-sḱéti

-sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
-sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
-sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
-sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
-sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
-sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
-sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
-sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
-sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
-sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
-sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
-sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
-sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
-sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
-sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
-sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
-sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
-sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
-sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sḱónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱóh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
-sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
-sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
-sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
-sḱómnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *-ska

Albanian: -h

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ց- (-cʻ-)

Proto-Celtic: *-sketi

Proto-Hellenic: *-skō

Ancient Greek: -σκω (-skō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-sćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-śćáti

Sanskrit: -च्छति (-ccháti), -श्चति (-ścáti) (rare)

Iranian:

Old Avestan: -𐬯𐬀- (-sa-) (for example: 𐬘𐬀𐬯𐬀 (jasa, “to go, to come”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬨 (gam, “to come”))

Old Persian: -𐎿𐎠- (-s-a- /sā/)

Proto-Italic: *-skō

Latin: -scō, -āscō, -ēscō, -īscō

Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots.


-né-

-n- (oblique stem)
-né-mi (first-person indicative present singular)
-né-m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
-né-si (indicative present second-person singular)
-né-s (indicative past second-person singular)
-né- (imperative second-person singular)
-n-dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-né-esi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-né-ti (indicative present singular third-person)
-né-t (indicative past singular third-person)
-né-tu (imperative singular third-person)
-né-eti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-n-wós (dual first-person indicative present)
-n-wé (dual first-person indicative past)
-né-owos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-n-tés (dual indicative present second-person)
-n-tóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-n-tóm (dual imperative second-person)
-né-etes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-n-tés (dual indicative present third-person)
-n-tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-n-tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-né-etes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-n-mós (first-person indicative plural present)
-n-mé (first-person indicative past plural)
-né-omos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-n-té (indicative plural present second-person)
-n-té (indicative past plural second-person)
-n-té (imperative plural second-person)
-né-ete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-n-énti (indicative plural present third-person)
-n-ént (indicative past plural third-person)
-n-éntu (imperative plural third-person)
-né-onti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-n-ónts (indicative participle present)
-n-só (imperative second-person singular)
-n-tór (indicative present singular third-person)
-n-ór (indicative present singular third-person)
-n-tó (indicative past singular third-person)
-n-ó (indicative past singular third-person)
-né-etor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-n-n̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-n-rór (indicative plural present third-person)
-n-n̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-n-ró (indicative past plural third-person)
-né-ontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Forms mostly transitive imperfective verbs from perfective intransitive roots.


-néwti

-néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
-nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
-néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
-néws (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-néws (indicative past second-person singular)
-néw (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-néw (imperative second-person singular)
-nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
-néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
-néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
-néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
-nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
-néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
-nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
-néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
-nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-numós (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-numós (first-person indicative plural present)
-numé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-numé (first-person indicative past plural)
-néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
-nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
-nuté (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-nuté (imperative plural second-person)
-néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
-nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
-nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-nwónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-nwónts (indicative participle present)
-nusó (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-nusó (imperative second-person singular)
-nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
-nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
-nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
-nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
-néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
-nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
-néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *-nū́di (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-neumi

Ancient Greek: -νῡμι (-nūmi), also thematicised -νεω (-neō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-náwti

Sanskrit: -नोति (-nóti), -णोति (-ṇoti)

Proto-Iranian: *-náwti

desc

Avestan: -𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-naoⁱti), -𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (-nuuaⁱṇti) (in some cases)

Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots.


-yeti

-yom (first-person indicative past singular)
é-yom (first-person indicative past singular)
é-yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-yesi (indicative present second-person singular)
é-yesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-yes (indicative past second-person singular)
é-yes (indicative past second-person singular)
-ye (imperative second-person singular)
é-ye (imperative second-person singular)
-yēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-yēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-yoys (optative second-person singular)
é-yoys (optative second-person singular)
-yeti (indicative present singular third-person)
é-yeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-yet (indicative past singular third-person)
é-yet (indicative past singular third-person)
-yetu (imperative singular third-person)
é-yetu (imperative singular third-person)
-yēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-yēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yoyt (optative singular third-person)
é-yoyt (optative singular third-person)
-yowos (dual first-person indicative present)
é-yowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-yowe (dual first-person indicative past)
é-yowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-yōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-yōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-yoywe (dual first-person optative)
é-yoywe (dual first-person optative)
-yetes (dual indicative present second-person)
é-yetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-yetom (dual indicative past second-person)
é-yetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-yetom (dual imperative second-person)
é-yetom (dual imperative second-person)
-yētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-yētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-yoytom (dual optative second-person)
é-yoytom (dual optative second-person)
-yetes (dual indicative present third-person)
é-yetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-yetām (dual indicative past third-person)
é-yetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-yetām (dual imperative third-person)
é-yetām (dual imperative third-person)
-yētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-yētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-yoytām (dual optative third-person)
é-yoytām (dual optative third-person)
-yomos (first-person indicative plural present)
é-yomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-yome (first-person indicative past plural)
é-yome (first-person indicative past plural)
-yōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-yōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-yoyme (first-person optative plural)
é-yoyme (first-person optative plural)
-yete (indicative plural present second-person)
é-yete (indicative plural present second-person)
-yete (indicative past plural second-person)
é-yete (indicative past plural second-person)
-yete (imperative plural second-person)
é-yete (imperative plural second-person)
-yēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-yēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yoyte (optative plural second-person)
é-yoyte (optative plural second-person)
-yonti (indicative plural present third-person)
é-yonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yont (indicative past plural third-person)
é-yont (indicative past plural third-person)
-yontu (imperative plural third-person)
é-yontu (imperative plural third-person)
-yōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-yōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yonts (indicative participle present)
é-yonts (indicative participle present)
-yeso (imperative second-person singular)
é-yeso (imperative second-person singular)
-yetor (indicative present singular third-person)
é-yetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-yeto (indicative past singular third-person)
é-yeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-yētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-yētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yoyto (optative singular third-person)
é-yoyto (optative singular third-person)
-yontor (indicative plural present third-person)
é-yontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-yonto (indicative past plural third-person)
é-yonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-yōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-yōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yoyro (optative plural third-person)
é-yoyro (optative plural third-person)
-yomnos (indicative participle present)
é-yomnos (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)ja- (j-presents, class 1 weak verbs)

Proto-Hellenic: *-yō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially, when added to roots, when compounded with *-e- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-eyé-, when added to s-stem nouns, ie. *-esyé-)

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pye-, *-pʰye-)

Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kye-, *-kʰye-, *-kʷye-, *-kʷʰye-, *-tye-, *-tʰye-, *-gye-)

Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gye-, *-gʷye-, *-dye-)

Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lye-)

Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cye-)

Italic:

Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)

Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially, when compounded with *-i- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-iyé-, or by later non-inherited fabrications)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yati

Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, e.g. पश्यति (páśyati))

Proto-Iranian: *-yati

Younger Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti)

Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots.


-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éh₁s (indicative past second-person singular)
-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁dʰi (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁t (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éh₁tām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-éh₁tām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-éh₁n̥t (indicative past plural third-person)
-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-h₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
Ø-éh₁s (indicative past second-person singular)
-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
-h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁t (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-h₁wé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-h₁tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-h₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-h₁mé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-h₁té (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-h₁té (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-h₁té (imperative plural second-person)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Anatolian: *-ǣ́di

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ěti

Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from perfective roots.

Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from nominals.


Proto-Albanian: *eta

Albanian: jetë

Proto-Armenian: *ayú

Old Armenian: այո (ayo) (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́yu (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂ey- (“vital force, life, age, eternity”).

young; see there for further descendants


*séh₂g-ti ~ *sh₂g-énti (athematic root present) or *sh₂g-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sakaną (see there for further descendants)

*séh₂g-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sh₂g-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *sagyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-sagyetor (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: sāgus (“prophetic”)

Proto-Germanic: *sakō

*séh₂g-ti-s ~ *sh₂g-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *sahtiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sahtaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἡγέομαι (hēgéomai, “to lead”)


*gʰéh₁bʰ-t ~ *gʰh̥₁bʰ-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Italic: *hēpai

Oscan: hipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), hipust (3.sg.fut.perf.)

