-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
e-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
e-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
e-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
e-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
e-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
e-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
e-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
e-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
e-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
e-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
e-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
e-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
e-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
e-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
e-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
e-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
e-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
e-ṓys (instrumental plural)
-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
e₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
e₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
e-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
e₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-óm (nominative singular)
e-óm (nominative singular)
-óy (dual nominative)
ey (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (nominative plural)
-óm (singular vocative)
e-óm (singular vocative)
-óy (dual vocative)
ey (dual vocative)
-éh₂ (plural vocative)
-óy (accusative dual)
ey (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *-az (deverbal adjective suffix)

Closely resembles, but is not identical to, the root o-grade counterpart *(o)-ós. Both formations can be found side-by-side for several roots. Nussbaum posits that both of these adjective formations are derivatives of *(ó)-os formations.
Villanueva Svenson, who proposes that e-grade thematic verbs originated as conversions of λευκός (leukós) adjectives to verbs, wonders if these e-grade adjectives were originally barytone, but later became oxytone under the influence of *(o)-ós.

lewk- (“to shine”) + *-ós → *lewkós (“bright, shining”)


-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
e-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
e-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
e-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
e-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
e-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
e-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
e-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
e-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
e-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
e-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
e-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
e-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
e-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
e-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
e-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
e-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
e-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
e-ṓys (instrumental plural)

dyew- (“sky”) + *-ós → *deywós (“(god) of the sky”)

Forms adjectives or nominals of appurtenance to bases.


nem-

*ném-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nemtei

Latvian: ņemt (“take”)

Proto-Germanic: *nemaną (“take”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *némō

desc

Ancient Greek: νέμω (némō, “dispense, distribute”)

Proto-Hellenic: *nomā́

Ancient Greek: νομή (nomḗ, “pasture”)

*ném-es-o-s

Proto-Italic: *nomezos

Latin: numerus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nemehā

Ancient Greek: Νεμέα (Neméa)

*nóm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *nómos

Ancient Greek: νόμος (nómos, “custom, law”)

*nom-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *nomós

Ancient Greek: νομός (nomós, “pasture, habitation, province”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *námas

Sanskrit: नम (náma, “pasture-ground”)

*ném-tis ~ *nm̥-téys

Proto-Germanic: *numþiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *namā

Albanian: nëmë

Proto-Albanian: *nemska

Albanian: njeh

>? Proto-Celtic: *neman (< *nem-mn̥ with degemination}}

desctree

Old Irish: neim (“poison”)
Irish: nimh
Manx: nieu
Scottish Gaelic: nimh

Proto-Celtic: *nemetom (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *nantos (< *nm̥-tos) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: Νέμεσις (Némesis, “Nemesis, goddess of retribution”)

Possibly related to *h₁em- (“to take, to distribute”).


nem-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*ném-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námati (“to bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*nḗm-s-t ~ *ném-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: अनान् (anān)

*ne-nóm-e ~ *ne-nm-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: नानाम (nānāma)

*nom-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: नमयति (namayati) (with analogical shortening of root vowel)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nāmaiieⁱti)

*ném-os ~ *ném-es-os (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: नम् (nam)

From Etymology 1, with semantic shift "to distribute" > "to worship, sacrifice" > "to bend".


sneygʷʰ-

*snéygʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *snīwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νείφει (neíphei)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáyǰʰati

Proto-Iranian: *snáyǰati

desc

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (snaēžaⁱti, “to snow”)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: nīvit (“it snows”)

*sni-né-gʷʰ-ti ~ *sni-n-gʷʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ningit/ninguit (nasal present probably secondary)

*snigʷʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *snigʷyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sniǰʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sníźʰyati

Sanskrit: स्निह्यति (sníhyati, “to be adhesive or sticky; to remain, stick”)

*snígʷʰ-s (“snow”)

*snóygʷʰ-o-s (“snow”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: snigt

Latvian: snigt

Lithuanian: sni̇̀gti

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Shughni: жиниҷ (žiniǰ)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śiñcatstse* (“snowy”), adjectival derivative (cited, as normal, in its masculine nominative singular form, which is projectable from the attested masculine accusative & genitive singulars) of fully-unattested *śiñce (“snow”) < a Proto-Indo-European *snigʷʰ-ēn-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्निह् (snih)


wódr̥

wódr̥ (nominative singular)
wédōr (collective nominative)
wódr̥ (singular vocative)
wédōr (collective vocative)
wódr̥ (accusative singular)
wédōr (accusative collective)
wédn̥s (genitive singular)
udnés (collective genitive)
wédn̥s (ablative singular)
udnés (ablative collective)
wédney (dative singular)
udnéy (collective dative)
wédn̥ (locative singular)
wédni (locative singular)
udén (collective locative)
udéni (collective locative)
wódr̥ (nominative singular)
wédōr (collective nominative)
wódr̥ (singular vocative)
wédōr (collective vocative)
wódr̥ (accusative singular)
wédōr (accusative collective)
udéns (genitive singular)
udnés (collective genitive)
udéns (ablative singular)
udnés (ablative collective)
udéney (dative singular)
udnéy (collective dative)
udén (locative singular)
udéni (locative singular)
udén (collective locative)
udéni (collective locative)

Proto-Albanian: *udrjā

Albanian: ujë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar)

Luwian: 𒉿𒀀𒅈𒊭 (wārsa)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *udenskyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *watōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *údōr

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀄𐀈 (u-do /údōr/)

Ancient Greek: ὕδωρ (húdōr) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHr̥ (assuming a change d > h₁ in the nom. sg.)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáHr̥

Sanskrit: उदन् (udán) (from the oblique stem), वार् (vār) (possibly from the nominative) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *udōr

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌕𐌖𐌓 (utur)

Phrygian: βέδυ (bédu)

Proto-Tocharian: *wär

Tocharian A: wär

Tocharian B: war

From *wed- (“water”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).


sem-

*sḗm (“one”)

*sm̥- (“one”)

*sēm-i (“half”)

*sem-ǵʰo-

Proto-Albanian: *semdza

Albanian: gjithë

Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi

Latin: singulī

*som-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sam-

Old Norse: sam- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam- (see there for further descendants)

*ḱóm-som-

>? Proto-Hellenic: *ksun (possibly)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)

desc

Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún) — Homeric, Old Attic, σούν (soún) — Boeotian (see there for further descendants)

*som-H-ós (“same”)

*sem-h₁ (“couple”, dual)

*sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)

Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’) — apocopic, ἁμᾶ (hamâ) — Laconian, Doric
Greek: άμα (áma)

Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)

Old Irish: samail, amal

Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal

Welsh: fel

Cornish: avel

Breton: evel

Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)

Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥- (compounding stem)

*sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)

q

or with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂el-</i> (“ale”)?

*sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)

>? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥mo-

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)

*sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)

Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros

Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)

Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)

Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)

*sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)

Proto-Armenian: *hangi-

Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʻel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʻyal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-

Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-

Alanic:

desc

Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sin-

Proto-West Germanic: *sin-

Old English: sin-, sine-

Old Saxon: sin-

Old High German: sin-

Old Norse: sí-

Faroese: sí-

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád

desctree

Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
Romani: -ça
→ Old Javanese: saha
> Javanese: ꦱꦲ (saha) (inherited)
Pali: saha
→ Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
→ Marathi: सह (sah)

Sanskrit: सुमत् (sumát), स्मत् (smát, “with”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: simītū


mon-

(probably) Proto-Germanic: *mann- (see there for further descendants)

Hungarian; Mansi; Mansi; see there for further descendants

→? Proto-Ugric: *mańćɜ⇒ Old Hungarian: mogyërHungarian: magyarMansi:Northern Mansi: ма̄ньсиEastern Mansi: маньсь

Ἀμαζών

possibly) Proto-Hellenic: *əməďďṓn (“manless, husbandless”


sel-

*sél-t ~ *sl-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἆλτο (âlto, Epic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: असरत् (ásarat), सरति (sarati) (thematicized) (see there for further descendants)

*sí-sel-ti ~ *sí-sl-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: सिसर्ति (sísarti)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἱάλλω (hiállō), ἰάλλω (iállō)

*sl̥-yé-tor (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *həľľomai

Ancient Greek: ἅλλομαι (hállomai, “to leap, jump”)

Proto-Italic: *saljō

Latin: salio (“to jump”) (see there for further descendants)

*se-sól-e ~ *se-sl-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́ra

Sanskrit: ससार (sasā́ra)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: salamo

Tocharian A: salat

*sol-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāráyati

Sanskrit: सारयति (sāráyati) (see there for further descendants)

*sl̥-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sr̥tás

Sanskrit: सृत (sṛtá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: saltus

*sél-trom (instrument noun)

Proto-Celtic: *saltrom (see there for further descendants)

partly; merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ser-</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sar- (partly; merged with *ser-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sar-

Sanskrit: सृ (sṛ)

Proto-Tocharian: *sal-

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


ḱer-

>? *ḱer-h₂-

Italic:

Latin: creō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: crēscō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: crēber (see there for further descendants)

*ḱór-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kóros

Ancient Greek: κόρος (kóros)

*ḱor-wo-s

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kórwos
Ancient Greek: κόρος (kóros)
Doric Greek: κῶρος (kôros)
Ionic Greek: κοῦρος (koûros)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀒𐀺 (ko-wo /kórwos/)

*ḱer-ēs (< **ḱer-es-s)

Proto-Italic: *Kerēs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սեր (ser), սերեմ (serem), սերիմ (serim), սեռ (seṙ), սերմն (sermn), (possibly) սերտ (sert) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hirsijô

Old High German: hirso (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱer-

*ḱr̥H-

Albanian: thur

*ḱr̥-ti-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սարդ (sard) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱorH-ko-

Proto-Albanian: *tsarka

Albanian: thark

*ḱr̥s-tí-s

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sьrstь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: սարիք (sarikʻ), սարք (sarkʻ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καῖρος (kaîros)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शृङ्खल (śṛṅkhala) (see there for further descendants)


ǵr̥h₂nóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵr̥h₂nóm (nominative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (dual nominative)
ǵr̥h₂nóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵr̥h₂néh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵr̥h₂nóm (singular vocative)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (dual vocative)
ǵr̥h₂nóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵr̥h₂néh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵr̥h₂nóm (accusative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (accusative dual)
ǵr̥h₂nóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵr̥h₂néh₂ (accusative plural)
ǵr̥h₂néy (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *grunā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źírˀna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *grānom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kurną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grānom

