márkos

non-ablauting (romanization)
márkos (nominative singular)
márkoes (nominative plural)
márke (singular vocative)
márkoes (plural vocative)
márkom (accusative singular)
márkoms (accusative plural)
márkosyo (genitive singular)
márkoHom (genitive plural)
márkead (ablative singular)
márkomos (ablative plural)
márkobʰos (ablative plural)
márkoey (dative singular)
márkomos (dative plural)
márkobʰos (dative plural)
márkey (locative singular)
márkoy (locative singular)
márkoysu (locative plural)
márkōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *markos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *marhaz (see there for further descendants)

Equus ferus caballus
Equus ferus caballus

Equus ferus przewalskii
Equus ferus przewalskii

(possibly) wild horse (Equus ferus przewalskii or Equus ferus ferus)


>? Proto-Albanian: *alanā, *ulnā

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *bōrei ulnā

Albanian: bërryl

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *ulnā bōra

Albanian: ylber

Albanian: llanë, llërë

Proto-Celtic: *olīnā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alinō, *alīnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ōlenā

Ancient Greek: ὠλένη (ōlénē), ὠλήν (ōlḗn), ὠλλόν (ōllón)

Greek: ωλένη (oléni)

Proto-Italic: *olenā

Latin: ulna (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ողն (ołn)
Armenian: ող (oł)

Old Armenian: ուլն (uln)
Armenian: ուլ (ul)

Old Armenian: ուղուկ (ułuk)

Old Armenian: ամոլ (amol) (possibly)
Armenian: ամոլ (amol), ամոլ (amol) — Mush, Salmas, Van, յ̵ամոլ (hªamol) — Alashkert, համօլ (hamōl) — Erzurum, ամուլ (amul) — Moks, Vozm, ա՛մբօլ (ámbōl) — Ganja, Ararat, ա՛մբուլ (ámbul) — Karabakh
→ Turkish: hamol

Old Armenian: իլ (il) (possibly)
Armenian: իլ (il)
→ Chagatai: یلنك (ileng)

Old Armenian: ալի (ali) (possibly)

Old Armenian: աղեղն (ałełn) (possibly)
Armenian: աղեղ (ałeł)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alk-, *elk-

Latvian: olekts, elkonis

Latgalian: alkiune

Lithuanian: úolektis, alkū́nė, elkū́nė

Old Prussian: arašnīs, woaltis, woltis, alkunis

Proto-Slavic: *olkъ

Proto-Slavic: *olkъtь (“elbow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *olēnā

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: olwyn (“wheel”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haratníš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āläi

Tocharian A: āle

Tocharian B: alyiye


sm̥-

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ամ- (am-, “at, with, together”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁ- (ha-, “together”)

desctree

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax, “once”)
Greek: άπαξ (ápax)
French: hapax, apax

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sem-, sim-

⇒ Latin: semper (“always”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: simītu

⇒ Latin: simplex (“single, simple”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: simplus (“simple”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स (sa-, “together, with”)

Proto-Iranian: *ha-

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀- (ha-, “with, together”)

Old Persian: 𐏃 (h /ha-/)

Zero grade form of the numeral stem *sem- (“one, together”).

ἑκοτόν — ArcadocypriotGreek: εκατόMariupol Greek: като́→ English: hecato-

sapátniH

*sm̥-pótnih₂ (“co-wife; concubine”) (with *pótnih₂)

saȷ́ʰásram

*sm̥-ǵʰéslo- (“(one) thousand”) (with *ǵʰéslom)

santeros

*sm̥-teros (“one other”) (with the suffix *-teros to form adjectives)


-iHnos

-iHnos (nominative singular)
-iHnoes (nominative plural)
-iHne (singular vocative)
-iHnoes (plural vocative)
-iHnom (accusative singular)
-iHnoms (accusative plural)
-iHnosyo (genitive singular)
-iHnoHom (genitive plural)
-iHnead (ablative singular)
-iHnomos (ablative plural)
-iHnobʰos (ablative plural)
-iHnoey (dative singular)
-iHnomos (dative plural)
-iHnobʰos (dative plural)
-iHney (locative singular)
-iHnoy (locative singular)
-iHnoysu (locative plural)
-iHnōys (instrumental plural)
-iHnām (accusative singular)
-iHnom (nominative singular)
-iHnoy (dual nominative)
-iHnom (singular vocative)
-iHnoy (dual vocative)
-iHnoy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -այն (-ayn), -ին (-in)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀnas

Lithuanian: -inas

Latvian: -īns, -ains

Proto-Slavic: *-inъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-īnaz (adjective of material) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ινος (-inos) (forms adjectives with the sense of 'of or pertaining to', including adjectives of material)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -ईन (-īna)

Proto-Iranian: *-a-yHnah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)


sent-

*sént-ti *sn̥t-énti

Proto-Armenian: *hentʰ- ~ *hant-

>? Old Armenian: *ընթամ (*əntʻam)

⇒ Old Armenian: ընթաց (əntʻacʻ, “way”)

desc

⇒ Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam, “to run”) (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-sḱe-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: *անցեմ (*ancʻem)

⇒ Old Armenian: անցանեմ (ancʻanem, “to pass”) (see there for further descendants)

*sont-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *sandijaną (“to send”) (see there for further descendants)

*sént-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *sinþaz (“journey, path”)

*sént-u-s ~ *sn̥t-éw-s

Proto-Celtic: *sentus (“path, way”) (see there for further descendants)


sent-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*sént-ye-ti ~ *sént-yo-nti or *sn̥t-yé-ti ~ *sn̥t-yó-nti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *sentjō

Latin: sentiō (“to feel, to perceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*sḗnt-s-t ~ *sént-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Latin: sēnsī (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sintḗˀtei

Lithuanian: sintė́ti

Samogitian: sintietė

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *sęťь (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-neh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *sunnōną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinnaną (“to consider, contemplate”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinnaz (“sense, meaning”) (see there for further descendants)


múHs

múHs (nominative singular)
múHses (nominative plural)
múHs (singular vocative)
múHses (plural vocative)
múHsm̥ (accusative singular)
múHsm̥s (accusative plural)
muHsés (genitive singular)
muHsóHom (genitive plural)
muHsés (ablative singular)
muHsmós (ablative plural)
muHsbʰós (ablative plural)
muHséy (dative singular)
muHsmós (dative plural)
muHsbʰós (dative plural)
múHs (locative singular)
múHsi (locative singular)
muHsú (locative plural)
muHsmís (instrumental plural)
muHsbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *mū-

Albanian: mi m

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մուկն (mukn) (possibly from *muh₂s-m̥ (accusative singular))

Armenian: մուկ (muk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mū́ˀšis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mūs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mū́s

Ancient Greek: μῦς (mûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *múHs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mūs

Latin: mūs (see there for further descendants)


yewg-

*yéwg-t ~ *yug-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अयोक् (áyok)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬔𐬆𐬝 (yaogət̰, 3.sg.aor.act.inj.)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

reshaped to s-aorist, with the present <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ζεύγνυμι</i> (zeúgnumi) formed with the same full-grade root

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔζευξα (ézeuxa) (reshaped to s-aorist, with the present ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi) formed with the same full-grade root)

*yu-né-g-ti ~ *yu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

*yówg-yo-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *jaukiją (“draft animal”)

Old Norse: eykr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwgyas

Sanskrit: योग्य (yógya)

*yéwg-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζεῦγμα (zeûgma)

*yówg-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)

*yéwg-os ~ *yéwg-es-os

*yug-ó-m (“yoke”)

*n̥-yúg-s (“unjoined”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄζυξ (ázux)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayúgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayúgas

Sanskrit: अयुग (ayúga)

*yug-tó-s

*yéwg-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwktram (see there for further descendants)

*yewg-tér-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: योक्तृ (yoktṛ́)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζευκτήρ (zeuktḗr)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit:

Sanskrit: युग्म (yugma)

Sanskrit: युज् (yúj)

Sanskrit: युज्य (yújya)

Sanskrit: युग्य (yugya)

Celtic: *kom-yungis < zero grade present stem *yung-

Old Irish: cuing

Irish: cuing

Manx: quing

Scottish Gaelic: cuing

Possibly an extension of *yew- (as in Sanskrit यु (yu, “to unite”)).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


swéḱuros

non-ablauting (romanization)
swéḱuros (nominative singular)
swéḱuroes (nominative plural)
swéḱure (singular vocative)
swéḱuroes (plural vocative)
swéḱurom (accusative singular)
swéḱuroms (accusative plural)
swéḱurosyo (genitive singular)
swéḱuroHom (genitive plural)
swéḱuread (ablative singular)
swéḱuromos (ablative plural)
swéḱurobʰos (ablative plural)
swéḱuroey (dative singular)
swéḱuromos (dative plural)
swéḱurobʰos (dative plural)
swéḱurey (locative singular)
swéḱuroy (locative singular)
swéḱuroysu (locative plural)
swéḱurōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *swexura (assimilation from expected *swetsura)

Albanian: vjehërr

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swéśuras

Lithuanian: šẽšuras

Proto-Slavic: *svekrъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swehuraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwékuros

gloss

Ancient Greek: ἑκυρός (hekurós) (the oxytonesis must be a Greek innovation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáćuras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swekuros (see there for further descendants)


pstḗn

pstḗn (nominative singular)
psténes (nominative plural)
pstén (singular vocative)
psténes (plural vocative)
psténm̥ (accusative singular)
psténm̥s (accusative plural)
pstnés (genitive singular)
pstnóHom (genitive plural)
pstnés (ablative singular)
pstn̥mós (ablative plural)
pstn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
pstnéy (dative singular)
pstn̥mós (dative plural)
pstn̥bʰós (dative plural)
pstén (locative singular)
psténi (locative singular)
pstn̥sú (locative plural)
pstn̥mís (instrumental plural)
pstn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian: *stēn

Old Armenian: ստին (stin, “breast”)

Proto-Hellenic: *stḗn

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: στήνιον (stḗnion, “breast”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *pərsténos (“having protruding breasts”)

Ancient Greek: παρθένος (parthénos), (Laconian) παρσένος (parsénos, “virgin, girl, young woman”)

Proto-Tocharian: *päścäne (< CCC epenthesis, *psténh₁(e) (dual))

Tocharian A: päśśäṃ

Tocharian B: päścane du (“woman’s breasts”)

Unknown; possibly related with Ancient Greek στῆθος (stêthos, “breast”).

m+

spenô

nipple; see there for further descendants

پستان

Middle Persian: pystʾn' (pestān, “breast”)

spenis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spenis; Old Prussian


wet-

*wét-s

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈬𒍝 (MU-za /witta/, “year”)

desc

Lycian: [script needed] (uhe/i-, “year”)

*wétos (see there for further descendants)

*wetostos

Proto-Italic: *wetostos

Latin: vetustus

*ut-só-s

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒈬𒅖 (MU-iš /uššiš/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔑺𔓉𔐤 (u-si-na /usin/, acc.sg.)

