)
tr̥nṓys (instrumental plural)
tr̥nā́m (accusative singular)
tr̥nóm (nominative singular)
tr̥nóy (dual nominative)
tr̥nóm (singular vocative)
tr̥nóy (dual vocative)
tr̥nóy (accusative dual)

Possibly derived from *(s)ter- (“stiff”) + *-nós.


neygʷ-

*ni-néygʷ-ti ~ *ni-nigʷ-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nináykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nináykti

Sanskrit: निनिक्त (niniktá, 2pl.impv.)

*nigʷ-yé-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *nigyeti

desctree

Middle Irish: nigid
Irish: nigh
Manx: niee
Scottish Gaelic: nigh

Proto-Hellenic: *níďďō
Ancient Greek: νίζω (nízō)

*néygʷ-t ~ *nigʷ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निजान (nijāná, ptc.med.)

*ne-nóygʷ-e ~ *ne-nigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·nenaig

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νένιπται (néniptai)

*néy-noygʷ-ti ~ *néy-nigʷ-ti (intensive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náynaykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náynaykti

Sanskrit: नेनेक्ति (nénekti), नेनिक्ते (nenikté)

Proto-Iranian: *náynayxti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (naēnižaⁱti)

*nigʷ-ō-s ~ *nigʷ-es-es

Proto-Germanic: *nikwaz

Old English: nicor

Middle English: niker, nycker

English: nicker, nickel

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: nicker

Dutch: nikker

Old High German: nihhus, nichus

Middle High German: niches, nickes

German: Nix

Old Norse: nykr

Faroese: nykur

Norwegian Nynorsk: nykk

Swedish: Näcken

⇒ Germanic: *nikwasjō

Old High German: nickessa

Middle High German: nixe

German: Nixe

→ Dutch: nix

*néygʷ-tis ~ *nigʷ-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νίψις (nípsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निर्णिक्ति (nirṇikti)

*nigʷ-tḗr ~ *nigʷ-trés, *néygʷ-tōr ~ *nigʷ-trés

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῐπτήρ (nĭptḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nayktā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nayktā́

Sanskrit: पादावनेक्तृ (pādāvanektṛ)

*nigʷ-tó-s

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *něgati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निज् (nij)


*h₂gér-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *agéřřō
Ancient Greek: ἀγείρω (ageírō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (ăgorā́)

*h₂gr̥-tro-m (instrument noun)

Proto-Germanic: *kurþrą (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: grùmulas

Proto-Slavic: *gromada (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)grā́mas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: गण (gaṇá)

Sanskrit: आगार (āgāra)

Proto-Italic: *greks

Latin: grex (see there for further descendants)


súHros

non-ablauting (romanization)
suHrós (nominative singular)
suHróes (nominative plural)
suHré (singular vocative)
suHróes (plural vocative)
suHróm (accusative singular)
suHróms (accusative plural)
suHrósyo (genitive singular)
suHróHom (genitive plural)
suHréad (ablative singular)
suHrómos (ablative plural)
suHróbʰos (ablative plural)
suHróey (dative singular)
suHrómos (dative plural)
suHróbʰos (dative plural)
suHréy (locative singular)
suHróy (locative singular)
suHróysu (locative plural)
suHrṓys (instrumental plural)
suHrā́m (accusative singular)
suHróm (nominative singular)
suHróy (dual nominative)
suHróm (singular vocative)
suHróy (dual vocative)
suHróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sūraz (see there for further descendants)


*wéyh₁-ti ~ *wih₁-énti (athematic root present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (“to drive away, chase, pursue”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wī́emai (“to pursue”)

Ancient Greek: ἵεμαι (híemai) (with aspiration taken from ἵημι (híēmi) by analogy)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vajóti

Proto-Tocharian: *weyā

Tocharian A: wā-, wāw-

Tocharian B: wāyā-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weināˀ (“blame”)

Latvian: vaina

Lithuanian: vaina

Proto-Slavic: *vina

Proto-Celtic: *weinā (“troop, band of warriors”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyHas

Sanskrit: वयस् (váyas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīwô (“kite, falcon”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *weiyā
>? Middle Irish: fé (“woe, grief”)
Gaulish: ueia (Lezoux plate, line 10)

Proto-Hellenic: *wīs

Ancient Greek: ἴς (ís)

desc

Proto-Italic: *wīs (“strength, force, power”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayHuš

Proto-Iranian: *wayHukah

Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wʾywg, “hunter”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (w’ywq, “hunter”)

Proto-Italic: *wijā (see there for further descendants)

*wih₁-ḗḱ-s ~ *wih₁-eḱés

>? Proto-Hellenic: *wīrēks

Ancient Greek: ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”), ἱάρᾱξ (hiárāx) — Doric, ῑ̓́ρηξ (ī́rēx) — Ionic

Proto-Italic: *wijelos (“chasing, violating”)

⇒ Latin: violō (see there for further descendants)

>? *wih₁-ró-s

Proto-Italic:

⇒? Latin: (in)vītus, (in)vītō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἴμη (oímē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: οἶμος (oîmos) (alternatively from *h₃eys- (“to move quickly”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wájas

Proto-Slavic: *vojь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *waiþō (“a hunt; pasture”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waiþijaną (“to hunt, graze”) (see there for further descendants)


Hrew-

*Hrew-d-

*Hrew-d-os ~ *Hru-d-és-

Italic:

Latin: rūdus (see there for further descendants)

*Hrew-d-i-

Italic:

Latin: rudis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rutāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rautjaną

Old Norse: reyta

Icelandic: reyta

*Hrew-dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *rudjaną

Proto-Germanic: *reudaną (“to clear, remove”)

*(H)rewH-

*h₃rew-k-, *Hrewk-

*Hrew-p-

*Hréw-mn̥

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *Hrow-mn-o-)

Proto-Slavic: *rūnò (“fleece”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rúamnae (“blanket”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwma (“body hair”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ruxo (“garment, clothing”)


*h₃rew-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *rauša

Albanian: rashë

*h₃réw-tr-om (instrument noun)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *routrom
Proto-Brythonic: *rʉdr
Middle Welsh: ruthyr (with irregular -th-; contaminated by Old/Middle Irish?)
Welsh: rhuthr, rhuthyr
Middle Irish: rúathar
Irish: ruathar
Scottish Gaelic: ruathar

*h₃rów-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orówō

Ancient Greek: ὀρούω (oroúō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raušas

Proto-Slavic: *ruxъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *Hrum- (“destroy, collapse”) (perhaps)

Persian: رمبیدن (rombidan, “destroy, collapse”)

Central Kurdish: ڕوخان (ruxan, “destroy, collapse”)

Northern Luri: رئمئسئ (remese, “get destroyed”)

*-w- extension of *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).