⇒ Oscan: pruhipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), pruhipust (“to prevent”, 3.sg.fut.perf.)

*gʰh̥₁bʰ-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Italic: *habēō or *haβēō

Latin: habeō (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (habia, 3.sg.pres.subj.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖 (habetu), habitu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (habetutu), habituto (3.pl.ipv.II), habiest (3.sg.fut.), habus (3.sg.fut.perf.), habuerent (3.pl.fut.perf.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄 (habe, “to have, hold”, 3.sg.pr.act/pass.), habe

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌍𐌄𐌉𐌛𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌀𐌔 (neiřhabas, pres.subj.) (+ negation and ar̆-)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehabia), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌖𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehubia, “to furnish, achieve”, 3.sg.pres.subj.) (+ pre-)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌖 (hahtu), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖 (hatu), hatu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (hatutu), hatuto (“to grab”, 3.pl.ipv.II) (suffixless imperatives)

*gʰh̥₁bʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *gabyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *habiō or *haβiō

Oscan: haieist (3.sg.fut.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀbāˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *gabati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gablā (“fork”) (see there for further descendants)


sewH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*séwH-tor ~ *séwH-n̥tor (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *súHtay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *súHtay

Sanskrit: सूते (sū́te)

Proto-Iranian: *húHtay

Khotanese: ahvyāña- (“not produced, eternal”) (+ neg. *a-)

*su-né-H-ti ~ *su-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒋗𒈾𒀜𒊒𒉿𒀭𒋾𒅔 (šu-na-at-ru-u̯a-an-ti-in /šunatruu̯antin/, “rich in outpourings”, acc.sg.c.)

Hittite: 𒋗𒌦𒈾𒄿 (šu-un-na-i /šunnai/, “fills”, 3sg.pres.act.)

Palaic: 𒋗𒌑𒈾𒀜 (šu-ú-na-at /šūnat/, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sunáHti

Proto-Iranian: *hunáHti

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬌 (hunāmi), 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌 (hunāhi, “give birth, beget”)

*se-sówH- ~ *se-suH- (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasúHwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasúHwa

Sanskrit: ससूव (sasū́va)

>? *súH-s (“sow > pig”)

*séwH-tus

Proto-Celtic: *sutus

Old Irish: suth

*sowHus or *sowHows

Proto-Anatolian: *sóʔus or *sóʔaus

Hittite: 𒋗𒌋𒍑 (šu-u-uš /sós/, /sɔ́ʔus/, “full”, nom.sg.c.)

*suHnús

*súHs

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सू (sū)

*suH-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHtás

Sanskrit: सूत (sūtá)

Proto-Iranian: *huHtáh (perfect participle)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: to bear daevic offspring (wšwtn' /wišūdan/) (+ *wi-)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ (perhaps) Iranian: *frahuHtáh (“child, offspring”)

desc

Bakhtiari: [script needed] (rūd, “child”)

Luri:

rū(d)

Persian: رود (rôd, “child”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ڕۆڵە (rolle, “child”)

Kumzari: [script needed] (rōr, “child”)

*suHyús

Perhaps an extension of *sew- (“to pour; squeeze”).


Proto-Germanic: *-iþō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taH

desctree

Sanskrit: -ता (-tā)
→ Bengali: -তা (-ta)
→ Hindi: -ता (-tā)
→ Malayalam: -ത (-ta)

Proto-Iranian: *-taH

q

Avestan: -𐬚𐬁 (-θā) (for example: 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁 (gaēθā, “world, living substance”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬉 (gaē, “to live”) and -𐬚𐬁 (-θā, a feminine noun suffix))

Used to form nouns representing state of being


pekʷ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*pékʷ-e-ti (root present)

*pékʷ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *péťťō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćyatay

Sanskrit: पच्यते (pácyate)

*pékʷ-mn̥ ~ *pkʷ-mén-

Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷmə

Ancient Greek: πέμμᾰ (pémmă)

*pékʷ-tis ~ *pkʷ-téy-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷtis

Ancient Greek: πέψῐς (pépsĭs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pákti ~ *paktí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pákti ~ *paktí

Sanskrit: पक्ति (pákti, paktí)

Proto-Italic: *kʷektjō

Latin: coctiō

*pékʷ-tōr ~ *pkʷ-trés (“one who cooks”)

*pókʷ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pókʷos

Ancient Greek: ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀵𐀡𐀦 (a-to-po-qo /artopókʷos/)

Proto-Italic: *kʷokʷos

Latin: coquus (see there for further descendants)

*pokʷ-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós

Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)

Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos

Latin: coctus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas

Proto-Iranian: *páktah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀 (pacta)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Anatolian: *pekʷ-

Hittite:

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒃷𒍣 (pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi, “pound, crack, crush, grind”, impf.3pl.pres.act.)

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 (pa-ak-šu-wa-an /pak(kuš)šuu̯ant-/, “cracked (of grain)”)

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 n (pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar /pakkušš(u)u̯ar/, “wooden implement for crushing cereals”)

⇒ Lydian: 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 (wcpaqẽnt, “tramples upon”, 3sg.pres.ind.act.)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पक्व (pakva) (see there for further descendants)


trewd-

*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-

Albanian: ndrydh

(perhaps) Celtic:

Welsh: cythrudd

Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *troudō

Latin: trūdō

*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)

*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną

*trowd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *entrūda

Albanian: ndrydh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *traudéiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *truditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną (see there for further descendants)

*trowd-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas

Proto-Slavic: *trudъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)

*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: triū̃sas

*trud-(s)mo-

Proto-Celtic: *trummos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną

Old Norse: þrysta

→ English: thrust

Old Irish: troit

Irish: troid

Scottish Gaelic: troid


*kʷas-l-

Proto-Albanian: *kāslā

Albanian: kollë

*kʷéh₂s-e- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hwōsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHsatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káHsatay

Sanskrit: कासते (kā́sate) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷeh₂s-t-ō ~ *kʷeh₂s-t-en-

Proto-Germanic: *hwōstô; *hwōstōną (see there for further descendants)

*kʷh₂s-tó-s? *kʷéh₂s-tu-s ~ *kʷh₂s-téw-s?

Proto-Celtic: *kʷast- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kosi

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: հազեմ (hazem), հազ (haz)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kãsulis

Lithuanian: kosulỹs

Proto-Slavic: *kaš(ь)ľь (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kósėti

Proto-Slavic: *kašьľati (see there for further descendants)


Sanskrit: क्री (krī)

*kʷri-né-h₂-ti ~ *kʷri-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*kʷréyh₂-t ~ *kʷrih₂ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kriti

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: käryā-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπριάμην (epriámēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kriHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kriHtás

Sanskrit: क्रीत (krītá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: Tocharian B: käry-


*kʷyeh₁- (root aorist)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: quiēvī

*kʷih₁-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *po-čiti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷyeh₁-sḱe- (innovated full-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjēskō

Latin: quiēscō (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoyh₁-eye-ti (metathesis, causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kojiti (“to soothe”)

*kʷyéh₁-ti-s ~ *kʷih₁-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čyáHtiš

Proto-Iranian: *čyáHtiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjētis

Latin: quiēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čyaHtas

Proto-Iranian: *šyaHtas (“happy”)

Avestan: 𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬀- (šiiāta-)

Old Persian: 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫 (š-i-y-a-t /šiyāta/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (šʾt' /šād/)

Persian: شاد (šâd)

→ Aghwan: 𐕐𐔰𐔳 (šad)

→ Old Armenian: շատ (šat)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjētos

Latin: quiētus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čirás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćirás

>? Sanskrit: चिर (cirá) (unexpected short -i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *(trāns)kʷīlos

Latin: (trān)quillus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *čilā-

Proto-Albanian: *(a-)čila-

Albanian: (e)sëll

Albanian: sillë

Proto-Germanic: *hwīlō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hwīlāną (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoyh₁-o- (with metathesis in the root)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *po-kojь (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samčiH-

Proto-Iranian: *hamšiH-

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)

Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)


*gʷréh₂-u-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂-éw-s

*gʷréh₂-mr̥ ~ *gʷr̥h₂-méns

Proto-Tocharian: *krāmär

Tocharian A: *krāmär

⇒ Tocharian A: krāmärts

Tocharian B: krāmär

*gʷréh₂-mō ~ *gʷr̥h₂-m̥nés

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárHmā

Sanskrit: गरिमन् (gariman), गरिमा (garimā, nom.sg.)

