nu

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Proto-Albanian: *nu

desc

Albanian: nu (“when”), tani (“now”), ani (“later”)

Proto-Anatolian: *nu

Hittite: 𒉡 (nu, “now, and”)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒈾𒀀𒉡𒌦 (na-a-nu-un /nānun/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (awa-); [script needed] (unu), [script needed] (unun)}

Palaic: 𒉡 (nu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nu

Latgalian: niu, niule, niulen (“now”)

Lithuanian: nū, nù (“now”)

Proto-Slavic: *nъ

East Slavic:

Belarusian: ну (nu)

Belarusian: ану́ (anú), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́тка (nútka), ану́тка (anútka)

Russian: ну (nu), но (no)

Russian: ну́-ка (nú-ka), ну́-кась (nú-kasʹ), ну́-кася (nú-kasja), ну-с (nu-s), ну́те (núte), ну́те-ка (núte-ka), ну́те-с (núte-s), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́-ко (nú-ko), ну́-кось (nú-kosʹ), ну́-тка (nú-tka)

Carpathian Rusyn: но (no)

Carpathian Rusyn: ану (anu), ануж (anuž), ноже (nože), нуж (nuž), нуже (nuže), анужек (anužek), нолем (nolem), нолиш (nolyš), ноле (nole), оле (ole)

Ukrainian: ну (nu), но (no)

Ukrainian: ану́ (anú), ну́-бо (nú-bo), ану́бо (anúbo), ну́мо (númo), ну́мте (númte), ану́те (anúte), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ану-ну́ (anu-nú)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: нъ (n)

Macedonian: но (no)

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: нъ (nŭ)

Old Church Slavonic: ⱀⱏ (nŭ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ну

Latin script: nu

Slovene: no

West Slavic:

Czech: no

Czech: nuže

Polish: no

Polish: ano

Slovak: no

Slovak: nuž

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *nu
Old Irish: nu (archaic adverb), no- (dummy preverb for simple verbs)
Gaulish: nu (attested in the Lezoux plate)

Proto-Germanic: *nu (“now”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nu, *nū

desc

Ancient Greek: νῦν (nûn), νυν (nun), νυ (nu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nú, *nū́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nú, *nū́

Sanskrit: नु (nú), नू (nū́, “now”)

Proto-Iranian: *nū́

Avestan: 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: niha (nihā), noke (nōka, “now”)

Central Kurdish: ھەنووکە (hanūka, “now”)

Northern Kurdish: nika (nikā, “now”)

Proto-Italic: *nū

Latin: nūper

нꙑнѣ

Old Church Slavonic; Old Church Slavonic

yanū̃́

Southern Nuristani: *yéə-nū̃ə (“today”) (< *i-eká nūná)


de

de ~ *do (canonical)
-de ~ *-do (canonical)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da

Lithuanian: da-

Latvian: da

Proto-Slavic: *do (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *de

Proto-Germanic: *ta

Proto-Hellenic: *dé

Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “but”) (e.g. 𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /dāmos de/, “but the people”))

Proto-Hellenic: *-de

Ancient Greek: -δε (-de) (e.g. ὅδε (hóde), δόμονδε (dómonde), Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)), δεῦρο (deûro)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”) (e.g. 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /Kudōnijān-de/), 𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /harmoteiōna-de/, “to the wheelwright”))

Proto-Italic: *-de

Latin: -de (e.g. quamde/quande, inde, unde)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)

Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun); 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum) (< *kʷomdum)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)

Possibly related to *ád (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *apó (“away”).

with instrumental suffix *-h₁; see there for further descendants

Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but


te

Proto-Albanian: *te

Albanian: të

Proto-Celtic: *te

Proto-Brythonic: *ti (leveled paradigm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *té

Doric Greek: τέ (té)

length sporadic or influenced by other case forms; may be merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*twé</i>

Proto-Italic: *tē (length sporadic or influenced by other case forms; may be merged with *twé)

Latin: tē (merged with ablative singular) (see there for further descendants)


me

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: me

in the middle of, near, by, around, with

mé-dʰi

with, among; see there for further descendants


per

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per

Lithuanian: per, per-

Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *per

Latin: per

Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: περί (perí)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: परि (pari)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)


né

Proto-Albanian: *ne uka

Albanian: nuk (not, doesn’t)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ne (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ne (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ne, *ni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ná (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nē (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Slavic: *ně-

some but indefinite who; see there for further descendants


tri-

Proto-Celtic: *tri- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þri- (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρι- (tri-, “three”)

Italic:

Latin: tri- (“three”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tri-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tri-

Sanskrit: त्रि- (tri-, “three”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tri-

Proto-Slavic: *trь-

Russian: тре- (tre-, “three”)


pent-

*pént-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *finþaną (“to find”) (see there for further descendants)

*pónt-oh₁-s (“path, road”) (see there for further descendants)

*pn̥t-tós

Proto-Germanic: *funsaz

*pōntH- (probably spurious)

Celtic:

Old Irish: áitt (“place”)

Irish: áit

Scottish Gaelic: àite

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *fanþijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *fanþijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fandōną (see there for further descendants)


-s

-s (nominative singular)
é-s (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
é-es (nominative plural)
é- (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
é-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
é-m̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
é-m̥s (accusative plural)
-és (genitive singular)
Ø-és (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
Ø-óHom (genitive plural)
-és (ablative singular)
Ø-és (ablative singular)
-mós (ablative plural)
Ø-mós (ablative plural)
-bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-bʰós (ablative plural)
-éy (dative singular)
Ø-éy (dative singular)
-mós (dative plural)
Ø-mós (dative plural)
-bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-bʰós (dative plural)
é- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
Ø-sú (locative plural)
-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-mís (instrumental plural)
-bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-bʰís (instrumental plural)

Derives feminine mobile-accented root nouns from roots.


-s

-s (nominative singular)
ó-s (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
ó-es (nominative plural)
ó- (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
ó-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
ó-m̥s (accusative plural)
-s (genitive singular)
é-s (genitive singular)
-oHom (genitive plural)
é-oHom (genitive plural)
-s (ablative singular)
é-s (ablative singular)
-mos (ablative plural)
é-mos (ablative plural)
-bʰos (ablative plural)
é-bʰos (ablative plural)
-ey (dative singular)
é-ey (dative singular)
-mos (dative plural)
é-mos (dative plural)
-bʰos (dative plural)
é-bʰos (dative plural)
é- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-su (locative plural)
é-su (locative plural)
é-h₁ (instrumental singular)
-mis (instrumental plural)
é-mis (instrumental plural)
-bʰis (instrumental plural)
é-bʰis (instrumental plural)

Derives feminine acrostatic root nouns from roots.


-s

-s (nominative singular)
ḗ-s (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
é-es (nominative plural)
é- (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
é-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
é-m̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
é-m̥s (accusative plural)
-os (genitive singular)
é-os (genitive singular)
-ooHom (genitive plural)
é-ooHom (genitive plural)
-os (ablative singular)
é-os (ablative singular)
-omos (ablative plural)
é-omos (ablative plural)
-obʰos (ablative plural)
é-obʰos (ablative plural)
-oey (dative singular)
é-oey (dative singular)
-omos (dative plural)
é-omos (dative plural)
-obʰos (dative plural)
é-obʰos (dative plural)
-o (locative singular)
é-o (locative singular)
-oy (locative singular)
é-oy (locative singular)
-osu (locative plural)
é-osu (locative plural)
-omis (instrumental plural)
é-omis (instrumental plural)
-obʰis (instrumental plural)
é-obʰis (instrumental plural)

Derives neuter Narten-type acrostatic root nouns from roots.


-s

-s (nominative singular)
ṓ-s (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
ó-es (nominative plural)
ó- (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
ó-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
ó-m̥s (accusative plural)
-és (genitive singular)
e-és (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
e-óHom (genitive plural)
-és (ablative singular)
e-és (ablative singular)
-mós (ablative plural)
e-mós (ablative plural)
-bʰós (ablative plural)
e-bʰós (ablative plural)
-éy (dative singular)
e-éy (dative singular)
-mós (dative plural)
e-mós (dative plural)
-bʰós (dative plural)
e-bʰós (dative plural)
ó- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
ó-i (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
e-sú (locative plural)
-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mís (instrumental plural)
e-mís (instrumental plural)
-bʰís (instrumental plural)
e-bʰís (instrumental plural)

Ancient Greek: -ς (-s)

Latin: -s

Derives masculine acrostatic root nouns with lengthened o-grade nominative singular from roots.


-o

Proto-Anatolian: *-o

Hittite: [Term?] (/-a/), [Term?] (/-ā́/, allative sg. ending) (unproductive in later Hittite)


wer-

*wōr-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārīˀtei

Latgalian: vōreit

Latvian: vàrît (alternatively a borrowing from Slavic)

Proto-Slavic: *variti (see there for further descendants)

*werH-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārús (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥H-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirˀtei, *wirˀētei

Latvian: vir̂t

Lithuanian: vi̇̀rti

Proto-Slavic: *vьrěti (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥-néw-ti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (wa-ar-nu-uz-zi)

q

*wor-no- (“black bird, raven, crow”) (presumably originally an adjective “black”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warnás, *wárˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *branos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (urāni, “burns”)

Hittite: 𒉿𒊏 (wa-ar, “to burn”)

→ Old Armenian: վառեմ (vaṙem) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtei

Lithuanian: vi̇́rti, vérdu (“to cook”)


wer-

*wr̥-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti

Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇóti) (see there for further descendants)

*wor-t-ús, *wor-t-ós

Proto-Germanic: *wardaz (“guard, keeper”), *werdaz (see there for further descendants)

*wer-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *werēōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *warōną (“to watch, to protect”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *worā́ō

Ancient Greek: ὁράω (horáō, “see”)

Proto-Hellenic: *worā

Ancient Greek: ὤρα (ṓra, “care, concern”)

*wor-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *waraz (“cautious”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *woros

Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ἔφορος (éphoros), φρουρός (phrourós), τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ras

Sanskrit: वार (vā́ra, “obstacle, cover, gate”)

*wor-yo-s

Proto-Germanic: *warjaz

Proto-Germanic: *warnō (“warding off; refusal, denial; warning?”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *warnōną (“to warn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *warnu (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vërej (“look, observe”)

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “to fear, be frightened”)

Proto-Celtic: *werati

desctree

Old Irish: feraid (“to grant, provide”)
Middle Irish: feraid
Irish: fear (“to grant”)

