*wréh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént? *wé-wr̥h₁-et? (aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: εὑρίσκω (heurískō, “I find out, acquire”)

*we-wróh₁-e (reduplicated stative)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *wourū
Old Irish: fo·fúair, fo·fríth (preterite forms of fo·gaib)
Irish: fuair (preterite of faigh)
Scottish Gaelic: fhuair (preterite of faigh)
Manx: hooar (preterite of fow)
⇒ Gaulish: tioinuoru (3sg. pret.) (prefixed with tio- and in-)

Proto-Italic: *wourō

desc

Oscan: ϝουρουστ (wouroust, “will have found”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: գերի (geri, “captive”) (see there for further descendants)


h₂óǵmoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óǵme (singular vocative)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂óǵmōys (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ogmos
Old Irish: ogum
Middle Irish: ogam
Irish: ogham
→ English: Ogham

Proto-Hellenic: *ógmos

Ancient Greek: ὄγμος (ógmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́mas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́mas

desc

Sanskrit: अज्म (ájma, “course, passage”)

From *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) + *-mos (action noun suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *akaną (“to ache”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄγος (ágos, “guilt, dread”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: आगस् (āgas, “sin, transgression”)


sríHgos

sríHges- (oblique stem)
sríHgos (nominative singular)
sríHgōs (nominative plural)
sríHgos (singular vocative)
sríHgōs (plural vocative)
sríHgos (accusative singular)
sríHgōs (accusative plural)
sríHgesos (genitive singular)
sríHgesoHom (genitive plural)
sríHgesos (ablative singular)
sríHgesmos (ablative plural)
sríHgesbʰos (ablative plural)
sríHgesey (dative singular)
sríHgesmos (dative plural)
sríHgesbʰos (dative plural)
sríHges (locative singular)
sríHgesi (locative singular)
sríHgesu (locative plural)
sríHgesmis (instrumental plural)
sríHgesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ῥῖγος (rhîgos, “frost, cold”)
Greek: ρίγος (rígos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: frigus (“cold, chilliness”) (see there for further descendants)


gʰeldʰ-

*gʰeldʰ-(e-)ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

>? Proto-Slavic: *želsti (unless borrowed from Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *geldaną (“pay, have value”) (see there for further descendants)

q

possibly from an earlier root noun <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰéld</i> in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic

*gʰeldʰ-o-m (possibly from an earlier root noun *gʰéld in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic)

Proto-Celtic: *geldom

desctree

Old Irish: gell (“pledge, promise”)
Middle Irish: gell
Irish: geall
Scottish Gaelic: geall
⇒ Middle Irish: gillán

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


mewd-

*méwd-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwdati

desc

Sanskrit: मोदति (modati), मोदते (modate)

*mud-rós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mudrùs

Latvian: mudrs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mudrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mudrás

Sanskrit: मुद्र (mudra, “joyous”)

*méwd-om

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwdam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwdam

Sanskrit: मोद (moda, “modak, joy, gift”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mawd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mawd-

Sanskrit: मुद् (mud)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


mers-

*mérs-t ~ *mr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृष्ठास् (mṛṣṭhās, 2sg.aor.inj.med.)

*mr̥s-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृष्यते (mṛ́ṣyate)

*me-mórs-e ~ *me-mr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ममर्ष (mamárṣa)

*mors-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *marzijaną (“to disturb, impede”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मर्षयति (marṣayati)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miršti (“to forget”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մոռանամ (moṙanam, “to forget”)

Armenian: մոռանալ (moṙanal, “to forget”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृष् (mṛṣ, “to forget”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: märs- (“to forget”)


préy

Proto-Anatolian:

Proto-Luwic: *prī

Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/pri/)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei
Latgalian: pi
Latvian: prie-, pie-, pie
Lithuanian: priẽ, pri̇́e-
Old Prussian: prei
Proto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *prei

Old Latin: prī

⇒ Proto-Italic: *preiwos
Latin: prīvus (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌅𐌄𐌓 (prever, abl. pl. m.)


*h₁í-h₁eyǵʰ-ti ~ *h₁í-h₁iǵʰ-enti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *yeigeti (“to scream, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰχανάω (ikhanáō, “to crave, yearn”) (with analogical suffixation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíHȷ́ʰati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HíHjyati

Avestan: 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬁 (iziiā, pres. 1sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (iziieⁱti, pres. 3sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬙𐬌 (iziiati, pres. 3sg.)

Sanskrit: ईहति (īhati, “to desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hayȷ́ʰás

Sanskrit: एह (eha, “desiring, wishing”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas m

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah m

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (aēza)

*h₁éyǵʰ-os ~ *h₁éyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas n

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah n

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬵 (aēzah)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *eiglā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: իղձ (iłj)

Proto-Germanic: *jakkōną (“to hunt”)


*pérh₃-t ~ *pr̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: पूर्धि (pūrdhi, “beget, produce”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: parēns (participle)

*pr̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *pr̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti

q

Sanskrit: पृणाति (pṛṇāti, “grants, bestows”) (merged with पृणाति (pṛṇāti, “fills”) from *pleh₁- (“to fill”))

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸarnati
Old Irish: ernaid

*pr̥h₃-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *parjō

Latin: pariō

*pe-pórh₃-e ~ *pe-pr̥h₃-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπρωμαι (péprōmai)

Proto-Italic: *peparai

Latin: peperī

*pr̥h₃-t-ó-s (past passive participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Htás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Htás

Sanskrit: पूर्त (pūrta)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: partus (“gained”)

*perh₃-ti-s ~ *pr̥h₃-t-éy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Htíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Htíṣ

Sanskrit: पूर्ति (pūrti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párHas

Proto-Iranian: *pāra, *pāraka

Persian: پاره (pâre)

Proto-Slavic: *pȏrzъ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥Hṣas

q

modified based on <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">मनुष्य</i> (manuṣya)

Sanskrit: पुरुष (puruṣa) (modified based on मनुष्य (manuṣya))

Unsorted formations:

Latin: parō

Proto-Celtic: *artilā

Welsh: erthyl

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parH-

Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)


*h₂léybʰ-om ~ *h₂lóybʰ-om

Proto-Italic: *leiβom ~ *loiβom

Latin: lībum (“(consecrated) cake”)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄλειφαρ (áleiphar, “unguent, resin”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλοιφή (aloiphḗ, “grease, unguent”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: lībō (“I consecrate, pour, libate”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλείφω (aleíphō, “I anoint”)


*h₁é-h₁n̥ḱ-e-t (reduplicated aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *enēnke- (from intermediate *h₁ne-h₁n̥ḱe-t)

q

aorist of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φέρω</i> (phérō)

Ancient Greek: ἐνεγκεῖν (enenkeîn, infinitive), ἤνεγκα (ḗnenka) (aorist of φέρω (phérō))

*h₁e-h₁nóḱ-e ~ *h₁e-h₁n̥ḱ-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: κατ-ήνοκα (kat-ḗnoka)

Ancient Greek: ἐνήνοχα (enḗnokha) (with secondary reduplication and aspiration)

*h₁néḱ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *neśtei (see there for further descendants)

*h₁noḱ-éye-ti (o-grade iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *nosìti (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted derivations:

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

with Schwebeablaut; or from the same source as the meaning "barbs of an arrow", viz. from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ónkos</i>

Ancient Greek: ὄγκος (ónkos, “mass, burden”) (with Schwebeablaut; or from the same source as the meaning "barbs of an arrow", viz. from *h₂ónkos)

Italic:

desc

⇒ Paelignian: anaceta (via *ad-nek-e(n)tā)

Conflated with *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”) by Pokorny.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


Ancient Greek: ἀλάομαι (aláomai, “to wander, roam”)

Italic: *alō

Latin: *alō (compound in ambulō)

Ancient Greek: ἄλη (álē, “wandering”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աղամող (ałamoł)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: alot, aloties, āļa, āļoties

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλύω (alúō, “to wander in mind, to roam”)

Italic:

Latin: alucinor

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: āl-

Tocharian B: āl- (“to keep away, check, restrain”)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*ti-né-h₁-ti ~ *ti-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (zanuᶻⁱ, “to cook”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *autītos (“rare, few”)
Proto-Brythonic: *ọdid
Middle Welsh: odit
Welsh: odid
Old Irish: úathad, óthad, úaithed
Irish: uathadh

Proto-Germanic: *þīdaz

Old Norse: þíðr
Icelandic: þíður
⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: tivær

*téyh₁-tis ~ *tih₁-téys

Proto-Italic: *tītis

⇒ Latin: tītiō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (zēᵃʳⁱ, “to be cooked”)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (zinniᶻⁱ, “to stop, finish; destroy”)

Proto-Celtic: *tinīti
Old Irish: tinaid

Proto-Germanic: *þīnaną (with analogical e-grade)

Proto-West Germanic: *þīnan

Old English: þīnan (“to get moist”)

>? Swedish: tina

From *teyh₁- (“to get hot”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


stru-

*stru-yós

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *strujas (“uncle, old man”) (see there for further descendants)

*stru-tis

Proto-Celtic: *strutis (“old, senior”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂réw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwati

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHráwati

Ossetian: (“to scorch in the fire”)

Digor Ossetian: арауун (arawun)

Iron Ossetian: арауын (arawyn)

*h₂row-éye-ti (eye-caustive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāwáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hrāwáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patiHrāwáyati

>? Khwarezmian: [script needed] (pcr’w- /patsrāway-/, “to make warm”) (or from *srew-)

*h₂ru-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hruyáti

Proto-Iranian: *Hruyáti

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patiHruyáti

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (pcry- /patsruy-/, “to become warm”) (or from *srew-)

*h₂réw-i-s (leveled from *h₂rów-i-s ~ *h₂réw-i-s?) or *h₂réw-ōy ~ *h₂réw-y-és

Proto-Armenian: *arew-u(y) ~ *areg-i-s

Old Armenian: արեգ (areg, “solar; eastern”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: արև (arew, “the sun; sunlight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwiš

Sanskrit: रवि (ravi, “the sun”) (see there for further descendants)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *h₂rowe-yé-ti (ye-denominative)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: յարագեմ (yaragem, “to expose to the sun”)

*h₂réw-ti-s ~ *h₂ru-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *rutis

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *ruteinos (“shiny reddish, rust colored”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rutis (“redness”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *rutelos

q

>? Latin: rutilus (“ruddy colored”) (usually cited as from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (h̬a-ru-wa-na-a-iz-zi)

Proto-Italic: *rutos

Latin: *rutus

⇒? Latin: Rutulī

Venetic: *rutos

⇒? Latin: Rutuba (cognomen of a Venetian)

⇒? Latin: Rutus, Rutius


ḱek-

*ḱék-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáčati

Proto-Iranian: *cáčati (“to be prepared, fit, ready”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱék-t ~ *ḱk-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćákt ~ *ćačánt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śákt ~ *śačánt

Vedic Sanskrit: शकत् (śákat, 3sg.subj.act.), शग्धि (śagdhí, 2sg.impv.act.)

⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: शकेम (śakéma, 1pl.opt.act.) ('autonomous' thematic optative)

⇒ Sanskrit: अशकत् (áśakat) (thematic aorist)

*ḱe-ḱók-e ~ *ḱe-ḱk-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaćā́ka ~ *ćaškŕ̥

*śaśā́ka ~ *śaṣkŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaśā́ka ~ *śaṣkŕ̥

Sanskrit: शशाक (śaśā́ka, “to be strong; to be able”, 3sg.act.), शेकुर् (śekúr, 3pl.act.)

Proto-Iranian: *cacā́ka ~ *caškŕ̥

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬱𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (saškuštəma, “the best understanding”, ptc.pf.act.sup.)

*ḱí-ḱk-se-ti (i-reduplicated se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíkšati (“to learn; to wish to be able”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱk-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaknáwti (see there for further descendants)

*ḱk-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćačyáti

Proto-Iranian: *cašyáti

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬳𐬀𐬚𐬁 (saš́aθā, 2pl.pres.act.)

*ḱok-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćāčáyati

Proto-Iranian: *cāčáyati (“to prepare; to make”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱ-né-k-ti ~ *ḱ-n̥-k-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Celtic: *kanketi

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kankilos

Celtiberian: *Kankilos

→ Latin: Cancilus

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kanxtos

Old Irish: cécht (“might, strength”)

*ḱék-ih₂ ~ *ḱk-yéh₂-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáčiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáčiH

Sanskrit: शची (śácī, “might, strength, skill; aid, assistance”)

*ḱék-mn̥ ~ *ḱk-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćákma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śákma

Sanskrit: शक्मन् (śakman, “capacity, strength, power; help, aid”)

*ḱék-wr̥ ~ *ḱk-wén-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *kʷekʷros (< *ḱekur-o-s)

Proto-Brythonic: *pebr

Cornish: pybyr (“lively, vigorous”)

Old Irish: cíchurda (“fierce, keen”)

>? Gaulish: *peccia (< *kʷekʷyā < *ḱeku-yo-s)

→ Latin: Peccia

*ḱk-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćakrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śakrás

Sanskrit: शक्र (śakrá, “mighty, powerful”)

*ḱók-i-s ~ *ḱk-éy-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *hugiz (“mind, thought, sense, understanding”)

*ḱok-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hagaz (“abled, capable; suitable, comfortable”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hagōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hahtuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćākás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śākás

Sanskrit: शाक (śāká, “mighty, powerful; helpful”)

*ḱók-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćā́kas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śā́kas

Sanskrit: शाक (śā́ka, “might, power; help, aid”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शक् (śak)


Proto-Hellenic: *kṓmos

>? Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHmas m (“wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)

From *keh₂- (“to fly, flow, run”) + *-mos.


-ōl

-ōl (nominative singular)
é-ōl (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-oles (nominative plural)
é-oles (nominative plural)
-ol (singular vocative)
é-ol (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-oles (plural vocative)
é-oles (plural vocative)
-olm̥ (accusative singular)
é-olm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-olm̥s (accusative plural)
é-olm̥s (accusative plural)
-lés (genitive singular)
Ø-lés (genitive singular)
-lóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-lóHom (genitive plural)
-lés (ablative singular)
Ø-lés (ablative singular)
-l̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (ablative plural)
-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-léy (dative singular)
Ø-léy (dative singular)
-l̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (dative plural)
-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
-él (locative singular)
Ø-él (locative singular)
-éli (locative singular)
Ø-éli (locative singular)
-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-léh₁ (instrumental singular)
-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
-ōl (nominative singular)
ó-ōl (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-oles (nominative plural)
ó-oles (nominative plural)
-ol (singular vocative)
ó-ol (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-oles (plural vocative)
ó-oles (plural vocative)
-olm̥ (accusative singular)
ó-olm̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-olm̥s (accusative plural)
ó-olm̥s (accusative plural)
-lés (genitive singular)
Ø-lés (genitive singular)
-lóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-lóHom (genitive plural)
-lés (ablative singular)
Ø-lés (ablative singular)
-l̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (ablative plural)
-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-léy (dative singular)
Ø-léy (dative singular)
-l̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (dative plural)
-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
-él (locative singular)
Ø-él (locative singular)
-éli (locative singular)
Ø-éli (locative singular)
-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-léh₁ (instrumental singular)
-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)


slewbʰ-

*sléwbʰ-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *sleupaną

*sléwbʰ-ro-kos ~ *slówbʰ-ro-kos

Proto-Italic: *slouβrikos

Latin: lūbricus (“slippery”)


ǵʰerH-

Latin: hernia (“protruded viscus”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*ǵʰór-neh₂ (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā

Albanian: zorrë (“gut”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źarˀnā́ˀ

Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)

Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)

Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)

Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: हिरा (hirā́, “vein”)

*ǵʰórH-yo-m

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰóryon

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥H-os

Sanskrit: हिर (híra, “band”)

Proto-Iranian: *ĵʰr̥H-oh

Pashto: ځير (źir, “thin string”)

Classical Persian: زیر (zīr, “string; cord; any tiny thing such as string”)

*ǵʰr̥H-u-

⇒ Proto-Italic: *haruspeks (“diviner”)

Faliscan: 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (haraspex), 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌗 (haraspix)

Latin: haruspex (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *hario-

Latin: hariolus

>? Latin: hīra (“intestine”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsumánās (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehumenḗs

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀄𐀕𐀚 (e-u-me-ne)

Ancient Greek: εὐμενής (eumenḗs)

From *h₁su- (“good”) + *ménes- (“mind, thought”) + *-s.


*keyh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κίω (kíō, “I go”)

Proto-Italic: *kieje-

Latin: cieō (“I move, set in motion”)

*kih₂-néw-ti ~ * kih₂-n̥w-énti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κῑνέω (kīnéō, “I move”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: citus (“fast”)


*dʰí-dʰeyh₂-ti ~ *dʰí-dʰih₂-n̥ti (reduplicated root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

Sanskrit: दीधेति (dīdheti, “it perceives, thinks”) (see धी)

*dʰéyh₂-mn̥ ~ *dʰih₂-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (daēman, “eye, sight”)


gʷʰérmn̥

gʷʰérmn̥ (nominative singular)
gʷʰérmō (collective nominative)
gʷʰérmn̥ (singular vocative)
gʷʰérmō (collective vocative)
gʷʰérmn̥ (accusative singular)
gʷʰérmō (accusative collective)
gʷʰr̥méns (genitive singular)
gʷʰrm̥nés (collective genitive)
gʷʰr̥méns (ablative singular)
gʷʰrm̥nés (ablative collective)
gʷʰr̥méney (dative singular)
gʷʰrm̥néy (collective dative)
gʷʰr̥mén (locative singular)
gʷʰr̥méni (locative singular)
gʷʰr̥mén (collective locative)
gʷʰr̥méni (collective locative)
gʷʰr̥ménh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰrm̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-West Germanic: *bermō (“yeast, barm”) (or from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”)) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: θέρμη

Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós, “warm”) (see there for further descendants)

fermentum

fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor; to boil, ferment; or from *bʰer(H)- (); see there for further descendants

gʰarmás

heat, warmth; see there for further descendants


*h₂sḗwt-ti ~ *h₂séwt-n̥ti (Narten present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: siautėti (“to rage”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *seuþaną (“seethe, boil”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ, “breath, scent”)

Perhaps a variant of *(h₂)sew- (to burn), as suggested by Kroonen (2013).


tergʷ-

*térgʷ-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárȷ́ati

Sanskrit: तर्जति (tárjati)

*torgʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: तर्जयति (tarjáyati)

*tórgʷ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *torgʷos

Latin: torvus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárgas

Dardic:

Phalura: takṛá

Prakrit:

⇒ Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: तगड़ा / تگڑا (tagṛā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ત્રાગું n (trāgũ, “compulsion”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταρβέω (tarbéō), τάρβος (tárbos)

Proto-Celtic: *targʷo-

Welsh: tarfu


trémti

trémmi (first-person indicative present singular)
trḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
trémsi (indicative present second-person singular)
tréms (indicative past second-person singular)
trém (imperative second-person singular)
tr̥mdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
trémesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
trémti (indicative present singular third-person)
trémt (indicative past singular third-person)
trémtu (imperative singular third-person)
trémeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tr̥mwós (dual first-person indicative present)
tr̥mwé (dual first-person indicative past)
trémowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tr̥mtés (dual indicative present second-person)
tr̥mtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
tr̥mtóm (dual imperative second-person)
trémetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tr̥mtés (dual indicative present third-person)
tr̥mtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
tr̥mtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
trémetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tr̥mmós (first-person indicative plural present)
tr̥mmé (first-person indicative past plural)
trémomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tr̥mté (indicative plural present second-person)
tr̥mté (indicative past plural second-person)
tr̥mté (imperative plural second-person)
trémete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tr̥ménti (indicative plural present third-person)
tr̥mént (indicative past plural third-person)
tr̥méntu (imperative plural third-person)
trémonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tr̥mónts (indicative participle present)
tr̥msó (imperative second-person singular)
tr̥mtór (indicative present singular third-person)
tr̥mór (indicative present singular third-person)
tr̥mtó (indicative past singular third-person)
tr̥mó (indicative past singular third-person)
trémetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tr̥mn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
tr̥mrór (indicative plural present third-person)
tr̥mn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
tr̥mró (indicative past plural third-person)
trémontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Albanian: *trema

Albanian: tremb

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *trémtei

Latvian: trem̃t

Lithuanian: trem̃ti

q

contaminated by <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tres-</i>

Proto-Slavic: *tręsti (contaminated by *tres-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *trémō

Ancient Greek: τρέμω (trémō)

Proto-Italic: *tremō

Latin: tremō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: trämäs

Athematic root present of *trem- (“to tremble”).


gʷówyos

gʷówyos (nominative singular)
gʷówyoes (nominative plural)
gʷówye (singular vocative)
gʷówyoes (plural vocative)
gʷówyom (accusative singular)
gʷówyoms (accusative plural)
gʷówyosyo (genitive singular)
gʷówyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷówyead (ablative singular)
gʷówyomos (ablative plural)
gʷówyobʰos (ablative plural)
gʷówyoey (dative singular)
gʷówyomos (dative plural)
gʷówyobʰos (dative plural)
gʷówyey (locative singular)
gʷówyoy (locative singular)
gʷówyoysu (locative plural)
gʷówyōys (instrumental plural)
gʷówyām (accusative singular)
gʷówyom (nominative singular)
gʷówyoy (dual nominative)
gʷówyom (singular vocative)
gʷówyoy (dual vocative)
gʷówyoy (accusative dual)
*gʷówiyos (alternative)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կոգի (kogi, “butter”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

East Baltic:

Latvian: gauja

Lithuanian: gauja (“pack, gang”)

Proto-Slavic: *govьje n (“cattle”)

Belarusian: гóўе (hóŭje), гаўя́ (haŭjá)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *bowyos (“possessing cows”)

⇒ Old Irish: ambue (“non-native”, literally “not possesing cows”)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐννεάβοιος (enneáboios, “worth nine cows”), βοῦα (boûa, “band of Spartan boys”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀦𐀹𐀊 (qo-wi-ja, deity name, literally “(she) of the cows?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáwyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáwyas

Sanskrit: गव्य (gávya)

Proto-Iranian: *gáwyah

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀 (gaoiia)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kowi

Tocharian B: kaiyye, kewiye

From *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *-yós (appurtenance suffix).


