ḱḗr

ḱr̥d- (oblique stem)
ḱḗr (nominative singular)
ḱérdh₂ (nominative plural)
ḱḗr (singular vocative)
ḱérdh₂ (plural vocative)
ḱḗr (accusative singular)
ḱérdh₂ (accusative plural)
ḱr̥dés (genitive singular)
ḱr̥dóHom (genitive plural)
ḱr̥dés (ablative singular)
ḱr̥dmós (ablative plural)
ḱr̥dbʰós (ablative plural)
ḱr̥déy (dative singular)
ḱr̥dmós (dative plural)
ḱr̥dbʰós (dative plural)
ḱḗr (locative singular)
ḱérdi (locative singular)
ḱr̥dsú (locative plural)
ḱr̥déh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱr̥dmís (instrumental plural)
ḱr̥dbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: kërth, kërthizë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆠𒅕 (ker)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒍝𒀀𒅈𒍝 (/^(UZU)zārza/)

desc

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔖪𔖱𔖪 (za-ra/i-za)

Lycian: 𐊋𐊕𐊆𐊅𐊁 (kride)

Palaic: 𒅗𒀀𒅈𒋾 (ka-a-ar-ti /kārt-/)

Proto-Armenian: *ḱḗrdi-

desctree

Old Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)
Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kridyom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hertô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kərdíyā, *kḗr?

desc

Ancient Greek: καρδία (kardía), κῆρ (kêr)

Greek: καρδιά (kardiá)

Proto-Italic: *kord (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰā́rd, ⇒ *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam (unexplained voiced aspiration) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käryā-

Tocharian A: kri

Tocharian B: *käryā-


Proto-Anatolian: *Hṓwis

Hittite: 𒇻𒅖 (ḫāwis)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒄩𒀀𒌑𒄿𒅖 (/ḫāwīs/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (ha-wà/ì-i-śa)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊀𐊇𐊙 (χawã)

⇒ Carian: κοῖον, κόον

⇒ Carian: κοῖον, κόον

→ Ancient Greek: κῶας (kôas)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *áwis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *owis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *awiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ówis

Ancient Greek: ὄϊς (óïs), οἶς (oîs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *owis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: awi (pl.) (< *h₂ewéyes, base form *ā₍ᵤ₎w)

Lycian and Tocharian reflexes necessarily point to *h₂ówis. However, this noun is usually reconstructed as *h₃éwis in order to "account for the Anatolian and Armenian h- and for pervasive o-vocalism, in spite of the Tocharian form, which then remains unexplained" (Lubotsky). Alternatively, acrostatic ablauting *h₂ówi- ~ *h₂éwi- paradigm can be reconstructed (such as the one presented here in the declension table), and then one can "assume that the attested forms have the o-vocalism of the former variant, and the h- of the latter" (Lubotsky). Compare with Hebrew כֶּבֶשׂ (“kéves”) and Arabic كَبْش (kabš).
R. A. Pooth argues that the word has the original meaning "one who produces clothing (from wool)". See *h₂éwis.

ovьca

sheep; see there for further descendants

հովիւ

*h₃ewi-peh₂ (“shepherd”) (< *h₃éwis + *peh₂- (“to protect”)); Old Armenian


h₁némō (collective nominative)
h₁némō (collective vocative)
h₁némō (accusative collective)

Proto-Albanian: *enmen-, inmen-

Albanian: emër (Tosk), êmën (Gheg)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔlā́mn ~ *ʔlāmn

Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman)

Proto-Armenian: *anuwn

Old Armenian: անուն (anun), *անումն (*anumn)

Armenian: անուն (anun), անում (anum) (dialectal)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *inˀmen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *anman (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *namô (see there for further descendants) (from the collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *ónomə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ma (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nōmn̥

Latin: nōmen (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄𐌝𐌔 (numneís)

Umbrian: 𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌄 (nome), 𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌌 (numem)

Phrygian: ονομαν (onoman)

Proto-Tocharian: *ñemə

Tocharian A: ñom

Tocharian B: ñem

Kloekhorst 2008:518 argues for a *-mn̥ derivative of the root *h₃neh₃- (“to name”), reflected in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾𒄿 (ḫannaⁱ-, “to sue, judge”) (originally “to call to court”) and Ancient Greek ὄνομαι (ónomai, “to blame, scold, insult”) (with a semantic shift comparable to English to call names); see also *h₃en(h₂)-.
Within the disputed Indo-Uralic theory, it has been connected with the Uralic root *nime, whence Finnish nimi, Estonian nimi and Hungarian név.


dʰéǵʰōm

dʰéǵʰōm (nominative singular)
dʰéǵʰom (singular vocative)
dʰéǵʰōm (accusative singular)
ǵʰmés (genitive singular)
ǵʰmés (ablative singular)
ǵʰméy (dative singular)
ǵʰém (locative singular)
ǵʰémi (locative singular)
ǵʰméh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *dzō < *dʰgʰōm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *déǵm̥ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ցամաք (cʻamakʻ, “dry; dry land”) (possibly)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źémē, *źémijā < (accusative) *ǵʰem-m̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *zemľa < *ǵʰðʰem-