Proto-Germanic: *warjaną (“ward off”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras

Sanskrit: वर (vára)

desc

Central Kurdish: وریا (wirya, “attentive, alert”)

to notice, heed, be aware (of), be wary (of)


wer-

*wer-n-

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aikwernô (see there for further descendants)

*wer-wer-

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *warwar-akah

q

Baluchi: ورورک (varvarak) (loanword from another Iranian language)

Gilaki: وروره (varvarə)

Persian: وروره (varvarah) (loanword from another Iranian language)

*we-wer-

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēweris, *waiwer-, *wāwer-

East Baltic:

Latgalian: vuovere

Latvian: vāvere

Lithuanian: vaiveri̇̀s (“male polecat or marten”), voverė, vaiverė, voveri̇̀s (dialectal), vėveri̇̀s (dialectal)

Samogitian: vuoverie

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: weware

Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verica, *vě̀verъka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wiweros (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: viverra (“ferret”) (see there for further descendants)


só

só ~ *tó- (canonical)
só (nominative singular)
tóh₁ (dual nominative)
tóy (nominative plural)
tóm (accusative singular)
tóh₁ (accusative dual)
tóms (accusative plural)
tósyo (genitive singular)
tóysoHom (genitive plural)
tósmead (ablative singular)
tóymos (ablative plural)
tóybʰos (ablative plural)
tósmey (dative singular)
tóymos (dative plural)
tóybʰos (dative plural)
tósmi (locative singular)
tóysu (locative plural)
tṓys (instrumental plural)
séh₂ (nominative singular)
tā́m (accusative singular)
téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
tód (nominative singular)
tóy (dual nominative)
téh₂ (nominative plural)
tód (accusative singular)
tóy (accusative dual)
téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *tan-

Gheg Albanian: tanë

Tosk Albanian: tërë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ho

Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)

Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)

Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut

Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)

In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.

tó-ti

so many; see there for further descendants

feminine nom.sg.; see there for further descendants


-i

Possibly from a particle *i (“here”) and related to *í- (“this”).

Athematic nominal ending of locative singular


-is

-is (nominative singular)
ó-is (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-eyes (nominative plural)
ó-eyes (nominative plural)
-i (singular vocative)
ó-i (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-eyes (plural vocative)
ó-eyes (plural vocative)
-im (accusative singular)
ó-im (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-ims (accusative plural)
ó-ims (accusative plural)
-is (genitive singular)
é-is (genitive singular)
-yoHom (genitive plural)
é-yoHom (genitive plural)
-is (ablative singular)
é-is (ablative singular)
-imos (ablative plural)
é-imos (ablative plural)
-ibʰos (ablative plural)
é-ibʰos (ablative plural)
-yey (dative singular)
é-yey (dative singular)
-imos (dative plural)
é-imos (dative plural)
-ibʰos (dative plural)
é-ibʰos (dative plural)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-isu (locative plural)
é-isu (locative plural)
-imis (instrumental plural)
é-imis (instrumental plural)
-ibʰis (instrumental plural)
é-ibʰis (instrumental plural)
-is (nominative singular)
ó-is (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-eyes (nominative plural)
ó-eyes (nominative plural)
-i (singular vocative)
ó-i (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-eyes (plural vocative)
ó-eyes (plural vocative)
-im (accusative singular)
ó-im (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-ims (accusative plural)
ó-ims (accusative plural)
-éys (genitive singular)
Ø-éys (genitive singular)
-éyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éyoHom (genitive plural)
-éys (ablative singular)
Ø-éys (ablative singular)
-ímos (ablative plural)
Ø-ímos (ablative plural)
-íbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-íbʰos (ablative plural)
-éyey (dative singular)
Ø-éyey (dative singular)
-ímos (dative plural)
Ø-ímos (dative plural)
-íbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-íbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
Ø-éy (locative singular)
-ḗy (locative singular)
Ø-ḗy (locative singular)
-ísu (locative plural)
Ø-ísu (locative plural)
-íh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-íh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ímis (instrumental plural)
Ø-ímis (instrumental plural)
-íbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-íbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-is

Lithuanian: -is

Old Prussian: -is

Proto-Slavic: *-ь

Proto-Germanic: *-iz

Proto-Italic: *-is

Latin: -is

Proto-Hellenic: *-is

Ancient Greek: -ις (-is) (possibly; Furnée and Beekes consider it Pre-Greek)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iṣ

Sanskrit: -इ (-i) (nom. sg. इः (iḥ))

Proto-Iranian: *-iš

Avestan: -𐬌 (-i) (nom. sg. -𐬌𐬱 (-iš))

h₂eḱrós (“sharp”) + *-is → *h₂óḱris (“sharp place”)


-os

-os (nominative singular)
é-os (nominative singular)
-ōs (nominative plural)
é-ōs (nominative plural)
-os (singular vocative)
é-os (singular vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
é-ōs (plural vocative)
-os (accusative singular)
é-os (accusative singular)
-ōs (accusative plural)
é-ōs (accusative plural)
-esos (genitive singular)
é-esos (genitive singular)
-esoHom (genitive plural)
é-esoHom (genitive plural)
-esos (ablative singular)
é-esos (ablative singular)
-esmos (ablative plural)
é-esmos (ablative plural)
-esbʰos (ablative plural)
é-esbʰos (ablative plural)
-esey (dative singular)
é-esey (dative singular)
-esmos (dative plural)
é-esmos (dative plural)
-esbʰos (dative plural)
é-esbʰos (dative plural)
-es (locative singular)
é-es (locative singular)
-esi (locative singular)
é-esi (locative singular)
-esu (locative plural)
é-esu (locative plural)
-esmis (instrumental plural)
é-esmis (instrumental plural)
-esbʰis (instrumental plural)
é-esbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *-os (s-stem nouns)

Proto-Germanic: *-az (z-stem nouns)

Proto-Hellenic: *-os (s-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -ος (-os)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ehen (< alternative locative form *-esen)

Ancient Greek: -ειν (-ein)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-a

Latvian: -a, -s

Lithuanian: -a, -as

Proto-Slavic: *-o (s-stem nouns)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-as

Proto-Italic: *-os

Old Latin: -os

Latin: -us

Proto-Italic: *-ezi (< locative ending *-esi)

Latin: -ere, -erī

Proto-Albanian: *-ʉh

Albanian: -ë

Albanian: -ëri

Illyrian: *-urio

Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.


-os

-os (nominative singular)
ó-os (nominative singular)
-oes (nominative plural)
ó-oes (nominative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
ó-e (singular vocative)
-oes (plural vocative)
ó-oes (plural vocative)
-om (accusative singular)
ó-om (accusative singular)
-oms (accusative plural)
ó-oms (accusative plural)
-osyo (genitive singular)
ó-osyo (genitive singular)
-oHom (genitive plural)
ó-oHom (genitive plural)
-ead (ablative singular)
ó-ead (ablative singular)
-omos (ablative plural)
ó-omos (ablative plural)
-obʰos (ablative plural)
ó-obʰos (ablative plural)
-oey (dative singular)
ó-oey (dative singular)
-omos (dative plural)
ó-omos (dative plural)
-obʰos (dative plural)
ó-obʰos (dative plural)
-ey (locative singular)
ó-ey (locative singular)
-oy (locative singular)
ó-oy (locative singular)
-oysu (locative plural)
ó-oysu (locative plural)
-ōys (instrumental plural)
ó-ōys (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: a-stem nouns

Proto-Balto-Slavic: o-stem nouns

Proto-Celtic: *-os (causative/iterative verbal noun suffix)

Proto-Germanic: a-stem nouns

Proto-Hellenic: o-stem nouns

Ancient Greek: τόμος-type nouns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: a-stem nouns

Proto-Italic: o-stem nouns

Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or result of that verb.


-us

-us (nominative singular)
é-us (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ewes (nominative plural)
é-ewes (nominative plural)
-u (singular vocative)
é-u (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ewes (plural vocative)
é-ewes (plural vocative)
-um (accusative singular)
é-um (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-ums (accusative plural)
é-ums (accusative plural)
-éws (genitive singular)
Ø-éws (genitive singular)
-éwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éwoHom (genitive plural)
-éws (ablative singular)
Ø-éws (ablative singular)
-úmos (ablative plural)
Ø-úmos (ablative plural)
-úbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-úbʰos (ablative plural)
-éwey (dative singular)
Ø-éwey (dative singular)
-úmos (dative plural)
Ø-úmos (dative plural)
-úbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-úbʰos (dative plural)
-éw (locative singular)
Ø-éw (locative singular)
-éwi (locative singular)
Ø-éwi (locative singular)
-úsu (locative plural)
Ø-úsu (locative plural)
-úh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-úh₁ (instrumental singular)
-úmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-úmis (instrumental plural)
-úbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-úbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-u (nominative singular)
é-u (nominative singular)
-u (accusative singular)
é-u (accusative singular)
-ús (nominative singular)
Ø-ús (nominative singular)
-úh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-úes (nominative plural)
Ø-úes (nominative plural)
-ú (singular vocative)
Ø-ú (singular vocative)
-úh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-úes (plural vocative)
Ø-úes (plural vocative)
-úm (accusative singular)
Ø-úm (accusative singular)
-úh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-úms (accusative plural)
Ø-úms (accusative plural)
-éws (genitive singular)
Ø-éws (genitive singular)
-éwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éwoHom (genitive plural)
-éws (ablative singular)
Ø-éws (ablative singular)
-éwmos (ablative plural)
Ø-éwmos (ablative plural)
-éwbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-éwbʰos (ablative plural)
-éwey (dative singular)
Ø-éwey (dative singular)
-éwmos (dative plural)
Ø-éwmos (dative plural)
-éwbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-éwbʰos (dative plural)
-éw (locative singular)
Ø-éw (locative singular)
-éwi (locative singular)
Ø-éwi (locative singular)
-éwsu (locative plural)
Ø-éwsu (locative plural)
Ø-éwh₁ (instrumental singular)
-éwmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-éwmis (instrumental plural)
-éwbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-éwbʰis (instrumental plural)
-ú (nominative singular)
Ø-ú (nominative singular)
Ø-úyh₁ (dual nominative)
-úh₂ (nominative plural)
Ø-úh₂ (nominative plural)
Ø-úyh₁ (dual vocative)
-úh₂ (plural vocative)
Ø-úh₂ (plural vocative)
-ú (accusative singular)
Ø-ú (accusative singular)
Ø-úyh₁ (accusative dual)
-úh₂ (accusative plural)
Ø-úh₂ (accusative plural)

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.