(H)rewH-

*(H)réwH-ti ~ *(H)ruH-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रवत् (rávat, 3sg.subj.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: rwātsi (inf.)

Tocharian B: rwātär (3sg.mid.)

*(H)réwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *rewaną (“to tear, jerk, fight”)

Icelandic: rjá (“to wrestle, fight; to move, tear”)

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō (“to dig out”)

*(H)ruH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rúˀtei (with secondarily introduced non-zero grade in Baltic)

Latvian: raût

Lithuanian: ráuti

Proto-Slavic: *ryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rūjaną (or derived from a noun)

Old Norse: rýja

Icelandic: rýja

*(H)rḗwH-s-t ~ *(H)réw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: राविषम् (rā́viṣam, 1sg.aor.subj.)

*(H)r(e)wH-tro-m

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rutrum

*(H)ruH-dʰlo-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdla

Proto-Slavic: *rydlo (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rъvati (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ravė́ti

Proto-Germanic: *rawwō

Old Norse: rǫggr, rǫgg

→ English: rag

Icelandic: rögg

Swedish: ragg

Norwegian: ragg

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रु (ru, “to break, hurt”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ru-

Tocharian A: ru-

Tocharian B: ru-


*h₃ru-né-k-ti ~ *h₃ru-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrunčáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrunćáti

Sanskrit: लुञ्चति (luñcáti)

Proto-Italic: *runkō

Latin: runcō

*h₃ruk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orúťťō

Ancient Greek: ὀρύσσω (orússō), ὀρύττω (orúttō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *rugōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkijaną

>? Proto-Germanic: *rūhaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rūskos

Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).


h₁óngʷl̥

h₁óngʷōl (nominative singular)
h₁n̥gʷl̥bʰós (ablative plural)
h₁n̥gʷl̥bʰós (dative plural)
h₁n̥gʷél (locative singular)
h₁n̥gʷl̥sú (locative plural)
h₁n̥gʷléh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁n̥gʷl̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *tsangila

Albanian: thëngjill

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anˀglís (see there for further descendants)

ածուխ

Old Armenian: ածուղ (acuł), ածուխ (acux)


ǵelu-

Celtic:

Old Irish: gil

Welsh: gêl

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aluš (see there for further descendants)


tyegʷ-

*tyégʷ-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tségʷomai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́atay

Sanskrit: त्यजते (tyájate)

*tyégʷ-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: त्यजति (tyájati) (see there for further descendants)

*te-tyógʷ-e ~ *te-tigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tityā́ǰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tityā́ȷ́a

Vedic Sanskrit: तित्याज (tityā́ja)

⇒ Sanskrit: तत्याज (tatyāja)

*tyogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tsogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: σοβέω (sobéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: त्याजयति (tyājáyati)

*tyégʷ-os ~ *tyégʷ-es-

(perhaps) Hellenic: *tségʷos

Ancient Greek: σέβας (sébas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰas (see there for further descendants)


*wélh₃-ti ~ *wl̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒄴𒍣 (walḫzi)

*wl̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *wl̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *welnō

Latin: vellō

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wälläṣtär

Proto-Germanic: *walaz (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *welh₃-wr̥-ti- (a derivative of heteroclitic *welh₃-wr̥/-wen-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղարդն (gełardn)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

*wlannos

desctree

Middle Irish: flann
Irish: flann
Scottish Gaelic: flann

*wolis (see there for further descendants)

*welīsos

Proto-Brythonic: *gweli

Cornish: goly

Middle Breton: goulyow pl

Breton: gouli

Middle Welsh: gweli

Welsh: gweli

Proto-Germanic: *welwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wala- (“dead”)

desc

Old Norse: valr (“fallen in the battlefield”), Valhǫll (“Valhalla”), valkyrja (“Valkyrie”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οὐλή (oulḗ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁλίσκομαι (halískomai)

Italic:

Latin: vulnus

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: والانه (vâlâne, “wound”) ولانه (valâne, “wound”) (possibly)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *welias, *weliā

Baltic:

Latvian: veļi

Lithuanian: vėlė (“corpse, ghost”)

Lithuanian: veliónis (“dead”)

Slavic:

Czech: válka (“war”)

Polish: walka (“fight, combat”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“to die”)

Tocharian A: walu (“dead one”)


*yéh₂-ti ~ *ih₂-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀtei
East Baltic:
⇒ Latgalian: juot
⇒ Latvian: jāt
⇒ Lithuanian: jóti
Proto-Slavic: *jě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *jě̀xati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHti

Sanskrit: याति (yā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

*yḗh₂-s-t ~ *yéh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: अयासम् (ayāsam, 1sg.aor.ind.act.)

*yéh₂-os ~ *yéh₂-es-

Proto-Celtic: *yās

Old Irish: á (“chariot”)

*yéh₂-lo- (“zeal”)

Balto-Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: jȃl/ја̑л (“envy, malice”)

Proto-Celtic: *yālos (“praise, worship”)

Proto-Brythonic: *yọl

Middle Welsh: iawl (“prayer, supplication, worship”)

Welsh: iawl

Old Irish: áil (“request, desire”)

Irish: áil

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHma

Sanskrit: यामन् (yā́man)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջան (ǰan, “zeal, effort, labour”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHnam

Sanskrit: यान (yā́na) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jānos

Latin: Iānus, iānua (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ěto (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-tu-s ~ *ih₂-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yātus (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-wēr or *yéh₂-wō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHwā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHwā

Sanskrit: यावन् (yā́van, “rider, invader on horseback”)

Proto-Tocharian: *iyā-

Tocharian A: yā-

Tocharian B: iyā-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ꙗдо (jado, “to travel”)

Ancient Greek: ζητέω (zētéō)

Ancient Greek: ζημία (zēmía)

desctree

Old Irish: áitt
Irish: áit
Scottish Gaelic: àite

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: या (yā)


yek-

*yék-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jehaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yā́čati

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yā́ćati

>? Sanskrit: याचति (yā́cati)

*yék-ti-s ~ *ik-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *jihtiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: juoktis

Proto-Celtic: *yextis (see there for further descendants)

*yók-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jṓk-

Latgalian: jūks

Latvian: joks

Lithuanian: juokas

Proto-Italic: *jokos

Latin: iocus (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *jehwlą (see there for further descendants)


*léh₁d-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lētaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ληδεῖν (lēdeîn)