Latin: grānum

Possibly a substantivised form of *ǵr̥h₂-nós (“matured, grown old”) (compare Sanskrit जीर्ण (jīrṇá, “old, worn out”)), itself a verbal adjective derived from *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old, to mature”) + *-nóm.


sénos

non-ablauting (romanization)
sénos (nominative singular)
sénoes (nominative plural)
séne (singular vocative)
sénoes (plural vocative)
sénom (accusative singular)
sénoms (accusative plural)
sénosyo (genitive singular)
sénoHom (genitive plural)
sénead (ablative singular)
sénomos (ablative plural)
sénobʰos (ablative plural)
sénoey (dative singular)
sénomos (dative plural)
sénobʰos (dative plural)
séney (locative singular)
sénoy (locative singular)
sénoysu (locative plural)
sénōys (instrumental plural)
sénām (accusative singular)
sénom (nominative singular)
sénoy (dual nominative)
sénom (singular vocative)
sénoy (dual vocative)
sénoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հին (hin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *senas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *senos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *senaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinīgaz

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (sineigs)

Proto-Hellenic: *hénos

Ancient Greek: ἕνος (hénos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sánas

Sanskrit: सन (sána)

Proto-Iranian: *hánah

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 (hana)

Proto-Italic: *senos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *seneks

Latin: senex (see there for further descendants)


sek-

*sek-eh₂-yé-ti or *sek-h₁-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sekā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sěkati

Proto-Italic: *sekajō

Latin: secō (see there for further descendants)

*sk-éy-ti (*éy-present)

Proto-Celtic: *ensek-

Middle Irish: eiscid (“cuts off”)

*sék-no-m

Proto-Italic: *seknom

Latin: signum (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: shat (“hoe, mattock”)

*sḗk-ti ~ *sék-n̥ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sektei

Proto-Slavic: *sěťi (“to cut”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: secula (see there for further descendants)

*sek-ūr-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sekyra (“axe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: secūris (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sekets

Middle Irish: seiche (“skin, hide”)

*sek-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *segją (“hard skin”)

Old Norse: sigg

Proto-Germanic: *sagō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker- (perhaps)

*(s)kh₂-éy-d(H)- (perhaps)

*sek-s-

Proto-Celtic: *sexskā, *sexskis (“rushes, sedge”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: hesk

Breton: hesq

Cornish: heschen, hesc

Middle Welsh: hescenn

Middle Irish: seise

*séks-u-s

Proto-Italic: *seksus

Latin: sexus (see there for further descendants)

*soks-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *sahsą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *saksom

Latin: saxum

Unsorted formations

Latin: sacēna

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *seglą (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *ātuma

Albanian: tym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dū́ˀmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰūmós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fūmos

Latin: fūmus


*déh₃-t ~ *dh₃-ént (athematic root aorist)

*dé-deh₃-ti ~ *dé-dh₃-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*déh₃-ti-s ~ *dh₃-téy-s

*déh₃-tōr ~ *dh₃-tr-és

*dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥s

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(e)ðaśa (< earlier *edasa)

Albanian: dhashë

Proto-Albanian: *dhu̯onti

Albanian: dhunti

>? Albanian: dhuroj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տամ (tam)

Armenian: տալ (tal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHmā́

Sanskrit: दामन् (dāmán, “giver; gift”)

→? Proto-Uralic: *toxe-


krey-

*kreyn- (reformed root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrīnaną (see there for further descendants)

*kr̥-né-y- ~ *kr̥-n-i- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *kriniti

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: crenaff

Cornish: crenna, krena

Middle Welsh: crynu

Welsh: crynu

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ɸarekriniti

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrgrɨnɨd

Welsh: ergryn

Old Irish: ara·chrin

*kri-n-ye- (innovative ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kríňňō

desctree

Ancient Greek: κρῑ́νω (krī́nō), κρίννω (krínnō) — Aeolic
Greek: κρίνω (kríno)
Mariupol Greek: крину (krinu)

*kri-né-h₁- ~ *kri-n-h₁- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *krinō

Latin: cernō (see there for further descendants)

*kroyh₁-eye- (causative/iterative present)

Proto-Slavic: *krojìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *krida

Upper Sorbian: křida (“sieve”)

Lower Sorbian: kśida (“sieve”)

*krey-dʰrom (“sieve”, instrument)

Proto-Italic: *kreiðrom

Latin: crībrum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hrīdrą (see there for further descendants)

*krey-trom

Proto-Celtic: *kreitros (“sieve”) (see there for further descendants)

*kréy-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *kréimə

Ancient Greek: κρῖμα (krîma)
Greek: κρίμα (kríma)

Proto-Italic: *kreimən

Latin: crīmen (see there for further descendants)

*kri-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *kritós

Ancient Greek: κριτός (kritós)

Proto-Italic: *kritos

Latin: certus, crētus (see there for further descendants)

*kroyn-is

Proto-Germanic: *hrainiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Slavic: *kràjь (see there for further descendants)


kap-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*kap-yé-ti (“to be grasping”, ye-present)

*kap-eh₁yé-ti (eh₁ye-stative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to have, hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kápā

Ancient Greek: κάπη (kápē, “crib”)

⇒? Ancient Greek: καπᾱ́να (kapā́na, “wagon”)

*kap-el-ó-s

Proto-Italic: *kapelos (“one who takes”)

⇒? Latin: dis-cipulus (“disciple, pupil; cadet”) (see there for further descendants)

*kap-nó-s or *kap-ón-o/eh₂- (“harbour”)

Proto-Celtic: *kawnos m

Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hab(a)nō f (see there for further descendants)

*káp-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *hafnaz (“vessel, pot”)

Old Saxon: haban, havan

Old High German: havan

Middle High German: haven

*kap-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *habą (“sea”) (see there for further descendants)

*kap-tós (“seized, held”)

*káp-u-ko-s

Proto-Celtic: *kaɸukos (“cup”)

Proto-Brythonic: *kọg

Welsh: cawg

Old Irish: cuäch, cuach, cúach

Irish: cuach

Scottish Gaelic: cuach

→ Ancient Greek: καῦκος (kaûkos) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os

Albanian:

Albanian: (“garden”) (+ -shtë)

Old Gheg Albanian: kopësht, kopështë

Tosk Albanian: kopsht

Proto-Hellenic: *kāpos

Ancient Greek: κῆπος (kêpos, “garden, orchard, plantation”)

⇒ *kā́p-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hōbō (see there for further descendants)

>? *kṓp-s ~ *kap-és

Proto-Hellenic: *kṓpā

Ancient Greek: κώπη (kṓpē, “grip, handle”)

Possibly a non-Indo-European loanword. Perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”) as so-called "chiming roots".


kap-

*káp-s ~ *k(a)p-és (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *kaps

>? Latin: *caps, -ceps (only for nom.sg.) (only in compounds)

q

derived like <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰébʰōl</i> ?

*káp-ōl ~ *k(a)p-l-és (derived like *gʰébʰōl ?)

desc

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)

*káp-ut ~ *k(a)p-wét-s (“head”)

*kap-u-lon-

Proto-Germanic: *habulô

Proto-West Germanic: *habulō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; may be the same as the verbal root in *kap- (Etymology 1) above, particularly if it developed figuratively from the sense “cup, bowl” as retained in Proto-Celtic *kaɸukos and perhaps Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la). Otherwise, sound-symbolic or borrowed from a substrate, as evidenced by the a-grade.


*h₁éd-ti ~ *h₁d-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁od-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hādáyati

Sanskrit: आदयति (ādáyati)

*h₁ōd-e/o- (a lengthened grade of disputed origin)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ուտեմ (utem)

Proto-Germanic: *ēsaz (“food, carrion, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yats (“skin”)

Tocharian B: yetse (“skin”)

*h₁éd-tōr (“eater”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अत्तृ (attṛ́)

Proto-Italic: *essōr

Latin: ēsor

Proto-Hellenic: *ayerīston

Ancient Greek: ᾱ̓́ρῑστον (ā́rīston)

*h₁éd-nom (“eaten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánnam

Sanskrit: अन्न (ánna) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁éd-wr̥ ~ *h₁d-wén-s

Proto-Germanic: *etunaz (from thematicized *h₁ed-un-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*ἔδϝαρ</i> (*édwar)

Ancient Greek: εἶδαρ (eîdar) (from *ἔδϝαρ (*édwar))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *अद्वर (*advará) (from thematicized *h₁ed-wer-os)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: व्यद्वर (vyadvará, “rodent”)

*n̥-h₁d-ti- (“having no eating”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: նաւթի (nawtʻi, “hungry”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῆστις (nêstis, “not eating, fasting, sober (jejune)”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *eda

Albanian: ha (“I eat”) (with preservation of the laryngeal?)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒀀𒁺𒈾 (aduna)


gʷṓws

gʷṓws (nominative singular)
gʷówh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷówes (nominative plural)
gʷów (singular vocative)
gʷówh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷówes (plural vocative)
gʷṓm (accusative singular)
gʷówh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷówm̥s (accusative plural)
gʷéws (genitive singular)
gʷéwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷéws (ablative singular)
gʷéwmos (ablative plural)
gʷéwbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷéwey (dative singular)
gʷéwmos (dative plural)
gʷéwbʰos (dative plural)
gʷéw (locative singular)
gʷéwi (locative singular)
gʷéwsu (locative plural)
gʷéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷéwmis (instrumental plural)
gʷéwbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *gau

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *gauka

Albanian: gak (“boar”)

q

Proto-Albanian: *kē (from earlier *kʷē) (an early loanword from a different IE language)

Albanian: ka (“ox”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔑺𔗬𔗔 (^(BOS)wa/i-s(a) /wawas/)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կով (kov)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaw-, *gōw-

Latgalian: gūvs

Latvian: govs

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *govędo < *gʷew-n̥d- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gumьno (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gavęzь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bāus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kōz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷous (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́wš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷōs (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: bonassos (possibly)

Proto-Tocharian: *kew- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kaiyye

boukolyos

*gʷow-kʷólh₁-o-s (“cowherd”) (+ *kʷelh₁- (“to make a turn, turn around”))


non-ablauting (romanization)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (dual nominative)
dl̥h₁gʰé (singular vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (dual vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (accusative dual)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (instrumental singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (nominative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (singular vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰā́m (accusative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (locative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (nominative plural)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (plural vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (accusative plural)

Albanian: gjatë (< *dlata < *dlagta; regular loss of first stop in dental clusters)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁍𒁕𒀸 (GÍD.DA-aš)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dílˀgas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tulguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dolikʰós

Ancient Greek: δολιχός (dolikhós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hgʰás (see there for further descendants)

From the stem *delh₁gʰ- (“~ to be long; to last, endure”), found in Ancient Greek ἐνδελεχέω (endelekhéō, “to continue”), ἐνδελεχής (endelekhḗs, “continuous”) and probably Latin indulgeō (“to concede”), which appears to be a compound of a marginally attested root *del(h₁)- (“long”) (cf. Russian длина́ (dliná), Old Czech dél (“length”), Proto-Slavic *dьliti (“to last, prolong, delay”) and Old Norse tálma (“to hinder”)) plus an unknown root *h₁egʰ- or suffix *-gʰ-. Prósper believes that this velar element is simply the root *ǵʰeh₁- (which she glosses as "to come, reach").
Resemblance to the synonym *dlongʰos is conspicuous and probably not by coincidence, but a formal connection is difficult, due to the presence of the laryngeal in one but not the other.


