ḱl̥néwti

ḱl̥néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱl̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱl̥néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱl̥néws (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱl̥néw (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱl̥néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱl̥néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱl̥nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱl̥néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱl̥nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱl̥nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱl̥néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱl̥nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱl̥nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱl̥néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥numós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱl̥numé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱl̥néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱl̥nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱl̥nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱl̥nuté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱl̥néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱl̥nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱl̥nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱl̥néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nwónts (indicative participle present)
ḱl̥nuh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱl̥nusó (imperative second-person singular)
ḱl̥nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱl̥nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱl̥néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱl̥nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱl̥nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱl̥nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱl̥néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *klinutor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *klän-

Tocharian A: käln-

Tocharian B: käln-

From *ḱlew- (“to hear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).

infix

hlunni

>? Proto-Germanic: *hlunniz; Proto-West Germanic


ḱeḱlówe

ḱeḱlów (imperative second-person singular)
ḱeḱludʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱeḱléwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱeḱlówe (indicative singular third-person)
ḱeḱlówtu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱeḱléweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱeḱluwé (dual first-person indicative)
ḱeḱléwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱeḱlutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱeḱléwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱeḱlutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱeḱléwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱeḱlumé (first-person indicative plural)
ḱeḱléwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱeḱl̥wé (indicative plural second-person)
ḱeḱluté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱeḱléwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱeḱl̥wḗr (indicative plural third-person)
ḱeḱl̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱeḱléwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱeḱluwṓs (indicative participle)

Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic: *kiglow (preterite of *klüwid)

Old Irish: ro·cúalae

Irish: chuala

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućrā́wa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuśrā́wa

Sanskrit: शुश्राव (śuśrā́va)

Proto-Iranian: *cucrā́wa

Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬯𐬭𐬏𐬨𐬀 (sūsrūma, 1st pl.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


gʷm̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
gʷm̥tós (nominative singular)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷm̥tóes (nominative plural)
gʷm̥té (singular vocative)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷm̥tóes (plural vocative)
gʷm̥tóm (accusative singular)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷm̥tóms (accusative plural)
gʷm̥tósyo (genitive singular)
gʷm̥tóHom (genitive plural)
gʷm̥téad (ablative singular)
gʷm̥tómos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥tóey (dative singular)
gʷm̥tómos (dative plural)
gʷm̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
gʷm̥téy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tóy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tóysu (locative plural)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
gʷm̥téh₂ (nominative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (singular vocative)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
gʷm̥tā́m (accusative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
gʷm̥téh₂ (locative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tóm (nominative singular)
gʷm̥tóy (dual nominative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (nominative plural)
gʷm̥tóm (singular vocative)
gʷm̥tóy (dual vocative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (plural vocative)
gʷm̥tóy (accusative dual)
gʷm̥téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtás

Latvian: dzìmts

Lithuanian: gim̃tas

Old Prussian: naunagimton

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətós

Ancient Greek: βατός (batós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gatás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentos

Latin: ventus

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *itos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *itós

Ancient Greek: ἰτός (itós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hitás

Sanskrit: इत (ita)

Proto-Iranian: *Hitáh

desc

Avestan: (𐬀𐬌𐬡-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((aiβ-)ita), (𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((pait-)ita)

Proto-Italic: *itos

Latin: itus

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ǵn̥h₃tós

ǵn̥h₃tós (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃té (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tā́m (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂i (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gnātos (“known, usual”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gnōtós

desc

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós), γνωστός (gnōstós) (with contamination)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́naHtás

Sanskrit: ज्ञात (jñātá)

Proto-Iranian: *jnaHtás

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬀 (zanta)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (zand, “Zand, knowledge of Avesta”)

Proto-Italic: *gnōtos or *gnātos

Latin: nōtus
Italian: noto

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


widtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
widtós (nominative singular)
widtóes (nominative plural)
widté (singular vocative)
widtóes (plural vocative)
widtóm (accusative singular)
widtóms (accusative plural)
widtósyo (genitive singular)
widtóHom (genitive plural)
widtéad (ablative singular)
widtómos (ablative plural)
widtóbʰos (ablative plural)
widtóey (dative singular)
widtómos (dative plural)
widtóbʰos (dative plural)
widtéy (locative singular)
widtóy (locative singular)
widtóysu (locative plural)
widtṓys (instrumental plural)
widtā́m (accusative singular)
widtóm (nominative singular)
widtóy (dual nominative)
widtóm (singular vocative)
widtóy (dual vocative)
widtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vistъ

⇒ Polish: oczywisty (“obvious”)

⇒ Polish: rzeczywisty (“real”)

Proto-Celtic: *wissos (“known”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wissaz (“known”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wistós

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄ-ιστος (á-istos, “unseen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *witˢtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wissos

Latin: vīsus (“seen, known”) (see there for further descendants)

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).
The -s- seen in many daughter languages results from the -dt- cluster.


sedtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
sedtós (nominative singular)
sedtóes (nominative plural)
sedté (singular vocative)
sedtóes (plural vocative)
sedtóm (accusative singular)
sedtóms (accusative plural)
sedtósyo (genitive singular)
sedtóHom (genitive plural)
sedtéad (ablative singular)
sedtómos (ablative plural)
sedtóbʰos (ablative plural)
sedtóey (dative singular)
sedtómos (dative plural)
sedtóbʰos (dative plural)
sedtéy (locative singular)
sedtóy (locative singular)
sedtóysu (locative plural)
sedtṓys (instrumental plural)
sedtā́m (accusative singular)
sedtóm (nominative singular)
sedtóy (dual nominative)
sedtóm (singular vocative)
sedtóy (dual vocative)
sedtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *sessā

Gaulish: sessa

Proto-Germanic: *sessaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sattás

Sanskrit: सत्त (sattá, “seated”)

Proto-Italic: *sessos

Latin: sessus

From *sed- (“to sit”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


wr̥ǵtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
wr̥ǵtós (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtóes (nominative plural)
wr̥ǵté (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtóes (plural vocative)
wr̥ǵtóm (accusative singular)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtóms (accusative plural)
wr̥ǵtósyo (genitive singular)
wr̥ǵtóHom (genitive plural)
wr̥ǵtéad (ablative singular)
wr̥ǵtómos (ablative plural)
wr̥ǵtóbʰos (ablative plural)
wr̥ǵtóey (dative singular)
wr̥ǵtómos (dative plural)
wr̥ǵtóbʰos (dative plural)
wr̥ǵtéy (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtóy (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtóysu (locative plural)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (instrumental singular)
wr̥ǵtṓys (instrumental plural)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtā́m (accusative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
wr̥ǵtóm (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtóy (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (nominative plural)
wr̥ǵtóm (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtóy (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (plural vocative)
wr̥ǵtóy (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *wurhtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥štás

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥štáh

desc

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (varšta, “done; worken”)

From *werǵ- (“to make”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ǵʰḗr

ǵʰr̥- (oblique stem)
ǵʰḗr (nominative singular)
ǵʰérh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰérh₁e (dual nominative)
ǵʰéres (nominative plural)
ǵʰér (singular vocative)
ǵʰérh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰérh₁e (dual vocative)
ǵʰéres (plural vocative)
ǵʰérm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰérh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰérh₁e (accusative dual)
ǵʰérm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰrés (genitive singular)
ǵʰróHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰrés (ablative singular)
ǵʰr̥mós (ablative plural)
ǵʰr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰréy (dative singular)
ǵʰr̥mós (dative plural)
ǵʰr̥bʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰér (locative singular)
ǵʰéri (locative singular)
ǵʰr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰr̥mís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰḗr

Ancient Greek: χήρ (khḗr)

Proto-Italic: *hēr

Latin: ēr

From *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, bristly”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


mḗms

mḗms (nominative singular)
mḗms (singular vocative)
mḗms (accusative singular)
mémsos (genitive singular)
mémsos (ablative singular)
mémsey (dative singular)
méms (locative singular)
mémsi (locative singular)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗns
East Baltic:
Latgalian: mīsa
Latvian: mìesa
Lithuanian: mėsà
Samogitian: męsà
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: menso, mensā
Proto-Slavic: *mę̑so (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ms

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ms

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: मांस् (māṃs), मास् (mās)

From *mems- (“flesh, meat”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

misa

*mēms-eh₂ (or perhaps from collective *mēms-eh₁)

mish

Proto-Albanian: *meša (< earlier *mēNśa-); Albanian


léymō

léymō (nominative singular)
léymones (nominative plural)
léymon (singular vocative)
léymones (plural vocative)
léymonm̥ (accusative singular)
léymonm̥s (accusative plural)
limnés (genitive singular)
limnóHom (genitive plural)
limnés (ablative singular)
limn̥mós (ablative plural)
limn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
limnéy (dative singular)
limn̥mós (dative plural)
limn̥bʰós (dative plural)
limén (locative singular)
liméni (locative singular)
limn̥sú (locative plural)
limn̥mís (instrumental plural)
limn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
léymō (nominative singular)
léymones (nominative plural)
léymon (singular vocative)
léymones (plural vocative)
léymonm̥ (accusative singular)
léymonm̥s (accusative plural)
l̥ym̥nés (genitive singular)
l̥ym̥nóHom (genitive plural)
l̥ym̥nés (ablative singular)
limn̥mós (ablative plural)
limn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
l̥ym̥néy (dative singular)
limn̥mós (dative plural)
limn̥bʰós (dative plural)
limén (locative singular)
liméni (locative singular)
limn̥sú (locative plural)
limn̥mís (instrumental plural)
limn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *léymō

Ancient Greek: λειμών (leimṓn)

Ancient Greek: λιμήν (limḗn) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λῐ́μνη (lĭ́mnē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *lyëmë

Tocharian B: lyam

From *ley- (“to flow, pour, stream”) + *-mṓ (agentive nominal suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *tlātós

desc

Ancient Greek: τλᾱτός (tlātós), τλητός (tlētós)

Proto-Italic: *tlātos

i

Latin: lātus (a suppletive conjugation of the unrelated ferō (“to bear, carry”))

From *telh₂- (“to bear”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


mems-

Proto-Tocharian: *mʲənsa

Tocharian B: [Term?] (mīsa)

*mḗms (< *méms-s) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *me-ms-, reduplicated form of *mes-.


kret-

*krét-ti ~ *kr̥t-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kirstei

desc

>? Lithuanian: kir̃sti, kirstù, kirtaũ (“to make sour”)

*kórt-u-s (built from earlier o-grade *kort-)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártus (“bitter”)

Lithuanian: kartùs

Old Prussian: kārtai (nom.pl.)