Proto-Albanian: *lēda

Albanian: lodh

Proto-Albanian: *ladna

Old Albanian: *lan

Albanian: lë

Proto-Germanic: *lataz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lassos

Latin: lassus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *lādrā

Albanian: lodër


nes-

*nés-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nesaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *néhomai

Ancient Greek: νέομαι (néomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *násatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *násatay

Sanskrit: नसते (násate)

*nos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *nazjaną (see there for further descendants)

*n̥s-tó-s

⇒ *ń̥s-to-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ástam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *nōzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nayyō

Ancient Greek: ναίω (naíō)

Proto-Hellenic: *nahwós

Ancient Greek: ναός (naós)

Proto-Hellenic: *nóstos

Ancient Greek: νόστος (nóstos)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nas-

Tocharian B: nes-


krep-

*kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s

Proto-Celtic: *krixs

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kriɸmos

Proto-Brythonic: *krɨβ̃ (“strong”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: crí (“body”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥ps

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥ps

Sanskrit: कृप् (kṛ́p), कृपा (kṛpā́, instr. sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *kŕ̥pš

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬞𐬇𐬨 (kəhrpə̄m, acc. sg.)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (klp /kirb/)

→ Old Armenian: կերպ (kerp)

*krép-os ~ *krép-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *hrefaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *korpos (The change in the stem vowel may be a conflation of the *s-stem noun with the root noun *kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s)

Latin: corpus (see there for further descendants)

*krop-n̥-yo-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որովայն (orovayn)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *krepa

Albanian: krep

Proto-Albanian: *kurpna

Albanian: kurm

>? Proto-Celtic: *krittā (unlikely) (see there for further descendants)


h₁ówdʰr̥ (nominative singular)
h₁ówdʰr̥ (singular vocative)
h₁ówdʰr̥ (accusative singular)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: paū́drė (perhaps), ūdróti

Proto-Slavic: *vỳmę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ūdarą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *óutʰər

Ancient Greek: οὖθαρ (oûthar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HúHdʰr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HúHdʰr̥

Vedic Sanskrit: ऊधर् (ū́dhar)

Proto-Iranian: *HúHdr̥

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (δʾrk)

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *utare

Proto-Finnic: *udar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: одар (odar)

Moksha: одар (odar)

Proto-Italic: *ouðer

Latin: ūber (see there for further descendants)


lewg-

*lu-né-g-ti ~ *lu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *lungeti (see there for further descendants)

*lug-o-

Proto-Germanic: *luką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λύγος (lúgos), λυγίζω (lugízō)

*lug-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *luktos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *luktāōr

Latin: luctor (see there for further descendants)

*lug-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rugnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rugnás

Sanskrit: रुग्ण (rugṇá, “bent, crooked”)

*lug-so-s

Proto-Italic: *luksos

Latin: luxus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *awa-luga

Albanian: vlug

Proto-Germanic: *lūkaną (see there for further descendants)


ḱr̥sós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱr̥sós (nominative singular)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱr̥sóes (nominative plural)
ḱr̥sé (singular vocative)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱr̥sóes (plural vocative)
ḱr̥sóm (accusative singular)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱr̥sóms (accusative plural)
ḱr̥sósyo (genitive singular)
ḱr̥sóHom (genitive plural)
ḱr̥séad (ablative singular)
ḱr̥sómos (ablative plural)
ḱr̥sóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱr̥sóey (dative singular)
ḱr̥sómos (dative plural)
ḱr̥sóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱr̥séy (locative singular)
ḱr̥sóy (locative singular)
ḱr̥sóysu (locative plural)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱr̥sṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *karros (“wagon”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *hrussą (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐπίκουρος (epíkouros, “helper, support”)

Proto-Italic: *korzos

Latin: currus (“chariot”)


ǵʰéyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰéyos (nominative singular)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰéyoes (nominative plural)
ǵʰéye (singular vocative)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰéyoes (plural vocative)
ǵʰéyom (accusative singular)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰéyoms (accusative plural)
ǵʰéyosyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰéyoHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰéyead (ablative singular)
ǵʰéyomos (ablative plural)
ǵʰéyobʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰéyoey (dative singular)
ǵʰéyomos (dative plural)
ǵʰéyobʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰéyey (locative singular)
ǵʰéyoy (locative singular)
ǵʰéyoysu (locative plural)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰéyōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian: *jeioh

Old Armenian: ձի (ji)

Armenian: ձի (ji)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyas (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵʰey- (“to drive”) + *-os.
A Southern Indo-European word (found only in Armenian and Indo-Iranian), *ǵʰéyos represented a poetic word, belonging to the “language of gods”, as opposed to the usual unmarked *h₁éḱwos.


h₃émōs (nominative singular)
h₃m̥és (locative singular)
h₃m̥sú (locative plural)
h₃m̥séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *u(m)s

Old Armenian: ուս (us)

Armenian: ուս (us)


dʰrówgʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰrówgʰos (nominative singular)
dʰrówgʰoes (nominative plural)
dʰrówgʰe (singular vocative)
dʰrówgʰoes (plural vocative)
dʰrówgʰom (accusative singular)
dʰrówgʰoms (accusative plural)
dʰrówgʰosyo (genitive singular)
dʰrówgʰoHom (genitive plural)
dʰrówgʰead (ablative singular)
dʰrówgʰomos (ablative plural)
dʰrówgʰobʰos (ablative plural)
dʰrówgʰoey (dative singular)
dʰrówgʰomos (dative plural)
dʰrówgʰobʰos (dative plural)
dʰrówgʰey (locative singular)
dʰrówgʰoy (locative singular)
dʰrówgʰoysu (locative plural)
dʰrówgʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *draugaz (“apparition, ghost”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰráwgʰas (“deception, treachery”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljáudis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *liudiz (see there for further descendants)


déwkti

déwkmi (first-person indicative present singular)
déwkm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
déwksi (indicative present second-person singular)
déwks (indicative past second-person singular)
déwk (imperative second-person singular)
dukdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
déwkesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
déwkti (indicative present singular third-person)
déwkt (indicative past singular third-person)
déwktu (imperative singular third-person)
déwketi (singular subjunctive third-person)
dukwós (dual first-person indicative present)
dukwé (dual first-person indicative past)
déwkowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
duktés (dual indicative present second-person)
duktóm (dual indicative past second-person)
duktóm (dual imperative second-person)
déwketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
duktés (dual indicative present third-person)
duktā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
duktā́m (dual imperative third-person)
déwketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dukmós (first-person indicative plural present)
dukmé (first-person indicative past plural)
déwkomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dukté (indicative plural present second-person)
dukté (indicative past plural second-person)
dukté (imperative plural second-person)
déwkete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dukénti (indicative plural present third-person)
duként (indicative past plural third-person)
dukéntu (imperative plural third-person)
déwkonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dukónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *enduka