Proto-Celtic: *gdū < *gdō, *gdon- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰtʰṓn (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*dʰǵʰṓm-s</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰā́s (< *dʰǵʰṓm-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *tken (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰeǵʰ- + *-ōm. However, Kloekhorst argues that the Sanskrit and Anatolian evidence point towards a reconstruction of the root *dʰeǵ- as opposed to *dʰeǵʰ- on the basis that:
* In the Sanskrit oblique stem jm-, the consonant -j- must reflect *ǵ- and cannot reflect *ǵʰ-, which would regularly give -h- in all positions.
* The long vowel in the Hittite nominative singular [tēkan] suggests a "voiced unaspirated" (pre-glottalised) velar.
* The *ǵʰ- reconstructable from Latin, Germanic and Greek can be explained in the glottalic theory as a simplification of the cluster *dʰǵ /dˀɡ/ to *dʰǵʰ /dɡ/. The opposite development is much less likely.
It should be noted, however, that the glottalic theory is not generally accepted.
A phonetically difficult but possible connection is with *(s)teǵ- (“to cover”), with devoicing of *dʰ to *t via Siebs' law.


ǵéwstus

ǵéwstus (nominative singular)
ǵéwstewes (nominative plural)
ǵéwstu (singular vocative)
ǵéwstewes (plural vocative)
ǵéwstum (accusative singular)
ǵéwstums (accusative plural)
ǵustéws (genitive singular)
ǵustéwoHom (genitive plural)
ǵustéws (ablative singular)
ǵustúmos (ablative plural)
ǵustúbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵustéwey (dative singular)
ǵustúmos (dative plural)
ǵustúbʰos (dative plural)
ǵustéw (locative singular)
ǵustéwi (locative singular)
ǵustúsu (locative plural)
ǵustúmis (instrumental plural)
ǵustúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gustus

Welsh: gwst

Old Irish: guss, (Fer-gus, Oín-gus)

Irish: gus

Gaulish: gussou

Proto-Germanic: *kustuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštuš

Proto-Iranian: *júštuš

Northern Kurdish: çêj (“taste”)

Proto-Italic: *gustus

Latin: gustus

From *ǵews- (“to try, to taste”) + *-tus.


móri

mréy- (oblique stem)
móri (nominative singular)
móri (singular vocative)
móri (accusative singular)
mréys (genitive singular)
mréyoHom (genitive plural)
mréys (ablative singular)
mrímos (ablative plural)
mríbʰos (ablative plural)
mréyey (dative singular)
mrímos (dative plural)
mríbʰos (dative plural)
mréy (locative singular)
mrḗy (locative singular)
mrísu (locative plural)
mrímis (instrumental plural)
mríbʰis (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մաւր (mawr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mári (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mori (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mari (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maryáHdaH (< *moryéHdeh₂ or *moryóHdeh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maryáHdaH

Sanskrit: मर्यादा (maryā́dā)

Proto-Iranian: *maryáHdaH

Ossetian: мал (mal) (< *mārya-)

Proto-Italic: *mari (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; perhaps from a root *mer- (“sea, lake, wetland”).


dóru

dóru (nominative singular)
dóru (singular vocative)
dóru (accusative singular)
dréws (genitive singular)
dréwoHom (genitive plural)
dréws (ablative singular)
drúmos (ablative plural)
drúbʰos (ablative plural)
dréwey (dative singular)
drúmos (dative plural)
drúbʰos (dative plural)
dréw (locative singular)
dréwi (locative singular)
drúsu (locative plural)
drúmis (instrumental plural)
drúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *dṓru

Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)

Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)

Proto-Hellenic: *dóru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *or

Tocharian A: or (“wood”)

Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)

Proto-Celtic: *daru (-a- from oblique *darw-) (see there for further descendants)

Some argue that it is a deadjectival noun of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”).

տորգ

Old Armenian: տորգ (torg, “*wooden framework; weaving, fabric, net”)

derw

Middle Welsh: derwen (sg.), derw (pl.); Welsh

derb

Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”); Old Irish

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *trewwō

Proto-Germanic: *trewą (“tree”) (see there for further descendants)

δρῦς

tree, oak; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Germanic: *trugaz

trough; see there for further descendants


séh₁mō (collective nominative)
séh₁mō (collective vocative)
séh₁mō (accusative collective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀmen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hḗmə

Ancient Greek: ἧμᾰ (hêmă)

Proto-Italic: *sēmən

Latin: sēmen (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌝𐌀𐌓 (sehmeníar), sehemeniar (gen.sg.); 𐌔𐌄𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌄𐌔 (semenies), sehmenier (dat.abl.pl.)

From *seh₁- (“to sow”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *súHar (< leveled *súh₂el ~ *suh₂éns) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sōl (see there for further descendants)

*séh₂wōl (*séh₂wol-s) ~ *suh₂l-és (< *sh₂ul-és) (< *séh₂wel ~ *sh₂wéns)

Proto-Italic: *s(u)wol m (< leveled *suh₂ṓl ~ *suh₂lés)

súlˀnis

*sh₂ul-ḗn ~ *sh₂ul-nés or *séh₂ul-ō ~ *sh₂ul-nés

sunþraz

south; see there for further descendants

swāñce

Proto-Tocharian: *swāñco (“ray (of light), (sun) beam”)


gʷḗn

gʷénh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
gʷḗn (singular vocative)
gʷénh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
gʷénh₂m̥ (accusative singular)
gʷénh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
gʷnéh₂ (locative singular)
gʷnéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷón-

Luwian: 𒉿𒈾𒀜𒋾𒅖 (/wanattis/)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կին (kin)
Armenian: կին (kin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *génāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *benā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwenǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷonā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰánHs, *gnáHs (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κναικα (knaika)