*wétrus

Proto-Germanic: *weþruz (see there for further descendants)

*wet-us-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wétušas (see there for further descendants)

*wetelos

Proto-Hellenic: *wétalon

Ancient Greek: ἔταλον (étalon), ἔτελον (ételon)

Proto-Italic: *wetelos

Latin: vitulus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: vitlu

*pér-ut-i (“last year”) (with *per- (“through”))


h₂ébōl

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ā́ˀbōl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *abūl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aplaz, *apluz (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Oscan: *Abella (toponym)

Connection with certain Indo-Iranian terms has been suggested:
* Pashayi wālī (perhaps < Proto-Indo-Aryan *abalikā-);
* Sogdian [script needed] (ʾmʾnk /āmang?/, “apple”), Munji [script needed] (āmenga), Yidgha [script needed] (amuno), Pashto مڼه (maná, “apple”), Shughni мӯн (mūn), му̊н (mū̊n, “apple”), all < Proto-Iranian *amarnaka- ~ *amarnā-, possibly reflecting earlier *abarna/ā- (via assimilation in nasality from *b..n to *m..n), ultimately from PIE *h₂ebe/ol-no/eh₂-. This hypothetical Proto-Iranian descendant might be the source of Proto-Finnic *omëna (“apple”) and Livonian umārz, displaying variation between coda *-n- and *-r- as would be expected from borrowing from a source with *-rn-.
There are several indications that the word for “apple” did not belong to the oldest layer of the Indo-European protolanguage:
* The word is limited to the West Indo-European languages
* It contains the phoneme */b/, which had marginal distribution in PIE
* It somewhat resembles the South European word for “apple” (PIE or pseudo-PIE *méh₂lom: Latin mālum, Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon)), which might suggest a substrate or wanderwort origin of both.
This all points that the word potentially entered the Indo-European speech continuum some time after the dissolution of the parent language.
Less substantiated theories and connections
* There are several proposed connections with Semitic. These are often posited in a framework of a theoretical Atlantic language with Semitic affinities, or by pointing out overlapping mythological motifs surrounding apples suggesting some kind of cultural sharing. This is the viewpoint marked by Dozy, Vennemann, Blažek, and others, typically with connections to the root ʾ-b-l, often with Arabic or South Semitic/Ethiopian comparisons. See Arabic أُبُلَّة (ʔubulla, “figs pressed in a mass”, literally “a bulk or mass”) an obscure term, أُبُل (ʔubul, “dry herbage upon which camels fatten”). Alternatively, an extension of Orel and Stolbova's reconstructive work, connecting back to an Afro-Asiatic root for appendages, genitals, testicles, a mass, globe or round object, still found in Ethiopian languages, potentially later being extended to fruit by comparison. Beyond proposed connections featuring /ʔ/, there are potential suggestions with /ʕ/: Arabic عَبْل (ʕabl, “a bulk or mass; applied to plant life, to be ripe for harvest or with full fruits, to be full of leaves and fruits”), Arabic عَبَال (ʕabāl, “Eglantine, Rosa rubiginosa, and similar plants; Rose Hip, bright red bulbous fruit, with a sweet or tart flavor like apples”), and Tigre ዖበል (ʿobäl, “Nile tamarisk, Tamarix nilotica”). To bolster this avenue and the distant relationship with Proto-Indo-European, the Laryngeal Theory reconstructs the /*h₂/ phoneme as a pharyngeal fricative consonant, basing comparison of /ħ/ and /ʕ/ as an a-coloring phonetic conditioner in contemporary languages, most notably Semitic languages.
* Gamkrelidze and Ivanov argue that the Hittite cognate is 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (ša-ma-lu /šam(a)lu-/, “apple”), which renders the original PIE form as *samlu- (“apple”) or *(s)h₂eml- (“apple”). The original cluster *-ml- remained as such in Anatolian, but yielded *-bl- in the other IE languages which otherwise typically finds the phoneme */b/ rare or non-existing. Such a reconstruction is not attested but in a few roots, such as the dubiously constructed root *bel-/*mel-. The initial /s/ would be an example of the Proto-Indo-European s-mobile, not being necessary to appear in other descendants. The Hittite word is however paired with the Hattic 𒊭𒀀𒊀𒀜 (ša-a-waₐ-at /šawat/, “apple, apple tree”) with the usual Hattic /t/ = Hittite /l/ correspondence, easily being a potential borrowing from Hattic or vice versa. The form *(s)h₂eml- may also be connected via metathesis with Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”); note in particular the unmetathesized *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)

cog

šùnobelė

*ḱun-h₂ebōl-eh₂ f (“a kind of plant”, literally “dog's apple”)


met-

*met-eti

Proto-Celtic: *meteti

Proto-Italic: *metō

Latin: metō

*met-el-

desc

Proto-Celtic: *metelā (“reapers (collective)”)

Proto-Brythonic: *medel

Middle Irish: methel

Irish: meitheal

*met-l̥-yom (possibly) (with secondary collective suffix *-yom)

Ancient Greek: μέταλλον (métallon, “mine, quarry”) (quarries generally require measured cutting)

*mot-i-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mateola (“wooden hammer or agricultural implement”)

Proto-Germanic: *maþilō (“plough”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *motỳka (“hoe”)

*mot-né-

Proto-Germanic: *mattukaz (“ploughshare, mattock”)

Part of the same group of roots as *meh₁- (“to measure”), *med- (“to estimate, judge”).

to cut (by measure) (with an inherent sense of by measurement or time: "to cut down" > "to mow"; "to cut into" > "plow")


*h₃yébʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃yḗbʰ-s-t ~ *h₃yébʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäp-

Tocharian A: yowäs

Tocharian B: yopsa

*h₃yémbʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti (nasal infix) (< *h₃inébʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyámbdʰi

Proto-Iranian: *Hyámbdi

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *āHyámbdi

q

or from another root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*yeb⁽ʰ⁾-</i>

Sogdian: (/āyamb-, āyanp-/, “to pervert, deceive, seduce”) (or from another root *yeb⁽ʰ⁾-)

Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼔- (ʾʾynp-)

Syriac script: ܐܝܡܦ- (ʾymp-)

*h₃yobʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyābʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hyābáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaHyābáyati

desc

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (byʾβydʾh, “to impregnate”, 3sg.impf.)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebos

Luwian: *ipaš

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾 (i-pa-la-a-ti), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒋾 (i-pa-la-ti /ipala/i-/, “left (hand)”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒅔 (i-pa-la-a-ti-i[n]), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒂗 (i-pa-la-a-ti-en /ipalāt(i)-/, “sinisterness”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒈠𒀭𒍝𒀸𒋫 (i-pa-ma-an-za-aš-(ta) /ipama/i-/, “perverted, sinister”, dat.loc.pl.)

⇒ Luwian: *iparuš, *iparwaš

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒄩𒀸 ([i]-pár-wa-aš-ḫa-aš /iparwašḫaš/)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒅆𒅖 c (i-pár-wa-aš-ši-iš /iparwaššaiš/, “western”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠 (𒀹i-pa-tar-ma /ipatarma/, “west”, nom.-acc.pl.)

⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠𒅀𒀭 n ((𒀹)i-pa-tar-ma-ya-an /ipatarmayan/, “westward”, nom.-acc.pl.)

*h₃yébʰ-wr̥ ~ *h₃ibʰ-wéns

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebʷr̥-

Hittite: [script needed] (epurae-, “to go inside”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *dzépʰuros (< *(d)yépʰur-os)

Ancient Greek: ζέφυρος (zéphuros), Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀽𐁆𐀫 (ze-pu2-ro /zephuros/, “the west wind”)

xlit

Казанскене, В. П.

Казанский, Н. Н.

>? Proto-Hellenic: *dzópʰos (< *(d)yópʰos)

Ancient Greek: ζόφος (zóphos)

*h₃éybʰ-eh₂ (metathesis)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *aibō (“family; village, district, region”)

Proto-West Germanic: *aibu

Old High German: -eiba

⇒ Old High German: Wetereiba

⇒ Old High German: Wingarteiba

Lombardic: -aib

⇒ Lombardic: Antaib

⇒ Lombardic: Burgundaib

Unsorted formations:

>? Illyrian:

→ Doric Greek: Οἴβαλος (Oíbalos, “belonging to the birth”)


plew-

*plew-d-

*plew-k-

*plew-t-

*plewt-yom, *plowt-yom

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pljáutja, *pláutja

Latvian: plàuši (“lungs”, nom.pl.), plàuši

Lithuanian: plaũtis, plaũčiai (“lung”)

Proto-Slavic: *pľūťè, *plūťè (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

*pléw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

1sg.pres. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*plùti</i> (“to swim, sail”)

Proto-Slavic: *plovǫ (1sg.pres. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))

Old Church Slavonic: пловѫ (plovǫ)

Proto-Hellenic: *pléwō

Ancient Greek: πλέω (pléō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plowō

Latin: pluit (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pläu-

Tocharian A: plu-

Tocharian B: plu-

*plow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: luithir, fo·luathar

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plāwáyati

Sanskrit: प्लावयति (plāváyati)

Proto-Iranian: *frāwáyati

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌

q

+ <i class="Avst mention" lang="ae">𐬟𐬭𐬀-</i> (fra-)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌 (frafrāuuaiiāhi, 2sg.subj.) (+ 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-))

Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-) ⇒ *plàvati (see there for further descendants)

*plḗw-s-t ~ *pléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

3sg.aor. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*plùti</i> (“to swim, sail”)

Proto-Slavic: *plu (3sg.aor. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))

Old Church Slavonic: плоу (plu)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔπλευσα (épleusa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अप्लोष्ट (aploṣṭa, 3sg.aor.ind.med.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: plyuwai (“to float”)

*pléw-mō (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

*plow-mos

Proto-Germanic: *flaumaz (“stream”) (see there for further descendants)

*plow-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *plowos

Ancient Greek: πλόος (plóos)

Attic Greek: πλοῦς (ploûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plawás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plawás

Sanskrit: प्लव (plavá)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: plewe

*plow-tó-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plàuts (“shelf, sideboard of a bee-hive”)

Lithuanian: plaũtas (“sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)”)

Proto-Slavic: *plūtò (“flotsam”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: fleyðr (“cross-beam”) (Old Icelandic)

Icelandic: fleyður

*plow-tós

Ancient Greek: πλοῦτος (ploûtos) (?)

*plów-yos (“ship”)

Proto-Germanic: *flawją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plóyyom

Ancient Greek: πλοῖον (ploîon)

Proto-Italic: *plowjos

Latin: pluvius

*plu-tó-s

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas, *plúta n
East Baltic:
Latvian: pluts
Proto-Slavic: *plъ̀tъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei

Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plutós

Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás

Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlowī
Proto-Brythonic: *llüw
⇒ Breton: levier m (“pilot”)
Old Cornish: leu
Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
Old Welsh: liu
Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)
Welsh: llyw
Old Irish: luí

Innovative formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam)

Armenian: լվանալ (lvanal)

Proto-Hellenic: *pluňňō (< *plu-n-yéti)

Ancient Greek: πλῡ́νω (plū́nō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्लु (plu)


pléwmō

plumn- (oblique stem)
pléwmō (nominative singular)
pléwmones (nominative plural)
pléwmon (singular vocative)
pléwmones (plural vocative)
pléwmonm̥ (accusative singular)
pléwmonm̥s (accusative plural)
plunés (genitive singular)
plunóHom (genitive plural)
plunés (ablative singular)
plun̥mós (ablative plural)
plun̥bʰós (ablative plural)
plunéy (dative singular)
plun̥mós (dative plural)
plun̥bʰós (dative plural)
plumén (locative singular)
pluméni (locative singular)
plun̥sú (locative plural)
plun̥mís (instrumental plural)
plun̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *pléwmōn

Ancient Greek: πλεύμων (pleúmōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kláwmā (< earlier *pláwmā)

Sanskrit: क्लोमन् (klóman)

Proto-Italic: *plumō

Latin: pulmō (see there for further descendants)

From *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”) + *-mṓ (agentive nominal suffix).


pnew-

*pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō

desc

Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — poetic

*pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną

Middle High German: pfnurren

Icelandic: hnerra

>? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)

*pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe

Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)

*pnéw-mn̥

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

>? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa

Albanian: *pnyj

Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnauš

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्षवः (kṣavaḥ, “sneezing”)

Proto-Iranian: *xšnauš

Mazanderani: اشنافه (ëšnâfe, “sneeze”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: hênijîn (“to sneeze”)