Albanian: nduk

Proto-Celtic: *duketi

Proto-Brythonic: *dugɨd (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *teuhaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwkti ~ *dučánti (“to milk”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáwxti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *doukō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *dewk- (“to pull, to draw; to lead”).


dʰgʷʰéytis

dʰgʷʰéytis (nominative singular)
dʰgʷʰéyteyes (nominative plural)
dʰgʷʰéyti (singular vocative)
dʰgʷʰéyteyes (plural vocative)
dʰgʷʰéytim (accusative singular)
dʰgʷʰéytims (accusative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéys (genitive singular)
dʰgʷʰitéyoHom (genitive plural)
dʰgʷʰitéys (ablative singular)
dʰgʷʰitímos (ablative plural)
dʰgʷʰitíbʰos (ablative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéyey (dative singular)
dʰgʷʰitímos (dative plural)
dʰgʷʰitíbʰos (dative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéy (locative singular)
dʰgʷʰitḗy (locative singular)
dʰgʷʰitísu (locative plural)
dʰgʷʰitíh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰgʷʰitímis (instrumental plural)
dʰgʷʰitíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰtʰítis

Ancient Greek: φθῐ́σῐς (phthĭ́sĭs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰítiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰítiṣ

Sanskrit: क्षिति (kṣíti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sitis

Latin: sitis (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


neyk-

*néyk-eti

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to winnow”)

Latvian: niẽkât

Lithuanian: niekóti

Proto-Hellenic: *niknā́ (“winnowed”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *niknáō (“to winnow”)

Ancient Greek: *νικνάω (*niknáō), *νικμάω (*nikmáō), λικμάω (likmáō), ἰκμάω (ikmáō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: εὐνίκμητον (euníkmēton)

⇒ Ancient Greek: *νίκνον (*níknon), νίκλον (níklon)

*nik-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *nixtos (“winnowed; wheat”) (see there for further descendants)


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tend-

Albanian: tend

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tándati

Sanskrit: तन्दते (tándate, “become relaxed”)

Proto-Iranian: *tándati (“to languish, faint”)

Parthian: tnd (tand, “faint, languishing”)

Proto-Italic: *tendō

Latin: tendō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖 (ustentu), 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (ustetu), ostendu, 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌀 (ustentuta), ostensendi

*tn̥d-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *tensos

Latin: tensus

*ténd-u-s ~ *tn̥d-éw-s:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tandùs (“lazy, sloppy”)

Probably from the synonymous *ten-, but with an uncertain suffix *-d(H)-.


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *tendeti (“to break, cut”)

Old Irish: teinnid

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τένδω (téndō, “to gnaw at”)

*tond-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *tondeō

Latin: tondeō (“to cut, shear”)

*tn̥-né-d-ti ~ *tn̥-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: -tenn

*te-tónd-e ~ *te-tn̥d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tethainn

Proto-Italic:

Latin: totondī

Proto-Celtic: *tondā (“skin, surface”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tonnenn

Middle Breton: tonnenn

Breton: tonnenn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: tonn

Welsh: ton

Old Irish: tonn

Possibly an extension of *temh₁- (“to cut”).


*tn̥h₁-yé-tor (passive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHyátay

Sanskrit: तायते (tāyáte)

*ténh₂-mn̥ ~ *tenh₂-món-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánHmā

Sanskrit: तनिमन् (tániman, “shallowness, weakness”)

*ténh₂-us (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnás

Sanskrit: उत्तान (uttāná)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (ustāna)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnáȷ́ʰastas (“with hands outstretched”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnáźʰastas

Sanskrit: उत्तानहस्त (uttānáhasta)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnájástah

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (ustānazasta)

Possibly an extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


tens-

*téns-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þinsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánsati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánsati

Sanskrit: तंसति (táṃsati), तंसते (táṃsate)

*téns-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenstei

Latvian: tìest

Lithuanian: tę̃sti

Old Prussian: tiēnstwei

*te-tons-e ~ te-tn̥s-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Germanic:

Gothic: -𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-þans)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatasráy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatasráy

Sanskrit: ततस्रे (tatasré)

*tons-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tanseitei

Lithuanian: tąsýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tansáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tansáyati

Sanskrit: तंसयते (taṃsáyate)

*tóns-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tąsus

Extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


-tn̥nós

-tn̥nós (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóes (nominative plural)
-tn̥né (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóes (plural vocative)
-tn̥nóm (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóms (accusative plural)
-tn̥nósyo (genitive singular)
-tn̥nóHom (genitive plural)
-tn̥néad (ablative singular)
-tn̥nómos (ablative plural)
-tn̥nóbʰos (ablative plural)
-tn̥nóey (dative singular)
-tn̥nómos (dative plural)
-tn̥nóbʰos (dative plural)
-tn̥néy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóysu (locative plural)
-tn̥nṓys (instrumental plural)
-tn̥nā́m (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóm (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóy (dual nominative)
-tn̥nóm (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóy (dual vocative)
-tn̥nóy (accusative dual)
*-tn̥nis (alternative)

Proto-Armenian: *-aþayn (< earlier *-aþani < *-eh₂-tn̥n-i-s)

Old Armenian: -այն (-ayn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: -ti̇̀nis, -tinas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tanás

Sanskrit: -तन (-taná), -त्न (tná)

Proto-Italic: *-tenos

Latin: -tinus

From *ten- (“to extend, stretch”) + *-nós.


non-ablauting (romanization)
tń̥nām (accusative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tina

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tanā (“time”)
Proto-Brythonic: *tan
Old Breton: tan, dan
Middle Cornish: tan
Cornish: tann, yn-dann
Middle Welsh: tan
Welsh: tan
Old Irish: tan

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þunō (“springe; tenter, stretcher”)

Old High German: dona

German: Dohne

Old Norse: þǫn

Old Gutnish: þan

Old Swedish: þan

Swedish: tana

Norwegian: tan

From *ten- (“to extend, stretch”) + *-néh₂.


