Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lēnas

Latgalian: lāns

Lithuanian: lė́nas

Latvian: lȩ̄̀ns

Proto-Slavic: *lěnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lēnis

Latin: lēnis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lēˀtas

Lithuanian: lė̃tas

Latvian: lȩ̃ts

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *layeti
Old Irish: ro·lá (perfective of fo·ceird)
⇒ Old Irish: do·rala (perfective of do·cuirethar) (< *to-ɸro-layeti)
Middle Irish: do·rala, tarla
Irish: tarlaigh
Scottish Gaelic: thàrladh, tàrlaidh
⇒ Old Irish: ad·comla (< *ati-kom-layeti)
Old Irish: accomol
Irish: acomhal
⇒ Middle Irish: doccumail (< do-accomol)
Irish: dócúl
⇒ Old Irish: socamail (< so-accomol)
Middle Irish: socamail
Irish: sócúl
⇒ Irish: sócúlach


*wéth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weteti (“to say”)

Middle Welsh: guetid

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīweteti (+ *dī- (“from, of”))

Middle Welsh: dyweut (“to say”)

Welsh: dweud

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *exswetnati (+ *exs- (“out of, from”), + *-nati)

Old Irish: as·féna (“to testify”)

*woth₂-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *wotāti

Welsh: gwadu (“to deny”)

q

Proto-Italic: *wotāō (possibly, perhaps instead from *gʷet- (“to say”), whence Germanic *kweþaną)

Latin: vetō (“to forbid”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéth₂-r̥ ~ *uth₂-én-s

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒌓𒋻 (ut-tar /uttar/, “word, speech”)

Luwian: [script needed] (utar, “word?, spell?”)

Proto-Celtic: *wotos

Old Breton: gwad (“denial”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


drem-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*drem-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *tremaną

Sanskrit: द्रमति (drámati)

*dróm-o-s

Ancient Greek: δρόμος (drómos) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥m-é-ti (simple thematic aorist)

Ancient Greek: ἔδραμον (édramon), suppletive aorist of τρέχω (trékhō)


drem-

*dr̥m-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *dormjō

Latin: dormiō

*drēm-ye-ti (innovated lengthened-grade present)

Proto-Slavic: *drě̄màti (see there for further descendants)


ǵl̥h₂ōws

Proto-Armenian:

q

Old Armenian: տալ (tal) (the expected form *ծալ (*cal) being influenced by տայգր (taygr, “brother-in-law”))

thematised from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-ew-</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *galawos (thematised from *ǵl̥h₂-ew-)

Ancient Greek:

Aeolic: γαλόως (galóōs)

Attic: γάλως (gálōs)

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-i-s</i> ?

Hesychius: γάλις (gális) (from *ǵl̥h₂-i-s ?)

Hesychius: γαλαός (galaós)

Phrygian: *γελαϝος (*gelawos) > γελαρος (gelaros)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-i-s</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hiš (< *ǵl̥h₂-i-s)

desc

Sanskrit: गिरि (giri, “husband's sister”) (attestation contested)

q

with loss of laryngeal, or possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵloh₂-(u-)</i>

Proto-Italic: *glōs (with loss of laryngeal, or possibly from *ǵloh₂-(u-))

Latin: glōs

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-u-</i>

Proto-Slavic: *zъly (< *ǵl̥h₂-u-) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from a root noun *ǵl̥h₂-. According to Mallory and Adams (1997), some forms may be influenced by association with unrelated *gl̥h₁éys (“mouse”). Has sometimes been compared with Proto-Turkic *kẹlin and/or Proto-Uralic *kälew.


dusmenēs

dusmenēs (nominative singular)
dusmeneses (nominative plural)
dusmenes (singular vocative)
dusmeneses (plural vocative)
dusmenesm̥ (accusative singular)
dusmenesm̥s (accusative plural)
dusmenesés (genitive singular)
dusmenesóHom (genitive plural)
dusmenesés (ablative singular)
dusmenesmós (ablative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (ablative plural)
dusmeneséy (dative singular)
dusmenesmós (dative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (dative plural)
dusmenes (locative singular)
dusmenesi (locative singular)
dusmenesú (locative plural)
dusmenesmís (instrumental plural)
dusmenesbʰís (instrumental plural)
dusmenes (nominative singular)
dusmenēs (nominative plural)
dusmenes (singular vocative)
dusmenēs (plural vocative)
dusmenes (accusative singular)
dusmenēs (accusative plural)
dusmenesés (genitive singular)
dusmenesóHom (genitive plural)
dusmenesés (ablative singular)
dusmenesmós (ablative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (ablative plural)
dusmeneséy (dative singular)
dusmenesmós (dative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (dative plural)
dusmenes (locative singular)
dusmenesi (locative singular)
dusmenesú (locative plural)
dusmenesmís (instrumental plural)
dusmenesbʰís (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *dusmenḗs
Ancient Greek: δυσμενής (dusmenḗs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dušmánās
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duẓmánās
Sanskrit: दुर्मनस् (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”) दुर्मनास् (durmanās, m.nom.sg.)
Proto-Iranian: *dušmánāh (see there for further descendants)

From *dus- (“bad”) + *ménes- (“mind, thought”) + *-s.


*h₂éng-os ~ *h₂éng-es-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγγος (ángos)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἀγγεῖον (angeîon), ἀγγήϊον (angḗïon) — Ionic
→ Greek: αγγείο n (angeío, “vessel, pot, jar”) (learned)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ǫgъlъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ankulaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanguri-

Mazanderani: انگل (angal)

desc

Persian: انگل (angul, angal), انگول (angūl)

Sanskrit: अङ्गुरि (aṅguri), अङ्गुलि (aṅguli), अङ्गुली (aṅgulī) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *angulos

Latin: angulus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂eng-u-s-tHo-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hangúštʰas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hángas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hángas

Sanskrit: अङ्ग (aṅga) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ānkar

Tocharian B: āṅkär

Possibly a voicing assimilation of the stop to the nasal in *h₂enk-.


séǵʰos

séǵʰos (nominative singular)
séǵʰōs (nominative plural)
séǵʰos (singular vocative)
séǵʰōs (plural vocative)
séǵʰos (accusative singular)
séǵʰōs (accusative plural)
séǵʰesos (genitive singular)
séǵʰesoHom (genitive plural)
séǵʰesos (ablative singular)
séǵʰesmos (ablative plural)
séǵʰesbʰos (ablative plural)
séǵʰesey (dative singular)
séǵʰesmos (dative plural)
séǵʰesbʰos (dative plural)
séǵʰes (locative singular)
séǵʰesi (locative singular)
séǵʰesu (locative plural)
séǵʰesh₁ (instrumental singular)
séǵʰesmis (instrumental plural)
séǵʰesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *segos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *segaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

From *seǵʰ- (“to hold, to overpower”) + *-os.

𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬦𐬵𐬀

Proto-Iranian: *hajahHā; Younger Avestan


Proto-Celtic: *saitlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *saitlom

Latin: saeculum (see there for further descendants)

Baltic:

Lithuanian: sėkla

Latvian: sēkla

From *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”) + *-tlom (instrumental nominal suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *slaihǭ (“sloe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loiros

⇒ Latin: lūridus (“ghastly yellow”) (+ -idus)

⇒ Latin: lūror (“sickly yellow colour”) (+ -or)

>? Proto-Celtic: *(s)lairā

Proto-Brythonic: *lloɨr (“moon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sliˀwā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *slìva (“plum”)

Proto-Celtic: *līwos (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *līwos

desc

⇒ Latin: līveō (“to be bluish in color; livid”) (+ -eo)

⇒ Latin: līvidus (“leaden, bluish, blue; black and blue, livid”) (+ -idus)

*(s)ley- (alternative)
*(s)leyH- (alternative)


*h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés (“breath; spirit”)

*h₁éh₁t-r̥ ~ *h₁h₁t-éns (“lung, internal organ”)

Proto-Germanic: *ēþrǭ (“vein”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἦτορ (êtor, “heart”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *atākos

Old Irish: athach (“breath; blowing, wind”)

Proto-Germanic: *ēþmaz (see there for further descendants)

Possibly onomatopoeic, compare *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


múHtrom

non-ablauting (romanization)
múHtrom (nominative singular)
múHtroy (dual nominative)
múHtrom (singular vocative)
múHtroy (dual vocative)
múHtrom (accusative singular)
múHtroy (accusative dual)
múHtrosyo (genitive singular)
múHtroHom (genitive plural)
múHtread (ablative singular)
múHtromos (ablative plural)
múHtrobʰos (ablative plural)
múHtroey (dative singular)
múHtromos (dative plural)
múHtrobʰos (dative plural)
múHtrey (locative singular)
múHtroy (locative singular)
múHtroysu (locative plural)
múHtrōys (instrumental plural)
*múHdʰlom (alternative)

Proto-Germanic: *muþraz (“filth, sediment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *múHtram (“excrement, urine”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *myewh₁- (“to move (about)”), or perhaps *mewH- (“to wash”) + *-trom.


h₁réh₁

Petrified instrumental singular of *h₁er- (“separately, loosely”) + *-éh₁.

to separate; reanalyzed as a root; see there for further descendants


ḱís

ḱís (masculine nominative singular)
ḱíh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
ḱíd (neuter nominative singular)
ḱéyes (masculine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂es (feminine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ḱím (accusative masculine singular)
ḱíh₂m (accusative feminine singular)
ḱíd (accusative neuter singular)
ḱíns (accusative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂ms (accusative feminine plural)
ḱíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ḱésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ḱésyo (genitive neuter singular)
ḱéysom (genitive masculine plural)
ḱéysom (feminine genitive plural)
ḱéysom (genitive neuter plural)
ḱésmod (ablative masculine singular)
ḱésyo (ablative neuter singular)
ḱéysom (ablative masculine plural)
ḱéysom (ablative feminine plural)
ḱéysom (ablative neuter plural)
ḱésmey (dative masculine singular)
ḱésmey (dative neuter singular)
ḱeybʰ- (dative masculine plural)
ḱeybʰ- (dative feminine plural)
ḱeybʰ- (dative neuter plural)
ḱésmi (locative masculine singular)
ḱésmi (locative neuter singular)
ḱeysu (locative masculine plural)
ḱeysu (feminine locative plural)
ḱeysu (locative neuter plural)
ḱéy (masculine nominative singular)
ḱíh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
ḱíd (neuter nominative singular)
ḱéyes (masculine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂es (?) (feminine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ḱím (accusative masculine singular)
ḱíh₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
ḱíd (accusative neuter singular)
ḱíns (accusative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂n̥s (?) (accusative feminine plural)
ḱíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ḱésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ḱésyo (genitive neuter singular)
ḱéysoHom (genitive masculine plural)
ḱéysoHom (genitive neuter plural)
ḱésmead (?) (ablative masculine singular)
ḱésmead (?) (ablative neuter singular)
ḱéymos (ablative masculine plural)
ḱéymos (ablative neuter plural)
ḱésmey (dative masculine singular)
ḱésmey (dative neuter singular)
ḱéymos (dative masculine plural)
ḱéymos (dative neuter plural)
ḱésmi (locative masculine singular)
ḱésmi (locative neuter singular)
ḱéysu (locative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂su (feminine locative plural)
ḱéysu (locative neuter plural)
ḱíh₁ (instrumental masculine singular)
ḱíh₁ (instrumental neuter singular)
ḱéybʰi (instrumental masculine plural)
ḱíh₂bʰi (feminine instrumental plural)
ḱéybʰi (instrumental neuter plural)
id (neuter nominative singular)
ḱim (accusative masculine singular)
ḱih₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
ḱid (accusative neuter singular)
ḱins (accusative masculine plural)
ḱih₂ (accusative neuter plural)
*ḱéys (alternative)
*ḱí (alternative)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱy-ós</i>

Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*dīti</i> (“day”)

⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”) (+ *dīti (“day”))

desc

Albanian: sot (“today”, adverb), sod — Gheg, σὸτ — Arvanitika

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*naktā</i> (“night”)

⇒ *tˢjā(i) naktāi (“on this night”) (+ *naktā (“night”)) (see there for further descendants)

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*weta</i> (“year”)

⇒ *tˢjei wetei (“on this year”) (+ *weta (“year”))

Albanian: si-vjet (“this year”, adverb)

Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí

desc

plural stem of <i class="Xsux mention" lang="xlu">𒍝𒀀𒀸</i> (za-a-aš)

Luwian: 𒍣- (zi-, plural stem of 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)), [script needed] (zin … zin, “on the one hand … on the other”)

⇒ *ḱyód

Palaic: [script needed] (kii̯at, “here”, adverb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís ?

⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos), κεῖνος (keînos) — Epic, Ionic, κῆνος (kênos) — Aeolic, τῆνος (tênos) — Doric, ἐκεινοσί (ekeinosí) — emphatic, ἐκεινοσίν (ekeinosín) — emphatic with movable nu
Greek: εκείνος (ekeínos)
Italiot Greek: cino

⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“[on] this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)

Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron, “today”), σᾱ́μερον (sā́meron) — Doric, τήμερον (tḗmeron) — Attic
Greek: σήμερα (símera)
Tsakonian: σάμερε (sámere)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*wétos</i> (“year”)

⇒ *ťi-wétes (“[in] this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))

desc

Ancient Greek: σῆτες (sêtes), τῆτες (têtes)

Proto-Italic: *ki

Latin: cis (preposition)

Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- + *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí + *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


mh₂ḱróh₁ (dual nominative)
mh₂ḱré (singular vocative)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (dual vocative)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (accusative dual)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (instrumental singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (nominative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (singular vocative)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mh₂ḱrā́m (accusative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (locative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (nominative plural)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (plural vocative)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *magraz

Proto-Hellenic: *makrós

Ancient Greek: μᾰκρός (măkrós)

Proto-Italic: *makros

Latin: macer

From *meh₂ḱ- (“long”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


(s)rā́ps

head

*(s)rā́ps, *(s)rḗps f (oblique stem *(s)rabʰ-)

(s)rā́ps (canonical)
(s)rḗps (canonical feminine)
(s)rabʰ- (oblique stem)
rā́ps (nominative singular)
srā́ps (nominative singular)
rḗps (nominative singular)
srḗps (nominative singular)
rā́bʰh₁ (dual nominative)
rā́bʰh₁e (dual nominative)
s₁ (dual nominative)
rā́bʰes (nominative plural)
srā́bʰes (nominative plural)
rā́b (singular vocative)
srā́b (singular vocative)
rā́bʰh₁ (dual vocative)
rā́bʰh₁e (dual vocative)
s₁ (dual vocative)
rā́bʰes (plural vocative)
srā́bʰes (plural vocative)
rā́bʰm̥ (accusative singular)
srā́bʰm̥ (accusative singular)
rā́bʰh₁ (accusative dual)
rā́bʰh₁e (accusative dual)
s₁ (accusative dual)
rā́bʰm̥s (accusative plural)
srā́bʰm̥s (accusative plural)
rabʰés (genitive singular)
srabʰés (genitive singular)
rabʰóHom (genitive plural)
srabʰóHom (genitive plural)
rabʰés (ablative singular)
srabʰés (ablative singular)
rabʰmós (ablative plural)
srabʰmós (ablative plural)
rabʰbʰós (ablative plural)
srabʰbʰós (ablative plural)
rabʰéy (dative singular)
srabʰéy (dative singular)
rabʰmós (dative plural)
srabʰmós (dative plural)
rabʰbʰós (dative plural)
srabʰbʰós (dative plural)
rā́b (locative singular)
srā́b (locative singular)
rā́bʰi (locative singular)
srā́bʰi (locative singular)
rabʰsú (locative plural)
srabʰsú (locative plural)
rabʰmís (instrumental plural)
srabʰmís (instrumental plural)
rabʰbʰís (instrumental plural)
srabʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Uncertain; possibly a Wanderwort, borrowed from a substrate language perhaps compare Old Chinese 蘆菔 (*rābūɡ, “turnip”), Proto-Semitic *lapt- (“turnip”), Sumerian 𒇻𒂠𒊬 (LU-UB₂^(ŠAR) /lub/, “turnip”). Alternatively from *srebʰ- (“to sip, slurp”).

cog

rrap

Albanian: (“turnip, radish, rape”) (or borrowed from Latin or Slavic); Tosk Albanian

rěpa

turnip, rape; see there for further descendants

rōbijā

Proto-Germanic: *rōbijǭ; Proto-West Germanic

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)rabʰā́ćš ~ *(s)rabʰaćás


*(s)ḱih₁-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀjēˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sijati (“to shine”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱi-né-h₁-ti ~ *(s)ḱi-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skīnaną (“to shine, appear”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱéh₁i-mō ~ *(s)ḱih₁-m̥né-s

Proto-Germanic: *skīmô (see there for further descendants)

q

alternatively from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱey-</i> (“to lay”)

>? *(s)ḱóh₁y-no- (alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to lay”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śéinas m, *śáinan n

Latgalian: sīns (“hay”)

Latvian: sìens m (“hay”)

Lithuanian: šiẽnas m (“hay”)

Proto-Slavic: *sěno n (“hay”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

alternatively from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">κοινός</i> (koinós, “common”)

Ancient Greek: κοινᾱ́ f (koinā́, “epithet for pasture”) (possibly, alternatively from Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “common”))

*(s)ḱóh₁ir-i-s ~ *(s)ḱéh₁ir-i-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skairiz (“pure, shining”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skīriz (“clear, sheer”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skīrijaną (“to clarify”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected to *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”).


Proto-Celtic: *skātos (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκότος (skótos, “darkness”)

*(s)ḱéh₃-u-s ~ *(s)ḱh₃-éw-s

Proto-Germanic: *hēwijaz (“dark blue”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śájas (“shaded; blue”)

Proto-Slavic: *sojь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *osòjь (“shaded place”) (+ *ob-) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *soja (“jay”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skadwaz (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱeh₃-i- *ḱh₁ey-

*(s)ḱeh₃i-h₂ ~ *(s)ḱh₃y-éh₂-s

*(s)ḱéh₃y-ō ~ *(s)ḱih₃-nés

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *sě̀nь (“shadow”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀras

Proto-Slavic: *śěrъ (“grey”) (possible Germanic loanword) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *keiros

desctree

Old Irish: cíar (“dark, black”)
Irish: ciar (“dusky”)
Scottish Gaelic: ciar (“dusky”)

Proto-Germanic: *hairaz (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skoiros (“dark”)

⇒ Latin: obscūrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjēˀmas (vṛddhi-derivation)

Lithuanian: šė̃mas (“blue-grey”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHmás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás

Sanskrit: श्याम (śyāmá)

Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀwas (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHwás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kiwos (“fog”)

Old Irish: céo

Middle Irish: ceó

Irish: ceo

Manx: kay

Scottish Gaelic: ceò

*(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuva (“image”)

Karelian: kuva

Finnish: kuva

Veps: kuva

Possibly connected to *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).


q

*(s)ḱh₁w-o-tó-s (deadjectival noun) (possibly, similar to Proto-Slavic *životъ, Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos) < *gʷeyh₃-)

Proto-Celtic: *kowotos or *kuwotos

Middle Welsh: cawad

Welsh: cawod

Cornish: kowas

Old Breton: couatou

Breton: kaouad

*(s)ḱéh₁w-er- ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-ér-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗˀweras, *śjáuˀras (“cold, biting”)

Lithuanian: šiū̃ras, šiaurùs (“cold, biting, sharp”)

⇒ Lithuanian: šiáurė (“north”)

Proto-Slavic: *sěverъ (“north”)

Proto-Italic: *kaweros

Latin: caurus (“northwestern wind”)

desc

>? *(s)ḱéh₁w-r̥ ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-nós (secondary r/n-stem?)

Proto-Germanic: *skēwur, gen. *skūnaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shower”) (possibly)

>? *(s)ḱh₁ur-do-

Old Armenian: ցուրտ (cʻurt, “cold; cold weather”)


bʰlewH-

*bʰléwH-ti ~ *bʰluH-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bljauˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *bľuti (“to vomit”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bľьvati (“to vomit”) (see there for further descendants)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-kati</i>

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *bľúkati (“to gush, spout”) (+ *-kati) (see there for further descendants)

>? Latvian: bļaût (“to bleat”) (possibly, though disputed, perhaps from *bʰleh₁- (“to bleat”))

desc

>? Lithuanian: bliáuti (“to bleat, weep”) (see above)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlūō

Ancient Greek: φλύω (phlúō, “to be full of juice; to thrive (of plants); to vomit”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: φλύος (phlúos, “babble”)

⇒? Ancient Greek: έφλευσε (éphleuse, “to burn”)

*bʰluH-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blūˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *blyjati (“to spring (continuously)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flūō

q

Latin: fluō (“to flow, to pour”) (or < *fluwō < *ɸlowō < *bʰléwH-ti ~ *bʰluH-énti) (see there for further descendants)

Possible laryngeal extension of *bʰlew-, whence Ancient Greek φλέω (phléō, “to overflow, flood”), itself possibly suffixed in *-ew- from *bʰel- (“to blow (up), swell”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
fr:Jacques André


*h₁wi-dʰéh₁-t ~ *h₁wi-dʰh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wiðō (thematicized)

⇒ Latin: dīvidō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwi-dʰáH-t

desc

Sanskrit: अविधत् (ávidhat, “granted, satisfied”)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬍 (vīdāⁱtī, “to devote oneself to”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wätk- (“to distinguish”)

Tocharian B: wätk- (“to distinguish”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīdaz (“wide”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wéydʰh₁-u-s ~ *h₁widʰh₁-éw-s (“separate”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁widʰh₁-éw-h₂ (“widow”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁weydʰh₁-u-s (“wild”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *weidus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁widʰh₁-u-s (“wood”)

Proto-Germanic: *widuz (“wood”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *widus (“interior”)

Latgalian: vyds (“middle”)

Latvian: vidus (“middle, center”)

Lithuanian: vidùs (“interior”)

Proto-Celtic: *widus (“wood, trees”) (see there for further descendants)

From a univerbation of *dwi- (“apart”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”). The initial *d became *h₁ due to the Kortlandt effect, which proposes that *d became *h₁ in certain positions; compare *h₁wídḱm̥ti (“twenty”).