*gʷr̥h₂-smh₂-ós (+ *semh₂-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hsmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hsmás

Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá, “summer”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰleyǵ-

*bʰléyǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blīkaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰli-né-ǵ-ti ~ *bʰli-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *blinkaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blankaz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰliǵ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blišketei

Lithuanian: blyškė́ti, blizgė́ti

*bʰloyǵ-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *blaikaz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlóyǵ-s-ko-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blaiskas

Latvian: blaiskums, blaizgums

Proto-Slavic: *blě̑skъ (see there for further descendants)

*bʰley-m-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bleim-

Proto-Slavic: *blimati (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bliką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भ्रेजते (bhrejate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰl-ȷ́

Proto-Iranian: *bel-j-

Northern Luri: بڵێز (bełız, “Blaze, Alight”)

Likely an extension of *bʰel- (“shiny”).


ǵʰers-

*ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *horzēō

Latin: horreō

*ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰórs-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)

? *ǵʰórs-ōs

Proto-Italic: *horzōs

q

or derived from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">horreō</i>

Latin: horror (or derived from horreō)

*ǵʰers-to-s

Proto-Italic: *herztos

Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰérs-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos

Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīra, “rough”)

Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)


gʰrendʰ-

*gʰrendʰ-is

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰrn̥dʰ-ís</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)

Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)

Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *grindilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ

Old Prussian: *grandā

⇒ grandico

Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā

Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrondʰ-il-os

Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)


gʰrendʰ-

*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-

desc

Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)

Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrendʰ-o-

Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą

Proto-West Germanic: *grind

Old Dutch: *grint n

Middle Dutch: grint

Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)

Old High German: grint m

Middle High German: grint

German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)

*gʰróndʰ-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f

>? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f

Proto-Germanic: *grandą n

Proto-West Germanic: *grand

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: grand (“rough sand”)

Old Norse: *grand

Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)

*gʰrondʰ-ō

Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ

Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)

Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).


*gʰroh₁-(y)e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Germanic: *grōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grōniz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grēˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *grěnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grēwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rāvus, grāvastellus (or from *ǵerh₂-?) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰréh₁-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-mén-s or perhaps *gʰréh₁-s-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-s-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *grāmen or *grazmen

Latin: grāmen

Proto-Germanic: *grēdaz

Old English: grǣd

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kariyant-, “grass”)

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: روییدن (ru'idan, “to grow”)

Proto-Germanic: *grasą (cannot be directly from *gʰr̥h₁-s-)

Proto-Germanic: *grōsō

Proto-West Germanic: *grōsu

Old Saxon: *grōsa

Middle Low German: grôse

Old Dutch: *gruosa

Middle Dutch: groese

Old High German: *gruosa

Middle High German: gruose

→ Proto-Finnic: *rooho (“grass”) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: herba


steygʰ-

*stéygʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*stḗygʰ-s-t ~ *stéygʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *teixstē

Old Irish: tías

*stoygʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *staigijaną (“to raise up, elevate”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *staigraz (“elevating; steep”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *staigriz (“scaffold; stairs”) (see there for further descendants)

*stigʰ-néw-ti ~ *stigʰ-n̥w-énti (new-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stingneutei

Proto-Slavic: *stìgnǫti (“to attain, reach”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stigʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stigʰnáwti

Sanskrit: स्तिघ्नोति (stighnóti, “to mount, step up, rise”)

*sti-né-gʰ-ti ~ *sti-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Celtic: *tinxti

* Old Irish: téit (see there for further descendants)

*stéygʰ-s ~ *stigʰ-és (“path”)

*stéygʰ-ti-s ~ *stigʰ-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *stihtiz (“track”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stihti

Dutch: sticht

Old Norse: stétt

Norwegian: stætt

*stóygʰ-i-s ~ *stigʰ-éy-s

Proto-Germanic: *stigiz (“a climb, ascent”) (see there for further descendants)

*stóygʰ-o-s (“path, way”)

*stigʰ-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *stihtaz

Old Norse: stéttr (“pavement”) (see there for further descendants)


seǵʰ-

*séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay

Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)

*séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic: *héksō

Ancient Greek: ἕξω (héxō)

*sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat

Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)

*se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)

Tocharian A: sākam

Tocharian B: sākāu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa

Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)

*sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe

Ancient Greek: ἔσχον (éskhon, “bring to a halt, hold on”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχεδόν (skhedón)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέσις (skhésis)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέτλιος (skhétlios)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχῆμα (skhêma)

⇒? Ancient Greek: σχολή (skholḗ)

*si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō

Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)

*sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍẓatay

Sanskrit: सीक्षते (sīkṣate)

*soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō

Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)

*séǵʰ-os ~ *séǵʰ-es-os

*seǵʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)

⇒ Sanskrit: अषाढ (ásāḍha)

*sǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Celtic: *sagros (see there for further descendants)

*seǵʰ-ós

*séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és

Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr

Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáẓḍʰā

Sanskrit: साढृ (sā́ḍhṛ), साळ्हृ (sā́ḷhṛ)

*séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s

*sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és

>? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns

Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)

*sóǵʰ-o-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos

Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos) (unless from *wókʰos < *wóǵʰos)


selp-

Proto-Germanic: *salbō (see there for further descendants)

?*sólp-r̥, or irregularly *sélp-os ~ *sélp-es-

Italic:

Latin: sulpur, sulphur

*sélp-os ~ *sélp-es-

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *selpa (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (perhaps) ἔλπος (élpos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarpíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sarpíṣ

Sanskrit: सर्पिस् (sarpís)

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣälype

Tocharian A: ṣälyp

Tocharian B: ṣalype

*sl̥p-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sr̥prás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sr̥prás

Sanskrit: सृप्र (sṛprá)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Middle Persian: clp (čarb)

Parthian: 𐫝𐫡𐫁 (crb /čarb/, “smooth, mild”)

Pashto: څورب (śorb)

Baluchi: [script needed] (čarp, “fat”)

Central Kurdish: چەور (çewr, “fat”)

Ossetian: царв (carv)


*h₁éws-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *éuhō

Ancient Greek: εὕω (heúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwṣati

Sanskrit: ओषति (óṣati)

Proto-Italic: *ouzō

Latin: ūrō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hawšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hawṣás

Sanskrit: ओष (oṣá)

(perhaps) *h₁us-néh₂-ti ~ *h₁us-n̥h₂-énti (*néh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *uznaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ḗwst ~ *h₁éws-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὗσα (heûsa)

Italic:

Latin: ussī

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṇás

Sanskrit: उष्ण (uṣṇá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Huštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṭás

Sanskrit: उष्ट (uṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *ustos

Latin: ustus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *uzjǭ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aimuzjǭ (see there for further descendants)


*h₁é-h₁ugʰ-tor (deponent reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic: *eukʰomai (thematized)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀄𐀐𐀵 (e-u-ke-to)

desctree

Ancient Greek: εὔχομαι (eúkhomai)
→ Greek: εύχομαι (éfchomai) (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHugdʰay (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wogʷʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *woɣʷeō (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wogʷʰ-et- ~ *h₁wogʷʰ-n̥t-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwāgʰát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwāgʰát

Sanskrit: वाघत् (vāghát)

From reduplicated *h₁eh₁ugʰ-

*h₁éh₁ugʰ-os ~ *h₁éh₁ugʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *éukʰos

Ancient Greek: εὖχος (eûkhos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHuǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHuźʰas

Sanskrit: ओहस् (óhas)

Unsorted formations

Old Armenian: գոգեմ (gogem, “to say”)


*h₁rébʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *erépʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rébra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ribją (see there for further descendants)


⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-eh₂yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *angōną

Old Norse: anga (“to exhale; to emit a scent”)
Icelandic: anga

⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-ō

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անձն (anjn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *angô

Old Norse: angi (“smell, scent”)
Icelandic: angi
Danish: ange

⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *angą

Old Norse: ang

*h₂énh₁-ti ~ h₂n̥h₁-énti (athematic root present)