Proto-Albanian: *ōusi

Albanian: vesh

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ունկն (unkn) (singulative), ականջք (akanǰkʻ) (plural) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aus-

Latvian: auss

Lithuanian: ausis

Old Prussian: āusins

Proto-Slavic: *uxo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ausos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ausô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οὖς (oûs)

Doric Greek: ὦς (ôs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HušíH du

Proto-Iranian: *HušíH (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *auzis
Latin: auris, ōris
→ English: aur-
⇒ Latin: auricula (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Sanskrit: उषस् (uṣás, “the outer passage of the ear”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húšma

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Prasuni: yǘmu

From *h₂ew- (“to see”) + *-s (root nominal suffix), with a semantic shift to "to hear" after the split of Anatolian branch.


werǵ-

*wr̥ǵ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

*wérǵ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *wregeti (see there for further descendants) (through schwebeablaut)

*we-wórǵ-e ~ *we-wr̥ǵ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔοργε (éorge)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋𐬌 (vāuuər^əzōi, 3sg.perf.med.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀 (vauuar^əza, 3sg.perf.act.)

Proto-Celtic: *wergā (“anger”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *worgā́ (“temper; anger, passion”)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀργή (orgḗ)
Greek: οργή (orgí)

*werǵ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *wergos (adj.) (see there for further descendants)

*worǵ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *worgós, *-worgós (“worker, maker”)

Ancient Greek: -ουργός (-ourgós)

Mycenaean Greek: -𐀺𐀒 (-wo-ko /-worgos/)

*wérǵ-o-m

*wr̥ǵ-tó-s

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Albanian: argëtoj, argëtim

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄργανον (órganon) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ὄργιον (órgion), ὄργῐᾰ (órgĭă)

desc

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀫𐀑𐀍𐀚𐀍 (wo-ro-ki-jo-ne-jo /worgioneios/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warȷ́-

Proto-Iranian: *warj- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swawr̥šti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swawr̥ṣṭi

Sanskrit: स्ववृष्टि (svávṛṣṭi, “doing his own work, epithet of Indra”)

Proto-Tocharian: *wärk-

Tocharian A: wärkṣäl

Tocharian B: warkṣäl


wṓkʷs

wokʷ- (oblique stem)
wṓkʷs (nominative singular)
wókʷh₁ (dual nominative)
wókʷes (nominative plural)
wók (singular vocative)
wókʷh₁ (dual vocative)
wókʷes (plural vocative)
wókʷm̥ (accusative singular)
wókʷh₁ (accusative dual)
wókʷm̥s (accusative plural)
wókʷs (genitive singular)
wókʷoHom (genitive plural)
wókʷs (ablative singular)
wókʷmos (ablative plural)
wókʷbʰos (ablative plural)
wókʷey (dative singular)
wókʷmos (dative plural)
wókʷbʰos (dative plural)
wók (locative singular)
wókʷi (locative singular)
wókʷsu (locative plural)
wókʷh₁ (instrumental singular)
wókʷmis (instrumental plural)
wókʷbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: wackis (“outcry”)

(possibly) Latvian: vāci (“Germans”)

(possibly) Lithuanian: vokietis (“German”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wókʷs

Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́kš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wōks (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wek (see there for further descendants)

From o-grade root noun of *wekʷ- (“to speak”).

giwahan

Proto-Germanic: *wōhmaz, *wōhmô; Old High German

wēman

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wōhmijaną (“to sound, make a noise”)


ḱléwos

ḱléwes- (oblique stem)
ḱléwos (nominative singular)
ḱléwōs (nominative plural)
ḱléwos (singular vocative)
ḱléwōs (plural vocative)
ḱléwos (accusative singular)
ḱléwōs (accusative plural)
ḱléwesos (genitive singular)
ḱléwesoHom (genitive plural)
ḱléwesos (ablative singular)
ḱléwesmos (ablative plural)
ḱléwesbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱléwesey (dative singular)
ḱléwesmos (dative plural)
ḱléwesbʰos (dative plural)
ḱléwes (locative singular)
ḱléwesi (locative singular)
ḱléwesu (locative plural)
ḱléwesmis (instrumental plural)
ḱléwesbʰis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *klāusnja (denominative)

Albanian: quaj

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślawas (*ew > *ow / _V)

Latvian: slava, slave (“rumor, reputation, fame”)

Lithuanian: šlovė (“honor, respect, fame”)

Proto-Slavic: *slȍvo (“word”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klowos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlewaz

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᛉ (*hlewaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ)

Proto-Hellenic: *kléwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwas (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


wekʷ-

*wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)

q

or denominative from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wahna-</i> ?

Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (or denominative from *wahna- ?) (see there for further descendants)

*wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade root ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)

*wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwakti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwakti

Vedic Sanskrit: विवक्ति (vívakti)

*we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)

*wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)

*wṓkʷ-s

*wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os

Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos

Ancient Greek: ἔπος (épos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)

*wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís

Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)

*wokʷ-tló-m

Proto-Celtic: *woxtlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waktrám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waktrám

Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktrá, “mouth”)

*wókʷ-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wahtaz

Old Norse: váttr (“witness”)

Faroese: váttur

*wokʷ-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *woxsman

Middle Irish: fúaimm

Irish: fuaim

Scottish Gaelic: fuaim

Proto-Hellenic: *woťťa

Ancient Greek: ὄσσα (óssa), ὄττα (ótta)

*ukʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)

*h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewrúwokʷā

Ancient Greek: εὐρύοπα (eurúopa)

Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)

*ukʷ-tHó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uktʰám

Sanskrit: उक्थ (ukthá)

Proto-Iranian: *uxθám

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀 (uxδa, “word”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (huek-), [script needed] (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-


ḱlew-

*ḱléw-se-ti (se-desiderative)

⇒ *ḱlews-

*ḱléw-t ~ *ḱl̥w-ént (athematic root aorist)

*ḱléw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kleyyō

Ancient Greek: κλείω (kleíō), κλέω (kléō)

*ḱlḗw-s-t ~ *ḱléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *klyeus- (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-né-w-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-w-énti (nasal-infix present)

*ḱlow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrāwáyati

desctree

Sanskrit: श्रावयति (śrāváyati)
Kashmiri: ہاوُن (hāvun, “to show”)

Proto-Iranian: *crāwáyati

desc

𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (srāuuaiieⁱti)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: slwtn' (/srūdan/, “to sing, recite, play”), slʾd- (/srāy-/, present stem)

Persian: سرودن (sorudan, “to sing”)

Parthian: srʾwyyd (/srāwēd/, “to sing”, impv.pl.)

*ḱe-ḱlów-e ~ *ḱe-ḱl̥w-ḗr (stative)

*ḱl̥w-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ

Latvian: sluvêt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥wáHti

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥wáHti

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬉 (sruiiē)

Proto-Italic: *kluēō (“to be known”)

Latin: clueō

Messapic: [script needed] (klaohi /klauhi/, “listen, hear”)

*ḱlew-eto-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλειτός (kleitós)

*ḱléw-mn̥ ~ *ḱlu-mén-s (“hearing”)

*ḱléw-os ~ *ḱléw-es-os (“fame”)

*ḱlew-ēs (< **ḱlew-es-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *kléwēs

Ancient Greek: -κλέης (-kléēs, “fame, glory”), -κλῆς (-klês), used in Greek male given names, such as Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), Περικλῆς (Periklês)

*ḱlēw-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślṓˀwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlow-ro- or *ḱlu-ro-

desctree

Old Armenian: լուր (lur)
→ Armenian: լուր (lur) (learned)

*ḱlú-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrútiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrútiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुति (śrúti, “hearing, listening”)

*ḱlu-tó-s (“heard, famous”)

*ḱléw-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *hleuþrą (“noise”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwtram

Sanskrit: श्रोत्र (śrótra, “ear”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Northern Kurdish: stran (“to sing”)

Central Kurdish: سرەوتن (srewtin, “to be calm, to stay still, to be comfortable”)

Southern Kurdish: سرەفتن (sreftin, “to be comfortable”)

From *ḱel- (“to incline”) according to Pokorny.
A relation with Proto-Uralic *kuwle- (“to hear”) (with metathesis of 'l' and 'w') has been suggested.


swep-

*swép-t ~ *sup-ént (athematic root aorist) (or originally only middle voice?)

desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *supó
Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑 (šu-up-pa-ri /šuppāri/, 3sg.pres.mid.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: स्वपन् (svapán, nom.m.sg.aor.ptc.) (Rigvedic; traditionally interpreted as from a present verb)

present verb supplanting Rigvedic <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">सस्ति</i> (sásti, “to sleep”)

⇒ Sanskrit: स्वपिति (svápiti), स्वपति (svápati) (present verb supplanting Rigvedic सस्ति (sásti, “to sleep”))

*swép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swefaną (see there for further descendants)

*sup-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present) (or only formed in Proto-Iranian?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *hufsati, *xʷafsati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀 (xᵛafsa, 2sg.impv.)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hwps- /xufs-/, present stem of /xuftan/)

present stem of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">خفتن</i> (xuftan)

Classical Persian: خسپ (xusp, present stem of خفتن (xuftan)) (with metathesis)

Yagnobi: [script needed] (ūfs-)

*swop-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swāpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swāpáyati

Sanskrit: स्वापयति (svāpáyati, “to put to sleep, lull; to put to death”)

q

? *swṓp-ye-ti (lengthened grade causative) (the existence of this verbal type is uncertain)

Proto-Germanic:

or from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*swēbjaną</i>, a secondary causative

Old Norse: sǿfa (“to kill”) (or from Proto-Germanic *swēbjaną, a secondary causative)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sōpiō

*se-swóp-e ~ se-sup-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सुष्वाप (suṣvāpa)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬱𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬀 (hušxᵛafa)

*swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s or *swép-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós or *swóp-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós

*súp-r̥ (generalized zero-grade)

⇒ *sup-r̥-wént-s

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-wánt-s

desc

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /supparwanz(a)/, “sleepy(?)”)