Proto-Tocharian: *ćänā (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *widewā

Old Albanian: vejë

Albanian: ve

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *widewāˀ

Old Prussian: widdewū

Proto-Slavic: *vьdova (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *widwā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *widuwǭ f (see there for further descendants); *widuwô m

Proto-Hellenic: *ewítʰewos m; *ewitʰéwā f

Aeolic Greek: ἠΐθεος m (ēḯtheos); ἠϊθέη f (ēïthéē)

Attic–Ionic Greek: ἠΐθεος (ēḯtheos), ᾔθεος (ḗitheos)

desc

Doric Greek: ᾄθεος (ā́itheos, hyperdoricism)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwidʰáwaH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wiðowos (“unmarried”, adjective); *wiðowā f

Latin: viduus; vidua (see there for further descendants)

A derivative of the root *h₁weydʰh₁- (“to separate”), given that widows are irreversibly separated from their husbands.


uksḗn

uksḗn (nominative singular)
uksénes (nominative plural)
uksén (singular vocative)
uksénes (plural vocative)
uksénm̥ (accusative singular)
uksénm̥s (accusative plural)
uksnés (genitive singular)
uksnóHom (genitive plural)
uksnés (ablative singular)
uksn̥mós (ablative plural)
uksn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
uksnéy (dative singular)
uksn̥mós (dative plural)
uksn̥bʰós (dative plural)
uksén (locative singular)
ukséni (locative singular)
uksn̥sú (locative plural)
uksn̥mís (instrumental plural)
uksn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ukšā́ (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Uralic: *uškɜ (“ox, bull”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Kartvelian: *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) (perhaps, with metathesis) (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from *h₂ug-s-ḗn, from *h₂weg-s- (“to become strong”) + *-ḗn, or perhaps from *ugʷ-s-ḗn (“inseminator”), from *wegʷ- (“to moisten, make wet”). Alternatively borrowed from Proto-Kartvelian *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) with metathesis, or a Wanderwort, whence also Proto-Turkic *öküŕ (“ox, bull”).

bor

uxsū

ox, stag; see there for further descendants

→? Proto-Turkic: *öküŕ

Proto-Tocharian: *wəkʷsó (“draft-ox”) (see there for further descendants)

ox, bull; see there for further descendants


ḱwṓ

ḱwṓ (nominative singular)
ḱwónh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱwónes (nominative plural)
ḱwón (singular vocative)
ḱwónh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱwónes (plural vocative)
ḱwónm̥ (accusative singular)
ḱwónh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱwónm̥s (accusative plural)
ḱunés (genitive singular)
ḱunóHom (genitive plural)
ḱunés (ablative singular)
ḱwn̥mós (ablative plural)
ḱwn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ḱunéy (dative singular)
ḱwn̥mós (dative plural)
ḱwn̥bʰós (dative plural)
ḱwén (locative singular)
ḱwéni (locative singular)
ḱwn̥sú (locative plural)
ḱunéh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱwn̥mís (instrumental plural)
ḱwn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒆪𒉿𒀸 (ku-wa-aš /kuwaš/), 𒆪𒉿𒈾𒀭 (ku-wa-na-an /kuwanan/, acc.sg.)

Luwian:

Luwian: 𔑬𔗵𔗬(^(CANIS)zú-wa/in(i)-)

Lydian: -𐤨𐤠𐤫 (kan-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: շուն (šun)

Armenian: շուն (šun)

>? Old Armenian: սկունդ (skund) < *ḱwon-t-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hundaz (< *ḱun-tós or *ḱwn̥-tós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κύων (kúōn)

Greek: κύων (kýon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwā́ (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: canēs, canis (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κύνας (kúnas, accusative plural)

Proto-Tocharian: *ku (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *ḱwón-s. Hamp has suggested derivation from *péḱu + *-ō.


Proto-Armenian: *ataman

desctree

Old Armenian: ատամն (atamn)
Armenian: ատամ (atam)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dantís (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃dént-s</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dentís (< *h₃dént-s) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃dń̥t-</i>

Proto-Celtic: *dant (< *h₃dń̥t-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tanþs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tunþskaz (“canine tooth; tusk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *odónts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hdánts (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃dn̥t-</i>

Proto-Italic: *dents (< *h₃dn̥t-) (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately an active participle of the root *h₃ed- (“to bite”) + *-ónts (active participle suffix). This noun is usually reconstructed with the initial *h₁ and thus explained as active participle of the verb *h₁ed- (“to eat”). However, Aeolic ἔδοντες (édontes) appears to be a folk-etymological adaptation to ἔδω (édō), and the initial ἔ- (é-) is hence no evidence for *h₁-. Old Armenian ատամն (atamn) also points to *h₃-, as well as a prefixed Greek derivative νωδός (nōdós), which requires *n̥-h₃d- (where */h₃/ was regularly vocalized to ό in interconsonantal position).


dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s

dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (nominative singular)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ (singular vocative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
dn̥ǵʰwā́m (accusative singular)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂és (genitive singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂és (ablative singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰós (ablative plural)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂éy (dative singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰós (dative plural)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ (locative singular)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂i (locative singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂sú (locative plural)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂éh₁ (instrumental singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰís (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

desctree

influenced by <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">լիզեմ</i> (lizem, “to lick”)

