dʰeyǵʰ-

*dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *diganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáyždʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

with analogical <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">ग्</i> (g)

Sanskrit: देग्धि (dégdhi) (with analogical ग् (g))

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dys- /dēs-/, “to build”) (with secondary -s-)

*dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիզանեմ (dizanem)

Armenian: դիզել (dizel)

Proto-Celtic: *dingeti

Old Irish: dingid

Celtiberian: ambitinkounei

Hellenic: (unexpected change *nǵʰ > ng)

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: θιγγάνω (thingánō)
⇒ Byzantine Greek: Ἀθίγγανος (Athínganos)
Greek: Αθίγγανος (Athínganos)

Proto-Italic: *fingō

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked, 3sg.perf.), 𐌅(𐌉𐌅)𐌉𐌒𐌏𐌃 (f(if)iqod, 3pl.perf.)

Latin: fingō

*dʰoyǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

desc

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥

⇒ Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥 (paⁱridaēzaiiąn, 3pl.subj.) (+ *pari-)

*dʰéyǵʰ-os ~ *dʰéyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *téikʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῖχος (teîkhos)

Greek: τείχος (teíchos)

*dʰiǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *digraz (“big, thick”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰiǵʰ-lo-s

Proto-Italic: *fiɣlos

Latin: figulus

*dʰiǵʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰiždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दिग्ध (digdhá) (with analogical ग् (g))

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (uzdišta) (+ *uz-)

Proto-Italic: *fiktos

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)

Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰóyǵʰ-o-s (“that which is kneaded, formed”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daiźjāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)

*dʰoyǵʰ-y-on- or *dʰoyǵʰ-i-Hon-

Proto-Germanic: *daigijǭ (“breadmaker, dairymaid, dey”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰiǵʰ- f

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

⇒ Sanskrit: संदिह् (saṃdíh)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰiȷ́ʰás

Proto-Iranian: *dijáh

Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo) (< *dizā-)

Khwarezmian: dyzʾ

Northern Kurdish: diz (diz)

q

→ Middle Persian: KLYTA / dc (diz, “fortress”) (borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language); Manichaean: dyz (diz)

Persian: دز (dez), دژ (dež)

Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)

Parthian: dyz (diz)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ /δizā/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: देही (dehī́, “wall”)

*ǵʰéydʰ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeidā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: žiẽsti

Proto-Slavic: *zьdati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰeydʰ-o-s, *ǵʰеydʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źéidas, *źеidis

Old Prussian: seydis (i.e. zeydis, with s- due to German orthography)

Proto-Slavic: *zidъ, *zьdь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दिह् (dih)


dʰrewgʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúǰʰyati (“to deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és

>? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”) (< *dʰruk-o-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”) (< *dʰrugʰ-o-m) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrówgʰ-os

*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰrewgʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrewgʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrowgʰ-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwgʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰengʰ-

*ǵʰongʰ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *ganganą (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰengʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źengjetei

Lithuanian: žeñgti

*ǵʰongʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangaz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-os ~ *ǵʰéngʰ-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánźʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: जंहस् (jáṃhas)

*ǵʰéngʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰángʰas (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ginhtiz

Middle High German: gīht

*ǵʰongʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ganhtiz (see there for further descendants)


*ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei

Latvian: zelt

Lithuanian: žélti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (past passive participle) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰléh₃-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *glējaz

Old Norse: *glær

Norwegian: glæ (“pale yellow”)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰel(h₃)-i-s</i>

*ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s (or *ǵʰel(h₃)-i-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žel̃vas

Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gelos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰélh₃-ō ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-n-és

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *ǵʰolh₃n-éh₂

desc

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és

Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *helos

Old Latin: helus

Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós

Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)

Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)

*ǵʰl̥h₃-s-tó-s or *ǵʰl̥h₃-T-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas

Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gel̃tas

Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH

Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زارە (zare)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/zahrag/, “gall, bile”)

Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)

⇒? Sanskrit: हलीक्ष्ण (hálīkṣṇa, “gallbladder (?)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: zalts

Latvian: zelts

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Albanian: diell

Ancient Greek: χλόη (khlóē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: zaļš

Lithuanian: žãlias


gʰed-

*gʰed- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *getaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰ-né-d- ~ *gʰ-n̥-d- (nasal-infix present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χανδάνω (khandánō) (< *χαδάνω (*khadánō))

Italic:

Latin: *hendō

⇒ Latin: praehendō (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *praiɣodā
Latin: praeda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hedezā

Latin: hedera (see there for further descendants)

*gʰod-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *gatą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gatwǭ (see there for further descendants)


gʰel-

*gʰol-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galiti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰól-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *galaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galdraz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galstrą

Old High German: galstar

Middle High German: galster

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlijaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *uzgōlaz

*gʰl̥-néh₂-ti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Albanian: *galda

Albanian: galdoj

Proto-Germanic: *gullōną (see there for further descendants)

q

*gʰel-n- (possible back-formed from *gʰl̥-néh₂-ti)

Proto-Germanic: *gellaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰel-gʰel-

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղգեղեմ (gełgełem)
Armenian: գեղգեղել (gełgełel)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (galgal-ināi-, “to make a musical sound”)

*gʰōl-i-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galьnъ (“cared for, pet”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *galьba (“caress”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղ-օն (geł-ōn), գեղաւն (geławn)
→ Armenian: գեղոն (gełon) (learned)

Greek:

Ancient Greek: χεῖλ-ος (kheîl-os), χῆλος (khêlos) — Doric, χέλλος (khéllos) — Aeolic
Greek: χείλος (cheílos)
⇒ Translingual: Rhacochilus

Proto-Slavic: *galъ (see there for further descendants)


gʷerH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
de:Brian D. Joseph

*gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay

Sanskrit: जरते (járate)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Persian: پراچی جر (parâči jar-)

*gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *barnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti

Sanskrit: गृणाति (gṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

desc

𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (auui gərəṇte)

*gʷer-s-

Proto-Albanian: *griś

Albanian: grish

*gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei

Latvian: dzir̃u

Lithuanian: gi̇̀rti

Old Prussian: girtwei

Proto-Slavic: *žьrti, *žerti; *žьrtva; *žьrьcь (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)

Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Albanian: *grah

Albanian: grah

(perhaps) *gʷerH-os

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gẽras

*gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htíṣ

Sanskrit: गूर्ति (gūrtí)

>? Proto-Italic: *gʷrāt(i)s (see there for further descendants)

*gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-

Proto-Celtic: *brātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grātu-

Latin: grātuītus

*gʷr̥H-í-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Híš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Híṣ

Sanskrit: गिरि (girí)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥Híš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: Βορέᾱς (Boréās, “north”)

*gʷorH-no-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno

Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)

Czech: hrany

Slovak: hrana

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrono

Lower Sorbian: grono

*gʷr̥H-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htás

Sanskrit: गूर्त (gūrtá)

Proto-Italic: *gʷrātos

Latin: grātus; grātia, grātiīs/grātīs (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: βρατωμ (bratōm) (in the neuter)

Paelignian: bratom (in the neuter)

*gʷérH-tōr ~ *gʷr̥H-tr-és (“praiser”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *jarHtā́

Sanskrit: जरिता (jaritā́)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬍-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbī-jar^ətā), 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbi-jar^ətā, “praiser; one who welcomes”).


*kéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaHyati

Sanskrit: कायमान (kā́yamāna, “desiring”, ptc.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *kaHyati

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (kaiiā, “to please”)

*ke-kóh₂-e ~ *ke-kh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakáy

Sanskrit: चके (caké, “to desire, like”)

Proto-Iranian: *čakáy

Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬈 (cakuše, “demanding”, ptc.pf.act.)

*k-né-h₂-ti ~ *k-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanHti (“to love, take pleasure in”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-ró-s, *kh₂-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kāˀras

Latvian: kārs (“lustful, desirous”)

⇒ Latvian: kārôt (“to desire”)

Proto-Celtic: *karos (“desired, loved”)

Proto-Germanic: *hōraz (“adulterer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kāros (“dear”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-tó-s, *kh₂-tó-s (“desired”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHtás

Proto-Iranian: *kaHtáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬁𐬙𐬀 (kāta, “desired”, ppp.)

⇒? Proto-Iranian: *kaHtakah

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kʾt, “game”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾtk' /kādag/, “game, joke”)

Parthian: 𐫀𐫀𐫃𐫀𐫅𐫃 (ʾʾgʾdg /āɣādaɣ/)

Sogdian: 𐼸𐼰𐽂𐼰𐼸 (kʾtʾk, “game, play”)

→ Tajik: кота (kota)

→ Shughni: кота̄ (kōtā)

*kéh₂-wr̥ ~ *kh₂-wéns

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauras

Proto-Slavic: *kurъ

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *kury (“whore”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóh₂-mo-s (“desire”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kṓmos

>? Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHmas m (“wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ten-

*ten-d-

*ten-gʰ-

*ten-s-

(possibly) *ten-h₂-

*tén-t ~ *tn-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *tenti

Old Irish: téit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátant

Sanskrit: अतन् (átan)

*tén-ye-ti (innovative ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *en-tenja

Albanian: ndej

Proto-Hellenic: *téňňō

Ancient Greek: τείνω (teínō)

*tn̥-é-ti (innovative zero-grade, thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintei

Latgalian: teit

Latvian: tît

Lithuanian: ti̇̀nti

*tn̥-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenḗˀtei

Lithuanian: tenė́ti (“thicken; clot”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: donēn

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tenēō
Faliscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕 (tenet)
Latin: teneō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖 (tenitu)

*tn̥-néw-ti ~ *tn̥-nw-énti (new-present)

*te-tón-e ~ *te-tn-ḗr (stative)

*ti-tn̥-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *titə́ňňō

Ancient Greek: τιταίνω (titaínō)

*ton-éye-ti (causative)

*tén-os ~ *tén-es-

*tén-tis

*tén-tlo-m, *tn̥-tló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintla-

Latvian: tìkls

Lithuanian: tiñklas

⇒ Old Prussian: sasintinklo

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántram

Sanskrit: तन्त्र (tántra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tánθram ~ *tā́nθram

Persian: تار (târ)

Tajik: тор (tor)

Yidgha: [script needed] (tūr)

Pashto: تور (tōr)

*tén-tu-s ~ *tn̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántuṣ

Sanskrit: तन्तु (tántu)

Proto-Italic: *tentos

Latin: tentus (see there for further descendants)

*-tn̥-nó-s, *-tn̥-nis (suffix denoting extent of time)

*tn̥-tós

*tón-os

*ton-sl-i

Proto-Italic: *tonslis

Latin: tōlēs, tonsillae

Unsorted formations

Proto-Slavic: *tenetò (see there for further descendants)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ttn' /tadan/)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


n̥h₂sú (locative plural)
n̥h₂séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Albanian: *noshë