ís

ís (canonical)
ís (masculine nominative singular)
íh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
íd (neuter nominative singular)
éyes (masculine nominative plural)
íh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ím (accusative masculine singular)
íh₂m (accusative feminine singular)
íd (accusative neuter singular)
íns (accusative masculine plural)
íh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ésyo (genitive neuter singular)
éysom (genitive masculine plural)
éysom (feminine genitive plural)
éysom (genitive neuter plural)
ésmod (ablative masculine singular)
ésyo (ablative neuter singular)
éysom (ablative masculine plural)
éysom (ablative feminine plural)
éysom (ablative neuter plural)
ésmey (dative masculine singular)
ésmey (dative neuter singular)
eybʰ- (dative masculine plural)
eybʰ- (dative feminine plural)
eybʰ- (dative neuter plural)
ésmi (locative masculine singular)
ésmi (locative neuter singular)
eysu (locative masculine plural)
eysu (feminine locative plural)
eysu (locative neuter plural)
éy (masculine nominative singular)
íh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
íd (neuter nominative singular)
éyes (masculine nominative plural)
íh₂es (?) (feminine nominative plural)
íh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ím (accusative masculine singular)
íh₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
íd (accusative neuter singular)
íns (accusative masculine plural)
íh₂n̥s (?) (accusative feminine plural)
íh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ésyo (genitive neuter singular)
éysoHom (genitive masculine plural)
éysoHom (genitive neuter plural)
ésmead (?) (ablative masculine singular)
ésmead (?) (ablative neuter singular)
éymos (ablative masculine plural)
éymos (ablative neuter plural)
ésmey (dative masculine singular)
ésmey (dative neuter singular)
éymos (dative masculine plural)
éymos (dative neuter plural)
ésmi (locative masculine singular)
ésmi (locative neuter singular)
éysu (locative masculine plural)
éysu (locative neuter plural)
íh₁ (instrumental masculine singular)
íh₁ (instrumental neuter singular)
éybʰi (instrumental masculine plural)
íh₂bʰi (feminine instrumental plural)
éybʰi (instrumental neuter plural)
id (neuter nominative singular)
im (accusative masculine singular)
id (accusative neuter singular)
ins (accusative masculine plural)
h₁eseh₂s (?) (feminine genitive singular)
h₁ey (?) (instrumental masculine singular)
h₁ey (?) (feminine instrumental singular)
h₁ey (?) (instrumental neuter singular)

Proto-Albanian: *a-ei

Albanian: ai (“he”)

Proto-Albanian: *a-jā

Albanian: ajo (“she”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *is

Latgalian: is, jis, jei

Lithuanian: jis

Proto-Slavic: *jь (< *yós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *es (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *iz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ayám, *(H)a- (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *is
Latin: is, ea, id
Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)
Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)
South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)
Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (eni-, uni-, “that”)

Proto-Germanic: *ja (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἴα (ía) (Hom.f. "one", from *íh₂), εἰ (ei), ἐπεί (epeí), εἶτα (eîta), εἴθε (eíthe), ἔνθα (éntha), ἔνθεν (énthen)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: अतस् (átas), अथ (átha), अथा (áthā), अद्धा (addhā́), अध (ádha), अह (áha), अधा (ádhā), आद् (ā́d), इतस् (itás), इदा (idā́), ईम् (īm), एतद् (etad) (see there for further descendants)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬬 (vīsv)

Italic:

Latin: iste, ipse, ibī, ecce (see there for further descendants)

this, he (used as the 3rd person pronoun)

етеръ

Proto-Slavic: *eterъ (or from *(H)yo-tero-s); Old Church Slavonic

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ítarasProto-Indo-Aryan: *HítarasSanskrit: इतरProto-Iranian: *HítarahGurani: ترKurdish:Central Kurdish: ترSouthern Kurdish: تر

iterum

Proto-Italic: *iteros, *iterom (adverbial accusative)

(H)idʰá

*(h₁)i-dʰé (“at the mentioned place; here”)

iðei

with *-i from emphatic particle or from locative ending; see there for further descendants


átta

Proto-Albanian: *ata

Albanian: atë

Proto-Anatolian: *atta

Hittite: 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (attas)

Lydian: 𐤠𐤯𐤠 (ata)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *áta

Proto-Slavic: *otъ, *ota, ⇒ *otьcь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *attyos

desctree

Old Irish: aite (“foster father, teacher, tutor”), aitte
Irish: oide
Manx: gedjey
Scottish Gaelic: oide

Proto-Germanic: *attô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *átta

Ancient Greek: ἄττα (átta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *át(t)a

Proto-Iranian: *át(t)a

Ossetian: ӕда (æda, “grandfather”)

Tajik: ота (ota, “father”)

Sanskrit:

desc

>? Assamese: (dialectal) আতা (ata, “grandfather”)

Proto-Italic: *atta, *attā

Latin: atta (see there for further descendants)

Likely a Lallwort, compare Proto-Turkic *ata, Proto-Uralic *attɜ, Proto-Eskimo *ata-ata.

onomatopoeic

Lallwort


pro-

>? Proto-Armenian:

q

Old Armenian: որո- (oro-) (possibly in որոգայթ (orogaytʻ) and/or որոնեմ (oronem))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra-

Lithuanian: *pra-

Proto-Slavic: *pro- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸro- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fra- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pro-

Ancient Greek: προ- (pro-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pra- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pro-

Latin: pro- (see there for further descendants)


-st

-sm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
ḗ-sm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
-s (indicative second-person singular)
ḗ-s (indicative second-person singular)
-s (imperative second-person singular)
ḗ-s (imperative second-person singular)
-sdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
é-sdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
-sesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḗ-sesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-st (indicative singular third-person)
ḗ-st (indicative singular third-person)
-stu (imperative singular third-person)
ḗ-stu (imperative singular third-person)
-seti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-seti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-swe (dual first-person indicative)
é-swe (dual first-person indicative)
-sowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḗ-sowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-stom (dual indicative second-person)
é-stom (dual indicative second-person)
-stom (dual imperative second-person)
é-stom (dual imperative second-person)
-setes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḗ-setes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-stām (dual indicative third-person)
é-stām (dual indicative third-person)
-stām (dual imperative third-person)
é-stām (dual imperative third-person)
-setes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-setes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-sme (first-person indicative plural)
é-sme (first-person indicative plural)
-somos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḗ-somos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-ste (indicative plural second-person)
é-ste (indicative plural second-person)
-ste (imperative plural second-person)
é-ste (imperative plural second-person)
-sete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḗ-sete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-sn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
é-sn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
-sn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
é-sn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
-sonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-sonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sn̥ts (indicative participle)
é-sn̥ts (indicative participle)
-so (imperative second-person singular)
é-so (imperative second-person singular)
-sto (indicative singular third-person)
é-sto (indicative singular third-person)
-so (indicative singular third-person)
é-so (indicative singular third-person)
-setor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-setor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
é-sn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
-sro (indicative plural third-person)
é-sro (indicative plural third-person)
-sontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-sontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)

Proto-Italic: *-sai

Latin: -sī


per-

*pér (“through”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-

Lithuanian: per, per-, par-

Latvian: par, par-

Old Prussian: per

Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*péri</i>

Latin: per, per- (or from *péri) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *per és

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás

Sanskrit: परस् (parás)

Proto-Iranian: *paráh

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)

q

with locative suffix <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-i</i>

*pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)

*per-nóy or *pér-ero-s

Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)

*pér-o-

Proto-Anatolian: *péro-

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras

Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *párah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)

? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram

→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)

*pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))

*por-so-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: porrō

*pr̥-

Proto-Italic: *por-

Latin: por-

*pr-és

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)

*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)

*pr-éy (dative)

*pr-ey-wo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīvus

*pr-i-is

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs

Gaulish: ris

Old Irish: ré

Irish: roimh

Scottish Gaelic: ro

*pr-i-is-ḱo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīscus

*pr-i-is-m̥mos

desctree

Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)
Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
Paelignian: Prismu

*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)

*pr-i-m

Proto-Celtic:

q

Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)

*pr-i-yōs

desctree

Proto-Italic: *priōs
Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)

q

with allative suffix <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-o</i>

*pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)

*pr̥H-e/o-s

Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a

Albanian: përpara

Albanian: para

*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

Old English: fyrst

Old High German: first

Middle High German: virst

German: First

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic:

Latin: postis (or from *po-sth₂-i-)

*pŕ̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥-tero-

Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz

Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)

*pr-u-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)

Proto-Tocharian: *pre


per-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

q

thematized; + <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*fra-</i>

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)

*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō

desc

Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)

*por-éye-ti (causative)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)per-</i> (“to fly”)

Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati

Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)

Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati

𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*ni-</i>

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)

*por-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)

*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti

desc

Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)

Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō

Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)

Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa

Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior

Proto-Italic:

Latin: perītus

desctree

Proto-Italic: *perītlom
Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)

*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)

*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s

*por-dʰmo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)

*pōr-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)

*pór-mo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas

Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)

*por-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás

Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: pere

Proto-Italic: *portā
Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō
Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust

*por-ti-s

Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)

desc

Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)

Proto-Albanian: *priś

Albanian: prish

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)

Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)


per-

*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

3sg.aor. of <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">հարկանեմ</i> (harkanem)

Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))

*pér-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei

Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)

Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)

Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)


strew-

*stréw-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Italic: *strowō

Latin: struō

*strow-éye-ti (causative)

*strow-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *strawą

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Italic: *endo-struwo-

Latin: industrius

Proto-Italic: *struwi-k-elā

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌇𐌜𐌋𐌀 (struhçla), 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌜𐌋𐌀 (struçla), struśla, strusla (acc.sg.), 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌇𐌜𐌋𐌀𐌔 (struhçlas, “kind of sacrificial cake”, gen.sg.)