Old Armenian: լեզու (lezu) (influenced by լիզեմ (lizem, “to lick”))
Armenian: լեզու (lezu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *inźūˀ (from earlier *dinźūˀ, with regular loss of d- before -n̥-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tangʷāss (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tungǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (see there for further descendants) (disputed, but Nuristani evidence points to *diȷ́ʰwáH)

Proto-Italic: *denɣwā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käntwo (perhaps from earlier *tänkwo) (see there for further descendants)


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂éǵroh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵre (singular vocative)
h₂éǵroh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵroh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵroh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵrōys (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արտ (art) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Old Armenian: ագարակ (agarak) (a secondary reflex borrowed from an unknown language) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *akraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *agrós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *agros (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected with verbal root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), whence also Latin agō (“to drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”) and Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “to drive, propel, cast”).


nisdós

non-ablauting (romanization)
nisdós (nominative singular)
nisdóes (nominative plural)
nisdé (singular vocative)
nisdóes (plural vocative)
nisdóm (accusative singular)
nisdóms (accusative plural)
nisdósyo (genitive singular)
nisdóHom (genitive plural)
nisdéad (ablative singular)
nisdómos (ablative plural)
nisdóbʰos (ablative plural)
nisdóey (dative singular)
nisdómos (dative plural)
nisdóbʰos (dative plural)
nisdéy (locative singular)
nisdóy (locative singular)
nisdóysu (locative plural)
nisdṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *nezda

Albanian: neth

Armenian:

or from <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">նստիմ</i> (nstim)

>? Old Armenian: նիստ (nist) (or from նստիմ (nstim))

Armenian: նստել (nstel)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*nisdás</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nísda (< *nisdás) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *nizdos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nestą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niždás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nizdos (see there for further descendants)

From *ni (“down”) + the root *sed- (“sit”) + *-ós. Literally "where [the bird] sits down".


wérǵom

non-ablauting (romanization)
wérǵom (nominative singular)
wérǵoy (dual nominative)
wérǵom (singular vocative)
wérǵoy (dual vocative)
wérǵom (accusative singular)
wérǵoy (accusative dual)
wérǵosyo (genitive singular)
wérǵoHom (genitive plural)
wérǵead (ablative singular)
wérǵomos (ablative plural)
wérǵobʰos (ablative plural)
wérǵoey (dative singular)
wérǵomos (dative plural)
wérǵobʰos (dative plural)
wérǵey (locative singular)
wérǵoy (locative singular)
wérǵoysu (locative plural)
wérǵōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գործ (gorc)

Armenian: գործ (gorc)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: var̂za (“fish trap”)

Lithuanian: váržas (“fish trap”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *vьrša (“fishing basket, osier fish-trap”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *werką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wérgon (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wárȷ́am

Proto-Iranian: *wárjam

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨 (var^əzəm)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wark (“wickerwork”)

Accent-retracted deadjectival noun from an adjective *werǵós (“done”), from *werǵ- (“to make”) + *-ós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


yugóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
yugóm (nominative singular)
yugóy (dual nominative)
yugóm (singular vocative)
yugóy (dual vocative)
yugóm (accusative singular)
yugóy (accusative dual)
yugósyo (genitive singular)
yugóHom (genitive plural)
yugéad (ablative singular)
yugómos (ablative plural)
yugóbʰos (ablative plural)
yugóey (dative singular)
yugómos (dative plural)
yugóbʰos (dative plural)
yugéy (locative singular)
yugóy (locative singular)
yugóysu (locative plural)
yugṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄿𒌑𒃷 (iúkan)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լուծ (luc) (l- from լուծանեմ (lucanem, “unharness”))

Armenian: լուծ (luc)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jū́ˀga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yugom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *juką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzugón

Ancient Greek: ζυγόν (zugón)

⇒ (later gender shift) *dzugós

Ancient Greek: ζυγός (zugós)

Greek: ζυγός (zygós)

Ancient Greek: δυγός (dugós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yugám (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jugom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yokäm (“door”)

Unsorted borrowings

→ Proto-Kartvelian: *uɣ- (see there for further descendants)

From *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) + *-óm (agentive nominal suffix).


nébʰos

nébʰes- (oblique stem)
nébʰos (nominative singular)
nébʰōs (nominative plural)
nébʰos (singular vocative)
nébʰōs (plural vocative)
nébʰos (accusative singular)
nébʰōs (accusative plural)
nébʰesos (genitive singular)
nébʰesoHom (genitive plural)
nébʰesos (ablative singular)
nébʰesmos (ablative plural)
nébʰesbʰos (ablative plural)
nébʰesey (dative singular)
nébʰesmos (dative plural)
nébʰesbʰos (dative plural)
nébʰes (locative singular)
nébʰesi (locative singular)
nébʰesu (locative plural)
nébʰesmis (instrumental plural)
nébʰesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *nébos

Hittite: 𒉈𒂊𒁉𒅖 (ne-e-pí-iš)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊀𐊂𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊈𐊀 (tabahaza)

Luwian: 𒋫𒀊𒉺𒀸𒊭 (tappassa)

Armenian: > *m̥bʰos

Old Armenian: ամպ (amp), ամբ (amb)