*h₂enh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *anja

desc

Albanian: ëj (“to blow; to blow up, swell”)

Proto-Germanic: *anadô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anþą (see there for further descendants)

*h₂énh₁-i-lo-s or *h₂énh₁-il-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HánHilas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HánHilas

Sanskrit: अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *anaman (“soul”)

Italic:

Latin: anhēlus, ⇒? hālō

⇒ *h₂énh₁-tl-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *anatlā (“breath”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *aHnáHyah

Avestan: 𐬅𐬥𐬍𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ą̇nīiia, “breathing”)

Compounds:

>? *h₂enh₁-h₁éh₁t-men-

Proto-Tocharian: *āñcäme (“self, soul; wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *antā

Albanian: ëndë (“pleasure, delight”)

Proto-Iranian: *HnaHha-

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھەناسە (henase)

Northern Kurdish: henase

→ Iranian Persian: هناسه (hanāse, “oh, cold breathe”)

Old Median:

Old Tati:

Old Azari: هنای (hunāy, “breathe”)

Persian: هناهین (hanâhin, “(horse) noise”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: هناسه (henāsa)

Balagarivey: انه (ena, “breathe”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wyaHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wyaHnás

Sanskrit: व्यान (vyāna)

Proto-Iranian: *wyaHnáH

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (viiānaiiā)

Southeastern Iranian:

q

Pashto: ځان (źân, “life; body”) (Perhaps influenced from Western Iranian)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: جان (jàn)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Northern Kurdish: giyan, gyan

Southern Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Laki: گیان (gyan)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: جان (soul; body; dear)

Mazanderani: جان (soul; dear)

Old Median:

Kermanic:

Khunsari: گیون (giyūn)

Old Azari: گیان (giyān)

Harzani: گون (gun, “soul; body”)

Sivandi: gān (“soul”)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Zazaki: giyan, gan

Gurani: گیان (giyān)

Parthian: (/gyān/)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭂𐭉𐭀𐭍 (gyʾn)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫏𐫀𐫗 (gyʾn)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/gyān/, “soul, ghost”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (yʾn'), [script needed] (HYA)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭩𐭠𐭭𐭩 (gyʾny)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫏𐫀𐫗 (gyʾn)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮇𐮈𐮀 (HYA)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: añiye

Tocharian B: anāsk-

Proto-Tocharian: *ān- (“to breathe”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ānelme (abstract form)

Tocharian B: onolme (“creature, being, person”)


*h₂e-h₂óyḱe ~ *h₂eh₂iḱḗr (stative)

*h₂éyḱ-tis ~ *h₂iḱ-téy-

Proto-Germanic: *aihtiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHśás

Sanskrit: ईश (īśá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: *aik-

Tocharian A: aik-

Tocharian B: aik-

to obtain, come in possession of, to possess, to own


*h₂érk-ti ~ *h₂r̥k-énti (root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄯𒍝 (ḫar-za /ḫarza/), 𒄯𒍣 (ḫar-zi /ḫarzi/)

*h₂ork-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *arkeō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂po-h₂orkéyeti

Proto-Germanic: *fargijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porkeō

Latin: porceō

Proto-Italic: *parkō

Latin: parcō

Proto-Italic: *orkos

Latin: Orcus

*h₂érk-os ~ *h₂érk-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄρκος (árkos)

Ancient Greek: ἀρκέω (arkéō)

Proto-Italic: *arkezā

Latin: arcera

*h₂érk-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *arks

Latin: arx

Proto-Italic: *arkā

Latin: arca, arcānus, arcānum

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արգել (argel)


*h₂us-sḱé-ti (ske-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣśáti

Sanskrit: उच्छति (uccháti, “to dawn”)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬀𐬧𐬙 (usaṇt, ptc.act.)

*h₂us-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

>? Proto-Italic: *ozjōr (“to dawn”) (unexpected lowering) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wés-t ~ *h₂us-ént (root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHwast ~ *HáHusant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHwast ~ *HáHusant

Sanskrit: आवस् (ā́vas), अवात् (avāt, “to become light”)

*h₂wos-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwāsáyati

Sanskrit: वासयति (vāsáyati, “to let become light”)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyäsā (“gold”)

Tocharian A: wäs

Tocharian B: yasā

⇒? Tocharian B: yasna

→? Proto-Uralic: *waśke (“copper, brass”) (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂é-h₂us-o-m</i>

*h₂ews-o-m (or *h₂é-h₂us-o-m)

Proto-Italic: *auzom (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éws-ōs ~ *h₂us-és

*h₂éws-tero-s, *h₂usés-tero-s

*h₂éws-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Huštiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṭiṣ

q

+ <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">वि-</i> (vi-, “around, about”)

⇒ Sanskrit: व्युष्टि (vyùṣṭi, “first gleam of dawn, daybreak”) (+ वि- (vi-, “around, about”))

*h₂ḗws ~ *h₂us-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Húṣ

Sanskrit: उष् (úṣ, “dawn, morning”)

*h₂óws-i-s ~ *h₂us-éy-s

Proto-Germanic: *auziz

desc

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *Auziwandilaz (“Morning Star”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ausmas

Latvian: ausma (“dawn”)

⇒ Latvian: Ausma

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Husrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Husrás

Sanskrit: उस्र (usrá, “reddish, ruddy; bright; matutinal”)

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *ausra (“twilight”)
Albanian: err


Proto-Germanic: *ausaną (“to scoop”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *auzjō

Latin: hauriō (“to draw, scoop up”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂ews-e-ti or *h₂ews-ye-ti

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὔω (aúō)

desc

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀢𐀨𐀄𐀵𐀫 (pu-ra-u-to-ro /puraustrō/)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: (ἀφ)ύσσω ((aph)ússō, “to draw or scoop liquids”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Palaic: 𒄷𒍑𒅆𒄿𒅔𒀭𒋫 (ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-an-ta /hussīnta, ḫuššīnanta/, “they draw water for themselves; sacrificial offering, in particular libations”)

Proto-Celtic: *awsetlo- or *awselo- (“flesh-fork”) (possibly)

>? Old Irish: aél (or from Old English awul)


*h₂énk-ti ~ h₂n̥k-énti (root-present)

Proto-Celtic: *anketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háćati

Sanskrit: अचति (ácati), अञ्चति (áñcati) (later thematicization)

*h₂enk-os or *h₂n̥k-os

Proto-Celtic: *ankos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ankos

Latin: ancus

*h₂énk-os ~ *h₂énk-es-os

*h₂ónk-o-s (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *h₂énk-tis ~ *h₂n̥k-tey- or *h₂n̥k-tós

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անթ (antʻ), անութ (anutʻ)

*h₂énk-ō ~ *h₂n̥k-én-s

Proto-Germanic: *angô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγκών (ankṓn)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անգղ (angł), անկղ (ankł)

Armenian: անգղ (angġ)

Proto-Germanic: *anhulaz

Old Norse: ǫ́ll, áll

Proto-Germanic: *angulaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγκύλος (ankúlos)

*h₂énk-ul-eh₂ (“belt”)

Proto-Germanic: *anhulō

Old Norse: ǫ́l, ál

Proto-Hellenic: *ankúlā

Ancient Greek: ἀγκύλη (ankúlē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HankúlaH

Proto-Iranian: *HankúlaH

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾnkwrʾk' /angurāg/, “finger; paw”)

Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬁 (angurā)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἄγκῡρα (ánkūra, “anchor”)

Proto-Anatolian:

(perhaps) Hittite: 𒀭𒆪𒉿𒀸 (“Ankuwash, Ankara”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*h₃éngʷ-e-ti (thematic root present) (perhaps)

Proto-Italic: *ongʷō

Latin: unguō, ungō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃n̥-né-gʷ-ti ~ *h₃n̥-n-gʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւծանեմ (awcanem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hanákti

Sanskrit: अनक्ति (anákti)

*h₃éngʷ-n̥ ~ *h₃n̥gʷ-én-s (“fat, butter”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃éngʷ-os ~ *h₃éngʷ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánȷ́as

Sanskrit: अञ्जस् (áñjas) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: anctan (“butter”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haktás

Sanskrit: अक्त (aktá)

Proto-Italic: *ənktos

Latin: unctus (see there for further descendants)


gʰebʰ-

*gʰebʰ-e-ti (root present)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gebtei

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: gebė́ti (“to be able, wont (to)”)

Proto-Germanic: *gebaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe-gʰóbʰ-e (stative)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

⇒ Lithuanian: at-gė́bau (“brought about”, 1s.pret.)