>? Albanian: noçë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nāˀsis

Latvian: nāss

Lithuanian: nósis

Old Prussian: nozy

Proto-Italic: *nās

⇒ Proto-Italic: *nāzis

Latin: nāris (“nostril”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *nāssos

Latin: nāsus (“nose”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náHs (see there for further descendants)

nozdrà

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nasúsEast Baltic:Latgalian: nuoss (“nose”)Latvian: nāss (“nostril”)Lithuanian: nósis (“nose”)Samogitian: nuosės (“nose”)Proto-Slavic: *nȍsъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *nasją

cape, headland, foothill; see there for further descendants


-ō

-ō (nominative singular)
é-ō (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ones (nominative plural)
é-ones (nominative plural)
-on (singular vocative)
é-on (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ones (plural vocative)
é-ones (plural vocative)
-onm̥ (accusative singular)
é-onm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-onm̥s (accusative plural)
é-onm̥s (accusative plural)
-nés (genitive singular)
Ø-nés (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-nés (ablative singular)
Ø-nés (ablative singular)
-n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-néy (dative singular)
Ø-néy (dative singular)
-n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (dative plural)
-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō

Lithuanian: -uõ

Proto-Slavic: *-y (n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *-ū

Proto-Germanic: *-ô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ā

Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: -ō

gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō → *gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)

tḗtḱti (“to create”) + *-ō → *tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)

(s)kérti (“to cut”) + *-ō → *(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)

(productive) Forms so-called "individualizing" or "participant" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient from verbs.

h₂eḱs- + *-ō → *h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))

meh₂k- + *-ō → *méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)

(rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction.


negʷ-

*nogʷ-ó-s

*nogʷ-edʰ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *nogʷedos (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-ónt-

Proto-Germanic: *nakwadaz (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-nó-s

⇒? Proto-Armenian: *tukno-

Armenian: տկլոր (tklor) (highly hypothetical)

>? Proto-Germanic: *nakʷnaz

⇒ Old Norse: nakinn

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gonʷ-nó-s</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷomnós (< *gonʷ-nó-s)

Ancient Greek: γυμνός (gumnós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nagnás (see there for further descendants)

*negʷ-m-ont-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉈𒆪𒈠𒀭𒍝 (ne-ku-ma-an-za)

*nogʷ-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *noxtos (“naked”) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*nógʷt-s</i>

(possibly) *nókʷt-s (“night”) (< *nógʷt-s, see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *negʷ-ro-s

Pre-Armenian: *megʷ-ro-s

Old Armenian: մերկ (merk)

(perhaps) *negʷ-no-s

Old Armenian: լերկ (lerk)


nogʷós

non-ablauting (romanization)
nogʷós (nominative singular)
nogʷóes (nominative plural)
nogʷé (singular vocative)
nogʷóes (plural vocative)
nogʷóm (accusative singular)
nogʷóms (accusative plural)
nogʷósyo (genitive singular)
nogʷóHom (genitive plural)
nogʷéad (ablative singular)
nogʷómos (ablative plural)
nogʷóbʰos (ablative plural)
nogʷóey (dative singular)
nogʷómos (dative plural)
nogʷóbʰos (dative plural)
nogʷéy (locative singular)
nogʷóy (locative singular)
nogʷóysu (locative plural)
nogʷṓys (instrumental plural)
nogʷā́m (accusative singular)
nogʷóm (nominative singular)
nogʷóy (dual nominative)
nogʷóm (singular vocative)
nogʷóy (dual vocative)
nogʷóy (accusative dual)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nōˀgás
Latvian: nogs
Lithuanian: núogas
Proto-Slavic: *nȃgъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāgás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāgás

desc

Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá, “elephant”, literally “the hairless one”)

⇒ *nogʷ-éh₂-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *nakwōną (see there for further descendants)

From *negʷ- (“to be naked”) + *-ós (adjectival suffix).


*h₁ru-né-g-ti ~ *h₁ru-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐρῠγγᾰ́νω (erŭngắnō, “I belch”)

*h₁réwg-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráuˀgtei

Latvian: raûgt (“to pickle”)

Lithuanian: ráugti (“to leaven, pickle”)

Proto-Germanic: *reukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “I belch”)

Proto-Italic: *rougō

⇒ Latin: (ē)rūgō

Proto-Italic: *rougjō

Latin: rūgiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rauˀgas

Latvian: raûgs

Lithuanian: ráugas

Proto-Italic: *roug(s)mən ~ *rug(s)mən

Latin: rūmen (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ործամ (orcam), ործկամ (orckam, “vomit”)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առիւծ (aṙiwc, “lion”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rygati (“to belch”), *rigati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rū́ˀgtei

Latvian: rûgt (“to ferment”)

Lithuanian: rū́gti (“to turn sour, to regurgitate acid”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûgâtiês (“to belch”)

Lithuanian: ráugėti, riáugėti, ráugti, riáugti (“to belch”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: riáugėti, riáugsti (“to turn sour”)

Proto-Germanic: *rukatjaną

Old English: rocettan

Proto-Germanic: *raukijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raukiz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρυμαγδός (orumagdós)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: آروغ (“belch”)


*h₁lengʰ- (root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒅅𒍣 (li-ik-zi, “I swear”)

Germanic:

Old High German: antlingen (“I answer”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐλέγχω (elénkhō, “I revile, disgrace”)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ati (present tense declension)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *-āti
Brythonic: *-ọd
Old Irish: -aid

Proto-Germanic: *-ōną (present tense declension) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: -άω (-áō), -ῶ (-ô) (the uncontracted present tense declension -άω is the most conservative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *-āō
Latin: -ō, -āre (first conjugation, etymology 3) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-aHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-aHyáti

Sanskrit: -आयति (-āyáti), -आपयति (-āpayati) (with unexplained medial -p-) (see there for further descendants)

Innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem nominal suffix) + *-yéti (factitive verbal suffix). See also *-h₂ti.

Creates iterative, frequentative, or intensive verbs.


wétos

wétes- (oblique stem)
wétos (nominative singular)
wétōs (nominative plural)
wétos (singular vocative)
wétōs (plural vocative)
wétos (accusative singular)
wétōs (accusative plural)
wétesos (genitive singular)
wétesoHom (genitive plural)
wétesos (ablative singular)
wétesmos (ablative plural)
wétesbʰos (ablative plural)
wétesey (dative singular)
wétesmos (dative plural)
wétesbʰos (dative plural)
wétes (locative singular)
wétesi (locative singular)
wétesu (locative plural)
wétesmis (instrumental plural)
wétesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *weta

Albanian: vit, vjet

Proto-Hellenic: *wétos

Ancient Greek: ἔτος (étos), (dialectal) ϝέτος (wétos)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐀵 (we-to), 𐀸𐀳𐀂 (we-te-i)

Proto-Italic: *wetos, *wetezinos

Latin: vetus, veternus

Phrygian: ϝετει (wetei, dat.sg.)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *égʷēn

Ancient Greek: ἔβην (ébēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HágaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HágaHt

Sanskrit: अगात् (ágāt)

Proto-Iranian: *HágaHt

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬝 (gāt̰)

*gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi

Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi), βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti

Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)

*gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasĭ, Epic 3pl.), βέβηκᾰ (bébēkă) (reformed as k-perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt, 3sg.perf.opt.) (possibly a secondary formation)

Proto-Celtic: *bayeti

Old Irish: baïd

Proto-Hellenic:

(ἀμφισ)βητέω

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφισ)βητέω ((amphis)bētéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (συ)βωτέω ((su)bōtéō) (perhaps)

Proto-Celtic: *batos

Old Irish: at·bath

Old Irish: bath (“death”)

Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)

*gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós

Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)

*gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: կամն (kamn, “threshing sledge”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)

Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas

Proto-Slavic: *gazъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जगत् (jágat)

q

as in <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">स्वस्तिगा</i> (svastigā́)

Sanskrit: गा (gā, “going”) (as in स्वस्तिगा (svastigā́))

as in <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">सुग</i> (sugá)

Sanskrit: ग (ga) (as in सुग (sugá))

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.


Perhaps an s-stem *h₂eǵ-os ~ *h₂ǵ-es-os, from *h₂eǵ- (“drive”).

ahslō

shoulder; see there for further descendants

⇒ Tocharian B: amäkṣpänte

→? Tocharian B: *amäkṣa (or < *h₂em-h₂eḱs-ih₂)


(s)ker-

*(s)kerb-

*(s)kerdʰ-: see *(s)kérdʰh₁eti

*ker-p-

*(s)ker-s-

Proto-Tocharian: *kärst-

Tocharian A: kärṣt-

Tocharian B: kärst-

*(s)ker-t-

desc

Proto-Italic: *kertsnā (“portion; meal”)

Latin: cēna (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌍𐌖 (kersnu)

Umbrian: śesna

*(s)kr̥t-ó-m (or < *(s)kr̥-tó-m)

Proto-Italic: *skortom

Latin: scortum, scrōtum, (possibly) scrautum (see there for further descendants)

>? *(s)kort-ek-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥t-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥ttás

Sanskrit: कृत्त (kṛttá, “cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)

Unsorted formations

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *štšertja
Albanian: çars

Sanskrit: कर्तति (kartati, “cut”) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कृन्तति (kṛntáti, “cut”)

Sanskrit: कर्तनी (kartanī, “scissors”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kertte (“sword”)

*skr-éy-ti

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-bʰ-

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-p-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skrīpât

*(s)kr-ew-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūta

*(s)kr-ew-p-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūpus

*sker-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Albanian: *skera
Albanian: shqerr

Proto-Germanic: *skeraną (see there for further descendants)

*skér(H)-ti ~ *skr̥(H)-énti (root athematic present)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *skarati (“to sever, separate, divide”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker(H)-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skírˀtei (with evidence of a laryngeal?)