Extended form of *sterh₃- (“to spread, stretch out”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)

Tocharian A: āp

Tocharian B: āp

*h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebo (“river”)

Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)

Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /hāpi-, hāpa-/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni/)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)

Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /hāpna-/)

Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂

Proto-Albanian: *abnā

Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)

⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s

Italic:

Latin: amnis

Lusitanian: abnis

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)

Proto-Italic: *āpā

Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)

Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)

Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)

Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *vapa

Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)


*h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /ḫaptsi/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)

*h₂ep-t- (progressive present)

Proto-Hellenic: *áptō

Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)

⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə

Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)

>? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem), *h₂ép-s-os

Proto-Anatolian:

⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /ḫappeššar/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)

Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)
Armenian: ափ (apʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas

Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas

Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)

Proto-Hellenic: *aptós

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)

Proto-Italic: *aptos

Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)

Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)

Proto-Italic: *apeks

>? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)


h₂ékʷeh₂

h₂ékʷeh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂ékʷeh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂ékʷām (accusative singular)
h₂ékʷeh₂ (locative singular)
h₂ékʷeh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Germanic: *ahwō (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *awjō (“island”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Skadinawjō (“Scania, Scandinavia”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *akʷā

Latin: aqua (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: aqua (“river”)

The roots *h₂ep- (“(body of) water”) and *h₁egʷʰ- (“to drink”) are probably unrelated. A connection to *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”) has been proposed, in which case the semantic development would be "that which is swift" > "river" (as attested in Germanic) > "water" (as in Latin).


*strew-

Italic:

Latin: strāgēs

Latin: strāgulus

*stérh₃-t ~ *str̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्तरीः (astarīḥ, 2sg.aor.)

*str̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *str̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *starnāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

reshaped to νυ-present, with -ορ- from aorist <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">στορέσαι</i> (storésai)

Ancient Greek: στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi) (reshaped to νυ-present, with -ορ- from aorist στορέσαι (storésai))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *str̥náHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sternō

Latin: sternō

*stérh₃-mn̥ ~ *str̥h₃-mén-s (“that which is strewn/spread; bedding”)

⇒ *str̥h₃-m̥n-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *strōmnā́

Ancient Greek: στρωμνή (strōmnḗ)

Proto-Hellenic: *strṓmə

Ancient Greek: στρῶμα (strôma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stárHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stárHma

Sanskrit: स्तरीमन् (stárīman)

Proto-Iranian: *stárHma

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (stər^əma, “bed”)

Proto-Italic: *strāmən

Latin: strāmen

Proto-Italic:

Latin: torus, storea (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *śt(a)rē-

Albanian: shtroj

Proto-Albanian: *strinja

Albanian: shtrij

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stornà (“side; land”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sterti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *prosterti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *starnati (“to strew, broaden”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέρνον (stérnon)

Ancient Greek: στορέννῡμι (storénnūmi), στρώννῡμι (strṓnnūmi) (byforms of στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi))

>? Proto-Italic:

Latin: stirps

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्तॄ (stṝ)


*stéh₂-t ~ *sth₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*stí-steh₂-ti ~ *stí-sth₂-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*st-né-h₂-ti ~ *st-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*stéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

*ste-stóh₂-e ~ *ste-sth₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Albanian: *stānja

Albanian: shtoj

*sth₂-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stajḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *stojati ⇐ earlier *stojěti (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti (thematic eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *staēō (see there for further descendants)

*stoh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *stātlā

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: seuzl

Breton: seul

Cornish: seudhel, sul

Middle Welsh: saudel, sodlau

Welsh: sawdl

Old Irish: sál

Proto-Italic: *staθlom

Proto-Germanic: *stallaz

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stadla

Proto-Slavic: *stadlo

Polish: stadło

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀgas

Lithuanian: stógas

Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́lā f

>? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē) (or from *steh₂-sleh₂, or from *stel-) (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-e-lo-m or *sth₂-o-lo-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stála (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōlaz m (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHálam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálam

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*stel-</i>

Sanskrit: स्थल (sthala, “firm ground, foundation”) (or from *stel-)

*stéh₂-mn̥ ~ *sth₂-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *stāmos

Umbrian: stahmei, stahmito, stahmitei, stahmietei

*stéh₂-mō ~ sth₂-m̥nés

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀmō

Lithuanian: stuomuõ

Latvian: stāmen

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stōˀmas

Lithuanian: stúomas

Proto-Slavic: *stamъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *stṓmiks

Ancient Greek: στώμιξ (stṓmix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀnas m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáHnam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *stana (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *stara

Albanian: stër- (“large”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀras

Lithuanian: stóras

Proto-Slavic: *stàrъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHrás

desc

Sanskrit: स्थिर (sthirá, “fixed, firm, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *stHráh

Ossetian: стыр (styr)

Pashto: ستر

*stéh₂-ti-s ~ *sth₂-téy-s

*stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtus

Proto-Slavic: *statъ

Proto-Italic: *status

Latin: status (see there for further descendants)

Marsian: state

Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌚 (statíf)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀 (statita), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (statitatu)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́wər

Ancient Greek: στέᾱρ (stéār), στεῖᾰρ (steîăr), στῆρ (stêr)

⇒ *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHnáH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *stūlā-, *stūlwā-

Albanian: shtyllë (pillar)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: postātwei, postānimai

Proto-Celtic: *stagnos (“tin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stamniz (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Welsh: sefyll

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στάδιος (stádios), στάδιον (stádion) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: westîn (“to be tired”) (>rawestîn/hilwestîn (“to stand”), vewestîn (“to stop”))

Central Kurdish: وەستان (westan, “to stand, wait, stop”)

Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)

Ossetian: стын (styn)

q

augmented with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁e-</i>

Phrygian: εσταες (estaes) (augmented with *h₁e-)

Proto-Tocharian: *stäm-

Tocharian A: ṣtäm-

Tocharian B: stäm-

Suffixed form *steh₂dʰ(h₁)-

>? *sth₂dʰ-mó-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *statʰmós (or simply *stā- + *-tʰmós)

Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós) (see there for further descendants)

*stéh₂dʰh₁-om (“herd”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀda

Proto-Slavic: *stàdo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōdą (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-énti (extended nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *standaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stāds (“plant, seedling”)

Extended form *steh₂w-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwēˀtei, *stāˀwā́ˀtei

Latvian: stāvēt

Lithuanian: stovėti

desc

Proto-Slavic: *stavati (“to stand up, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

*steh₂w-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną (“to stow”) (see there for further descendants)

*steh₂u-rós, *st-u-h₂-rós (with laryngeal metathesis)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ստուար (stuar) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *staurós

Ancient Greek: σταυρός (staurós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stauros

⇒ Latin: īnstaurō, restaurō (see there for further descendants)

*stoh₂w-ih₂ (collective)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *stōyyā́ (apparently with differing outcomes of Osthoff's law)

desc

Ancient Greek: στοᾱ́ (stoā́), στοιᾱ́ (stoiā́), στωῐ̈ᾱ́ (stōĭ̈ā́), στοιή (stoiḗ), στῳᾱ́ (stōiā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwāˀ

Lithuanian: stovà (“place”)

Proto-Slavic: *stava (“structural part, joint”)

Proto-Germanic: *stōō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staHwarás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staHwarás

Sanskrit: स्थावर (sthāvará)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: ستاوند (sotâvand)

Northern Kurdish: sivêrnek, sivande, sibirnek (and other dialectal formations)

Sanskrit: स्था (sthā)

Augment (Indo-European)
Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Osthoff's law
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰéh₁-t ~ *dʰh₁ént (athematic root aorist)

*dʰé-dʰoh₁-t-i (athematic reduplicated present)

⇒ *ḱred-dʰé-dʰoh₁-ti (“to place trust in, believe”) (+ *ḱḗr (“heart”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀla

Proto-Slavic: *dě̀lo (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-mn̥ ~ *dʰh₁-mén-s

*dʰéh₁-s ~ *dʰh₁-s-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰaHtā́ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-t-i-s ~ *dʰh₁-t-éy-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *datlā (“assembly”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tetʰmós

Ancient Greek: θεσμός (thesmós), τεθμός (tethmós)

Greek: θεσμός (thesmós)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰetós

desctree

Ancient Greek: θετός (thetós)
→ Greek: θετός (thetós) (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-datos

Latin: -ditus (abditus, conditus, etc.) (see there for further descendants))

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌕𐌞𐌔𐌄𐌕 (prúftúset, n.pl.perf.pass.part.), 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌕𐌀𐌔 (prúftas, f.pl.perf.pass.part.)

*dʰoHnéh₂ (“grain”) (perhaps)

*-dʰh₁-e (perhaps)

*h₂pó-dʰh₁-o-s (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *padas

Proto-Slavic: *podъ (see there for further descendants)

*uds-dʰh₁-o-s (+ *ud- (“out”))

Proto-Germanic: *uzdaz (see there for further descendants)

*swe-dʰh₁-sḱ-é-t-i (sḱe-present) (+ *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Italic: *sweskō

Latin: suēscō (see there for further descendants)

*swe-dʰh₁-eh₂ (+ *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Hellenic: *hwétʰō

Ancient Greek: ἔθω (éthō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swadʰaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swadʰaH

Sanskrit: स्वधा (svadhā́)

>? Proto-Italic: *swoldēō or *sweðēō

Latin: soleō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰh₁k-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *fakjō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁k-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *-θaks > *-faks
Latin: -fex

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰḗkā

Ancient Greek: θήκη (thḗkē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θεμείλια (themeília) (metrical lengthening of θεμέλιος (themélios))

desctree

Proto-Italic: *famelos
Latin: famulus, famelus (see there for further descendants)
Sabellic:
Oscan: 𐌚𐌌𐌋 (fml, nom. sg.) (abbreviation)
Paelignian: famel (nom. sg.)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fameljā
Latin: familia (see there for further descendants)
Sabellic:
Oscan: famelo
Umbrian: 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌛𐌉𐌀𐌔 (fameřias, nom. pl.)

*dʰéh₁t-s ~ *dʰh₁t-és

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θής (thḗs)

Proto-Italic: *-dōts

⇒ Latin: (sacer)dōs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դնեմ (dnem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέμα (théma) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: θέμις (thémis), Θέμις (Thémis) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: Θησεύς (Thēseús) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: δακετ (daket)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *teke- (see there for further descendants)


*h₁és-ti ~ *h₁s-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Palaic: [script needed] (iska, 2sg.impv.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Epic Greek: ἔσκε (éske, 3sg.impf.)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: escit (3sg.fut.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: skente (3pl.)

*h₁s-ónt-s (active participle)

*h₁és-u-s ~ *h₁s-éw-s (or only created in Proto-Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuš

(perhaps) *h₁su-

(perhaps) *h₁s-dʰló-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐσθλός (esthlós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Has-

Probably related to *h₁eh₁s- (“to sit”).