ḱm̥tógʷus

desc

Proto-Celtic: *kantobus (as inherited), *bukantos (with elements in inverted order)

Old Irish: Buchet (name of a mythical character)

Proto-Hellenic: *hekətóngʷā

Ancient Greek: ἑκατόμβη (hekatómbē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćatáguš

Sanskrit: शतगु (śatagu, “possessing 100 cows”)

Proto-Iranian: *catáguš

Old Median: *Sataguš (see there for further descendants)

Old Persian: 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 (Θataguš)

A dvigu compound of *ḱm̥tóm (“100”) + *gʷṓws (“cow”).


*ǵʰléh₁-se-ti (se-present) or *ǵʰlḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

q

Proto-Germanic: *glēsaną (“to shine”) (or < *ǵʰḗl-s-t ~ *ǵʰél-s-n̥t with liquid metathesis)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glastaz

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *glast (“shine, brightness”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēsijaną (“to make shiny”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēz- (“shining” or “shine”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēzōną (+ *-ōną)

Proto-West Germanic: *glāʀōn (“to shine, glare”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēzą

Proto-West Germanic: *glāʀ (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlóh₁-e-ti (o-grade intensive) or *(ǵʰe-)ǵʰlóh₁-e ~ *(ǵʰe-)ǵʰl̥h₁-ḗr ((reduplicated) stative)

Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (“to glow”) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gladaz (“shining, bright”) (< pre-Gmc. *gʰlə-tó-s (quasi-PIE *ǵʰlh̥₁-tó-s)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glanaz (“shine; embers”) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glandz (“shining, glowing”, pres.ptc.) (< pre-Gmc. *gʰl-ónt-s (quasi-PIE *ǵʰlh₁-ónt-s))

Proto-West Germanic: *glandī (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōdiz (“glow; embers”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōdijaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōraz (+ *-raz)

Proto-West Germanic: *glōr (“glow; embers”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰléh₁-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₁-yéh₂-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źlēˀjāˀ

Lithuanian: žlėjà (“twilight, half-dark”)

Proto-Germanic: *glējaz

Old Norse: glær (“clear, transparent”) (or < *glaiwiz < *ǵʰloy-w-i-s)

Icelandic: glær

Faroese: glærur

Proto-Germanic: *glēmaz (“twilight; moon”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *ɣlaðros (perhaps via *CRHTC > Lat. CRăTC)

Latin: glaber (“smooth”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (< *glānos via Dybo's law, or < *ǵʰl̥-nó-s) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *glāwos (“glowing thing; coal, charcoal”)

q

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glā́ˀdus (“smooth”) (unexpected depalatalization; alternatively ⇐ *gʰleh₂dʰ-) (see there for further descendants)

Thought to be a reanalyzed root from *ǵʰel- (“to shine”) + *-éh₁ti (fientive verb suffix), whence also *ǵʰley- (“to shine”). Often mistakenly undifferentiated from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).


Proto-Germanic: *swagilōną

Old Norse: svagla (“to splash”)

*suh₂gʰ-os (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *sūgaz

desc

Old Norse: (arn)súgr (“rushing sound [of a flying eagle]”)

Icelandic: súgur (“rustling sound”)

Proto-Hellenic: *swākʰā́

Ancient Greek: ἠχή (ēkhḗ, “sound”), ᾱ̓χᾱ́ (ākhā́)

*swéh₂gʰ-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *swōganą (“resound”)

*swéh₂gʰ-is ~ *swh₂gʰ-éys

Proto-Germanic: *swōgiz (“sound”)

Proto-Hellenic: *swiswákʰō

Ancient Greek: ἰάχω (iákhō, “to shout, scream”), ἰαχή (iakhḗ, “shout, scream”)


h₁éh₁tmō

Proto-Germanic: *ēþmô (“breath, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHtmā (“breath; soul, self”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *āñcäme (“wish, self, soul”) (conflation with PIE *h₂enh₁mos (“breath”))

Tocharian A: āñcäm

Tocharian B: āñme

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁t-
Proto-Indo-European *-mō
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁tmō
From *h₁eh₁t- (“to breathe”) + *-mō (noun-forming suffix).


ǵʰórneh₂

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰornām (accusative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā

Albanian: zorrë (“gut”)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źarˀnā́ˀ
East Baltic:
Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)
Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)
Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)
Samogitian: žarna

Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵʰerH- (“gut; intestine”) + *-neh₂.


pékʷtōr

pékʷtōr (nominative singular)
pékʷtōres (nominative plural)
pékʷtōr (singular vocative)
pékʷtōres (plural vocative)
pékʷtōrm̥ (accusative singular)
pékʷtōrm̥s (accusative plural)
pkʷtrés (genitive singular)
pkʷtróHom (genitive plural)
pkʷtrés (ablative singular)
pkʷtr̥mós (ablative plural)
pkʷtr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
pkʷtréy (dative singular)
pkʷtr̥mós (dative plural)
pkʷtr̥bʰós (dative plural)
pkʷtér (locative singular)
pkʷtéri (locative singular)
pkʷtr̥sú (locative plural)
pkʷtr̥mís (instrumental plural)
pkʷtr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπτρια (péptria, “female baker”) (< *pékʷ-trih₂)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paktā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paktā́

Sanskrit: पक्तृ (paktṛ́)

Proto-Italic: *kʷektōr

Latin: coctor

From *pekʷ- (“to cook”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


werm-

q

parallel formation to <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*mórwis</i>

*wórm-i-s ~ *wr̥m-éy-s; *wŕ̥mis (“worm, larva”) (parallel formation to *mórwis)

⇒? *worm-i(H)-k- (“ant”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wórmikā f

Ancient Greek: ὅρμικας pl (hórmikas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(warmiHkas) m

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(warmiHkas)

desc

>? Sanskrit: वल्मीक (valmīka, “anthill”), वल्मिक (valmika) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wormīk-

by influence, and from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*morwi-</i>?

>? Latin: formīca f (by influence, and from *morwi-?) (see there for further descendants)

*wórm-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārmas

Lithuanian: var̃mas (“mosquito, horse-fly, fly, bug”)

>? Old Prussian: warmun (“red”)

metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wróm-o-s ></i>

Proto-Hellenic: *wórmos, (metathesized *wróm-o-s >) *wrómos

⇒? Ancient Greek: βόρμαξ (bórmax), βύρμαξ (búrmax, “ant”)

Ancient Greek: ῥόμος (rhómos, “woodworm (xylophagous beetle larva)”)

metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*womr-ó-s ></i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (metathesized *womr-ó-s >) *(wamrás)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(wamrás)

Sanskrit: वम्र (vamrá, “ant”)

⇒ वम्रक (vamraká)

Proto-Tocharian: *warme

Tocharian B: warme (“ant”)

Possibly from *wer- (“to turn”, in the sense of either curled shape or writhing/wiggling behavior) + *-m-; compare perhaps Proto-Celtic *wrigants (“vermin”). Or, perhaps a metathetic variant of *mer-w- (“ant”), though the semantic development “worm, larva” > “ant” is more likely.


Proto-Italic: *rōs

Latin: rōs (see there for further descendants)

De Vaan considers the semantic and phonetic similarity to *h₁ers- (“to flow”) to be evidence of derivation through schwebeablaut.

rasā́ˀ

*h₁ros-éh₂ (from the strong stem, thematicized in *-éh₂)

>? Ancient Greek: Ῥέα

>? Proto-Hellenic: (or another Indo-European language)

likely unrelated; probably borrowed from an unknown source in any case; see there for further descendants

HrasáH

*h₁res-éh₂, *h₁rés-eh₂ (from the weak stem, thematicized in *-éh₂, *-eh₂)


wetsós

wetsós (nominative singular)
wetsóes (nominative plural)
wetsé (singular vocative)
wetsóes (plural vocative)
wetsóm (accusative singular)
wetsóms (accusative plural)
wetsósyo (genitive singular)
wetsóHom (genitive plural)
wetséad (ablative singular)
wetsómos (ablative plural)
wetsóbʰos (ablative plural)
wetsóey (dative singular)
wetsómos (dative plural)
wetsóbʰos (dative plural)
wetséy (locative singular)
wetsóy (locative singular)
wetsóysu (locative plural)
wetsṓys (instrumental plural)
wetsā́m (accusative singular)
wetsóm (nominative singular)
wetsóy (dual nominative)
wetsóm (singular vocative)
wetsóy (dual vocative)
wetsóy (accusative dual)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *wetsis (“calf”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *watsás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wetsos (“of the year”), *Wetsōnā (“lady of the year”)

Marsian: uesune

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌄 (vesune)

From *wétos (“year”) + *-ós (possessive adjective suffix).


Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: rots

Latvian: rats

Lithuanian: rãtas

→ Proto-Finnic: *rat'as (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rotos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raþą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrátʰas (see there for further descendants)

From *Hreth₂- (“to run”) + *-ós; the question of the exact relation between this adjective and Latin rota (“wheel, chariot”) remains unresolved; see the Latin entry for more.

(nominalized) something that runs (including wheels and chariots).


gʷʰonós

gʷʰonós (nominative singular)
gʷʰonóh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷʰonóes (nominative plural)
gʷʰoné (singular vocative)
gʷʰonóh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷʰonóes (plural vocative)
gʷʰonóm (accusative singular)
gʷʰonóh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷʰonóms (accusative plural)
gʷʰonósyo (genitive singular)
gʷʰonóHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰonéad (ablative singular)
gʷʰonómos (ablative plural)
gʷʰonóbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰonóey (dative singular)
gʷʰonómos (dative plural)
gʷʰonóbʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰonéy (locative singular)
gʷʰonóy (locative singular)
gʷʰonóysu (locative plural)
gʷʰonóh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰonṓys (instrumental plural)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: gons

Latvian: gans (“herdsman, shepherd”)

desc

Lithuanian: gãnas (“herdsman”) (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *-gonъ (in compounds)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *běsogonъ (“evil-chaser”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vixъrogonъ, *větrogonъ (“wind-chaser”)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷonos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás

Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike”) + *-ós (agentive suffix).


lewkós

lewkós (nominative singular)
lewkóes (nominative plural)
lewké (singular vocative)
lewkóes (plural vocative)
lewkóm (accusative singular)
lewkóms (accusative plural)
lewkósyo (genitive singular)
lewkóHom (genitive plural)
lewkéad (ablative singular)
lewkómos (ablative plural)
lewkóbʰos (ablative plural)
lewkóey (dative singular)
lewkómos (dative plural)
lewkóbʰos (dative plural)
lewkéy (locative singular)
lewkóy (locative singular)
lewkóysu (locative plural)
lewkṓys (instrumental plural)
lewkā́m (accusative singular)
lewkóm (nominative singular)
lewkóy (dual nominative)
lewkóm (singular vocative)
lewkóy (dual vocative)
lewkóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լոյս (loys)
Armenian: լույս (luys)