Armenian: ամպ (amp)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *néba

Proto-Slavic: *nȅbo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *nemos

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃

Breton: neñv

Cornish: nev

Welsh: nef

Old Irish: nem

Irish: neamh

Scottish Gaelic: nèamh

Manx: niau

Proto-Hellenic: *népʰos

Ancient Greek: νέφος (néphos)

Greek: νέφος (néfos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nábʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nábʰas

Sanskrit: नभस् (nábhas)

Proto-Iranian: *nábah

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬠𐬀𐬵 (nabah)

Northern Kurdish: nem (“moisture”)

Persian: نم (nam, “moisture”)

→ Armenian: նամ (nam)

From *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”) + *-os.
In a number of derived words the meaning shifts to "sky" or "heaven".

avull

Proto-Albanian: *abula (from *n̥bʰel-); Albanian


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂wĺ̥h₁nām (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

⇒? Hittite: 𒋠𒀸 (ḫulanaš)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wílˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wlanā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wullō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *wlḗnos

Ancient Greek: λῆνος (lênos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥HnaH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wlānā

Latin: lāna (see there for further descendants)


tn̥h₂úh₁ (instrumental singular)
tn̥h₂úh₁ (dual nominative)
tn̥h₂ú (singular vocative)
tn̥h₂úh₁ (dual vocative)
tn̥h₂úh₁ (accusative dual)
tn̥h₂ú (nominative singular)
tn̥h₂úh₂ (nominative plural)
tn̥h₂úh₂ (plural vocative)
tn̥h₂ú (accusative singular)
tn̥h₂úh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *þunnuz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τανύω (tanúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tanHúš (see there for further descendants)

Latin: tenuis (see there for further descendants)

From *tenh₂- (“to stretch”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *լին (*lin)

⇒ Old Armenian: լնում (lnum)

⇒ Old Armenian: յղի (yłi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pílˀnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlānos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fullaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hnás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plēnos (see there for further descendants)

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-nós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


sḗm

sḗm (nominative singular)
sém (singular vocative)
sḗm (accusative singular)
smés (genitive singular)
smés (ablative singular)
sméy (dative singular)
sém (locative singular)
sémi (locative singular)
sém (nominative singular)
sém (accusative singular)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒉌 (sani-, “single”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: մի (mi) (< *smiyeh₂-)
Armenian: մի (mi), մը (mə)

Proto-Albanian: *mi̯á-

Proto-Albanian: *ni̯á-

Albanian: një

Proto-Hellenic: *hens (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hmia (< *sm-ih₂)

Ancient Greek: μία (mía)

Proto-Tocharian: *sems (see there for further descendants)


tréyes

tréyes (nominative plural)
tréyes (plural vocative)
tríms (accusative plural)
tr̥yóHom (genitive plural)
trimós (ablative plural)
tribʰós (ablative plural)
trimós (dative plural)
tribʰós (dative plural)
trisú (locative plural)
trimís (instrumental plural)
tribʰís (instrumental plural)
tísres (nominative plural)
tísres (plural vocative)
tísrm̥s (accusative plural)
tisróHom (genitive plural)
tisr̥mós (ablative plural)
tisr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
tisr̥mós (dative plural)
tisr̥bʰós (dative plural)
tisr̥sú (locative plural)
tisr̥mís (instrumental plural)
tisr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *treje (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *trḗs

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (tri-), [script needed] (teri-janna-, “the third time”)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊁𐊆 (trei)

Luwian: 𔑰𔖱𔓯 (tara/i-)

Milyan: 𐊗𐊕𐊆- (tri-)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: երեք (erekʻ)
Armenian: երեք (erekʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tríjes (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *trīs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þrīz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tréyes (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tráyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *trēs (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: [script needed] (tri-)

Phrygian: θρί- (thrí-)

Proto-Tocharian: *treyä (see there for further descendants)

Brugmann (1892: 464) suggested original meaning "middle (= protruding) finger", quoting Sanskrit तर्मन् (tarman, “the top of the sacrificial post”) (see *térmn̥) and Ancient Greek τέρθρον (térthron, “tip, end”). This idea was developed by Fay (1910: 416-17), who reconstructed *tri-sth₂-o-s (“tip finger”). In the first component he identified the locative *tr-í- “on-tip”, while the second ("stander") has also to form other finger names, e. g. Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hangúštʰas (“thumb”), Sanskrit कनिष्ठा (kaniṣṭhā, “little finger”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *pírštan (“finger”), etc.
The feminine *tisres is from **trisres, with the same feminine marker, -sr-, of *kʷétesres.


kʷetwóres

kʷetwóres (nominative plural)
kʷetwóres (plural vocative)
kʷetwórm̥s (accusative plural)
kʷeturóHom (genitive plural)
kʷetwr̥mós (ablative plural)
kʷetwr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
kʷetwr̥mós (dative plural)
kʷetwr̥bʰós (dative plural)
kʷetwr̥sú (locative plural)
kʷetwr̥mís (instrumental plural)
kʷetwr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
kʷétesres (nominative plural)
kʷétesres (plural vocative)
kʷétesrm̥s (accusative plural)
kʷetesróHom (genitive plural)
kʷetesr̥mós (ablative plural)
kʷetesr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
kʷetesr̥mós (dative plural)
kʷetesr̥bʰós (dative plural)
kʷetesr̥sú (locative plural)
kʷetesr̥mís (instrumental plural)
kʷetesr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
kʷetwṓr (nominative plural)
kʷetwṓr (plural vocative)
kʷetwṓr (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *kátur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷetʷóres

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊗𐊁𐊕𐊆 (teteri)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: չորք (čʻorkʻ)
Armenian: չորս (čʻors)

Proto-Armenian: *kʷtwr̥-

Old Armenian: քառ (kʻaṙ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ketū́res (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷetwores (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fedwōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷétwores (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwā́ras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷettwōr (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: petranioi

desc

Phrygian: διθυρ- (dithur-), θιδρα- (thidra-)

Thracian: ketri-

Proto-Tocharian: *ćätwerä (see there for further descendants)

Considering PIE morpheme structure, *kʷetwor- has too many consonants to be a true primitive morpheme. Tentatively, the feminine stem could point to an elemental "four" of the shape **kʷet- or **kʷetu-.


pénkʷe

Proto-Albanian: *penče (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒉺𒀭𒋫 (paⁿta)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հինգ (hing)

Armenian: հինգ (hing)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pénki (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fimf (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pénkʷe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pánča (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: 𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀- (penka-)

Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)

Proto-Tocharian: *p'ä́ñćä (see there for further descendants)

Usually explained as a derivation from the words for “fist” and “finger”:
* Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”) > Proto-Germanic *funhstiz > *funstiz > Proto-West Germanic *fūsti (> Old English fȳst (“fist”), Old Frisian fest (“fist”), Old High German fūst (“fist”)); Proto-Slavic *pę̑stь, Lithuanian kumštis.
* Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”) > Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”) (> Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”), Old Norse fingr, Old English finger, Old High German finger)
Ultimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), though such a verb is not attested in any of the daughter languages. In contrast, Blažek (1999: 229) argues that the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary. A relation to *ponkʷ-to- (“all, whole”) has also been suggested, possibly seen in Latin cūnctus and Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”), thus *pénkʷe meaning “the whole (hand)”.


swéḱs

Proto-Albanian: *seksti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: վեց (vecʻ)

Armenian: վեց (vecʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *šéš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *swexs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sehs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwéks (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *šwáćš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *seks (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣ(wy)äkä(s)

Tocharian A: ṣäk

Tocharian B: ṣkas

→ Proto-Kartvelian: *eks₁w- (see there for further descendants)

Given the attested forms in the daughter languages, some have proposed that the original form was *wéḱs (whence Armenian, Old Prussian and possibly Ancient Greek). The initial *s- would then be secondary (imported from *septḿ̥), and when it was just added the result was *swéḱs (Celtic, Iranian, and Ancient Greek if it is not from *wéḱs), whereas when it was substituted for the original consonant, the result was *séḱs (Sanskrit, Latin, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, and Albanian).


septḿ̥

Proto-Anatolian: *septam

Hittite: [script needed] (šipta-)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (šaptam-)

Proto-Albanian: *septati (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եօթն (eōtʻn)

Armenian: յոթ (yotʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *septín (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *seɸtam (earlier version)

Proto-Celtic: *sextam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sebun (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *heptə́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saptá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *septem (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣpät

Tocharian B: ṣukt

→ Proto-Ugric: *säptɜ (see there for further descendants)


oḱtṓw

Proto-Albanian: *aktṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Lycian: 𐊀𐊆𐊗𐊙𐊗𐊀 (aitãta)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ութ (utʻ)
Armenian: ութ (utʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśtṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *oxtū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahtōu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oktṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haštā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *oktō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *óktu

Tocharian A: okät

Tocharian B: okt

Formally the dual of a stem *(H)oḱto- (“four fingers”). This erstwhile singular seems to appear in Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬌- (ašti-, “breadth of four fingers”) and appears to have been borrowed into Proto-Kartvelian as *otxo- (“four”).


Proto-Albanian: *neunti- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔnū́n

Lycian: 𐊏𐊒𐊏𐊗𐊀𐊗𐊀 (nuntata)

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔒴𔗬 (nuwa[n?])

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ինն (inn)
Armenian: ինը (inə)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *néwin (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *nowan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *newun (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ennéwə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnáwa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nowən (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ñäwä (see there for further descendants)

According to one theory, related to the PIE adjective *néwos (“new”), allegedly an endingless locative meaning "in the new" (reinforced by the preposition *en (“in”), traces of which can allegedly also be seen in Ancient Greek and Armenian reflexes), from the heteroclitic r/n-stem néwr̥ ~ néwn̥, former of which reflexes can be seen in Ancient Greek νεαρός (nearós, “young, youthful”) and Armenian նոր (nor, “new”). However, prothetic vowels in Greek and Armenian are today usually explained as reflexes of word-initial laryngeal #h₁-, and the evidence is overwhelming that the geminated -νν- of Ancient Greek ἐννέα (ennéa) is of secondary development. The assumption that PIE had a quaternary system (base 4) or octal system (base 8) at some point in prehistory is supported with even less evidence.
Another theory (Blažek 1999:199) takes *h₁néwn̥ to be the accusative of an old primary noun *h₁enu- (“lack”) and thus related to *h₁new (“without”) (whence e.g. Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu), German ohne).


déḱm̥

probably (uninflected)
*déḱm̥t (alternative)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*déḱm̥t</i>

Proto-Albanian: *detsa (< *déḱm̥t) (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: տասն (tasn)
Armenian: տասը (tasə)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *déśimt < (< *déḱm̥t) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dekam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tehun (< *déḱm̥t) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dékə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáća (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dekem (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *śäk (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly containing *ḱm̥t, from *ḱomt (“hand”), perhaps whence Proto-Germanic *handuz (“hand”). See also *deḱ-.