Helmut Rix
Indo-European copula
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂wés-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₂wés-ti ~ *h₂us-énti (athematic root present)

Hittite: 𒄷𒅖𒍣 (ḫuišzi, “to live”)

*h₂wḗs-s-t ~ *h₂wés-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄεσα (áesa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अवात्सीत् (ávātsīt)

*h₂(w)e-h₂wós-e ~ *h₂(w)e-h₂us-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *was (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HuHā́sa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HuHā́sa

Sanskrit: उवास (uvā́sa)

Proto-Nuristani: *wā́sati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: vos-

Kativiri: vos-

*h₂í-h₂ews-e-ti (post-PIE reduplicated present with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Hellenic: *iauhō

Ancient Greek: ἰαύω (iaúō)

Proto-Celtic: *woseti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: wäs- (“to stay, to wait”)

*h₂wés-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“essence, nature”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वस्ति (vasti)

>? *h₂wóstu, *h₂wós-tu (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *au̯aϑā

Albanian: vathë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒍑 (ḫu-uš)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (hwisar, “game, wild beasts”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ագանիմ (aganim, “to spend the night”), գոյ (goy, “being, existence; God”), գոմ (gom, “to exist”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄεσα (áesa, “to pass the night”)

Proto-Italic: *Westā

Latin: Vesta

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἑστῐ́ᾱ (hestĭ́ā, “hearth”), ἱστίη (histíē) — Ionic, ἱστία (histía) — Aeolic, Boeotian, Locrian, Doric, Arcadocypriot
Greek: εστία (estía)

Ancient Greek: Ἑστῐ́ᾱ (Hestĭ́ā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)


bʰuH-

*bʰúH-t (zero-grade root aorist)

q

*bʰéwH-e-ti (full-grade thematic present) (these are analogical according to some sources)

Proto-Germanic: *beuną (suppletive) (< athematic *bʰéwH-ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáwHati

Sanskrit: भवति (bhávati) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: भावयति (bhāvayati, secondary causative)

Proto-Iranian: *báwati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaⁱti)

Zazaki: beno, bena, benê

Northern Kurdish: bûn

Persian: بودن (budan)

*bʰuH-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

*bʰowH-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāwˀitei (or secondary formation?)

Lithuanian: bùvintis

Proto-Slavic: *baviti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰe-bʰúH-e ~ *bʰe-bʰuH-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεφύασι (pephúasi, 3pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰúHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰúHa

Sanskrit: बभूव (babhū́va)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀 (buuāuua, 3sg.), 𐬠𐬁𐬠𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (bābuuar^ə, 3pl.)

*bʰuH-tís

Proto-Albanian: *bwātā

Albanian: botë

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bytь (“culture, essence”) (abstract denominal of *byti) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

q

with shortened root vowel as in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">στᾰ́σῐς</i> (stắsĭs)

Ancient Greek: φῠ́σῐς (phŭ́sĭs), φῠ́στῐς (phŭ́stĭs) (with shortened root vowel as in στᾰ́σῐς (stắsĭs))

→? Albanian: fis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuHtíṣ

Sanskrit: भूति (bhūtí, bhū́ti)

*bʰuH-ti-ḱos

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φυσικός (phusikós), φυτικός (phutikós)

*bʰúH-tus

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bū́tu

Old Prussian: būton, boūton

desc

Proto-Slavic: *bytъ (“entity, creature”) (denominal from the supine of *byti)

*bʰúH-m-i-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHmiš (see there for further descendants)

*bʰúH-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῦμᾰ (phûmă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHma

Sanskrit: भूमन् (bhū́man)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φυή (phuḗ)

*bʰuH-tós

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bùtas (“accommodation”)

Proto-Slavic: *byto (“being”)

Proto-Celtic: *butā

Brythonic:

Old Breton: Bot-

Breton: bod

Cornish: bod

Middle Welsh: bod

Welsh: bod

Goidelic:

Old Irish: both

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠτός (phŭtós), φῠτόν (phŭtón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰuH-lom

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῦλον (phûlon), φῡλή (phūlḗ)

*bʰuH-s

Italic:

Latin (pro)bus, (super)bus, (trī)bus

*bʰúH-tlom

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰútlā, *pʰútlon

Ancient Greek: φῠ́τλᾱ (phŭ́tlā), φῠ́τλη (phŭ́tlē); φῠ́τλον (phŭ́tlon)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: būklas, bū́kla

Proto-Slavic: *bydlo (see there for further descendants)

*bʰuH-rom

Proto-Germanic: *būrą (see there for further descendants)

*pro-bʰHus (“good, excellent”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prabʰHúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prabʰHúṣ

Sanskrit: प्रभु (prabhú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *proβos

Latin: probus (see there for further descendants)

*swe-bʰuH- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: atsvabinât, svabads

Proto-Slavic: *svoboda, *sveboda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swēbaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Samnium, Sabīnī, Sabellī, Semnōnes

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *būmā

Albanian: bimë

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: bëhem

Proto-Albanian: *bāl-

⇒ Albanian: abolla

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բոյս (boys), բոյլ (boyl), բոյն (boyn), բլիթ (blitʻ), բոյթ (boytʻ), բայ (bay), (possibly) բաւիղ (bawił) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōþō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *buskaz (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: -bō (ending of future), -bam (ending of imperfect), -bundus (as in moribundus)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen


*greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei

Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)

Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)

*gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: hungëroj

Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: gùrti

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)

Extensions

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grakō

⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”) (see there for further descendants)

*gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-

>? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: gi̇̀rgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)

Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz

Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati

Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*h₃éd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdstei (older)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀstei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *odō

Latin: olō, oleō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃éd-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *óďďō
Ancient Greek: ὄζω (ózō)
Doric Greek: ὄσδω (ósdō)

*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr (perfect)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀδώδειν (odṓdein)

Proto-Albanian: *admā

Albanian: amëz, âmë

Albanian: erë

Proto-Hellenic: *odmā́

Ancient Greek: ὀδμή (odmḗ)

Attic Greek: ὀσμή (osmḗ)

*h₃éd-os ~ *h₃éd-es-os

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: հոտ (hot)
Armenian: հոտ (hot)

Proto-Italic: *odōs

Old Latin: odōs

Latin: odor (see there for further descendants)

The "stink", "hate", and "bite" senses may all be etymologically equivalent and stem from an original meaning of "sting".


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ատեամ (ateam), ատեմ (atem) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Italic: *ōdai

Latin: ōdī (see there for further descendants)

*h₃od-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *atalaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὠδυσάμην (ōdusámēn), ὀδύσσομαι (odússomai)


(possibly) *h₃d-ónt- (“*biting; tooth”, participle)

(possibly) *h₃ed-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdas

Proto-Baltic: *uodas

Eastern Baltic: *uodas

Latvian: ods

Lithuanian: úodas


new-

*nu

*néw-o-s

*néw-yo-s


new-

Proto-Celtic: *nuweti

Old Irish: ad·noí (from *ati-nuweti)

Middle Irish: as·noí (from *exs-nuweti)

Welsh: adnau (from *ati-nowos), dinau (from *dī-nowos)

Proto-Germanic: *neudaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νεύω (neúō)

Proto-Italic: *nuō

Latin: *nuō (attested only in compounds)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwatay

Sanskrit: नवते (návate)


ní

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ն- (n-) (as in նստիմ (nstim, “to sit down”))

Old Armenian: նի- (ni-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *nizъ (< *ní ǵʰi, with long *i from *nicь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ni-

Old Irish: ne-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ní (see there for further descendants)

looking down; see there for further descendants


peḱ-

*péḱ-ti

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέκω (pékō, “to comb”)

*peḱ-te-ti (perhaps by metathesis from *petḱ- < *pe-pḱ- or the same seen in *pléḱ-te-ti)

Proto-Germanic: *fehtaną (“to comb, detangle, struggle”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεκτέω (pektéō, “to shear”)

Proto-Italic: *pektō

Latin: pectō (“to comb”)

*poḱ-os-

Proto-Germanic: *fahaz (“sheep”)

*poḱ-o-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόκος (pókos)

*poḱ-ti-

Proto-Germanic: *fahtiz (“fleece”)

Old English: feht

Old Frisian: fecht

Middle Dutch: vacht

Dutch: vacht

*p(e)ḱ-tén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κτείς (kteís)

Italic:

Latin: pecten

*poḱ-s-om

Proto-Germanic: *fahsą

*poḱ-s-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páćšma (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pešù, pèšti (“to pluck, tear (of hair)”), iterative pašýti (“to brawl”)


peḱ-

peḱ- (canonical)
Homeric Greek (canonical)

*peḱ-u

*péḱ-os ~ *péḱ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *pékos

Ancient Greek: πέκος (pékos, “fleece, wool”)

Proto-Italic: *pekos

Latin: pecus (“cattle”) (see there for further descendants)


peḱ-

*peḱ- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *fehaną (“to rejoice”)

Old English: gefēon (“to be glad”), fægen (“glad”, past participle)

English: fain

Old High German: gifehan (“to be glad”)

Old Norse: feginn (past participle)

Icelandic: feginn

Faroese: fegin

Norwegian: fegen

*poḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fagjaną (“to please”)

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*fahjan) (in 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullafahjan))

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: púošiu (“adorn”)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

Middle Irish: perhaps āil (“pleasant”)

Germanic:

Old Norse: fága (“adorn, polish”)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌸𐍃 (fahēþs, “joy”)


ǵʰutós

ǵʰutós (nominative singular)
ǵʰutóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰutóes (nominative plural)
ǵʰuté (singular vocative)
ǵʰutóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰutóes (plural vocative)
ǵʰutóm (accusative singular)
ǵʰutóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰutóms (accusative plural)
ǵʰutósyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰutóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰutéad (ablative singular)
ǵʰutómos (ablative plural)
ǵʰutóbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰutóey (dative singular)
ǵʰutómos (dative plural)
ǵʰutóbʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰutéy (locative singular)
ǵʰutóy (locative singular)
ǵʰutóysu (locative plural)
ǵʰutóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰutṓys (instrumental plural)
ǵʰutéh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵʰutéh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵʰutā́m (accusative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵʰutéh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰutéh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵʰutéh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂i (locative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰutóm (nominative singular)
ǵʰutóy (dual nominative)
ǵʰutóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰutéh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵʰutóm (singular vocative)
ǵʰutóy (dual vocative)
ǵʰutóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰutéh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵʰutóy (accusative dual)
ǵʰutóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰutéh₂ (accusative plural)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *gudą (“god, deity”) (or from *gʷʰutós and related to Old Church Slavonic говѣти (gověti, “to revere”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutós

Ancient Greek: χυτός (khutós, “poured”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰutás

desc

Sanskrit: हुत (hutá, “offered in fire, poured out”)

From *ǵʰew- (“pour, libate”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

suf

libated, poured as part of a liquid offering


*ǵérh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHati

Sanskrit: जरति (járati)

*ǵorh₂-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *zorìti (“to ripen (tr.)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́arHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́arHáyati

Sanskrit: जरयति (jaráyati, “to make old, wear out”)

*ǵr̥h₂-nó-m (“grain”)

*ǵerh₂-ós (e-grade *-ós adjective)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծեր (cer)
Armenian: ծեր (cer)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γεραρός (gerarós)

Proto-Iranian: *jár̥Hrah

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬭𐬀 (zaᵘrura, “weak through old age, decrepit”)

Proto-Hellenic: *grāū́s

Ancient Greek: γραῦς (graûs)

Proto-Albanian: *grāwā

Albanian: grua (woman, wife)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γεραιός (geraiós), γραῖᾱ (graîā), Γραῖαι (Graîai), Γραῖα (Graîa, “ancient city”), Γραῖος (Graîos)

desctree

⇒ Ancient Greek: Γραικός (Graikós)
→ Latin: Graecus, Latin: graecus (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: Grāius

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), γέρας (géras, “gift of honour”)

*ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s

Proto-Tocharian: *śërāw'ë-

Tocharian B: śrāy

*ǵérh₂-mn̥ ~ *ǵr̥h₂-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHma

desc

Sanskrit: जरिमन् (jariman, “old age, decrepitude”)

Proto-Iranian: *járHma

Middle Persian: (“old age”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zrmʾn /zarmān/), 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏𐫆 (zrmʾnyẖ /zarmānīh/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlm'n' /zarmān/)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γήραμα (gḗrama, “old age”)

Proto-Germanic: *karaz, *karilaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *járHwáh (“old age”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (zaᵘruuā, “old age”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzr)

Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫇 (zrw /zarw/)

Sogdian script: 𐼵𐽀𐼴𐼳 (zrwh /zarw/)

Syriac script: ܙܪܘ (zrw /zarw/)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: зӕруӕ (zærwæ), зӕруай (zærwaj, “old age”)

Pashto: زړوالۍ (zaṛwā́lay, “old age”)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (zrwʾn /zarwān/, “old age”)

Proto-Iranian: *járHtáh (“old; old age”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (zar^əta, “old”)

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫉𐫡𐫅 (zrd /zard/, “infirm; old age”)

Persian: زال (zâl, “Zāl (a mythological person in Shahnameh who has an old face and white hairs); albino”); زر (zar, “old”)

Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age; old woman”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫤𐫐 (zyrtk /zirt(a)/)

Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼳 (zyrth /zirt(a), zert(a)/)

Pashto: زړه (zaṛa, “old”), زوړ (zoṛ, “old”), زاړه (zāṛə́)

Proto-Iranian: *járH-ištah (“oldness”)

Pashto: زړښت (zaṛǝ́x̌t, “oldness”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: जरा (jarā́, “old age”)

Sanskrit: जरस् (jarás, “senescence, decay, old age”)

Sanskrit: जर (jára, “becoming old; the act of wearing out, wasting”)

Sanskrit: जरायु (jarāyu, “decaying; the cast-off skin of a serpent; a perishable covering; afterbirth”)

Proto-Albanian: *grāwā

Albanian: grua, grue, gru — Gheg, gruo — Old Gheg

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zьrěti > *zrělъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जॄ (jṝ)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


péḱu

peḱu- (oblique stem)
péḱu (nominative singular)
péḱuh₂ (nominative plural)
péḱu (singular vocative)
péḱuh₂ (plural vocative)
péḱu (accusative singular)
péḱuh₂ (accusative plural)
pḱéws (genitive singular)
pḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
pḱéws (ablative singular)
pḱúmos (ablative plural)
pḱúbʰos (ablative plural)
pḱéwey (dative singular)
pḱúmos (dative plural)
pḱúbʰos (dative plural)
pḱéw (locative singular)
pḱéwi (locative singular)
pḱúsu (locative plural)
pḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pḱúmis (instrumental plural)
pḱúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ասր (asr, “wool, fleece”), ասու (asu, genitive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péku (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fehu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páću (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *peku (see there for further descendants)

From the *u-stem of *peḱ- (“livestock”).


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁éḱwe (singular vocative)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁éḱwōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔéḱus (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: էշ (ēš, “donkey”)

Armenian: էշ (ēš)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éśwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ekʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ehwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *íkkʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ekwos (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: [script needed] (es')

Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäkwe (see there for further descendants)

Usually explained as a derivation of the adjective *h₁éḱus (“quick, swift”), also seen in e.g. Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), Latin ōcior (“faster”) and Sanskrit आशु (āśú, “fast, quick”) (all < PIE *h₁oh₁ḱus (“swift”)). The thematic derivation would express association with a root noun *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”), thus denoting “that which has swiftness” or “the swift one”. The adjective would have to be derived from the root by reduplication, which is unusual in PIE nominal word formation. Many linguists therefore reject it as popular etymology and suggest other sources:
* Kulanda 2008 argues that the PIE word is borrowed from North Caucasian; compare Kabardian шы (šə), Abkhaz аҽы (aĉə), Avar чу (ču), Karata ичва (ičva, “mare”), Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”) etc. (NCED 520). This etymology has been criticized by Matasović 2012:291 who argues that the direction of borrowing is probably from PIE into North Caucasian: steppe horses were probably traded for Mesopotamian imports on the North Caucasus in the Eneolithic period. The fact that we find fricatives and affricates in the Caucasian reflexes of this word indicates that the source could have been an IE dialect of the satem type.
* Blažek 2019 proposes that PIE is borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ-*kuʔs "male horse"
The original thematic form is also disputed. According to Kloekhorst (2008), the original derivation was a u-stem, to which Anatolian reflexes point particularly, which presume a Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu-, as opposed to the thematic (o-stem) derivation in all the other PIE branches. There is no known phonological development through which PIE *h₁eḱwo- could yield PAnat. *h₁eḱu-, and in view of the productivity of the o-stem inflection in Anatolian it is unlikely that PIE *h₁eḱwo- would have yielded PAnat. *h₁éḱu- through secondary developments. We therefore must conclude that the Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu- reflects the original state of affairs and that the thematicization as visible in the non-Anatolian IE languages (which would be a trivial development) must be regarded as a common innovation of them. In other words, this is a piece of evidence supportive of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. In that case, the original paradigm would have been *h₁éḱ-u-s, *h₁éḱ-u-m, *h₁ḱ-u-és, from the stem *h₁eḱ-u- (“swift”).


men-

*mn̥-tó (deponent root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अमत (ámata)

Proto-Iranian:

q

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬁 (maṇtā) (with analogical introduction of the full grade root)

*mn̥-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

Proto-Celtic: *manyetor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *məňňómai

Ancient Greek: μαίνομαι (maínomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mányatay (see there for further descendants)

*me-mn-eh₂-sḱé-ti (reduplicated thematic sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μιμνῄσκω (mimnḗiskō)

*me-món-e ~ *me-mn-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

*mon-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Latgalian: maneit' (“to notice, to observe, to perceive”)

Lithuanian: manyti (“to deem”)

Latvian: manīt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mānáyati

Sanskrit: मानयति (mānayati)

Proto-Italic: *moneō (see there for further descendants)

*mn-eh₂-yé-tor (thematic ye-deponent)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μνάομαι (mnáomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mnaHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mnaHyátay

Sanskrit: म्नायते (mnāyate)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μνήμων (mnḗmōn)

⇒ Ancient Greek: μνημοσύνη (mnēmosúnē)

*mn̥-tó-s (“thought”)

*mén-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántram (see there for further descendants)

*mé-mn-os or *me-mn̥-wṓs

Proto-Italic: *memnos

Latin: memor

*mé-mn-ō

>? Proto-Hellenic:

(θρασυ)μέμνων

Ancient Greek: (θρασυ)μέμνων ((thrasu)mémnōn)

*mén-mn̥ ~ *mn̥-mén-s (“understanding”)

Proto-Celtic: *menman (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mánman

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mánman

Sanskrit: मन्मन् (mánman)

*mén-os (“mind”)

*mén-ti-s ~ *mn̥-téy-s (“thought”)

*mén-tōr

Proto-Hellenic: *méntōr

Ancient Greek: Μέντωρ (Méntōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mántā

Sanskrit: मन्तृ (mantṛ́)

q

*men-*dʰ- ~ *meh₂-dʰ? (probably neo-root of einzelsprachlich origin, re-analyzed from *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-)

Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (< *mn̥-dʰ-ro-)

Proto-Germanic: *mundōną

Proto-Hellenic: *məntʰánō or *mantʰánō (< *mn̥-n-dʰ- or *mh₂-n-dʰ-) (nasal-infix)

Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō)

Proto-Hellenic: *mətʰḗs or *matʰḗs (< *mn̥-dʰ-ḗs or *mh₂-dʰ-ḗs)

Ancient Greek: (ἀ)μᾰθής ((a)măthḗs)

Proto-Hellenic: *mātʰḗs (< *meh₂-dʰ-ḗs)

Ancient Greek: (προ)μᾱθής ((pro)māthḗs), (προ)μηθής ((pro)mēthḗs)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Μοῦσα (Moûsa) (< *mon-dʰ-ih₂) (perhaps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madᶻdʰáH (< *mn̥s-dʰh₁-éh₂)

Proto-Italic: *monestrom

Latin: mōnstrum (< *mon-dʰ-tr-o- or *mon-s-tr-o-)?

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *minþijō

Frankish: *minnjo

Old French: mignon

Middle French: mignon

English: minion

Proto-West Germanic: *muntijan (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: मन्तु (mántu, “advisor, arbiter; counsel; mankind; understanding”)

Latin: comminīscor, reminīscor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *man

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *man

Sanskrit: मन् (man)

Proto-Iranian: *man

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man)


men-

*mén-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ménō

Ancient Greek: μένω (ménō, “to stay, remain”)

>? *me-món-e (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamā́na

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamā́na

Sanskrit: ममन्धि (mamandhi, “wait!”, 2sg.ipv.perf.act.), अममन् (ámaman, “had waited”, 3sg.plqpf.act.), ममन्यात् (mamanyāt, 3sg.opt.perf.act.)