Middle Persian: (/šnōšag/, “sneeze”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnwšk')


pnéwmn̥

pnéwmn̥ (nominative singular)
pnéwmō (collective nominative)
pnéwmn̥ (singular vocative)
pnéwmō (collective vocative)
pnéwmn̥ (accusative singular)
pnéwmō (accusative collective)
pnuméns (genitive singular)
pn̥wm̥nés (collective genitive)
pnuméns (ablative singular)
pn̥wm̥nés (ablative collective)
pnuméney (dative singular)
pn̥wm̥néy (collective dative)
pnumén (locative singular)
pnuméni (locative singular)
pnumén (collective locative)
pnuméni (collective locative)

Proto-Albanian: *pnew-ma

Albanian: *pnyjma

Albanian: frymë

Proto-Hellenic: *pnéumə

Ancient Greek: πνεῦμα (pneûma), πνεύμων (pneúmōn) (< collective)

From *pnew- (“to breathe”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


plutós

non-ablauting (romanization)
plutós (nominative singular)
plutóes (nominative plural)
pluté (singular vocative)
plutóes (plural vocative)
plutóm (accusative singular)
plutóms (accusative plural)
plutósyo (genitive singular)
plutóHom (genitive plural)
plutéad (ablative singular)
plutómos (ablative plural)
plutóbʰos (ablative plural)
plutóey (dative singular)
plutómos (dative plural)
plutóbʰos (dative plural)
plutéy (locative singular)
plutóy (locative singular)
plutóysu (locative plural)
plutṓys (instrumental plural)
plutā́m (accusative singular)
plutóm (nominative singular)
plutóy (dual nominative)
plutóm (singular vocative)
plutóy (dual vocative)
plutóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei

Proto-Hellenic: *plutós

Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás

Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)

From *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


plewd-

*plewd- (root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: plyudi (“flood”)

Latvian: plūdi (“flood”)

Celtic:

Old Irish: luaidid

desc

Proto-Germanic: *fleutaną (“to float, to stream”)

*plud-sḱé- (sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plū́sti

*plewd-o-

Proto-Germanic: *fleutaz (“fast-running”)

Middle Dutch: vliet

Old Norse: fljótr

Icelandic: fljótur

Proto-Germanic: *fleutą (“stream”)

Old English: flēot

English: fleet

Middle Dutch: vliet

*plud-om

Proto-Germanic: *flutą

Old English: flot

Dutch: vlot (“raft”)

Old Norse: flot

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *flutōną

Italic:

Latin: plaustrum


plewk-

*pléwk-e-ti (full-grade thematic present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *fleuhaną (“to flee”) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz (“flea”) (possibly readjusted by folk etymology from *flauzaz, from PIE *plúsis (“flee”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fleuganą (“to fly”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fleugǭ (“fly”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flugǭ (“fly, flying insect”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flugilaz (see there for further descendants)

q

< earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*fluglaz</i>

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fuglaz (“fowl”) (< earlier *fluglaz) (see there for further descendants)

*plowk-éye-ti (éye-causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *flaugijaną (“to fly up”) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-neh₂-ti ~ *pluk-n̥h₂-énti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *flukkōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flukkaz (“flock”) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-yé-ti (zero-grade yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plúkti (“to strike, to splash”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *plyčьkati (“to splash, to crawl in water”) (expressive, extended with *-kati)

>? Proto-Germanic: *plugijaną (“to plug”) (with unexpected "unshifted" *p)

Proto-Italic: *plow(k)smā

Latin: plūma (see there for further descendants)

*plówk-o-s

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plaûki (“flakes, fibers”)

Lithuanian: pláukas (“hair”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plúnksnāˀ

Latvian: plūksnas, plūksnes

Lithuanian: plùnksna, plū́ksna

Old Prussian: planxdine

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pľuščiti (“to flap, to press”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plaũkti (“to swim”)

Extended form of *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”).


neḱ-

*néḱ-t ~ *n̥ḱ-ént (aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂neḱ-</i> (“to reach”) instead

Sanskrit: नशन्ति (náśanti, 3pl.aor.subj.) (possibly from *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”) instead)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: अनशत् (ánaśat, thematicised aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *näk-

Tocharian A: näk-

Tocharian B: näk-

*néḱ-s-t ~ *n̥ḱ-s-ént (innovative s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ñakäs (3sg.pret.)

Tocharian B: nekasta (2sg.pret.)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*n̥ḱ-yé-ti</i>, with later restitution of full grade root

*néḱ-ye-ti (ye-present) (or *n̥ḱ-yé-ti, with later restitution of full grade root)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćyati (see there for further descendants)

*néḱ-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nkäs

Tocharian B: nakṣtär

⇒ Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -nakṣi

*ne-nóḱ-e ~ *ne-nḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nanā́ća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nanā́śa

Sanskrit: ननाश (nanā́śa)

Proto-Iranian: *nanā́ca

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬇𐬥𐬁𐬯𐬁 (vīnə̄nāsā)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: neku (1sg.subj.)

*noḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāśáyati

Sanskrit: नाशयति (nāśáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *nācáyati

desc

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎰𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (vi-i-n-a-θ-y-t-i-y /vi-nāθayatiy/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Italic: *nokeō

Latin: noceō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: [Term?] (s(e/o)-present)

Latin: noxit

⇒ Proto-Italic: *noksā

Latin: noxa

*nóḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nā́ćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nā́śas

Sanskrit: नाश (nāśa) (see there for further descendants)

*neḱ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naṣṭás

Sanskrit: नष्ट (naṣṭá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *naštáh

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (našta)

*néḱ-s (“death”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćš

Proto-Iranian: *náš

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯 (nas)

Proto-Italic: *neks

Latin: nex, necō (see there for further descendants)

*neḱ-rós

Proto-Hellenic: *nekrós

desctree

Ancient Greek: νεκρός (nekrós)
Greek: νεκρός (nekrós)

*néḱ-tu-s ~ *n̥ḱ-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *anxtu (see there for further descendants)

*néḱ-us ~ *n̥ḱ-éw-s

*néḱ-tr̥h₂ (with root *terh₂-; though Beekes is unsure)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar) (see there for further descendants)

*n̥ḱw-ó-

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅkwe

Tocharian A: oṅk

Tocharian B: eṅkwe


kerp-

*kerp- (root verb), *kérp-t (athematic root aorist)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

>? Hittite: 𒋼𒀀𒀊𒍣 (kar-ap-zi /kr̩pt͡s(ː)i/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kerp-, *kirp-

Latvian: cìrpt (“to shave”)

Lithuanian: kir̃pti (“to cut, chop; to clip, shear”)

Proto-Slavic: *čerpti (“to scoop, draw”), *čerpati, *čьrpati (see there for further descendants)

*kérp-e-ti (thematic root present)

ref

With a likely from the zero-grade <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kr̥p-</i> preceding a consonant.<ref name=EDL/>

Proto-Italic: *karpō

Latin: carpō (“to pluck”) (see there for further descendants)

*kr̥p-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒋼𒀀𒁉𒄿𒄑𒍣 (kar-pí-i-ez-zi), 𒋼𒀀𒀊𒁉𒄑𒍣 (kar-ap-pí-ez-zi /kr̩pjɛt͡sːi/, “picks up, lifts up, takes”)

*kerp-o-s, perhaps an original root noun *kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kerpas

>? Proto-Slavic: *čerpъ (see there for further descendants)

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kr̥pós</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *kərpós (“*what is plucked > fruit”) (from *kr̥pós)

ref

Expected <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*κραπός</i> (*krapós).<ref name=EDG/><ref name=EDL/>

>? Ancient Greek: καρπός (karpós) (see there for further descendants)

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀡 (ka-po)

desc

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kərpós (“*that which plucks?”)

>? Ancient Greek: καρπός (karpós, “wrist”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *karpudā

Albanian: kërpudhë (“mushroom”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: šķērpêt (“to cut grass”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: почрѣти (počrěti, “to shape?”)

Proto-Germanic: *harbistaz (“harvest, autumn”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कृपाणी (kṛpāṇī, “dagger”), कृपाण (kṛpāṇa, “sword”)

Apparently ultimately derived from *(s)ker- (“to cut”) via a p-extension of unknown origin and function.

(originally?) to pick up, lift; to take and carry away


*térh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒊏𒀜𒋫 (tar-ra-at-ta /tarratta/, 3sg.pres.med.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHati (see there for further descendants)

*térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*térh₂-u-ti ~ *tr̥h₂-w-enti (u-present)

*tḗrh₂-s-t ~ *térh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat

Sanskrit: अतारीत् (átārīt, 3sg.act.), तारिषत् (tāriṣat, 3sg.subj.act.)

*tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुरयन्ते (turayante, 3pl.ind.med.)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian: *tarayati

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /viyatarayam/, 1sg.caus.impf.act.)

*tr̥h₂-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *taryeti

Proto-Brythonic: *tarðad (“to explode”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: तूर्य (tūrya, “to conquer”, 2sg.impv.)

>? Proto-Italic: *trō

Latin: *trō

⇒ Latin: intrō (“to enter, go into, penetrate”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tr-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒈾𒄿 (tar-na-i /tarnai/)

*tetórh₂-e ~ *te-tr̥h₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ततार (tatā́ra, 3sg.), तितिरुर् (titirúr, 3pl.)

*tí-tr̥h₂-s-eti (se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तूतूर्षति (tū́tūrṣati), तितीर्षति (titīrṣati)

>? *néḱ-t(e)rh₂-s ~ *neḱ-tr̥h₂-és (+ *neḱ- (“to perish”))

Proto-Hellenic: *néktər

Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHiH

Sanskrit: तरी (tarī, “boat”)

*térh₂-mn̥ ~ *tr̥h₂-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *térəmə

Ancient Greek: *τέραμα (*térama)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀτέραμνος (atéramnos, “hard, stubborn, merciless”)

*térh₂-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₂-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *trātu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHtuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHtuṣ

Sanskrit: *तरीतु (*tárītu)

⇒ Sanskrit: दुष्तरीतु (duṣtárītu, “difficult to be passed or overcome”) (+ दुस्- (dus-, “difficult”))

*tr̥h₂-kʷe or *tr̥h₂-h₃kʷ-

Proto-Germanic: *þurhw (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: तीर्ण (tīrṇá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Htʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Htʰám

Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Sanskrit: तार (tāra)

>? Proto-Albanian: *tra

Proto-Albanian: *tratja (+ *-atja)

q

or borrowed from Romanian <i class="Latn mention" lang="ro">tras</i>

Albanian: tras (“to pull”) (or borrowed from Romanian tras)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तॄ (tṝ)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Mate Kapović


térmn̥

térmn̥ (nominative singular)
térmō (collective nominative)
térmn̥ (singular vocative)
térmō (collective vocative)
térmn̥ (accusative singular)
térmō (accusative collective)
tr̥méns (genitive singular)
trm̥nés (collective genitive)
tr̥méns (ablative singular)
trm̥nés (ablative collective)
tr̥méney (dative singular)
trm̥néy (collective dative)
tr̥mén (locative singular)
tr̥méni (locative singular)
tr̥mén (collective locative)
tr̥méni (collective locative)

>? Proto-Germanic: *þrumą (“butt, end”) (perhaps earlier *þrumną < *trm̥n-ó-m) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *þrumǭ (< collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *térmə, *térmōn (< collective)

desc

Ancient Greek: τέρμα (térma), τέρμων (térmōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárma

Sanskrit: तर्मन् (tárman), सुतर्मन् (sutárman) (< *h₁su- + *térmn̥)

Proto-Italic: *termn̥, *termnos (see there for further descendants), *termō (< collective)

Latin: termen, terminus, termō

Pokorny suggests *ter(h₂)- (“to pass through”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix); Watkins suggests *ter- (“boundary”) + *-mn̥.