>? Proto-Germanic: *harduz (“hard; brave”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *harskaz (“rough; sour”) (see there for further descendants)

*kret-ó-s (“swelling”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretas (“clot”)

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretḗˀtei

Latvian: kretêt (“to clot”)

*krét-s ~ *kr̥t-és (“strength”)

Proto-Germanic: *hurþaz (< thematized *kr̥t-ó-s)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hurskaz (< *hurþskaz, + *-skaz)

Old Norse: horskr (“wise”)

Icelandic: horskur

Proto-Hellenic: *krétos, *krə́tos, *kə́rtos (< thematized *krét-o-s, *kŕ̥t-o-s)

Ancient Greek: κράτος (krátos, “might, strength”), κάρτος (kártos) — Ionic, Doric, Epic, κρέτος (krétos) — Aeolic (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καρτερός (karterós, “strong, mighty”), κρατερός (kraterós) — Epic (+ -ερός (-erós), or < *kr̥t-ero-s)

q

*krét-u-s ~ *kr̥t-éw-s (“having strength, strong”) (suggested to be a denominal of *krót-u-s ~ *kért-u-s (“strength”))

Proto-Hellenic: *krətús (< leveled *kr̥t-ú-s)

desc

Ancient Greek: κρατύς (kratús, “strong, mighty”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krátuš (“force, mental power”) (see there for further descendants)

*krét-yōs ~ *kr̥t-is-és (“strong; better”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kréťťōn

Ancient Greek: κρείσσων (kreíssōn, “more powerful”), κρείττων (kreíttōn) — Attic, κρέσσων (kréssōn) — Ionic

*kr̥t-tó-s (“swollen”)

Proto-Italic: *krassus

>? Latin: crassus (“thick; fat”)

Compare *kert- (whence Kamkata-viri koṭ (“strength”)), which may be a variant.


kret-

*krét-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kréstei

Latvian: krė̃sti (“to shake”)

Lithuanian: krèst (“to fall, drop, die”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *hreþaną (“to sift”) (see there for further descendants)

*krot-éye-ti (eye-causative/iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kratīˀtei

Latgalian: krateit(i) (“to shake repeatedly”)

Latvian: kratît (“to shake repeatedly”)

Lithuanian: kratýti (“to shake, jolt”)

Proto-Hellenic: *krotéō

Ancient Greek: κροτέω (krotéō, “to rattle”)

*kr̥t-néh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *hurtōną, *hrut(t)ōną

Proto-West Germanic: *hurtōn

Old High German: *hurzōn

Middle High German: hurzen (“to rush”)

Old Norse: *hrota

Norwegian: rota (“to side down”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hreutaną

Old Norse: hrjóta (“to fall”)

Norwegian: rjota

*kr̥-né-t-ti ~ *kr̥-n-t-én-ti (nasal infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krínstei (“to fall, drop”)

Latvian: krist

Lithuanian: kri̇̀sti

*kret-ó-s (“a shake, tremble”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretas

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretḗˀtei

Lithuanian: kretė́ti (“to tremble (with old age), walk shakily”)

*krot-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: apikratai̇̃ (“fast”)

Proto-Germanic: *hradaz (“quick, hasty”) (see there for further descendants)

*krot-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kratús

Latgalian: krotūšs (“one that shakes”)

Lithuanian: kratùs (“shaky, bumpy”)

*krót-o-s (“shaking”)

Proto-Celtic: *krotos

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *krotāti

Old Irish: crothaim (“to shake”)

Middle Irish: crothaid

Scottish Gaelic: crath

Proto-Hellenic: *krótos

Ancient Greek: κρότος (krótos, “rattling”)


ǵʰes-

*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰs-r-és or *ǵʰés-ōr ~ *ǵʰes-r-és or *ǵʰs-ḗr ~ *ǵʰs-r-és

*ǵʰés-lom (“heap, thousand”)

*ǵʰós-to-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰástas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hos-tos

Latin: hostus (“the yield of olive from a single pressing”)

*ǵʰós-tu-s

Proto-Celtic: *gostus

⇒ *ad-gostus (“near”, literally “at hand”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰos-t-i-yo-

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: pažasti̇̀s, pažastė̃, pažastỹs (with pa-, põ, < *h₂pó)

Italic:

Latin: hostia


Proto-Celtic: *Dānu

Irish: Dana

Welsh: Dôn

→ English: Don

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHnu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHnu

Sanskrit: दानु (dā́nu, “fluid, drop, dew”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHnu

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬥𐬎 (dānu)

Proto-Scythian: *dānu

Old Ossetic: *dān

Jassic: dan

Ossetian: дон (don)


yunégti

yunégmi (first-person indicative present singular)
yunégm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
yunégsi (indicative present second-person singular)
yunégs (indicative past second-person singular)
yunég (imperative second-person singular)
yungdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
yunégesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
yunégti (indicative present singular third-person)
yunégt (indicative past singular third-person)
yunégtu (imperative singular third-person)
yunégeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
yungwós (dual first-person indicative present)
yungwé (dual first-person indicative past)
yunégowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
yungtés (dual indicative present second-person)
yungtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
yungtóm (dual imperative second-person)
yunégetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
yungtés (dual indicative present third-person)
yungtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
yungtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
yunégetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
yungmós (first-person indicative plural present)
yungmé (first-person indicative past plural)
yunégomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
yungté (indicative plural present second-person)
yungté (indicative past plural second-person)
yungté (imperative plural second-person)
yunégete (plural second-person subjunctive)
yungénti (indicative plural present third-person)
yungént (indicative past plural third-person)
yungéntu (imperative plural third-person)
yunégonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
yungónts (indicative participle present)
yungsó (imperative second-person singular)
yungtór (indicative present singular third-person)
yungór (indicative present singular third-person)
yungtó (indicative past singular third-person)
yungó (indicative past singular third-person)
yunégetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
yungn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
yungrór (indicative plural present third-person)
yungn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
yungró (indicative past plural third-person)
yunégontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: jiugt

Latvian: jûgt

Lithuanian: jùngti

Samogitian: jongtė

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yunákti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jungō (see there for further descendants)

From *yewg- (“to join, tie together”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


yéwgos

yéwges- (oblique stem)
yéwgos (nominative singular)
yéwgōs (nominative plural)
yéwgos (singular vocative)
yéwgōs (plural vocative)
yéwgos (accusative singular)
yéwgōs (accusative plural)
yéwgesos (genitive singular)
yéwgesoHom (genitive plural)
yéwgesos (ablative singular)
yéwgesmos (ablative plural)
yéwgesbʰos (ablative plural)
yéwgesey (dative singular)
yéwgesmos (dative plural)
yéwgesbʰos (dative plural)
yéwges (locative singular)
yéwgesi (locative singular)
yéwgesu (locative plural)
yéwgesmis (instrumental plural)
yéwgesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *jeukaz, *jūkaz

Old English: gȳċer

Old High German: *jūh (in the compound jūhhart)

Middle High German: jiuch

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌿𐌶𐌹 (jukuzi)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzéugos

Ancient Greek: ζεῦγος (zeûgos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jougos

Latin: iūgera pl

(possibly) → Italic: *jougVstos, *jougVstād

Latin: iūxtā

From *yewg- (“to join, to yoke, to tie together”) + *-os (suffix creating action/result nouns from verbs).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Wojciech Smoczyński

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: hith (with a preserved laryngeal?)

*h₂i-n-dʰ-tór (mediopassive nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hindᶻdʰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hinddʰáy

Sanskrit: इन्द्धे (inddhé)

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti</i>

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“firewood”) (or from *h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti)

Tocharian B: intsau (“block of wood”)

*h₂éydʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰō

Ancient Greek: αἴθω (aíthō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰati

Sanskrit: एधते (édhate)

*h₂oydʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aidijaną

Old High German: eiten

Middle High German: eiten

*h₂éydʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *aiss, *aiðes (gen.)

Latin: aedēs, aedis, ēdis

Proto-Hellenic: *aitʰḗr

Ancient Greek: αἰθήρ (aithḗr) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aidos or *aidu

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: oaz (“ardor, jealousy”)

Breton: oaz

Welsh: aidd (“ardor”)

Old Irish: áed (“fire”)

Proto-Germanic: *aidaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एध (édha)

*h₂éydʰ-os ~ *h₂éydʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एधस् (édhas)

⇒ *h₂éydʰ-l-om

Proto-Germanic: *ailą (see there for further descendants)

pre-Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰəl

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰalos

Ancient Greek: αἴθαλος (aíthalos) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀲𐀫 (a3-ta-ro /aitʰalo-/)

Proto-Italic: *aissāts

Latin: aestās

*h₂éydʰ-tu-s ~ *h₂idʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *aissus

Latin: aestus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hidᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiddʰás

Sanskrit: इद्ध (iddhá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰma

Proto-Iranian: *Háydma

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aēsma, “firewood”)

Northeastern Iranian

Khwarezmian: ازم (ʾzm /izm/)

Sogdian:

Buddhist Sogdian: [script needed] (zmy /zmē , zmi/)

Southeastern Iranian

Pashto: هېزم (hezám) (perhaps borrowed from Persian)

Northwestern Iranian

Caspian:

Gilaki: هیمه (himə)

Old Mazanderani: همه (hema)

Mazanderani: هیمه (hīme)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھێزِم (hêzim)

Northern Kurdish: êzing, ezing, hezing, hêzing, hêzîng

Laki: ھێمە (hême)

Southern Kurdish: لێزمە (lêzme) (perhaps) (*hê-> *lê-)

Old Median:

Middle Median:

Kermanic:

Ashtiani: هیمه (hīma)

Zoroastrian Dari: هیزمه (hīzma) (Yazd), ایزمه (īzma) (Kerman)

Old Tati:

Old Azari: هەموم (hamum, “my firewood”)

Talysh:

North Talysh: izem (īzem)

South Talysh: ایزم (īzem)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: هێزمێ (hêzimê)