-kt

-km̥ (first-person indicative singular)
é-km̥ (first-person indicative singular)
-ks (indicative second-person singular)
é-ks (indicative second-person singular)
-k (imperative second-person singular)
é-k (imperative second-person singular)
(∅)-kdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-kesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-kesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-kt (indicative singular third-person)
é-kt (indicative singular third-person)
-ktu (imperative singular third-person)
é-ktu (imperative singular third-person)
-keti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-keti (singular subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kwé (dual first-person indicative)
-kowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-kowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
(∅)-któm (dual indicative second-person)
(∅)-któm (dual imperative second-person)
-ketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-ketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
(∅)-ktā́m (dual indicative third-person)
(∅)-ktā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-ketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-ketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kmé (first-person indicative plural)
-komos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-komos (first-person plural subjunctive)
(∅)-kté (indicative plural second-person)
(∅)-kté (imperative plural second-person)
-kete (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-kete (plural second-person subjunctive)
(∅)-ként (indicative plural third-person)
(∅)-kéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-konti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-konti (plural subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kónts (indicative participle)
(∅)-ksó (imperative second-person singular)
(∅)-któ (indicative singular third-person)
(∅)-kó (indicative singular third-person)
-ketor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-ketor (singular subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
(∅)-kró (indicative plural third-person)
-kontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-kontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Limited to PNIE and possibly built upon an intrusive velar or a velar extension.


néḱus

néḱus (nominative singular)
néḱuh₁ (dual nominative)
néḱewes (nominative plural)
néḱu (singular vocative)
néḱuh₁ (dual vocative)
néḱewes (plural vocative)
néḱum (accusative singular)
néḱuh₁ (accusative dual)
néḱums (accusative plural)
n̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
n̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
n̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
n̥ḱúmos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱúbʰos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
n̥ḱúmos (dative plural)
n̥ḱúbʰos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéw (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
n̥ḱúsu (locative plural)
n̥ḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱúmis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱúbʰis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (nominative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (singular vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱuyéh₂ (locative singular)
n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
néḱu (nominative singular)
néḱuh₂ (nominative plural)
néḱuh₂ (plural vocative)
néḱu (accusative singular)
néḱuh₂ (accusative plural)
n̥ḱús (nominative singular)
n̥ḱúh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúh₁e (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúes (nominative plural)
n̥ḱú (singular vocative)
n̥ḱúh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúh₁e (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúes (plural vocative)
n̥ḱúm (accusative singular)
n̥ḱúh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúh₁e (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúms (accusative plural)
n̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
n̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
n̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
n̥ḱéwmos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwbʰos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
n̥ḱéwmos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéwbʰos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéw (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwsu (locative plural)
n̥ḱéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱéwmis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwbʰis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (nominative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (singular vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱuyéh₂ (locative singular)
n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱú (nominative singular)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúh₂ (nominative plural)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúh₂ (plural vocative)
n̥ḱú (accusative singular)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ankus (“death”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nékus

Ancient Greek: νέκυς (nékus, “corpse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćuš

Proto-Iranian: *nácuš

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬎 (nasu, “corpse”)

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅkwe (“man”)

Tocharian A: oṅk

Tocharian B: eṅkwe

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *unguz, *inguz (“man”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Inguz (see there for further descendants)

From *neḱ- (“to die, perish”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


stengʷ-

*stengʷ-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *stinkwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stengʷō

Latin: stinguō (see there for further descendants)

*stengʷ-ye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sténgtei

Lithuanian: sténgti


Proto-Albanian: *albi

Albanian: elb

Proto-Hellenic: *álpʰi

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄλφι (álphi), ἄλφιτον (álphiton)

Possibly derived from *h₂elbʰós (“white”).

→? Proto-Turkic: *arpa

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥pā́š ~ *Hr̥pacáh (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *kenagā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hunangą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *knā́kos

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀙𐀒 (ka-na-ko)

Ancient Greek: κνῆκος (knêkos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: काञ्चन (kāñcana)

→ Sundanese: ᮊᮔ᮪ᮎᮔ (kancana)

Northern Luri: گونج (gong, “honeybee”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: canicae

Apparently a nominal formed from a root adjective *knh₂- (“brownish-yellow, amber”).


Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *ātŭyā

Tocharian A: āti

Tocharian B: atiyo

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: atãls

Lithuanian: atolas

Old Prussian: attolis

Proto-Slavic: *otava (see there for further descendants)


Avestan: 𐬀𐬝 (at̰)

*h₂ét-i (“back, again, away”) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati

Latvian: at-

Lithuanian: ati- (“back, again, away”)

Old Prussian: et-, at-

Proto-Slavic: *otъ (“away, again”)

Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ati

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-h₂o</i>

Latin: at (or from *h₂et-h₂o)

Venetic: ati-

or directly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ét</i>

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: (or directly from *h₂ét)

Tocharian B: at (“away”)

⇒ *h₂etō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *atō

Lithuanian: ato- (“back, away”)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-o-</i>

>? Proto-Tocharian: *āté (or from *h₂et-o-)

Tocharian B: ate (“away”)

*h₂et-dʰe (locative adverbial ending)

Latin: ast (“but if, but, and then”)

*h₂et-h₂o/*át-h₂u (“but, in addition”) (adverbial compound)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [Term?] (/addu/, “but, furthermore”)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Celtiberian: ata (“but, furthermore”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अथ (átha, “but, then”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa)

>? Proto-Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-i</i>

Latin: at (“but; whereas; moreover”) (or from *h₂et-i)

Proto-Tocharian:

>? Tocharian B: ot (“then”)

Unsorted formations

Ancient Greek: ἀτ(άρ) (at(ár)) (perhaps)

desc

Gothic: 𐌰𐌸(𐌸𐌰𐌽) (aþþan, “then, but, indeed”)


*(s)pénh₁e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πένομαι (pénomai)

*(s)penh₁-ne-ti (ne-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spinnaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pn̥h₁-ti (zero-grade athematic present)

Old Armenian: հենում (henum)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pínˀtei (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bardā́ˀtas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bardōdaz

Proto-Italic: *farβātos

the initial /b-/ is also found in <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">barba</i>

Latin: barbātus (the initial /b-/ is also found in barba)


Proto-Albanian: *grīwīkā

Albanian: grykë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grī́ˀwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHwáH (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”).


Proto-Celtic: *stratos (“valley”)

Proto-Hellenic: *strōtós, *strətós (< str̥tós)

Ancient Greek: στρωτός (strōtós), στρατός (stratós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *str̥tás (< *str̥Htás)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *str̥tás

Sanskrit: स्तृत (stṛtá)

Proto-Italic: *strātos

Latin: strātus

From *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend, stretch out”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


*h₂ems-e-ti (thematic present)

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: *𔓷𔗦𔑣 (/hasati/, “to beget”)

*h₂óms-ei ~ *h₂m̥s-énti

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒅆 (ḫa-a-ši /ḫāši/, “to give birth, to beget”) ~ 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀭𒍣 (ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi /ḫaššanzi/)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-aš-ša-aš /ḫāššaš/, “descendant”)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔐰𔕒𔓷𔒅𔓉𔗔 (^(INFANS.NEPOS)ha-ma-si-sa /hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Cuneiform script: *𒄩𒄠𒅆𒅖 (/*hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-an-za-aš-ša-aš /ḫanzāššaš/, “offspring”)

Hittite: 𒈗𒍑 (ḫa-aš-šu-uš /ḫaššuš/)

Proto-Germanic: *ansuz (see there for further descendants)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: *𔕒𔓷𔖢𔗔 (*^(NEPOS)ha-su-sa /*hasus/, “family”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuš (“lord”)

⇒ *h₂m̥s-u-ro-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuras


Proto-Hellenic: *gerḗn

Ancient Greek: γέρην (gérēn), γερήν (gerḗn)

gãrnis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garˀnas (or < *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”))


swēḱurós

non-ablauting (romanization)
swēḱurós (nominative singular)
swēḱuróes (nominative plural)
swēḱuré (singular vocative)
swēḱuróes (plural vocative)
swēḱuróm (accusative singular)
swēḱuróms (accusative plural)
swēḱurósyo (genitive singular)
swēḱuróHom (genitive plural)
swēḱuréad (ablative singular)
swēḱurómos (ablative plural)
swēḱuróbʰos (ablative plural)
swēḱuróey (dative singular)
swēḱurómos (dative plural)
swēḱuróbʰos (dative plural)
swēḱuréy (locative singular)
swēḱuróy (locative singular)
swēḱuróysu (locative plural)
swēḱurṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *swēgraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swāćurás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwāśurás

Sanskrit: श्वाशुर (śvāśurá)


*séwh₁-ti ~ *sh₁w-ént (root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHti

Sanskrit: सुतम् (sutám, 2du.act.imp.), सोतन (sotana, “to press”, 2pl.act.imp.)

*sḗwh₁-s-t ~ *séwh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: soa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásāwHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HásāwHst

Sanskrit: असाविषुर् (asāviṣur, 3pl.)

*sh₁u-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHunáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHunáwti

Sanskrit: सुनोति (sunóti, “to press”)

Proto-Iranian: *hHunáwti

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoⁱti, “to press”)

*sh₁u-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋗𒌑𒄑𒍣 (šu-ú-ez-zi /šuwezi/, “to push (away), shove, cast off”)

*suh₁-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *suweti (“to turn, wind”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambisuweti (“to turn around”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHáti

Sanskrit: सुवति (suváti, “to impel, set in motion”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *soodak (“to wish, grant”) (see there for further descendants)

*su-né-h₁-ti ~ *su-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sunáHtu

Proto-Iranian: *hunáHti

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunāⁱti, “to incite, drive”)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *säin- (“to be depressed, despair”) (likely influenced by form from *séwh₁-ye-ti)

Tocharian A: sin-

Tocharian B: sin-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáuˀjāˀ (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Uralic: *suxe- (“to row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHmas

Sanskrit: सोम (sóma)

Proto-Iranian: *háwHmah (see there for further descendants)


gr̥bʰtós

gr̥bʰtós (nominative singular)
gr̥bʰtóes (nominative plural)
gr̥bʰté (singular vocative)
gr̥bʰtóes (plural vocative)
gr̥bʰtóm (accusative singular)
gr̥bʰtóms (accusative plural)
gr̥bʰtósyo (genitive singular)
gr̥bʰtóHom (genitive plural)
gr̥bʰtéad (ablative singular)
gr̥bʰtómos (ablative plural)
gr̥bʰtóbʰos (ablative plural)
gr̥bʰtóey (dative singular)
gr̥bʰtómos (dative plural)
gr̥bʰtóbʰos (dative plural)
gr̥bʰtéy (locative singular)
gr̥bʰtóy (locative singular)
gr̥bʰtóysu (locative plural)
gr̥bʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
gr̥bʰtā́m (accusative singular)
gr̥bʰtóm (nominative singular)
gr̥bʰtóy (dual nominative)
gr̥bʰtóm (singular vocative)
gr̥bʰtóy (dual vocative)
gr̥bʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *grəptós (see there for further descendants)


ḱlutós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱlutós (nominative singular)
ḱlutóes (nominative plural)
ḱluté (singular vocative)
ḱlutóes (plural vocative)
ḱlutóm (accusative singular)
ḱlutóms (accusative plural)
ḱlutósyo (genitive singular)
ḱlutóHom (genitive plural)
ḱlutéad (ablative singular)
ḱlutómos (ablative plural)
ḱlutóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱlutóey (dative singular)
ḱlutómos (dative plural)
ḱlutóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱlutéy (locative singular)
ḱlutóy (locative singular)
ḱlutóysu (locative plural)
ḱlutṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱlutā́m (accusative singular)
ḱlutóm (nominative singular)
ḱlutóy (dual nominative)
ḱlutóm (singular vocative)
ḱlutóy (dual vocative)
ḱlutóy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լու (lu)

Proto-Celtic: *klutom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlūdaz (with unetymological long -ū-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klutós

Ancient Greek: κλυτός (klutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrutás

Sanskrit: श्रुत (śrutá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klutos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *enklutos

Latin: inclutus, inclitus (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱlew- (“to hear”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


yéwos

non-ablauting (romanization)
yéwos (nominative singular)
yéwōs (nominative plural)
yéwos (singular vocative)
yéwōs (plural vocative)
yéwos (accusative singular)
yéwōs (accusative plural)
yéwesos (genitive singular)
yéwesoHom (genitive plural)
yéwesos (ablative singular)
yéwesmos (ablative plural)
yéwesbʰos (ablative plural)
yéwesey (dative singular)
yéwesmos (dative plural)
yéwesbʰos (dative plural)
yéwes (locative singular)
yéwesi (locative singular)
yéwesu (locative plural)
yéwesmis (instrumental plural)
yéwesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ջով (ǰov, “sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: jãvas sg, javai̇̃ pl

Proto-Slavic: *jevinъ (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Proto-Celtic: *yewos (“barley, spelt”)

Proto-Brythonic:

>? Breton: yell m

q

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *yewornyā (+ *-rnyos, compare *agrinyos (“sloe”), or *wésornyā < *wósr̥ (“spring”))

Middle Irish: eórna f

Irish: eorna

Scottish Gaelic: eòrna

Manx: oarn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwas (see there for further descendants)

From *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence Tocharian B yu-.