Proto-Germanic: *gab (“gave”, 1s/3s.ind.pret.)

*gʰébʰ-os ~ gʰébʰ-es-os (s-stem)

⇒ *gʰébʰ-es-tis (“arm, hand”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰábʰastiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gábʰastiṣ

Sanskrit: गभस्ति (gábhasti)

>? *gʰébʰ-l̥ ~ gʰbʰ-l-és (“head”), *gʰébʰ-ōl

Unsorted formations:

>? Latvian: gãbtiês (“snatch, grab”)

>? Lithuanian: góbti (“to snatch, grab, take”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *gabati (“to seize, take”) (see there for further descendants)


*(s)néh₂-ti ~ *(s)n̥h₂-énti (athematic root present)

*(s)noh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snāHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

with innovative <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">-प्-</i> (-p-)

Sanskrit: स्नापयति (snāpáyati) (with innovative -प्- (-p-))

Proto-Iranian: *snāHáyati

desc

Avestan: 𐬁𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (āsnaiiāt̰, 3sg.subj.)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysänāj-)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫀𐫏 (ʾʾsnʾy)

Sogdian: [script needed] (snʾy)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: nāsk-

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)nā́mə

Ancient Greek: νᾶμᾰ (nâmă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: नामन् (nāman, “water”) (only in Nighantu glossary)

*(s)néH-tr̥ (perhaps)

Proto-Celtic: *snāmos

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: neuff

Breton: neuñv, neuñ

Middle Welsh: nawf

Welsh: nawf

Old Irish: snám

Irish: snámh

Manx: snaue

Scottish Gaelic: snàmh

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snaHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snaHtás

Sanskrit: स्नात (snātá)

Proto-Iranian: *snaHtáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬙𐬀 (snāta)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysänāh-) (< *snāp-)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫉 (ʿšnʾz)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šnʾc /šnāz-/, “to swim”)

Persian: شناویدن (šenâvidan, “to swim”)

Proto-Iranian:

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ajna (āžnā), ajnê (āžnē), ajnî (āžnī, “swimming”)

Mazanderani: سنو (seno, “swimming”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šnʾc /šnāz/, “swimming”)

Persian: شنا (šenâ, “swimming”), اشنان (ošnân, “wash herb, alkalin herb, barilla”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snaH-

Sanskrit: स्ना (snā)

Proto-Iranian: *snaH-


preyH-

*pri-né-H-ti ~ *pri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prináHti (see there for further descendants)

*priH-ye-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHyatay

Sanskrit: प्रीयते (prī́yate, “to be pleased”)

*priHós (“beloved (woman), wife”)

Proto-Germanic: *frijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *Frijjō (“Frigg”, name of a goddess) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHā́

Sanskrit: प्रिया (priyā́, “wife”)

→ Hindi: प्रिया (priyā) (learned) (see there for further descendants)

→ Telugu: ప్రియ (priya) (learned)

*prḗyH-s-t ~ *préyH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práyHšat (3sg.aor.subj.act.)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práyHṣat

Sanskrit: प्रेषत् (préṣat, “shall please”)

*priH-mḗn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHmā́

Proto-Iranian: *friHmā́

Ossetian: (“friend, lover”)

Digor Ossetian: лимӕн (limæn), нимӕл (nimæl)

Iron Ossetian: лымӕ́н (lymǽn)

*priH-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHnás

Proto-Iranian: *friHnáh

Pashto: ورين (wrin, “open, happy, sincere”)


ḱwen-

*ḱwentos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwentas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwantas

Proto-Iranian: *cwantah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta)

→ Persian: سپنتا (sepantâ)

Persian: سپند (sepand)

*ḱunt-slo

Proto-Germanic: *hunslą (see there for further descendants)


*h₃émbʰ-ō ~ *h₃m̥bʰ-nés

Proto-Germanic: *ambô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ombō

Latin: umbō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nēbʰ-o- ~ *h₃nēbʰ-eh₂-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անիւ (aniw, “wheel”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nabāˀ

Latgalian: noba

Latvian: naba

Proto-Germanic: *nabō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *napa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nabis

Old Prussian: nabis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́bʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnā́bʰiṣ

Sanskrit: नाभि (nā́bhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnábʰyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnábʰyam

Sanskrit: नभ्य (nábhya)

*h₃nṓbʰ-s ~ *h₃nebʰ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ps ~ *Hnabʰás

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́fas (see there for further descendants)


weyḱ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*wéyḱ-t ~ *wiḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyćt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyśt

Sanskrit: अविश्रन् (áviśran, 3pl.aor.mid.)

*wiḱ-é-ti (tudáti present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wićáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiśáti

Sanskrit: विशति (viśáti)

Proto-Iranian: *wicáti

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬇𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vīsə̄ṇtē, 3pl.pres.mid.)

*we-wóyḱ-e ~ *we-wiḱ-ḗr (perfect)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*weyk-</i> (“to be fitting”)

Ancient Greek: ἔοικα (éoika) (or from *weyk- (“to be fitting”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwáyća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwáyśa

Sanskrit: विवेश (vivéśa)

Proto-Iranian: *wiwáyca

q

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬯𐬈 (vīuuīse, 2sg.perf.mid.) (or secondary formation from present verb)

*woyḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśáyati

Sanskrit: वेशयति (veśáyati)

*wéyḱ-s ~ wiḱ-és

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *wiḱpótis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíćš (see there for further descendants)

*wéyḱ-i-s

Proto-Albanian: *witsī, *witsā

Albanian: vis (“place, land, country”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiśis

Latvian: vìesis (“guest”)

Lithuanian: viešis (“guest”)

Proto-Slavic: *vь̃sь (see there for further descendants)

*weyḱ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *weikos

Latin: vīcus (see there for further descendants)

*wéyḱ-os ~ *wéyḱ-es-

desctree

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wīhsą
Proto-West Germanic: *wīhs
Old English: *wīx n
Middle English: wīx n
Old Frisian: *wīx f
Old Saxon: *wīhs f
Old Dutch: *wīhs n
Old High German: *wīhs m
Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyäike

desc

Tocharian B: īke (“place, location, position”)

*wóyḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wóikos

Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος (woîkos), οἶκος (oîkos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒 (wo-ko /wojkos/, “home”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyśas

Sanskrit: वेश (véśa, “house; brothel”)

*woyḱ-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśás

Sanskrit: वेश (veśá, “inhabitant”)

Proto-Iranian: *waycáh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (vaēsa)


*h₂lu-né-gʰ-ti ~ h₂lu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal infix present)

i

with contamination by <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tek-</i>

Proto-Celtic: *tungeti (with contamination by *tek-)

*h₂léwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *leuganą (see there for further descendants)

*h₂lugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugtei

East Baltic:

Latvian: lùgt

Lithuanian: lūgóti

Proto-Slavic: *lъgati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugnaz

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃 (*laugns) (in 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃 (analaugns))

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *laugnijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugnō

Old Norse: laun

Old High German: lougna

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugis

Proto-Slavic: *lъžь

Proto-Germanic: *lugiz

Old English: lygge

Old Saxon: luggi

Old High German: lucki

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *lъža

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫaluka-)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: follugaid

Proto-Celtic: *lugiyom

Old Irish: luige

Welsh: llw

Proto-Germanic: *leugō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *luginō

Old English: lyġen

Old Frisian: leine

Old Saxon: lugina

Old Dutch: lugina

Middle Dutch: logene, luegene

Dutch: leugen

Old High German: lugina

German: Lüge

Old Norse: *lygn

Faroese: lygn

Elfdalian: lyngen


leyg-

*lóyg-e-ti (o-grade root present?)