ḱm̥tóm

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱḿ̥tom</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śímta < (< *ḱḿ̥tom) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hundą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hekətón (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćatám (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kentom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *känte (see there for further descendants)

Some sort of derivation from *déḱm̥t (“ten”) (with Pre-IE *d lost or merged with *h₁ in the same way the initial dental obstruent was lost in the oblique cases of *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”)), perhaps its ordinal number (*déḱm̥t + *-ó-). If so then this could come from some phrase, "tenth", whose substantive noun can only be conjectured.


*dwó (alternative)
*duwó (alternative)
*dwṓw (alternative)
dwóy (dual nominative)
dwóy (dual vocative)
dwóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *duwō (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋫 (ta-)

Luwian: 𔑢𔗬 (tuwa), 𔓯𔖩 (i-zi-)

Milyan: 𐊗𐊂𐊆 (tbi)

Lycian: 𐊋𐊂𐊆 (kbi)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: երկու (erku), երկ (erk) — attested once
Armenian: երկու (erku), երկուս (erkus), երկուք (erkukʻ)

Old Armenian: կրկին (krkin) (exact path of derivation disputed)
Armenian: կրկին (krkin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *duwō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *duwo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *twai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dúwo (< *duwó) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *duō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wu, we

Tocharian B: wi

degë

Proto-Albanian: *duaigā (< *dwoy-gʰ-eh₂); Albanian

twīgą

(forked) branch; twig; see there for further descendants

twihō

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *twihô; Proto-West Germanic

doubt; see there for further descendants

δῐπλοῦς

Ancient Greek: διπλόος (diplóos), δῐπλᾱ́ς (dĭplā́s)

twisk

Proto-Germanic: *twisk(j)a- (“twofold”); Old Saxon


éǵh₂

wéy (plural)
eǵoH (nominative singular)
we-i (nominative plural)
m-mé (> *mé) ~ *me (accusative singular)
n̥h₁-wé ~ *nō̆h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥smé ~ *nō̆s (accusative plural)
mé-me ~ *mos (adjective genitive singular)
n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s (genitive plural)
mm-ét (> *mét) (ablative singular)
n̥sm-ét (ablative plural)
mébʰi ~ *mey (dative singular)
n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s (dative plural)
éǵh₂ (nominative singular)
wé (dual nominative)
wéy (nominative plural)
m̥(m)é ~ *me (accusative singular)
n̥h₃mé ~ *noh₃ (accusative dual)
n̥smé ~ *nos (accusative plural)
méme ~ *moy (genitive singular)
? ~ *nos (genitive plural)
méǵʰye ~ *moy (dative singular)
? ~ *nos (dative plural)
wey (nominative plural)
h₁me ~ *mē (?) (accusative singular)
h₁mege ~ *mē (?) (accusative singular)
n̥s ~ *nōs (?) (accusative plural)
h₁mene ~ *moy (genitive singular)
h₁meǵʰi ~ *moy (dative singular)
n̥s- ~ *nos (oblique plural)
n̥s- (oblique plural)
moy (enclitic singular)
nos (enclitic plural)
h₁eǵ(Ho, -Hom) (nominative singular)
wey (nominative plural)
h₁mé ~ *h₁me (accusative singular)
n̥smé ~ *nōs (accusative plural)
h₁méne ~ *h₁moy (genitive singular)
n̥so- ~ *nos (genitive plural)
n̥sero- ~ *nos (genitive plural)
n̥smed (ablative plural)
h₁méǵʰyo ~ *h₁moy (dative singular)
n̥smey ~ *n̥s (dative plural)
n̥smi (locative plural)
n̥sós (adjective plural possessive)
we- (nominative plural)
n̥sme (accusative plural)
nos (genitive plural)
n̥smi (locative plural)
h₁eǵ (nominative singular)
wey (nominative plural)
weys (nominative plural)
h₁mé ~ h₁me (accusative singular)
nōs (accusative plural)
nos (plural)
nes (plural)
ns-tero-s? (adjective plural possessive)

Proto-Albanian: *udz (< *uǵ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔúǵ, *wéyes (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ես (es), մեք (mekʻ) (< *mes)

Armenian: ես (es), մենք (menkʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ēˀź (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mī (< *me) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ek, *ik, *eką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *egṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aȷ́ʰám (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *egō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian: (?)

Tocharian A: näṣ m, ñuk f (< *mne-ge)