Proto-Albanian: *kla(u)tja

Albanian: qos

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kliūdýti

>? Proto-Germanic: *sleutaną (< *(s)klewh₂-de-ti) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *klaudō
Latin: claudō, clūdō (see there for further descendants)
Paelignian: clusu (participle perfect)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *klaudtrom

Latin: claustrum (see there for further descendants)

*kléh₂u-ti ~ *kluh₂-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kļũt

Lithuanian: kliū́ti, kliáuti

Proto-Slavic: *kľuti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kľùka (+ *-ka) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kľučь (+ *-čь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klāyyō

Ancient Greek: κληΐω (klēḯō)

*kléh₂w-ih₂ ~ *kl̥h₂u-yéh₂s

Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́ds

Ancient Greek: κληΐς (klēḯs)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́ks

Doric: κλᾴξ (klā́ix)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwitʰron

Ancient Greek: κλήϊθρον (klḗïthron)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀨𐀹𐀡𐀫 (ka-ra-wi-po-ro /klāwi-pʰoros/)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *klāwis (“bar, bolt”)
Latin: clāvis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klāwos (possibly borrowed from Latin instead) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klāwos

Latin: clāvus (“nail, peg”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klōyyos

Ancient Greek: κλῳός (klōiós)


(s)kel-

*skél-ko-s

Proto-Germanic: *skelhaz

*skél-os ~ *skél-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *skélos

desc

⇒ τρισκελίς (triskelís)

Ancient Greek: σκέλος (skélos), ⇒ τρισκελίς (triskelís)

Proto-Italic: *skelos

Latin: scelus (see there for further descendants)

*skél-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

→⇒ Old Armenian: շար-աւանդ (šar-awand)

Mazanderani: اشکل (eškel, “thigh, thighbone”)

Persian: شل (šal, “thigh”)

⇒ *skelo-wer-o-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *šarawāra-

Persian: شلوار (šalvâr) (see there for further descendants)

→ Arabic: سِرْوَال (sirwāl), سِرْبَال (sirbāl), شِرْوَال (širwāl) (dialectal), شَرْوَال (šarwāl) (modern), سِرْوَل (sirwal), سِرْوِيل (sirwīl) (see there for further descendants)

→ Biblical Aramaic: סַרְבָּלָא

→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: סַרְבָּלָא (sarbālā, “trousers; a type of outer garment”)

→ Ancient Greek: σαράβαρα (sarábara), σαράβαλλα (saráballa, “Scythian loose trousers”)

→ Latin: sarabala, sarabāra (“(Scythian) wide trousers”)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡀࡓࡅࡀࡋࡀ (šaruala, “trousers”)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܪܒܠܐ (šarbālā, “trousers”), ܫܪܘܠܐ du (šarwālē, “leggings”)

*skol-ó-s

Proto-Albanian: *štšala

Albanian: çalë

*kōl-o-m

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κῶλον (kôlon) (see there for further descendants)

*kól-ō

Proto-Hellenic: *kólō

Ancient Greek: κόλων (kólōn)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *kall-

Albanian: shkal (“to tread, spur”)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: խուլ (xul, “deaf”)

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: atsikalti

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυλίνδω (kulíndō), κύλινδρος (kúlindros)

Ancient Greek: κυλλός (kullós, “deformed, crippled, crooked”) (possibly)

Ancient Greek: κῶλον (kôlon)

Ancient Greek: σκολιός (skoliós)

Ancient Greek: σκολίωσις (skolíōsis)

Ancient Greek: σκολίωμα (skolíōma)

Ancient Greek: σκώληξ (skṓlēx)

Italic: *skalik-

Latin: calix

Umbrian: skalçeta

(bent or curved body parts) leg, heel, knee, hip


*skelh₁-ye- (ye-present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκέλλω (skéllō)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκελετός (skeletós)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκληρός (sklērós)

Proto-Germanic: *skalaz

English: shoal, shallow

German: schal

Unsorted formations:

German: hellig

>? Latvian: kalst


Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ) (possibly)

Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ)

Old Armenian: արդն (ardn) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ратище (ratište), ратовище (ratovište)

Proto-Germanic: *rōdō, *rōdǭ


q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrádati (disappearance of laryngeal per Lubotsky's law?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrádati

Sanskrit: रदति (rádati)

Proto-Italic: *rōdō

Latin: rōdō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rōstrum (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ardu-, “to saw”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *rattaz, *rattō (see there for further descendants)

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāδaⁱti, “to prepare (the way)”) (long vowel from a nominal form?)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*lendʰ-</i> (“to lower, go down”)

>? Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lndyt /randīd/, “to scratch, grate, abrade”, 3sg.) (or from *lendʰ- (“to lower, go down”))


*ter-kʷ-

*tr-ey-

*tr-i-to-

Proto-Italic: *tritos

Latin: trītus (for expected tritus perhaps after trīvī)

*tr-ey-ḱo-

Proto-Italic: *trīkos

Latin: trīcae

*tr-ey-dʰlom

Proto-Italic: *treiðlom

Latin: trībulum, trībulō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: triō

⇒ Latin: septentriō (see there for further descendants)

*ter-g-

Proto-Italic: *tergēō

Latin: tergō, tergeō

*tr-ey-gʷ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῑ́βω (trī́bō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρίβος (tríbos)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τριβή (tribḗ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρώγω (trṓgō), τράγω (trágō), τράγος (trágos)

*tr-ew(H)-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: trūnė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *tryti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru), τρύω (trúō), ἄτρυτος (átrutos), τρῦμα (trûma), τρύ̄μη (trú̄mē), τρῡτάνη (trūtánē), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō), τρώω (trṓō), τρῶσις (trôsis), τρῶμα (trôma)/τραῦμα (traûma)

*tr-ew-gʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρύχω (trúkhō)

*tr-ewH?-p-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῡπάω (trūpáō), τρύ̄πανον (trú̄panon), τρύ̄πη (trú̄pē)

*terh₁- (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *térˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *terti (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: terō (see there for further descendants)

*tér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *téřřō

Ancient Greek: τείρω (teírō)

*tor-ó-

Proto-Hellenic: *torós

Ancient Greek: τορός (torós)

*tór-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *tóros

Ancient Greek: τόρος (tóros), τορεύς (toreús)

*tór-mo-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þarmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tórmos

Ancient Greek: τόρμος (tórmos)

*tór-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tórnos

Ancient Greek: τόρνος (tórnos)

Proto-Celtic: *trātos

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Breton: treut (“thin”)

Breton: treut

Middle Welsh: trawd (“weak”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trētós

Ancient Greek: τρητός (trētós)

Proto-Celtic: *taratrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *téretron

Ancient Greek: τέρετρον (téretron)

Proto-Italic: *tereðrom

Latin: terebrum, terebra

Proto-Italic: *terets

Latin: teres

From *treh₁-

*treh₁- (metathesized root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þreskaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗmə

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρῆμα (trêma)
→ English: trema, -treme
→ French: tréma
Greek: τρήμα (tríma)
→ Translingual: Trema

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗtis

Ancient Greek: τρῆσις (trêsis)

*tréh₁-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₁-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *þrēduz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արածեմ (aracem), արաւտ (arawt) (possibly)

Old Armenian: թուր (tʻur)

Old Armenian: թրթուր (tʻrtʻur)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τετραίνω (tetraínō)

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tarH- (“to rub, wipe (?)”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (prtr- /pr-tr-/, “to dry up, wipe off”), ܕܣܦܪܛܪ (ds-pr-tr, “handtowel”)

Italic:

desctree

Latin: trūcta
Italo-Dalmatian:
Italian: trota
Sicilian: trota, trotta
Venetan: truta
Rhaeto-Romance:
Friulian: trute
Romansch: truta
Gallo-Romance:
Catalan: truita
Franc-Comtois: trète
French: truite
Occitan: troita, trocha
Ibero-Romance:
Asturian: trucha
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: troita
Portuguese: truta
Spanish: trucha
Borrowings:
→ Albanian: troftë
→ English: trout
Tok Pisin: traut


gʷelH-

*gʷelH-éti (root present)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: կեղ (keł, “wound, sore, ulcer”), կեղեմ (kełem, “to torment, torture, afflict”), (possibly) կեղերջ (kełerǰ, “complaint, grievance, pain”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHti

Proto-Iranian: *gráHti

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ni-γrāⁱre, “to throw down”)

Pashto: غوزارول (γwəzārawə́l, “throw, cause to fall, knock over”)

Persian: گرزین (gerzin, “arrow”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dzel̂t (“to sting”)

Lithuanian: gélti (“to hurt severely”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwelaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *gʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *balnīti (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷelHtlom or *gʷelHdʰlom

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *žędlo (< *geldlo) (Vasmer) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷélH-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέλος (bélos, “missile”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βελόνη (belónē)

*gʷélH-m̥n-o-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέλεμνον (bélemnon)

*gʷélH-tus

Proto-Celtic:

Gaulish: belatu- (“death”)

Gaulish: Belatucadros (Theonym meaning "beautiful death")

Proto-Italic: *gʷelājō or Proto-Italic: *gʷelāō

Latin: volō (“to fly”) (possibly)

*gʷl̥H-id-yé-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βαλλίζω (ballízō)

*gʷl̥H-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλῆμα (blêma)

*gʷl̥H-tós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλητός (blētós)

*gʷl̥H-trom

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλῆτρον (blêtron)

*gʷolH-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kwaljaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βολέω (boléō)

*gʷolH-mos

Proto-West Germanic: *kwalm (see there for further descendants)

*gʷόlH-os

possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galas

Latvian: gals (“tip, end; death”)

Lithuanian: gãlas (“tip, end; death”)

Old Prussian: gallan (acc.), golis (“death”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βόλος (bólos)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gėlà (“acute pain”)

Slavic:

Old East Slavic: жель (želĭ)

→ Latvian: žēl

→ Russian: жаль (žalʹ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βάλλω (bállō), βολή (bolḗ), βολίς (bolís)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: उद्गूर्ण (udgūrṇa)

to throw, reach, pierce; to hit by throwing


gʷelH-

Fortunatov's law
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*gʷélH-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gálati

Classical Sanskrit: गलति (gálati, “to drip”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷl̥H-yé-ti (present)

Hittite: [Term?] (/ku(wa)liya-/, “to flow (calmly), to be calm”)

*gʷl̥H-tós (past participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥Htás

Classical Sanskrit: गलित (galita, “oozed, melted”)

Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀝 (*giṭa, “dripped”) (via Fortunatov's law) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟 (*giḍa) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (*giḍḍaï, “dripps, falls”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗਿੱਡਣਾ (giḍḍaṇā), ਗਿਡਣਾ (giḍṇā), ਡਿਗਣਾ (ḍigṇā)

Shahmukhi script: گِڈَّݨَا (giḍḍaṇā), گِڈݨَا (giḍṇā), ڈِگَّݨَا (ḍiggaṇā)

→ Hindustani: डिगना / ڈگنا (ḍignā, “to collapse”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic: *kwellan (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: गरण (garaṇa, “dripping”)

Sanskrit: *गिरति (girati, “falls”) (perhaps from older Proto-Indo-Aryan *gl̥(H)yáti ~ *gr̥(H)yáti < Proto-Indo-European *gʷl̥H-yé-ti)

Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀭𑀇 (*giraï)

Hindustani: गिरना / گرنا (girnā)

Nepali: गिर्नु (girnu)

Odia: ଗିରିବା (giribā)

Old Gujarati: गिरइ (giraï)

Marwari: 𑅗𑅑𑅭𑅑 (giri) / गिरइ (girai)

Gujarati: ગરવું (garvũ)

Punjabi: ਗਿਰਨਾ / گرنا (girnā)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥(H)-d-lá (“oozing”)

>? Prakrit: *𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*grilla, “wet, damp”), 𑀕𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (gilla) (if not borrowed from substrate)

Hindustani: गीला / گِیلَا (gīlā, “wet”)

Kalasha: gríỊa (“wet”)

Nepali: गीलो (gīlo)

Punjabi: ਗਿੱਲਾ / گِلَّا (gillā)