ǵn̥néh₃m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥néh₃oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥nh₃yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥néh₃s (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥néh₃ (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥néh₃t (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃wé (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥nh₃tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃mé (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥nh₃té (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃té (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃té (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃h₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥nh₃h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥nh₃ih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥nh₃th₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥nh₃só (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥nh₃ór (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃tó (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃ó (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃ih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥nh₃médʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥nh₃n̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵn̥nh₃ró (indicative past plural third-person)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źināˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gnināti (“to recognize”) (see there for further descendants)

q

innovated root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵenn-</i>

Proto-Germanic: *kunnaną (“to know (how), be able to”) (innovated root *ǵenn-) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *kannijaną (“to know, to recognise”) (causative of the above innovated root) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ānáHti (“to know, recognize”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: knānat

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, know”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


péteti (canonical)
péth₂ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeteti

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Welsh: ehedec (< *exs-ɸet-atikā)

⇒ Welsh: ehedfan, hedfan

Old Irish: ette (< *ɸettiyā)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέτομαι (pétomai)

Koine Greek: ἵπταμαι (híptamai)

Greek: ίπταμαι (íptamai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátati

Sanskrit: पतति (pátati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pátatī

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pataⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *petō

Latin: petō (see there for further descendants)


stóygʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
stóygʰos (nominative singular)
stóygʰoes (nominative plural)
stóygʰe (singular vocative)
stóygʰoes (plural vocative)
stóygʰom (accusative singular)
stóygʰoms (accusative plural)
stóygʰosyo (genitive singular)
stóygʰoHom (genitive plural)
stóygʰead (ablative singular)
stóygʰomos (ablative plural)
stóygʰobʰos (ablative plural)
stóygʰoey (dative singular)
stóygʰomos (dative plural)
stóygʰobʰos (dative plural)
stóygʰey (locative singular)
stóygʰoy (locative singular)
stóygʰoysu (locative plural)
stóygʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *staiga
Albanian: shteg

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *staigas

Latvian: staĩga

Proto-Germanic: *staigō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stóikʰos

Ancient Greek: στοῖχος (stoîkhos)


h₂wésōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwásati (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *h₂wes- (“to dwell”).


h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm

h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (nominative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (dual nominative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (singular vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (dual vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (accusative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (accusative dual)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téy (locative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (locative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *arcant-

desctree

Old Armenian: արծաթ (arcatʻ) (or borrowed from an Indo-Iranian cognate)
Armenian: արծաթ (arcatʻ)

Proto-Celtic: *argantom (< *h₂erǵn̥t-ó-m) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́atám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́atám (< *h₂reǵn̥t-ó-m)

Sanskrit: रजत (rajatá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥jatám

Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀 (ər^əzata)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎫 (a-r-d-t /ardata/)

Persian: آلی (âli, “silver”) (Yazidi, rd> l , ta>∅)

Middle Persian: (/arzīz/)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫉 (ʾrzyz)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlcyc)

Proto-Scythian: arzatam (Saqqez inscription)

Khotanese: [script needed] (āljsata-)

Ossetian: ӕрзӕ́т (ærzǽt)

Proto-Italic: *argentom (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erǵ- (“white, argent, glittering”).
Probably entered the vocabulary with the meaning 'white metal, (probably) silver' around 3,500 BC.


spḗr

spḗr (nominative singular)
spéres (nominative plural)
spér (singular vocative)
spéres (plural vocative)
spérm̥ (accusative singular)
spérm̥s (accusative plural)
sprés (genitive singular)
spróHom (genitive plural)
sprés (ablative singular)
spr̥mós (ablative plural)
spr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
spréy (dative singular)
spr̥mós (dative plural)
spr̥bʰós (dative plural)
spér (locative singular)
spéri (locative singular)
spr̥sú (locative plural)
spr̥mís (instrumental plural)
spr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr

Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr) (Ionic), ψάρ (psár, “starling”)

Unknown; perhaps of non-Indo-European origin, like many other bird names.

frau

Proto-Celtic: *sɸrawos (“crow”) (Dybo's law)


kagʰ-

*kágʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *kageti (“to get, receive”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cael

Welsh: cael

*kagʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *kaɣeō

Latin: incohō (< *in-kaɣeō) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌊𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌃 (kahad, 3s.pr.cj.)

Umbrian: cehefi (inf.ps.)

*kagʰ-yó-m (“enclosure”)

*kagʰ-yo-s (cf. above)

Proto-Germanic: *hagjaz

Old Norse: heggr (“bird cherry”) (see there for further descendants)

*kágʰ-l̥-eh₂ ~ *kagʰ-én-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kaɣela (“small hole”)

Latin: caulae (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) Oscan: kaíla (acc.sg.)

*kágʰ-r̥ ~ *kagʰ-éns (“enclosure, pasture; hedge”)

⇒? *kágʰ-ō ~ *kagʰ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *hagô (“enclosure, pasture; hedge, shrub”) (see there for further descendants)

q

from the presumed genitive <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hakkaz</i>

⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakki, ⇒? *hakkī, *hakkju (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kagʰ-nó-s, *kagʰ-nó-m

⇒? Proto-Armenian: (with a prefix)

desc

Old Armenian: ցանգ (cʻang), ցանկ (cʻank, “hedge, fence”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< collective(?) <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kagʰ-néh₂</i>

Proto-Celtic: *kagnā (< collective(?) *kagʰ-néh₂)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨn

Welsh: caen

Proto-Germanic: *hagnaz

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn

Middle Dutch: haghen (“fencing”)

Old High German: hagan (“briar”)

⇒? *kagʰ-ró-s

desc

Proto-Celtic: *kagros (“enclosure; fort”)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨr

Middle Breton: ker

Cornish: caer

Middle Welsh: cair

Welsh: caer

*kágʰ-so-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa, “secluded forest, wooded recess; clearing; room, apartment”) (see there for further descendants)

that which encloses: fence, hedge, barrier


kagʰyóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
kagʰyóm (nominative singular)
kagʰyóy (dual nominative)
kagʰyóm (singular vocative)
kagʰyóy (dual vocative)
kagʰyóm (accusative singular)
kagʰyóy (accusative dual)
kagʰyósyo (genitive singular)
kagʰyóHom (genitive plural)
kagʰyéad (ablative singular)
kagʰyómos (ablative plural)
kagʰyóbʰos (ablative plural)
kagʰyóey (dative singular)
kagʰyómos (dative plural)
kagʰyóbʰos (dative plural)
kagʰyéy (locative singular)
kagʰyóy (locative singular)
kagʰyóysu (locative plural)
kagʰyṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *kagyom (“pen, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hagjō

Proto-West Germanic: *haggju (“hedge”) (see there for further descendants)

From *kagʰ- (“to keep, enclose”) + *-yóm. Related to Latin cohum.