Proto-Germanic: *laikaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráyȷ́ati

Sanskrit: रेजति (réjati), रेजते (réjate) (usually instead < *h₁leiǵ-)

*loyg-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: láigyti

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: leiguot, Latgalian: leigons

Latvian: līgot

Lithuanian: lyguoti

Indo-Iranian: *lig-e-

Iranian:

Persian: آلیختن (âlixtan)

Northern Kurdish: leystin, Northern Kurdish: lîstin


leyg-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lygiuoti

desc

Lithuanian: lýgus (“equal, level, flat, even, like”)

Latgalian: leigt (“to agree, to make peace, to make a deal”)

Latvian: līdz (“flat”)

Latvian: līdzīgs (“alike, similar, equal, even”)

Latvian: līgt

Lithuanian: lygti

Old Prussian: līgint, Old Prussian: līginton

Proto-Germanic: *līką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *līkāną (see there for further descendants)


leyg-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ligà

Latvian: liga

*lig-ós

Ancient Greek: λοιγός (loigós)

Albanian: lig

Unsorted formations:

Old Irish: líach (“wretched”)

Lithuanian: li̇́egti (“to be sickly”)

Lithuanian: ligóti (“to be ill”)

Latvian: ligât (“to be ill”)

>? Old Prussian: licuts (“small”)

>? Ancient Greek: ὀλῐ́γος (olĭ́gos, “few, little”)

>? Old Armenian: աղքատ (ałkʻat, “poor, indigent”)


lendʰ-

*londʰ-om

Proto-Germanic: *landą (see there for further descendants)

*ln̥dʰ-om

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *linda

Old Prussian: lindan (“valley”)

Proto-Slavic: *lędo (“untilled land”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *lędina (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *lęděninъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *landā (see there for further descendants)

>? Central Kurdish: -ڵان (-llan)


lendʰ-

*londʰ-ih₂ ~ *londʰ-yeh₂-

Proto-Germanic: *landį̄ (see there for further descendants)

*lóndʰ-rom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rándʰram (“split, hole”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rándʰram

Sanskrit: रन्ध्र (rándhra)

*londʰ-wos

Proto-Italic: *lonðwos

Latin: lumbus (possibly from Osco-Umbrian)

*ln̥dʰ-w-yom

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lędvьje (see there for further descendants)


lendʰ-

*londʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *randʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *randʰáyati

Sanskrit: रन्धयति (randhayati) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Old Armenian: աղանձեմ (ałanjem)

Armenian: աղանձել (aġanjel), ⇒ աղանձ (aġanj)

q

Ancient Greek: λάσανα (lásana) (etymology unclear according to Beekes and Chantraine)

Old Prussian: landan (“food”)

Irish: lann (“frying pan”)

Old Cornish: lann (“frying pan”)


megʰ-

*(me-)mógʰ-e ~ *(me-)m̥gʰ-ḗr ((possibly unreduplicated?) stative)

*megʰ-óm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *magʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *magʰám

Sanskrit: मघ (maghá)

*megʰ-ú-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *magʰúš

Proto-Iranian: *magúš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬊𐬕𐬎 (moġu)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎦𐏁 (m-gu-š /maguš/) (see there for further descendants)

*mogʰ-tis? (probably secondary from the verb, o-grade would not be expected)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *magtis

Proto-Slavic: *moťь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mahtiz (see there for further descendants)

*mogʰ-tus? (as above)

Proto-Germanic: *mahtuz

Old Norse: máttr

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *smaxtus

desctree

Old Irish: smacht
Irish: smacht
Scottish Gaelic: smachd

Proto-Germanic: *maginą (see there for further descendants)


*weh₁-ros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀrāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *věra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wērō


leys-

*le-lóys-e (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *lizaną (“to know”) or *lisaną (see there for further descendants)

*loys-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *laizijaną (“to teach”) (see there for further descendants)

*lis-n̥h₂-tór ~ *lis-n̥h₂-rór (mediopassive causative)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *liʀnōn (“to learn”), *liʀnēn (Elbe Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

*lóys-eh₂ (“track, furrow”)

*léys-ti-s ~ *lis-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *listiz (“art, cunning”) (see there for further descendants)

*loys-tis

Proto-Germanic: *laistiz (“track, trace”)

Proto-West Germanic: *laisti (“footprint, mold for shoes”)

Old English: lǣst, lāst (“footprint”)

English: last (“mould for shoes”)

Old Frisian: lāst, lēst (“sole, footprint”)

West Frisian: least

Old Saxon: *lēst

Middle Low German: lēst (“mould for shoes”)

Old Dutch: *lēst

Middle Dutch: leest (“mould for shoes”)

Dutch: leest

Old High German: leist (“mould for shoes”)

German: Leist, Leisten

Old Norse: leistr (“stocking-foot”)

Icelandic: leistur

Faroese: leistur

Norwegian Nynorsk: leist

Norwegian Bokmål: lest

Swedish: läst

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (laists, “track”)

*loys-tos

Proto-Germanic: *laistaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Ancient Greek: λοῖσθος (loîsthos, “left behind”)


gʷémt

gʷḗm (first-person indicative singular)
gʷm̥yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷéms (indicative second-person singular)
gʷém (imperative second-person singular)
gʷm̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷémesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷémt (indicative singular third-person)
gʷémtu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷémeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
gʷémowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥tóm (dual indicative second-person)
gʷm̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷémetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
gʷm̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷémetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
gʷémomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷm̥té (indicative plural second-person)
gʷm̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷémete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷmént (indicative plural third-person)
gʷméntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷémonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷmónts (indicative participle)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկն (ekn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtei

Latvian: dzimt (“be born”)

Lithuanian: gimti (“be born”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwemaną (from aorist subjunctive) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰant

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अगन् (ágan), गमति (gámati, 3sg.aor.subj.act.) (ग् (g) from गच्छति (gácchati))

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰant

Old Avestan: 𐬘𐬇𐬥 (jə̄n, 3sg.aor.inj.act.), 𐬘𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (jamaⁱtī, 3sg.aor.subj.act.)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰámaHnaH (med.ptc.f.)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰámaHnaH (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root aorist of *gʷem- (“to step”).


gʷm̥sḱéti

gʷm̥sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷm̥sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷm̥sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷm̥sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷm̥sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷm̥sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷm̥sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷm̥sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷm̥sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷm̥sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷm̥sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷm̥sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷm̥sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷm̥sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱónts (indicative participle present)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*en-</i>

Proto-Albanian: *en-gaska (+ *en-)

Albanian: ngah

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́skō
Ancient Greek: βάσκω (báskō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gasćáti (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-sḱéti (durative or iterative verbal suffix).


gʷegʷóme

gʷegʷóm (imperative second-person singular)
gʷegʷm̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷegʷémesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷegʷóme (indicative singular third-person)
gʷegʷómtu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷegʷémeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
gʷegʷémowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷm̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷegʷémetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷm̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷegʷémetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
gʷegʷémomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷegʷmé (indicative plural second-person)
gʷegʷm̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷegʷémete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷmḗr (indicative plural third-person)
gʷegʷméntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷegʷémonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *kwam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agā́ma

Sanskrit: जगाम (jagā́ma)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬨𐬎𐬱- (jaγmuš-, perf.ptc.)