Proto-Celtic: *loukos (“white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *leukós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rawkás

Sanskrit: रोक (roká, “light”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawkáh

desc

Northern Kurdish: rok (“day; light; sun”)

From *lewk- (“to shine”) + *-ós (e-grade adjective suffix).


seǵʰós

seǵʰós (nominative singular)
seǵʰóh₁ (dual nominative)
seǵʰóes (nominative plural)
seǵʰé (singular vocative)
seǵʰóh₁ (dual vocative)
seǵʰóes (plural vocative)
seǵʰóm (accusative singular)
seǵʰóh₁ (accusative dual)
seǵʰóms (accusative plural)
seǵʰósyo (genitive singular)
seǵʰóHom (genitive plural)
seǵʰéad (ablative singular)
seǵʰómos (ablative plural)
seǵʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
seǵʰóey (dative singular)
seǵʰómos (dative plural)
seǵʰóbʰos (dative plural)
seǵʰéy (locative singular)
seǵʰóy (locative singular)
seǵʰóysu (locative plural)
seǵʰóh₁ (instrumental singular)
seǵʰṓys (instrumental plural)
seǵʰéh₂ (nominative singular)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
seǵʰéh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
seǵʰéh₂ (singular vocative)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
seǵʰéh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
seǵʰā́m (accusative singular)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
seǵʰéh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
seǵʰéh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
seǵʰéh₂s (genitive singular)
seǵʰéh₂s (ablative singular)
seǵʰéh₂ (locative singular)
seǵʰéh₂i (locative singular)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
seǵʰóm (nominative singular)
seǵʰóy (dual nominative)
seǵʰóyh₁ (dual nominative)
seǵʰéh₂ (nominative plural)
seǵʰóm (singular vocative)
seǵʰóy (dual vocative)
seǵʰóyh₁ (dual vocative)
seǵʰéh₂ (plural vocative)
seǵʰóy (accusative dual)
seǵʰóyh₁ (accusative dual)
seǵʰéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *segos (“bold, brave”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰás

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सह (sahá, “powerful”)

From *seǵʰ- (“to hold”) + *-ós (e-grade adjective suffix).


loykʷós

loykʷós (nominative singular)
loykʷóes (nominative plural)
loykʷé (singular vocative)
loykʷóes (plural vocative)
loykʷóm (accusative singular)
loykʷóms (accusative plural)
loykʷósyo (genitive singular)
loykʷóHom (genitive plural)
loykʷéad (ablative singular)
loykʷómos (ablative plural)
loykʷóbʰos (ablative plural)
loykʷóey (dative singular)
loykʷómos (dative plural)
loykʷóbʰos (dative plural)
loykʷéy (locative singular)
loykʷóy (locative singular)
loykʷóysu (locative plural)
loykʷṓys (instrumental plural)
loykʷā́m (accusative singular)
loykʷóm (nominative singular)
loykʷóy (dual nominative)
loykʷóm (singular vocative)
loykʷóy (dual vocative)
loykʷóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lajkás

Latgalian: laiks

Latvian: laiks (“time”)

desc

Lithuanian: lai̇̃kas (“time”), ⇒ atlaikas (“remains”)

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: отлѣкъ (otlěkŭ, “remains”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λοιπός (loipós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *raykás

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

⇒ Sanskrit: अतिरेक (atireká, “surplus, excess”), प्ररेक (prareká, “abundance, plenty”)

From *leykʷ- (“to leave behind”) + *-ós (deverbal adjective suffix).


lewbʰós

lewbʰós (nominative singular)
lewbʰóes (nominative plural)
lewbʰé (singular vocative)
lewbʰóes (plural vocative)
lewbʰóm (accusative singular)
lewbʰóms (accusative plural)
lewbʰósyo (genitive singular)
lewbʰóHom (genitive plural)
lewbʰéad (ablative singular)
lewbʰómos (ablative plural)
lewbʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
lewbʰóey (dative singular)
lewbʰómos (dative plural)
lewbʰóbʰos (dative plural)
lewbʰéy (locative singular)
lewbʰóy (locative singular)
lewbʰóysu (locative plural)
lewbʰṓys (instrumental plural)
lewbʰā́m (accusative singular)
lewbʰóm (nominative singular)
lewbʰóy (dual nominative)
lewbʰóm (singular vocative)
lewbʰóy (dual vocative)
lewbʰóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubas

Proto-Slavic: *ľubъ (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *leubaz (“dear, beloved”) (see there for further descendants)

From *lewbʰ- (“to desire, love”) + *-ós (adjective suffix).


ǵenh₁óh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵenh₁é (singular vocative)
ǵenh₁óh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵenh₁óh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵenh₁óh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵenh₁éh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵenh₁éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵenh₁éh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵenh₁éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵenh₁ā́m (accusative singular)
ǵenh₁éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵenh₁éh₂ (locative singular)
ǵenh₁éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵenh₁éh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵenh₁éh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵenh₁éh₂ (accusative plural)

desctree

with "birth" noun from a nominalization as an i-stem, and a-stem compounds homologous to Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-gena</i>

Old Armenian: ծին (cin) (with "birth" noun from a nominalization as an i-stem, and a-stem compounds homologous to Latin -gena)
Armenian: ծին (cin)

Proto-Celtic: *genos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-genos

Latin: -genus, -gena

From *ǵenh₁- (“to give birth”) + *-ós (adjectival suffix).


pokʷtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
pokʷtós (nominative singular)
pokʷtóes (nominative plural)
pokʷté (singular vocative)
pokʷtóes (plural vocative)
pokʷtóm (accusative singular)
pokʷtóms (accusative plural)
pokʷtósyo (genitive singular)
pokʷtóHom (genitive plural)
pokʷtéad (ablative singular)
pokʷtómos (ablative plural)
pokʷtóbʰos (ablative plural)
pokʷtóey (dative singular)
pokʷtómos (dative plural)
pokʷtóbʰos (dative plural)
pokʷtéy (locative singular)
pokʷtóy (locative singular)
pokʷtóysu (locative plural)
pokʷtṓys (instrumental plural)
pokʷtā́m (accusative singular)
pokʷtóm (nominative singular)
pokʷtóy (dual nominative)
pokʷtóm (singular vocative)
pokʷtóy (dual vocative)
pokʷtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós

Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)

Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos

Latin: coctus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas

Proto-Iranian: *páktah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀 (pacta)

From *pekʷ- (“to cook”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


tḗtḱti

tḗtḱmi (first-person indicative present singular)
tḗtḱm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
tḗtḱsi (indicative present second-person singular)
tḗtḱs (indicative past second-person singular)
tḗtḱ (imperative second-person singular)
tétḱdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
tḗtḱesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tḗtḱti (indicative present singular third-person)
tḗtḱt (indicative past singular third-person)
tḗtḱtu (imperative singular third-person)
tḗtḱeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tétḱwos (dual first-person indicative present)
tétḱwe (dual first-person indicative past)
tḗtḱowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tétḱtes (dual indicative present second-person)
tétḱtom (dual indicative past second-person)
tétḱtom (dual imperative second-person)
tḗtḱetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tétḱtes (dual indicative present third-person)
tétḱtām (dual indicative past third-person)
tétḱtām (dual imperative third-person)
tḗtḱetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tétḱmos (first-person indicative plural present)
tétḱme (first-person indicative past plural)
tḗtḱomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tétḱte (indicative plural present second-person)
tétḱte (indicative past plural second-person)
tétḱte (imperative plural second-person)
tḗtḱete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tétḱn̥ti (indicative plural present third-person)
tétḱn̥t (indicative past plural third-person)
tétḱn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
tḗtḱonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tétḱn̥ts (indicative participle present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *téśtei
Latvian: test
Proto-Slavic: *tesàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́ćšti, *táćšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tā́ṭṣṭi, *táṭṣati

Sanskrit: ताष्टि (tā́ṣṭi), तक्षति (tákṣati, 3pl.)

Proto-Iranian: *tā́šti, *tášati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬙𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬌 (auui tāšti), 𐬙𐬁𐬱𐬙 (tāšt)

desc

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎫𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎹 (h-t-x-š-t-i-y /haᵐtaxšataiy/)

Proto-Nuristani: *táscati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: taćë́-

Kativiri: sëćé-

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: tō̃́ćie-

Proto-Italic: *teksō (perhaps) (or from *teḱ-s-e-ti)

Latin: texō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāks-

Athematic Narten root present of *tetḱ- (“to create”).


Proto-Germanic: *idiz (< *h₁itís)

Old Norse: ið (“deed”)

Icelandic: ið, íð

Norwegian Nynorsk: id

Old Swedish: idh

Swedish: id (“effort, work”) (obsolete)

Danish: id

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *arbaidiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hitíš

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: इति (ití, “going, moving”), इत्यै (ityái, inf.)

⇒ Sanskrit: समिति (sámiti), प्रेति (préti)

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬇⸱𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vasə̄.iti, “well-being”)

Old Avestan: 𐬌𐬙𐬉 (itē, inf.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬙𐬈 (ite)

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tis (action noun suffix).


mn̥tós

mn̥tós (nominative singular)
mn̥tóes (nominative plural)
mn̥té (singular vocative)
mn̥tóes (plural vocative)
mn̥tóm (accusative singular)
mn̥tóms (accusative plural)
mn̥tósyo (genitive singular)
mn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
mn̥téad (ablative singular)
mn̥tómos (ablative plural)
mn̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
mn̥tóey (dative singular)
mn̥tómos (dative plural)
mn̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
mn̥téy (locative singular)
mn̥tóy (locative singular)
mn̥tóysu (locative plural)
mn̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
mn̥tā́m (accusative singular)
mn̥tóm (nominative singular)
mn̥tóy (dual nominative)
mn̥tóm (singular vocative)
mn̥tóy (dual vocative)
mn̥tóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *mətós

desc

Ancient Greek: (αὐτό)ματος ((autó)matos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *matás

Sanskrit: मत (matá)

Proto-Italic: *məntos

Latin: (com)mentus

From *men- (“to think”) + *-tós (verbal adjective suffix).


mn̥tós

Proto-Celtic: *manto- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *məntom

Latin: mentum, ⇒? mentula (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *munþaz (see there for further descendants)

From *men- (“to protrude”) + *-tós (verbal adjective suffix).


bʰeydʰós

bʰeydʰós (nominative singular)
bʰeydʰóes (nominative plural)
bʰeydʰé (singular vocative)
bʰeydʰóes (plural vocative)
bʰeydʰóm (accusative singular)
bʰeydʰóms (accusative plural)
bʰeydʰósyo (genitive singular)
bʰeydʰóHom (genitive plural)
bʰeydʰéad (ablative singular)
bʰeydʰómos (ablative plural)
bʰeydʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰeydʰóey (dative singular)
bʰeydʰómos (dative plural)
bʰeydʰóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰeydʰéy (locative singular)
bʰeydʰóy (locative singular)
bʰeydʰóysu (locative plural)
bʰeydʰṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰeydʰā́m (accusative singular)
bʰeydʰóm (nominative singular)
bʰeydʰóy (dual nominative)
bʰeydʰóm (singular vocative)
bʰeydʰóy (dual vocative)
bʰeydʰóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *peitʰós

desc

Ancient Greek: πειθός (peithós, “persuasive, credible, faithful”)

Proto-Italic: *feiðos

Latin: fīdus (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”) + *-ós (deverbal adjective suffix).


gʷéh₂mn̥

gʷéh₂mn̥ (nominative singular)
gʷéh₂mō (collective nominative)
gʷéh₂mn̥ (singular vocative)
gʷéh₂mō (collective vocative)
gʷéh₂mn̥ (accusative singular)
gʷéh₂mō (accusative collective)
gʷh₂m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷā́mə

Ancient Greek: βῆμα (bêma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHma

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: प्रगामन् (pragā́man, “step, gait”)

Proto-Iranian: *gáHma

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (gāman)

Baluchi: گام (gám)

Persian: گام (gâm)

Northern Kurdish: gav (“step”)

From *gʷeh₂- (“to step, go”) + *-mn̥ (action noun suffix).