Zazaki: eyzimi, îzimi

Southwestern Iranian

Larestani: ایمه (īma/ēma)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫖𐫃 (ʿymg /ēmag/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭩𐭮𐭬 (ʾysm /ēsm/), 𐭰𐭩𐭡𐭠 (CYBA /ēzm/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *aidza-

⇒ Albanian: jezull

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aidinti

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ey-</i>, for which see the etymology section

>? Proto-Germanic: *aisǭ (“fireplace”) (or from *h₂ey-, for which see the etymology section) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed from a compound or suffixed verb *h₂éydʰh₁eti, from *h₂ey- (“to burn; fire”) + *-dʰh₁- (“to put, set”, later resultative suffix), literally “to put to fire”. For the root, see also *h₂éyos (“(copper?) metal, ore”), *h₂éyr̥ (“day, morning”) and Proto-Germanic *aisǭ (“fireplace”). Alternatively, the root can be identified as *h₁ay-, “to be warm, hot”, but this root is also contested and poorly evidenced.


bʰeg-

*bʰég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *begeti (“to break”)

Old Irish: do·beig

*bʰég-t ~ *bʰg-ént (athematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եբեկ (ebek, “broke”)

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: բեկանեմ (bekanem, “to break”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bengiú, beñgti (“to break up”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baigtei

Lithuanian: bai̇̃gti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *beigtei

Latvian: bèigt

Lithuanian: bei̇̃gti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰanákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰanákti

Sanskrit: भनक्ति (bhanákti)

*bʰég-n̥to- ~ *bʰg-n̥to-

Proto-Tocharian: *p(ä)känte

Tocharian A: pkänt (“separate”)

Tocharian B: pkante (“obstacle”)

*bʰog-o-

Proto-Celtic: *dī-bogo-

Middle Welsh: di-fo, diuo (“destroying”)

*bʰog-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *boxsman

Middle Irish: boimm (“piece, fragment”)

*bʰog-tós

Proto-Celtic: *boxtos

desctree

Old Irish: bocht (“poor”)
Irish: bocht
Manx: boght
Scottish Gaelic: bochd

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰeh₂g-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (or from *bʰeh₂g-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-yo-s

Proto-Celtic: *bogyos

desc

Old Irish: ráthbuige (“ramparts builder”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bikjaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *bangōną (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: भङ्ग (bhaṅgá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaǰ-

Proto-Iranian: *baǰ-

(perhaps) Khotanese: bajsīha- (“mortar”)

Persian: سونجه (sunje), [script needed] (vsönǰ-), [script needed] (sönǰ-, “to tear, break”) (Tār dialect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भञ्ज् (bhañj)


bʰeg-

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infixed present)

⇒ *bʰeng- (virtual root) (back-formed)

q

⇒? *bʰong-éh₂ (unless from the sense “to break” above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bangā́ˀ

Latvian: bañga, buôga (“multitude, crowd, grove; downpour, cloud”)

desc

Lithuanian: bangà (“billow, wave; multitude”)

⇒ *bʰong-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankiz (“bulge, hillock; bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰong-ō

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankô (“bank; hill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰéng-ō ~ *bʰn̥g-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: *bunkô (“bump, heap; bunch, crowd”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakiz (“brook; beach”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-o-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *baką (“back”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóg-ō ~ *bʰg-né-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakô, *bakkô

>? Proto-West Germanic: *bakō (“back”), *bakkō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōgnás (“swamp, bog, marsh”) (unless from a substrate source)

>? Lithuanian: bognà

Proto-Slavic: *bagnò (see there for further descendants)


h₂éḱru

h₂éḱru (nominative singular)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éḱruh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂éḱru (singular vocative)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éḱruh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂éḱru (accusative singular)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱruh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂ḱréw (locative singular)
h₂ḱrúh₁ (instrumental singular)

⇒ Proto-Anatolian: (with a prefix such as sporadic *s-, or a compound *sekʷ-h₂(e)ḱru?)

Hittite: 𒅖𒄩𒀪𒊒 (isḫaḫru)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: asara

Lithuanian: ãšara

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ākru

Tocharian A: ākär

Tocharian B: akrūna

which may point to an early meaning of *for *h₂éḱru


*du-n-h₂-tór ~ *du-n-h₂-rór (deponent nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *dunamai

Ancient Greek: δύναμαι (dúnamai)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tswetär

Proto-Germanic: *(ga)tawaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *tawjaną (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *gotovъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tōlą (“tool”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *teudrą (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tūdrą (“fruit, offspring”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀwē

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dweh₂-</i> (“to move away”)

Proto-Slavic: *davě (“ago, recently”) (alternatively from *dweh₂- (“to move away”))

Russian: даве (dave) (dialectal)

Old Church Slavonic: давѣ (davě)

⇒ *oděvě

desc

Old Church Slavonic: одѣвѣ (oděvě, “recently”)

⇒ *dãvьnъ (“past, ancient”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tawwą (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ), ընտերք (ənterkʻ)
Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *énteros

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔντερον (énteron)
Greek: έντερο (éntero)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántaras

Sanskrit: अन्तर (ántara) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántarah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (aṇtara)

Western Iranian:

desc

Northern Kurdish: hindirr (“inside”), hindurr, hindurrû, hundur

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”)
Middle Persian: (/andar/)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (BYN), 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (ʾndr)
Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (BY̲N), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾntl)
Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮈𐮌 (BY̲N), 𐮀𐮌𐮑𐮊 (ʾntl)
Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬭 (andar)
Classical Persian: اندر (andar)
Dari: اندر (andar), در (dar)
Iranian Persian: اندر (andar), در (dar)
Tajik: андар (andar), дар (dar)
→ Hindi: अंदर (andar)
→ Urdu: اندر (andar)

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr /andar/)

Proto-Italic: *enteros

Latin: *interus

⇒ Latin: intrā (see there for further descendants); intrō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: interior (see there for further descendants)

Venetic: 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌀 (atra), 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌀 (antra, “within”)

From *h₁en (“in”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


gʷr̥h₂éw (locative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷr̥h₂ús (nominative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂ú (singular vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úm (accusative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂éw (locative singular)
gʷr̥h₂éwh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷr̥h₂ú (nominative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (nominative plural)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (plural vocative)
gʷr̥h₂ú (accusative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *kuruz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷarus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Húš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷraus (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).

bryw

Proto-Celtic: *bruwos (“quantity, multitude”) (perhaps); Middle Welsh

bró

Proto-Celtic: *bruwos (“quantity, multitude”) (perhaps); Old Irish

importance; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Celtic: *brīgosProto-Brythonic: *briɣMiddle Breton: bryCornish: bryMiddle Welsh: briWelsh: briGaulish: *brīgos→ Vulgar Latin: *brīgus>? Italian: brigaOld Occitan: briuCatalan: briu→ Spanish: brío→ Italian: brio→ English: brio→ French: brio→? Old Galician-Portuguese: brioGalician: bríoPortuguese: brio>? Sicilian: sbriguni


non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (collective nominative)
ǵónh₁e (singular vocative)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (collective vocative)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (accusative collective)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵónh₁ōys (instrumental plural)
ǵonh₁óh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Hellenic: *gónos, *gonā́

desc

Ancient Greek: γόνος (gónos), γονή (gonḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHas m (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-os.


*h₂i-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *īˀskāˀtei

Latgalian: īskuot

Latvian: ieskāt

Lithuanian: ieškóti

Proto-Slavic: *jьskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *issketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *iskaną

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aisk (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aiskōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hišćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *isskō

⇒ Umbrian: eiscurent (3pl. fut. perf.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiṣṭás

Sanskrit: इष्ट (iṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (išta)

Proto-Germanic: *aizō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: այց (aycʻ), հայց (haycʻ)

Armenian: հայց (haycʻ)

Proto-Germanic: *aizāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aizoskāō

Latin: aeruscō

>? Proto-Italic: *aistomāō

Latin: aestimō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aiˀskāˀ

Latvian: ieska

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂réh₁dʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaną (“to decide”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-t ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHraHdʰat

Proto-Iranian: *HáHráHdat

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬝 (rādat̰, “to succeed, accomplish”, 3sg.aor.act.subj.)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰyati

Sanskrit: राध्यति (rā́dhyati, “to succeed”)

*h₂roh₁dʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rā́ˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: rõdeit(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Latgalian: rõdeitõjs (“significative”)

Latvian: rādīt(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Lithuanian: rodyti (“to show, demonstrate”)

Proto-Slavic: *raditi (“care about, heed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rādīti (“to talk”)

Old Irish: ráidid, radid

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambi-rādīti (“to think”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: amraud

Welsh: amrawdd

Old Irish: imm-rádi

Proto-Germanic: *rōdijaną (“to speak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰáyati

Sanskrit: राधयति (rādháyati, “to commit”)

*h₂r̥h₁dʰ-néw-ti ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰnáwti

Sanskrit: राध्नोति (rādhnóti, “to succeed”)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰas

Sanskrit: राधस् (rā́dhas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰaH

Proto-Iranian: *HráHdaH

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (rāda, “trustee”)

Proto-Germanic: *radō (“row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HdʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HdáH

Ossetian: (“order, row”)

Digor Ossetian: радӕ (radæ)

Iron Ossetian: рад (rad)

Proto-Germanic: *rēswō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raðā

Albanian: radhë (“row”)

Latgalian: rẽdeit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: rẽdynis (“sunday best suit”)

Latgalian: rẽdeiba (“order, orderliness”)

Latgalian: rādovoit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: parāds (“order”)

Possible reanalyzed root of *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


HrewdH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrawdH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrawdH-

Sanskrit: रुद् (rud)

*HréwdH-ti ~ *HrudH-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *reutaną
Proto-West Germanic: *reutan
Old English: rēotan
Old Saxon: *riotan
Middle Low German: rêten
Old High German: riozan, riuzan
Middle High German: riezen
Old Norse: rjóta
Icelandic: rjóta
Faroese: rjóta, rýta

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráwdHti ~ *Hrúdanti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roudō or *rudō

Latin: rūdō or rudō

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raudà

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûdât

Lithuanian: raudóti

Proto-Germanic: *rautōną

Old Norse: rauta

Icelandic: rauta (obsolete?)