*gʷl̥H-eH- (“to drip > to collapse, be weary”, root extension?)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: ग्लै (glai, “is weary”), ग्लाति (glāti)

Tocharian B: klāy- (“to collapse”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gul̃ti (“to lie down”)

Latvian: gul̃t


-wós

-wós (nominative singular)
-wóes (nominative plural)
-wé (singular vocative)
-wóes (plural vocative)
-wóm (accusative singular)
-wóms (accusative plural)
-wósyo (genitive singular)
-wóHom (genitive plural)
-wéad (ablative singular)
-wómos (ablative plural)
-wóbʰos (ablative plural)
-wóey (dative singular)
-wómos (dative plural)
-wóbʰos (dative plural)
-wéy (locative singular)
-wóy (locative singular)
-wóysu (locative plural)
-wṓys (instrumental plural)
-wā́m (accusative singular)
-wóm (nominative singular)
-wóy (dual nominative)
-wóm (singular vocative)
-wóy (dual vocative)
-wóy (accusative dual)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-was
East Baltic:
Latvian: -vs
Lithuanian: -vas
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: -was
Proto-Slavic: *-vъ

Proto-Germanic: *-waz

Proto-Celtic: *-wos

Proto-Hellenic: *-wós

Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-wás

Sanskrit: -व (-vá)

Proto-Iranian: *-wáh

Avestan: -𐬎𐬎𐬀 (-uua)

Proto-Italic: *-wos

non-gloss

Latin: forms the perfect and pluperfect active verb stems

qualifier

(adjectives formed from rare perfect active participles) -vus, -uus


Proto-Italic: *soliðos

Latin: solidus (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *solh₂o-h₃kʷs (“appearing whole”)

Proto-Italic: *solōks

Latin: solox (“of raw, unwrought wool”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwos

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὅλος (hólos), οὖλος (oûlos) — Ionic, Homeric
Greek: όλος (ólos)
→ English: holo-

Proto-Albanian: *salwa

Albanian: gjallë (“alive, unhurt, raw”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *salawos

Faliscan: salve

Latin: salvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarwátaHts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sarwátaHts

Sanskrit: सर्वताति (sarvátāti)

Proto-Iranian: *harwátaHth

desc

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬝 (haᵘruuatāt̰, “wholeness”)

→ English: Haurvatat

→ Old Persian: *𐏃𐎢𐎽𐎺𐎫𐎠𐎫 (*h-u-ru-v-t-a-t /haurvatāt/)

Middle Persian: (/hōrdād ~ harwadād/, “Hōrdād, Perfection, the fifth Amahraspand, guardian of water; cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭥𐭥𐭣𐭲 (hwrdt)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwrdt')

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫅 (hrwdʾd)

→ Parthian: (/hōrdāt ~ xōrdāδ/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭄𐭅𐭓𐭃𐭕 (hwrdt)

→ Sogdian: (/artāt/, “cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐽀𐽂𐼰𐽂 (ʾrtʾt)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫤 (ʾrtʾt)

Arabic script: اردد (/*ardad/) (mentioned in Albiruni's works)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: herwe (“free, gratuitous”)

Central Kurdish: هەروەیی (herweyî, “free, free of charge, gratis”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwótāts

Ancient Greek: ὁλότης (holótēs)

Proto-Italic: *solnos

Latin: sollus, sollemnis

Proto-Celtic: *slānos

desctree

Old Irish: slán
Irish: slán
Manx: slane
Scottish Gaelic: slàn

Proto-Italic: *salūts (< *solūts)

Latin: salūs

(possibly) *solh₂-u-yo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)
Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)


*h₂él-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₂ol-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *oleō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (uřetu)

⇒ Latin: adoleō

Proto-Italic: *almentom

Latin: alimentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *almos

Latin: almus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂él-ti-s ~ *h₂l̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *aldiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *altos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aldaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *altos

Latin: altus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-dʰr-o-m or *h₂el-tr-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *aldrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alwos (perhaps)

Latin: alvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (ind)olēs, (pr)ōlēs

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλθαίνω (althaínō)


*h₂él-yo-s (“other”)

desc

Proto-Italic: *aliteros (“other (of two)”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-no- ~ *h₂elnós

Proto-Celtic: *alnos (“other”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *allaz (“all”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alnos

Oscan: allo (“whole”) (nom. sg. f.)

Proto-Tocharian: *ālle-kä (“other”)

Tocharian A: ālak

Tocharian B: allek

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háranas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háranas

Sanskrit: अरण (áraṇa, “foreign, distant”)

Proto-Italic: *olteros

Latin: ulter (“beyond”, adjective), ultrā (adverb)

q

⇒ Old Latin: uls (“beyond”) (formed on the example of cis vs. citrā)

*h₂ol-no-s ~ *h₂l̥-no-s

Proto-Albanian: *alnā

Albanian: lloj

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *olni (“last year”)

Italic: *olnos

Latin: ollus, olle, ōlim, ille

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ, “alive, whole”)
Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aliai (“every”)

Proto-Celtic: *olyos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“otherwise”)

Tocharian B: āläm

Tocharian B: ālo


(s)peyk-

Proto-Italic: *peikā

Latin: pīca

Umbrian: peica

*peyk-omnos

Proto-Italic: *Peikomnos

Latin: Pīcumnus

*pik-ós

Proto-Italic: *pikos

q

with long -ī- from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">pīca</i>

Latin: pīcus (with long -ī- from pīca)

Umbrian: peico, peiqu (abl.sg.)

*spik-tós

Proto-Germanic: *spihtaz, *spehtaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: picle

(perhaps) Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिक (piká)


peys-

*pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pinsō

Latin: pinsō

*pis-é-ti (zero-grade present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pištei

Latgalian: pist

Latvian: pist

Lithuanian: pi̇̀sti

Proto-Slavic: *pьxati (see there for further descendants)

*peys-Hō ~ *pis-Hne-s

Proto-Italic: *peisō

Latin: pīsō

*pis-e-no-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pišena

Proto-Slavic: *pьšenò (see there for further descendants)

*pis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

desc

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “crushed, ground”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištás

Middle Persian: pst' (“brown flour”) (possibly)

Proto-Italic: *pistos

Latin: pistus

*pis-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištram

Proto-Iranian: *pištram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 n (pištra, “bruise, injury”)

Proto-Italic: *pistlom, *pistlā

Latin: pīlum, pīla, Pīlumnus, pistillum

*póys-o-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiša

Lithuanian: paišai̇̃, pai̇̃šos, piẽšos, puišai̇̃, pui̇̃šos, pišai; (perhaps) piešà; (perhaps) piẽšas, pi̇́ešas

*poys-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páista

Latvian: pìesta, piests

Lithuanian: piestà, piẽstas

Proto-Slavic: *pěstъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πτίσσω (ptíssō) (the appearance of πτ- is unexplained)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिष् (piṣ)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


peyǵ-

*piǵ-éh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *pigēō

Latin: pigeō (“to be annoyed, to be reluctant, to irk”)

*piǵ-rós

Proto-Italic: *pigros

Latin: piger (“slow, lazy, inactive”)

*pig-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: pigùs (“cheap”)

*piǵ-wós

Proto-Italic: *pigwos

Latin: piguus (“lazy”)

*poyǵ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *faikną (see there for further descendants)


ḱóm

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śun

Lithuanian: sù (with unexpected depalatalization of *ś or from *sm̥-)

Proto-Slavic: *sъ(n)

Proto-Celtic: *kom-

Old Irish: com-, cummae (< *ḱóm-smiyo-)

Irish: comh-, cuma

Manx: co-

Scottish Gaelic: co-, coma

Breton: ken-

Cornish: kev-

Welsh: cyf-, cyn-

Proto-Germanic: *ga- (< *ḱó-)

Proto-Italic: *kom

Latin: cum, com-

Oscan: kúm, comono (< *ḱómno-)

Umbrian: kumne (< *ḱómno-)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aṅkānmi (< *ḱómno-)


gleyH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*gléyH-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀtei

Lithuanian: gliejù, gliẽti (“to smear, putty”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHiti

Proto-Iranian: *gráHitī

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γrcy-, “to roll; to smear with clay”)

*gli-né-H-ti ~ *gli-n-H-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *glinati (“to glue”)

Proto-Germanic: *klinaną (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀnāˀ (“clay”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléyH-n̥ ~ *gliH-én-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλῑ́νη (glī́nē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀwāˀ (“slime, fungus”)

Latvian: glīve

Lithuanian: gleīvės

Proto-Slavic: *glìva (“fungus”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *liiva (“slime”)

Proto-Germanic: *klīwō

Old High German: klīwa, klīa, klīga

Middle High German: klīwe, klīe

German: Kleie (“bran”)

*gléyH-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHyas

Proto-Iranian: *gráHyah

Shughni: [script needed] (jiray, “pottery clay”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (γuroi, “clay, earth, mud”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλία (glía, “glue”)

*gl̥Hy-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glьjь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*gl̥Hi-t-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *glittos

Latin: glittus (“sticky, cohesive”)

*gl̥Hi-t-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glitus

Latvian: glits, glîts (“slippery”)

Lithuanian: glitùs (“sticky”), (dialectal) glytùs

*gliH-yó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHyás

Proto-Iranian: *griHyáh

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γг’h, “clay, dirt”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (grīha-)

Sogdian: [script needed] (γг’у, “mud, clay, pottery”)

*gloyH-d-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *gloidos (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *klaimaz (“clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *klaimijaną (“to smear with clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *glěnь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-t-n̥ ~ *gl̥iH-t-én-s (“slime, glue”)

Proto-Italic: *gloiten (“clay, mortar”)

Latin: glūten (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-to-m

Proto-Germanic: *klaiþą (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-wó-s (“sticky; sticky substance”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀwa

Proto-Slavic: *glěvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: γλοιός (gloiós) (< earlier *γλοιϝός (*gloiwós) or *γλοιι̯ός (*gloii̯ós) (for which see below))

*gloyH-y-ó-s

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gloh₁i-wó-s</i> above

Proto-Germanic: *klajjaz (“clay”) (or from *gloh₁i-wó-s above) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *klaij (“clay”)

Unsorted formations:

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gley-t-y-</i>

Proto-Albanian: *gleitja (< *gley-t-y-)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-gleitja

Albanian: ngjis (“to stick to, glue”)

Proto-Albanian: *glitja

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-glitja

Albanian: ngjit

Proto-Anatolian:

Lydian: 𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠 (kλida, “earth”) (probably)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: կաղջին (kaġǰin)


glew-

*glew-t-

⇒ *gléwt-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *glouts

Latin: glūs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Slovene: glûta (“lump, swelling”)

⇒ *glowt-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gloutós

desc

>? Ancient Greek: γλουτός (gloutós, “rump”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléw-ō

Proto-Germanic: *klewô (“clod, lump, mass”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ग्लौ (gláu-, “swelling, tumor”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gluo

An extension of *gel- (“to ball up, clump”); compare *gley-.


gleybʰ-

*gléybʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *klībaną

*gleybʰ-ye-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gliêbtiês (“to cling”)

Proto-Germanic: *klibāną

*gleybʰ-os

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glibъ


*h₁r̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃t

Lithuanian: i̇̀rti

Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀁 (e-re-e /ereʰen/)

*h₁roh₁-(ye-)-ti (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *rāyeti

Old Irish: ráïd

Proto-Germanic: *rōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rāmyos

Proto-Brythonic: *rrọβ̃

Middle Breton: reuf

Cornish: rêv

Welsh: rhaw

desctree

Old Irish: rámae
Middle Irish: ráma
Irish: rámh, rámha
Manx: raue
Scottish Gaelic: ràmh

Proto-Italic: *rē(z)mos

Latin: rēmus (“oar”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρέτης (erétēs), ἐρετμός (eretmós), ἐρετμόν (eretmón), ἐρέσσω (eréssō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀲 (e-re-ta /eretās/)