(H)résgtis

résgtis (canonical feminine)
résgtis (nominative singular)
Hrésgtis (nominative singular)
H₁ (dual nominative)
résgteyes (nominative plural)
Hrésgteyes (nominative plural)
résgti (singular vocative)
Hrésgti (singular vocative)
H₁ (dual vocative)
résgteyes (plural vocative)
Hrésgteyes (plural vocative)
résgtim (accusative singular)
Hrésgtim (accusative singular)
H₁ (accusative dual)
résgtims (accusative plural)
Hrésgtims (accusative plural)
r̥sgtéys (genitive singular)
Hr̥sgtéys (genitive singular)
r̥sgtéyoHom (genitive plural)
Hr̥sgtéyoHom (genitive plural)
r̥sgtéys (ablative singular)
Hr̥sgtéys (ablative singular)
r̥sgtímos (ablative plural)
Hr̥sgtímos (ablative plural)
r̥sgtíbʰos (ablative plural)
Hr̥sgtíbʰos (ablative plural)
r̥sgtéyey (dative singular)
Hr̥sgtéyey (dative singular)
r̥sgtímos (dative plural)
Hr̥sgtímos (dative plural)
r̥sgtíbʰos (dative plural)
Hr̥sgtíbʰos (dative plural)
r̥sgtéy (locative singular)
Hr̥sgtéy (locative singular)
r̥sgtḗy (locative singular)
Hr̥sgtḗy (locative singular)
r̥sgtísu (locative plural)
Hr̥sgtísu (locative plural)
r̥sgtímis (instrumental plural)
Hr̥sgtímis (instrumental plural)
r̥sgtíbʰis (instrumental plural)
Hr̥sgtíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: regztis (“haysack”)

Proto-Italic: *resktis

Latin: restis (“rope, cord”) (see there for further descendants)

From *(H)resg- (“to weave”) + *-tis (action noun suffix)


h₃roǵóh₁ (dual nominative)
h₃roǵé (singular vocative)
h₃roǵóh₁ (dual vocative)
h₃roǵóh₁ (accusative dual)
h₃roǵóh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃roǵéh₂ (nominative singular)
h₃roǵéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₃roǵéh₂ (singular vocative)
h₃roǵéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₃roǵā́m (accusative singular)
h₃roǵéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₃roǵéh₂ (locative singular)
h₃roǵéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃roǵéh₂ (nominative plural)
h₃roǵéh₂ (plural vocative)
h₃roǵéh₂ (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *rakaz (“straight”) (with Verner's law reverted by analogy?)

Proto-West Germanic: *rak

Middle Low German: rak

Old Norse: rakr

Proto-Italic: *rogos

Latin: rogus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: rogō (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-ós (deverbal adjective suffix).


nigʷtós

nigʷtós (nominative singular)
nigʷtóes (nominative plural)
nigʷté (singular vocative)
nigʷtóes (plural vocative)
nigʷtóm (accusative singular)
nigʷtóms (accusative plural)
nigʷtósyo (genitive singular)
nigʷtóHom (genitive plural)
nigʷtéad (ablative singular)
nigʷtómos (ablative plural)
nigʷtóbʰos (ablative plural)
nigʷtóey (dative singular)
nigʷtómos (dative plural)
nigʷtóbʰos (dative plural)
nigʷtéy (locative singular)
nigʷtóy (locative singular)
nigʷtóysu (locative plural)
nigʷtṓys (instrumental plural)
nigʷtā́m (accusative singular)
nigʷtóm (nominative singular)
nigʷtóy (dual nominative)
nigʷtóm (singular vocative)
nigʷtóy (dual vocative)
nigʷtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *nixtos

Middle Irish: necht

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*n̥-nigʷ-tó-s</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *ənikʷtos (*n̥-nigʷ-tó-s)

Ancient Greek: ἄνιπτος (ániptos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niktás

Sanskrit: निक्त (niktá)

From *neygʷ- (“to wash”) + *-tós (verbal adjective suffix).


h₂isḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₂isḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₂isḱé (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *īˀskāˀtei

Latgalian: īskuot

Latvian: ieskāt

Lithuanian: ieškóti

Proto-Slavic: *jьskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *issketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *iskaną

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aisk (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aiskōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hišćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *isskō

⇒ Umbrian: eiscurent (3pl. fut. perf.)

From *h₂eys- (“to wish”) + *-sḱéti (durative or iterative verbal suffix).


gʷʰr̥néwti

gʷʰr̥néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰr̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰr̥néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰr̥néws (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰr̥néw (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰr̥nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰr̥néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰr̥néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰr̥néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰr̥néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰr̥néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰr̥nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰr̥nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰr̥néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰr̥nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰr̥nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰr̥nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰr̥néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰr̥nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰr̥nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰr̥nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰr̥néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰr̥numós (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰr̥numé (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰr̥néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰr̥nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰr̥nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰr̥nuté (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰr̥néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰr̥nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰr̥nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰr̥nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰr̥néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰr̥nwónts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰr̥nuh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰr̥nusó (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰr̥nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰr̥nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰr̥nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰr̥nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰr̥néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰr̥nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰr̥nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰr̥nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰr̥nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰr̥néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥ṇáwti

Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti)


Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “female garment”)

Proto-Italic: *palasā

Latin: palla (see there for further descendants)

Usually related to Ancient Greek ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas, “red-skinned”) and Umbrian pelsatu. Their common root would be putatively *pelh₂- (“to cover”).


kʷelsós

kʷelsós (nominative singular)
kʷelsóes (nominative plural)
kʷelsé (singular vocative)
kʷelsóes (plural vocative)
kʷelsóm (accusative singular)
kʷelsóms (accusative plural)
kʷelsósyo (genitive singular)
kʷelsóHom (genitive plural)
kʷelséad (ablative singular)
kʷelsómos (ablative plural)
kʷelsóbʰos (ablative plural)
kʷelsóey (dative singular)
kʷelsómos (dative plural)
kʷelsóbʰos (dative plural)
kʷelséy (locative singular)
kʷelsóy (locative singular)
kʷelsóysu (locative plural)
kʷelsṓys (instrumental plural)
kʷelsā́m (accusative singular)
kʷelsóm (nominative singular)
kʷelsóy (dual nominative)
kʷelsóm (singular vocative)
kʷelsóy (dual vocative)
kʷelsóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷelsos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τέλσον (télson, “headland”) (an accent-retracted nominalization)

From *kʷélh₁os (“turn”), a neuter *-os action noun from *kʷelh₁- surviving in Ancient Greek τέλος (télos, “end”), further suffixed with *-ós (possessive adjective suffix).

halsaz

*kʷóls-o- (“neck”, o-grade nominalization, literally “(something) turning”)

with irregular delabialization; see there for further descendants


⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *ewérsā, *awérsā (an accent-retracted nominalization/collective)

Ancient Greek: ἕρση (hérsē, “dew”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršás (adjective)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣás

Sanskrit: वर्ष n or m (varṣá), वर्षा f (varṣā) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁wers- (“to rain”) + *-ós (adjectival suffix).


kripsós

kripsós (nominative singular)
kripsóes (nominative plural)
kripsé (singular vocative)
kripsóes (plural vocative)
kripsóm (accusative singular)
kripsóms (accusative plural)
kripsósyo (genitive singular)
kripsóHom (genitive plural)
kripséad (ablative singular)
kripsómos (ablative plural)
kripsóbʰos (ablative plural)
kripsóey (dative singular)
kripsómos (dative plural)
kripsóbʰos (dative plural)
kripséy (locative singular)
kripsóy (locative singular)
kripsóysu (locative plural)
kripsṓys (instrumental plural)
kripsā́m (accusative singular)
kripsóm (nominative singular)
kripsóy (dual nominative)
kripsóm (singular vocative)
kripsóy (dual vocative)
kripsóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *krixsos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hrispā (“curl”)

desc

⇒ Old High German: hrispahi (“shrubbery”)

Middle High German: rispe (“truss, bush”), ⇒ rispen, rispeln (“to curl, ripple”)

Middle Low German: rispe

Proto-Italic: *krispos

Latin: crispus (see there for further descendants)

From *kreyp- (“to turn”) + *-os (action noun suffix) + *-ós (possessive adjective suffix). The same root also gave Lithuanian krei̇̃pti (“to turn”) and Old Norse hreifa (“to swing”).
De Vaan's reconstruction and decomposition *kris-p-o-, extracting a root *kreys- from which he also derives Latin crīnis, must be rejected due to requiring an unexplainable *-p- extension. Matasović and Kroonen copy and accept De Vaan's derivation.


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀭𒁕𒀭 (an-da-an /andan/)

Proto-Celtic: *andom

desctree

Old Irish: and
Middle Irish: ann
Irish: ann
Manx: ayn
Scottish Gaelic: ann

Proto-Hellenic: *éndon

Ancient Greek: ἔνδον (éndon) (see there for further descendants)

An accusative correspondent to *h₁n̥dó (“into”). Alternatively, Dunkel gives *én + *dóm (“house”).