Norwegian: raute, rauta

Swedish: röta (obsolete)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *raudinja

Albanian: ryej

Balto-Slavic:

Old Lithuanian: rausti

Proto-Slavic: *rydati (“to wail, weep”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly an extension of *h₃rewH- (“to howl, shout, speak noisily”).


h₁óh₃s

h₁óh₃s (nominative singular)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁óh₃s (singular vocative)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁óh₃s (accusative singular)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (accusative plural)
h₁éh₃s (locative singular)
h₁h₃sú (locative plural)
h₁h₃séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (a-i-iš /aiš/)

q

or < thematic <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁óh₃s-o-s</i>

Luwian: 𒀀𒀀𒀸𒊭 (a-a-aš-ša /āssa/) (or < thematic *h₁óh₃s-o-s)

Proto-Celtic: *ās

Old Irish: á

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHs

Sanskrit: आस् (ā́s)

Proto-Iranian: *HáHh

Avestan: 𐬁𐬵 (āh) (inst. sg. form: 𐬇𐬆𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬁 (ə̄əā̊ŋhā))

Proto-Italic: *ōs

Latin: ōs (see there for further descendants)

From earlier acrostatic *h₁óh₃-s ~ *h₁éh₃-s.

austo

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aušt-; Old Prussian


h₁ln̥gʷʰéw (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰús (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúm (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰéw (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lengus ~ *lingus

Latvian: liêgs (“gentle”)

Lithuanian: leñgvas, lengvùs

Proto-Slavic: *lьgъkъ (< Pre-Slavic *lingu-kos)

Proto-Celtic: *legus, *lagus

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: llaw (“small, low, sad”) (< *lagwos)

Breton: law (“miserable, bad”)

Proto-Hellenic: *eləkʰús

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐλαχύς (elakhús, “small”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰúš (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis)

Latin: levis (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰré (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰrā́m (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *lungraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eləpʰrós

Ancient Greek: ἐλαφρός (elaphrós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *Hlagráh

Old Persian: *lagraʰ

Middle Persian: *lāgar

Persian: لاغر (lâġar)

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tria

Ancient Greek: -τρια (-tria)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-triH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-triH

Sanskrit: -त्री (-trī)

Proto-Iranian: *-θriH

Avestan: -𐬚𐬭𐬍 (-θrī) (e.g. 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬍 (manaoθrī, “which remind”) from 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man, “to think”))

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.


*h₁rém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrámati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇̀mti (present ri̇̀mstu)

*h₁rom-éye-ti (causative)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·ruimi

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrāmáyati

Sanskrit: रामयति (rāmáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāmaiieⁱti)

*h₁rém-os ~ *h₁rém-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *remaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: آرام (ârâm, “quiet, calm”)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἤρεμος (ḗremos, “gentle, quiet”)

Greek: ήρεμος (íremos, “quiet, calm”)


*h₁wér-o-s ~ *h₁wér-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éuros

Ancient Greek: εὖρος (eûros, “breadth, width”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwáras

Sanskrit: वरस् (váras, “breadth, expanse, room, wide space”)

*h₁wér-u-s ~ *h₁ur-éw-s


Proto-Hellenic: *eurús

Ancient Greek: εὐρύς (eurús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hurúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hurúṣ

Sanskrit: उरु (urú)

Proto-Iranian: *Hurúš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (voᵘru)

From *h₁wer- (“broad”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₂égʰōs (nominative plural)
h₂égʰōs (plural vocative)
h₂égʰōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *agaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄχος (ákhos)

From *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”) + *-os.


h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵr̥ye (singular vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵr̥yōys (instrumental plural)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yām (accusative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (locative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (accusative plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արտի (arti)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγριος (ágrios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ryas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ryas

Sanskrit: अज्र्य (ajryá)

From the noun *h₂éǵros (“field, pasturage”) + *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).

affix

campestral, field (attributive), of or relating to fields


h₂énǵʰus

h₂énǵʰus (nominative singular)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰu (singular vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰum (accusative singular)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂énǵʰu (nominative singular)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂énǵʰu (accusative singular)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰús (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúes (nominative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúes (plural vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúm (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúms (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwbʰos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwbʰos (dative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwsu (locative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwbʰis (instrumental plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (accusative plural)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: անձուկ (anjuk, “narrow, tight”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ankštas

Proto-Slavic: *ǫzъkъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnic: *ahtas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *angus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánźʰuṣ

Sanskrit: अंहु (áṃhu)

From *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow, tight”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₂énh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂n̥h₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂énh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂n̥h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂n̥h₁wé (dual first-person indicative past)
h₂n̥h₁tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
h₂n̥h₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
h₂n̥h₁mé (first-person indicative past plural)
h₂n̥h₁té (indicative plural present second-person)
h₂n̥h₁té (indicative past plural second-person)
h₂n̥h₁té (imperative plural second-person)

Proto-Celtic: *anati (“to remain”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ananą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HánHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HánHti

Sanskrit: अनिति (ániti)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wyaHnás (suffixed with *wi-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wyaHnás

desctree

Sanskrit: व्यान (vyāna)
→ Telugu: వ్యానము (vyānamu)

Proto-Iranian:

Central:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (viiānaiiā)

Western:

Northwestern:

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Northern Kurdish: giyan

Southern Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Southwestern:

Old Persian:

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gyān /HYA, yʾn'/)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (gyān /gyʾn/)

Athematic root present of *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


Albanian: rosë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anˀtis

Lithuanian: ántis

Old Prussian: antis

Proto-Slavic: *ǫtь, *ǫty (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anadz (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Hellenic: *nāťťa (< *n̥h₂t-ih₂, apparently with lost laryngeal?)

Ancient Greek: νῆσσα (nêssa), νῆττα (nêtta), νᾶσσα (nâssa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHtíṣ

Sanskrit: आति (ātí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HaHtíš

Ossetian: (“wild duck”)

Digor Ossetian: ацца (acca)

Iron Ossetian: ацц (acc) (< *HaHtí-čiH)

Proto-Italic: *anats

Latin: anas (see there for further descendants)

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h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-an-za)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄντα (ánta) (either from accusative singular *h₂éntm̥ or from accusative plural *h₂énth̥₂)

Ancient Greek: ἄντην (ántēn)

From *h₂ent- (“face, forehead; front”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

anda-

*h₂entó ((fossilized) allative singular)

against; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ā́ntë

in front; see there for further descendants

possibly) *h₂n̥tbʰi (from the instrumental plural


Proto-Celtic: *yuwankos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jungaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyuHaćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyuHaśás

Sanskrit: युवश (yuvaśá, “young”)

Proto-Italic: *juwənkos (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *jundō

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (junda)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyuHatáH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *juwentā

Latin: iuventa


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brū́ˀs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brūs

⇒ Old Irish: forbrú

Middle Irish: brú, brá

Proto-Hellenic: *opʰrū́s

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀφρύς (ophrús), ὀφρῦς (ophrûs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HbʰrúHs (see there for further descendants)


h₃éngʷn̥

h₃éngʷn̥ (nominative singular)
h₃éngʷō (collective nominative)
h₃éngʷn̥ (singular vocative)
h₃éngʷō (collective vocative)
h₃éngʷn̥ (accusative singular)
h₃éngʷō (accusative collective)
h₃n̥gʷén (locative singular)
h₃n̥gʷén (collective locative)
h₃n̥gʷénh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃n̥gʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *amban (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ankwô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ongʷn̥

Latin: unguen

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌍 (umen, acc.sg.), 𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄 (umne, “ointment”, abl.sg.)

desctree

→ Latin: ōmentum
→ Catalan: oment
→ English: omentum
→ Italian: omento
→ Spanish: omento

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́nǰa (with irregular long vowel)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́nǰanam (thematicization of *h₃éngʷen-)

desc

Sanskrit: आञ्जन (ā́ñjana, “ointment, fat”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *annabr̥ta (“ghee”) (with *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”)) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃engʷ- (“to smear, to anoint”) + *-mn̥, with some sort of loss of *-m-.


h₃érō

h₃érō (nominative singular)
h₃r̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hórōs

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸 (ḫa-a-ra-aš /χáras/)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: orr, orrll

⇒ Proto-Armenian: (thematic, reduplicated)

desctree

Old Armenian: որոր (oror, “gull”)
→ Armenian: որոր (oror) (learned)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arélis (thematic, suffixed) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *eriros (thematic, suffixed) (possibly, but there would be irregular development of initial vowel if so)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: erer

Cornish: er

Welsh: eryr

Old Irish: irar

Middle Irish: ilar

Irish: iolar

Manx: urley

Scottish Gaelic: iolair

Proto-Germanic: *arô (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *órn-īk-s ~ *órn-īkʷʰ- (suffixed from the oblique stem)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄρνῑς (órnīs, “bird, chicken”), ὄρνῑξ (órnīx) — Ionic, Doric
Greek: όρνιθα (órnitha)

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: [Term?] n (“bird”) (suffixed from the oblique stem and thematicized)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄρνεον (órneon)
Greek: όρνεο (órneo), όρνιο (órnio)

Possibly from *h₃er- + *-ō, with semantic development "that which rises (in the sky)" > "bird" > "eagle".


q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wer</i>

⇒? Proto-Anatolian: *Hasdwer (+ *-wer)

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒁺𒂊𒅕 (ḫa-aš-du-e-er, “twig(s), brushwood; splinter (of bone?)”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ոստ (ost)

Proto-Germanic: *astaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ózdos

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄζος (ózos), ὔσδος (úsdos) — Aeolic
Greek: όζος (ózos)

Possibly connected in some way to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hádᶻgas (“knot (in a plant), branch, twig”) (e.g. Sanskrit अद्ग (ádga-, “knot (in wood), sprout (of bamboo), cane”), Middle Persian ʾzg (“twig”)) and Proto-Celtic *odbos ~ *osbos (“knot”) (Old Irish odb, Middle Welsh oddf), which seem to reflect Proto-Indo-European *Hód(s)gʷos (“knot, shoot”). In that case, both *Hód(s)gʷos and *h₃ósdos (note also their complementary distribution) might be different simplifications of the same original compound word, the first element of which may tentatively be identified with *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”). However, compare also Ancient Greek ὄσχος (óskhos), ὠσχός (ōskhós, “young branch”), which perhaps show substrate alternations.