*mí-men-ti ~ *mí-mn̥-nti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίμνω (mímnō, “to stay, remain”)

>? Proto-Anatolian: (unlikely)

Hittite: 𒈪𒅎𒈠𒄿 (mi-im-ma-i, “to refuse, decline”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*mḗn-s-t ~ *mén-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔμεινα (émeina, “remained”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mānsī (“remained”)

*mon-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati

Proto-Iranian: *mānáyati (see there for further descendants)

*m̥n-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Armenian: *menāye- (or < *mn̥-h₁yé-ti ("essive"))

Old Armenian: մնամ (mnam, 1sg.pres.)

Armenian: մնալ (mnal)

Proto-Italic: *mnēō, *monēō (unexplained -o-)

Latin: maneō (see there for further descendants)

*mn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Armenian: *menāsk̑et

Armenian: մնաց (mnacʻ, 3sg.aor.)

(possibly) Proto-Tocharian: *mäsk- (“to reside, be”)

Tocharian A: mäskatär

Tocharian B: mäsketär

Proto-Hellenic: *monā́

Ancient Greek: μονή (monḗ, “staying, detention”)

*mé-mn-ō

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Μέμνων (Mémnōn)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *an-men- (“patience, forbearance”)

Middle Welsh: anmynedd, amynedd

Old Irish: ainmne


men-

Proto-Italic: *menēō

Latin: (ē)mineō, (im)mineō, (prō)mineō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *menā

Latin: minae

*mn̥-tó-s (“protruding”)

*món-tis ~ *mn̥-téy-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*mń̥tis</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mátiš (< *mń̥tis)

Proto-Iranian: *mátiš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (maⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *monts

Latin: mōns (see there for further descendants)

*mon-i-yo-

Proto-Celtic: *moniyos (“mountain”) (see there for further descendants)

*mōn-i-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaz

Old Norse: mœnir (“ridge of a roof”)

*mōn-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaną

Old Norse: mœna (“to tower”)


men-

*món-wo-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μόνος (mónos, “alone”)

*mén-us ~ mn̥-éws

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *menus
Old Irish: min
Irish: mion
Scottish Gaelic: mion
Proto-Brythonic:
⇒ Old Welsh: dimanuo (3sg. pres. subj.)
Middle Welsh: divanw
Welsh: difenwi
⇒ Old Irish: menb (from thematized *menwos)
Middle Irish: menb
Scottish Gaelic: meanbh

*mn̥(H)u-

Old Armenian: մանր (manr, “little”)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈠𒉌𒅔𒆪𒉿𒀭𒋼𒌍 (maninkuwantes, “short”).

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: meñkas (“negligible”)

Germanic:

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *muniwu (“small fish”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μανός (manós, “sparse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manā́k

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *manā́k

Sanskrit: मनाक् (manā́k, “a little”)

Proto-Tocharian: *menke

Tocharian A: mank

Tocharian B: menki (“lack”)


ped-

*péd-ye-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pádyati (see there for further descendants)

*pi-péd-ti ~ *pi-pd-énti (reduplicated present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pibdáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pibdáti

Sanskrit: पिब्दमान (píbdamāna, pres.part.)

*pe-pód-e ~ *pe-pd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́da

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́da

Sanskrit: पपाद (papā́da)

*pod-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pādáyati

Sanskrit: पादयति (pādáyati)

*ped-e-ti (innovative root present)

Proto-Germanic: *fetaną (see there for further descendants)

*pṓd-s (“foot”)

*ped-om (“step”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /pēdan/)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հետ (het), յետ (yet), ետ (et)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸedom

(possibly) Old Irish: ed (“space, interval”)

Proto-Germanic: *fetą

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέδον (pédon, “ground”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *padám

Sanskrit: पद (padá, “step”)

Hindi: पद (pad, “step”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *pedom
Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖𐌌 (peřum), 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖 (peřu), perso (acc. sg.)

⇒ Latin: (op)pidum

Proto-Hellenic: *pédā

Ancient Greek: πέδη (pédē)

*pēd-ó-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pēdā́ˀ

Latgalian: pāda

Latvian: pēda

Lithuanian: pėdà (but also masculine pė́das)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πηδόν (pēdón, “oar blade”)

*ped-to-

Proto-Italic: *pessom

Latin: pessum

*ped-yós

Proto-Hellenic: *peďďos

Ancient Greek: πεζός (pezós, “afoot”)

*ped-yōs

Proto-Italic: *pedjōs

Latin: pēior

*ped-tm̥mo-

Proto-Italic: *pessəmos

Latin: pessimus

*ped-uro-

Proto-Germanic: *feturaz (see there for further descendants)

q

*ped-tís (or *ped-h₂t-í-s, with -h₂t- from the root *h₂et- (“to go, to wander”))

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *patˢtíš (“foot soldier”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pěšь, *pěxъ, *pasti, *padati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fatōną

Proto-Italic:

Latin: expediō

Latin: impediō

Latin: peccō (for *pedcō)


bʰer-

*bʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *berja (see there for further descendants)

*bʰor-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

*bʰr̥-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *burjaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer-H-men-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bèrmę (“load, burden”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHmā

Sanskrit: भरीमन् (bhárīman)

Proto-Germanic: *bērō

Proto-Slavic: *berďa (“pregnant”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéretron

q

or later variant of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φέρτρον</i> (phértron)

Ancient Greek: φέρετρον (phéretron, “bier, litter, frame”) (or later variant of φέρτρον (phértron)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: φαρέτρᾱ (pharétrā, “quiver”) (from the plural) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHtram

Sanskrit: भरित्र (bharítra, “arm”)

*bʰér-ist(H)-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéristos

Ancient Greek: φέριστος (phéristos, “strongest-carrying ?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárištʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bárištah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (baⁱrišta, “helping best”, voc.)

*bʰér-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérmə

Ancient Greek: φέρμᾰ (phérmă, “fruit of the womb/earth”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárma

Sanskrit: भर्मन् (bhárman)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰernā́

Ancient Greek: φερνή (phernḗ, “dowry”)

*bʰer-no-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բեռն (beṙn)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: bārns (“child”)

Latvian: bērns (“child”)

Lithuanian: bernas (“young, unmarried man; child; boy; servant”)

Sudovian: barnaj (“children”)

*bʰer-n-yo-m

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérnyom

Ancient Greek: φέρνιον (phérnion, “fish-basket”)

*bʰer-ont-ih₂ ~ *bʰer-ont-y-eh₂

Tocharian:

pregnant 􂀿of a woman􂁀; potent 􂀿of a man􂁀

Tocharian B: preṃtsa (“pregnant [of a woman]; potent [of a man]”)

*bʰér-ti-s (“the act of carrying, bearing”)

*bʰér-tr-o-m

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰer(H)tróm</i>

Proto-Germanic: *berdrą (< *bʰer(H)tróm)

Proto-West Germanic: *berdr

Old English: beordor (“birth”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰértron

desc

Ancient Greek: φέρτρον (phértron, “bier”)

*bʰṓr (“thief”)

Proto-Italic: *for(i)dā

Latin: forda (“cow in calf”)

*bʰor-mo-

Proto-Germanic: *barmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰormos

(perhaps) Ancient Greek: φορμός (phormós)

Proto-Albanian: *barnā

Albanian: barrë (“pregnancy; foetus, child”)

*bʰor-no-m

Proto-Germanic: *barną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰór-o-s

*bʰor-ó-s

*bʰor-uko-

Proto-Albanian: *báruka

Albanian: bark (“belly, abdomen, womb”)

Messapic:

→? Ancient Greek: βάρυκα (báruka)

Proto-Italic: *fortūnā

Latin: fortūna

Proto-Celtic: *adbertā

Old Irish: ad-opair (“(s)he sacrifices”)

Old Welsh: aperth (“animal sacrifice, offering, prayer”)

Welsh: aberth

Breton: aberzh

Proto-Germanic: *atberaną (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: αββερετ (abberet)

Proto-Italic: *adfertōr

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌛𐌚𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌓 (ařfertur)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: bir (“son”)

Proto-Germanic: *bringaną (probably) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *buriz (“son”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burþį̄ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -աւոր (-awor)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ber̃ždžias, ber̃gždžias (“barren (of a cow)”)

Proto-Slavic: *bèrďь (“pregnant”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φορεύς (phoreús, “bearer”)

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: भार (bhārá) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: fordus (“pregnant”)

Extended form *bʰr-ew-

(possibly) *bʰrews- (“belly”)

*bʰrews-o-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *břȗxo, *břȗxъ (“belly”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrus-on-

Proto-Celtic: *brusū (“belly, abdomen, chest, breast”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

*breustą (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

*brusts (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

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Oleg Trubachyov
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kú

>? Proto-Albanian: *ku

Albanian: ku (“where”) (or from *kú-dʰe)

Proto-Anatolian: *ku (“where? when?”)

q

+ /-(š)šan/, from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sóm</i>

⇒ Hittite: [Term?] (/kuššan/, “when?”) (+ /-(š)šan/, from *sóm)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ku

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ku

Sanskrit: कु (ku) (as in कुत्र (kútra, “whereto”))

Possibly from *kʷ- and related to *kʷís (“who? what?”).