⇒ *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑𒅀𒉡𒌦 (šu-up-pa-ri-i̯a-nu-un /suppariyanun/, 1sg.pret.act.)

Proto-Hellenic: *húpər

Ancient Greek: ὕπᾰρ (húpăr, “reality”)

*sup-n-ó-s

⇒ *súp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: съниѥ (sŭnije)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: sänmetse (“in a trance”)

*swép-n-o-s

*swop-n-o-s

⇒ *swóp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”) (cf. *súpni(y)om above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sapnỹs (“sleep, dream”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápniyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápniyam

Sanskrit: स्वप्न्यम् (svápnyam, “vision in a dream”)

>? Proto-Italic: *swopnjom

Latin: somnium (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քուն (kʻun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swepnos

Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)

>? *swép-os-

Proto-Italic: *swepōs

q

Latin: sopor (alternatively from *swópr̥, or from a root noun)

*sup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suptás

Sanskrit: सुप्त (suptá)

Proto-Iranian: *huptas, *xʷaptas

Younger Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (xᵛapta)

Gilaki: خفت (xuft, past stem)

Parthian: [script needed] (xwft /xuft/)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sъpati (see there for further descendants)

desc

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬠𐬛𐬀- (xᵛabda-, “to fall asleep”) (a secondary formation in Avestan)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वप् (svap)


weyd-

*wéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weideti (“to tell, relate”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (#wl contamination perhaps from *wel- ~ *wl- (“to see”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wītaną (“to direct the attention to, to scold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidō

Ancient Greek: εἴδομαι (eídomai, “to be seen, appear”)

*wid-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit, “to find”)

Proto-Hellenic: *widon

Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat

Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vīdat̰)

*wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գտանեմ (gtanem)
Armenian: գտնել (gtnel)

Proto-Celtic: *windeti

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ro·finnadar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *winátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विन्दति (vindáti) (thematicised from weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (vīnastī)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (vinasti)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅 (wyndynd /windēnd/, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫅 (wyndyd /windēd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Northern Kurdish: -bîn-/-wîn-

*wóyd-e ~ *wid-ḗr (“to have seen, to know”, stative)

*woyd-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *woidīti

Old Irish: foídid

Proto-Germanic: *waitijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydáyati

Sanskrit: वेदयति (vedáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *waydáyati

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (āuuaēδaiiamahī, 1pl.pres.caus.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (vaēδaiiemi, 1sg.pres.caus.)

*wéyd-se-ti (“to want to see”, desiderative)

*widónts (“seeing”)

*wéyd-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéiˀdas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weidos (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-os ~ *wéyd-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidos

Ancient Greek: εἶδος (eîdos, “appearance; sight”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेदस् (védas, “knowledge, science”)

Proto-Iranian: *wáydah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬵 (vaēδah)

*wóyd-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेद (véda, “knowledge”)

*wéyd-ih₂ ~ *wid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydyáH

Sanskrit: वेद्या (vedyā́, “knowledge; art”)

Proto-Hellenic: *weidōlon

Ancient Greek: εἴδωλον (eídōlon)

*wéyd-ti-s ~ *wid-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀstis

Latvian: vēsts

Proto-Slavic: *vě̏stь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वित्ति (vítti)

*weyd-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wīsaz (“wise”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-tōr ~ *wid-tr-és (“viewer, witness”)

*wéyd-tu-s ~ *wid-téw-s (“(act of) seeing, knowledge”)

Proto-Celtic: *wissus (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: vīsus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidās

Ancient Greek: Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs)

*n̥-wid-ḗs (<*n̥-wid-és-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidḗs

Ancient Greek: ἀϊδής (aïdḗs)

*né-wid-s

Proto-Hellenic: *néwits

Ancient Greek: νῆις (nêis)

*wid-mṓ

Proto-Hellenic: *idmōn

Ancient Greek: ἴδμων (ídmōn, “knowing”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विद्मन् (vidmán, “knowledge”)

*wid-ri-s

Proto-Hellenic: *widris

Ancient Greek: ἴδρις (ídris)

*wid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *witraz (see there for further descendants)

*wid-tó-s

*wid-yó-s

Proto-Germanic: *witją (“knowledge; reason, sense, understanding; wit”)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wid-y-éh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *widyáH (from *wid-y-éh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *widyáH

desc

Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā́, “knowledge, science; scholarship”)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Albanian: *vidsa

Albanian: vizë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գիւտ (giwt)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdēˀtei (probably a secondary formation)

Latgalian: veidētʹ (“to be visible”)

Latvian: viedêt

Lithuanian: veizdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *vìděti (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: vaizdas

Old Prussian: widdai

Proto-Germanic: *wīsǭ (“manner, way”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀΐδηλος (aḯdēlos)

Ancient Greek: ἀείδελος (aeídelos, “invisible”)

? Proto-Italic: *woidai (third person singular: *woide(d))

Latin: vīdī (third person singular: vīdit)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wid-eh₁-</i> ?

Proto-Italic: *widēō (< *wid-eh₁- ?) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: wit-

Proto-Tocharian: *wäwén- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wiäime (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd- (see there for further descendants)


ménos

ménes- (oblique stem)
ménos (nominative singular)
ménōs (nominative plural)
ménos (singular vocative)
ménōs (plural vocative)
ménos (accusative singular)
ménōs (accusative plural)
ménesos (genitive singular)
ménesoHom (genitive plural)
ménesos (ablative singular)
ménesmos (ablative plural)
ménesbʰos (ablative plural)
ménesey (dative singular)
ménesmos (dative plural)
ménesbʰos (dative plural)
ménes (locative singular)
ménesi (locative singular)
ménesu (locative plural)
ménesmis (instrumental plural)
ménesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mánas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ménos

Ancient Greek: μένος (ménos)

→ Etruscan: 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌅𐌀

borrowing from Faliscan or Umbrian also possible


*wemh₁-ti ~ *wm̥h₁-énti (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámHti

Sanskrit: वमिति (vámiti)

⇒ Sanskrit: वमति (vamati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wemō (thematized)

Latin: vomō (see there for further descendants)

*wemh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wémˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐμέω (eméō)

Proto-Italic: *wematos

Latin: vomitus

Proto-Hellenic: *wémetos

Ancient Greek: ἔμετος (émetos)

Proto-Germanic: *wammaz, *wammijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wamā

Albanian: *umë

Albanian: umas

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėmalai

Iranian: + -ār

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bîvêr (“sick, ill”)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭩𐭬𐭠𐭫 (wēmār, “sick, ill”)

Persian: بیمار (bimâr, “sick, ill”)


skey-

*skey-(e)-ti (root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škeit (“to pluck”)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *skeyeti (“to vomit”)
Old Irish: sceïd
Irish: sceith
Scottish Gaelic: sgeith
Manx: skeeah
→ Old Norse: skjaðak
>? Norwegian Nynorsk: skjæraks
Swedish: skäde

*ski-yé-ti (yé-present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *skijō (“to distinguish, discern”)

Latin: sciō (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

*skey-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škīts

Latvian: šķiets

Lithuanian: skietas

Proto-Slavic: *ščítъ (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *skeitos (“shield, cover”) (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skeyt-ó-m</i>

*skey-t-ó-m (or *skeyt-ó-m)

Proto-Germanic: *skīdą (“stick”) (see there for further descendants)

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skoyt-o-m</i>

*skoy-to-m (or *skoyt-o-m)

Proto-Italic: *skoitom

>? Latin: scūtum (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skeitsā

Albanian: shqisë

Proto-Celtic: *skiyenā (“knife”)

desctree

Old Irish: scían
Middle Irish: scian
Irish: scian
Manx: skynn
Scottish Gaelic: sgian
→ Middle English: skene, sceyne
English: skean, skene, skeyn
→ Old Welsh: *scien
Middle Welsh: ysgien
Welsh: ysgien

*skey-d-

*skey-bʰ-, *skey-p-, *skey-b-?

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: škibît (“to cut, lop (off)”)

Lithuanian: skiẽbti (“to rip up”)

⇒ *skibʰ-on- or *skip-ón-

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skībǭ (“slice, thin layer”)

⇒ *skib-o-m?