Hittite 𒂊𒉿𒀭

kind of grain; soup made of a kind of grain


neyH-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*néyH-e-ti (thematic present)

Hittite: [Term?] (/nēanzi/, 3pl)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náyHati (see there for further descendants)

*niH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niHtás

Sanskrit: नीत (nītá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *niHtáh

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: [Term?] (/n'yd/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *něti (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: panejis

Latvian: paniņas

Neo-root from a reanalysis of *(s)neh₁- (“to turn”) + *-éyti, with the root laryngeal metathesized to after the *-y- suffix.


-ēs

-ēs (nominative singular)
é-ēs (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-eses (nominative plural)
é-eses (nominative plural)
-es (singular vocative)
é-es (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-eses (plural vocative)
é-eses (plural vocative)
-esm̥ (accusative singular)
é-esm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-esm̥s (accusative plural)
é-esm̥s (accusative plural)
-esos (genitive singular)
é-esos (genitive singular)
-esoHom (genitive plural)
é-esoHom (genitive plural)
-esos (ablative singular)
é-esos (ablative singular)
-esmos (ablative plural)
é-esmos (ablative plural)
-esbʰos (ablative plural)
é-esbʰos (ablative plural)
-esey (dative singular)
é-esey (dative singular)
-esmos (dative plural)
é-esmos (dative plural)
-esbʰos (dative plural)
é-esbʰos (dative plural)
-es (locative singular)
é-es (locative singular)
-esi (locative singular)
é-esi (locative singular)
-esu (locative plural)
é-esu (locative plural)
-esmis (instrumental plural)
é-esmis (instrumental plural)
-esbʰis (instrumental plural)
é-esbʰis (instrumental plural)
-es (nominative singular)
é-es (nominative singular)
-ēs (nominative plural)
é-ēs (nominative plural)
-ēs (plural vocative)
é-ēs (plural vocative)
-es (accusative singular)
é-es (accusative singular)
-ēs (accusative plural)
é-ēs (accusative plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ης (-ēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ās

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ās

Sanskrit: -अस् (-as)

Venetic: -𐌄𐌔 (-es) (in 𐌄𐌍𐌏𐌙𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌔 (enogenes), 𐌇𐌖𐌙𐌄𐌍𐌄.𐌔. (hugene.s.), .𐌄.𐌍𐌏𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌅𐌄.𐌔 (.e.nokleve.s), etc.)

From *(é)-ess, compound suffix from *(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonants and compensatory lengthening.

af

Primarily forms last members of adjectival bahuvrīhi compounds


sewyós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjaujás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *souyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sawyás (see there for further descendants)


moysós

moysós (nominative singular)
moysóes (nominative plural)
moysé (singular vocative)
moysóes (plural vocative)
moysóm (accusative singular)
moysóms (accusative plural)
moysósyo (genitive singular)
moysóHom (genitive plural)
moyséad (ablative singular)
moysómos (ablative plural)
moysóbʰos (ablative plural)
moysóey (dative singular)
moysómos (dative plural)
moysóbʰos (dative plural)
moyséy (locative singular)
moysóy (locative singular)
moysóysu (locative plural)
moysṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maišás (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *maisaz (“backpack”), *maisō

Proto-West Germanic: *mais, *maisu

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maisijā

Middle Dutch: mese

Old High German: meisa, meissa

Middle High German: meise

Old Norse: meiss

Faroese: meis

Norwegian: meis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayšás (“sheep, ram”) (see there for further descendants)


kʷeys-

*kʷéyst (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyšt

Proto-Iranian: *čáyšt

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙 (cōišt, 3sg.inj)

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (cōišta, 3pl.inj)

*kʷi-né-s-ti ~ *kʷi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *činásti

Proto-Iranian: *činástī

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯 (cinas, 3sg.inj), 𐬗𐬍𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (cīšmahī, 3pl.ind)

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cinasti, “to decide, determine”, 3sg.ind)

*kʷís-e-ti ~ *kʷís-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷiseti

⇒ Gaulish: pissiumi (“I will see”)

⇒ Old Irish: adcí (“to see, behold”) (+ *h₂éd)

*kʷis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čištás

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćiṣṭás (“message”)

Sanskrit: *चिष्ट (ciṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čištáh

⇒ Middle Persian: nʾmcšt' (/nāmčišt/, “known by name”)

*kʷoys-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kayšás

Proto-Iranian: *kayšás

Avestan: 𐬝𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (t̰kaēša, “teaching”)

Middle Persian: kyš (/kēš/, “dogma, faith”)

Persian: کیش (kêš, “religion”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kʷoizā
Latin: cura (see there for further descendants)


wers-

*wers-é-ti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *werzaną (perhaps “to thresh” > “to mix up”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-é-ti ~ *wr̥s-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrťi (“to thresh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wors-e/o-

Latin: vorrō, verrō (“to sweep clean”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-tís

Proto-Germanic: *wurstiz

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wert-</i> (“to turn”)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *wursti (“sausage”) (or from *wert- (“to turn”)) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *varsa

desc

⇒ Albanian: zvarrë (“being dragged on the ground”, adverb), varrë, xvarrë

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vârsms (“heap of corn, grain”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: vǫrr (“stroke, pull of an oar”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρύω (erúō, “to drag, pull”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔρρω (érrhō, “to go slowly, limp”)


wers-

*wérs-t ~ *wr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आ वृषस्व (ā́ vṛṣásva, “pull yourself together!”)

*wr̥s-yé-ti ~ *wr̥s-yó-nti (thematic present with suffix -yé/ó-)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒊍𒍣 (wa-ar-ši-ya-az-zi /waršiye/azi/, “to lift oneself”)

⇒ [script needed] ([wa-a]r-ši-ya-za), 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒋻 (wa-ar-ši-ya-tar /warsiyatar/, “reconciliation”)

*wérs-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wérhmə

>? Ancient Greek: ἕρμα (hérma, “heap of stones; reef, rock, cliff, hill; foundation”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáršma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáršma

Sanskrit: वर्ष्मन् (várṣman, “height, top”)

*wers-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *wersos (“high(er)”)

Old Irish: ferr (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

*we/ors-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: verrūca (“wart; hillock”) (see there for further descendants)

*wors-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *warzaz (“callus”) (see there for further descendants)

*wérs-to

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/warštta(ri)/)

Proto-Celtic: *warsā (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-u-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wíršus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warš- (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wápsāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *osa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wapsō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wospā (metathesized < *wopsā)

Latin: vespa (see there for further descendants)

Usually derived from *webʰ- (“to weave, braid”) in a multi-step process:
# One starts with a neuter *-os action noun *wébʰos, which survives as Ancient Greek ὕφος (húphos, “web”) with analogical zero grade.
# This neuter noun would then be the source of an *-ós adjective. Höfler reconstructs this adjective as *ubʰsós (“weaving”) while Lipp gives *wobʰsós (“having a woven nest”). Mallory and Adams skip this step.
# This adjective would then form o-grade deadjectival substantives, namely *wóbʰsos (in Indo-Iranian) and *wóbʰseh₂ (elsewhere), which would come to mean "wasp".
The "weaving" of wasps refers to their nest construction.
Olsen follows a similar multi-step process from the same root with the same starting neuter s-stem noun, but she skips the adjectival step and further smoothens the semantic transition by supposing that a neo-root *wesp- ~ *weps (“to wrap”) emerged during this complex process. She also glosses *wóbʰseh₂ as an agentive collective "wrapper".


(s)keng-

*(s)kéng-e-ti (thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *kengeti (“to step, tread”)
Old Irish: cingid, ·cing
Irish: cinn

Proto-Germanic: *hinkaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hinkan (see there for further descendants)

desc

*k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰánȷ́ati

Sanskrit: खञ्जति (kháñjati, “to limp”)

*(s)kn̥g-yé-ti (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skəďďō

Ancient Greek: σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”)

Greek: σκάζω (skázo)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σκάζων (skázōn) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)keng-et-s

Proto-Celtic: *kengets (“warrior (< one who treads)”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *kanxsman (“step, act of stepping”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-ō ~ *(s)kn̥g-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *skinkô (“thigh, shank”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skinkō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skunkô

*(s)kóng-ō

Proto-Germanic: *skankô (“that which is bent; thigh, shank”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kong-os

Proto-Germanic: *skankaz (“askew, tilted”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijaną (“to skew, tilt, tip, pour”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijô (“pourer of drinks”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *šęgati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: шегати (šegati, “to make fun of”), шегавъ (šegavŭ, “giddy; fickle”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: шѧгати (šęgati, “to joke”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *šęga (“silliness, joke, prank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skankōną

→? Proto-Finnic: *kenkä (“shoe”)

→? Proto-Samic: *kieŋkē (“sole of a sledge runner or keel”)


wérsēn

wr̥sn̥- (oblique stem)
wérsēn (nominative singular)
wérsenes (nominative plural)
wérsen (singular vocative)
wérsenes (plural vocative)
wérsenm̥ (accusative singular)
wérsenm̥s (accusative plural)
wr̥snés (genitive singular)
wr̥snóHom (genitive plural)
wr̥snés (ablative singular)
wr̥sn̥mós (ablative plural)
wr̥sn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
wr̥snéy (dative singular)
wr̥sn̥mós (dative plural)
wr̥sn̥bʰós (dative plural)
wérsen (locative singular)
wérseni (locative singular)
wr̥sn̥sú (locative plural)
wr̥sn̥mís (instrumental plural)
wr̥sn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Armenian: (or < *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”))

Old Armenian: գառն (gaṙn, “lamb”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առն (aṙn, “wild ram”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urzô ~ *ūrziniz (“grouse”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urznô (“boar, male pig”)

Old Norse: *urni

Danish: orne, (dialectal) urne

Old Swedish: orne

Swedish: orne

Proto-Hellenic: *(w)érsēn, *(w)ə́rsēn

Ancient Greek: (“male (animal)”)

lect

Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, Cretan Ancient Greek: ἔρσην (érsēn)

Attic Greek: ἄρρην (árrhēn)

Epic Greek: ἄρσην (ársēn)

Laconic Greek: ἄρσης (ársēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(w)ŕ̥šā (see there for further descendants)

desc

→? Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *weršē (“bull-calf, male”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wersēn or *worsēn

Latin: verrēs, verris (“boar, male pig”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *h₁wers- (“to rain, sprinkle (water, urine, semen)”), or perhaps from *wers- (“to rise (up)”) + *-ḗn.
However, Pronk is skeptical of assigning it to any verbal root.

kursô

*gʷou-wr̥sēn or *gʷeh₃u-wr̥sēn or *gʷh₃u-wr̥sēn (“bull”) (+ *gʷou- (“cattle”))