*h₁réyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rīfaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρείπω (ereípō, “to ruin, tear down”)

*h₁rip-néh₂-ti ~ *h₁reyp-n̥h₂-énti (*néh₂-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Russian: ре́пнуть (répnutʹ, “to burst”) (dialectal)

Proto-Celtic: *rēbbāti

Middle Irish: répaid

Proto-Germanic: *rippōną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁réyp-eh₂ (“steep slope”)

Proto-Germanic: *rīpō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reipā

Latin: rīpa (“river bank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raupā

Albanian: repë (“desert”)

Compare also *Hrewp- (“to break, tear (up)”).


*dʰérh₃-ti ~ *dʰr̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *durˀtei (“to stab, prick”)

Lithuanian: dùrti

Latvian: dur̃t

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔθορον (éthoron, “to leap”)

*dʰorh₃-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *darjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *darjan (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥h₃-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θρῴσκω (thrṓiskō, “to spring, leap”)

*dʰr̥h₃-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *daryeti (“to bull, force oneself, leap upon”)

Old Irish: dairid

Irish: doir

Proto-Germanic: *darō (“injury”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́raH (“edge, blade; gush”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́raH

Sanskrit: धारा (dhā́rā)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́raH

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬁 (dārā)

→ Old Armenian: դար (dar)


*h₂réh₁-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

⇒ *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to think; to arrange”)

*h₂reh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *rēōr (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂r̥h₁-éy-ti (ey-present)

⇒ *h₂rey- (“to count; to arrange”, reanalyzed root)

Proto-Hellenic: *aréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀρέσκω (aréskō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *araréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀραρίσκω (ararískō)

Proto-Hellenic: *aretā́

Ancient Greek: ἀρετή (aretḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ratōr

q

or derived from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ratus</i>

Latin: rator (“thinker”) (or derived from ratus)

Proto-Italic: *ratos
Latin: ratus

*h₂reh₁-tis ~ *h₂rh₁-téys

⇒ *h₂rh₁-ti-Hō

Proto-Italic: *ratjō

Latin: ratiō

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raþjǭ (“account, reasoning”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *rānja

Albanian: rroj

Reanalyzed root of *h₂er- (“to join; to prepare”) + *-éh₁ti.


*h₂rey-dʰ(h₁)- (“to put in order”)

*h₂réy-dʰ-t ~ *h₂ri-dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist (“to put in order”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raidaz (“ready, arranged”), *raidijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raids (“ready”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rināti (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Celtic: *rīmā (“number, count”) (from collective *h₂riH-meh₂ or *h₂réy-meh₂) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *rīmą (“number, calculation”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂réy-tus ~ *h₂ri-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rītus

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νήριτος (nḗritos, “countless”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rendas (“row”)

Lithuanian: rindà

Latvian: rinda

Proto-Slavic: *rędъ (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *h₂réyti, from *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


ḱéh₃ih₂ (nominative singular)
sḱéh₃ih₂ (nominative singular)
ḱéh₃ih₂ (singular vocative)
sḱéh₃ih₂ (singular vocative)
ḱéh₃ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
sḱéh₃ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
ḱyéh₂s (genitive singular)
ḱyéh₂s (ablative singular)
ḱyéh₂ (locative singular)
sḱyéh₂ (locative singular)
ḱyéh₂i (locative singular)
ḱyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
sḱyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *skijā

desc

Albanian: hije (“shadow, shade; darkness”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: seja *seĩja (“face, shadow”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκῐᾱ́ (skĭā́, “shadow, shade”), σκιάς (skiás, “canopy, umbrel”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śćaHyáH (“shade”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *skiya

Tocharian B: [Term?] (skiyo, “shadow”)

From *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


kʷey-

*kʷéy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáyati

desc

Sanskrit: चयते (cáyate, “to take revenge on”)

Proto-Slavic: *kàjati

*kʷi-néw-ti ~ *kʷi-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷínō

Ancient Greek: τίνω (tínō), τί̄νω (tí̄nō)

*kʷi-nu-t-

Proto-Celtic: *kʷinuts (“guilt”)

desctree

Old Irish: cin
Middle Irish: cin (“guilt; payment due, fee”)
Classical Gaelic: cion (“guilt; due portion; partiality”)
Irish: cion (“transgression; share; affection”)

*kʷey-no-s

Proto-Slavic: *činъ (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷítis

Ancient Greek: τίσις (tísis)


kʷey-

*kʷeyt-

*kʷeys-

*kʷé(h₁)y-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Slavic: *čàjati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáHyati

Sanskrit: चायति (cā́yati)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τίω (tíō, “to esteem, to respect”)

*kʷe-kʷó(h₁)y-e ~ *kʷe-kʷ(h₁)y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikā́ya

Sanskrit: चिकाय (cikāya)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῑμή (tīmḗ)

*kʷé(h₁)y-ti-s ~ *kʷ(h₁)i-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (citi, “understanding”), अपचिति (ápa-citi, “reverence”)


kʷey-

*kʷey-t (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háčayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háčayt

Vedic Sanskrit: अचेत् (acet)

Proto-Iranian:

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*wi-</i>

⇒ Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬁 (vīš́iiātā, 3pl.aor.inj.mid.) (+ *wi-)

*kʷi-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *čináwti

Sanskrit: चिनोति (cinoti, “to gather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čináwtī

desc

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙- (cinuuaṇt-, present active participle)

Northern Kurdish: çinîn (“to reap”), çandin (“to plant”), nijinandin (“to pile, layer”), çîn (“class, layer”)

Central Kurdish: چنین (çnîn, “to reap”), چاندن (çandin, “to plant”), نژناندن (nijnandin, “to pile, to build up”), چین (çîn, “class, stratum, flock, layer”)

Proto-Slavic: *činǫti, *činìti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoywós

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoiwós, *kʷoiwéyō

Ancient Greek: ποιϝέω (poiwéō, Doric), ποιέω (poiéō)

*kʷóyos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́yas

Sanskrit: काय (kāya)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (cíti, “a layer”)


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քէն (kʻēn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kainā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoinā́

Ancient Greek: ποινή (poinḗ)

→ Latin: poena (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaynáH

Proto-Iranian: *kaynáH

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (kaēnā)

Baluchi: [script needed] (kēnaγ)

Gurani: قین (qīn)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kîn (kīn)

Central Kurdish: قین (qîn)

Southern Kurdish: قین (qîn)

Old Persian: [script needed] (kainā́)

Middle Persian: kyn' (kēn)

Classical Persian:

Persian: کین (kin)

Tajik: кин (kin)

Ossetian: кийнӕ (kijnæ), кенӕ (kenæ)


spewd-

*spéwd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπεύδω (speúdō)

*spéwd-om

Proto-Germanic: *speutą

*spéwd-os

Proto-Germanic: *speutaz

Proto-West Germanic: *speut (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spaudā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spaudà

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπουδή (spoudḗ)

*spowd-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: spáusti (“to press, squeeze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spūˀdā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spūdà


Likely a substrate term, especially given the irregular variations in the Balto-Slavic anlaut and in the suffix. Note the complementary distribution with synonymous *wern-, which might therefore have been the native PIE term.