>? Proto-Germanic: *skipą (“hollow(ed-out) object; ship”) (see there for further descendants)

*skoy-pó-s

Proto-Germanic: *skaibaz (“slanted, oblique”)

*skey-t-

⇒ *skóyt-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Germanic: *skaiþaną, *skaidaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *skaiþiz (“carved-out hollow; sheath, vessel”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from a reanalysis of *sek- (“to cut”) + *-éy-.


weǵʰ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰ- (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*wḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *wéǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*woǵʰ-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáźīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wokʰéyomai

q

Ancient Greek: ὀχέομαι (okhéomai, “to be borne or carried”) (confused with ὀχέω (okhéō) < *soǵʰ-éye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: वाहयति (vāhayati)

*woǵʰ-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *waglaz

Old Norse: vagl

Ancient Greek: ὄχλος (ókhlos)

*weǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *wegnos (see there for further descendants)

*woǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *wagnaz (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wegaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wextā (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-tis ~ *uǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰíṣ

Sanskrit: ऊढि (ūḍhí)

Proto-Italic: *wektis

Latin: vectis (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-tós (“carried”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: ऊढ (ūḍhá)

*weǵʰ-tlom / *weǵʰ-s-lom

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźsla

Proto-Slavic: *veslò (“oar”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *wekslom

Latin: vēlum (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-í-tlom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰítram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waźʰítram

Sanskrit: वहित्र (vahítra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *weɣitlom

Latin: vehiculum (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waźas

Proto-Slavic: *vȏzъ (“wagon, chariot”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wókʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos, “carriage, cart, chariot”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀏 (wo-ka /wokha/, “vehicle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *wā́źʰas

Sanskrit: वाह (vā́ha)

*wéǵʰ-tōr ~ *uǵʰ-tr-és (“carrier”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáždʰā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wektōr

Latin: vector (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *wigją (“horse”, literally “carrier”) (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-éh₂

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *uj́ā-

Albanian: udhë

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wedza

Albanian: vjedh

Italic:

*wijā (possibly)

Latin: via (see there for further descendants)

Latin: vomer (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wardas (from the o-grade *wordʰh₁om)

Latgalian: vuords (“word, name”)

Latvian: vārds (“name, word”)

Lithuanian: var̃das (“name”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirdas (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om)

Old Prussian: wirds

→ Proto-Finnic: *virci (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wurdą (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *werβom (see there for further descendants)

From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”), with the extension *-dʰh₁-o- (from *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)), which expresses the perfective aspect.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


Proto-Germanic: *andijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *antíos

Ancient Greek: ἀντίος (antíos, “opposite”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántyas

Sanskrit: अन्त्य (ántya, “last”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántyah

Avestan: -𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-aṇdiia, “summit, pick”) (as combine noun in name of angel, Parandi [ 𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬍 (pāraṇdī),𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬌 (pārəṇdai, “(godness of) wealth, richness”)] )

Proto-Italic:

Latin: antiae (“forelock”)


*h₃ép ~ *h₃p-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háp

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háp

Sanskrit: अप् (áp)

Proto-Hellenic: *opā́

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀞 (o-pa) (unless < *h₃erbʰ-?)

*h₃ép-(i)s, *h₃óp-(i)s

Proto-Italic: *opis

Latin: ops, ⇒ cōpia

⇒? Oscan:

Proto-Germanic: *aflą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-ap-pí-na-an-za /ḫappinanta/)

(perhaps) Italic: *opelentos (by dissimilation of *n-*n to *l-*n)

Latin: opulentus

desctree

Proto-Italic: *opnis
Latin: omnis (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: úinim

*h₃ép-n-os ~ *h₃ép-n-es

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápnas

Sanskrit: अप्नस् (ápnas)

*h₃ép-os ~ *h₃ép-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápas

Sanskrit: अपस् (ápas)

q

compounded with <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*Hsu-</i>

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HsuHápas (compounded with *Hsu-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *opos

Latin: opus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *opezāō

Oscan:

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌞𐌌 (úpsannúm), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌖 (úpsannu, gerundive.acc.sg.m.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsannam), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsanam, gerundive.acc.sg.f.)

οπσανω (opsanō, gerundive.acc.pl.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (úpsed), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (upsed, 3s.pf.)

𐌖𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (uupsens), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (upsens), ουπσενς (oupsens, 3p.pf.)

𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌇 𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌕 (upsatuh sent, 3p.pf.ps.n.?)

Paelignian: upsaseter (3s/p.ipf.sb.ps.)

South Picene:

·𐌐𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌞·𐌌 (pesaú m, inf.)

·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌕 (psút), ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌒 (psúq, 3s.pf.)

Umbrian:

osatu (3s.ipv.II)

oset(a est), oseto (est) (3s.pf.ps.f.)

Vestinian: ośens (3p.pf.)

*h₃ép-r̥ ~ *h₃p-ér-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 (ḫa-a-ap-pár /ḫāppar/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apstus

desc

Lithuanian: apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)

Albanian: punë

Armenian: (perhaps)

Old Armenian: *աւն (*awn)

Proto-Germanic: *abnijaną (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: (perhaps)

>? Ancient Greek: ὄμπνη (ómpnē, “nourishment”) (most likely Pre-Greek)


n̥-

Proto-Albanian: *a-

Albanian: e-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ան- (an-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *an- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *un- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ə- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *a- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ən- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (see there for further descendants)

Zero grade form of the sentence negative *né, used with verbal adjectives and forming bahuvrihis.


*snígʷʰs

snígʷʰs (nominative singular)
snígʷʰh₁ (dual nominative)
snígʷʰes (nominative plural)
sníg (singular vocative)
snígʷʰh₁ (dual vocative)
snígʷʰes (plural vocative)
snígʷʰm̥ (accusative singular)
snígʷʰh₁ (accusative dual)
snígʷʰm̥s (accusative plural)
snigʷʰés (genitive singular)
snigʷʰóHom (genitive plural)
snigʷʰés (ablative singular)
snigʷʰmós (ablative plural)
snigʷʰbʰós (ablative plural)
snigʷʰéy (dative singular)
snigʷʰmós (dative plural)
snigʷʰbʰós (dative plural)
sníg (locative singular)
snígʷʰi (locative singular)
snigʷʰsú (locative plural)
snigʷʰmís (instrumental plural)
snigʷʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Celtic:

Old Irish: snige (“drip, flowing”) (< *snigʷyā); snechtae (“snow”)

Irish: sneachta

Manx: sniaghtey

Scottish Gaelic: sneachda

Welsh: nyf (< *snigʷo-)

Proto-Hellenic: *hníkʷʰs

Ancient Greek: νίφα (nípha, acc. sg.)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: स्निह् (sníh)

Shughni: жиниҷ (žiniǰ)

Proto-Italic: *sniks

Latin: nix

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śiñcatstse* (“snowy”), adjectival derivative (cited, as normal, in its masculine nominative singular form, which is projectable from the attested masculine accusative & genitive singulars) of fully-unattested *śiñce (“snow”) < a Proto-Indo-European *snigʷʰ-ēn-

From *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”), whence also *snóygʷʰos.


snóygʷʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
snóygʷʰos (nominative singular)
snóygʷʰoes (nominative plural)
snóygʷʰe (singular vocative)
snóygʷʰoes (plural vocative)
snóygʷʰom (accusative singular)
snóygʷʰoms (accusative plural)
snóygʷʰosyo (genitive singular)
snóygʷʰoHom (genitive plural)
snóygʷʰead (ablative singular)
snóygʷʰomos (ablative plural)
snóygʷʰobʰos (ablative plural)
snóygʷʰoey (dative singular)
snóygʷʰomos (dative plural)
snóygʷʰobʰos (dative plural)
snóygʷʰey (locative singular)
snóygʷʰoy (locative singular)
snóygʷʰoysu (locative plural)
snóygʷʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snáigas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snaiwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáyǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snáyźʰas

Sanskrit: स्नेह (snéha, “greasiness, slime; body fluid, etc.”)

Prakrit: siṇēha ("snow")

From *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”) + *-os (thematic performance/action noun suffix). Compare the root noun *snígʷʰs.


*h₂óy-u ~ *h₂y-éw- n (“long time, lifetime”)

⇒? *h₂ey-t-to-

Proto-Celtic: *aissā (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *ainúmai

Ancient Greek: αἴνυμαι (aínumai)

desc

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀝𐀕𐀜 (a3-nu-me-no /Ainumenos/, given name)

⇒? *h₂ey-ty-eh₂ or *h₂ey-t-teh₂

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἶσα (aîsa)

Proto-Italic: *aitis

Oscan: aeteis (“part (of a possession)”, gen.sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌖 (aitu)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *αἶτος (*aîtos, “something given, portion”)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ αἰτέω (aitéō), αἴτημι (aítēmi) — Aeolic

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haytas (“part, share?”)

Proto-Iranian: *Haytah

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (aēta, “punishment”)

⇒? *h₂óytos (a poetic or spiritual term, literally “that which is given”)

>? Proto-Celtic: *oitos

Old Irish: óeth (“oath”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (“oath”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos, “fate, doom”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āi- (“to give, pay out; (mp.) to take”)

Tocharian A: e-

Tocharian B: ai-

(mediopassive) to be given; to receive, take


*h₂éy-eri (“early, in the morning”)

*h₂óy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-ns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Proto-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆 (aiiar^ə, “day”)


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾱκέω (lākéō), ληκέω (lēkéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάσκω (láskō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lakerós

Ancient Greek: λακερός (lakerós)

Proto-Italic: *lank?nō

Latin: lancinō

Proto-Italic: *lakeros

Latin: lacer, lacerō

Proto-Hellenic: *lakíds

Ancient Greek: λᾰκίς (lăkís), λᾰκίζω (lăkízō)

*léh₂-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráHyati

Sanskrit: रायति (rā́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *ráHyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙 (raiiaṇt, “shouting”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lálos

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́λος (lắlos)

Proto-Italic: *lālo-

⇒ Latin: lallō

Proto-Hellenic: *lāros

Ancient Greek: λῆρος (lêros)

Proto-Italic: *lāmentom

Latin: lāmentum

Proto-Italic: *lātrom

⇒ Latin: lātrō

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *lah-

Albanian: leh

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰō

Ancient Greek: λᾱ́θω (lā́thō), λήθω (lḗthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lantʰánō

Ancient Greek: λανθάνω (lanthánō)

*leh₂-dʰ-os ~ *leh₂-dʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰos

Ancient Greek: λᾶθος (lâthos), λῆθος (lêthos)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰā

Ancient Greek: λήθη (lḗthē)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰrā

Ancient Greek: λάθρῃ (láthrēi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λαθι(κηδής) (lathi(kēdḗs))

*l̥h₂-tós (“hidden”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *latēō (“be hidden”)
Latin: lateō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒆷𒂊 (u-la-e)

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: лаяти (lajati, “to lie in wait for”)

Czech: lákat (“make advances, pursue”)

Germanic:

Old Norse: lómr (“betrayal, deceit”)

Old High German luog (“cave”)

Middle High German: luo (“lair of an animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láyatay

Sanskrit: लयते (láyate)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: lät (“go after”)

Tocharian B: lät (“go after”)


ǵʰewH-

*ǵʰéwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwHati

Vedic Sanskrit: हवते (hávate)

Proto-Iranian: *jawHati (“to call on, invoke”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zauuaⁱti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ɣwy-)

Ossetian:

Digor: аргъаун (arǧawn), аргъуд (arǧud)

Iron: а́ргъауын (árǧawyn), а́ргъуыд (árǧwyd)