(w)risiz

hero, giant; see there for further descendants

ऋषभ

bull, male animal; see there for further descendants


sédyeti

sédyom (first-person indicative past singular)
sédyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sédyes (indicative past second-person singular)
sédye (imperative second-person singular)
sédyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sédyoys (optative second-person singular)
sédyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sédyet (indicative past singular third-person)
sédyetu (imperative singular third-person)
sédyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sédyoyt (optative singular third-person)
sédyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sédyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sédyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sédyoywe (dual first-person optative)
sédyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sédyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sédyetom (dual imperative second-person)
sédyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sédyoytom (dual optative second-person)
sédyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sédyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sédyetām (dual imperative third-person)
sédyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sédyoytām (dual optative third-person)
sédyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sédyome (first-person indicative past plural)
sédyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sédyoyme (first-person optative plural)
sédyete (indicative plural present second-person)
sédyete (indicative past plural second-person)
sédyete (imperative plural second-person)
sédyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sédyoyte (optative plural second-person)
sédyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sédyont (indicative past plural third-person)
sédyontu (imperative plural third-person)
sédyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sédyonts (indicative participle present)
sédyeso (imperative second-person singular)
sédyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sédyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sédyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sédyoyto (optative singular third-person)
sédyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sédyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
sédyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sédyoyro (optative plural third-person)
sédyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *sit(j)aną (unless < *sed-éi-ti ~ *sed-i-énti) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *heďďomai
Ancient Greek: ἕζομαι (hézomai)


dʰwes-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰews-óm

Proto-Germanic: *deuzą (“animal”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰews-ós

desc

Proto-Germanic: *deuzaz (“wild, fierce, bold”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰows-o-s

>? Proto-Albanian: *dauša (otherwise from *dʰeh₁-l-)

Albanian: dash (“ram”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣas, *dáuṣāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsos f pl (“air; skies; heaven”)

Proto-Slavic: *dȗxъ, *dyxъ? (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dūxàti (or from *duti, from *dʰewh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *dʰows-yo-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣjāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsios f pl

Proto-Slavic: *dušà (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Gaulish: dusios (“phantasm”)

*dʰwés-(e)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwéstei

Lithuanian: dvė̃sti (“to breathe (out), exhale, blow, sigh; to breathe one's last, perish”)

Latvian: dvèst (“to breathe (heavily), cough”)

>? *dʰus- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: из-дъшє (iz-dŭše, “to breathe one's last, die”)

>? *dʰus-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dust

>? Proto-Slavic: *duxati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰus-yós

Proto-Celtic: *dusyos (“demon, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰus-h₁yé-ti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dusêt

Lithuanian: dūsė́ti (“to breathe heavily; to gasp; to sob”); ? dusė́ti (“to cough”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *dyšàti (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰwēs-

>? Proto-Italic: (initial *f expected)

Latin: bēstia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-ko-s (“dark-colored”)

Proto-Germanic: *duskaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fuscus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-wós (“dark, black, brown”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furvus

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-nos

Proto-Celtic: *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dusnaz (“brownish; brown; yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dusāną (“to be stunned”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dustą (“dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dvoxati (analogical formation) (or from *dʰewh₂-; cf. also *dūxàti)

Russian: дво́хать (dvóxatʹ, “to breathe heavily; to gasp; to cough loudly”) (dialectal)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dùsti (“to run out of breath, pant, gasp for air; to choke, stifle”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: (or from *dʰewh₂-)

Lithuanian: dūsúoti (“to breathe heavily”), dū́sauti (“to sigh”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dvẽsele (“breath, soul”)

Lithuanian: dvėselė (“soul; (dial.) strength”)

Lithuanian: dvasia (“soul”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ध्वंसति (dhváṁsati, “he falls to dust”)

Ashokan Prakrit:

Bengali: ধসা (dhośa, “to collapse”)

Nepali: धस्नु (dhasnu, “to pierce”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀁𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhaṃsadi), 𑀥𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhasadi)

Gujarati: ધસવું (dhasvũ, “to collapse”)

Hindi: धँसना (dhãsnā, “to be submerged, sink drown; to pierce”)

Punjabi: ਢਹਿਣਾ (ḍhahiṇā) / ڈھہنا (ḍhahiṇā, “to fall”)

Seemingly related to *dʰewh₂- (“(to emit) smoke, vapor, mist, haze”), with which there may be confusion in some descendants.


témHos

témHes- (oblique stem)
témHos (nominative singular)
témHōs (nominative plural)
témHos (singular vocative)
témHōs (plural vocative)
témHos (accusative singular)
témHōs (accusative plural)
témHesos (genitive singular)
témHesoHom (genitive plural)
témHesos (ablative singular)
témHesmos (ablative plural)
témHesbʰos (ablative plural)
témHesey (dative singular)
témHesmos (dative plural)
témHesbʰos (dative plural)
témHes (locative singular)
témHesi (locative singular)
témHesu (locative plural)
témHesmis (instrumental plural)
témHesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *þemaz? *þemazą/*þemarą?

Proto-West Germanic: *þimr

desctree

Old High German: demar (“dusk”)
Middle High German: demere
German: Dämmer, Dämmerung

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHas (“darkness”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Italic: *temezi (“in darkness, blindly”, locative singular)

Latin: temere (“by accident”)

þimstr

Proto-Germanic: *þimstraz; Proto-West Germanic

→ Proto-Common Turkic: *tamu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHsram (“darkness, dark night”) (see there for further descendants)

tenebrae

darkness; shadow of death, gloom; see there for further descendants


lówtrom (canonical neuter)
lówtrom (nominative singular)
lówtroy (dual nominative)
lówtrom (singular vocative)
lówtroy (dual vocative)
lówtrom (accusative singular)
lówtroy (accusative dual)
lówtrosyo (genitive singular)
lówtroHom (genitive plural)
lówtread (ablative singular)
lówtromos (ablative plural)
lówtrobʰos (ablative plural)
lówtroey (dative singular)
lówtromos (dative plural)
lówtrobʰos (dative plural)
lówtrey (locative singular)
lówtroy (locative singular)
lówtroysu (locative plural)
lówtrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *lowatrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lauþrą (“lather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lewotrón (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *lawāðrom (remodeled after *lawaō and with analogical *-dʰrom)
Latin: lavābrum
Latin: lābrum

From *lewh₃- (“to rinse, wash, bathe”) + *-trom (instrumental suffix).

suffix

that which is used for washing:
washbasin, bathtub

that which is used for washing:
bathwater; soap suds


(s)teyg-

*(s)tig-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *stiďďō

Ancient Greek: στίζω (stízō)

*(s)téyg-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́atay

Sanskrit: तेजते (téjate)

Proto-Italic: *steigō

Latin: (īn-)stīgō

*(s)tig-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *stikaną

*(s)téyg-os ~ *(s)téyg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́as

Sanskrit: तेजस् (téjas)

*(s)tig-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tiktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tiktás

Sanskrit: तिक्त (tiktá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tixtáh

Northeastern Iranian:

desctree

Proto-Scythian: *tiǧdi
Proto-Sarmatian: *ćiǧd
Alanic: *ciǧd
Ossetian:
Digor Ossetian: цигъд (ciǧd)
Iron Ossetian: цыхт (cyxt)
→ Hungarian: sajt
Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *tiǧdi
Wakhi: təɣ̌d

*(s)tig-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tigmás

Sanskrit: तिग्म (tigmá)

*(s)tig-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigrás

Proto-Iranian: *tigráh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬀 (tiγra)

Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼 (t-i-g-r /tigra/)

*(s)téyg-yōs ~ *(s)tig-is-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́yas

Sanskrit: तेजीयस् (téjīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *táyǰyah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tyc /tēz/)

Persian: تیز (tiz)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: tîj, tûj

Central Kurdish: تیژ (tîj), تێژ (têj)

(s)téyg-mn̥ ~ *(s)tig-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στῐ́γμᾰ (stĭ́gmă)

Unsorted formations

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tigeti
Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣɨd
Old Breton: tigom (verbal noun)
Gaulish: tixsintor (3pl. fut. pass.), tigontias (pres. part. gen. sg. f.) (both forms in the Larzac lead tablet)

Proto-Germanic: *þistilaz

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tikšnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tikṣṇás

Sanskrit: तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇá)


k⁽ʷ⁾sewd-

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáwdati

desc

Sanskrit: क्षोदन्ति (kṣódanti, 3rd pers. pl act.), क्षोदन्ते (kṣódante, 3rd pers. pl. med.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾su-né-d-ti ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾su-n-d-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšunátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣunátti

Sanskrit: क्षुणत्ति (kṣuṇatti)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšawdáyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kṣawdáyati

Sanskrit: अक्षोदयत् (ákṣodayat, 3rd pers. sg. imperf. act.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ksaudás

Proto-Slavic: *xudъ (“small, thin”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-os ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdas (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudrás (“minute, tiny; dispersed”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšutˢtás

Proto-Iranian: *xšustáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xšusta, “melted”)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣudnás

Sanskrit: क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇa)

Unsorted formations

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/šustan/), [script needed] (šwy /šōy/)

Persian: شستن (šostan)


*h₃neh₂-t (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπόνητο (apónēto)

*h₃n̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₃n̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀνίνημι (onínēmi)

Proto-Germanic: *unnaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted:

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *anawos
Proto-Brythonic: *anaw
Middle Welsh: anaw
⇒ Old Irish: anai (from *anawyos)
Middle Irish: ana
Classical Gaelic: ana
Gaulish: *Anauos
→ Latin: Anauus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HnaHtʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HnaHtʰás

desc

Sanskrit: नाथ (nātha, “refuge; protector”)


ster-

*stér-ō ~ *str̥-nés

Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (see there for further descendants)

*stér-wont-s ~ *str-unt-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stárwans

Proto-Iranian: *stárwans

Middle Persian: (“barren, childless”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (stlwn' /starwan/)

desctree

Old Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ, “sterile, barren”), ստերդ (sterd), ըստերջ (əsterǰ)
Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ)

desc

Ancient Greek: στεῖρα (steîra, “infertile”)


h₂óḱeth₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óḱet (singular vocative)
h₂óḱeth₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óḱetm̥ (accusative singular)
h₂óḱeth₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱet (locative singular)
h₂éḱeth₁ (instrumental singular)

aketes

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eśetis (*e < *o (Rozwadowski's change)); Old Prussian


*dwéh₂-s-ti ~ *duh₂-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuχːuszi/, “to separate”)

*dwéh₂-m (adverb)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *dwān (< *dwām < (Stang's law) acc.sg. *dwéh₂-m̥)

desc

Ancient Greek: δήν (dḗn, “for a long time”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷom-dām (“some long time ago”)

Latin: quondam (“at one time, formerly”)

⇒ Latin: quīdam (“someone”) (with -dam abstracted to mean "some")

*duh₂-m (adverb)

Proto-Italic: *dūm

q

> <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">dum</i> (“when”, conjunction)

Latin: dum (“for a while, still”, adverb) (> dum (“when”, conjunction))

⇒? Proto-Italic: *dū-dūm

Latin: dūdum (“some time ago”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀwē (< *deh₂wéh₁ < (laryngeal metathesis) instr.sg. *dewh₂-éh₁)

Proto-Slavic: *davě (“ago, recently”)

Russian: даве (dave) (dialectal)

Old Church Slavonic: давѣ (davě)

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *davьnъ (“ancient, past”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկայն (erkayn, “long, extended”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwaHištʰám (“most distant”, adverb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawHiṣṭʰám (with apparent metathesis)

Sanskrit: दविष्ठम् (daviṣṭhám)

Proto-Iranian: *dwaHištám

Avestan: 𐬛𐬠𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨 (dbōištəm)

Old Persian: 𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎶 (du-u-v-i-š-t-m /duvaištam/)

*dweh₂-ró-s, *duh₂-ró-s (“far, long”) (see there for further descendants)

*dwéh₂-s ~ *duh₂-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwa/, “far”) (< loc.sg. *dwéh₂)

⇒ Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwala/, “far from”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duHtás (“messenger, conveyor”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtás

Sanskrit: दूत (dūtá)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬏𐬙𐬀 (dūta)

*déwh₂-yo-s (yo-stem adjective)

Proto-Celtic: *dowyos

>? Old Irish: doe (“slow, sluggish”)

*dwéh₂-yōs ~ *duh₂-is-és (yōs-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwHyās (“more distant”) (with apparent metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwHyās

Sanskrit: दवीयस् (dávīyas-)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwárṣati

Sanskrit: वर्षति (várṣati)

Proto-Hellenic: *eworhéyō

Ancient Greek: οὐρέω (ouréō) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ οὖρον (oûron, “urine”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣáyati

Sanskrit: वर्षयति (varṣáyati)

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsiyezzi/)

Proto-Celtic: *wrastos

Old Irish: fros (“rain-shower”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: वृष्ट (vṛṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwr̥štáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aⁱβivar^əšta, “rained upon”)

*h₁wérs-ti-s ~ *h₁wr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwŕ̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: वृष्टि (vṛṣṭí)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pro-</i> (“forth”)

*pro-h₁wérs ~ *pro-h₁wr̥s-és (with *pro- (“forth”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHwŕ̥š (“rain”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHwŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: प्रावृष् (prāvṛ́ṣ)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsa/, “fog, mist”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Gurani: [script needed] (wišani), [script needed] (wašt)


g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ-

*ge-g⁽ʷ⁾óldʰ-e ~ *ge-g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagáldʰa ~ *ǰagr̥dʰā́r

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agáldʰa ~ *ȷ́agr̥dʰā́r

Sanskrit: जागृधुर् (jāgṛdhúr, “are greedy”, 3pl.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gil̃dḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьlděti (“to desire”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ét (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágr̥dʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hágr̥dʰat

Sanskrit: अगृधत् (ágṛdhat, “has become greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰyati

Sanskrit: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati, “to be greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾oldʰ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galdás

Proto-Slavic: *gȏldъ (“hunger”) (see there for further descendants)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰrás (“greedy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰrás

Sanskrit: गृध्र (gṛ́dhra)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥dráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gər^əδa) (< *gərᵊδra)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Iranian: *gard-

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wigard-

Pashto: غوښتل (ǧoẍtël) (غواړي (ǧwâṛí, 3sg.pres.act.)) (from earlier wǧâṛ-)

David Neil MacKenzie
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Nicholas Sims-Williams
Rick Derksen


*déyh₁-ti ~ *dih₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deiˀti

Latvian: diêt (“to hop, dance”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δίω (díō, “to put to flight”)

Ancient Greek: δίεμαι (díemai, “to hunt, pursue; to run”)

*dih₁-néw-ti ~ *dih₁-nw-énti (“new-present”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῑνέω (dīnéō), δῑνεύω (dīneúō, “to whirl around, spin (oneself)”)

*dih₁-sḱé-ti (“sḱe-present”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *en-diska, *en-deiska

Albanian: ndih, ndif (“to help”) (or < *(s)teygʰ-)

*dih₁-yé-ti (“ye-present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHyáti

Sanskrit: दीयन्ति (dīyanti, 3pl.act.), दीयते (dīyate, “to fly away”, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Celtic: *deinos

desctree

Old Irish: dían
Irish: dian
Scottish Gaelic: dian
Manx: jeean

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dainā

Latvian: daina

Lithuanian: daina

Sudovian: daina

>? Dacian: *daina

>? Romanian: doină

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


-wōs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: -us (past half-participle)

desc

Lithuanian: [Term?] (past active participle)

Proto-Slavic: *-vъ (past active participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *-wōs

Ancient Greek: -ώς (-ṓs) (with innovated t-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wās

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -वांस् (-vāṃs)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬎𐬱 (-uš)

Proto-Italic: *-wōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -u

From **-woss (stem + nominative *-s). It was added to the zero-grade form of the perfect stem of a verb.


gem-

*gém-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémō

Ancient Greek: γέμω (gémō)

>? Proto-Italic: *gemō

Latin: gemō

*gém-t ~ *gm-ént (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gémtei (present stem: *gim-)

Proto-Slavic: *žęti (“to press”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémto

⇒ Ancient Greek: γέντο (génto, “grasped”)

*ge-góm-e ~ *ge-gm-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kāmat

Tocharian B: kamāte

*góm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gómos

Ancient Greek: γόμος (gómos, “cargo”)


Proto-Celtic: *garyeti

Ancient Greek: γῆρυς (gêrus)

Proto-Germanic: *karō

Proto-Celtic: *garsman

Old Irish: gairm

Irish: gairm

Scottish Gaelic: gairm

Proto-Germanic: *karmaz, *karmiz (< *karzmaz)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: garrio

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (zryg), [script needed] (zlyk, “sorrow, suffering”)

Ossetian зарын (zaryn), зарун (zarun, “to sing”)

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *gerh₂- ~ *ǵerh₂-, with which there is some confusion.


wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
wl̥kʷíh₂ (singular vocative)
wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
wl̥kʷíh₂m̥ (accusative singular)
wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
wl̥kʷíh₂ (locative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkī́ˀ

⇒? Lithuanian: vi̇̀lkė (“she-wolf”), vil̃kė (“she-wolf”)

⇒? Lithuanian: vilkijà (“a pack of wolves”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkī́ˀkāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *vьlčìca

Proto-Germanic: *wulgī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥kíHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥kíHs

Sanskrit: वृकी (vṛkī́)


(s)kewH-

⇒? *(s)kewdʰ- (with laryngeal deletion?)

Proto-Celtic: *koudeti

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉðɨd (“to hide”)

Middle Breton: cuzaff

Breton: kuzhat

Cornish: cuthe

Welsh: cuddio

Proto-Hellenic: *kéutʰō

Ancient Greek: κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide, conceal”)

⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-tis

Proto-Hellenic:

q

>? Ancient Greek: κύστις (kústis, “bladder”) (cf. *(s)kewH-tis; alternatively from *ḱewh₁-)

⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *hūdijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdijan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hudijā, *hudjā (“hut, shelter”)

desc

>? Old High German: hutta (“hut, cottage”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ku-né-H-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skunáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skunáHti

Sanskrit: स्कुनाति (skunā́ti, “to cover”)

*(s)kewH-lo-

>? Proto-Celtic: *kūlos

Proto-Brythonic: *kil

Breton: kil (“nape, back”)

Welsh: cil (“corner, nook; nape, back”)

Cornish: kil (“recess, nook; nape, back”)

desctree

Old Irish: cúl (“posterior”)
Irish: cúl
Manx: cooyl
Scottish Gaelic: cùl

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skeulą (“shelter, hiding place”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiulijaną (“to shelter, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kūlos

Latin: cūlus (“posterior”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκύλος (skúlos, “skin, hide”)

*(s)kewH-ṓ

Proto-Germanic: *skiwô (“cloud cover, haze, sky”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiwją (“cloud, sky”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéwH-tis ~ *(s)kuH-téys (“skin, hide; sac”) ⇒ *kuH-tí-s

Proto-Celtic: *kutis

Proto-Brythonic: *kud

or borrowed from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">cutis</i>

Welsh: cwd (“pouch, bag, sac, purse; scrotum”) (or borrowed from Latin cutis)

Proto-Germanic: *hūdiz (“hide, skin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kutis

Latin: cutis (“skin, hide, leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *kwāc

Tocharian A: kāc (“skin”)

⇒ *(s)kuH-ty-eh₂ or *(s)kuH-ty-ō

>? Proto-Tocharian: *kātsān (“belly, stomach, abdomen; womb”)

Tocharian A: kāts

Tocharian B: kātso

Proto-Germanic: *hawō

Old Norse: há f (“hide”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaudō (“sheath, husk”)

*(s)kówH-l̥ ~ *(s)kówH-ōl

⇒ *(s)kowH-ol-ō

Proto-Germanic: *skawalô

>? Old Norse: skáli (“small building, shed, barn; room; drinking hall”)

→ Middle English: scale

English: scale (dialectal)

Faroese: skáli

Icelandic: skáli (“hut, shed; barn, lodge; hall, dining hall”)

Norwegian Bokmål: skåle (“hut”)

Swedish: skål, skåla (“hut”) (dialectal)

Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shelter”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuH-s-ó-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *hūsą (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kúH-t-ō

>? Proto-Germanic: *huþô (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuH-tó-m

Latin: scūtum (“shield, defense”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ku(H)-tó-s

Ancient Greek: σκῦτος (skûtos, “skin, hide”)

q

alternatively from *(s)kew- (“to pluck”)

Ancient Greek: κύτος (kútos, “hollow vessel”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)kew- (“to pluck”))

Unsorted formations:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: սուզանեմ (suzanem)
Armenian: սուզել (suzel)

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjáuˀtas (“shell, skin”)

Lithuanian: kiáutas

Old Prussian: keuta

Lithuanian: kutỹs (“purse”)

Lithuanian: kẽvalas (“skin, cover”)

desctree

>? Old English: sċunian (“to shun, avoid; to detest”), sċeonian, sċynian, sċyniġan
Middle English: shonen
English: shun
Scots: shun

desc

Proto-Germanic: *husǭ (“outer covering, shell, husk; leggings”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Sanskrit: कुहू (kuhū, “new moon”)

⇒? Sanskrit: कुहरम् (kuharam, “cave, cavity, hole”)

>? Proto-Italic: *kustots

Latin: custōs (“guard, keeper, jailer”) (see there for further descendants)


-éh₂

Creates collective nouns and mass nouns corresponding to thematic formations with accent on the suffix.


-éh₂

-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
o-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
o₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Germanic: *-ō

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *-ā́
Ancient Greek: -ᾱ́ (-ā́), -ή (-ḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áH

bʰer- (“to bear”) + *-éh₂ → *bʰoréh₂ (“carrying, burden”)

Creates action nouns and abstract nouns.


-éh₂

bʰewg- (“to flee”) + *-éh₂ → *bʰugéh₂ (“flight”)


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկար (erkar)
Armenian: երկար (erkar)
→? Mingrelian: რიჸალი (riʾali)

Proto-Hellenic: *dwārós

Ancient Greek: δηρός (dērós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dūros

Latin: dūrus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: dūrō (see there for further descendants)

From *dweh₂- (“to move away”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


>? Proto-Albanian: *sterjā

Albanian: shterrë

Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *steřřə

Ancient Greek: στεῖρα (steîra)

⇒ Ancient Greek: στεῖρος (steîros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staríHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staríHs

Vedic Sanskrit: स्तरी (starī́)

Proto-Italic: *sterīs

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sterelis (+ *-elis)

Latin: sterilis (see there for further descendants)

From *ster- (“sterile, infertile”) + *-ih₂s.