Latvian: sķir̃t

Lithuanian: ski̇̀rti (“to separate, distinguish”)

Proto-Hellenic: *keřřō

Ancient Greek: κείρω (keírō)

*(s)kér(H)-ō

desctree

Proto-Italic: *karō
Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: karneis (genitive singular)
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)

*skēr-is

Proto-Germanic: *skēriz (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mō

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kremō (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *kremy (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-ti-s ~ *(s)kr̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skurdiz (“cutting”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

Proto-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: कृति (kṛtí, “the act of hurting; knife, dagger”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *karā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skarā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *skora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarō (“division, portion”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *korā

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Germanic: *skaraz

Old English: scear

English: share

Old High German: skar

German: Schar

*(s)kor-mós

Proto-Hellenic: *kormós

desctree

Ancient Greek: κορμός (kormós)
Greek: κορμός (kormós)

*(s)kor-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártas

Proto-Slavic: *kõrtъ

q

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъkъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortъkъ (formed with *-ъkъ)

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-iti</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortiti (formed with *-iti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kartás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)kartás

desc

Sanskrit: कर्त (kartá, “cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)

*(s)kor-yo-

Proto-Italic: *korjom

Latin: corium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *krъtъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kortos

Latin: curtus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: çjerr, harr, thërras

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քերեմ (kʻerem), քերծեմ (kʻercem), քերթեմ (kʻertʻem), քորեմ (kʻorem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirst

Lithuanian: kirsti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirvis

Lithuanian: kirvis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kirves (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *korukos(see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skirmiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtijǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”)

desctree

Old Norse: skor
Danish: skår
Icelandic: skora
Norwegian: skòr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skår
Swedish: skåra
→ Old English: scoru
Middle English: score, scoore, skore
English: score
Yola: score

Proto-Germanic: *skuriz

Old Dutch: *skuri

Middle Dutch: schore, schuere

Dutch: scheur


(s)ker-

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυρτός (kurtós)

*(s)kr̥-wós

Proto-Italic: *korwos

Latin: curvus (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-kr̥- (duplicated)

Proto-Italic: *karkros, *kankros

Latin: carcer, cancer (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-k- (extended perhaps from reduplication *ke-ker- or *ki-ker-)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κίρκος (kírkos), κρίκος (kríkos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: circus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂ (extended)

>? Proto-Italic: *korteinā

Latin: cortīna (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-ew- (extended)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κορωνός (korōnós), κορώνη (korṓnē)

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Celtic: *koros

Old Irish: cor

⇒ Old Irish: ·cuirethar
Middle Irish: cuirid
Irish: cuir
Manx: cur, cuirr
Scottish Gaelic: cuir

*(s)kre-i- (extended)

*(s)krey-wos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kreiwás

Proto-Slavic: *krivъ

*(s)krey-n-yo-m

Proto-Italic: *skreiniom

Latin: scrīnium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kre-i-s- (extended)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crīnis, crista, crispus

*(s)kre-u-k- (extended)

Proto-Italic: *kruks

Latin: crux

*(s)kre-n-gʰ- (extended, nasalized)

Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇatti)

Sanskrit: क्रुञ्चति (kruñcati)

Sanskrit: क्रौञ्च (krauñca)


*kʷélh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tšela
Albanian: sjell

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélō

Ancient Greek: πέλω (pélō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čálHati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷelō

Latin: colō (see there for further descendants)

*kʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ kʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷalnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷéľľō

Ancient Greek: τέλλω (téllō)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷeléyyō

Ancient Greek: τελέω (teléō)

*kʷl̥h₁-ét ~ *kʷl̥h₁-ónt (thematic root aorist)

Proto-Albanian: *kla ~ *klend

Albanian: qe

*kʷélh₁-os ~ *kʷélh₁-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélos

Ancient Greek: τέλος (télos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷélus

Latin: colus

Proto-Celtic: *kʷolu- (“wheel”)

Middle Irish: cul

Proto-Italic: *-kʷelā

Latin: -cola

Proto-Italic: *kʷelōnos

Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)

Old Prussian: kelan

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷólos

Ancient Greek: πόλος (pólos)
Greek: πόλος (pólos)
→ Latin: polus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: kele (“navel, belly button”)

*kʷólh₁-os ~ *kʷólh₁-es-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas

Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)

*kʷé-kʷl-o-s (reduplicated noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷalis

desctree

Ancient Greek: πάλιν (pálin), πᾰ́λῐ (pắlĭ)
Greek: πάλι (páli)
→ Coptic: ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (palin)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: եղանիմ (ełanim) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-

desc

Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -κόλος (-kólos)

Ancient Greek: πάλαι (pálai)

Ancient Greek: -πόλος (-pólos)

Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चल (cala)

Proto-Tocharian: *käl-

Tocharian A: käl-

Tocharian B: käl-

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: klutk-

→? Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चर् (car), चल् (cal)

to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell


gerbʰ-

*gérbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kerbaną (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpʰō (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-tó-s

*gérbʰ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpmə

Ancient Greek: γράμμα (grámma)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *žerbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *žerbьjь (see there for further descendants)


(s)tewp-

*(s)téwp-e-ti ~ *(s)téwp-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)táwpati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)táwpati

Sanskrit: तोपति (tópati)

Proto-Iranian: *stáwpatī

Middle Persian: stwbynytn' (/stōwēnīdan/, “to defeat”)

*(s)tup-yé-ti ~ *(s)tup-yó-nti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian:

⇒ Albanian: përtyp (“to chew”), shtyp (“to press”)

Proto-Hellenic: *túpťō

Ancient Greek: τύπτω (túptō)

*(s)tup-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *stupēō

Latin: stupeō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuppōną (“to stop, close; to stop up, plug, stuff”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stoppōn (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *stuppijan (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *stupros (“struck, hit > dishonoured”)

⇒ Latin: stuprum (“dishonour”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύπος (túpos)

*(s)tup-os ~ *(s)tup-es-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύπος (stúpos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъpati

Old Church Slavonic: тъпати (tŭpati)

>? Proto-Germanic: *staupaz (“steep”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *steupa- (“step-”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοῦπος (doûpos), ἐρίγδουπος (erígdoupos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Middle Persian: stwb' (/stō/, “distressed, defeated”)

Classical Persian: ستوه (sutōh, “struck by strong negative emotion”)

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).


klep-

*klép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hlefaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klepō (see there for further descendants)

*klép-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *klépťō
Ancient Greek: κλέπτω (kléptō)
Greek: κλέβω (klévo)
Mariupol Greek: клэ́фту (kléftu)
⇒ English: kleptomania
⇒ French: cleptomanie

*klṓp-s

Proto-Hellenic: *klṓps

Ancient Greek: κλώψ (klṓps), Κύκλωψ (Kúklōps) (< *pḱú-klōps)

Italic:

Oscan: 𐌊𐌖𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌖 (kulupu) (gen. pl.)

Proto-Hellenic: *klopā́

Ancient Greek: κλοπή (klopḗ)

*klép-tu-s ~ *kl̥p-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *hleftuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *klepa

Albanian: qep, qafë


yókʷr̥

yókʷr̥ (nominative singular)
yékʷōr (collective nominative)
yókʷr̥ (singular vocative)
yékʷōr (collective vocative)
yókʷr̥ (accusative singular)
yékʷōr (accusative collective)
yékʷn̥s (genitive singular)
ikʷnés (collective genitive)
yékʷn̥s (ablative singular)
ikʷnés (ablative collective)
yékʷney (dative singular)
ikʷnéy (collective dative)
yékʷn̥ (locative singular)
yékʷni (locative singular)
ikʷén (collective locative)
ikʷéni (collective locative)
yékʷn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
yékʷr̥ (nominative singular)
yékʷr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
yékʷr̥ (singular vocative)
yékʷr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
yékʷr̥ (accusative singular)
yékʷr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
ikʷéns (genitive singular)
ikʷénoHom (genitive plural)
ikʷéns (ablative singular)
ikʷénmos (ablative plural)
ikʷénbʰos (ablative plural)
ikʷéney (dative singular)
ikʷénmos (dative plural)
ikʷénbʰos (dative plural)
ikʷén (locative singular)
ikʷéni (locative singular)
ikʷénsu (locative plural)
ikʷénmis (instrumental plural)
ikʷénbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *yékʷr̥ ~ *ikʷanós

desc

Luwian: [script needed] (ikkwar /ik-ku-wa-a[r]/)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լեարդ (leard) (unexplained initial l-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ikʷūr (< *yékʷōr (collective))

Middle Irish: iuchair (“roe”)

Proto-Hellenic: *yêkʷər

Ancient Greek: ἧπαρ (hêpar) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yákr̥ ~ *yaknás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jekʷor

Latin: iecur, iocur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäkʷär

Tocharian A: ykär

Tocharian B: yakär

From *(H)yekʷ- (“liver”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

suffix

lagno

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaknā́ˀ, *jeknā́ˀ (“liver”); Old Prussian


Hyekʷ-

*Hyékʷr̥


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որբ (orb) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arbas

Proto-Slavic: *orbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀρφανός (orphanós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *orβos

Latin: orbus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárbʰas (see there for further descendants)

q

→ Proto-Uralic: *orpa (or independently loaned into some branches)

Proto-Samic: *oarpēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: уроз (uroz)

Moksha: уроз (uroz)

Proto-Finnic: *orpoi (see there for further descendants)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: йәӈкурвы (jəṇkurwy)

Hungarian: árva

From *h₃erbʰ- (“to change allegiance, status, ownership”) + *-os.


*h₃erbʰ- (root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫarp-, “to change allegiance or status”)

Proto-Celtic: *orbyom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbiją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *orβis

Latin: orbis

⇒ Proto-Italic: *orβetā

Latin: orbita

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌓𐌚𐌄𐌕𐌀 (urfeta)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *ɸare-orbyeti (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: erbaid
Irish: earb
Scottish Gaelic: earb

Proto-Germanic: *arbaidiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbijô (see there for further descendants)

to turn (whence also the secondary meanings)

(Celtic, Germanic) inheritance (i.e. to change ownership)


-yōs

--yōs (canonical)
-(é)-yōs (nominative singular)
-(é)-yoses (nominative plural)
-(é)-yos (singular vocative)
-(é)-yoses (plural vocative)
-(é)-yosm̥ (accusative singular)
-(é)-yosm̥s (accusative plural)
-(é)-isos (genitive singular)
-(é)-isoHom (genitive plural)
-(é)-isos (ablative singular)
-(é)-ismos (ablative plural)
-(é)-isbʰos (ablative plural)
-(é)-isey (dative singular)
-(é)-ismos (dative plural)
-(é)-isbʰos (dative plural)
-(é)-yes (locative singular)
-(é)-yesi (locative singular)
-(é)-isu (locative plural)
-(é)-ismis (instrumental plural)
-(é)-isbʰis (instrumental plural)
-(é)-yos (nominative singular)
-(é)-yōs (nominative plural)
-(é)-yōs (plural vocative)
-(é)-yos (accusative singular)
-(é)-yōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas

Proto-Slavic: *-jьjь (accusative *-jьšь)

Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam

Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: -iu

Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yas

Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas), -ईयस् (-īyas) (< *-Hyas)

Proto-Iranian: *-yah

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)

Proto-Italic: *-jōs

Latin: -ior

For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective. This suffix was possibly innovated after Anatolian and Tocharian split off.

Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

-em

Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos; Old Irish

see there for further descendants; in e.g. nesimei

Proto-Italic: *-isVmosLatin: -issimusOscan: -𐌉𐌌-Umbrian: -im-


Proto-Germanic: *swōtizô (from extended variant *-is-ō)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́ďďōs

Ancient Greek: ἡδίων (hēdíōn) (from extended variant *-is-ō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdyas

Sanskrit: स्वादीयस् (svā́dīyas)

Proto-Italic: *swādwiōs

Latin: suāvior

From *sweh₂d- (“sweet”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).


kʷóteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
kʷóteros (nominative singular)
kʷóteroes (nominative plural)
kʷótere (singular vocative)
kʷóteroes (plural vocative)
kʷóterom (accusative singular)
kʷóteroms (accusative plural)
kʷóterosyo (genitive singular)
kʷóteroHom (genitive plural)
kʷóteread (ablative singular)
kʷóteromos (ablative plural)
kʷóterobʰos (ablative plural)
kʷóteroey (dative singular)
kʷóteromos (dative plural)
kʷóterobʰos (dative plural)
kʷóterey (locative singular)
kʷóteroy (locative singular)
kʷóteroysu (locative plural)
kʷóterōys (instrumental plural)
kʷóterām (accusative singular)
kʷóterom (nominative singular)
kʷóteroy (dual nominative)
kʷóterom (singular vocative)
kʷóteroy (dual vocative)
kʷóteroy (accusative dual)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որ (or, “which?”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kat(e)ras

Latgalian: kotrys

Latvian: katrs

Lithuanian: katràs, kataràs

Proto-Slavic: *koterъjь, *kotorъjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

q

⇒ Old Irish: nechtar (“one of two”) (+ *ne- (“not”), with denegativisation as in nech (“someone”))

Proto-Germanic: *hwaþeraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóteros

Ancient Greek: πότερος (póteros)

Ionic Greek: κότερος (kóteros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *katarás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás

Sanskrit: कतर (katará)

Proto-Iranian: *katarás

desc

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬌𐬝 (katārascit̰, “each of the two”) < *kʷoteros-kʷid

Proto-Italic: *kʷoteros (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: koteras

From the interrogative determiner *kʷos (“which, what”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).

affix

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


meyḱ-

*méyḱ-t ~ *miḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔμῐκτο (émĭkto), ἔμειξᾰ (émeixă)

*miḱ-sḱé-ti (*sḱé- inchoative present)

Proto-Celtic: *miskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *miskijaną (< *mihsk-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίσγω (mísgō, “mix”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *miśćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *miśćáti

desc

Sanskrit: मिच्छति (miccháti, “to agitate”)

⇒ Sanskrit: मिच्छमान (micchámāna, “agitated”, present mediopassive participle)

Proto-Iranian: *āmayxš-, *wimayxš- (< *meyǵ-)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾ(ʾ)myxs-, “to be mixed”) (Manichaean), [script needed] (gwmyxs-, “to be mixed, mingled”) (Manichaean)

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾmyxs-, “to be mixed with”), [script needed] (wmyxs-, “to be mixed”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (wmxsk)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *mikskō
Latin: misceō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *miḱ-sḱ-

*miḱ-sḱ-ó/éh₂- (deverbative from the present)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *miskos (“mixed, confused”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prōmiscus, prōmiscuus

*moyḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂- (o-grade deverbative from the present)

Proto-Germanic: *maiskaz (“mixture”), *maiskō (“mixture”), *maiską (“mixture”) (see there for further descendants)

*moyḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *máiśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*méyḱ-s- (*s- desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείξω (meíxō, “will mix”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayćšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mayṭṣáyati

Sanskrit: मेक्षयति (mekṣáyati, “mix”)

*meyḱ-ye- (innovative *ye- present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miēši (“dilute, mix, ferment, sweeten”)

*mi-né-ḱ- (innovative *né- present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mi̇̀šti

*mi-néw-ḱ- (innovative *new- present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείγνῡμῐ (meígnūmĭ), μῐ́γνῡμῐ (mĭ́gnūmĭ)

Greek: μιγνύω (mignýo)

*méyḱ-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miśtis

Lithuanian: mi̇̀šti

Proto-Hellenic: *míktis

Ancient Greek: μῐ́ξῐς (mĭ́xĭs, “mixing”) (also μῖξῐς (mîxĭs) and μεῖξῐς (meîxĭs) by analogy)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *míštiš

Proto-Iranian: *míštiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌 (mišti, “confusedly”)

*miḱ-rós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miśras

Lithuanian: mi̇̀šras (“mixed”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mićrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayȷ́-

Proto-Iranian: *āmayj-, *Hwimayȷ́-

(possibly) Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: ызмис (yzmis, “sand”)

Iron Ossetian: ӕзменсӕ (æzmensæ, “sand”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾmyc- /āmēz-/, “to mix”), [script needed] (gwmyc- /gumēz-/, “to mix, mingle”), [script needed] (ʾmyc /āmiz/, “a certain dish containing game meat”, literally “mixture”), [script needed] (ʾ(ʾ)myz-, “to mix”) (Manichaean) (see there for further descendants)

Persian: آمیختن (âmixtan, “to mix”), آمیغ (âmeġ, “mixture”)

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾmyj- /āmēž-/, “to mix”)

Proto-Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ئامێژەن (amêjen, “mixing”)


deḱ-

*déḱ-t ~ *dḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔδεκτο (édekto)

Homeric Greek: δέκτο (dékto)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀒𐀵 (de-ko-to /dekto/)

*dḗḱ-ti ~ *déḱ-n̥ti (athematic Narten present) or *dé-deḱ-ti ~ *dé-dḱ-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)

⇒ *dēḱ-wéh₂

Proto-Germanic: *tēwō (“order, array”) < *tēgwō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *dēḱ-w-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaną (“to order, arrange”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaz (“ordered, ranked, classed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deśitei

Proto-Slavic: *desiti (“find, encounter”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέχομαι (dékhomai)

Ionic, Aeolic, Cretan Greek: δέκομαι (dékomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ćti (“to worship”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́ṣṭi

Sanskrit: दाष्टि (dā́ṣṭi), दाश्ति (dā́śti)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́šti (“to honor”)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬀- (dāšta-, “worshipped”, verbal adjective)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dāś-, “to receive with honor”) (or borrowed from Sanskrit)

*dḱ-néw-ti ~ *dḱ-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāćnáwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāśnáwti

Sanskrit: दाश्नोति (dāśnóti, “attends, reveres”)

*de-dóḱ-e ~ *de-dḱ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδεξο (dédexo)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadā́ća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadā́śa

Sanskrit: ददाश (dadā́śa)

Proto-Italic: *dedokai (see there for further descendants)

*dḱ-eh₁-(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *dekēō
Latin: decet (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌉𐌜𐌉𐌕 (tiçit, 3rd singular present indicative)

*di-dḱ-sé-ti (reduplicated desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHćšáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHṭṣáti

desc

Sanskrit: दीक्षते (dīkṣáte, “dedicates oneself”)

*di-dḱ-sḱé-ti (reduplicated sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Italic: *diskō

Latin: discō (“learn”) (see there for further descendants)

*doḱ-éye-ti (causative)

The LIV assigns Hittite 𒁕𒀀𒀝𒆠 (da-a-ak-ki /dākki/), 𒋫𒀝𒆠 (ta-ak-ki /dakki/, “resembles”, 3rd person singular present active), 𒈭𒃷𒍣 (ták-kán-zi /takkanzi/, “resemble”, 3rd person plural present active) and Ancient Greek δοκέω (dokéō, “think, suppose”) to this root. Kloekhorst rejects this in favor of *doᵏ/_ḱh₁éy, *doᵏ/_ḱh₁énti. Beekes prefers to think of δοκέω (dokéō) as reflecting a deverbative derivation from δέχομαι (dékhomai).

*dḱ-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεκτός (dektós)

*deḱ-no

Proto-Italic: *dek-no

Latin: dignus

*doḱ-o-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοκός (dokós)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοχή (dokhḗ)

→ Latin: doga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δόξᾰ (dóxă)

*dóḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δόγμα (dógma)

*déḱ-os ~ *déḱ-es- (“what is proper”)

*déḱ-ōs ~ *déḱ-es-

Proto-Italic: *dekōs

Latin: decor

*déḱ-s-

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱm̥t/*ḱómt</i> (“hand”)

*déḱm̥ (“ten”) (+ *ḱm̥t/*ḱómt (“hand”))

Proto-Germanic: *tehwō (“order, array”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *tehwōną

*dēḱ-wós

Sanskrit: दा॒श्वान् (dāśvā́n)

Ancient Greek: ἀ-δηκότες (a-dēkótes)


déḱos

déḱes- (oblique stem)
déḱos (nominative singular)
déḱōs (nominative plural)
déḱos (singular vocative)
déḱōs (plural vocative)
déḱos (accusative singular)
déḱōs (accusative plural)
déḱesos (genitive singular)
déḱesoHom (genitive plural)
déḱesos (ablative singular)
déḱesmos (ablative plural)
déḱesbʰos (ablative plural)
déḱesey (dative singular)
déḱesmos (dative plural)
déḱesbʰos (dative plural)
déḱes (locative singular)
déḱesi (locative singular)
déḱesu (locative plural)
déḱesmis (instrumental plural)
déḱesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *dekos (“esteem, honor”)

Old Irish: dech (“better”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ćas, *daćasyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́śas, *daśasyáti

desc

Sanskrit: दाश् (dā́ś, “worship veneration”), दशस्यति (daśasyáti, “offer, present”) (< denominal causative *déḱes-ye-)

Proto-Italic: *dekos

Latin: decus


sóḱr̥

sḱén- (oblique stem)
sóḱr̥ (nominative singular)
sḱṓr (collective nominative)
sóḱr̥ (singular vocative)
sḱṓr (collective vocative)
sóḱr̥ (accusative singular)
sḱṓr (accusative collective)
sḱéns (genitive singular)
sḱnés (collective genitive)
sḱéns (ablative singular)
sḱnés (ablative collective)
sḱéney (dative singular)
sḱnéy (collective dative)
sḱén (locative singular)
sḱéni (locative singular)
sḱén (collective locative)
sḱéni (collective locative)
sḱénh₁ (instrumental singular)
sḱnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒋼𒀀 (ša-ak-kar /šakkar/), 𒍝𒀝𒋼𒀀 (za-ak-kar /zakkar/, “excrement, dung, feces”, nom.-acc.sg.)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sãrņi (“dung”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *skarędъ

Proto-Germanic: *skarną

Proto-Hellenic: *skṓr

Ancient Greek: σκῶρ (skôr, “dung”) (< collective, genitive σκᾰτός < *sḱn̥-t-ós)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀- (saⁱriia-, “dung”)

(possibly) Italic: *(s)ker-d-

Latin: -cerda (“feces”) (De Vaan prefers *(s)ker- / *(s)kerdʰ- (“to cut off”))

Klimp suggests *sók(H)r̥, deriving from the root *sekH- (“to separate, cut off, distinguish”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).


swépnos

non-ablauting (romanization)
swépnos (nominative singular)
swépne (singular vocative)
swépnom (accusative singular)
swépnosyo (genitive singular)
swépnead (ablative singular)
swépnoey (dative singular)
swépney (locative singular)
swépnoy (locative singular)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*swópnos</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (< *swópnos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swefnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swepnos

Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣw’äpäne, *ṣw’äpne

Tocharian A: ṣpäṃ

Tocharian B: ṣpane


wéyh₁ō

Disputed; possibly from *weh₁y- (“to twist; to wrap”) + *-ō, compare Ancient Greek ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”), from *wih₁-ḗn, and Latin vītis (“vine”), from *wéh₁itis, or perhaps borrowed from either Proto-West Semitic *wayn- or Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwino-, if those terms are not instead borrowings of the Proto-Indo-European. Possibly all ultimately borrowed from an unattested Mediterranean substrate language.