Proto-Italic:

q

with -n- from present <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">veniō</i>

Latin: vēnī (with -n- from present veniō)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kekamu (ppp.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *gʷem- (“to step”).

to have the feet planted, to stand steady


bʰebʰóydʰe

bʰebʰóyd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰidʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰéydʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰebʰóydʰe (indicative singular third-person)
bʰebʰóydʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰebʰéydʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰebʰéydʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰebʰéydʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰé (indicative plural second-person)
bʰebʰidʰté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰebʰéydʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
bʰebʰidʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *baid

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέποιθᾰ (pépoithă)

Reduplicated stative of the root *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).


lelóykʷe

lelóyk (imperative second-person singular)
lelikʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
leléykʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
lelóykʷe (indicative singular third-person)
lelóykʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
leléykʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
lelikwé (dual first-person indicative)
leléykʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
lelikʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
leléykʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
lelikʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
leléykʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
lelikʷmé (first-person indicative plural)
leléykʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
lelikʷé (indicative plural second-person)
lelikʷté (imperative plural second-person)
leléykʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
lelikʷḗr (indicative plural third-person)
lelikʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
leléykʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
lelikwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *laihw (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λέλοιπᾰ (léloipă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riráyča

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riráyća

Sanskrit: रिरेच (riréca)

Reduplicated stative of the root *leykʷ- (“to leave”).


wewórte

wewórt (imperative second-person singular)
wewr̥tdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wewértesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wewórte (indicative singular third-person)
wewórttu (imperative singular third-person)
wewérteti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥twé (dual first-person indicative)
wewértowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wewr̥ttóm (dual imperative second-person)
wewértetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wewr̥ttā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wewértetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥tmé (first-person indicative plural)
wewértomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wewr̥té (indicative plural second-person)
wewr̥tté (imperative plural second-person)
wewértete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wewr̥tḗr (indicative plural third-person)
wewr̥téntu (imperative plural third-person)
wewértonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥twṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *warþ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawárta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wawárta

Sanskrit: ववर्त (vavárta), वावर्त (vāvárta)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: vortī

Latin: vertī (1sg.perf.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).


dʰedʰórse

dʰedʰórs (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰr̥sdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰérsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰedʰórse (indicative singular third-person)
dʰedʰórstu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰedʰérseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥swé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰedʰérsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥stóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰedʰérsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥stā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰedʰérsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥smé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰedʰérsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥sé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰedʰr̥sté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰedʰérsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥sḗr (indicative plural third-person)
dʰedʰr̥séntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰedʰérsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥swṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *durzaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰadʰárša

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadʰárṣa

Sanskrit: दधर्ष (dadhárṣa)

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”).


*h₂néḱ-t ~ *h₂n̥ḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́našt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́naṣṭ

Sanskrit: आनट् (ā́naṭ), आष्ट (ā́ṣṭa, 3sg. middle)

*h₂e-h₂nóḱ-e ~ *h₂e-h₂n̥ḱ-ḗr (stative)

*h₂n-né-ḱ-ti ~ *h₂n-n̥-ḱ-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *annketi

Old Irish: ·icc

*h₂n̥ḱ-néw-ti ~ *h₂n̥ḱ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haćnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haśnáwti

Sanskrit: अश्नोति (aśnóti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hacnáwtī

Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ašnaoⁱti)

*h₂i-h₂n̥ḱ-sé-ti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: इयक्षति (íyakṣati)

Sanskrit: इनक्षति (ínakṣati) (with clarified root)

Proto-Germanic: *nēhwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ganōgaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haćnás

Proto-Iranian: *Hacnáh (“near”)

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬝 (asnāt̰, abl.sg.;adv.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬈 (asne, loc.sg.)

Old Persian: [script needed] (ašnaiy, loc.sg.)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Celtic: *ankenā

desctree

Old Irish: éicen, écen
Irish: éigean, éigin
Manx: egin
Scottish Gaelic: èiginn

Proto-Brythonic: *anken

Breton: anken

Cornish: anken

Middle Welsh: anghen

Welsh: angen

Proto-Celtic: *onkeyeti (causative of the preceding)

Old Irish: ·uic

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀνάγκη (anánkē)

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅk-

Tocharian A: eṃts-

Tocharian B: eṅk-

Conflated with *h₁neḱ- (“to receive, take away”) by Pokorny.


h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂eh₂nóḱ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱwé (dual first-person indicative)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱmé (first-person indicative plural)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱé (indicative plural second-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱté (imperative plural second-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱḗr (indicative plural third-person)

>? Proto-Albanian: *ka-nakja

Albanian: kënaq

Proto-Celtic: *ānonke

q

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">·icc</i>

Old Irish: ·ánaic (past tense of ·icc)

Italic:

Latin: nancīscor

Proto-Germanic: *ganuganą (*ga- + unattested *nōgaz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHnā́ća, *HaHnánća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHnā́śa, *HaHnánśa

Sanskrit: आनाश (ānā́śa), आनंश (ānáṃśa)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, to attain”).


h₂eh₂óyḱ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂iḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂iḱé (indicative plural second-person)

Proto-Germanic: *aiganą (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHićay (middle voice)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHiśay

Sanskrit: ईशे (ī́śe), ईष्टे (ī́ṣṭe)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬉 (isē) (with short /i/ from nominal forms?)

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬈 (ište)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess, own”).


h₂eh₂gʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂gʰé (indicative plural second-person)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *āgetor
⇒ Old Irish: ad·ágathar

Proto-Germanic: *aganą
Gothic: 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).


*h₂e-h₂ógʰ-e ~ *h₂e-h₂gʰ-ḗr (perfect)

*h₂gʰ-néw-ti ~ *h₂gʰ-nw-énti

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂emǵʰ-</i>

Ancient Greek: ἄχνυμαι (ákhnumai) (or from *h₂emǵʰ-)

*h₂ogʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *agijaną

Gothic: *𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*agjan)

*h₂e-h₂ogʰ-éye-ti (innovated causative with reduplication)

Proto-Germanic: *ōgijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₂égʰ-os ~ *h₂égʰ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hagʰás (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *aglǭ

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍉 (aglō)

Proto-Celtic: *aglo-

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *aglotus

Middle Irish: álad

Irish: áladh

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *agletos

Welsh: aeled

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *aglātos

Welsh: aelawd

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *aglaz
Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍃 (agls)

Proto-Germanic: *agluz (see there for further descendants)

*h₂ogʰ-l-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: ὀχλέω (okhléō, “to vex, harass”)

Unsorted:

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: áil (“ignomy, insult”)


tetórpe

tetórp (imperative second-person singular)
tetr̥pdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tetérpesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tetórpe (indicative singular third-person)
tetórptu (imperative singular third-person)
tetérpeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pwé (dual first-person indicative)
tetérpowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tetr̥ptóm (dual imperative second-person)
tetérpetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tetr̥ptā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tetérpetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pmé (first-person indicative plural)
tetérpomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tetr̥pé (indicative plural second-person)
tetr̥pté (imperative plural second-person)
tetérpete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tetr̥pḗr (indicative plural third-person)
tetr̥péntu (imperative plural third-person)
tetérponti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *þurbaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tātárpa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tātárpa

Sanskrit: तातृपुर् (tātṛpúr)

Reduplicated stative of the root *terp- (“to satisfy”).


terp-

*térp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *térpō

Ancient Greek: τέρπω (térpō) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥p-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥pyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥pyati

Sanskrit: तृप्यति (tṛ́pyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þarbō (“need”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *terba (“need”) (see there for further descendants)

*torp-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tar̃pti

*tetórpe ~ *tetr̥pḗr (stative)

*tr̥p-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tьrpě̀ti (see there for further descendants)

*térp-tis ~ *tr̥p-téy-

Proto-Germanic: *þurftiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *térptis

Ancient Greek: τέρψις (térpsis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ptiṣ

Sanskrit: तृप्ति (tṛ́pti) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥p-tós

Proto-Germanic: *þurftaz (past participle of *þurbaną)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ptás

Sanskrit: तृप्त (tṛptá) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕστηκᾰ (héstēkă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stastā́Ha

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stastā́Ha

Sanskrit: तस्थौ (tastháu)

Proto-Italic: *stetai

Latin: stetī

Reduplicated stative of the root *steh₂- (“to stand”).


dwey-

*de-dwóy-e ~ *de-duy-ḗr (stative)

*dwey-lós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δειλός (deilós)

*dwéy-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεῖμα (deîma)

*dwey-mós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δειμός (deimós)

*dwey-nós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεινός (deinós)

*dwéy-os ~ *dwey-es-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέος (déos)

*dw(e)y-plo- ~ *dwi-pli-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկիւղ (erkiwł)

*dwey-rós

Proto-Italic: *deiros

Latin: dīrus

*dwey-s-ós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian: *erk-

Old Armenian: երկն (erkn), երկնեմ (erknem), երկնչիմ (erknčʻim)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwáyṣṭi

Sanskrit: द्वेष्टि (dvéṣṭi, “to hate”)

Proto-Iranian: *dwáyšti

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬈𐬱- (duuaeš-)

Middle Persian: byštn' (bištan), byš (bēš)

Probably related to *dwóh₁ (“two”), with sense connection "two" > "ambivalence, second thoughts" > "fear".