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅖𒄭𒈠𒀀𒀸 (iš-ḫi-ma-a-aš)

Proto-Germanic: *sīmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सीमन् (sīmán)


yā́m (first-person indicative past singular)
yéh₂ (imperative second-person singular)
ih₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ih₂h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
ih₂ó (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀtei
East Baltic:
⇒ Latgalian: juot
⇒ Latvian: jāt
⇒ Lithuanian: jóti
Proto-Slavic: *jě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *jě̀xati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHti

Sanskrit: याति (yā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *yeh₂- (“to go”).


kneygʷʰ-

*knéygʷʰ-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *hnīwaną (“bow”)

Proto-Italic: *kneiɣʷēō (“I blink”)

Latin: conīveō (“I blink, overlook”) (co-nīveō)

*knigʷʰ-tós

Proto-Italic: *kniktum

Latin: nictō (“I blink”)


ḱléwmn̥

ḱléwmn̥ (nominative singular)
ḱléwmō (collective nominative)
ḱléwmn̥ (singular vocative)
ḱléwmō (collective vocative)
ḱléwmn̥ (accusative singular)
ḱléwmō (accusative collective)
ḱluméns (genitive singular)
ḱl̥wm̥nés (collective genitive)
ḱluméns (ablative singular)
ḱl̥wm̥nés (ablative collective)
ḱluméney (dative singular)
ḱl̥wm̥néy (collective dative)
ḱlumén (locative singular)
ḱluméni (locative singular)
ḱlumén (collective locative)
ḱluméni (collective locative)
ḱl̥wm̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Germanic: *hleumô (“hearing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwma

Proto-Iranian: *cráwma

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀𐬥 (sraoman, “hearing”)

⇒ *ḱléw-mn̥-to- (“fame”)

Proto-Germanic: *hleumundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwmatam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwmatam

Sanskrit: श्रोमत (śrómata, “good fame”)


yéseti

yésom (first-person indicative past singular)
yésōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
yésesi (indicative present second-person singular)
yéses (indicative past second-person singular)
yése (imperative second-person singular)
yésēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
yésoys (optative second-person singular)
yéseti (indicative present singular third-person)
yéset (indicative past singular third-person)
yésetu (imperative singular third-person)
yésēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
yésoyt (optative singular third-person)
yésowos (dual first-person indicative present)
yésowe (dual first-person indicative past)
yésōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
yésoywe (dual first-person optative)
yésetes (dual indicative present second-person)
yésetom (dual indicative past second-person)
yésetom (dual imperative second-person)
yésētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
yésoytom (dual optative second-person)
yésetes (dual indicative present third-person)
yésetām (dual indicative past third-person)
yésetām (dual imperative third-person)
yésētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
yésoytām (dual optative third-person)
yésomos (first-person indicative plural present)
yésome (first-person indicative past plural)
yésōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
yésoyme (first-person optative plural)
yésete (indicative plural present second-person)
yésete (indicative past plural second-person)
yésete (imperative plural second-person)
yésēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
yésoyte (optative plural second-person)
yésonti (indicative plural present third-person)
yésont (indicative past plural third-person)
yésontu (imperative plural third-person)
yésōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
yésonts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *jesaną (“to ferment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzehō

Ancient Greek: ζέω (zéō)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäs-

Tocharian A: yäs (“boil”)

Tocharian B: yäs (“excite, ravish”)

Thematic root present of *yes- (“to boil”).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páiˀmēn

Lithuanian: piemuõ (“shepherd”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *paimën (“shepherd”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *poimḗn

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀕 (po-me, “shepherd”)

desc

Ancient Greek: ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”)

From *peh₂- (“to protect”) + *-mḗn, but the appearance of medial *-i- and the o-grade are irregular.


déreti

dérom (first-person indicative past singular)
dérōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
déresi (indicative present second-person singular)
déres (indicative past second-person singular)
dére (imperative second-person singular)
dérēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
déroys (optative second-person singular)
déreti (indicative present singular third-person)
déret (indicative past singular third-person)
déretu (imperative singular third-person)
dérēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
déroyt (optative singular third-person)
dérowos (dual first-person indicative present)
dérowe (dual first-person indicative past)
dérōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
déroywe (dual first-person optative)
déretes (dual indicative present second-person)
déretom (dual indicative past second-person)
déretom (dual imperative second-person)
dérētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
déroytom (dual optative second-person)
déretes (dual indicative present third-person)
déretām (dual indicative past third-person)
déretām (dual imperative third-person)
dérētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
déroytām (dual optative third-person)
déromos (first-person indicative plural present)
dérome (first-person indicative past plural)
dérōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
déroyme (first-person optative plural)
dérete (indicative plural present second-person)
dérete (indicative past plural second-person)
dérete (imperative plural second-person)
dérēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
déroyte (optative plural second-person)
déronti (indicative plural present third-person)
déront (indicative past plural third-person)
dérontu (imperative plural third-person)
dérōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
déronts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

1sg.pres. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sgs">dir̃ti</i> (“to skin”)

Samogitian: derù (1sg.pres. of dir̃ti (“to skin”))

1sg.pres. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*dьràti</i> (“to tear, flay”)

Proto-Slavic: *derǫ (1sg.pres. of *dьràti (“to tear, flay”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *teraną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérō

Ancient Greek: δέρω (dérō)

Thematic root present of *der- (“to split, tear”).


dedórḱe

dedórḱ (imperative second-person singular)
dedr̥ḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dedérḱesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dedórḱe (indicative singular third-person)
dedórḱtu (imperative singular third-person)
dedérḱeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dedr̥ḱwé (dual first-person indicative)
dedérḱowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dedr̥ḱtóm (dual imperative second-person)
dedérḱetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dedr̥ḱtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dedérḱetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dedr̥ḱmé (first-person indicative plural)
dedérḱomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dedr̥ḱé (indicative plural second-person)
dedr̥ḱté (imperative plural second-person)
dedérḱete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dedr̥ḱḗr (indicative plural third-person)
dedr̥ḱéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dedérḱonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dedr̥ḱwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Celtic: *ad-kom-dark-

perfect of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">ad·cí</i>

Old Irish: ad·condairc (perfect of ad·cí)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">feic</i>

Irish: chonaic (past tense of feic)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gv">faik</i>

Manx: honnick (past tense of faik)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gd">faic</i>

Scottish Gaelic: chunnaic (past tense of faic)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδορκεν (dédorken)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadárća, *dadr̥ćay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadárśa, *dadr̥śay

Sanskrit: ददर्श (dadárśa), ददृशे (dádṛśe) (merged with the past tense of पश्यति (páśyati))

Proto-Iranian: *dadárca

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (dādar^əsa)

Reduplicated stative of the root *derḱ- (“to see”).


h₂mélǵm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂ml̥ǵyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂mélǵ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂ml̥ǵdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂ml̥ǵwé (dual first-person indicative past)
h₂ml̥ǵtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
h₂ml̥ǵtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
h₂ml̥ǵmé (first-person indicative past plural)
h₂ml̥ǵté (indicative plural present second-person)
h₂ml̥ǵté (indicative past plural second-person)
h₂ml̥ǵté (imperative plural second-person)
h₂ml̥ǵh₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
h₂ml̥ǵh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂ml̥ǵih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
h₂ml̥ǵth₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
h₂ml̥ǵsó (imperative second-person singular)
h₂ml̥ǵór (indicative present singular third-person)
h₂ml̥ǵtó (indicative past singular third-person)
h₂ml̥ǵó (indicative past singular third-person)
h₂ml̥ǵih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
h₂ml̥ǵwédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
h₂ml̥ǵmédʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
h₂ml̥ǵdʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
h₂ml̥ǵdʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
h₂ml̥ǵdʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
h₂ml̥ǵn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
h₂ml̥ǵró (indicative past plural third-person)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: mjel (“to milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melźtei

Lithuanian: melžti (“to milk”)

Proto-Slavic: *melzti (“to milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mligeti

Old Irish: mligid

Middle Irish: bligid

Proto-Germanic: *melkaną (“to milk”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀμέλγω (amélgō, “I milk”)

Greek: αρμέγω (armégo)

Athematic root present of *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”).


dʰóyǵʰos

dʰóyǵʰos (nominative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰóyǵʰoes (nominative plural)
dʰóyǵʰe (singular vocative)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰóyǵʰoes (plural vocative)
dʰóyǵʰom (accusative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰóyǵʰoms (accusative plural)
dʰóyǵʰosyo (genitive singular)
dʰóyǵʰoHom (genitive plural)
dʰóyǵʰead (ablative singular)
dʰóyǵʰomos (ablative plural)
dʰóyǵʰobʰos (ablative plural)
dʰóyǵʰoey (dative singular)
dʰóyǵʰomos (dative plural)
dʰóyǵʰobʰos (dative plural)
dʰóyǵʰey (locative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoy (locative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoysu (locative plural)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰóyǵʰōys (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz) (or from *dʰéyǵʰ-os)

Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /toikʰo-domos/)

Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)

Greek: τοίχος (toíchos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *feiɣos (with e-grade from *dʰéyǵʰ-os)

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)

From *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form”) + *-os (action noun suffix).


bʰorós

bʰorós (nominative singular)
bʰoróes (nominative plural)
bʰoré (singular vocative)
bʰoróes (plural vocative)
bʰoróm (accusative singular)
bʰoróms (accusative plural)
bʰorósyo (genitive singular)
bʰoróHom (genitive plural)
bʰoréad (ablative singular)
bʰorómos (ablative plural)
bʰoróbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰoróey (dative singular)
bʰorómos (dative plural)
bʰoróbʰos (dative plural)
bʰoréy (locative singular)
bʰoróy (locative singular)
bʰoróysu (locative plural)
bʰorṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰorā́m (accusative singular)
bʰoróm (nominative singular)
bʰoróy (dual nominative)
bʰoróm (singular vocative)
bʰoróy (dual vocative)
bʰoróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorós

desc

Ancient Greek: φορός (phorós, “bearing, carrying, tending”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰārás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰārás

Sanskrit: भार (bhārá-, “bearing, carrying, bringing; bestowing, granting; burden, load, weight”)

Proto-Iranian: *bāráh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬁𐬭𐬀 (bāra)

Old Median: *-βārə́h

Proto-Italic: *-foros

Latin: -fer

From *bʰer- (“to carry”) + *-ós (agentive adjective suffix).


bʰebʰóytu (imperative singular third-person)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bajā́ˀtei (with disappearance of reduplication) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bibāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰibʰā́yHa (see there for further descendants)

Reduplicated stative of the root *bʰeyh₂- (“to tremble, fear”).


likʷét

likʷóm (first-person indicative singular)
likʷés (indicative second-person singular)
likʷé (imperative second-person singular)
likʷḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
likʷóys (optative second-person singular)
likʷét (indicative singular third-person)
likʷétu (imperative singular third-person)
likʷḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
likʷóyt (optative singular third-person)
likʷówe (dual first-person indicative)
likʷṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
likʷóywe (dual first-person optative)
likʷétom (dual indicative second-person)
likʷétom (dual imperative second-person)
likʷḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
likʷóytom (dual optative second-person)
likʷétām (dual indicative third-person)
likʷétām (dual imperative third-person)
likʷḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
likʷóytām (dual optative third-person)
likʷóme (first-person indicative plural)
likʷṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
likʷóyme (first-person optative plural)
likʷéte (indicative plural second-person)
likʷéte (imperative plural second-person)
likʷḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
likʷóyte (optative plural second-person)
likʷónt (indicative plural third-person)
likʷóntu (imperative plural third-person)
likʷṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
likʷónts (indicative participle)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիք (likʻ), ելիք (elikʻ, “he left”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔλῐπε (élĭpe, “he left”)

Thematic root aorist of *leykʷ- (“to leave”).