⇒? Proto-Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κμέλεθρα (kmélethra, “beam”) (but more likely Pre-Greek)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kameros

Latin: camur (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂m-ér-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kmárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kmárati

Sanskrit: क्मरति (kmárati, “to be crooked (in body or mind)”)

Proto-Iranian: *kamárati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *kamarā- (“something curved”)

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬁 (kamarā, “girdle”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kmr, “girdle”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kml /kamar/, “waist; girdle”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭪𐭬𐭫𐭩 (kmly /kamar/, “girdle”)

Manichaean script: 𐫞𐫖𐫡 (qmr /kamar/, “vault”)

→ Old Armenian: կամար (kamar, “girdle; arch, vault”)

→ Old Georgian: კამარაჲ (ḳamaray)

desctree

Georgian: კამარა (ḳamara)
→ Svan: კამრა̈ჲ (ḳamräy)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: καμάρα (kamára, “anything with an arched cover”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: καμαρίς (kamarís, “woman's ornament”)

→ Ge'ez: ቀመር (ḳämär)

קָמַר / קֶמֶר

→ Hebrew: קָמַר / קֶמֶר (qemer, qāmar)

Proto-Hellenic: *kámīnos

>? Ancient Greek: κάμῑνος (kámīnos, “furnace”) (or Pre-Greek)

Extensions

⇒ *kh₂m-dʰ(h₁)-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kamtʰós, *kantʰós

>? Ancient Greek: κανθός (kanthós, “corner of the eye”) (or Pre-Greek)

⇒ *kh₂emp-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamptas (“corner”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂emp-o-s</i>

>? Lithuanian: kam̃pas (or from *kh₂emp-o-s)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kaN-to-</i>, or borrowed?

>? Proto-Slavic: *kǫ̃tъ (or from *kaN-to-, or borrowed?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantos (“corner, rim”) (or from *kaN-to-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kamptos

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*km̥p-ye-</i>

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kámptō (verb) (or from *km̥p-ye-)

desc

Ancient Greek: κάμπτω (kámptō, “to bend, turn”)

⇒ *kh₂emp-o-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *hamfaz (“maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kampos (“valley?”)

Latin: campus (“field”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂emp-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kampā́, *kámpā

Ancient Greek: καμπή (kampḗ, “bend”), κάμπη (kámpē, “caterpillar; a kind of ornament”)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καμψός (kampsós)

Proto-Slavic: *kǫpa

Proto-Slavic: *kǫpina


kelH-

(perhaps) *kl̥-né-H-ti ~ *kl̥-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *kelnō

Latin: *cellō

⇒ celsus (past participle) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ (ante)cellō, (ex)cellō, (prae)cellō (see there for further descendants)

South Picene: 𐌄𐌑𐌄𐌋𐌔𐌉𐌕 (eíelsit)

*kélH-mn̥ ~ *kl̥H-mén-s

⇒ *kl̥H-mṓ (on-stem)

⇒ *kl̥H-mós (thematicized)

Proto-Germanic: *hulmaz (“hill, mound, small island”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelamn̥

Latin: columen, culmen (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-m̥n-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kolemnā

Latin: columna (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥H-(l)o-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: कूल (kū́la)

*kélH-ō ~ *kl̥H-né-s; *kólH-ō ~ *kl̥H-né-s (n-stem)

>? Proto-Germanic: *hallô (~ *halþô; or from *ḱel-, or from *(s)kel-)

Old Norse: *halli (“slope”)

Faroese: halli

Icelandic: halli

⇒ *kl̥H-ní-s (“hill”)

Proto-Germanic: *hulliz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kolnis

Latin: collis (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥H-nó-m

>? Proto-Italic: *kalnom

Latin: callum (“hard thing, covering”), callus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-nó-s (“hill”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀnás

Latgalian: kolns

Latvian: kal̂ns

Lithuanian: kálnas

⇒ *kolH-ōn-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnós

Ancient Greek: κολωνός (kolōnós)

⇒ *kolH-ōn-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnā́

Ancient Greek: κολώνη (kolṓnē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀwāˀ

Latvian: kalva

Lithuanian: kalvà

*kolH-bʰ-

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kolopʰōn

Ancient Greek: κολοφών (kolophṓn) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ceļt

Latvian: cel̂t

Lithuanian: kélti

Lithuanian: ki̇̀lti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *čelò (“forehead”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käly- (“to stand”)

Tocharian A: käly-

Tocharian B: käly-


ḱenk-

*ḱónk-ei ~ *ḱn̥k-énti (root verb with o-grade ablaut)

Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀭𒆠 (kānki ~ kankanzi)

Proto-Germanic: *hanhaną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱénk-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánkatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkatay

Sanskrit: शङ्कते (śáṅkate)

*ḱonk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkáyati

Sanskrit: शङ्कयति (śaṅkáyati, “to render doubtful/uncertain; to cause anxiety”)

*ḱonk-eh₁-(ye)- (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śankā́

Sanskrit: शङ्का (śaṅkā)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *konkitos

⇒ Latin: cūnctor


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krū́ˀs

Proto-Slavic: *kry̑ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *krūs (see there for further descendants)

From *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

crauyo

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraujas m; Old Prussian


Proto-Hellenic: *kréwas

Ancient Greek: κρέας (kréas)

Greek: κρέας (kréas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krawHíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krawHíṣ

Sanskrit: क्रविस् (kravís)

Proto-Italic: *kruwōs (< collective)

Latin: cruor (“blood, gore”)


*dl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *dolaō
Latin: dolō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьliti (see there for further descendants)

*dolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *doleō

Latin: doleō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalˀeitei

Latvian: dalīt

Lithuanian: dalyti

Proto-Slavic: *odolěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *dolléH-

⇒ Milyan: 𐊗𐊀𐊍𐊙 (talã, acc.sg.)

⇒ Milyan: 𐊗𐊀𐊍𐊆 (tali, dat.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáljāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *dollyé- ~ *dolló-

Hittite: [script needed] (ta-al-li-ya)

desc

⇒ Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊍𐊆𐊜𐊀 (teliχa, 1sg.pret.ind.act.)

Proto-Italic: *dolōs

Latin: dolor (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίδαλος (daídalos), δαιδάλεος (daidáleos)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιδάλλω (daidállō)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *delěti

Proto-Celtic: *delwā (“image, statue”)

Proto-Brythonic: *delw

Cornish: del

Old Welsh: delu

Middle Welsh: delw

Welsh: delw

desctree

Old Irish: delb
Irish: dealbh
Manx: jalloo
Scottish Gaelic: dealbh

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատաղձ (atałj)

Italic:

Latin: dolium

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: दल (dala)

>? Sanskrit: दाल (dāla)


dʰewp-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *djaupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ďupa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *dupa (see there for further descendants)


*wn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wunskaz (“a wish”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wunskijaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वाञ्छति (vāñchati) (with restored nasal)

*wonh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wanjaną (see there for further descendants)

*wn̥h₁-éh₁ye-ti (essive)

Proto-Germanic: *wunāną (see there for further descendants)

?*wn̥h₁-néw-ti ~ *wn̥h₁-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Germanic: *winnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वनोति (vanoti)

Proto-Germanic: *winiz (see there for further descendants)

*wénh₁-os ~ *wénh₁-es-os

Proto-Italic: *wenos

desc

Latin: venus (“loveliness, charm”), Venus (theonym)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wánas

Sanskrit: वनस् (vánas)

Proto-Italic: *weneznos

Latin: venēnum

Proto-Germanic: *wundrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wunjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wenjā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Albanian: *vōnja

Albanian: vuaj (I suffer)

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wana-

Albanian: uni

Albanian: uri


h₃yébʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jebtei
Proto-Slavic: *jetì; *jebàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oyépʰō

Ancient Greek: οἴφω (oíphō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyábʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyábʰati

Sanskrit: यभति (yábhati)
Dardic:
Kalasha: žạ́wik
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Punjabi: جَڈّھَنا (jaḍḍhanā) / ਜੱਢਣਾ (jaḍḍhaṇā)
Saraiki: یَہَݨ (yahaṇ), یَبَّھݨ (yabbahṇ)
Maharastri Prakrit:
Marathi: झवणे (jhavṇe)
Konkani: झव्चे (zhavce)

Thematic root present of *h₃yebʰ- (“to enter into, penetrate; to copulate”).


h₁é

Ancient Greek: ἐ- (e-) (contracts with vowel-initial verbs)

Greek: έ- (é-)

Old Armenian: ե- (e-), է- (ē-) (contracted form)

Phrygian: ε- (e-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Há- (see there for further descendants)


yugtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
yugtós (nominative singular)
yugtóes (nominative plural)
yugté (singular vocative)
yugtóes (plural vocative)
yugtóm (accusative singular)
yugtóms (accusative plural)
yugtósyo (genitive singular)
yugtóHom (genitive plural)
yugtéad (ablative singular)
yugtómos (ablative plural)
yugtóbʰos (ablative plural)
yugtóey (dative singular)
yugtómos (dative plural)
yugtóbʰos (dative plural)
yugtéy (locative singular)
yugtóy (locative singular)
yugtóysu (locative plural)
yugtṓys (instrumental plural)
yugtā́m (accusative singular)
yugtóm (nominative singular)
yugtóy (dual nominative)
yugtóm (singular vocative)
yugtóy (dual vocative)
yugtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *juhtaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

(possibly) Ancient Greek: ζευκτός (zeuktós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yuktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuktás

Sanskrit: युक्त (yuktá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yuxtáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀 (yuxta)

Northeastern Iranian:

desc

Bactrian: ιογδιγο (iogdigo /yugdīg ~ yuγδīg/, “pair”) (>*yuxtá-kah)

Sogdian: (/yūγd/, “yoke; pair; team”)

Syriac script: ܝܗݎܬ (ywxt)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: جفت (ǰuft), جخت (ǰuxt)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: جووت (cût /ǰūt/)

Northern Kurdish: cot (/ǰōt/)

Southern Kurdish: جوفت (cuft /ǰuft/) (perhaps borrowed from New Persian)

Gilaki: جیت (jīt)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *yuxtáh

Parthian: (/yuxt/, “pair; yoked”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ywxt)

Gurani: ھیتە (hīta)

Zazaki: cit (/ǰit/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/ǰuxt/, “pair; yoke”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ywht)