*ǵʰuH-éye-ti (éye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuHáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰuH-e-ti (zero-grade root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: zavêt (“to cast a spell”)

Lithuanian: žavė́ti (“to fascinate, to charm”)

Proto-Slavic: *zъvati (“to call”) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

q

or from Schwebeablaut <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰweH-</i>

Tocharian B: kwā- (“call, invite”) (or from Schwebeablaut *ǵʰweH-)

*ǵʰuH-tus

Celtic: *gutus (“voice”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *dzulā

Albanian: zulë

Albanian: zulmë

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ձաւնեմ (jawnem, “to dedicate”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καυχάομαι (kaukháomai, “to praise oneself, boast”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: [Term?] (intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जोहवीमि (jóhavīmi, “to call again and again”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬍 (zaozaomī)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ह्वे (hve)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *gewH-.


leǵ-

*léǵ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *ledza (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *légō

Ancient Greek: λέγω (légō)

Doric Greek: ἐλώγη (elṓgē)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *legō
Latin: legō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *läk- (“to look at, see”, literally “to gather (with the eyes)”)

Tocharian A: läk-

Tocharian B: läk-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*lōkōjaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *lōkōną (< *lōkōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *lōkōn (“to look”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lōgā́yō

Doric Greek: λωγάω (lōgáō)

*lḗǵ-s ~ léǵ-es (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *lēks

Latin: lēx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: lixs

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: स्रज् (sraj, “wreath”)

*leǵ-no-m

Proto-Italic: *lignom

Latin: lignum (see there for further descendants)

*leǵ-mn̥

⇒? Proto-Italic: *legūmen (with insertion)

Latin: legūmen (see there for further descendants)

*loǵ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lógos

Ancient Greek: λόγος (lógos) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

desc

>? Middle Persian: [script needed] (lazūr, “forest”) (possibly)

to gather, collect, with derivatives meaning to speak by carefully selecting one's words.


leb-

*léb-ti ~ *l̥b-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *lébti

Hittite: 𒇷𒅁𒍣 (le-ep-zi)

*leb-oyé-ti?

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒉺𒀀𒄑𒍣 (le-pa-a-iz-zi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *lepô, *lipjô (“lip”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: lafa

Icelandic: lafa

Proto-Hellenic: *lobós

Ancient Greek: λοβός (lobós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lap-

Proto-Iranian: *lap-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lab)

Persian: لب (lab, “lip”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: ڵۋ (łü)

Bakhtiari: لۋ (lü)

Southern Luri: لۋ (lü)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: lêv (“lip”), liv (“movement, act of moving”)

Central Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Southern Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Zazaki: lew (“lip”)

Italic: *l̥b-yóm, *l̥b-róm?

Proto-Italic: *labjom, *labrom

Latin: labium, labrum (“lip”)

*lh₂b- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lapaną (“to lick”)

Old High German: laffan

*lh₂-né-b(ʰ)- ~ *lh₂-m-b(ʰ)- (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: lambō (“to lick”)

Proto-Germanic: *lapilaz (“spoon”)

Dutch: lepel

Old High German: leffil

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lap (“to lick up water”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լափեմ (lapʻem, “to lap up, lick up; to eat up greedily, devour”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lapènti (“to eat greedily”)

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: ло́пать (lópatʹ, “to gobble up”)

(possibly) Russian: лобзать (lobzatʹ, “to kiss”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лапам (lapam, “to eat greedily”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάπτω (láptō, “to lick”)

Ancient Greek: λαφύσσω (laphússō, “to devour”)


lewk-

*luk-tó (deponent root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒅗𒊑 (lu-uk-ka-ri)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रुचान (rucāná, ptc.med.)

*léwk-e-tor (deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráwćatay

Sanskrit: रोचते (rócate)

Proto-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬥𐬙- (raocant-, “shining”)

Northern Luri: لٛںکر (łəker, “The white woman”)

*léwk-ye-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *leúťťō

Ancient Greek: λεύσσω (leússō, “to look upon, I look upon”)

*luk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒆠𒄑𒍣 (lu-uk-ki-ez-zi)

*lowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láukīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lučìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawčáyati, *rawčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawćáyati, *rawćáyati

Sanskrit: लोचयति (locáyati), रोचयति (rocáyati, “to make shine, illuminate”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raocaiieⁱti, “to make shine”)

Proto-Italic: *loukeō (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *loukēō (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-s-t (sigmatic aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *լոյց- (*loycʻ-)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: լուցանեմ (lucʻanem)
Armenian: լուցել (lucʻel)

*le-lówk-e ~ *le-luk-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रुरोच (ruróca)

*léwk-s (“light”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lukā

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφι)λύκη ((amphi)lúkē), λυκά(βας) (luká(bas)), λυκό(φως) (lukó(phōs)), Λυκαῖος (Lukaîos), λύκειος (lúkeios)

*lowk-í-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukis

Old Prussian: luckis

Proto-Slavic: *lučь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *laugiz (“flame, blaze”) (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-mn̥

Proto-Germanic: *leuhmô (see there for further descendants)

*luk-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rukmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rukmás

Sanskrit: रुक्म (rukmá)

*lewk-ó-s

*lowk-ó-s (“open space, clearing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukás

Latvian: lauks (“field”)

Lithuanian: laũkas (“field, open space”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawkás

Sanskrit: लोक (loká, “free space”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loukos

Old Latin: loucos

Latin: lūcus (“sacred grove, wood”) (see there for further descendants)

*lówk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *lauhaz (“clearing, open space”) (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-o-dʰro- or *lewk-o-bʰro-?

Proto-Italic: *loukoðro- or *loukoβro-

Latin: lūcubrō

*léwk-os ~ *léwk-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčas (see there for further descendants)

*luk-s-ḱós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás

Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh

Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon”)

Proto-Italic: *lukskos

Latin: luscus

*léwk-s-mn̥ ~ *luk-s-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *louksmən

Latin: lūmen

*lowk-s-neh₂ (“moon”)

*lúk-s-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λύχνος (lúkhnos)

*léwk-so-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhsaz, *leuhsą

*lowk-s-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *loukstrom

Latin: lūstrum, lūstrō

*lewk-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhtaz, *leuhtą

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *leukā

Albanian: lekë

Proto-Albanian: *laukura

Albanian: lakur (“naked”)

Proto-Albanian: *lāuka

Albanian: loqe, gloq (“rheum”)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լուսանունք (lusanunkʻ)
Armenian: → լուսան (lusan) (learned), > (Karabakh) լո̈ւսէմնը (lüsēmnə) (inherited), > (Ghazakh) լիսամ (lisam) (inherited)

Old Armenian: լուսն (lusn)
Armenian: լուսն (lusn)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lū́ˀśis

Latvian: lūsis (“lynx”)

Lithuanian: lūšis (“lynx”)

Proto-Slavic: *rỳsь (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: luchair (“shine”)

Welsh: llug (“shimmer”)

Proto-Celtic: *lukato-

Breton: lagad

Cornish: lagas

Welsh: llygad

Proto-Germanic: *lugô (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *luhsaz (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *lúnks

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: lucerna

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc)

Proto-Tocharian: *luk-

Tocharian A: luk-

Tocharian B: luk-


*h₁léngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Celtic: *lengʷeti

Old Irish: lingid, ·ling

Proto-Germanic: *lingwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hránǰʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hránźʰati

Sanskrit: रंहति (ráṃhati), रंहते (ráṃhate)

Sanskrit: रङ्घति (raṅghati), Sanskrit: रङ्घते (raṅghate)

लङ्घति (laṅghati), Sanskrit: लङ्घते (laṅghate),

Proto-Iranian: *Hránǰati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rəṇjaⁱti)

Albanian: lehtë (< *lexta)

Proto-Germanic: *linhtaz (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʰ-u-s ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-éw-s

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́kʰistos

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́χιστος (elắkhistos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰištʰas (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʷʰ-yōs ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-is-és

Proto-Celtic: *lagyūs

Old Irish: laigiu (“smaller”)

Welsh: llai (“smaller”)

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́σσων (elắssōn)

Attic Greek: ἐλᾰ́ττων (elắttōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰyas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ieh₂-

Old Armenian: լանջք (lanǰkʻ, “breast”)

Illyrian: lembus "light vehicle" < h₁lengʷh-os

Tocharian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ti̯o

Tocharian B: lankᵤtse


legʰ-

*légʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *légtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰomai

Ancient Greek: λέχομαι (lékhomai)

Proto-Italic: *leɣō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: lyäk- (“to lie (down)”, v.it.)

*légʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*logʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒆠 (la-a-ki)

Proto-Celtic: *logīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ložiti (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *li̯äk (“thief”)

Tocharian A: lyäk

Tocharian B: lyak

⇒ Tocharian B: lykuññe (“thief”, adj.)

*lógʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: lag

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *logъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lókʰos

Ancient Greek: λόχος (lókhos)

Proto-Tocharian: *leke

Tocharian A: lak (“bottom (of a river)”)

Tocharian B: leke (“resting place, bed”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *lekäi (“resting place, bed; rest”)

Tocharian A: lake

Tocharian B: leki

*légʰ-os ~ *légʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰos

Ancient Greek: λέχος (lékhos)

*legʰ-ro-m

Proto-Germanic: *legrą (see there for further descendants)

*legʰ-to-s

Proto-Italic: *lektos

Faliscan: lēta (“bed”)

Latin: lectus (“bed”) (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *lehtrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *léktron

desctree

Ancient Greek: λέκτρον (léktron)
Greek: λέκτρο (léktro)

*legʰ-yo-m

Proto-Celtic: *legyom

Old Irish: lige

Irish: luí

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-legyom

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: gueli

Middle Breton: guele

Breton: gwele

Old Welsh: gueli

Welsh: gwely

→ Irish: golighe (obsolete)

Proto-Celtic: *legyā

Gaulish: *legā, *ligā

→ Latin: Liger

→ Old English: Ligeraceaster

English: Leicester

French: Loire

Medieval Latin: lias

Old French: lies

*logʰ-yo-m

Proto-Slavic: *lože (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: lasto (< *logʰ-sth₂-eh₂?)

Proto-Germanic: *lēgaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lōgą (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lest

Tocharian B: lesto

Tocharian: (< *lēgʰ-)

Tocharian A: lyāk

Tocharian B: lyāk (possibly borrowed from Tocharian A)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *lyśalyñe

⇒ Tocharian B: lyśalyñeṣṣe


bʰewdʰ-

*bʰéwdʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰu-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰu-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bundeti

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Old Breton: dogurbonnue (2sg.pres.subj.)