*h₃ewes- (“covering, clothing”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ewe (“skin, hide”)

*h₃u-néu-ti ~ *h₃u-nu-énti (*néw-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ú-nu-uz-zi, “to adorn”)

Proto-Italic: *owō

Latin: *uo

Umbrian: anouihimu

Unsorted formations

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀 (aoθra)

Old Armenian: ագանիմ (aganim)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *áutei


kóslos

non-ablauting (romanization)
kóslos (nominative singular)
kósloes (nominative plural)
kósle (singular vocative)
kósloes (plural vocative)
kóslom (accusative singular)
kósloms (accusative plural)
kóslosyo (genitive singular)
kósloHom (genitive plural)
kóslead (ablative singular)
kóslomos (ablative plural)
kóslobʰos (ablative plural)
kósloey (dative singular)
kóslomos (dative plural)
kóslobʰos (dative plural)
kósley (locative singular)
kósloy (locative singular)
kósloysu (locative plural)
kóslōys (instrumental plural)
*kósulos (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

>? Old Lithuanian: kasùlas (“hunter's spear, stick, bush”)

Proto-Celtic: *koslos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haslaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kosulos, *kosolos

Latin: corylus, corulus, corilus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language. The presence of irregular variations and the geographic distribution suggest the word entered Indo-European at a late stage, after the dissolution of PIE dialects, perhaps as a wanderword.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patī

Latvian: pati

Lithuanian: pati̇̀

Proto-Hellenic: *pótnia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátniH (see there for further descendants)

From *pótis (“master, husband”) + *-nih₂ (feminizing suffix).

déspoňňa

lady of the house; see there for further descendants


ǵʰeh₂-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źiā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: žióti

Proto-Slavic: *zijati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hiāō

Latin: hiō

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kīnuzi ~ kinuu̯anzi, “to open up, break open”)

Ancient Greek: χαίνω (khaínō)

Proto-Germanic: *ganāną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰh₂-sḱéti ~ ǵʰh₂-sḱónti

Ancient Greek: χάσκω (kháskō)

*ǵʰei-ǵʰh₂-oi- (reduplicated i-perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *gīgēn- (“to desire”)

English: gain

Old High German: (with nasal infix) gingēn (“to desire”)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gageigan, “to gain”)

*ǵʰi-né-h₂-ti ~ ǵʰi-n-h₂-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *ginōną, *gīnaną (“to gape, yawn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *koy (“mouth”)

Tocharian A: koy-

Tocharian B: koyn

Proto-Germanic: *gapōną (see there for further descendants)

*ɡ́ʰéh₂-os ~ ɡʰéh₂-es-os

Ancient Greek: χάος (kháos)

*ɡ́ʰéh₂w-mō ~ ɡ́ʰh₂w-m̥nés

Proto-Germanic: *gōmô (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *gagin (“towards, against”)

Proto-Germanic: *gaidwą (“lack, want”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *gailaz (“wanton”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kāyā (“to open wide, gape”)

→? Old Georgian: გემოჲ (gemoy, “palate, taste”) (or from Ancient Greek) (see there for further descendants)


skabʰ-

*skábʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Latin: scabō (“to scratch, rub”)

Proto-Germanic: *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”)

>? Lithuanian: skàbti (“to pick”)

*skabʰ-on-s ~ *skabʰ-en-

Proto-Germanic: *skabô

Old High German: scaba

Old English: sċeafa

*skabʰ-men-s ~ *skabʰ-mn-

⇒ Ancient Greek: σκάμμα (skámma, “trench”)

*skabʰ-ter-s ~ *skabʰ-tr-

Ancient Greek: σκαπτήρ (skaptḗr, “digger”)

*skobʰ-i-s

Latin: scobis (“sawdust”)

*skabʰ-ti-s

Ancient Greek: περίσκαψις (perískapsis, “digging around”)

Lithuanian: skàpti (“to pluck”, infinitive)

*skabʰ-iH-s

Latin: scabies (“roughness of the skin, scabies”)

*skábʰ-es-s

Ancient Greek: σκάφος (skáphos, “ditch, ship's hull”)

*skábʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *skabaz

Old Norse: skǫf n pl (“chips”)

Icelandic: skaf

*skabʰ-ó-s

⇒ Lithuanian: skabùs (“sharp”)

Ancient Greek: σκάφη (skáphē, “tub, ship”)

*skabʰ-ró-s

Latin: scaber (“rough, scratchy, mangy”)

(dialectal) ⇒? Lithuanian: skabrùs (“sharp”)

Latvian: skabrs (“splintered, sharp”)

*-skābʰ-yo-s

Proto-Germanic: *-skōbijaz

Old Norse: auðskæfr (“easy to smoothen”)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: σκάπτω (skáptō, “to dig”)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: skōbti (“to scrape, carve, pick”)

Lithuanian: skabýti (“to cut, pick, break off”)

(dialectal) Lithuanian: skóbas (“sour”)

Latgalian: skuobs (“sour”)

Latvian: skâbs (“sour”)

Proto-Slavic: *skȍbľь m (“crafting or carving tool (spokeshave, chisel, gouge)”)

Proto-Slavic: *skobľiti (“to carve, to delve”)

Russian: ще́бень m (ščébenʹ, “crushed stone”)


(s)twerH-

*(s)téwrH-ye-ti (ye-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *stiurijaną (“to direct, steer”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)towrH-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *staurijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *staurijan (“to disturb, destroy”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)twérH-e-ti (root thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þweraną (“to swirl, stir”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twárHati

Sanskrit: त्वरते (tvárate, “to hurry up, hasten”)

⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरयति (tvarayati, “to cause to hasten”)

⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरा (tvarā́, “speed, haste”)

*(s)twr̥H-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥Háti (“to hurry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *truwō (“to stir”) (< metathesized *truH-é-ti)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *ambitruwō (+ *ambi-)

Latin: amptruō (“to execute a figure or movement”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *truwā

Latin: trua (“ladle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)twr̥H-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *trū́núō (< metathesized *truHnéwti)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trū́ňňō (+ *-yō)

Ancient Greek: ὀτρύνω (otrúnō, “to stir up; to hasten”) (+ unexplained *o-)

*(s)twr̥H-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Germanic: *sturjaną, *þurjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *sturjan (“to stir up, agitate; to propel, move forward”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þyrja (“to speed”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturiz (“stirring, agitation; motion”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturmaz (“storm”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)towrH-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (“disturbance, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύρβη (túrbē), σύρβη (súrbē)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: turba

Latin: turma


skwey-

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*skwoy-eh₂ : *skuy-eh₂ (“needle, prickle; thorn”, o-grade)

desctree

Dacian: *skuia (“spruce, fir-tree”)
→ Ancient Greek: Σκουάνες (Skouánes) (toponym)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skwajāˀ, *skujāˀ f (“needles or branches of a coniferous tree”)

Latvian: skuja f (“needle of a fir-tree”)

Lithuanian: skujà f (“needle of a coniferous tree; twig of a pine cone, fish-scale”)

Proto-Slavic: *xvoja f, *xvojь m (see there for further descendants)

*skowyós : *skuyós (o-grade; metathesis)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skaujás m (“twig, cane, arbor”)
Proto-Slavic: *xȗjь (“penis”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *skuja

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *sku-na

desc

Albanian: hu, hû m (“stake, pole; penis”)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *skun-tā

Albanian: hundë f (“nose”)

*skwi(y)-h₂et-s (zero-grade)

Proto-Celtic: *skʷiyat-s (“hawthorn”) (see there for further descendants)


gʷewH-

*gʷuH-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *guHáti

Sanskrit: गुवति (guváti, “to defecate”)

*gʷówH-dʰro-m

Proto-Celtic: *bowdrom (“filth”)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉdr

Middle Welsh: budyr

Welsh: budr

>? Middle Irish: buaidir

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gawāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *govà

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *govьno (“excrement”) (+ *-ьno) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *gaviti

Old East Slavic: огавити (ogaviti)

dialectal Russian: гаведь (gavedʹ), гаведный (gavednyj)

Slovene: gabiti se, ogaba, ogaben

Slovak: ohava (noun), ohavný (adjective)

Proto-Celtic: *bowā (“filth, excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuH-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *guHnás

Sanskrit: गून (gūná, “defecated”)

Proto-Iranian: *guHnáh

Khotanese: *gūṃ

⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (agūṃ, “unpolluted”)

*gʷuH-tHó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHtʰás (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuH-tó-s, *gʷweH-tó-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: կու (ku), կոյ (koy, “excrement”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwādaz, *kwēdaz

Proto-West Germanic: *kwād (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)


tḗr (imperative second-person singular)
tr̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒄴𒈪 (tar-aḫ-mi /taraḫmi/, 1sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tär- (“to radiate, spread out”)

Athematic root aorist of *terh₂- (“to cross over”).

trāns

*tŕ̥h₂n̥t-s (< participle *tr̥h₂-n̥t-és)


Proto-Anatolian: *térHʷti ~ *tr̥Hʷánti

Hittite: 𒋻𒄴𒍣 (tar-uḫ-zi, “to overpower”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥Hwati (“to overcome, be able”) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic u-present of *terh₂- (“to overcome”).


Proto-Celtic: *taras (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hás (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

From *terh₂- (“to cross over, pass through”).

þurhw

through; see there for further descendants

tr̥HaćčáH

*tr̥h₂-m̥-s-kʷé (or < *tr̥h₂-es-kʷe, or *tr̥h₂-os-h₃kʷe)


*té-th₂g-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

⇒ *te-th₂g-ónt-s (participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *tetagṓn

Ancient Greek: τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having taken”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tēkaną (< *deh₁g- < *dedg- < *tedg-?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tetagai (indic.perf.)

Latin: tetigī (act.perf.)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *tēke

Tocharian B: täk- (secondary ä after full-grade cek-)

⇒ Tocharian B: tetekor (“touch”, noun)

*te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tetōk (“took”, act.ind.past)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌺 (taitōk)

>? Proto-Italic: *tag-ā-

Old Latin: [Term?] (subj.)

*tóh₂g-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *takaną

Old Norse: taka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: [Term?] (subj.)

*th₂-né-g-ti ~ th₂-n-g-énti or *th₂g-néh₂-ti

>? Proto-Celtic: *tongeti (“swears”, verb) (with unusual o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, stroke”) (or *þakwōną, derived from *téh₂g-us ~ *th₂g-éw-s?) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic:

Old Saxon: thakolōn (“stroke”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tangō
Latin: tangō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *taksō
Latin: taxō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *takjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *takkjan, *takkjōn

gl

alternatively from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*tukkijōn</i>

>? Old Frisian: tetsia (“to appropriate, acquire”) (alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *tukkijōn)

*téh₂g(-s)-mn̥ (“contact”, noun)

desc

⇒ Latin: con-tāmin-ō (“bring into contact, touch”, verb) (see there for further descendants)

*n̥-th₂g-ró-s (“untouched”, adjective)

Proto-Italic: *əntagros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tākslos

>? Latin: tālus (“ankle(bone), knuckle(bone)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tanxsman?

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: [Term?] (verb)

>? Welsh: teimlo (“to touch, feel”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: թակարդ (tʻakard, “trap, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: թաթ (tʻatʻ, “sole (of the foot), palm; pouch; scale”) (see there for further descendants)


*téh₂g-se-ti (desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάξω (táxō, “will establish, will order”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Old Persian: [script needed] (ham-ataxšatā, “makes an effort to be orderly”)

q

⇒? *th₂g-t-yé-ti (or change of the suffix in Greek by analogy with the aorist)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *taťťō

desc

Ancient Greek: τάσσω (tássō, “establish, arrange, post”)

Attic Greek: τάττω (táttō)

Proto-Hellenic: *tagā́

Ancient Greek: ταγή (tagḗ, “array, order, supply”)

Proto-Hellenic: *tágmə

Ancient Greek: τάγμα (tágma, “ordinance, command”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tágma

Proto-Iranian: *tágma

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

⇒? Parthian: 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /tagma-dāra-/, “commander”, a title, literally “order-giver”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tāgós

Ancient Greek: τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“commander, chief”)

Tocharian A: tāśśi pl

Tocharian B: tāś


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eźis

Proto-Baltic: *ežis

Latvian: ezis

Lithuanian: ežỹs; ẽżis (regional)

Proto-Slavic: *ežь (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: ἔζις (ézis, “hedgehog”)

Root unknown.
If related to *h₁ógʷʰis (“snake”), it may have originated as literally “one that deals with snakes” > “snake-eater”. However, this would seem to require reinterpreting *h₁egʷʰ- as *h₁egʰ-w-, in which case Indo-Aryan would lack the suffix *-w-. While this may appear helpful for explaining some strange words like Proto-Germanic *egalaz (“leech”), it still fails to account for the different *ǵʰ versus *gʰ and so only adds complexity to the issue.