Old Armenian: գինիArmenian: գինի

Proto-Armenian: *ɣʷeinyo- (or from *wóyh₁n-o-s)

→ Proto-Celtic: *wīnom

Latin: vīnum (see there for further descendants)

verë

Proto-Albanian: *wainā or *woinā; Albanian

→? Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣwino-

possibly via Armenian; see there for further descendants


*bʰeh₂g-t (zero-grade athematic root aorist)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate, devoured ← *I received a share”)

*bʰeh₂g-s-(éye-)ti (zero-grade sigmatic aorist/desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰakšás, *bʰakšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰakṣás, *bʰakṣáyati

Sanskrit: भक्ष (bhakṣá, “food, drink, delight”), भक्षयति (bhakṣáyati, “to consume”)

Pali: bhakkha

Proto-Iranian: *baxšáh (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬱 (baxš)

Middle Persian: bhš- (baxš-)

Persian: بخشیدن (baxšidan), بخش (baxš)

Talysh: baxşiye

→ Old Armenian: բաշխեմ (bašxem), բաշխ (bašx)

*bʰéh₂g-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: भजति (bhájati)

Proto-Iranian: *báǰati (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬲 (baž)

→ Old Armenian: բաժանեմ (bažanem, “to divide”), բաժին (bažin, “portion”), բաժակ (bažak, “cup”)

⇒ Iranian: *bāǰím (“tribute, tax”)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶 (b-a-ji-m /bājim/)

Middle Persian: bʾc (bāj)

Persian: باج (bâj), باژ (bâž)

→ Old Armenian: բաժ (baž)

→ Old Georgian: ბაჟი (baži)

*bʰoh₂g-éye-ti (o-grade with causative suffix -éye)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati)

Pali: bhājeti

*bʰeh₂g-(e)h₂ (feminine or collective)

Armenian:

qual

alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*bʰāgás</i>

>? Old Armenian: բակ (bak, “courtyard; sheep pen; sun or moon halo ← *landed allotment, encircled estate”) (alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate *bʰāgás)

*bʰoh₂g-ó-s m (“portion, share”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰagás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂g-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂g-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaktíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: भक्ति (bhaktí, “distribution, partition, separation”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóh₂g-s ~ *bʰéh₂g-s (“allotment”, athematic noun)

>? Proto-Germanic: *bōks (“book < *letter, writing < *identifying marks”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *pāke (“part, portion, share, piece”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

Tocharian A: pāk

Tocharian B: pāke

Proto-Slavic: *bogъ (“share, god”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂r̥ǵ-ént-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-n̥t-és

*h₂r̥ǵn̥t-ó-m (“silver”)

*h₂érǵ-os ~ *h₂érǵ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *árgos

Ancient Greek: Ἄργος (Árgos)

Proto-Hellenic: *-argḗs

Ancient Greek: ἐν-αργής (en-argḗs)

*h₂érǵ-i-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-éy-s

Proto-Anatolian: *Hárǵis

Hittite: 𒄯𒆠𒅖 (ḫarkiš), 𒄯𒅗𒅖 (ḫarkaiš, “white, bright”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́i-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́i-

Sanskrit: ऋजिश्वन् (ṛji-śvan)

Proto-Hellenic: *argi-

Ancient Greek: ἀργί-πους (argí-pous)

(possibly) *h₂r̥ǵipyós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Sanskrit: ऋजिप्य (ṛjipyá)

Proto-Hellenic: *argipiós

Ancient Greek: αἰγυπιός (aigupiós), ἀργιόπους (argiópous)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: արծուի (arcui)

Proto-Germanic: *arkrą, *akrą (“type of metal”)

Proto-West Germanic: *arkr, *akr

Old Dutch: *akar

Middle Dutch: *acker

Dutch: aecker (archaic)

q

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *arkanaz (“genuine, pure”) (or more likely *erknaz, from *h₁erg- ~ *h₁erǵ-)

Old English: eorcan, eorcnan, earcnan (in compounds)

Old High German: erchan

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐍃 (airkns)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἀργός (argós, “white, bright”) (earlier *ἀργρός (*argrós))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́rás (“red, reddish”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́rás

Sanskrit: ऋज्र (ṛjrá)

Proto-Italic: *argus

⇒? Proto-Italic: *arguō (denominative)

Latin: arguō (“to make clear”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂érǵ-u-nom or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárȷ́unam (“silver, white”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárȷ́unam

Sanskrit: अर्जुन (árjuna)

→ Hindi: अर्जुन (arjun)

Pali: ajjuna

Bengali: অজ্জুন (ojjun)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀡 (ajjuṇa)

*h₂érǵ-u-ros or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄργυρος (árguros, “silver”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārkwi (“white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *argyos (“white”) (reconstruction uncertain)

>? Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Gaulish: *argios

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalos?

→ Latin: Argiotalus (given name)

*h₂érǵ-nōw ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-nw-ós

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫargnau-, “palm (of hand), sole (of foot)”)

Proto-Hellenic: *argḗts

Ancient Greek: ἀργής (argḗs)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: արծնեմ (arcnem)

Old Armenian: արծարծեմ (arcarcem)


(s)tewd-

*stud-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *studēō

Latin: studeō

*tud-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *tudeti

desctree

Old Irish: do·tuit
Middle Irish: do·fuit, ·tuit
Irish: tuit, tit
Manx: tuitt
Scottish Gaelic: tuit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tudáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tudáti

Sanskrit: तुदति (tudáti)

*tu-né-d-ti ~ *tu-n-d-énti (nasal infix present)

⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”) (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: tund

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թնդամ (tʻndam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti

Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)

Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)

Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /tund/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /tund/)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: توند (tund)

Northern Kurdish: tund

Zazaki: tun

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tundō

*stówd-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *stautaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)te-(s)tówd-e ~ *(s)te-(s)tud-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwda

Sanskrit: तुतोद (tutóda)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tutudī

*towd-ó-s (“driver”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawdás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawdás

Sanskrit: तोद (todá)

*téwd-ti-s ~ *tud-téy-s

Italic:

Latin: tussis

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *stūdnja

Albanian: shtyj

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Τυδεύς (Tudeús), Τυνδάρεος (Tundáreos)

Italic:

Latin: tudes, tuditō, studium


(s)tewg-

*(s)téwg-t ~ *(s)tug-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστῠγον (éstŭgon)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुजन्ति (tujánti)

*(s)tug-éye-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *stugéō

Ancient Greek: στῠγέω (stŭgéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: तुजयत् (tujáyat)

*(s)tu-né-g-ti ~ *(s)tu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *exs-stungeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tunǰánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tunȷ́ánti

Sanskrit: तुञ्जन्ति (tuñjánti), तुञ्जते (tuñjáte)

*stúg-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύξ (stúx), Ancient Greek: Στύξ (Stúx)

*stug-os ~ *stug-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύγος (stúgos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *stukkaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stukkiją (see there for further descendants)


(s)tewk-

*tuk-id-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *tukíďďō

Ancient Greek: τυκίζω (tukízō, “to clench; to work stone, polish (stone)”)

*túk-os

Proto-Hellenic: *túkos

Ancient Greek: τύκος (túkos, “pick, poleaxe, hammer”)

*tuk-slo-

Proto-Celtic: *tullos (“pierced, perforated”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: taucêt (“to pound, beat”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tūkât (“to press, knead”)

Proto-Slavic: *tъkàti (“to prick, pierce”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tukstēt (“to beat”)


(s)tew-

*(s)tewd-

*(s)tewg-

*(s)tewk-

*(s)tewp-


Proto-Albanian: *apa
Albanian: pa

>? Proto-Anatolian: (< *h₂opo)

Hittite: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (āppa)

Luwian: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (āppa)

Proto-Germanic: *ab (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *apó

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἀπό (apó), ἀπ’ (ap’) — apocopic, ἀφ’ (aph’) — apocopic, before vowel with rough breathing, ἀπύ (apú) — Aeolic, Arcadocypriot
Greek: από (apó)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hapá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ab

Latin: ab (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: 𐌀𐌐𐌀 (apa, “from, out of, by”)

afër

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *apsera (< *h₂ep-s-ero-); Albanian


h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pa

Latvian: pa

Lithuanian: pa-

Old Prussian: pa-, po-

Proto-Slavic: *po (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸo

Proto-Brythonic: *o (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *po

Latin: po-


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ան- (an-)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: anë, -aj

Proto-Italic: *ana-Oscan: ανα-Umbrian: 𐌀𐌍-

onṣä

above; see there for further descendants


-ōs

-ōs (nominative singular)
é-ōs (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-oses (nominative plural)
é-oses (nominative plural)
-os (singular vocative)
é-os (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-oses (plural vocative)
é-oses (plural vocative)
-osm̥ (accusative singular)
é-osm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-osm̥s (accusative plural)
é-osm̥s (accusative plural)
-sés (genitive singular)
Ø-sés (genitive singular)
-sóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-sóHom (genitive plural)
-sés (ablative singular)
Ø-sés (ablative singular)
-smós (ablative plural)
Ø-smós (ablative plural)
-sbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-sbʰós (ablative plural)
-séy (dative singular)
Ø-séy (dative singular)
-smós (dative plural)
Ø-smós (dative plural)
-sbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-sbʰós (dative plural)
-és (locative singular)
Ø-és (locative singular)
-ési (locative singular)
Ø-ési (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
Ø-sú (locative plural)
Ø-séh₁ (instrumental singular)
-smís (instrumental plural)
Ø-smís (instrumental plural)
-sbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-sbʰís (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: some -ως (-ōs)/ -ώς (-ṓs) (ἠώς f (ēṓs), αἰδώς f (aidṓs), γέλως m (gélōs))

Proto-Italic: *-ōs

Latin: -or

From *(é)-os-s from *(é)-os (neuter s-stem) + *-s (non-neuter nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonant /s/ and compensatory lengthening. Compare *-yōs.

af

Creates masculine and feminine action nouns or result nouns from verbs.


(s)mer-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smar- (see there for further descendants)

*si-smér-ti ~ *si-smr-énti (reduplicated present)

q

possibly, though Beekes prefers <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*seh₁y-</i> (“bond”)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly, though Beekes prefers *seh₁y- (“bond”))

Ancient Greek: ῑ̔μείρω (hīmeírō)

Aeolic Greek: ἰμέρρω (imérrhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sišmárti

Proto-Iranian: *hišmárti

desc

𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙 (aⁱpi hišmaraṇt, red.pres.part.)