From *yewg- (“to join, to yoke, to tie together”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աղբիւր (ałbiwr), աղբեւր (ałbewr), աղբեր (ałber)
Armenian: աղբյուր (ałbyur)

Proto-Germanic: *brunnô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrḗwər

Ancient Greek: φρέᾱρ (phréār) (< with quantitative metathesis)

Ancient Greek: φρεῖᾰρ (phreîăr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥Hwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰŕ̥Hwa

Sanskrit: भुर्वन् (bhurván)

Probably from earlier metathesized form of *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix). Compare *péh₂wr̥, *snéh₁wr̥.


méǵh₂yōs

méǵh₂yōs (nominative singular)
méǵh₂yés (locative singular)
méǵh₂yōs (nominative plural)
méǵh₂yōs (plural vocative)
méǵh₂yōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *magyos

Continental:

Gaulish: Magios

Goidelic:

Old Irish: maige

Proto-Hellenic: *méďďōn

Ancient Greek: μείζων (meízōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máȷ́ʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźʰyas

Sanskrit: महीयस् (máhīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *májyah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (maziiah)

Proto-Italic: *magjōs, *magis (< *m̥ǵh₂-is)

Latin: maior, magis

Oscan: mais

From the adjective *méǵh₂s (“big, great”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).

affix

Proto-Italic: *magisVmosLatino-Faliscan:Faliscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌗𐌏𐌌𐌏Latin: maximusSabellic:>? Oscan: maimas


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-os ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-és-

Proto-Italic: *tūβos

Latin: tūber (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: prōtūberō (“to bulge up”), extūberō (“to bulge out”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *túh₂-bʰ-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *tū́pʰā

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φη (tū́phē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-Hō ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-Hnés

Proto-Germanic: *þūbǭ

Old Norse: þúfa (“mound”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-k- >? *tewk-

Proto-Italic: / Proto-Celtic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

⇒ *towh₂k-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-m- >? *tum-

⇒ *tuh₂m-on-

>? Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tuh₂-r-g-

>? Proto-Italic: *turgēō

Latin: turgeō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tuHsont- (“thousand”)

*téwh₂-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *tỳti (“to become fat, gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwHti

Vedic Sanskrit: तवीति (tavīti, “to get strong; to gain authority”)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁 (tauuā, 1sg.subj.)

*te-tówh₂-e ~ *te-tuh₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: तूताव (tūtā́va)

Proto-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬏𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tūtauua, “to be able”)

*towh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *táwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *toviti (“to fatten, cause to gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHma

Proto-Iranian: *táwHma

Old Persian: [script needed] (tauman-, “strength, power, wealth”)

*tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (root noun)

⇒ *téwh₂s-ih₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHsiH (“strength, power”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás

Proto-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tew(h₂)-téh₂ (“crowd, tribe, people”)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: tul (“flesh, pulp; crumb”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tū́las (“several”)

Old Prussian: tūlan (“much”)

Proto-Slavic: *tỳlъ (“occiput, nape”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish:

Middle Irish:

Irish: tulach (“hillock”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: twl

Welsh: twl (“round elevation”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tū́los

Ancient Greek: τῡ́λος (tū́los), τῡ́λη (tū́lē)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHlas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHlas

Sanskrit: तूल (tūla, “tuft of grass or reeds”)

>? Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: tullius (“gushing water, waterfall”), ? Tullus, Tullius (if not Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tetulos

Latin: tutulus (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-mn̥-to-m or *towh₂-e-mn̥-to-m < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *towamentom

Latin: tōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tūrós (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tuh₂-r-eh₂-yé-ti

Proto-Italic: *tūrāō

Latin: (ob)tūrō, (rē)tūrō (see there for further descendants)

*towh₂-ṓs ~ towh₂-és- (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawHā́s

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawHā́s

Vedic Sanskrit: तवस् (tavás)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: Τιτυός (Tituós) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-to-s or *towh₂-e-to- < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *tōtos

Latin: tōtus (see there for further descendants)

*túh₂-yo-s (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHyas

Vedic Sanskrit: तूय (tū́ya)

*tweh₂- (schwebeablaut variant)

⇒ *tweh₂-lo- or *tuh₂-elo-?

Proto-Hellenic: *twálos > *tsálos

Ancient Greek: σάλος (sálos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tweh₂-wo- (“whole”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: քաւ (kʻaw)
Armenian: քավ (kʻav)

Proto-Hellenic: *twáwos > *tsáwos

Ancient Greek: σάος (sáos), σῶς (sôs)

⇒ *twoh₂-ro-

Proto-Hellenic: *twōrós > *tsōrós

Ancient Greek: σωρός (sōrós) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *twóh₂-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *twṓmə > *tsṓmə

Ancient Greek: σῶμα (sôma) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *twana

Albanian: tërë, tanë

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: թոյն (tʻoyn, “poison”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvi̇̀nti (“to rise, swell”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvãnas (“flood”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: توان (tavân, “power, ability”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”)


Proto-Italic: *makēō

Latin: maceō

*méh₂ḱ- ~ *m̥h₂ḱ-

Proto-Celtic: *maketi

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: maguaff

Breton: maezhur, magañ

Cornish: maga

Middle Welsh: magu

Goidelic:

Old Irish: doformaig

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈠𒀝𒆷𒀭𒋫𒀭 (ma-ak-la-an-ta-an, acc.sg.c.)

*méh₂ḱ-os ~ *méh₂ḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kos

Ancient Greek: μῆκος (mêkos)

Doric Greek: μᾶκος (mâkos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (masah)

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kistos

Ancient Greek: μήκιστος (mḗkistos)

Doric Greek: μᾱ́κιστος (mā́kistos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (masišta)

Old Persian: [script needed] (maθišta-)

Proto-Celtic: *maxtos

Proto-Brythonic: *maɨθ

Middle Welsh: maeth

Welsh: maeth

Proto-Italic: *maktos

Latin: mactus (> mactō)

Proto-Celtic: *makʷos

Unsorted forms:

Italic:

macēscō, maciēs, macilentus, macor


Proto-Celtic: *kādos

Proto-Brythonic: *kọð

Middle Breton: cuez, queuz

Breton: keuz

Cornish: kueth, cüth

Middle Welsh: cawdd

Welsh: cawdd

Proto-Italic: *kādos

Oscan: cadeis (“enmity”)

*ḱéh₂d-os ~ *ḱéh₂d-es-os (s-stem noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *kā́dos

Ancient Greek: κῆδος (kêdos)

Doric Greek: κᾶδος (kâdos)

*ḱéh₂d-tis ~ *ḱh₂d-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *kassis (see there for further descendants)

*ḱh₂d-os ~ *ḱh₂d-es-os (zero-grade s-stem noun)

Proto-Germanic: *hataz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬀 (sādra, “misery, suffering”)

Speculative links have been made to *ḱh₂d- (“to fall”).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-āˀtas

Proto-Slavic: *-atъ

Proto-Germanic: *-ōdaz

Proto-Italic: *-ātos

Latin: -ātus

Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.


Armenian:

Old Armenian: արոյդ (aroyd), երոյդ (eroyd), արուրդ (arurd), երուրդ (erurd)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudras

Proto-Slavic: *rъdrъ

Proto-Germanic: *rudraz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rudrijaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rudrǭ

Proto-Hellenic: *erutʰrós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrudʰrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrudʰrás

analogically reshaped after <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">रुधिक्रा</i> (rudhikrā́)

Sanskrit: रुधिर (rudhirá) (analogically reshaped after रुधिक्रा (rudhikrā́)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruðros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *rŭtäre (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


*(s)kḗwh₁-s-t ~ *(s)kéwh₁-s-n̥t (root s-aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjautei

Proto-Slavic: *čuti (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuh₁-é-ti (thematic "tudati"-type root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kuHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kuHáti

Sanskrit: आकुवते (ākuváte, “to intend”)

*(s)kowh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kowéjō

Ancient Greek: κοέω (koéō)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kaweō
Latin: caveō
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌖𐌕𐌄𐌚 (kutef) (present participle of stative verb derived from the past participle)

*(s)kowh₁-éh₂-(ye)-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *k(j)auwāˀtei

Lithuanian: kavoti

Proto-Slavic: *čuvati

Proto-Germanic: *skawwōną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kewsḱ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցոյց (cʻoycʻ)
Armenian: ցույց (cʻuycʻ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwHiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skauniz

Proto-Germanic: *skawaz

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: θυο-σκόος (thuo-skóos)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: qyr (< *kewira)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *skyvati (“to take a look at”)

Ancient Greek: κῦδος (kûdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ā́kuHtam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ā́kuHtam

Sanskrit: आकूत (ā́kūta)


h₃ókʷs

h₃ókʷs (nominative singular)
h₃ékʷsōs (collective nominative)
h₃ókʷs (singular vocative)
h₃ékʷsōs (collective vocative)
h₃ókʷs (accusative singular)
h₃ékʷsōs (accusative collective)
h₃ékʷs (genitive singular)
h₃ékʷs (ablative singular)
h₃ék (locative singular)
h₃ékʷi (locative singular)
h₃ékʷs (collective locative)
h₃ékʷh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃kʷséh₁ (collective instrumental)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ակն (akn, “eye”)

⇒? Old Armenian: յաւն (yawn, “eyebrow”)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ak-
East Baltic:
Latgalian: acs
Latvian: acs
Lithuanian: aki̇̀s
Samogitian: akis
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: ackis (nom. pl.)
Proto-Slavic: *ȍko (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *augô (with probable contamination from *auzô) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷs

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye, face”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákš, *Hákši (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣ

⇒ Sanskrit: अनक्ष् (anákṣ, “blind”)

desctree

Proto-Tocharian: *ëk
Tocharian A: ak
Tocharian B: ek

From dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Proto-Albanian: *asī

Albanian: sy

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աչք (ačʻkʻ, “both eyes”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄσσε du (ósse, “eyes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáčiH

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačī́na

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: ačé

Prasuni: ižĩ́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: aćĩ́

Tregami: ac̣ĩ́ (with irregular c̣ from Indo-Aryan)

Waigali: ačẽ

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačā́ni (remodeled after Sanskrit अक्षाणि (akṣāṇi))

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ačẽ́

From *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


pérdetor

pérdeso (imperative second-person singular)
pérdetor (indicative present singular third-person)
pérdeto (indicative past singular third-person)
pérdētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
pérdoyto (optative singular third-person)
pérdontor (indicative plural present third-person)
pérdonto (indicative past plural third-person)
pérdōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
pérdoyro (optative plural third-person)
pérdomnos (indicative participle present)

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *perda
Proto-Albanian: *pārdā
Albanian: pordhë
Albanian: pjerdh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *perˀstei / *pirˀstei

Latvian: pir̂st

Lithuanian: pérsti

Proto-Germanic: *fertaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pérdomai
Ancient Greek: πέρδομαι (pérdomai)
Greek: πέρδομαι (pérdomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párdatay
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párdatay
Sanskrit: पर्दते (párdate) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *párdatay
Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pər^əδaⁱti)

Phrygian: περδομαι (perdomai)

Mediopassive root present of *perd- (“to fart”).