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

igilaz

hedgehog, sea urchin; see there for further descendants

esh

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *etska (< *edz-k-a); Albanian


wósn̥

wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
wésn̥s (genitive singular)
wésn̥s (ablative singular)
wésney (dative singular)
wésn̥ (locative singular)
wésni (locative singular)
wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
uséns (genitive singular)
uséns (ablative singular)
uséney (dative singular)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)
wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
usnés (genitive singular)
usnés (ablative singular)
usnéy (dative singular)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)

From the root *wes- (“to sell, trade”) + *-n̥.


tata-

Proto-Albanian: *tatā

Albanian: tatë (“father, dad”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (tá-ti-sa /tátisa/, “father”, nom. sg.)

Cuneiform script: 𒋫𒀀𒋾𒅖 (ta-a-ti-iš /tātiš/, “father”, nom. sg.)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊅𐊆 (tedi, “father”, nom. sg.)

Lydian: 𐤯𐤠𐤠𐤣𐤠𐤮 (taadaś, “father”, nom. sg.)

Proto-Armenian: *tat(a) (“grandmother; midwife; father”)

Armenian: տատ (tat), տատի (tati), տատա (tata)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tata-

Proto-Baltic: *tet-ia-, *tẽt-iã- (e-vocalism)

East Baltic:

Latgalian: tēte (“dad, daddy”)

Latvian: tētis, tēte (“father, dad”)

Lithuanian: tė̃tis (“father”), tė̃tė (“dad”), tėtýtis; tẽtē (“father”) (East dialectal)

Samogitian: ti̇̀tis; táitis (“father”) (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: thetis (“grandfather”)

Proto-Slavic: *tata (“dad, daddy”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tato- (“father”)

Proto-Brythonic: *tad (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: data (“foster father”)

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic:

Bavarian: tatte (“father, dad”)

German: Tate

Middle Dutch: teyte

Old Frisian: *tata

North Frisian: tääte (“father”)

>? Old Norse: táta

Icelandic: táta f

Norwegian Nynorsk: tåte, tåta f

Proto-Hellenic: *tata

Ancient Greek: τατᾶ (tatâ, “daddy”); τέττα (tétta, e-vocalism)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatás, *tātás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatás, *tātás

Vedic Sanskrit: तत (tatá)

Sanskrit: तात (tātá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tatáh, *tātáh

Central Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬁 (tā, “father”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Wakhi: طاط (tat, “father”)

Yagnobi: dodo (“father”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: دادا (dādā)

Ishkashimi: [script needed] (tot) ~ [script needed] (tāt, “father”)

Sanglechi: tā̊t ~ tā̊ (“father”)

Shughni: тат (tat, “father”)

Roshani: таат (taat, “father”); татек (tatēk, “grandfather”)

Western Iranian:

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: دادا (dada, “grandfather”)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *dada

Eshtehardi: دادا (dādā, “father”)

Talysh: dada (“father”)

Zazaki: ded (“father's brother”), dedo (voc.)

Southwestern Iranian:

Northern Luri: تاته (uncle, “tāta”)

Proto-Nuristani: *tā́ta, *tā́tta

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: tót

Kativiri: tó

Prasuni: yá, yé

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: tati, tatë, tëtë

Proto-Italic: *tata

Latin: tata (“dad, daddy”) (see there for further descendants)

onomatopoeic

imitative

Brill Publishers
Vladimir Orel
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


wreyd-

*wréyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wrītaną (see there for further descendants)

*wrid-néh₂-ti ~ *wrid-n̥h₂-énti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *writtōną (see there for further descendants)

*wroyd-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wraitijaną (“to vex, excite”) (see there for further descendants)

*wríd-i-s (i-stem noun)

Proto-Germanic: *writiz (“scratch, carving, engraving; crack, fissure”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱóymos

From o-grade of the root *ḱey- (“to settle”) + *-mos.


ḱóymos

ḱóymos (nominative singular)
ḱóymoes (nominative plural)
ḱóyme (singular vocative)
ḱóymoes (plural vocative)
ḱóymom (accusative singular)
ḱóymoms (accusative plural)
ḱóymosyo (genitive singular)
ḱóymoHom (genitive plural)
ḱóymead (ablative singular)
ḱóymomos (ablative plural)
ḱóymobʰos (ablative plural)
ḱóymoey (dative singular)
ḱóymomos (dative plural)
ḱóymobʰos (dative plural)
ḱóymey (locative singular)
ḱóymoy (locative singular)
ḱóymoysu (locative plural)
ḱóymōys (instrumental plural)
ḱóymām (accusative singular)
ḱóymom (nominative singular)
ḱóymoy (dual nominative)
ḱóymom (singular vocative)
ḱóymoy (dual vocative)
ḱóymoy (accusative dual)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *šáimas

Latvian: sàime

Lithuanian: šeimà, šeimė, šei̇̃mas

Proto-Slavic: *sěmь (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *haimo (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káimas (possibly borrowed from a centum language)

Latvian: cìems

Lithuanian: kiẽmas

Old Prussian: caymis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaima (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kuojmē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *koimos (see there for further descendants)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tḱóymos</i>

Proto-Germanic: *haimaz (or from *tḱóymos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kóimos

desctree

⇒ Ancient Greek: κοιμάω (koimáō) (denominative)
Greek: κοιμάμαι (koimámai), κοιμούμαι (koimoúmai)
→ Russian: кима́ть (kimátʹ)
→ Polish: kimać
Greek: εκοιμήθη (ekoimíthi)


kemH-

*km̥H-el-os (“bumblebee”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimelаs

Proto-Slavic: *čьmèľь (“bumblebee”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *humelaz (“bumblebee”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamāˀras

Proto-Slavic: *komãrъ (“mosquito”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamanēˀ

desc

Latgalian: kamane (“bumblebee, wild bee”)

Latvian: kamene, kamine (“bumblebee”)

Lithuanian: kamãnė (“bumblebee”), kamana; kami̇̀nė (“wild bee”) (dialectal)

*komH-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamus

Old Prussian: camus (“bumblebee”)

*km̥H-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimús

Lithuanian: kimùs (“hoarse”)

*km̥H-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimˀtei

Lithuanian: ki̇̀mti (“wheeze, become hoarse”) (present ki̇̀mstu)

Proto-Germanic: *hummōną (“to hum”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly:

*komH-on-yos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamanjas

>? Proto-Slavic: *komoňь (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Ancient Greek: κηφήν (kēphḗn, “apian drone”) (see there for further descendants)

Onomatopoeic. Possible late North-West Indo-European isogloss.

Brill Publishers
Oleg Trubachyov
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


ḱókʷr̥

ḱókʷr̥ (nominative singular)
ḱókʷrih₁ (dual nominative)
ḱókʷr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
ḱékʷōr (collective nominative)
ḱókʷr̥ (singular vocative)
ḱókʷrih₁ (dual vocative)
ḱókʷr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
ḱékʷōr (collective vocative)
ḱókʷr̥ (accusative singular)
ḱókʷrih₁ (accusative dual)
ḱókʷr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
ḱékʷōr (accusative collective)
ḱékʷn̥s (genitive singular)
ḱékʷnoHom (genitive plural)
ḱkʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱekʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱékʷn̥s (ablative singular)
ḱékʷn̥mos (ablative plural)
ḱékʷn̥bʰos (ablative plural)
ḱkʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱekʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱékʷney (dative singular)
ḱékʷn̥mos (dative plural)
ḱékʷn̥bʰos (dative plural)
ḱkʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱekʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱékʷn̥ (locative singular)
ḱékʷni (locative singular)
ḱékʷn̥su (locative plural)
ḱkʷén (collective locative)
ḱekʷén (collective locative)
ḱkʷéni (collective locative)
ḱekʷéni (collective locative)
ḱékʷn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱékʷn̥mis (instrumental plural)
ḱékʷn̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
ḱkʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)
ḱekʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)
ḱékʷr̥ (nominative singular)
ḱékʷrih₁ (dual nominative)
ḱékʷr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
ḱékʷōr (collective nominative)
ḱékʷr̥ (singular vocative)
ḱékʷrih₁ (dual vocative)
ḱékʷr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
ḱékʷōr (collective vocative)
ḱékʷr̥ (accusative singular)
ḱékʷrih₁ (accusative dual)
ḱékʷr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
ḱékʷōr (accusative collective)
ḱkʷéns (genitive singular)
ḱekʷéns (genitive singular)
ḱkʷénoHom (genitive plural)
ḱekʷénoHom (genitive plural)
ḱkʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱekʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱkʷéns (ablative singular)
ḱekʷéns (ablative singular)
ḱkʷénmos (ablative plural)
ḱekʷénmos (ablative plural)
ḱkʷénbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱekʷénbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱkʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱekʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱkʷéney (dative singular)
ḱekʷéney (dative singular)
ḱkʷénmos (dative plural)
ḱekʷénmos (dative plural)
ḱkʷénbʰos (dative plural)
ḱekʷénbʰos (dative plural)
ḱkʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱekʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱkʷén (locative singular)
ḱekʷén (locative singular)
ḱkʷéni (locative singular)
ḱekʷéni (locative singular)
ḱkʷénsu (locative plural)
ḱekʷénsu (locative plural)
ḱkʷén (collective locative)
ḱekʷén (collective locative)
ḱkʷéni (collective locative)
ḱekʷéni (collective locative)
ḱkʷénh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱekʷénh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱkʷénmis (instrumental plural)
ḱekʷénmis (instrumental plural)
ḱkʷénbʰis (instrumental plural)
ḱekʷénbʰis (instrumental plural)
ḱkʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)
ḱekʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kekʷorā (“swamp, mud, quagmire”)

Middle Irish: cechor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćák-r̥ ~ *ćak-ná-s (“dung”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱekʷ- (“to defecate”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix); the root is also the source of Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate”), Latvian šekšet (“to soil”).


Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rėpti, Lithuanian: aprėpti

Proto-Germanic: *rafjaną

Old English: *reffan or *rafan (only the non-present stem is known, berōfon)

(possibly) Latin: rapiō (or *h₁rp-ye-, with secondary zero-grade)

(possibly) Ancient Greek: ἐρέπτομαι (eréptomai) (or *h₁rep-ye-)


ḱes-

ḱésmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱésm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱésoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱsyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱés (imperative second-person singular)
ḱsdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱésesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱésti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱést (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéstu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱéseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱswós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱswé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱésowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱstóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱstóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱésetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱésetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱsmós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱsmé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱésomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱsté (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱsté (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱsté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱésete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱsénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱsént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱséntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱésonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱsónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Italic: *kazēō

Latin: careō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-ewl-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjaulas

Proto-Slavic: *šulъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sūliz (“beam, post”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūli (“pillar”) (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: sūl

*ḱs-to-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-so-?

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cassus

*ḱs-trom

Proto-Albanian: *tsatrā

Albanian: thadër

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćastrám

desctree

Sanskrit: शस्त्र (śastra)
→ Hindi: शस्त्र (śastra) (learned)
→ Odia: ଶସ୍ତ୍ର (śastra) (learned)
→ Old Javanese: śastra
→ Balinese: ᬲᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ (sastra, “arrow”)
→⇒ Telugu: శస్త్రము (śastramu)
→⇒ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਸਤਰ (śastar)

desc

Proto-Italic: *kastrom (“knife; cut-off part”)

Latin: castrum (“castle, fortress”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kastrāō

Latin: castrō (“I prune, castrate”)