*smér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smárati (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mor-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smāráyati

Sanskrit: स्मारयति (smāráyati)

Proto-Iranian: *(s)māráyati

Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (māraiieⁱti)

*(s)mr̥-néh₂-ti ~ *(s)mr̥-nh₂-énti

Proto-Germanic: *murnaną (“to mourn, grieve, feel sorrow”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *murnaz (“troubled, worried”)

Proto-West Germanic: *murn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *morā

Latin: mora

*(s)me-(s)mor-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: memor

*(s)me-(s)mr-os

Proto-Germanic: *mimraz

(perhaps) *(s)mer-(s)mer-os

Proto-Hellenic: *mérmeros

Ancient Greek: μέρμερος (mérmeros)

(perhaps) *(s)mer-i-mn-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *mérimnā

Ancient Greek: μέριμνα (mérimna)

(perhaps) *(s)mr̥-t-ur-os or *(s)mr̥-tu-ros

Proto-Hellenic: *mə́rturos

Ancient Greek: μάρτυρος (márturos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *maimrōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mīmrōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mīmraz (“mindful”) (see there for further descendants)

to fall into thinking, remember, care for


(s)mer-

*se-smór-e ~ *se-sm̥r-ḗr

Proto-Hellenic: *héhmore

Ancient Greek: ἔμμορε (émmore)

Ionic Greek: εἵμαρται (heímartai)

*(s)mér-ye-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)méřřomai

Ancient Greek: μείρομαι (meíromai)

Proto-Italic: *merēō

Latin: mereō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mér-os ~ *(s)mér-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)méros

Ancient Greek: μέρος (méros)

*(s)mór-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)móros

Ancient Greek: μόρος (móros)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)móřřa

desctree

Ancient Greek: μοῖρᾰ (moîră), μοῖρ’ (moîr’) — apocopic
Greek: μοίρα (moíra)
→ English: moirail
→ English: moirocaust

*(s)mr̥-s-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *marstos, *marstis

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: marzh

Cornish: marth

Middle Welsh: marth

Middle Irish: mart, mairt

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *mar(en)

Albanian: marr (I take)


-oyéti

-oyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
-oyési (indicative present second-person singular)
-oyés (indicative past second-person singular)
-oyé (imperative second-person singular)
-oyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-oyóys (optative second-person singular)
-oyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-oyét (indicative past singular third-person)
-oyétu (imperative singular third-person)
-oyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyt (optative singular third-person)
-oyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-oyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-oyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-oyóywe (dual first-person optative)
-oyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-oyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-oyétom (dual imperative second-person)
-oyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-oyóytom (dual optative second-person)
-oyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-oyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-oyétām (dual imperative third-person)
-oyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-oyóytām (dual optative third-person)
-oyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-oyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-oyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-oyóyme (first-person optative plural)
-oyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-oyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-oyéte (imperative plural second-person)
-oyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-oyóyte (optative plural second-person)
-oyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-oyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-oyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-oyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-oyónts (indicative participle present)
-oyéso (imperative second-person singular)
-oyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-oyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-oyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyto (optative singular third-person)
-oyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-oyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-oyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyro (optative plural third-person)
-oyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Anatolian: *-oyéti
Hittite: -𒀀𒀀𒄑𒍣 (-a-a-iz-zi /-āitsi/)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ajaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *-āną (< *-ajaną) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-óyō?

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō)

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


welH-

*wélH-ti ~ *wl̥H-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: veļt

Latvian: velt (“to roll, felt”)

Lithuanian: vélti (“to felt, tousle”)

Proto-Germanic: *wulaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wélH-w-ti</i>

Uses <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*o</i>-grade for lemma consistency.

Proto-Italic: *wolwō (< *wélH-w-ti) (Uses *o-grade for lemma consistency.)

Latin: volvō (“to roll, tumble”) (see there for further descendants)

*wé-wolH-ti ~ *wé-wl̥H-n̥ti (e-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *wallaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)

*wolH-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *valiti (“to fall”) (see there for further descendants)

*wélH-de-ti

Proto-Germanic: *weltaną (“to roll”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waltijaną (“to cause to roll about”, secondary causative)

*wl̥H-mí-s (“wave”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥Hmíš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *walwā

Albanian: valle (“fold dance”)

Proto-Albanian: *walā

Albanian: valë (“wave”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գելում (gelum, “to twist”), գիլ (gil, “rolling”), գալար (galar, “twist”), գաղձն (gałjn, “convolvulus”), գեղձ (gełj, “bindweed”), (possibly) գողտր (gołtr, “mild”)

Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

Latgalian: vēļ

Latvian: vēl (“yet, still”)

Lithuanian: vėl (“again”)

Slavic:

Russian: вал (val, “billow”)

Proto-Celtic: *walensnā

Proto-Brythonic: *gwalenn

Middle Breton: goalenn (“green twig”)

Breton: gwalenn

Proto-Celtic: *welnīti

Old Irish: fillid (“to bend”)

Irish: fill, pill (Ulster)

Manx: fill

Scottish Gaelic: fill

Proto-Germanic: *waluz (“stick”), *wiligaz (“willow”), *walwijaną (“to roll”), *walkaną (“to turn, walk”), *walkōną (“to roll, to full”), *walgōną (“to roll”), *wallijǭ (“well; wave”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐλύω (elúō), εἴλω (eílō), εἰλύω (eilúō), ἕλιξ (hélix), εἰλεός (eileós), ἴλη (ílē), ὅλμος (hólmos), ἀολλέες (aollées) (< *sm̥wolnēs), ᾱ̔λής (hālḗs) (< *sm̥wl̥ēs), ᾱ̔λίζω (hālízō), ᾱ̔λίᾱ (hālíā), ἡλιαίᾱ (hēliaíā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: उल्ब (úlba), उल्व (úlva)

Sanskrit: वलय (valaya, “coil”)

Sanskrit: वलयति (valayati, “to cause to turn”)

Sanskrit: वल्लि (valli, “creeper; winding plant”)

Proto-Italic: *wolwumen, *wolgos, *wolwā

Latin: valgus, vallis, vallum, valva, volumen, vulgus, vulva (see there for further descendants)


bʰébʰrus

bʰébʰr- (oblique stem)
bʰébʰrus (nominative singular)
bʰébʰrewes (nominative plural)
bʰébʰru (singular vocative)
bʰébʰrewes (plural vocative)
bʰébʰrum (accusative singular)
bʰébʰrums (accusative plural)
bʰebʰréws (genitive singular)
bʰebʰréwoHom (genitive plural)
bʰebʰréws (ablative singular)
bʰebʰrúmos (ablative plural)
bʰebʰrúbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰebʰréwey (dative singular)
bʰebʰrúmos (dative plural)
bʰebʰrúbʰos (dative plural)
bʰebʰréw (locative singular)
bʰebʰréwi (locative singular)
bʰebʰrúsu (locative plural)
bʰebʰrúmis (instrumental plural)
bʰebʰrúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bébrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bebrus

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: beuer

Welsh: befer

Old Irish: Bibar

→? Late Latin: beber (see there for further descendants)

→? Latin: Bibracte

Proto-Germanic: *bebruz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰábʰruš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *febros

Latin: fiber

Possibly from *bʰerH- (“brown”) via a reduplicated form *bʰebʰr(H)-, although Ringe (2006:106) doubts that such a word existed.


tridḱómt

Albanian: tridhjetë

Proto-Armenian: (< *trīḱomt)

Old Armenian: երեսուն (eresun)

Armenian: երեսուն (eresun)

Proto-Celtic: *trīkonts (see there for further descendants) (< *trīḱomt)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τριάκοντα (triákonta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *triHćát (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: trīgintā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *täryākā

Tocharian A: taryāk

Tocharian B: täryāka


kʷétwr̥dḱomt

Proto-Armenian: (< *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt)

Old Armenian: քառասուն (kʻaṙasun)

Armenian: քառասուն (kʻaṙasun)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷetrVkonts

desctree

Old Irish: cethorcho
Middle Irish: cethracha
Irish: ceathracha

Proto-Hellenic: (< *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt)

desc

τεσσαράκοντα

Ancient Greek: τεσσαράκοντα (tessarákonta)

Greek: σαράντα (saránta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwārHćát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćatwārHśát

Sanskrit: चत्वारिंशत् (catvāriṃśát)

Hindustani:

Hindi: चालीस (cālīs)

Urdu: چالیس (cālīs)

Proto-Iranian: *čatwārHcát

Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬙 (caθβar^əsat)

Persian: چهل (čehel)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: quadrāgintā (see there for further descendants)

From *kʷetwr̥- (“four”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


pénkʷedḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յիսուն (yisun)

Armenian: հիսուն (hisun)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷenkʷekonts (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεντήκοντα (pentḗkonta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pančaHćát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *panćaHśát

Sanskrit: पञ्चाशत् (pañcāśát)

Hindustani:

Hindi: पचास (pacās)

Urdu: پچاس (pacās)

Proto-Iranian: *pančaHcát

Northern Kurdish: pêncî

Persian: پنجاه (panjâh)

Italic:

Latin: quīnquāgintā

Vulgar Latin: cīnquāgintā (see there for further descendants)


swéḱsdḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: վաթսուն (vatʻsun)

Armenian: վաթսուն (vatʻsun)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swexskonts
Old Irish: sesca
Middle Irish: sesca
Irish: seasca
Scottish Gaelic: seasgad

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑξήκοντα (hexḗkonta)

Byzantine Greek: ἑξήντα (hexḗnta)

Greek: εξήντα (exínta)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sweḱstis</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *šwaštiš (< *sweḱstis)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: षष्टि (ṣaṣṭí)

Pali: saṭṭhi

desc

Sauraseni Prakrit: [script needed] (saṭṭhi)

Hindi: साठ (sāṭh)

Urdu: ساٹھ (sāṭh)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬌 (xšuuašti)

Northern Kurdish: şêst

Persian: شصت (šast)

Italic:

Latin: sexāgintā

Tocharian

Tocharian B: ṣkaska


(s)neg-

*snog-e-ti (o-grade present?)