کو

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/kū/, “where; (so) that”)

ուր

>? Old Armenian: ուր (ur, “where”) (or from *kú-tre or *kú re)


dwi-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկի- (erki-)

Proto-Germanic: *twi- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dwi-

Ancient Greek: δι- (di-)

Greek: δι- (di-), δί- (dí-)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *dwi-
Latin: bi-, du-
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖- (tu-), du- (as in 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌀𐌊 (tuplak) and dupursus)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwi-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwi-

Sanskrit: द्वि (dvi-, “two”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dwi-

q

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬌 (duui, “two”) (as a prefix in some words e.g., 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬛𐬍 (duuidī, “different, various; doubt”)), 𐬠𐬌 (bi, “two- (as prefix)”) (e.g., 𐬠𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭 (biaiiar, “two-day”))

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬎𐬌 (uui, “two”) (don't mix up with 𐬬𐬍 (vī, “separate, apart, asunder, through”))

*dwoy-

Proto-Albanian: *duaigā

Albanian: degë

Zero grade form of the numeral *dwóh₁ (“two”).


ter-

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: trim

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թոռն (tʻoṙn)

Middle Armenian: թարմ (tʻarm)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tarnas

Lithuanian: tar̃nas (“servant”)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru, “weak, small”), τέρην (térēn, “smooth, gentle”), τεράμων (terámōn, “becoming soft by boiling”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárunas

Sanskrit: तरुण (táruṇa, “young”), तर्ण (tárṇa, “calf”), तर्णक (tárṇaka, “any young animal”)

Romani: tarno (“young”)

Proto-Iranian: *tárunah

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬥𐬀 (taᵘruna, “the young of humans and animals”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tarōk, “young”), [script needed] (tōrūk, “young dog”)

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕрин (tærin), тӕрна (tærna)

Iron: тыры́н (tyrýn), тыр (tyr)

Persian: تر (tar, “wet”), توله (tôla, “whelp”), ترانه (tarâna, “a handsome youth”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (trn /tarun/, “tame, gentle”)

Italic:

Latin: (possibly) tardus

Latin: (possibly) tener

Latin: (possibly) termes

Sabine: terenum (“soft”)


Proto-Armenian: *hatir, *hayir

Old Armenian: հայր (hayr) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Armenian: յօրայ (yōray, “stepfather”), յաւրայ (yawray)
→ Armenian: հորա (hora) (learned)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸatīr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fadēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *patḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *patēr (see there for further descendants)

Mysian: πατριζι (patrizi, pl.)

desc

Phrygian: πατερης (paterēs, nominative plural)

Proto-Tocharian: *pācer

Tocharian A: pācar

Tocharian B: pācer

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Often supposed to be from *peh₂- (“to protect, shepherd”) + *-tḗr (agentive nominal suffix). Alternatively, from a nursery form *pa. It is possible that both semantic senses have contributed to the development of the term.


Anatolian:

Lydian: 𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳 (prafršiš) (brafrsis; stem brafr-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եղբայր (ełbayr), genitive եղբաւր (ełbawr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brā́ˀtē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brātīr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *brōþēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrā́tēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰráHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frātēr (see there for further descendants)

Illyrian:

→? Doric Greek: βρά (brá)

Mysian: βρατεραις (braterais, dat.pl.)

Phrygian: βρατερε (bratere, dat.sg.)

Proto-Tocharian: *procer (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *māter (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մայր (mayr), genitive մաւր (mawr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mā́ˀtē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mātīr (“mother”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mōdēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́tēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mātēr (see there for further descendants)

desc

Messapic: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌀 (matura), 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌓𐌀 (matira)

Phrygian: ματαρ (matar)

Proto-Tocharian: *mācer (see there for further descendants)

In older literature usually reconstructed de-laryngealized as *mātēr and explained as a combination of a nursery word *ma (“mother”) and the agentive nominal suffix *-tēr. However, Balto-Slavic forms have acute accent and require a root laryngeal and a short vowel, reflecting *méh₂- (as opposed to *mḗh₂- which would have yielded a circumflexed vowel). Also, no trace of a lengthened grade in the root can be found: in no language did Eichner's law operate (which predicts non-coloration of the *ē in *mḗh₂-tr̥).

մայր

Proto-Armenian: *máyrī- (“wood (as building material)”); Old Armenian

մայրի

Proto-Armenian: *mayrí(y)ā- (“wood (as building material); woods, forest”); Old Armenian


nókʷts

nókʷts (nominative singular)
nókʷtes (nominative plural)
nókʷt (singular vocative)
nókʷtes (plural vocative)
nókʷtm̥ (accusative singular)
nókʷtm̥s (accusative plural)
nékʷts (genitive singular)
nékʷtoHom (genitive plural)
nékʷts (ablative singular)
nékʷtmos (ablative plural)
nékʷtbʰos (ablative plural)
nékʷtey (dative singular)
nékʷtmos (dative plural)
nékʷtbʰos (dative plural)
nékʷt (locative singular)
nékʷti (locative singular)
nékʷtsu (locative plural)
nékʷtmis (instrumental plural)
nékʷtbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *naktā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉈𒆪𒍖 (ne-ku-uz /nekuz/, “at eventide”, gen.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náktis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *noxs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nahts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nukts

desctree

Ancient Greek: νῠ́ξ (nŭ́x)
Greek: νυξ (nyx), νύκτα (nýkta), νύχτα (nýchta)
Italiot Greek: νύφτα (nýfta)
Mariupol Greek: ны́хта (nýxta)
Tsakonian: νιούτθα (nioúttha)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nákts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nákts

desctree

Sanskrit: नक् (nák), नक्तम् (náktam, “by night”), नक्ति (nákti), नक्त (nákta)
Pali: natta
→ Bengali: নক্ত (nokto)
→ Telugu: నక్తము (naktamu)

Proto-Iranian: *náxts

desc

𐬎𐬞𐬀⸱𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬎

Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀⸱𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬎 (upa.naxturušu, “bordering on the night”, loc.pl.)

Northern Kurdish: nixte (“rainy or cloudy weather, id. when the Sun doesn't shine”); nûtek (“obscure, pitch-dark”)

Wakhi: naɣ̌d

Proto-Italic: *nokts

Latin: nox (see there for further descendants)

Pooth argues that the word derives from *negʷ- (“bare, naked”), and that the ablaut variants *nékʷt-, *nókʷt- should be analyzed as two separate words, *négʷts and *nógʷts, root nouns meaning "dusk" and "night" respectively, or originally "getting bare (of sunlight)" (action noun) and "the result of getting bare (of sunlight)" (noun with detransitive or middle meaning marked by the vowel *o). This analysis differs from the traditional one, in which *nékʷt-, *nókʷt- are simply ablaut variants used in different parts of the nominal paradigm, with no difference in meaning.
Kloekhorst cites Kroonen that *negʷ- (“bare, naked”) is from *dʰnegʷ- and assumes the initial was dropped "at an early stage".

nakcu

Proto-Tocharian: *nekʷcäwye- (“last night, during the night”)


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Vladimir Orel

Proto-Albanian: *māsnja (metathesized from earlier *mēns-)

Old Albanian: muoj

Albanian: muaj, muej

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ամիս (amis)

Armenian: ամիս (amis)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗˀn(e)s-

Baltic:

Latvian: mēnesis (“month”), mēness (“moon”)

Lithuanian: mė́nesis

Old Prussian: menig (interpreted as corruption of menius, in turn presumably misspelling for original menins)

Proto-Slavic: *mě̋sę̄cь (< *meh₁n-s-(e)n-ko-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mīns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mēnōþs (< *mēnōt-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗns

Attic Greek: μήν (mḗn), μείς (meís)

Greek: μήνας (mínas)

Doric Greek: μής (mḗs)

Elean Greek: μεύς (meús)

Aeolic Greek: μῆννος (mênnos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́Has (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mēns

Proto-Italic: *mēnsis

Latin: mēnsis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Sabellic: *mēns-en-

>? Oscan: minnaris

Proto-Italic: *mēns-(e)n-(e)i

Marsian: mesene

Proto-Italic: *anter-mens-o/ā-

𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌀𐌓𐌖

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌍𐌄 (menzne), 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌀𐌓𐌖 (antermenzaru)

Proto-Tocharian: *mēñē (< *meh₁nē(n)) (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *méh₁n̥ss, probably from *meh₁- (“to measure”).


pṓds

ped- (oblique stem)
pṓds (nominative singular)
pódes (nominative plural)
pód (singular vocative)
pódes (plural vocative)
pódm̥ (accusative singular)
pódm̥s (accusative plural)
pedés (genitive singular)
pedóHom (genitive plural)
pedés (ablative singular)
pedmós (ablative plural)
pedbʰós (ablative plural)
pedéy (dative singular)
pedmós (dative plural)
pedbʰós (dative plural)
péd (locative singular)
pédi (locative singular)
pedsú (locative plural)
pedmís (instrumental plural)
pedbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *pāsi (from locative plural *pḗdsu)

Albanian: përposh, poshtë

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄊𒀸 (GÌR-aš /*padas/)

Lycian: 𐊓𐊁𐊅𐊁 (pede)

Luwian: 𒉺𒋫𒀀𒀸 (patās)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ոտն (otn) (from accusative singular *pódm̥)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸūts

Galatian: αδες (ades) (nom. pl.)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸīssu (from locative plural *pḗdsu)

desctree

Old Irish: ís
⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos

Proto-Celtic: *ɸodyā

Celtiberian: ozas (acc. pl.)

Proto-Germanic: *fōts (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πούς (poús)

Greek: πόδι (pódi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pā́ts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pets

Latin: pēs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (peře) (abl. sg.)

Phrygian: ποδας (podas, acc.pl.)

Proto-Tocharian: *pei (from dual *pódh₁e)

Tocharian A: pe

Tocharian B: paiyye

From earlier *póds, from *ped- (“to walk, to step”) + *-s (root nominal suffix), with the *-ṓ- arising via the morphologisation of Szemerényi's law.


Proto-Albanian: *wradnjā (< *wr̥h₂dnyo-)

Albanian: rrënjë

Armenian:

desc

Middle Armenian: արգատ (argat, “superfluous branches cut off from vine and used for kindling”) (possibly)

Celtic:

*wridmā < *wr̥d-m-

desctree

Old Irish: frém
Middle Irish: frém, prém
Irish: fréamh, préamh
Manx: fraue
Scottish Gaelic: freumh

Middle Welsh: greðyf

Welsh: greddf (“instinct”)

*wridnā < *wr̥d-n-

Old Irish: frén

Proto-Germanic: *wirtiz, *wrōts (genitive *wurtiz)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῥίζα (rhíza) (< *wredih₂-)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (raēša)

desc

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (rēšag)

Persian: ریشه (rêša)

Northern Kurdish: reh, reg (“root”), regez (“gender; race”)

Zazaki: rêçıke, riçıke (“root”)

Italic: *wradyos

Latin: radius (see there for further descendants)

Italic: *wrādmos

Latin: rāmus (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: witsako (< *wr̥di-k-eh₂, with loss of -r-)


desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *Hstḗrs
Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒋼𒅕𒍝 (ḫašterz)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աստղ (astł)
Armenian: աստղ (astł)

Proto-Celtic: *sterā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sternǭ, *sternô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *astḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hstā́ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *stērlā (diminutive)

Latin: stēlla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ścär-iye-

Tocharian A: śre, (plural) śren̄

Tocharian B: ścirye

desc

→? Proto-Semitic: *ʕaṯtar- (“Ishtar, Astarte”, name of a star goddess) (see there for further descendants)

Apparently from *h₂e(h₁)s- (“to burn, glow”) + *-tḗr (agentive nominal suffix), so that the result literally meant “glower, shiner”. Compare *h₂éh₁tēr (“fire”).