ві́льха

Proto-Slavic: *olьxa, *elьxa, *olьša, *elьša; Ukrainian

abskande

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *als(i)nis, *els(i)nis; Old Prussian


Proto-Germanic: *alaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́raH f (< *h₁ól-eh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́raH

Sanskrit: आरा (ā́rā) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ařë́

Kativiri: vóř

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: ák

Waigali: aẓ

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *ora (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-snāˀ

Proto-Germanic: *-snō, *-isnō, *-usnō, *-asnjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-snā > *-hnā

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-snaH

λάχνη

earlier *λακσνά (*laksná) < *ϝλακσνά (*wlaksná)


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լուսին (lusin)
Armenian: լուսին (lusin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láukšnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás

Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh

desc

Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon, moonlight”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwkšnaH

Proto-Iranian: *ráwxšnaH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *louksnā (see there for further descendants)

From *lewk- (“to shine”) + *-sneh₂. Alternatively from *lewk-s- + *-néh₂, from the s-stem of the same root (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwčas (“day; light”)). In this case, originally a substantivized adjective *lewk-s-nó-s or *lowk-s-nó-s (“shiny, bright”) (compare Middle High German liehsen (“bright”) from *léwk-s-no-s, Ancient Greek λύχνος (lúkhnos, “lamp”) from *luk-s-nó-s), as the divergent meanings of Avestan, Persian and Old Prussian indicate, and the fact that Iranian has cognates that are adjectives, not nouns. The original Proto-Indo-European lexeme for "moon" was apparently *mḗh₁n̥s, and *lówksneh₂ may have originated as a later poetic synonym.


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (paršna-)

Proto-Germanic: *fersnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πτέρνη (ptérnē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pā́ršniš (< *tpērsneh₂-i-s)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pā́rṣniṣ

Sanskrit: पार्ष्णि (pā́rṣṇi)

Proto-Iranian: *pā́ršniš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬱𐬥𐬀 (pāšna)

Gurani: پاژنە (pāžna)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: pehnî, panî

Central Kurdish: پانێ (panê), پانیە (panye), پاژنە (pajne)

Southern Kurdish: پاژنە (pajne)

Old Persian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾšnk' /pāšnag/)

Persian: پاشنه (pâšne)

Zazaki: paşne

Proto-Italic: *persnā

Latin: perna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *porsno (“ankle”) (< *tpērsneh₂-h₁en-)

Tocharian B: porsnai-

Perhaps from *t(s)pērH- (“to kick with the heel”) + *-sneh₂, possible compound of *pd- (“foot”) + *sperH- (“to beat, kick”).


wí

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wí

desc

Sanskrit: वि (ví, “apart, asunder, through”)

Sanskrit: वि- (ví-, prefix to express division, distinction)

Proto-Iranian: *wí

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍 (vī, “separate, apart, asunder, through”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (bi-), [script needed] (gva-)

Bactrian: οι- (oi- /wi-/)

Khwarezmian: وـ (w- /*wi-/)

Sogdian: (/wi-/)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (w-), [script needed] (wy-)

Manichaean script: 𐫇- (w-), 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)

Syriac script: ܘ- (w-), ܘܝ- (wy-)

Parthian: (/wi-/, “apart”)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭅𐭉- (wy-), 𐭅- (w-)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡 (vi-i /vi-/)

Middle Persian: (/wi-/, “apart”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭩- (wy-), 𐭥- (w-)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wy-), [Book Pahlavi needed] (w-)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮅𐮈- (wy-), 𐮅- (w-)

Pazend script: 𐬬𐬀- (va-)

विना

without, except; see there for further descendants

⇒? Latin: vitricus

*wí-tero-s (“further apart”, with *-teros)

wiþrą

toward, against; compared to, among; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ

second; see there for further descendants


stew-

*stéw-e ~ *stéw-ēr (root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáway

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stáway

Sanskrit: स्तवे (stáve)

*stḗw-ti ~ *stéw-n̥ti (Narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στεῦται (steûtai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stā́wti (see there for further descendants)

*stu-ór? (zero-grade mediopassive)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-du-u̯a-a-ri /ištuāri/, “to be manifest; be announced”)

*stéw-tōr ~ *stu-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stawtā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staw-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staw-

Sanskrit: स्तु (stu) (from zero-grade)


-kos

-kos (nominative singular)
-koes (nominative plural)
-ke (singular vocative)
-koes (plural vocative)
-kom (accusative singular)
-koms (accusative plural)
-kosyo (genitive singular)
-koHom (genitive plural)
-kead (ablative singular)
-komos (ablative plural)
-kobʰos (ablative plural)
-koey (dative singular)
-komos (dative plural)
-kobʰos (dative plural)
-key (locative singular)
-koy (locative singular)
-koysu (locative plural)
-kōys (instrumental plural)
-kām (accusative singular)
-kom (nominative singular)
-koy (dual nominative)
-kom (singular vocative)
-koy (dual vocative)
-koy (accusative dual)
*-ḱos (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-kas

Lithuanian: -ingas (with an /n/ infix)

Latvian: -īgs

Proto-Slavic: *-kъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-kos

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-ākos

Proto-Germanic: *-gaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-kos

Ancient Greek: -κός (-kós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-kas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-kos

Latin: -cus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: -icus (see there for further descendants)

Creates deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to.


dʰrā́ks

dʰragʰ- (oblique stem)
dʰrā́ks (nominative singular)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (dual nominative)
dʰrā́gʰes (nominative plural)
dʰrā́g (singular vocative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (dual vocative)
dʰrā́gʰes (plural vocative)
dʰrā́gʰm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (accusative dual)
dʰrā́gʰm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰragʰés (genitive singular)
dʰragʰóHom (genitive plural)
dʰragʰés (ablative singular)
dʰragʰmós (ablative plural)
dʰragʰbʰós (ablative plural)
dʰragʰéy (dative singular)
dʰragʰmós (dative plural)
dʰragʰbʰós (dative plural)
dʰrā́g (locative singular)
dʰrā́gʰi (locative singular)
dʰragʰsú (locative plural)
dʰragʰmís (instrumental plural)
dʰragʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *drōhs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frakēs

Latin: fracēs (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language.