Old Irish: ad·boind

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πυνθάνομαι (punthánomai)

*bʰe-bʰówdʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰudʰ-ḗr (perfect)

*bʰudʰ-yé-tor (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *budʰyátay

Sanskrit: बुध्यते (budhyáte)

Proto-Iranian: *budyátay

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (būⁱδiiaēta, 3sg.opt.med.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowdʰ-éye-ti (causative)

*bʰowdʰ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸro-bowdos

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: rhybudd

Old Irish: robud

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bawdʰas

Sanskrit: बोध (bodhá)

Proto-Iranian: *bawdas

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀 (baoda)

q

denominative, or < <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewdʰ-os</i>

Proto-Tocharian: *pāut- (denominative, or < *bʰewdʰ-os)

Tocharian A: pot-

Tocharian B: paut-

*bʰéwdʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰudʰ-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: bust

Lithuanian: bùsti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῠ́στῐς (pŭ́stĭs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: बुद्धि (búddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *búzdiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬌 (busti)

*bʰewdʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *beudaz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰudʰ-o-

Proto-Celtic: *budos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: both (“will”)

Welsh: bodd (“free will, consent”)

Proto-Germanic: *budą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búdʰa

Sanskrit: बुध (búdha)

*bʰudʰ-tó-s

*bʰudʰ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budras

Old Lithuanian: budras

Lithuanian: budrùs

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̀drъ, *bъ̀dřь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *budráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬠𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (zaēnibudra)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mandrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manzdʰHrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: mund (“can, win”)

Proto-Germanic: *mundōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mandijaną

Old Saxon: mendian

Old High German: menden

Middle High German: menden

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō, “to learn”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazdʰáH (“wisdom, discernment, reasoning”) (see there for further descendants)

A compound root from *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put”), literally “to put in mind”.


pértus

pértus (nominative singular)
pértewes (nominative plural)
pértu (singular vocative)
pértewes (plural vocative)
pértum (accusative singular)
pértums (accusative plural)
pr̥téws (genitive singular)
pr̥téwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥téws (ablative singular)
pr̥túmos (ablative plural)
pr̥túbʰos (ablative plural)
pr̥téwey (dative singular)
pr̥túmos (dative plural)
pr̥túbʰos (dative plural)
pr̥téw (locative singular)
pr̥téwi (locative singular)
pr̥túsu (locative plural)
pr̥túmis (instrumental plural)
pr̥túbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸritus (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Germanic: *furduz (“ford”) (see there for further descendants) (from the oblique stem, apparently had already become a separate word in Germanic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥túš

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥túš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *portus (see there for further descendants)

From *per- (“to penetrate; to cross (water)”) + *-tus.


-tus

-tus (nominative singular)
é-tus (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-tewes (nominative plural)
é-tewes (nominative plural)
-tu (singular vocative)
é-tu (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-tewes (plural vocative)
é-tewes (plural vocative)
-tum (accusative singular)
é-tum (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-tums (accusative plural)
é-tums (accusative plural)
-téws (genitive singular)
Ø-téws (genitive singular)
-téwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téwoHom (genitive plural)
-téws (ablative singular)
Ø-téws (ablative singular)
-túmos (ablative plural)
Ø-túmos (ablative plural)
-túbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-túbʰos (ablative plural)
-téwey (dative singular)
Ø-téwey (dative singular)
-túmos (dative plural)
Ø-túmos (dative plural)
-túbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-túbʰos (dative plural)
-téw (locative singular)
Ø-téw (locative singular)
-téwi (locative singular)
Ø-téwi (locative singular)
-túsu (locative plural)
Ø-túsu (locative plural)
Ø-túh₁ (instrumental singular)
-túmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-túmis (instrumental plural)
-túbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-túbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tus

Latvian: -tus

Lithuanian: -tus

desc

partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъkъ</i>

Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ)

Proto-Celtic: *-tus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-þuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tús

Ancient Greek: -τύς (-tús)

Proto-Italic: *-tus

Latin: -tum (the supine; exists only in accusative and ablative)

Latin: -tus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -तुम् (-tum)

-त्वन — Vedic→ Bengali: -ত্বHindi: -पन→ Hindi: -त्व→ Marathi: -त्वPunjabi: -تّ


-tis

-tis (nominative singular)
é-tis (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-teyes (nominative plural)
é-teyes (nominative plural)
-ti (singular vocative)
é-ti (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-teyes (plural vocative)
é-teyes (plural vocative)
-tim (accusative singular)
é-tim (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-tims (accusative plural)
é-tims (accusative plural)
-téys (genitive singular)
Ø-téys (genitive singular)
-téyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téyoHom (genitive plural)
-téys (ablative singular)
Ø-téys (ablative singular)
-tímos (ablative plural)
Ø-tímos (ablative plural)
-tíbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-tíbʰos (ablative plural)
-téyey (dative singular)
Ø-téyey (dative singular)
-tímos (dative plural)
Ø-tímos (dative plural)
-tíbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-tíbʰos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tḗy (locative singular)
Ø-tḗy (locative singular)
-tísu (locative plural)
Ø-tísu (locative plural)
Ø-tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
-tímis (instrumental plural)
Ø-tímis (instrumental plural)
-tíbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-tíbʰis (instrumental plural)
-tís (nominative singular)
Ø-tís (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-téyes (nominative plural)
Ø-téyes (nominative plural)
-tí (singular vocative)
Ø-tí (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-téyes (plural vocative)
Ø-téyes (plural vocative)
-tím (accusative singular)
Ø-tím (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-tíms (accusative plural)
Ø-tíms (accusative plural)
-téys (genitive singular)
Ø-téys (genitive singular)
-téyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téyoHom (genitive plural)
-téys (ablative singular)
Ø-téys (ablative singular)
-téymos (ablative plural)
Ø-téymos (ablative plural)
-téybʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-téybʰos (ablative plural)
-téyey (dative singular)
Ø-téyey (dative singular)
-téymos (dative plural)
Ø-téymos (dative plural)
-téybʰos (dative plural)
Ø-téybʰos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tḗy (locative singular)
Ø-tḗy (locative singular)
-téysu (locative plural)
Ø-téysu (locative plural)
-téymis (instrumental plural)
Ø-téymis (instrumental plural)
-téybʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-téybʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tis

Latvian: -tis

Lithuanian: -tis

Proto-Slavic: *-tь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tei (< locative -téy)

Latvian: -t

Lithuanian: -ti

Proto-Slavic: *-ti

Proto-Celtic: *-tis

Proto-Germanic: *-þiz (also the variant forms *-diz, *-tiz, *-siz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tis

Ancient Greek: -τις (-tis)

Attic Greek: -σις (-sis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tiṣ

Sanskrit: -ति (-ti)

Proto-Iranian: *-tiš

Avestan: -𐬙𐬌 (-ti)

Proto-Italic: *-tis

Latin: -tim

Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.


(∅)-(∅)-és (genitive singular)
(∅)-(∅)-és (ablative singular)
(∅)-(∅)-éy (dative singular)
(∅)-(é)- (locative singular)
(∅)-(é)-i (locative singular)

Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets.


-mn̥

-mn̥ (nominative singular)
é-mn̥ (nominative singular)
-mō (nominative)
é-mō (nominative)
-mn̥ (singular vocative)
é-mn̥ (singular vocative)
-mō (vocative)
é-mō (vocative)
-mn̥ (accusative singular)
é-mn̥ (accusative singular)
-mō (accusative)
é-mō (accusative)
-méns (genitive singular)
Ø-méns (genitive singular)
-m̥nés (genitive)
Ø-m̥nés (genitive)
-méns (ablative singular)
Ø-méns (ablative singular)
-m̥nés (ablative)
Ø-m̥nés (ablative)
-méney (dative singular)
Ø-méney (dative singular)
-m̥néy (dative)
Ø-m̥néy (dative)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-mén (locative)
Ø-mén (locative)
-méni (locative)
Ø-méni (locative)
Ø-m̥néh₁ (instrumental)

Proto-Albanian: *-mā

Albanian: -më

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ումն (-umn), -աւն (-awn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-men, *-min

Proto-Slavic: *-mę

Proto-Celtic: *-man, *-sman

Proto-Germanic: *-mô (merged with *-mō)

Proto-Hellenic: *-mə

Ancient Greek: -μᾰ (-mă)

Proto-Hellenic: *-men

Ancient Greek: -μεν (-men) (Epic infinitive ending)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ma (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-mən

Latin: -men

Related to the following masculine suffixes:
* *-mḗn (< **-mens) (e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”)).
* *-mṓ (< **-móns) (e.g. Latin sermō, Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn), Sanskrit अश्मन् (áśman)).

Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.

Ancient Greek: -μα Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European


-mós

-mós (nominative singular)
Ø-mós (nominative singular)
Ø-móh₁ (dual nominative)
-móes (nominative plural)
Ø-móes (nominative plural)
-mé (singular vocative)
Ø-mé (singular vocative)
Ø-móh₁ (dual vocative)
-móes (plural vocative)
Ø-móes (plural vocative)
-móm (accusative singular)
Ø-móm (accusative singular)
Ø-móh₁ (accusative dual)
-móms (accusative plural)
Ø-móms (accusative plural)
-mósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-mósyo (genitive singular)
-móHom (genitive plural)
Ø-móHom (genitive plural)
-méad (ablative singular)
Ø-méad (ablative singular)
-mómos (ablative plural)
Ø-mómos (ablative plural)
-móbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-móbʰos (ablative plural)
-móey (dative singular)
Ø-móey (dative singular)
-mómos (dative plural)
Ø-mómos (dative plural)
-móbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-móbʰos (dative plural)
-méy (locative singular)
Ø-méy (locative singular)
-móy (locative singular)
Ø-móy (locative singular)
-móysu (locative plural)
Ø-móysu (locative plural)
Ø-móh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-mṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns

Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.