ǵwelH-

*ǵwélH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́wálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́wálati

desc

Sanskrit: ज्वलति (jválati, “to burn; to glow”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵwl̥H-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwílˀtei

Lithuanian: žvi̇̀lti (“to shine”)

*ǵwl̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *kulą (“coal”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵwolH-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *goulos (“charcoal, coal”) (< *ǵowlH-o-s via schwebeablaut)

desctree

Middle Irish: gúal
Irish: gual
Manx: geayl
Scottish Gaelic: gual


h₃ókʷih₁

nominative/vocative/accusative dual of *h₃ókʷs


bʰerH-

*bʰer-dʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρθω (pérthō)

*bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bárˀtei
Latgalian: buort
Latvian: bãrt
Lithuanian: bárti
Proto-Slavic: *bòrti (see there for further descendants)

q

with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wéryeti</i>

*bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)

desc

Proto-Albanian: *berja (“to strike > to fall”)

Albanian: bie, bjerr

Proto-Italic: *ferjō

Latin: feriō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)

Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰorH-ye-ti</i> above?

Proto-Italic: *forāō (or from *bʰorH-ye-ti above?)

Latin: forō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer-ano-

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բերան (beran, “mouth”)
Armenian: բերան (beran)

*bʰorH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: bora

*bʰr̥H-en-

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: barae f (“anger, hostility”)

*bʰr̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old English: bor

Old Saxon: *bor

Middle Low German: bor

*bʰérH-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *búrˀtis

Lithuanian: bùrtis (“sign”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *bъrtь (“delving, carving (in a tree); beehive”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *búrˀtas

Latvian: burts (“letter, mark”)

Lithuanian: bùrtas (“lot, (pl.) sorcery”)

Proto-Slavic: *bъrtъ

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *birjā

Albanian: birë (“hole, orifice, opening”)

Proto-Albanian: *brima

Albanian: brimë (“hole”)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բիր (bir)
Armenian: բիր (bir)

>? Sanskrit: श्वभ्र (śvábhra)

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burˀnāˀ (“snout”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰerH-

q

*bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”))

Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰerH-o-s

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bērˀas (“bay, reddish brown”) (secondary lengthening)

Lithuanian: bė́ras

Latvian: bȩ̃rs

*bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s (possibly)

q

⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)

Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: φρῡ́νη (phrū́nē, “toad”)

q

⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás

Sanskrit: *भ्रूर (bhrūra)

Hindi: भूरा (bhūrā, “brown”)

Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)

Ossetian: (“yellow”)

Digor Ossetian: бор (bor)

Iron Ossetian: бур (bur)

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)

Sogdian: (/βōr/, “blonde”)

Syriac script: ܒܘܪ (βwr)

Yagnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)

Yidgha: وور (vūr, “pale red”)

Baluchi: بور (/bōr/, “bay horse”)

Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)

Middle Persian: (/bōr/, “reddish-brown, bay [horse]”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwl)

q

⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”) (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)


bʰérǵʰonts

ine-decl-adj

bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂

bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂

bʰérǵʰonts (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰontes (nominative plural)
bʰérǵʰont (singular vocative)
bʰérǵʰontes (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰontm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰontm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tés (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥téy (dative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmós (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tbʰós (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰént (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰénti (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tsú (locative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ (nominative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ (singular vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂s (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂s (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂ (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂i (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰérǵʰont (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰont (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *brigantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *Burgundī

→ Late Latin: Burgundiones

⇒ Late Latin: Burgundia

Old French:

French: Bourgogne

Norman: Bourgouongne

→ English: Burgundy

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰáns (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be elevated, up high”) + *-onts (Caland system suffix).


-onts

-onts (nominative singular)
é-onts (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ontes (nominative plural)
é-ontes (nominative plural)
-ont (singular vocative)
é-ont (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ontes (plural vocative)
é-ontes (plural vocative)
-ontm̥ (accusative singular)
é-ontm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-ontm̥s (accusative plural)
é-ontm̥s (accusative plural)
-n̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-n̥tés (genitive singular)
-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-n̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-n̥tés (ablative singular)
-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
-n̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-n̥téy (dative singular)
-n̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (dative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
-ént (locative singular)
Ø-ént (locative singular)
-énti (locative singular)
Ø-énti (locative singular)
-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-ont (nominative singular)
é-ont (nominative singular)
-ont (accusative singular)
é-ont (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *-ónts

Hittite: -𒀭𒍝 (-an-za)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ans, *-antis

Lithuanian: -ąs, -antis

Proto-Slavic: *-y (stem *-ǫť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ę (< *ejants < *-éy-onts, stem *-jęť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-aję (< *-āˀjants < *-eh₂y-onts, stem *-ajęť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ěję (< *-ēˀjants < *-eh₁y-onts, stem *-ějęť-)

Proto-Germanic: *-andz

Proto-Hellenic: *-onts

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -अन्त् (-ant /-ant/)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬀𐬧𐬙 (-aṇt)

Old Persian: -𐎴𐎫 (-n-t /-ant/)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (-nd,-nt' /-and/), ⇒ [script needed] (-ntk' /-andag/)

Persian: ـنده (-ande)

Parthian: [script needed] (-nd /-ind/)

→ Old Armenian: -անդակ (-andak)

Proto-Italic: *-onts, *-ānts (for *-ā-onts)

Latin: -ns, -ēns, -āns, -iēns

ǵerh₂- (“to grow older”) + *-onts → *ǵérh₂onts (“old”)

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.

Ending of the present active participle of verbs.


ine-decl-adj

ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂

ǵr̥h₂n̥tés (genitive singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tés (ablative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
ǵr̥h₂n̥téy (dative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
ǵr̥h₂ént (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tsú (locative plural)
ǵr̥h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծերուն (cerun)
Armenian: ծերուն (cerun)

Old Armenian: ծերունի (ceruni)
Armenian: ծերունի (ceruni)

Proto-Hellenic: *géronts

Ancient Greek: γέρων (gérōn, “old man”)
Greek: γέροντας (gérontas), γέρος (géros)
→ English: geronto-
→ French: géronto-
→ Italian: geronto-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHans (see there for further descendants)

desc

Messapic: δερανθοα (deranthoa /derant'uā/, “senate”, loc. sg. f.)

From *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old, to mature”) + *-onts (Caland system suffix).


weḱ-

*wéḱ-ti ~ *uḱ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-ek-zi /wēkzi/), [script needed] (ú-ek-zi /wekzi/, 3.sg.act)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wášti, *ućánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáṣṭi, *uśánti

Sanskrit: वष्टि (váṣṭi), उशन्ति (uśánti, 3.pl.act)

Proto-Iranian: *wáštī, *ucánti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬍 (vaštī)

*wé-woḱ-e ~ *we-wk-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-wa-ak-ki /wewakki/) (functioning as an intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáwaća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáwaśa

Sanskrit: ववक्षि (vavákṣi) (possibly)

*wéḱ-ont-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑκών (hekṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ućánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uśánts

Sanskrit: उशन्त् (uśánt)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκηλος (hékēlos), εἰκῇ (eikêi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wašnas

Proto-Iranian: *wašnah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (vasah), 𐬭𐬈-𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀 (re-uuasna, “desire”)

Old Persian: 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (v-š-n /vašna/, “will”)

→ Old Armenian: վասն (vasn)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκητι (hékēti)


wendʰ-

*wéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *windaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wendō

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌕𐌖 (vetu), prefixed also ahauendu, preuendu

*wondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գինդ (gind)

*wondʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *wanduz (see there for further descendants)

*wondʰ-éh₂ (innovative abstract)

Proto-Albanian: *wandā

Albanian: unazë (“ring”)

*wi-wondʰ-o-s

Ancient Greek: ἴονθος (íonthos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wandʰúras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wandʰúras

Sanskrit: वन्धुर (vandhúra, “chariot driver's box”)

Sanskrit: बन्धुर (bandhúra, “undulating, wavy; bent, curved; vulva”)

Proto-Iranian: *wandúrah

→ Old Armenian: վանդակ (vandak, “plaited net”)

Proto-Germanic: *wandilaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *windilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *windil

English: windle


wreyt-

*wréyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīþaną (see there for further descendants)

*writ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present?)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist

Lithuanian: ri̇̀sti

Proto-Slavic: *rьtь

Proto-Slavic: *rьtǫtь (see there for further descendants)

*wréyt-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rìest

Lithuanian: riẽsti (riečiù)

*wreyt-eh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rietė́ti

*wróyt-os

Proto-Germanic: *wraiþaz (see there for further descendants)

Has been implicitly suggested to be related to *wreyḱ- (“to twist, bend”), perhaps continuing an earlier root *wrey-.


wreyḱ-

*wréyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: perrēist (prefixed)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhaną

*wriḱ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wrićyáti

Proto-Iranian: *wricyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬌𐬀 (uruuisia)

Persian: رشتن (reštan, “to spin, make yarn”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇́eša

Proto-Italic: *reikā

Latin: rīca

*wriḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wriknós

Ancient Greek: ῥικνός (rhiknós, “crooked, shriveled”)

*wréyḱ-ō ~ *wriḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhô

*wreyḱ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇́ešas

*wróyḱ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wraihaz

Proto-Hellenic: *wroykós

Ancient Greek: ῥοικός (rhoikós)

Unsorted formations

Sanskrit: व्रेशी (vréśī, name of waters)