bʰérǵʰt

bʰérǵʰm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
bʰérǵʰoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰr̥ǵʰyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
bʰérǵʰs (indicative second-person singular)
bʰérǵ (imperative second-person singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰérǵʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰr̥ǵʰyéh₁s (optative second-person singular)
bʰérǵʰt (indicative singular third-person)
bʰérǵʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰérǵʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰyéh₁t (optative singular third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰérǵʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁wé (dual first-person optative)
bʰr̥ǵʰtóm (dual indicative second-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰérǵʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁tóm (dual optative second-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰérǵʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁tā́m (dual optative third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰérǵʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁mé (first-person optative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰté (indicative plural second-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰérǵʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁té (optative plural second-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰént (indicative plural third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰérǵʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁ént (optative plural third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰónts (indicative participle)
bʰr̥ǵʰh₂é (first-person indicative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰth₂é (indicative second-person singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰsó (imperative second-person singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁th₂é (optative second-person singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰtó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰérǵʰetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁tó (optative singular third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰwédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁wédʰh₂ (dual first-person optative)
bʰr̥ǵʰmédʰh₂ (first-person indicative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁médʰh₂ (first-person optative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰdʰh₂wé (indicative plural second-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰdʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁dʰh₂wé (optative plural second-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰró (indicative plural third-person)
bʰérǵʰontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰih₁ró (optative plural third-person)
bʰr̥ǵʰm̥h₁nós (indicative participle)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈦𒀝𒋫𒊒 (pár-ak-ta-ru /parktaru/, 3sg.imp.med.)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եբարձ (ebarj), բարձաւ (barjaw)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pärk

Tocharian B: parka

Athematic root aorist of *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, ascend”).


bʰérǵʰus

bʰérǵʰus (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰewes (nominative plural)
bʰérǵʰu (singular vocative)
bʰérǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰewes (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰum (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰums (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
bʰr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰérǵʰu (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰwih₁ (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
bʰérǵʰwih₁ (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰu (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰwih₁ (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈦𒆪𒍑 (pár-ku-uš /parkuš/)

Proto-Armenian: *barju

⇒ Old Armenian: բարձր (barjr)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *bergus
Gaulish: *bergisamos, *bergimos (superlative forms)
→ Latin: Bergimus (divine and personal name), Berisamus (place name)
⇒ Celtiberian: berkuakum (gen. pl. m.) (suffixed with *-ākos)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“rise up, ascend”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


mórǵs

mr̥ǵ- (oblique stem)
mórǵs (nominative singular)
mórǵh₁ (dual nominative)
mórǵes (nominative plural)
mórǵ (singular vocative)
mórǵh₁ (dual vocative)
mórǵes (plural vocative)
mórǵm̥ (accusative singular)
mórǵh₁ (accusative dual)
mórǵm̥s (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵés (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵés (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵmós (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵbʰós (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵéy (dative singular)
mr̥ǵmós (dative plural)
mr̥ǵbʰós (dative plural)
mórǵ (locative singular)
mórǵi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵsú (locative plural)
mr̥ǵéh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵmís (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵbʰís (instrumental plural)

Possibly derived from the verb underlying Hittite [script needed] (mārki, “to divide, separate”). Latin merx might also be related.

m+

→ Old Armenian: մարզ

Parthian: [Manichaean needed] (mrz /marz/, “border”)

مَرْز

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mlc /marz/, “boundary, march”)

mrogis

with *-rV- as in the zero grade *-mrig- seen in Latin Nitiobrigēs

margō

border, edge; see there for further descendants


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] c (ārra-)

Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: ոռ (oṙ)

Proto-Germanic: *arsaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄρρος (órrhos)


kʷért

kʷérm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
kʷr̥yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
kʷérs (indicative second-person singular)
kʷér (imperative second-person singular)
kʷr̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
kʷéresi (second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷért (indicative singular third-person)
kʷértu (imperative singular third-person)
kʷéreti (singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷr̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
kʷérowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
kʷr̥tóm (dual indicative second-person)
kʷr̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
kʷéretes (dual second-person subjunctive)
kʷr̥tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
kʷr̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
kʷéretes (dual subjunctive third-person)
kʷr̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
kʷéromos (first-person plural subjunctive)
kʷr̥té (indicative plural second-person)
kʷr̥té (imperative plural second-person)
kʷérete (plural second-person subjunctive)
kʷrént (indicative plural third-person)
kʷréntu (imperative plural third-person)
kʷéronti (plural subjunctive third-person)
kʷrónts (indicative participle)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆪𒅕𒈪 (ku-er-mi, 1sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 (ku-e-er-zi, “to cut, to cut up, to cut off”, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒋫 (ku-e-er-ta, 3sg.pret.act.)

Luwian: [script needed] (kuwarti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: kūra (“he built”)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷareti (“make, cause”)

Middle Breton: paras (3sg.pret.)

Welsh: peri; paraf (1sg.pres.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákart (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root aorist of *kʷer- (“to do, make”).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kā́ˀupas

Lithuanian: kaũpas

Proto-Slavic: *kupъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hufą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kā́ˀupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kupa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haupaz (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: kupra

Proto-Slavic: *kuprъ (see there for further descendants)


*wreh₁ǵ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rḗˀźtei

Proto-Slavic: *rězati (“cut, slice”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Ancient Greek: ῥήγνυμι (rhḗgnumi, “break, tear”)

Old Armenian: երգիծանեմ (ergicanem, “tear”)


(s)tunédti

tunédmi (first-person indicative present singular)
stunédmi (first-person indicative present singular)
tunédm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
stunédm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
tunédsi (indicative present second-person singular)
stunédsi (indicative present second-person singular)
tunéds (indicative past second-person singular)
stunéds (indicative past second-person singular)
tunéd (imperative second-person singular)
stunéd (imperative second-person singular)
tunddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
stunddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tunédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
stunédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tunédti (indicative present singular third-person)
stunédti (indicative present singular third-person)
tunédt (indicative past singular third-person)
stunédt (indicative past singular third-person)
tunédtu (imperative singular third-person)
stunédtu (imperative singular third-person)
tunédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
stunédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tundwós (dual first-person indicative present)
stundwós (dual first-person indicative present)
tundwé (dual first-person indicative past)
stundwé (dual first-person indicative past)
tunédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
stunédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tundtés (dual indicative present second-person)
stundtés (dual indicative present second-person)
tundtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
stundtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
tundtóm (dual imperative second-person)
stundtóm (dual imperative second-person)
tunédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
stunédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tundtés (dual indicative present third-person)
stundtés (dual indicative present third-person)
tundtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
stundtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
tundtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
stundtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tunédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
stunédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tundmós (first-person indicative plural present)
stundmós (first-person indicative plural present)
tundmé (first-person indicative past plural)
stundmé (first-person indicative past plural)
tunédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
stunédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tundté (indicative plural present second-person)
stundté (indicative plural present second-person)
tundté (indicative past plural second-person)
stundté (indicative past plural second-person)
tundté (imperative plural second-person)
stundté (imperative plural second-person)
tunédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
stunédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tundénti (indicative plural present third-person)
stundénti (indicative plural present third-person)
tundént (indicative past plural third-person)
stundént (indicative past plural third-person)
tundéntu (imperative plural third-person)
stundéntu (imperative plural third-person)
tunédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
stunédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tundónts (indicative participle present)
stundónts (indicative participle present)
tundsó (imperative second-person singular)
stundsó (imperative second-person singular)
tundtór (indicative present singular third-person)
stundtór (indicative present singular third-person)
tundór (indicative present singular third-person)
stundór (indicative present singular third-person)
tundtó (indicative past singular third-person)
stundtó (indicative past singular third-person)
tundó (indicative past singular third-person)
stundó (indicative past singular third-person)
tunédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
stunédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tundn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
stundn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
tundrór (indicative plural present third-person)
stundrór (indicative plural present third-person)
tundn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
stundn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
tundró (indicative past plural third-person)
stundró (indicative past plural third-person)
tunédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
stunédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s

desctree

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”)
Old English: stunt
Middle English: stunt, stont
English: stunt
Old High German: *stunz
Middle High German: stunz
Old Norse: stuttr
Icelandic: stuttur
Faroese: stuttur
Norwegian: stutt
 (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: tund

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թնդամ (tʻndam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti

Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)

Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /tund/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /tund/)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: توند (tund)

Northern Kurdish: tund

Zazaki: tun

Proto-Italic:

desctree

Latin: tundō
Italian: tondere, tondire, tondare
Spanish: tundir
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tōnsāre
Italian: tosare
Portuguese: tosar

From *(s)tewd- (“to push, hit”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáušīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sušiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsawṣáyati

Sanskrit: शोषयति (śoṣáyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

English: sear

From *h₂sews- (“to be dry”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


kágʰr̥

kágʰr̥ (nominative singular)
kágʰr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
kágʰōr (collective nominative)
kágʰr̥ (singular vocative)
kágʰr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
kágʰōr (collective vocative)
kágʰr̥ (accusative singular)
kágʰr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
kágʰōr (accusative collective)
kágʰn̥s (genitive singular)
kágʰnoHom (genitive plural)
kgʰnés (collective genitive)
kagʰnés (collective genitive)
kágʰn̥s (ablative singular)
kágʰn̥mos (ablative plural)
kágʰn̥bʰos (ablative plural)
kgʰnés (ablative collective)
kagʰnés (ablative collective)
kágʰney (dative singular)
kágʰn̥mos (dative plural)
kágʰn̥bʰos (dative plural)
kgʰnéy (collective dative)
kagʰnéy (collective dative)
kágʰn̥ (locative singular)
kágʰni (locative singular)
kágʰn̥su (locative plural)
kgʰén (collective locative)
kagʰén (collective locative)
kgʰéni (collective locative)
kagʰéni (collective locative)
kágʰn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
kágʰn̥mis (instrumental plural)
kágʰn̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
kágʰr̥ (nominative singular)
kágʰōr (collective nominative)
kágʰr̥ (singular vocative)
kágʰōr (collective vocative)
kágʰr̥ (accusative singular)
kágʰōr (accusative collective)
kgʰéns (genitive singular)
kagʰéns (genitive singular)
kgʰnés (collective genitive)
kagʰnés (collective genitive)
kgʰéns (ablative singular)
kagʰéns (ablative singular)
kgʰnés (ablative collective)
kagʰnés (ablative collective)
kgʰéney (dative singular)
kagʰéney (dative singular)
kgʰnéy (collective dative)
kagʰnéy (collective dative)
kgʰén (locative singular)
kagʰén (locative singular)
kgʰéni (locative singular)
kagʰéni (locative singular)
kgʰén (collective locative)
kagʰén (collective locative)
kgʰéni (collective locative)
kagʰéni (collective locative)

From *kagʰ- (“to hold, enclose”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

hakki

⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz); Proto-West Germanic

ցանգ

⇒? Proto-Armenian: (with a prefix); Old Armenian

ցանկ

hedge, fence; see there for further descendants

hagan

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn; Old High German


Proto-Hellenic: *wagmós

desc

Ancient Greek: ἀγμός (agmós, “fracture; crag, cliff”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wágnūmi

Ancient Greek: ἄγνῡμι (ágnūmi, “break, shatter”)