Proto-Germanic: *snakaną (see there for further descendants)

*snog-ō

Proto-Germanic: *snakô (see there for further descendants)

*(s)nog-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāgás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāgás

Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá) (see there for further descendants)


septḿ̥dḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եօթանասուն (eōtʻanasun)

Armenian: յոթանասուն (yotʻanasun)

Celtic:

Old Irish: sechtmoga

Irish: seachtó

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑβδομήκοντα (hebdomḗkonta) (< *septm̥ḱómth₂)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saptatí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saptatí f

Sanskrit: सप्तति (saptatí)

Pali: sattari

Bengali: সত্তর (śottor)

Hindi: सत्तर (sattar)

Proto-Iranian: *haptatí

Northern Kurdish: heftê

Persian: هفتاد (haftâd)

Tajik: хафтод (xaftod)

Italic:

Latin: septuāgintā (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣutaṅka

Tocharian B: ṣäptuk

From *septḿ̥ (“seven”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


oḱtódḱomt

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ութսուն (utʻsun)

Armenian: ութսուն (utʻsun), ութանասուն (utʻanasun) (influenced by յոթանասուն (yotʻanasun, “seventy”))

Celtic:

Old Irish: ochtmoga

Irish: ochtó

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀγδοήκοντα (ogdoḗkonta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aštaHtí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *aśiHtíṣ m

Sanskrit: अशीति (aśītí)

Pali: asīti

Bengali: আশি (aśi)

Hindi: अस्सी (assī)

Urdu: اسی (assī)

Proto-Iranian: *aštaHtí

Northern Kurdish: heştê

Persian: هشتاد (haštâd)

Tajik: хаштод (xaštod)

Italic:

Latin: octōgintā (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: oktuk

Tocharian B: oktaṅka, oktamka, oktaṁka


Proto-Armenian: *in(u)nísun

desctree

Old Armenian: իննսուն (innsun)
Armenian: իննսուն (innsun)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: (*enéwnəekontə >) *enéwnēkontə, *ennéwəkontə

Ancient Greek: ἐνενήκοντα (enenḗkonta), ἐννήκοντα (ennḗkonta)

Greek: ενενήντα (enenínta)

Proto-Italic: *nounagmta

Old Latin: *nūnagintā

Latin: nōnāgintā (see there for further descendants)

Vulgar Latin: *nōvāgintā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *newin(t)śumta

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *devę(t)nòsъto (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ñäwäka

Tocharian A: nmuk

Tocharian B: ñumka, ñuṅka

Proto-Celtic: *naukontes

desctree

Old Irish: nócha
Middle Irish: nócha
Irish: nócha

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnawatí (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”) + *déḱm̥ (“ten”).


srebʰ-

*sr̥bʰ-et ~ *sr̥bʰ-ont (thematic root aorist)

Albanian:

surb ("gjerb", drink with small sips)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արբ (arb, “he drank”)

desc

Armenian: հարբել (harbel, “to get drunk”)

*sróbʰ-ey ~ *sr̥bʰ-énti

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒊏𒁉 (ša-ra-pi /sarāpi/, “sips”)

*srobʰ-éye-ti (iterative)

*sróbʰ-u ~ *sr̥bʰ-éw

Proto-Celtic: *srobu

Old Irish: srub

Middle Irish: srub (“snout”)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: strēbt

Latvian: surbt, Latvian: strebt, Latvian: strēbt

Lithuanian: srė̃bti, sur̃bti

Proto-Slavic: *sьrbati (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *hrab- (“to sip, suck (in)”)

qual

with the preverb <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*uz-</i>

(possibly) Chorasmian: mžβ- (“to absorb, sip, suck in/out”) (with the preverb *uz-)

desc

Ishkashimi: [script needed] (rův-, “to give milk (about cows)”)

Pashto: روول (rəvavə́l, “to suckle, breast feed”), رودل (ravdə́l, rəvdə́l, “to suckle (the breast)”)

Shughni: рӣвдов̌ (rīvdōw, “to suckle (the breast)”)

Wakhi: rowǰ (“teat, comforter made of horn”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


pleḱ-

*pléḱ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *plékō

Ancient Greek: πλέκω (plékō)

Proto-Italic: *plekāō

Latin: plicō (with i from its compounds)

*pléḱ-te-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pleśtei

Proto-Slavic: *plestì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flehtaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plektō

Latin: plectō

*pleḱ-tó-

Proto-Hellenic: *plektós

Ancient Greek: πλεκτός (plektós)

*pleḱ-nó-s or *ploḱ-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praćnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praśnás

Sanskrit: प्रश्न (praśná, “basket-work, a plaited basket; turban”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pracnáh

𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀 (ər^əzatōfrašna, “having a golden helmet/coat of mail”)

*pleḱ-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλαξ (-plax) (e.g. δίπλαξ (díplax), τρίπλαξ (tríplax))

Proto-Italic: *pleks

Latin: -plex (e.g. simplex, duplex)

*ploḱ-s-om

Proto-Germanic: *flahsą (see there for further descendants)

*ploḱ-o-

Proto-Germanic: *flaką (“something flat”) (perhaps)

Old Norse: flaga

Danish: flage

Icelandic: flaga

Norwegian: flak

Swedish: flak

Proto-Germanic: *flakaz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: *plokos

Ancient Greek: πλόκος (plókos)

Ancient Greek: -πλοκος (-plokos) (e.g. πολύπλοκος (polúplokos))

*plok-o-nos (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)

Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πλοκή (plokḗ)

*plók-e- (perhaps)

Proto-Germanic: *flahaną (“to flay, strip”)

*plók-eh₂ (perhaps)

Proto-Germanic: *flahō (“strip”)

Old Norse: flá (“strip of land, meadow”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plokščias

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*h₁iHn̥-yós (“hoarfrost, rime”)

(possibly) Armenian:

q

Old Armenian: եղեամն (ełeamn) (+ -ամն (-amn), cf. սառամանիք (saṙamanikʻ) < սառն (saṙn, “ice”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iˀnios, *iˀnio

Lithuanian: ýnis

Proto-Slavic: *jь̀nьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *īsą (“ice”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHsúš

Proto-Iranian: *HiHsúš (“coldness”)

Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬎 (isu)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾys /*ēs, *īs/)

*h₁eykH-o- (possibly, by laryngeal metathesis)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HikHa

>? Proto-Iranian: *Hixa

>? Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬀 (aēxa)

>? Ossetian: их (ix)


Proto-Tocharian: *er- (“to evoke, bring forth, produce”)

Tocharian A: ar-

Tocharian B: er-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ऋ (ṛ), ईर् (īr)

*h₃ér-t ~ *h₃r-ént (athematic perfective)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յարեայ (yareay)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὦρτο (ôrto)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आर्त (ā́rta)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬁 (uzār^əšuuā, 2sg.aor.impv.med.)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ertär

*h₃r̥-néw-ti ~ *h₃r̥-nw-énti (new-present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ar-nu-uz-zi), 𒅈𒉡𒍣 (ar-nu-zi)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem)
Armenian: → հառնել (haṙnel) (learned), > արի՛ (arí) (inherited)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rinǫti (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *órnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄρνῡμι (órnūmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

*h₃i-h₃ér-ti ~ *h₃i-h₃r-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHárti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHárti

Sanskrit: इयर्ति (íyarti, iyárti)

Proto-Iranian: *HiHárti

Old Avestan: 𐬍𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬏 (īratū, 3sg.impv.)

*h₃ér-os ~ *h₃ér-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄρος (óros), οὖρος (oûros) — Epic, Lyric, ὦρος (ôros) — Doric
Greek: όρος m (óros, “mountain”)
→ English: oro-
→ Italian: oro-

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸 (a-ru-na-aš)

>? *h₃érō (“eagle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արմն (armn), արմ (arm)

Armenian: արմ (arm)

(perhaps) >? Old Armenian: արթ- (artʻ-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ortь (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *arniz

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *ernustuz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρίνω (orínō)

Ancient Greek: ὄρμενος (órmenos), ὅρμενος (hórmenos)
→ Latin: ormenos

Ancient Greek: ὀροθῡ́νω (orothū́nō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρέθω (eréthō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρίζω (erízō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἔρις (éris)
Greek: έριδα (érida)

>? Ancient Greek: Ἐρινύς (Erinús)
Greek: Ερινύς (Erinýs) (pl. Ερινύες (Erinýes))
→ Latin: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)
→ English: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)

Proto-Italic: *orjōr
Latin: orior
Umbrian: orto (participle perfect)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ār-

Tocharian A: ār-

Tocharian B: ār-


*h₂li-né-H-ti ~ *h₂li-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *līmaz (see there for further descendants)

Latin: līmus (“mud”) (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (halīna-)


-éh₁yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éh₁yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ěti (present tense declension)

Proto-Celtic: *-īti

Proto-Brythonic: *-id

Proto-Germanic: *-janą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Italic: *-ēō

Latin: -eō

Latin: -ō (single case of stō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áHyati

Sanskrit: -आयति (-ā́yati)

Thematicization of the athematic stative verbal suffix; see *-yeti.


ǵʰewd-

*ǵʰewd- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *geutaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰu-ne-d- ~ *ǵʰu-n-d- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *hundō (see there for further descendants)


memóne

memón (imperative second-person singular)
memn̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
meménesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
memóne (indicative singular third-person)
memóntu (imperative singular third-person)
meméneti (singular subjunctive third-person)
memn̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
meménowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
memn̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
meménetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
memn̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
meménetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
memn̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
meménomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
memné (indicative plural second-person)
memn̥té (imperative plural second-person)
meménete (plural second-person subjunctive)
memnḗr (indicative plural third-person)
memnéntu (imperative plural third-person)
meménonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
memn̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *munaną

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέμονα (mémona)

Proto-Italic: *memonai

Latin: meminī

Reduplicated perfect of the root *men- (“to think, mind”).


wóyde

wóyd (imperative second-person singular)
widdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wóyde (indicative singular third-person)
wóydtu (imperative singular third-person)
wéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
widwé (dual first-person indicative)
wéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
widtóm (dual imperative second-person)
wéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
widtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
widmé (first-person indicative plural)
wéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
widé (indicative plural second-person)
widté (imperative plural second-person)
wéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
widḗr (indicative plural third-person)
widéntu (imperative plural third-person)
wéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
widwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Armenian: *gēt-

Old Armenian: գիտեմ (gitem, “to know”)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Latgalian: iraida (“is/are (visible, noticeable)”) (from *irvaida where "ir, ira, irā" ("is/are"))

Latgalian: navaida (“is/are not (visible, noticeable)”)

Latgalian: sovvaids (“peculiar”) (where the first part - sovs (“one's own”))

Proto-Slavic: *věděti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *witaną (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶδα (oîda, “to know”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyda

Sanskrit: वेद (véda)

⇒ Sanskrit: वेत्ति (vetti, present verb)

Proto-Iranian: *wáyda

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛𐬁 (vaēdā), 𐬬𐬋𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬁 (vōistā, 2sg.ind.perf)

>? Proto-Italic: *woidai (see *widēō)

q

or from athematic root aorist <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wéid-t ~ *wid-ént</i>

Latin: vīdī (or from athematic root aorist *wéid-t ~ *wid-ént)

Root stative/perfect of *weyd- (“to see”).


weyk-

*wi-né-k-ti ~ wi-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *winákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *winákti

desc

Sanskrit: विनक्ति (vinákti, “to winnow; to discern”)

Proto-Anatolian:

q

>? Hittite: 𒄷𒌋𒉌𒅅𒍣 (ḫu-u-ni-ik-zi, “strikes”) (if originally “to select a sacrificial animal”)