Has been implicitly suggested to be related to *wreyt- (“to twist”), perhaps continuing an earlier root *wrey-.


preg-

*prog-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pražiti

South Slavic:

Slovene: pražiti

West Slavic:

Polish: prażyć

*preg-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frekaz (see there for further descendants)

*prog-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frakaz

Old English: fræc

Old Dutch: *frak

Middle Dutch: vrac

*preg-yo-s

Celtic:

Welsh: rhewydd

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pragnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: prahnout

Polish: pragnąć

Celtic:

Old Breton: rogedou


*Hréth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *reteti (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *retō

q

Latin: rotundus (< gerund *reto-ndo-s with -o- from noun) (see there for further descendants)

*Hroth₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *rotīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rotā

Latin: rota (see there for further descendants)

*Hróth₂-wr̥ ~ *Hréth₂-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *raduraz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *rraθī

Albanian: rreth (or < *rata + diminutive/collective *-ts)

Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: Rhys

Pictish: *ᚏᚓᚄᚐᚇ

Brill Publishers
Vladimir Orel
de:Brian D. Joseph


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

(perhaps) *méh₂d-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádati

Sanskrit: मदति (mádati), मदते (mádate, “to be intoxicated; rejoice”)

Proto-Iranian: *mádati

desc

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (madaⁱte, “to become intoxicated”)

(perhaps) *m̥h₂d-yé-ti (yé-present)

Celtic: *madyeti (“break”) (the proposed semantic shift is be wet > burst > break)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðjɨd
Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)
Breton: mezañ
Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)
Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)

Old Irish: maidid

>? Proto-Germanic: *matjaną (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *me-móh₂d-e ~ *me-mh₂d-ḗr (stative)

Celtic:

Old Irish: ro·mmemaid

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamáHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamáHda

Sanskrit: ममाद (mamā́da)

*m̥h₂d-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *madēō

Latin: madeō

(perhaps) *moh₂d-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maHdáyati

Sanskrit: मादयति (mādáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀 (madaiiaŋᵛha, 2sg.caus.pres.impv)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matˢtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *madarós

Ancient Greek: μᾰδᾰρός (mădărós, “wet”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *madHrás

Sanskrit: मदिर (madirá, “intoxicating”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Albanian: *mazdnja (“to fatten; feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: մատաղ (matał, “young, tender”), մաճառակ (mačaṙak, “fresh cheese”)

(perhaps) Middle Armenian: մաճար (mačar, “must”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *mada

South Slavic:

Slovene: mada (“spot; blot”)

West Slavic:

Polish: mada (“sludge; mud; dirt”)

Slovincian: mada (“dirt; mud”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μᾰδάω (mădáō) (or unrelated)


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մօտ (mōt)

Old Armenian: մատչիմ (matčʻim)

Armenian: մատչել (matčʻel)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtijaną (see there for further descendants)


gʷey-

*gʷéy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gʷéy-o-nt-s (active participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyans (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéy-t ~ *gʷy-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जेष् (jéṣ, 2sg.inj.), जितम् (jitám, 2du.ipv.)

*gʷe-gʷóy-e ~ *gʷe-gʷy-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰigā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igā́ya

Sanskrit: जिगाय (jigā́ya)

*gʷey-ós

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷiā

Ancient Greek: βῐ́ᾱ (bĭ́ā)

Ionic Greek: βῐ́η (bĭ́ē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áyas

Sanskrit: जय (jayá, “conquering, winning”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷi-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́itás

Sanskrit: जित (jitá) (see there for further descendants)


*pélh₂-t ~ *pl̥h₂-ént (athematic perfective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto), πλῆντο (plênto)

Proto-Italic:

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔𐌕 (apelust), 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔 (apelus, “to bring near”, 3sg.fut.perf) (+ *am-)

*pl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₂-énti (*né-infix imperfective)

Proto-Albanian: *pelna

Albanian: pjell

Proto-Celtic: *ɸalnati

Proto-Brythonic: *alnad (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: ad·ella
Middle Irish: aidlid

Proto-Hellenic: *pəlnaō, *pəlnamai

Ancient Greek: πιλνάω (pilnáō), πίλνᾰμαι (pílnămai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬈 (pər^əne)

Proto-Italic: *pelnaō

Latin: appellō, compellō, interpellō

*pe-pólh₂-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεπλημένος (peplēménos)

Proto-Italic: *pepolai

Latin: pepulī

Proto-Hellenic: *pélas

Ancient Greek: πέλᾰς (pélăs)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́n (< *pléh₂-m̥?)

Ancient Greek: πλήν (plḗn)

Aeolic Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Doric Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Proto-Hellenic: *plātos

Ancient Greek: πλᾱτός (plātós), ἄπλητος (áplētos)

Epic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Ionic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pelatās

Ancient Greek: πελάτης (pelátēs)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πελάτις (pelátis), πλᾶτις (plâtis), πλησίος (plēsíos), πλήτης (plḗtēs)


Armenian: (+ Old Armenian յ- (y-))

Old Armenian: յաղթ (yałtʻ)

Middle Armenian: յաղթ (yaġtʻ)

Armenian: հաղթ (haġtʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *platús (with unexpected *o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Proto-Germanic: *flataz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətús (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰúš (see there for further descendants)

From *pleth₂- (“flat”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).

suffix

ɸlitawī

*pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (“country”, feminine substantive)

𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥θwíH; Younger Avestan


Proto-Celtic: *ɸletos (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic: (the first vowel by analogy with πλᾰτύς (plătús))

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τος (plắtos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰas (see there for further descendants)


nebʰ-

*nébʰ-eti ~ *nébʰ-onti (thematic imperfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *népʰō

Ancient Greek: σῠννέφει (sŭnnéphei), σῠννέφω (sŭnnéphō)

*ne-nóbʰ-e ~ *ne-mbʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *nenopʰa

Ancient Greek: σῠννένοφᾰ (sŭnnénophă)

*nébʰ-o-s (see there for further descendants)

*nebʰ-e-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *nebulō, *nebulaz, *nebalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nepʰélā

Ancient Greek: νεφέλη (nephélē)

Proto-Italic: *neβelā

Latin: nebula (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-ró-s (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nabʰtás

Proto-Iranian: *nabtás

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (napta, “moist, wet”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (nβdk), [script needed] (nβc), [script needed] (nβdc)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫜𐫤 (nft)

Pashto: [script needed] (nūnd), [script needed] (nūmd)

Old Persian: *naftah (“moist, wet”)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܢܒܬܐܟ, ܢܒܬܟ

Manichaean: Sogdian: 𐫗𐫂𐫎𐫏𐫏 (nβṯyy), 𐫗𐫂𐫤𐫏𐫏 (nβtyy)

(possibly) *nébʰ-tu-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Neptūnus


negʷʰrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
negʷʰrós (nominative singular)
negʷʰróes (nominative plural)
negʷʰré (singular vocative)
negʷʰróes (plural vocative)
negʷʰróm (accusative singular)
negʷʰróms (accusative plural)
negʷʰrósyo (genitive singular)
negʷʰróHom (genitive plural)
negʷʰréad (ablative singular)
negʷʰrómos (ablative plural)
negʷʰróbʰos (ablative plural)
negʷʰróey (dative singular)
negʷʰrómos (dative plural)
negʷʰróbʰos (dative plural)
negʷʰréy (locative singular)
negʷʰróy (locative singular)
negʷʰróysu (locative plural)
negʷʰrṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *nekʷʰrós

Ancient Greek: νεφρός (nephrós)


nā́m (first-person indicative past singular)
snā́m (first-person indicative past singular)
n̥h₂yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
néh₂ (imperative second-person singular)
n̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
sn̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
n̥h₂wé (dual first-person indicative past)
n̥h₂tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
n̥h₂tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
n̥h₂mé (first-person indicative past plural)
n̥h₂té (indicative plural present second-person)
n̥h₂té (indicative past plural second-person)
n̥h₂té (imperative plural second-person)

Proto-Celtic: *snāti

Old Irish: snaïd, -sná

Hellenic: (by analogy with πλέω (pléō, “sail”))

Ancient Greek: νέω (néō, “swim”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snáHti

Sanskrit: स्नाति (snā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *snāō

Latin: nō

Proto-Italic: *snātos

Latin: nātus

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌀 (snata), 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌖 (snatu, n.acc.pl.), 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌔 (snates), 𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄 (snate, “cleansed”, n.abl.pl.)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌀 (asnata), 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌖 (asnatu, n.acc.pl.), 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌔 (asnates), 𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄 (asnate, “uncleansed?”, n.abl.pl.)

Athematic root present of *(s)neh₂- (“to swim; to float”).


spéḱs

spéḱs (nominative singular)
spéḱh₁ (dual nominative)
spéḱes (nominative plural)
spéḱ (singular vocative)
spéḱh₁ (dual vocative)
spéḱes (plural vocative)
spéḱm̥ (accusative singular)
spéḱh₁ (accusative dual)
spéḱm̥s (accusative plural)
spḱés (genitive singular)
spḱóHom (genitive plural)
spḱés (ablative singular)
spḱmós (ablative plural)
spḱbʰós (ablative plural)
spḱéy (dative singular)
spḱmós (dative plural)
spḱbʰós (dative plural)
spéḱ (locative singular)
spéḱi (locative singular)
spḱsú (locative plural)
spḱéh₁ (instrumental singular)
spḱmís (instrumental plural)
spḱbʰís (instrumental plural)
spóḱs (nominative singular)
spóḱh₁ (dual nominative)
spóḱes (nominative plural)
spóḱ (singular vocative)
spóḱh₁ (dual vocative)
spóḱes (plural vocative)
spóḱm̥ (accusative singular)
spóḱh₁ (accusative dual)
spóḱm̥s (accusative plural)
spéḱs (genitive singular)
spéḱoHom (genitive plural)
spéḱs (ablative singular)
spéḱmos (ablative plural)
spéḱbʰos (ablative plural)
spéḱey (dative singular)
spéḱmos (dative plural)
spéḱbʰos (dative plural)
spéḱ (locative singular)
spéḱi (locative singular)
spéḱsu (locative plural)
spéḱh₁ (instrumental singular)
spéḱmis (instrumental plural)
spéḱbʰis (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: σκώψ (skṓps) (with analogical long vowel?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *speks (see there for further descendants)

From *speḱ- (“to see, look”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).