drast

Proto-Germanic: *drastaz (< *drahstaz); Proto-West Germanic


ḱl̥néyti

ḱl̥néymi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱl̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱl̥néysi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱl̥néys (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱl̥néy (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥nidʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥néyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱl̥néyti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥néyt (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néytu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱl̥néyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥niwós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱl̥niwé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱl̥néyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nités (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱl̥nitóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱl̥nitóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱl̥néyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nités (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱl̥nitā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱl̥nitā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱl̥néyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nimós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱl̥nimé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱl̥néyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱl̥nité (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱl̥nité (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱl̥nité (imperative plural second-person)
ḱl̥néyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nyénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱl̥nyént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥nyéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱl̥néyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nyónts (indicative participle present)
ḱl̥nih₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱl̥nisó (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥nitór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥nyór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥nitó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥nyó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nyn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱl̥nirór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱl̥nyn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥niró (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥néyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślíntei

Latvian: slìet

Lithuanian: šliñti

Proto-Germanic: *hlināną (rebuilt as nā-present) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klíňňō (perhaps secondary from *klínō + *-yō)

Ancient Greek: κλῑ́νω (klī́nō), κλίννω (klínnō) — Aeolic (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *kleinō (< secondary full-grade *ḱléyneti ~ *ḱlinénti)

Latin: clīnō (“slope, bend”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to incline”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱléytrām (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *klētrā

Middle Irish: clithar (“shelter”)

Proto-Germanic: *hlīþrō

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “hut, tent”)

Proto-Italic: *kleitrā

Latin: clītellae (“pack-saddle”) (< *kleitrela (diminutive)) (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: kletram (acc.sg.)

From *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-treh₂ (instrumental suffix).


ḱléyeti

ḱléyom (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱléyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱléyes (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱléye (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱléyoys (optative second-person singular)
ḱléyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléyet (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléyetu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱléyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoyt (optative singular third-person)
ḱléyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱléyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱléyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱléyoywe (dual first-person optative)
ḱléyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱléyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱléyetom (dual imperative second-person)
ḱléyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱléyoytom (dual optative second-person)
ḱléyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱléyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱléyetām (dual imperative third-person)
ḱléyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoytām (dual optative third-person)
ḱléyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱléyome (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱléyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱléyoyme (first-person optative plural)
ḱléyete (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱléyete (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱléyete (imperative plural second-person)
ḱléyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱléyoyte (optative plural second-person)
ḱléyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléyont (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléyontu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱléyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyonts (indicative participle present)
ḱléyeso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱléyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱléyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱléyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoyto (optative singular third-person)
ḱléyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱléyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱléyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱléyoyro (optative plural third-person)
ḱléyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śleitei

Lithuanian: šlieti

Latvian: sliet

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráyati (“to lean”) (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *ḱley- (“to lean”).


ḱleywós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱleywós (nominative singular)
ḱleywóes (nominative plural)
ḱleywé (singular vocative)
ḱleywóes (plural vocative)
ḱleywóm (accusative singular)
ḱleywóms (accusative plural)
ḱleywósyo (genitive singular)
ḱleywóHom (genitive plural)
ḱleywéad (ablative singular)
ḱleywómos (ablative plural)
ḱleywóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱleywóey (dative singular)
ḱleywómos (dative plural)
ḱleywóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱleywéy (locative singular)
ḱleywóy (locative singular)
ḱleywóysu (locative plural)
ḱleywṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱleywā́m (accusative singular)
ḱleywóm (nominative singular)
ḱleywóy (dual nominative)
ḱleywóm (singular vocative)
ḱleywóy (dual vocative)
ḱleywóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaiwás (< *ḱloywós)

Lithuanian: šlei̇̃vas (“bandy-legged, bowlegged”)

Proto-Italic: *kleiwos

Latin: clīvus (“slope, hill”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to lean, slope”) + *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ḱlitós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱlitós (nominative singular)
ḱlitóes (nominative plural)
ḱlité (singular vocative)
ḱlitóes (plural vocative)
ḱlitóm (accusative singular)
ḱlitóms (accusative plural)
ḱlitósyo (genitive singular)
ḱlitóHom (genitive plural)
ḱlitéad (ablative singular)
ḱlitómos (ablative plural)
ḱlitóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱlitóey (dative singular)
ḱlitómos (dative plural)
ḱlitóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱlitéy (locative singular)
ḱlitóy (locative singular)
ḱlitóysu (locative plural)
ḱlitṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱlitā́m (accusative singular)
ḱlitóm (nominative singular)
ḱlitóy (dual nominative)
ḱlitóm (singular vocative)
ḱlitóy (dual vocative)
ḱlitóy (accusative dual)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *klitos (“covered, sheltered”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlidą (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ḱlitós

Proto-Albanian: *klitā

Albanian: qetë (“jagged rock”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pašiltas (“bent, crooked”)

Proto-Celtic: *klitā (“pillar, post”)

Old Irish: cleth

Irish: cleith

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hliþą (“slope, incline”) (< *ḱlítom, with irregular stress shift)

Old English: hliþ
Middle English: lith

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄκλῐτος (áklĭtos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćritás (“leaning”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śritás

Sanskrit: श्रित (śritá)

Proto-Iranian: *critáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬌𐬙𐬀 (srita)


Proto-Celtic: *kleitā (“palisade, hurdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlīdō (“slope, incline”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćraytáH

Proto-Iranian: *craytáH

Middle Persian: [script needed] (srat, “ladder”)

Persian: سرت (sart, “ladder”) (dialectal)

From *ḱley- (“to lean, slope”) + *-teh₂.


-éyti

-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
-éy (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éy (imperative second-person singular)
-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
-ité (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-ité (imperative plural second-person)
-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-ih₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
-isó (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-isó (imperative second-person singular)
-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)


Proto-Albanian: *daja

Albanian: daj

Proto-Hellenic: *dayomai

Ancient Greek: δαίομαι (daíomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyatay

Sanskrit: दयते (dáyate)

Proto-Hellenic: *dā́mos

Ancient Greek: δῆμος (dêmos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dālom (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: दया (dayā)

>? Northern Kurdish: dêman (“inhabitant”)


Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίς (daís)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτύς (daitús)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτυμών (daitumṓn)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτρός (daitrós), δαιτρόν (daitrón)

*déh₂i-mō ~ *dh₂i-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *tīmô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίμων (daímōn)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *tilą

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαΐζω (daḯzō)

Ancient Greek: δαίνῡμι (daínūmi)

Ancient Greek: δαίω (daíō, “to share”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHi-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHi-

⇒ दया (dayā)

Sanskrit: दय् (day), e.g. ⇒ दया (dayā)

Extension of *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).