? *wi-wéyk-ti ~ *wi-wik-énti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwaikti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwaikti

meaning disputed, probably from root <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">विष्</i> (viṣ, “to work, be active”)

Sanskrit: विवेक्षि (vivekṣi, 2sg.) (meaning disputed, probably from root विष् (viṣ, “to work, be active”))

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wikkōną (“to practice sorcery”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wīhaz (“sacred”) (see there for further descendants)

*wik-tm̥mó-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: victima (“sacrificial victim”) (see there for further descendants)


weyk-

*wik-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *wiketi (“to fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wiganą (“to fight”) (see there for further descendants)

*wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *winkō

Latin: vincō (“to defeat”)

*wéyk-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vei̇̃kti (“to do, work”)

*wéyk-tōr ~ *wik-tr-és

Italic: *wiktōr

Latin: victor (“victor”)

*wóyk-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáikas

Lithuanian: viẽkas (“strength, age”)

Proto-Slavic: *věkъ (“age”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vīkt (“bend”)


weyk-

*we-wóyk-e (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔοικα (éoika, “to resemble”)

*wik-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἴσκω (ískō, “to imitate”)

*wéyk-ō ~ *wik-nés

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἰκών (eikṓn, “image”)


weyk-

*wéyk-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéikō

q

could be from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*weyg-</i> (“to go away”) too

>? Ancient Greek: εἴκω (eíkō, “to yield, give way”) (could be from *weyg- (“to go away”) too)

Proto-Italic: *winkjō

Latin: vinciō (“to bind, tie up”)

*wik-i-s

Proto-Italic: *wikis

Latin: vicis (“turn, occasion”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *weyk-i-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *wikiā

>? Latin: vicia (“vetch”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyk-s (root noun)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱérh₂-s</i> (“head”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *ker-weiks (literally “where the head turns”) (+ *ḱérh₂-s (“head”))

Latin: cervīx (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *uig-

Albanian: vig (“stretcher”)

Albanian: vigan (“giant”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíkti

Proto-Iranian: *wíxti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬘 (vij, “to shake”)

Middle Persian:[script needed] (wyc- /wēz-/, “to swing, fling, sprinkle”)

> Proto-Iranian: *ṷi-wíxti:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (whyc /wihēz/, “to move, progress”), [script needed] (whyck' /wihēzag/, “intercalary month”)

Persian: بهیزه (behize, “intercalary month in the Zoroastrian calendar”)

Sodgian:

Christian Sogdian: ܘܝܨ (wyc /wēč/, “to move, shake”)

Buddhaist Sogdian: 𐼴𐼷𐼿 (wyc /wēč/, “to move, shake”)

Persian:بیختن (bixtan, “to shake”) , آویختن (âvixtan, “to hang, suspend”)

Baluchi:گتک (gētk, “to put, swim, turn towards, abort”)

Zazaki: vijyanyış (vīžyāyiš, “to come out, appear”)

Proto-Germanic: *wihslaz (“change”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīkwaną (“to yield, retreat”)


*melh₂-dʰh₁- (“to beat, pound, grind”)

⇒? *méldʰeti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdʰati

Sanskrit: मर्धति (mardhati, “to abandon, neglect”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldǭ (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μαλθακός (malthakós)

⇒ *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mildnis

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mъldni (“lightning”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: milna (“hammer of the thunderer”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: mealde (“lightning”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldunjaz

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛚᛞᚢᚾᛃᚨᛉ (*meldunjaʀ)

Old Norse: Mjǫllnir (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mlāks

Ancient Greek: βλάξ (bláx)

Proto-Hellenic: *məlakos

Ancient Greek: μαλακός (malakós)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: malcad (“rottenness, putrefaction”)

Proto-Albanian: *melana

⇒ Albanian: mëllë, mullâ

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μελαίνω (melaínō)

>? *mélh₂-n-s

Proto-Hellenic: *mélās

Ancient Greek: μέλᾱς (mélās) (see there for further descendants)

*mélh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *meleti (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
Latgalian: maļt
Latvian: mal̃t
Lithuanian: málti
Proto-Slavic: *mèlti (see there for further descendants)

*mélh₂-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *melti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *melō (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *ml̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: մաղեմ (małem)
Armenian: մաղել (małel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥náHti

Sanskrit: मृणाति (mṛṇā́ti)

*molh₂-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *malaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málas

Sanskrit: मल (mála)

*melh₂-tlo- (perhaps)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: marculus, martulus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *melwa

Albanian: miell

Proto-Germanic: *melwą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mólā

Ancient Greek: μύλη (múlē)

Proto-Italic: *molā

Latin: mola (see there for further descendants)

*molh₂-ós (agent noun)

Proto-Celtic: *molos
Old Irish: mol (“axle for a mill-wheel”)
Irish: mol (“hub, shaft”)
Scottish Gaelic: mul (“axis, axle-tree”)

Proto-Germanic: *malmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: malleus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málam

Sanskrit: मलम् (málam)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *moltъ (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥h₂- (zero-grade)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀ-kis

Latvian: muļķis

Lithuanian: mùlkis

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *melana

Albanian: mëllë, Albanian: mullâ

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (malla-ⁱ)

Luwian: [script needed] (mal(ḫ)u-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մալեմ (malem), *մուլ- (*mul-), մամուլ (mamul), մղեղ (młeł)

Armenian: մլակ (mlak), մլուկ (mluk), մլիկ (mlik), մղմող (mġmoġ), մղմեղ (mġmeġ), մուղ (muġ)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *mělъ (“finely ground substance, chalk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *malina (“raspberry”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: málnos (“millet”)

Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μελίνη (melínē, “millet”)

>? Proto-Italic: *meljom

Latin: milium (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: mӓl-


q

*(H)yéh₁kt (k-aorist) (or athematic root aorist with k-extension or intrusive *-k-)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕηκα (héēka), ἧκα sg (hêka), εἷμεν pl (heîmen)

Proto-Italic: *jēkai

Latin: iēcī

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakjō (< earlier *jīkjō; possibly influenced by *fakjō, if not predictable)

Latin: iaciō (“to throw”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakēō (+ *-ēō)

Latin: iaceō (“to lie down”) (see there for further descendants)

*Hi-Hyéh₁-ti / *yi-yéh₁-ti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *yiyēmi

desc

Ancient Greek: ἵημι (híēmi, “to release, let go; to throw”)

>? *(H)yéh₁-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἥσω (hḗsō)


*h₃émh₃-ti ~ *h₃m̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HámHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HámHti

Sanskrit: अमीति (ámīti)

Proto-Italic: *amō

Marrucinian: amatens (“they have received”, 3pl. act. perf.)

⇒ Latin: amō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃m̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *h₃m̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ómnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄμνυμι (ómnumi)

Proto-Celtic: *nāmants (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *ammōną (see there for further descendants)

to grab, to grasp, to seize, to take hold, tackle, touch


kʷ-

*kʷi- ~ *kʷe-

*kʷís (“who? what?”)

*kʷo- – see *kʷós (“which? what?”) for more

*kʷu-so ~ *kʷu-to-

Proto-Albanian: *kusa

Albanian: kush (“who”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kuse

Tocharian A: kus

Tocharian B: kᵤse (“who”)

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷú</i> not expected; see boukólos rule

>? *kú (“where”) (*kʷú not expected; see boukólos rule) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Cretan Greek: ὀπυι (opui, “whither”)

Theorized by some linguists, particularly proponents of the Indo-Uralic hypothesis, to be related to Proto-Uralic *ku-.


wósr̥

wésn̥- (oblique stem)
wósr̥ (nominative singular)
wósr̥ (singular vocative)
wósr̥ (accusative singular)
wésn̥s (genitive singular)
wésn̥s (ablative singular)
wésney (dative singular)
wésn̥ (locative singular)
wésni (locative singular)
wésr̥ (nominative singular)
wésr̥ (singular vocative)
wésr̥ (accusative singular)
uséns (genitive singular)
usénoHom (genitive plural)
uséns (ablative singular)
usénmos (ablative plural)
usénbʰos (ablative plural)
uséney (dative singular)
usénmos (dative plural)
usénbʰos (dative plural)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)
usénsu (locative plural)
usénmis (instrumental plural)
usénbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գարուն (garun)

Armenian: գարուն (garun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *was(e)r (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wesrū

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *wesrakos (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *wesnālā (“swallow (bird)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wazrą (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhər
Ancient Greek: ἔαρ (éar)
Greek: έαρ (éar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wezor (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *h₁wes-, *h₁ews- (“to become warm; to burn”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix)


ǵʰéyōm

ǵʰim- (oblique stem)
ǵʰéyōm (nominative singular)
ǵʰéyom (singular vocative)
ǵʰéyōm (accusative singular)
ǵʰimés (genitive singular)
ǵʰimés (ablative singular)
ǵʰiméy (dative singular)
ǵʰyém (locative singular)
ǵʰyémi (locative singular)
ǵʰiméh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰyṓm (nominative singular)
ǵʰyem (singular vocative)
ǵʰyēm (accusative singular)
ǵʰimés (genitive singular)
ǵʰimés (ablative singular)
ǵʰiméy (dative singular)
ǵʰyem (locative singular)
ǵʰyemi (locative singular)
ǵʰiméh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰyémm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰimós (genitive singular)
*ǵʰéymn̥ (alternative)

ine-decl-noun-mf

ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒈪 (gi-e-mi /gyemi/, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰyémi)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձիւն (jiwn, “snow”) (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄

Old Norse: gói (“late winter”), gæ

Icelandic: gói, góa

Swedish: göja

Scanian: Gyja

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjø, dial. goi, goa, go

Danish: gue (dial.)

Faroese: gø (“month”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)

Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hiem-

Latin: hiems

δύσχιμος

winterly, troublesome, fearful, terrible; of bad winters

→ Medieval Latin: ingimus

Proto-West Germanic: (Frankish) *ainagim

→ Middle Persian: (/hazangrōzim/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)

twigimaz

⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)


ǵʰey-

*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-mén-s

*ǵʰéy-ōm ~ *ǵʰi-m-és


ǵʰey-

*ǵʰéy-t ~ *ǵʰy-ént (athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰayt ~ *Háȷ́ʰyant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háźʰayt ~ *Háźʰyant

Sanskrit: अहेम (áhema, 1pl.act.), अह्यन् (ahyan)

*ǵʰi-néw-ti ~ *ǵʰi-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰináwti

Sanskrit: हिनोति (hinóti)

*ǵʰoy-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰāyáyati

Proto-Iranian: *jāyáyati

Avestan: *zāyayaiti

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌 (frazaiiaiiāmi, 1sg.caus.act.)

*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma

Sanskrit: हेमन् m (hemán, “impulse, zeal, driving”)

Proto-Iranian: *jáyma

Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (zaēman)

*ǵʰéy-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źṓˀjinkas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हि (hi)