*h₁réh₁-ti-s ~ *h₁r̥h₁-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἰρεσῐ́α (eiresĭ́a)

Ionic Greek: εἰρεσῐ́η (eiresĭ́ē)

Proto-Italic: *ratis

Latin: ratis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃kls, ir̃klis

Lithuanian: i̇̀rklas

*h₁érh₁-tro-m or *h₁érh₁-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HárHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HárHtram

Sanskrit: अरित्र (arítra, áritra)

Proto-Germanic: *rōþrą (“rudder”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀdas

Latvian: rēds

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀdukas

Proto-Slavic: *rědъkъ (“sparse, rare”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀdnas

Lithuanian: rę̃ns, rę̄ns, rę̄ds (“leaking”)

Proto-Hellenic: *erḗmos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐρῆμος (erêmos, “lonely, uninhabited, deserted”), (later) ἔρημος (érēmos) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀗 (e-re-mo /erēmos/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀtas (“sparse, spacious, rare, solitary”)

Lithuanian: rẽtas

Latvian: rȩts

Proto-Italic: *rāros

Latin: rārus (“loose, sparse, rare”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁réh₁-trih₂ (with *-trih₂)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHtriH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rōō (“quiet”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rest”)

Proto-Germanic: *rōwaz

Old Norse: rór

Proto-Germanic: *razną (“house”)

Proto-Celtic: *aramos

Middle Welsh: araf (“quiet, leisurely”)

Unsorted formations:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (rāman, “peace, tranquility”)

Old Irish: árus (“habitation”)

Irish: áras

>? Latin: rēte


*(h₁)wéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vójęs

Latvian: vâjêt

Proto-Hellenic: *ewajō (possibly)

Ancient Greek: ἐάω (eáō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHyati (see there for further descendants)

*(h₁)u-né-h₂-ti ~ *(h₁)u-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒌦𒄩𒀭𒍣 (u-un-ḫa-an-zi, “to empty”, 3pl.pres.) (with generalised weak stem)

*(h₁)wḗh₂-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Epic Greek: ἔᾱσα (éāsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáwaHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáwaHst

Sanskrit: अवासीत् (ávāsīt)

*(h₁)weh₂-nos or *(h₁)uh₂-nos

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HuHnás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wānos (or *wā̆snos < *(h₁)weh₂-snos)

Latin: vānus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wasnos (“weak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wāstos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōstaz, *wōstuz

Proto-West Germanic: *wōstī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wāstos

Latin: vāstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wakos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ունայն (unayn)
Armenian: ունայն (unayn)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Ancient Greek: εὖνις (eûnis, “bereft”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *wānti

Proto-Albanian: *wānā

Albanian: vonë

Proto-Germanic: *wanatōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wanōną (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰmṓ

ǵʰémō (nominative singular)
ǵʰémonh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰémones (nominative plural)
ǵʰémon (singular vocative)
ǵʰémonh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰémones (plural vocative)
ǵʰémonm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰémonh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰémonm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰm̥nés (genitive singular)
ǵʰm̥nóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰm̥nés (ablative singular)
ǵʰmnmós (ablative plural)
ǵʰmnbʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰm̥néy (dative singular)
ǵʰmnmós (dative plural)
ǵʰmnbʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰmén (locative singular)
ǵʰméni (locative singular)
ǵʰmnsú (locative plural)
ǵʰm̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰmnmís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰmnbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źmṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gumô (< *ǵʰm̥mṓ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hemō (< *ǵʰm̥mṓ) (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) + *-ō. The initial *dʰ is regularly dropped in such a cluster (compare e.g. *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”) < */dḱmtóm/, a derivative of *déḱm̥ (“ten”)).


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (partially)

Proto-Celtic: *swādus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swōtuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwādús (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHduš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *suādwus

Proto-Italic: *swādwis

Latin: suāvis (see there for further descendants)

From *sweh₂d- (“sweet”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


*swéh₂d-t ~ *suh₂d-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὔαδε (eúade), ἅδε (háde)

*swéh₂d-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́domai

Ancient Greek: ἥδομαι (hḗdomai)

Boeotian Greek: ϝᾱ̔́δομαι (whā́domai)

Doric Greek: ᾱ̔́δομαι (hā́domai)

Aeolic Greek: ᾱ̓́δομαι (ā́domai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdatay

Sanskrit: स्वादते (svā́date) (once), स्वदते (svádate) (more often)

*swe-swóh₂d-e ~ *swe-suh₂d-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑᾱδότᾰ (heādótă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sušúHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suṣúHda

Sanskrit: सुषूदिम (suṣū́dima)

*suh₂-né-d-ti ~ *suh₂-n̥-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁνδᾰ́νω (handắnō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHádanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHádanti

Sanskrit: स्वदन्ति (svádanti), सुवदन्ति (suvádanti)

*suh₂d-éye-ti (zero-grade causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHdáyati

Sanskrit: सूदयति (sūdáyati)

Proto-Italic: *swādejeo

⇒ Latin: suādeō

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sū́dyti

*swéh₂d-mn̥ ~ *suh₂d-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdma

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svā́dman)

Sanskrit: स्वादिमन् (svādiman)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Frisian: swētma

Old Swedish: søtme

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHdmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHdmā́

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svādmán)

Proto-Iranian: *hwaHdmā́

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬀 (hudəma)

*swéh₂d-os ~ *swéh₂d-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́dos

Ancient Greek: ἦδος (êdos)

Doric Greek: ἇδος (hâdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdas

Sanskrit: स्वाद (svāda)

Sanskrit: प्रस्वादस् (prásvādas)

Proto-Germanic: *swōtistaz

Old High German: swozisto

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́distos

Ancient Greek: ἥδῐστος (hḗdĭstos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdištʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *swāre

Tocharian A: swār

Tocharian B: swāre

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHtˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHttás

Sanskrit: स्वात्त (svāttá)

Proto-Iranian: *xwaHctáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xᵛāsta)

Proto-Italic: *swāssos

Latin: suāsus

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *sūadja

Albanian: shije

Sanskrit: स्वादन (svā́dana)


spey-

Proto-Italic: *speinā

Proto-Italic: *speikā

Latin: spīca

*spey-ro-

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *spīrǭ, *spīrō, *spīraz, *spīriz
Proto-West Germanic: *spīrā; *spīri f; *spīru f; *spīr m or n
Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīr, *spīri, or *spīru)
Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire
English: spire
Scots: spyre, spire
Old Frisian: *spīr
Saterland Frisian: Spier, Spíer n
West Frisian: spier c or n
Old Saxon: spīr f (i-stem)
Middle Low German: spîr m or n
German Low German: Spier m or n
→ German: Spier
Old Dutch: *spīr
Middle Dutch: spier n
Dutch: spier f
Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)
Middle High German: spīre f; spir (in spirboum); spier n (in grasspier)
German: Speier m or f (dialectal)
Old Norse: spíra
Icelandic: spíra
Faroese: spíra
Norwegian Bokmål: spire, spir
Swedish: spira
Danish: spir

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Iranian: *spūkah (perhaps)

desc

Classical Persian: سپوخ (/sipūx/, “sharp point; arrow; sharp blade”)

*spid-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *spitjaz; *spitją; *spitjǭ

Old High German: spizza, spizzī

Middle High German: spitze

German: Spitze

→ English: spitz

*spid-us

Proto-Germanic: *spituz

Old English: spitu

Middle English: spite, spyte, spit

English: spit

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: spit, spet

Low German: spit, spet

→ Danish: spid

→ Swedish: spett

Middle Dutch: spet

Dutch: spit

Old High German: spiz

Middle High German: spiz

German: Spieß

*speyg-o-

Proto-Germanic: *spīkaz

Old Norse: spíkr

Norwegian: spik

Swedish: spik

*speyg-ros

Proto-Germanic: *spīkraz

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: spiker

Middle Low German: spiker

Danish: spiger

Low German: spiker, spieker

→ English: spiker

Norwegian Bokmål: spiker

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Middle High German: spīcher

*spoyg-

Proto-Germanic: *spaikǭ

Old English: spāca

Middle English: spake

English: spoke

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spēke

North Frisian: speak

Middle Dutch: spake, speke

Dutch: spaak

Old Saxon: spēka

Middle Low German: speke

Old High German: speihha

Middle High German: speiche

German: Speiche

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: speiglei̇̃s (“thorns”)

*speyl-os

Proto-Germanic: *spīlaz

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spyl

North Frisian: spīl

West Frisian: spile

Middle Low German: spīle

Middle Dutch: spīle

Dutch: spijl

→ English: spile

German: Speil

Old Norse:

Danish: spile

*speym-is

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sɸeimis
Old Irish: séim
Irish: séimh
Scottish Gaelic: sèimh


bʰṓr

bʰṓr (nominative singular)
bʰórh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰóres (nominative plural)
bʰór (singular vocative)
bʰórh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰóres (plural vocative)
bʰórm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰórh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰórm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰrés (genitive singular)
bʰróHom (genitive plural)
bʰrés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
bʰréy (dative singular)
bʰr̥mós (dative plural)
bʰr̥bʰós (dative plural)
bʰór (locative singular)
bʰóri (locative singular)
bʰr̥sú (locative plural)
bʰréh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥mís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

⇒? Old Armenian: բուռն (buṙn, “hand, fist”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰṓr

Ancient Greek: φώρ (phṓr)

Proto-Italic: *fōr

Latin: fūr

From earlier *bʰórs, from *bʰer- (“to carry”).


dʰwen-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwan-

Sanskrit: ध्वन् (dhvan)

*dʰwén-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dunēt (“to make a noise”) (perhaps)

Slovak: dunieť

Slovene: doneti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwánati

Sanskrit: ध्वनति (dhvánati)

*dʰún-is

Proto-Germanic: *duniz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰúniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰúniṣ

Sanskrit: धुनि (dhúni) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwen-ís

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwaníš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwaníṣ

Sanskrit: ध्वनि (dhvani) (see there for further descendants)


-teros

-teros (nominative singular)
-teroes (nominative plural)
-tere (singular vocative)
-teroes (plural vocative)
-terom (accusative singular)
-teroms (accusative plural)
-terosyo (genitive singular)
-teroHom (genitive plural)
-teread (ablative singular)
-teromos (ablative plural)
-terobʰos (ablative plural)
-teroey (dative singular)
-teromos (dative plural)
-terobʰos (dative plural)
-terey (locative singular)
-teroy (locative singular)
-teroysu (locative plural)
-terōys (instrumental plural)
-terām (accusative singular)
-terom (nominative singular)
-teroy (dual nominative)
-terom (singular vocative)
-teroy (dual vocative)
-teroy (accusative dual)
*-eros (alternative)

Proto-Germanic: *-þeraz, *-drê

Proto-Hellenic: *-teros

Ancient Greek: -τερος (-teros), -τερός (-terós)

Greek: -τερος (-teros)

Proto-Italic: *-teros

Latin: -ter (perhaps), -iter (perhaps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taras

Sanskrit: -तर (-tara)

Proto-Iranian: *-tarah

Avestan: -𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (-tara)

Gurani: ـتەر (-tar)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ـتر (-tir)

Northern Kurdish: -tir

Middle Persian: [script needed] (-tar)

Persian: ـتر (-tar)

Zazaki: -yer, -êr

Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.


Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (māi-)

Italic:

Latin: mānis (> mānī, mānē, mānēs)

Italic:

Latin: mānus, immānis

Proto-Celtic: *māros (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros, “great”) (ἐγχεσίμωρος (enkhesímōros), ἰόμωροι (iómōroi), σινάμωρος (sinámōros), ὑλακόμωρος (hulakómōros))

Proto-Celtic: *matis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *matorъ (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: mātūrus

Italic:

Latin: Mātūta, mātūtīnus

*méh₂-yōs ~ *méh₂-is- (comparative)

q

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*māros</i> for further descendants

Proto-Celtic: *māyūs (see *māros for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *maizô, *maistaz

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (perhaps) ἀμαυρός (amaurós), μαυρός (maurós) (Suggested to mean weak from not great)


Italic:

Latin: mānō

Proto-Celtic: *mānis

Proto-Brythonic: *mọn

Breton: man

Welsh: mawn

desctree

Old Irish: móin (“peat, moss”)
Irish: móin
Manx: moain
Scottish Gaelic: mòine

Proto-Germanic: *mōraz (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *-tāts

Ancient Greek: -της (-tēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taHtiṣ

Sanskrit: -ताति (-tāti)

Proto-Iranian: *-taHtiš

Avestan: -𐬙𐬁𐬝 (-tāt̰)

Proto-Italic: *-tāts (see there for further descendants)

Used to form nouns representing state of being


Hreyǵ-

*Hréyǵ-ti ~ *Hriǵ-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: réižti

Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)

*Hréyǵ-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rías- (“stretch out, rule”)

*Hri-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *Hri-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇̀žti̇̀

*Hroyǵ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *raikijaną (see there for further descendants)


Hreyǵ-

*Hriǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type root thematic present)

*Hriǵ-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Germanic: *rikkijaną

Old High German: *rickēn

Middle High German: ricken (“to bind”)

*Hriǵ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *rigēō

Latin: rigeō (see there for further descendants)


leg-

*lég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lekaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (“to melt”) (see there for further descendants)

*log-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *lakjaną (see there for further descendants)

*lōg-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *lōkiz (see there for further descendants)

*leg-to-s

Proto-Celtic: *lextos

Proto-Brythonic: *leɨθ

Breton: leizh

Welsh: llaith

Old Armenian: լիճ (lič)

Armenian: լիճ (lič)


*dʰi-né-h₁-ti ~ *dʰi-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *dinati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰinā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰinā́ti

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: धिनोति (dhinoti, “to nourish”)

*dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *dijōną (“to suck, suckle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHáyati

Sanskrit: धयति (dháyati, “to drink mother's milk, to breastfeed”)

Proto-Iranian: *dHáyati

Ossetian: (“to suck”)

Digor Ossetian: дӕйун (dæjun)

Iron Ossetian: дӕйын (dæjyn)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dojìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիեմ (diem, “to drink mother's milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēt (“to suck”)

Proto-Germanic: *dēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆσθαι (thêsthai, “to milk out”)

Proto-Italic: *fēmanā

Latin: fēmina (“woman”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰeh₁-to-s (“having given birth”)

Proto-Italic: *fētos

Latin: fētus (“pregnant”)

*dʰeh₁-tu-s (probably later formation)

Proto-Italic: *fētus

Latin: fētus (“offspring”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fēnom

Latin: fēnum (“hay”)

Proto-Italic: *fēnos

Latin: fēnus (“interest (on money)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰa(H)inúš (“milch cow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēls (“son”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆλυς (thêlus, “feminine”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धारु (dhārú, “sucking”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰeh₁-lew-ih₂

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θήλεια (thḗleia, “feminine”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰeh₁-lw-ih₂

Proto-Italic: *fēl(w)ī-

⇒ Latin: fēlīx (“happy”)

Proto-Italic: *fīlios (“son”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dīle (“sucking calf”)

Proto-Germanic: *dilō (“nipple”) (with pretonic shortening)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θηλή (thēlḗ, “teat”)

⇒? Proto-Indo-European: *dʰeh₁-l-éh₂-ye-ti

Proto-Italic: *fēlājō

Latin: fēlō, fellō (“to suck”)

Proto-Albanian: *dailjā

Albanian: dele (“sheep”)

*dʰé-dʰh₁-i (“milk curd”)

Proto-Albanian: *dedi

Albanian: *djadhë

⇒ Albanian: djathë (“cheese”) (diminutive in -thë)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰHi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dádʰHi

Sanskrit: दधि (dádhi, “coagulated milk, curd”), दध्नस् (dadhnás, gen.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *dela

Albanian: djalë (“boy”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դալ (dal, “colostrum”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēle (“leech”)

Lithuanian: dėlė (“leech”)

Old Prussian: dadan (“milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“pregnant”)

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: dieni (“with young”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tiineh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dēˀtis (“child”)

Proto-Slavic: *dětь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *děva (“maiden, girl”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *děvica

Celtic:

Old Irish: dínu (“lamb”)

Proto-Germanic: *dajjaną (“to suck, suckle”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τίτθη (títthē, “nurse”), τιθήνη (tithḗnē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *daHyaka-

Northern Kurdish: dê, da, dayik (“mother”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾyk' /dāyag/, “wet nurse”)

Persian: دایه (dâye, “wet nurse”)

→ Old Armenian: դայեակ (dayeak, “wet nurse”) (see there for further descendants)


mért

mérm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
mérs (indicative second-person singular)
mér (imperative second-person singular)
mr̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
méresi (second-person singular subjunctive)
mért (indicative singular third-person)
mértu (imperative singular third-person)
méreti (singular subjunctive third-person)
mr̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
mérowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
mr̥tóm (dual indicative second-person)
mr̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
méretes (dual second-person subjunctive)
mr̥tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
mr̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
méretes (dual subjunctive third-person)
mr̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
méromos (first-person plural subjunctive)
mr̥té (indicative plural second-person)
mr̥té (imperative plural second-person)
mérete (plural second-person subjunctive)
m̥rént (indicative plural third-person)
m̥réntu (imperative plural third-person)
méronti (plural subjunctive third-person)
m̥rónts (indicative participle)
mr̥h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
mr̥só (imperative second-person singular)
mr̥tó (indicative singular third-person)
m̥ró (indicative singular third-person)
méretor (singular subjunctive third-person)
m̥rn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
mr̥ró (indicative plural third-person)
mérontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Athematic root aorist of *mer- (“to die”).

⇒ Sanskrit: मरति

Sanskrit: अमृत (ámṛta, 3sg.aor.ind.med.), मरन्ति (maranti, 3pl.aor.subj.act.)


*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-és

*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-s-és

(by extension) bloody or raw flesh, raw meat; (in adjectives) bloody, raw

blood outside the body (as of a wound)
wound

blood outside the body (as of a wound)
hardened blood, scab


q

*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)

⇒ *werdʰh₁om

Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wer-</i> (“to heed”)

>? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))

desc

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)

Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)

*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā

Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)

Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)

Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)

Russian: врать (vratʹ)

Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám

Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wratám

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)


kres-

*krós-e(-ti) (o-grade stative or present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrasaną

⇒? *hrōzaz (“active, stirring”), *hrōzō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *hrōzijaną (“to stir”) (or from the adjective) (see there for further descendants)

*kros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krásīˀtei

>? Proto-Slavic: *krasìti (“to decorate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krāsáyati

Proto-Iranian: *krāsáyati

⇒? *fra-krāsáyati

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, “to be shocked”)

*krós-neh₂ ~ *kr̥s-néh₂-s

⇒ *kros-néh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hraznō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kros-nós

<i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*krasna</i> >

Proto-Albanian: (*krasna >) *krāna

Albanian: krua

Proto-Hellenic: *krosnós

Ancient Greek: κρουνός (krounós)

⇒ *kŕ̥s-neh₂

<i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*krə́snā</i> >

Proto-Hellenic: (*krə́snā >) *krásnā

Aeolic Greek: κράννᾱ (kránnā)

Attic Greek: κρήνη (krḗnē)

Doric Greek: κρᾱ́νᾱ (krā́nā)


*-h₃ō, *-h₃onh₂- (possibly)

*h₃énh₂-o or *h₃e-h₃nóh₂-ey

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒈾𒄿 (ḫa-an-na-i, “to judge; to sue, charge”)

Northern Luri:

Northern Luri: هِنا کِردِن (hena kerden, “to call”)

*h₃néh₃-mn̥ (“name”) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄνομαι (ónomai, “impugn, quarrel with”)

to call, summon; to assign (to a role or task) ?


h₃énh₂ōs (nominative plural)
h₃énh₂ōs (plural vocative)
h₃énh₂ōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánas

Sanskrit: अनस् (ánas, “heavy cart; mother; birth; offspring”)

Proto-Italic: *onos

Latin: onus (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃enh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *h₃énh₂os
From *h₃enh₂- (“to onerate; to charge”) + *-os.


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀνοστός (onostós)

Proto-Italic: *onostos

Latin: onustus

From the noun *h₃énh₂os (“load; burden”).


-Hō

-Hō (nominative singular)
-Hones (nominative plural)
-Hon (singular vocative)
-Hones (plural vocative)
-Honm̥ (accusative singular)
-Honm̥s (accusative plural)
-Hnés (genitive singular)
-HnóHom (genitive plural)
-Hnés (ablative singular)
-Hn̥mós (ablative plural)
-Hn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-Hnéy (dative singular)
-Hn̥mós (dative plural)
-Hn̥bʰós (dative plural)
-Hén (locative singular)
-Héni (locative singular)
-Hn̥sú (locative plural)
-Hn̥mís (instrumental plural)
-Hn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
-Hon (nominative singular)
-Hō (nominative plural)
-Hō (plural vocative)
-Hon (accusative singular)
-Hō (accusative plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn), -ών (-ṓn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)

Italic:

Latin: -ō (see there for further descendants)

Derives adjectives, nouns indicating possession, denoting burden, authority.

-ηδών

melting away, consumption; pain, suffering

e.g. τηκεδών (tēkedṓn; ), ἀλγηδών (algēdṓn, )

-𐌾𐍉

e.g. 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (garunjō; ), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉 (gatimrjō, ), 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (sakjō, )


-we

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *-we
Celtiberian: -ue
Gaulish: -ue

Proto-Germanic: *-u (possibly)

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗ-we (< *h₁ḗ-we), *ē-wé (< *h₁ē-wé)

Ancient Greek: ἤ (ḗ), ἠέ (ēé)

Proto-Italic: *-we

Latin: -ve

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

ceu

Proto-Italic: *keiwe (< *ḱe (“here”) + *(h₁)i-we)


q

*neyH- (with metathesis of *-y- extension and the laryngeal)

*(s)néh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nēaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νέω (néō)

Proto-Italic: *nēō

Latin: neō

Proto-Celtic: *sniyeti

Middle Breton: nezaff

Old Irish: sníid

Welsh: nyddu

Proto-Celtic: *snīman

Old Irish: sním

Irish: sníomh

Proto-Germanic: *nēþlō (“needle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)néH-tr̥ (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: *nḗtron

desc

Ancient Greek: νῆτρον (nêtron, “spindle”)

*sneh₁-ye-ti (perhaps)

>? Sanskrit: स्नायति (snāyati, “to clothe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nī́ˀtis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *snātos

Proto-Brythonic: *nọd

Old Breton: notenn

Middle Breton: neut

Breton: neud

Old Irish: snáth

Irish: snáth

Proto-Celtic: *natus (“poem”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snōdō (“string; rope”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *snutja

Albanian: nus

Proto-Slavic: *snopъ (“sheaf, bundle”) (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blējaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flēō

Latin: fleō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *blētijaną (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāō

Latin: flō (underlying /flā/-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₁-s- (sigmatic aorist or desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *blēsaną (“to blow”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n</i>?

Proto-Germanic: *blēdrǭ (“bladder; swelling”) (< *bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāðrom

Latin: flābrum (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāmən

Latin: flāmen (“gust, wind”)

Proto-Albanian: *(s)blèwsa

Albanian: flluskë

From *bʰel- (“to blow”) + *-eh₁-.
This may be a specialization of the root for "to cry". LIV reconstructs a single root meaning "to howl".