*wéh₂g-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vāgiō (“wail”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: वग्नु (vagnú, “sound, noise”)


gʰr̥bnā́m (first-person indicative past singular)
gʰr̥bn̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʰr̥bn̥h₂h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
gʰr̥bn̥h₂ó (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Germanic: *gruppōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥bʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥bʰnáHti

Vedic Sanskrit: गृभ्णाति (gṛbhṇāti)

Classical Sanskrit: गृह्णाति (gṛhṇāti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬡𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (gər^əβnāⁱti)

From *gʰrebh₂- (“to seize, dig”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


sperǵʰ-

*sperǵʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: σπέρχω (spérkhō, “I hurry, move rapidly”)

*spr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *spr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

⇒ *spr-e-n-ǵʰ- ~ *(s)pr-e-n-gʰ- (see there for further descendants)


>? Proto-Albanian: *paru

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*para</i>

Albanian: parë (or from *para)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարաւ (haraw) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas

Proto-Slavic: *pь̀rvъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *furwōstaz, *furwistaz

Old English: forwost, forwest

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pärwe

Tocharian A: pärwat (with -t from the other ordinal numbers)

Tocharian B: parwe

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


Hellenic

Ancient Greek: κνάω (knáō)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: knója

Proto-Germanic: *hnōjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hnōjan

Proto-Celtic: *knāyeti


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pītas (< *ph₃itós)

Proto-Slavic: *pitъ

Proto-Hellenic: *potós

desc

Ancient Greek: ποτός (potós, “drunk; that which drinks; drink, for drinking”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *pōtos
Latin: pōtus
→ Italian: poto
⇒ Latin: pōtō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtás

Sanskrit: पी॒त (pītá) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tós
From *peh₃- + *-tós.


tóti

Proto-Italic: *toti

Latin: tot

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táti

Sanskrit: तति (táti)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: tot (“so much, so many, so far”) (or from *toti u)


kʷóti

Proto-Anatolian:

Proto-Luwian: *kwadi ("how(?)")

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒆪𒉿𒋾 (ku-wa-ti /kuwatı̄̆(n)/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔕰𔖱 (ᴿᴱᴸra/i), 𔕰𔓰 (ᴿᴱᴸri-i /kwarī/)

Proto-Italic: *kʷot

Latin: quot

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káti (with short *a as in *kátaras, from *kʷóteros) (see there for further descendants)


kʷór

Proto-Germanic: *hwar (“where?”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

+ emphatic particle <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">हि</i> (hi)

⇒ Sanskrit: कर्हि (kárhi, “when?”) (+ emphatic particle हि (hi))

Proto-Italic: *kʷōr (long vowel possibly influenced by *kʷō, whence quō)

Old Latin: quōr

Latin: cūr (“why?”)

hwarjaz

*kʷor (H)yós (or formed within Proto-Germanic)

which (of many)?; see there for further descendants


ǵʰí

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ži̇̀ (“maybe”) (dialectal)

Proto-Hellenic:

as in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ναίχι</i> (naíkhi)

Ancient Greek: -χι (-khi) (as in ναίχι (naíkhi))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰí (see there for further descendants)

Likely palatalised from earlier *gʰi, an allomorph of *gʰe.

Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact

नहि

not at all, no indeed; see there for further descendants

𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌𐬌𐬋

influenced by 𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌𐬌𐬁 (taibiiā; dat.sg. of )

Discourse particle: indeed, of course, surely


nér

>? Proto-Italic: *-ner

in <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ollaner</i> (“that one (fem.) below”)

Old Latin: -ner (in ollaner (“that one (fem.) below”))

With suffix *-ér ~ *-r; the first element is unclear.

Proto-Italic: *nerterosOscan: 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌓𐌀𐌊Umbrian: nertru

⇒ Ancient Greek: Νηρηΐς

⇒ Ancient Greek: Νηρεύς (Nēreús) (+ -εύς (-eús); as "the one below the (sea) surface")

⇒ Ancient Greek: νῶροψ

bronze; worked at in a cave; epitheton of of unknown meaning, Dunkel tentatively suggests compare Latin opus for the second element

nurþraz

region where the sun is below (the earth); left side of someone who turns to the east when praying; from zero grade; meaning either from or from; see there for further descendants

nérti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (the acute accent in Lithuanian could be secondary like in vérti)

nerti

to dive; see there for further descendants


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕηκα (héēka), ἧκα sg (hêka), εἷμεν pl (heîmen)

Proto-Italic: *jēkai

Latin: iēcī

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakjō (< earlier *jīkjō; possibly influenced by *fakjō, if not predictable)

Latin: iaciō (“to throw”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakēō (+ *-ēō)

Latin: iaceō (“to lie down”) (see there for further descendants)

From *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw”) + *-kt (perfective verbal suffix).


kúdʰe

>? Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: ku (“where”) (or from unsuffixed *kú)

Proto-Anatolian:

Lydian: 𐤨𐤰𐤣 (kud, “where (rel.)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kúde (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: cwdd (“where?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kúdʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कुह (kúha)

Proto-Iranian: *kúda

Old Avestan: 𐬐𐬎𐬛𐬁 (kudā)

desc

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬎𐬛𐬀𐬝 (kudat̰, “from where?”) (with added ablative ending)

q

Proto-Italic: *kʷuðei (with *-i from emphatic particle or from locative ending, and with labiovelar from other interrogatives like *kʷis)

From *kú (“where”) + *-dʰe (locative suffix).


Adverbial suffix with instrumental meaning

Athematic nominal ending of instrumental singular


*pérh₂-t ~ pr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐπέρᾰσᾰ (epérăsă), ἐπέρᾰσσᾰ (epérăssă)

*pr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ pr̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Celtic:

q

more likely from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂reyH-</i> (“to count”)

Old Irish: renaid (more likely from *h₂reyH- (“to count”))

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi) (with e-grade from aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē (with loss of laryngeal due to Saussure's law, or loss between liquid and nasal)

Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)

Proto-Italic:

? Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)

? Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)

? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)


próti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti, *prati

Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims

Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *protivъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós), ποτί (potí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti

Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pati

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬍 (patī)

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/patiy/)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patiš (“against”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱 (paⁱtiš)

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š /patiš/)


íh₁

Proto-Anatolian:

q

as in <i class="Xsux mention" lang="hit">𒀀𒅆</i> (a-ši /aši/, “that (one)”)

Hittite: [Term?] (/-i/) (as in 𒀀𒅆 (a-ši /aši/, “that (one)”))

Proto-Germanic:

as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">īdæġes</i> (“on the same day”)

Old English: ī- (as in īdæġes (“on the same day”))

as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">í dag</i> (“today”)

Old Norse: í (as in í dag (“today”))

Proto-Hellenic:

as in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">νυνί</i> (nuní)

Ancient Greek: -ῑ́ (-ī́) (as in νυνί (nuní))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *iH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *iH

q

Vedic Sanskrit: ई (ī, emphatic particle) (also in ईदृश् (īdṛ́ś), इयत् (íyat), ईवत् (ī́vat) and यदी (yádī))

>? Proto-Iranian: *iH

or from neuter plural <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ih₂</i>

Avestan: 𐬍 (ī) (or from neuter plural *ih₂)

Possibly from *í- + *-h₁ (instrumental suffix) as "in that way", parallel to *kʷí-h₁ (“how?”).


kʷíh₁

Proto-Albanian: *čī

Albanian: si (or from *kʷey)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kīˀ

Proto-Slavic: *či (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hwī (or from *kʷey) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čiH

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬍 (cī) (hapax, if not to be interpreted as part of larger term)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číHant-

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

with analogical <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">क्-</i> (k-)

Sanskrit: कियत् (kíyat) (with analogical क्- (k-))

Proto-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Old Persian: [Term?] (/ciyā̆karam/, “how great?”, adv.)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číHwant-

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: कीवत् (kī́vat) (with analogical क्- (k-))

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (cuuaṇt)

Proto-Italic: *kʷī

Latin: quī (“how? why?”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic:

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽 (an, “so? now?”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: ἄν (án) (or from a reanalysis of οὐ κάν (ou kán) as οὐκ ἄν (ouk án))

Proto-Italic: *an

Latin: an

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anasLithuanian: anàsProto-Slavic: *onъ


téwe

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tavè (accusative), ⇒ tavęs (genitive)

Proto-Celtic: *towe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwa

Sanskrit: तव (táva)

Proto-Iranian: *táwa

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁 (tauuā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tauua)

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*twé</i>

Proto-Tocharian: (or from *twé)

Tocharian A: cu

>? Tocharian B: ci

Possibly originating as ablative "away from you", from *te + *we.


kóryos

Proto-Baltic: *karyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *koryos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *harjaz (see there for further descendants)


tewós

tewós (nominative singular)
tewóes (nominative plural)
tewé (singular vocative)
tewóes (plural vocative)
tewóm (accusative singular)
tewóms (accusative plural)
tewósyo (genitive singular)
tewóHom (genitive plural)
tewéad (ablative singular)
tewómos (ablative plural)
tewóbʰos (ablative plural)
tewóey (dative singular)
tewómos (dative plural)
tewóbʰos (dative plural)
tewéy (locative singular)
tewóy (locative singular)
tewóysu (locative plural)
tewṓys (instrumental plural)
tewā́m (accusative singular)
tewóm (nominative singular)
tewóy (dual nominative)
tewóm (singular vocative)
tewóy (dual vocative)
tewóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: tovs

Latvian: tavs

Lithuanian: tãvas

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τεός (teós)

Proto-Italic: *towos (see there for further descendants)

Thematisation of *téwe, or vriddhi derivative of *tú(h₂).


twós

twós (nominative singular)
twóes (nominative plural)
twé (singular vocative)
twóes (plural vocative)
twóm (accusative singular)
twóms (accusative plural)
twósyo (genitive singular)
twóHom (genitive plural)
twéad (ablative singular)
twómos (ablative plural)
twóbʰos (ablative plural)
twóey (dative singular)
twómos (dative plural)
twóbʰos (dative plural)
twéy (locative singular)
twóy (locative singular)
twóysu (locative plural)
twṓys (instrumental plural)
twā́m (accusative singular)
twóm (nominative singular)
twóy (dual nominative)
twóm (singular vocative)
twóy (dual vocative)
twóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քո (kʻo)
Armenian: քո (kʻo)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twajas

Old Prussian: twais

Proto-Slavic: *tvojь

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σός (sós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twás

Vedic Sanskrit: त्व (tvá, “your”)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬀 (θβa)


bʰo

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ba
Lithuanian: bà
Proto-Slavic: *bo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *be (< *bʰe)

Lithuanian: bè (“and; if”)

Old Prussian: bhe, bha (“and”)


head

*somoph₂tḗr m (oblique stem *somoph₂tr̥-)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-European *somh₁ós
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *somoph₂tḗr
From *somh₁ós + *ph₂tḗr.


gʷʰrē̆nso-

Proto-Celtic: *gʷrensos (heat)

Welsh: gwres

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰransás (heat of the sun)

Sanskrit: घ्रंस (ghraṃsa)