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


dedwóye

dedwóy (imperative second-person singular)
dedwidʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dedwéyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dedwóye (indicative singular third-person)
dedwóytu (imperative singular third-person)
dedwéyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dedwiwé (dual first-person indicative)
dedwéyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dedwitóm (dual imperative second-person)
dedwéyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dedwitā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dedwéyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dedwimé (first-person indicative plural)
dedwéyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
deduyé (indicative plural second-person)
dedwité (imperative plural second-person)
dedwéyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
deduyḗr (indicative plural third-person)
deduyéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dedwéyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dedwiwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𔕰𔓱 (kwa/i-ya- /kuwaya-/)

Proto-Hellenic: *dédoika (rebuilt as k-aorist)

Ancient Greek: δέδοικα (dédoika), δείδω (deídō)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wiyo

Reduplicated stative of the root *dwey- (“to fear”).


ǵn̥h₃sḱéti

ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥t (optative plural third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂er (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₂e (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂e (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁o (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱówedʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥h₃sḱómedʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)

Proto-Albanian: *gnāska

Albanian: njoh

Armenian:

desctree

< earlier <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">*ծանաչեմ</i> (*canačʻem)

Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) — post-Classical (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō (with secondary reduplication)

Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHsćáti (with full-grade root)

Proto-Iranian: *jnaHŝáti

desc

Parthian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /išnās-/, “to recognize, get to know”)

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎴𐎠𐎿𐎠𐎫𐎹 (x-š-n-a-s-a-t-y /xšnāsātiy/, 3sg.subj.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /išnās-/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnʾs /šnās-/)

Proto-Italic: *gnōskō (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-sḱéti (durative verbal suffix).


bʰéreti

bʰérom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰérōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéresi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéres (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰére (imperative second-person singular)
bʰérēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéroys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéreti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéret (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéretu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰérēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰérowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰérowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰérōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéroywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéretes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéretom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéretom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰérētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéroytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéretes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéretām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéretām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰérētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéromos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰérome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰérōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéroyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰérete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰérete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰérete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰérēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéroyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéronti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéront (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰérontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰérōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéronts (indicative participle present)
bʰéreso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéretor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéreto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰérētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰérontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéronto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰérōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéromnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *berja

Albanian: bie (“to bring”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բերեմ (berem)
Armenian: բերել (berel)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bírāˀtei

Latvian: bḕrt

Lithuanian: ber̃ti

Proto-Slavic: *bьrati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bereti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *beraną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferō (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: beran (“Bring!”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pär-

Tocharian B: pär-

Thematic root present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).


bʰoréyeti

bʰoréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰoréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰoréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰoréye (imperative second-person singular)
bʰoréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰoréyoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰoréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰoréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰoréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰoréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰoréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰoréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰoréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰoréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰoréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰoréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰoréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰoréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰoréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰoréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰoréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰoréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰoréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰoréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰoréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰoréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰoréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰoréyete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰoréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰoréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰoréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰoréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰoréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyonts (indicative participle present)
bʰoréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰoréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰoréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰoréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰoréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰoréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰoréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰoréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰoréyō

Ancient Greek: φορέω (phoréō)
Greek: φορώ (foró)
→ Coptic: ⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ (phorei)
→ English: phoro-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāráyati

Sanskrit: भारयति (bhāráyati)

From *bʰer- (“carry”) + *-éyeti (iterative verbal suffix).


bʰúHt

bʰúHm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
bʰúHs (indicative second-person singular)
bʰúH (imperative second-person singular)
?dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰúHesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰúHt (indicative singular third-person)
bʰúHtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰúHeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
?wé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰúHowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
?tóm (dual indicative second-person)
?tóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰúHetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
?tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
?tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰúHetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
?mé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰúHomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
?té (indicative plural second-person)
?té (imperative plural second-person)
bʰúHete (plural second-person subjunctive)
?ént (indicative plural third-person)
?éntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰúHonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
?ónts (indicative participle)

Athematic root aorist of *bʰuH- (“to be, become, grow, appear”).

fuī (1sg.prf.act.ind of sum)

Proto-Italic: *fūai (1sg.prf.act.ind of *ezom, *som)


wéǵʰeti

wéǵʰoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
wéǵʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéǵʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
wéǵʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéǵʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
wéǵʰe (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰoys (optative second-person singular)
wéǵʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéǵʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
wéǵʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéǵʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéǵʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéǵʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéǵʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéǵʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéǵʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéǵʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéǵʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéǵʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéǵʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéǵʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéǵʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéǵʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéǵʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéǵʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéǵʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéǵʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéǵʰete (imperative plural second-person)
wéǵʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéǵʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéǵʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéǵʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéǵʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰonts (indicative participle present)
wéǵʰoh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
wéǵʰōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰēth₂er (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wéǵʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéǵʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂ (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂ (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wéǵʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wéǵʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéǵʰomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *wedza

Albanian: vjedh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *weganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wékʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *weɣō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *weǵʰ- (“to transport”).


wḗǵʰst

wḗǵʰsm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
wḗǵʰsoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wḗǵʰs (indicative second-person singular)
wḗǵʰs (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰsdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
wḗǵʰsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wḗǵʰst (indicative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰstu (imperative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰswe (dual first-person indicative)
wḗǵʰsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰstom (dual indicative second-person)
wéǵʰstom (dual imperative second-person)
wḗǵʰsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰstām (dual indicative third-person)
wéǵʰstām (dual imperative third-person)
wḗǵʰsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsme (first-person indicative plural)
wḗǵʰsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰste (indicative plural second-person)
wéǵʰste (imperative plural second-person)
wḗǵʰsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰsn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
wḗǵʰsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥ts (indicative participle)
wéǵʰsh₂e (first-person indicative singular)
wéǵʰso (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰsto (indicative singular third-person)
wéǵʰso (indicative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰsetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
wéǵʰsro (indicative plural third-person)
wḗǵʰsontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *éwekse

Ancient Greek: ἔϝεξε (éwexe) (Arcadocypriot)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अवाक्षीत्</i> (ávākṣīt)

(later अवाक्षीत् (ávākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अवाट् (ávāṭ) (later अवाक्षीत् (ávākṣīt))

Proto-Italic: *wēksai

Latin: vē̆xī

From *weǵʰ- (“to transport”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).


h₂éǵoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₂éǵom (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂éǵōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵoyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂éǵes (indicative past second-person singular)
h₂éǵe (imperative second-person singular)
h₂éǵēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵet (indicative past singular third-person)
h₂éǵēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵetām (dual indicative past third-person)
h₂éǵetām (dual imperative third-person)
h₂éǵētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
h₂éǵēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵoh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂éǵōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵēth₂er (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōwosdʰh₂ (dual first-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵōmosdʰh₂ (first-person plural subjunctive)
h₂éǵēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ածեմ (acem)
Armenian: ածել (acel)

Proto-Celtic: *ageti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *akaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ágō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *agō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ākeñc

Tocharian B: āśäṃ

Thematic root present of *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).


léykʷt

léykʷm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
léykʷs (indicative second-person singular)
léyk (imperative second-person singular)
likʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
léykʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
léykʷt (indicative singular third-person)
léykʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
léykʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
likwé (dual first-person indicative)
léykʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
likʷtóm (dual indicative second-person)
likʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
léykʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
likʷtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
likʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
léykʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
likʷmé (first-person indicative plural)
léykʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
likʷté (indicative plural second-person)
likʷté (imperative plural second-person)
léykʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
likʷént (indicative plural third-person)
likʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
léykʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
likʷónts (indicative participle)
likʷsó (imperative second-person singular)
likʷtó (indicative singular third-person)
likʷó (indicative singular third-person)
léykʷetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
likʷn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
likʷró (indicative plural third-person)
léykʷontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”) (possibly)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *lixъ (“remaining, odd number”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *līhwaną (“to lend”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lībaną (“to remain, be left”) (voiced Verner alternate with pre-proto-Germanic kʷ -> p)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)

Proto-Italic: *leikʷai

Latin: līquī

Athematic root aorist of *leykʷ- (“to leave”).