-tos

Proto-Hellenic: *-tós

Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós) (as in ἐντός (entós))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tas

Sanskrit: -तस् (-tas)

Proto-Iranian: *-tah

Younger Avestan: -𐬙𐬋 (-tō)

Old Persian: -𐎫 (-t /-ta/) (as in 𐎱𐎽𐎻𐎹𐎫 (p-ru-vi-y-t /paruviyata/, “from long ago”))

Proto-Italic: *-tos

Latin: -tus

Possibly from *-t (adverbial ending) + *-os (athematic abl./gen.sg. ending).

Creates adverbs with ablative meaning: "from ...".


Proto-Italic: *spēs (see there for further descendants)

From *speh₁- (“to succeed, to prosper”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


*spéh₁-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaHti

desc

Proto-Iranian: *spaHti (“to satisfy, eat one’s fill”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian:

Digor: ӕфсадун (æfsadun), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Iron: ӕфсадын (æfsadyn), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (spaiye, “to satisfy, be satisfied”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (spon-) / [script needed] (spond, “to fill, replenish”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆n-) / [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆nt, “to saturate”)

*sph₁-óy-ey ~ *sph₁-y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (√išpai-ⁱ / √išpi, “to get full, to be filled, to be satiated”):

𒅖𒉺𒀀𒄿 (iš-pa-a-i, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰā́yati (or rather *spʰáHyati < *sph₁-éh₁-ye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰā́yati

Sanskrit: स्फायते (sphā́yate, “to grow fat, become bulky, swell, increase, expand”)

*spóh₁-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *spōaną

Proto-West Germanic: *spōan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *spōdi (< + *-diz) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: spēs (see there for further descendants)

*sph₁-rós (“thriving”)

Proto-Germanic: *sparaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰirás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰirás

Sanskrit: स्फिर (sphirá, “fat”)

Proto-Italic: *pro-sparos

Latin: prosperus (“prosperous, successful”)

Proto-Slavic: *sporъ (“abundant, lavish”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swespats

Latin: sospes (“safe and sound”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *spukja

Albanian: fuqi, (archaic) fuki


speḱ-

*spéḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*spḱ-néw-ti ~ *spḱ-n̥w-énti (*new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaćnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *spacnáwti

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬚𐬁 (spašnuθā, 2pl.pres.ind.)

*spḗḱ-s-t ~ *spéḱ-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *éskēpset

Ancient Greek: σκέψατο (sképsato)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्पष्ट (áspaṣṭa, 3sg.mid.)

Proto-Italic: *speksai

Latin: spexī

*spéḱ-eh₂-ti (eh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spehōną (see there for further descendants)

*spoḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *skopéyō

Ancient Greek: σκοπέω (skopéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spāćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spāśáyati

Sanskrit: स्पाशयति (spāśáyati)

*spéḱ-s ~ *spḱ-és

*speḱ-u-s

Proto-Italic: *spekus

Latin: specus

Proto-Italic: *spekjēs

Latin: speciēs

*spoḱ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *spokós

Ancient Greek: σκοπός (skopós)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *spahō, *spehō
Proto-West Germanic: *spehu
Old Saxon: *speha
Middle Low German: *spē
Low German: spee
Old Dutch: *spia
Middle Dutch: spie
Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)
Old High German: speha
Middle High German: spehe, spē
German: Spähe
Proto-Norse: ᛋᛒᛡ (sbᴀ)
Old Norse: spá
Icelandic: spá
→ Proto-Samic: *pākō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *skopā́

Ancient Greek: σκοπή (skopḗ)

*spéḱ-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *spekmen

Latin: specimen (inserted i)

*spéḱ-tis

Proto-Hellenic: *sképtis

Ancient Greek: σκέψις (sképsis)

*spḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaṣṭás

Sanskrit: स्पष्ट (spaṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *spaštáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (auuispašta)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʿspyšt)

Proto-Italic: *spektos

Latin: spectus

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄 (speture, dat.sg.)

*spéḱ-tḗr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáštā

Proto-Iranian: *spáštā

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭 (spaštar, “protector, guardian; seer”)

*spéḱ-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *spektrom

Latin: spectrum

*spéḱ-tlo-m

Proto-Italic: *spektlom

Latin: speculum, specula

Unsorted formations

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spaṣ̌iti, “sight; protection”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś, “look”)

Bactrian: σπασο (spaso /spās/, “service”), ασπασο (aspaso /əspās/)

Sogdian: (/(ə)spās/, “service, worship, respect”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs), 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (spʾs)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾspʾs), [script needed] (spʾs)

Syriac script: ܐܣܦܐܣ (ʾspʾs), ܣܦܐܣ (spʾs)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: سپاس (spas), سوپاس (supas)

Northern Kurdish: spas

Southern Kurdish: سِپاس (sipas)

Parthian: (/(a)spās/, “service”)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭐𐭎𐭉 (spsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs)

Middle Persian: (/(i)spās/, “service; thanks, gratitude”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮𐭩 (spʾsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʿspʾs)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spʾs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spać-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaś-

Sanskrit: स्पश् (spaś)

Proto-Iranian: *spac-

Bactrian: σπισ- (spis-), ασπισ- (aspis-), σαπισ- (sapis-)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś-, “to look”)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛 (ʿsp)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾyš), [script needed] (ʾspyš), [script needed] (spyš), [script needed] (spxš)

Proto-Tocharian: *päk-


dʰéh₁mn̥

dʰéh₁mn̥ (nominative singular)
dʰéh₁mō (collective nominative)
dʰéh₁mn̥ (singular vocative)
dʰéh₁mō (collective vocative)
dʰéh₁mn̥ (accusative singular)
dʰéh₁mō (accusative collective)
dʰh₁m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *demenis (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: demin
Irish: deimhin
Scottish Gaelic: deimhinn

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰḗmə, *tʰḗmōn (< collective)

desc

Ancient Greek: θῆμᾰ (thêmă), θημών (thēmṓn), εὐθήμων (euthḗmōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáHmā

Sanskrit: धामन् (dhā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHmā

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (dāman), 𐬛𐬁𐬨𐬄𐬥 (dāmąn) (< collective)

Middle Persian: dʾm (dām) (< collective)

Proto-Italic: *fāmen

Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌀 (faama)

From *dʰeh₁- (“put, place”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


*kh₂n-é-ti ~ kh₂n-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kaneti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kanō (see there for further descendants)

*kéh₂n-mn̥ (“song”)

*kanmen

Latin: carmen (with dissimilation) (see there for further descendants)

*ke-koh₂n- (“stork”)?

>? Proto-Italic: *kikōniā

>? Latin: cicōnia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantlom (“song”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Lithuanian: kanklės (“string musical instrument”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kaňa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hanô (“rooster”), *hanjō (“hen”), *hōnaz (“fowl”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καναχέω (kanakhéō), καναχή (kanakhḗ), ἠικανός (ēikanós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Proto-Iranian: *kanati

Northern Kurdish: xwendin

Persian: خواندن (xândan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Sanskrit: कणति (kaṇati)

Proto-Tocharian: *kene (“melody, tune”) (see there for further descendants)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwō

Ancient Greek: φαῦω (phaûō), φάω (pháō)

Proto-Italic: *fāwēō?

Latin: faveō

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawétʰō

Ancient Greek: φᾰέθω (phăéthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pipʰáwskō

Ancient Greek: πιφαύσκω (piphaúskō)

*bʰéh₂-w-os ~ *bʰéh₂-w-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwos

Ancient Greek: φαῦος (phaûos), φάος (pháos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawehnós

Ancient Greek: φάεννος (pháennos), φαεινός (phaeinós), φαείνω (phaeínō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwtis

Ancient Greek: φαῦσις (phaûsis)

*bʰéh₂-ti ~ *bʰh₂-énti (athematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φάντα (phánta, “shining”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₂-n-yé-ti (innovative nasal-infix zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *banja

Albanian: bënj, bëj, bâj

(probably) Armenian:

Old Armenian: բանամ (banam) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáňňō

Ancient Greek: φαίνω (phaínō) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *βās

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dyew-bʰéh₂-os</i>

⇒ *dju-βās (< *dyew-bʰéh₂-os)

desc

Latin: iubar (“celestial light, splendor”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bānos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōnaz

Proto-West Germanic: *bōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHnas

Sanskrit: भान (bhā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *báHnah

Ossetian: бон (bon, “day”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (vuyn, “light, radiance”)

Wakhi: [script needed] (voyn, “fire, light”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaHnúš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bandwijaną

Proto-Germanic: *bandwǭ

Proto-Germanic: *baukną


*bʰn̥h₂-é-ti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰánati

Vedic Sanskrit: भनति (bhánati) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₂-néw-ti ~ *bʰh₂-n̥w-énti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade athematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *bannaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰā́mā

Ancient Greek: φήμη (phḗmē)

Proto-Italic: *fāmā

Latin: fāma (“fame”)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHšaH (or from *bʰels-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHṣaH

Sanskrit: भाषा (bhāṣā) (see there for further descendants), भाषति (bhā́ṣati)

Proto-Italic: *fās

Latin: fās

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰōnā́

Ancient Greek: φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice”)

Ancient Greek: φῆμις (phêmis)

Ancient Greek: φῆμα (phêma)

Old Armenian: բան (ban),

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *basnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōniz (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: φάσκω (pháskō)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բայ (bay)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰatós

Ancient Greek: φατός (phatós)

Proto-Italic: *fatos

Latin: fātus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fatēōr

Latin: fateor

*bʰéh₂-tu-s ~ *bʰh₂-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *fātus

Latin: fātus

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *Fatowos
Latin: Fatuus (divine name), fatuus (“silly, foolish”)
Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌝𐌔 (fatuveís, gen. sg.), fατοϝε (fatowe, voc. sg.)
→ Etruscan: (borrowed from an Italic language) 𐌚𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌅𐌔 (fatuvs)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀdlis

Proto-Slavic: *badli

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: բառ (baṙ, “word, language, speech”), բանկն (bankn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀjakāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bajьka (“fable”)


Proto-Armenian: *fon-

Old Armenian: հուն (hun)

Middle Armenian: հուն (hun)

Armenian: հուն (hun)

→ Georgian: ფონი (poni)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pántis (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸontā
⇒ Gaulish: Eluontiu (dat. sg.) (compounded with the reflex of *ɸelus (“many”))
Celtiberian: otai (dat./loc. sg.) (following Prosper's reading; the word has also been read as the unintelligible oboi)

Proto-Hellenic: *póntos

desc

Ancient Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)

Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pántaHs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ponts

Latin: pōns

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *päntā (“road-master”)


Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: stomuõ (< collective)

Proto-Germanic: *stōmô

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́mə

Ancient Greek: στῆμᾰ (stêmă)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́mōn (< collective)

Ancient Greek: στήμων (stḗmōn), Doric στᾱ́μων (stā́mōn)

Ancient Greek: στάμνος (stámnos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰáHma

Sanskrit: स्थामन् (sthā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *stáHma

Classical Persian: ستام (sitām, “trappings of horse; threshold”), استام (istām)

Proto-Italic: *stāmen

Latin: stāmen

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣtām

Tocharian B: stām

From *steh₂- (“stand”) + *-mn̥ (action or result nominal suffix).


ǵʰeh₁-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰHnás

Sanskrit: हीन (hīná) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰé-ǵʰeh₁-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κιχάνω (kikhánō)

desc

*ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áźʰaHti

Sanskrit: जहाति (jáhāti)

Proto-Iranian: *jájaHti

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zazāⁱti)

*ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰāHst

q

later: <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अहासीत्</i> (áhāsīt)

Sanskrit: अहास् (áhās) (later: अहासीत् (áhāsīt))

⇒ Sanskrit: अहात् (áhāt) (clarification of 3sg.)

*ǵʰh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gāną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ngah

Dunkel suggests this root came from an adverb *ǵʰoh₁ (“behind”) (whence Proto-Slavic *za) as "to leave behind".