-mos

-mos (nominative singular)
ó-mos (nominative singular)
-moes (nominative plural)
ó-moes (nominative plural)
-me (singular vocative)
ó-me (singular vocative)
-moes (plural vocative)
ó-moes (plural vocative)
-mom (accusative singular)
ó-mom (accusative singular)
-moms (accusative plural)
ó-moms (accusative plural)
-mosyo (genitive singular)
ó-mosyo (genitive singular)
-moHom (genitive plural)
ó-moHom (genitive plural)
-mead (ablative singular)
ó-mead (ablative singular)
-momos (ablative plural)
ó-momos (ablative plural)
-mobʰos (ablative plural)
ó-mobʰos (ablative plural)
-moey (dative singular)
ó-moey (dative singular)
-momos (dative plural)
ó-momos (dative plural)
-mobʰos (dative plural)
ó-mobʰos (dative plural)
-mey (locative singular)
ó-mey (locative singular)
-moy (locative singular)
ó-moy (locative singular)
-moysu (locative plural)
ó-moysu (locative plural)
-mōys (instrumental plural)
ó-mōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mas

Proto-Slavic: *-mъ, *-smъ; *-mo n; *-ma f

Proto-Celtic: *-mus (with a change to u-stem declension)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μος (-mos), -μός (-mós)

Italic:

Latin: -mus

h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) + *-mos → *h₂óǵmos (“path, furrow”)


-tōr

-tōr (nominative singular)
é-tōr (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-tores (nominative plural)
é-tores (nominative plural)
-tor (singular vocative)
é-tor (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-tores (plural vocative)
é-tores (plural vocative)
-torm̥ (accusative singular)
é-torm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-torm̥s (accusative plural)
é-torm̥s (accusative plural)
-trés (genitive singular)
Ø-trés (genitive singular)
-tróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tróHom (genitive plural)
-trés (ablative singular)
Ø-trés (ablative singular)
-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-tréy (dative singular)
Ø-tréy (dative singular)
-tr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (dative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
-tér (locative singular)
Ø-tér (locative singular)
-téri (locative singular)
Ø-téri (locative singular)
-tr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-tr̥sú (locative plural)
-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tōr

Ancient Greek: -τωρ (-tōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā

Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā, nom.sg))

Proto-Italic: *-tōr

Latin: -tor (see there for further descendants)

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.


ǵénh₁tōr

ǵénh₁tōr (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tér (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *génetōr

Ancient Greek: γενέτωρ (genétōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

Sanskrit: जनितृ (janitṛ́)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

Avestan: 𐬰𐬄𐬚𐬀𐬭 (ząθar, “creator; the Lord”)

Proto-Italic: *genatōr

Latin: genitor (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to give birth”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


-tḗr

-tḗr (nominative singular)
Ø-tḗr (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-téres (nominative plural)
Ø-téres (nominative plural)
-tér (singular vocative)
Ø-tér (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-téres (plural vocative)
Ø-téres (plural vocative)
-térm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-térm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-térm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-térm̥s (accusative plural)
-trés (genitive singular)
Ø-trés (genitive singular)
-tróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tróHom (genitive plural)
-trés (ablative singular)
Ø-trés (ablative singular)
-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-tréy (dative singular)
Ø-tréy (dative singular)
-tr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (dative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
-tér (locative singular)
Ø-tér (locative singular)
-téri (locative singular)
Ø-téri (locative singular)
-tr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-tr̥sú (locative plural)
-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Ancient Greek: -τήρ (-tḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā́

Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā́, nom.sg))

Proto-Germanic: the r-stem nouns

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to perform the verb's action.


preḱ-

*pr̥(ḱ)-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*prḗḱ-s-t ~ *préḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्राक्षीत्</i> (áprākṣīt)

(later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अप्राट् (áprāṭ) (later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬍 (frašī, 1sg.inj.mid.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: prakäs

Tocharian B: preksa

*proḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *práśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*préḱ-s

Celtic:

Brythonic:

Welsh: rheg

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prā́ćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prā́ṭṣ

Sanskrit: प्राश् (prā́ś)

Proto-Iranian: *prā́š

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (frasā), 𐬟𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (fərasā)

Proto-Italic: *preks

desctree

Latin: prex
Italian: prece
Portuguese: prece

⇒ Latin: precor (see there for further descendants)

q

with agentive <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-ós</i>

*proḱ-ó-s (with agentive *-ós)

Proto-Italic: *prokos

desctree

Latin: procus
→ Italian: proco
→ Portuguese: proco

⇒ Latin: procō

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարսն (harsn, “bride”)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Lithuanian: pir̃šti (“to arrange a marriage”)

Proto-Germanic: *frehnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: pirs (“question”), pirsîn (“to ask”)

Old Persian: √fraθ/pars > parsa-

Middle Persian: pwrs (purs-), pwrsytn' (pursīdan)

Persian: پرس (pors-), پرسیدن (porsidan)

Italic:

>? Latin: percontor (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pärk-

Tocharian B: pärk-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


dʰer-

*dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, robust”)

*dʰers- (“to be bold”)

*dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta

Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s, 2sg.inj.med.)

Iranian: *Hádr̥ta

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (dər^ətā, 3sg.inj.med.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁 (drītā, 3sg.opt.med.)

*dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: derêt

Lithuanian: derė́ti

*dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰidʰarti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *didʰarti

Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)

Proto-Iranian: *didarti

(perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀- (vidiδār^əmna-)

*dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰā́ra

Sanskrit: दाधार (dādhā́ra) / दधार (dadhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)

Proto-Iranian: *dādāra

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉 (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀 (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)

*dʰor-éyeti (eye-iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: darît

Lithuanian: darýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāráyati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰér-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármā

Sanskrit: धर्मन् (dhárman)

*dʰér-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas

Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: darna

Proto-Italic: *fermos

Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰer-o-

Proto-Italic: *feros, *feramos

Latin: ferē, fermē

Proto-Italic: *frēnom

Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frētos

Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)

Germanic:

>? Proto-West Germanic: *darnī

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)

Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)

Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)

Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)


albʰós

non-ablauting (romanization)
albʰós (nominative singular)
albʰóes (nominative plural)
albʰé (singular vocative)
albʰóes (plural vocative)
albʰóm (accusative singular)
albʰóms (accusative plural)
albʰósyo (genitive singular)
albʰóHom (genitive plural)
albʰéad (ablative singular)
albʰómos (ablative plural)
albʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
albʰóey (dative singular)
albʰómos (dative plural)
albʰóbʰos (dative plural)
albʰéy (locative singular)
albʰóy (locative singular)
albʰóysu (locative plural)
albʰṓys (instrumental plural)
albʰā́m (accusative singular)
albʰóm (nominative singular)
albʰóy (dual nominative)
albʰóm (singular vocative)
albʰóy (dual vocative)
albʰóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Anatolian: *albós

Hittite: 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (alpas)

Proto-Celtic: *albos

Proto-Hellenic: *alpʰós

Ancient Greek: ἀλφός (alphós)

Proto-Italic: *alβos (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kalbas

Finnish: kalvas, kalpea

Karelian: kalpie

>? Proto-Germanic: *albī

river; see there for further descendants

now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic


Proto-Anatolian:

Lydian: aλa-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: այլ (ayl)

Armenian: այլ (ayl)

Proto-Celtic: *alyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aljaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *áľľos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanyás (contamined with *h₂énteros) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अर्य (aryá, “foreign(er) (?)”)

Proto-Italic: *aljos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ālye-

Proto-Tocharian: *ā-alye-wäte (?)

Tocharian B: ālyauce


*h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *ārtk-

*h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)

*h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)

*h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s

Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *arðōs

Latin: arbor, arbōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥dᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: ऋद्धि (ṛ́ddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ddʰás

Sanskrit: ऋद्ध (ṛddhá)

⇒ Sanskrit: समृद्ध (sámṛddha)

Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)

Old Irish: ard

Irish: ard

Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Breton: arz

Cornish: arth

Welsh: ardd (“high; hill”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós

Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /ortʰwo-/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰwás (“high, upright”)

Proto-Italic: *arðwos

Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄρθρος (órthros)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: orto

Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) + *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).


bʰruHg-

*bʰruHg-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brūkaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰruHg-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *frūgjōr

Latin: fruor

*bʰruHg-s

Proto-Italic: *frūks

Latin: frūx

*bʰruHg-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktos

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-tu-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktus

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *frūgmen

Latin: frūmen

*bʰruHg-mn̥-to-m

Proto-Italic: *frūgməntom

Latin: frūmentum

Unsorted formations:

desc

Ancient Greek: φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”)

Old Armenian: երբուծ (erbuc, “breast, chest (of animals)”)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *raHíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reis (see there for further descendants)


*h₃réǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃rḗǵ-ti ~ *h₃réǵ-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́šti ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ṣṭi ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Sanskrit: राष्टि (rā́ṣṭi), राजति (rā́jati)

*h₃roǵ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

*h₃r̥-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃r̥-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rénˀźtei

Lithuanian: rę́žti (“to stretch”)

Latvian: rìezt (“to protrude”) < *ren̂zt

Proto-Germanic: *rinkaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rankaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”)

*h₃rḗǵ-s-t ~ *h₃réǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

aorist of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὀρέγω</i> (orégō)

Ancient Greek: ὤρεξα (ṓrexa, aorist of ὀρέγω (orégō))

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rēxī

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rēgula (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: regimen (with epenthetic -i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rextus (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réǵ-u-s ~ *h₃r̥ǵ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́úš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rigus

Old Irish: *riug

⇒ Old Irish: díriuch (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: redzēt (“to see”)

Lithuanian: règti (“to begin to see”)

Lithuanian: regė́ti (“to see”)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: राजि (rā́ji, “streak, line, row, range”)

Central Kurdish: رێک (rêk, “straight”)

Northern Kurdish: raye (“authority, sovereignty; office”)


geH-

g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂- (canonical)
g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃- (canonical)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-

Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement.

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati

Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati

Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)

Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गासि (gāsi, 1sg.aor.inj.med.)

*g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH

Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gā́thā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)

Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram

Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás

Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गै (gai)


leyǵ-

*lig-eh₂-ye- (factitive)

Italic:

Latin: ligō (“to tie, bind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lidh (“to tie”)

Proto-Germanic: *līką (“leech-line”)


smeyt-

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

Russian: мета́ть (metátʹ)

Bulgarian: мятам (mjatam)

Polish: miotać (“to throw”)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬀 (hamista, “oppressed”), 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬚- (maēθ-, “throw”)

Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*meyth₂-</i>

>? Latin: mittō (or from *meyth₂-) (see there for further descendants)