Tocharian B: ñaś, ñäś, ñiś


túh₂

yúHs (plural)
tī̆́ (*tū̆́) (nominative singular)
yū́h₁ (*yūh₁) (dual nominative)
yū́s (*yúHs) (nominative plural)
t-wé ~ *te (accusative singular)
uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁ (accusative dual)
usmé ~ *wō̆s (accusative plural)
té-we ~ *tos (adjective genitive singular)
usóm ~ *wō̆s (genitive plural)
tw-ét (ablative singular)
usm-ét (ablative plural)
tébʰi ~ *tey (dative singular)
usm-éy ~ *wō̆s (dative plural)
túh₂ (nominative singular)
yú (dual nominative)
yū́ (nominative plural)
twé ~ *te (accusative singular)
uh₃wé ~ *woh₃ (accusative dual)
uswé ~ *wos (accusative plural)
téwe ~ *toy (genitive singular)
? ~ *wos (genitive plural)
tébʰye ~ *toy (dative singular)
? ~ *wos (dative plural)
tuH (nominative singular)
yuH (nominative plural)
twe ~ *twē (?) (accusative singular)
twege ~ *twē (?) (accusative singular)
us ~ *wōs (?) (accusative plural)
tewe ~ *toi (genitive singular)
tebʰi ~ *toy (dative singular)
twe- (oblique singular)
us- ~ *wos (oblique plural)
tew- (oblique singular)
tu- (oblique singular)
us- (oblique plural)
toy (enclitic singular)
wos (enclitic plural)
tíh₁ (nominative singular)
tu- (accusative singular)
tuH (nominative singular)
yuH (nominative plural)
twé (accusative singular)
usmé ~ *wōs (accusative plural)
téwe ~ *toy (genitive singular)
yuso- ~ *wos (genitive plural)
yusero- ~ *wos (genitive plural)
twed (ablative singular)
usmed (ablative plural)
tébʰio ~ *toi (dative singular)
usmey (dative plural)
tóy (locative singular)
usmi (locative plural)
tóy (instrumental singular)
twos (adjective possessive singular)
usos (adjective plural possessive)
tu- (nominative singular)
yu- (nominative plural)
twe (accusative singular)
usme (accusative plural)
tewe (genitive singular)
wos (genitive plural)
twed (ablative singular)
tubʰi (dative singular)
toy (locative singular)
usmi (locative plural)
tí (nominative singular)
tíH (nominative singular)
yúH (nominative plural)
yúHs (nominative plural)
twé (accusative singular)
wōs (accusative plural)
téwe ~ *toy (genitive singular)
wos (genitive plural)
wes (genitive plural)
twéd (ablative singular)
toy (dative singular)
twos (adjective possessive singular)
us-tero-s? (adjective plural possessive)
*tī̆ (alternative)
*tū̆ (alternative)
*tuH (alternative)
*tu- (alternative)

Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez) (< *twé), դուք (dukʻ) (< *tú-s)

Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez); դուք (dukʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants)

Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008) proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.

you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

tew-ó-s

vṛddhi derivative, or thematisation of gen.sg. *téwe


swé

s-wé ~ *se (accusative singular)
sé-we ~ *sos (adjective genitive singular)
sw-ét (ablative singular)
sébʰi ~ *sey (dative singular)
swé ~ *se (accusative singular)
séwe ~ *soy (genitive singular)
sébʰye ~ *soy (dative singular)
swé (accusative singular)
séwe ~ *soy (genitive singular)
sebʰyo (dative singular)
soy (dative singular)
swós (singular)
sé ~ *se (accusative singular)
swé ~ *se (accusative singular)
sewe (genitive singular)
sebʰyo (dative singular)
swós (adjective possessive singular)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: իւր (iwr)

Armenian: իր (ir)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sin, *sen

Lithuanian: -s

Old Prussian: sien (“oneself”)

Proto-Slavic: *sę (acc.), *sebe (gen.)

Proto-Celtic: *swe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwe

Ancient Greek: ἕ (hé), ἔτης (étēs, abl.)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἑκάς (hekás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἧλιξ (hêlix)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: σφεῖς (spheîs, “they, them”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-swa (2sg. imperative middle ending)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -स्व (-sva)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: -𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬁 (-huuā)

Younger Avestan: -𐬤𐬀 (-ŋᵛa)

Proto-Italic: *sē, *swē, *se (acc.), *sefei (dat.), *sed (abl.)

Old Latin: sed sg, sēd pl (abl.), sibei sg (dat.)

Latin: sē sg (acc.abl.), suī sg (gen.), sibi sg (dat.)

This stem (and its substantive pronoun) was originally a reflexive element referring to all persons and numbers (as in Sanskrit and in Balto-Slavic). Its wider use can still be seen in Homer, when ὅς (hós) means "my own" or "your own" (e.g. Odyssey 11.142, 9.28).

sowos

*sew-ó-s (< genitive *séwe; or vriddhi derivative)

ἵδιος

Ancient Greek: ἴδιος (ídios); Argolic Greek

swais

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swajas; Old Prussian


kʷís

kʷís (masculine nominative singular)
kʷís (feminine nominative singular)
kʷíd (neuter nominative singular)
kʷéyes (masculine nominative plural)
kʷéyes (feminine nominative plural)
kʷíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
kʷím (accusative masculine singular)
kʷím (accusative feminine singular)
kʷíd (accusative neuter singular)
kʷíms (accusative masculine plural)
kʷíms (accusative feminine plural)
kʷíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
kʷésyo (genitive masculine singular)
kʷésyo (feminine genitive singular)
kʷésyo (genitive neuter singular)
kʷéysom (genitive masculine plural)
kʷéysom (feminine genitive plural)
kʷéysom (genitive neuter plural)
kʷésmey (dative masculine singular)
kʷésmey (dative feminine singular)
kʷésmey (dative neuter singular)
kʷeybʰ- (dative masculine plural)
kʷeybʰ- (dative feminine plural)
kʷeybʰ- (dative neuter plural)
kʷésmi (locative masculine singular)
kʷésmi (feminine locative singular)
kʷésmi (locative neuter singular)
kʷeysu (locative masculine plural)
kʷeysu (feminine locative plural)
kʷeysu (locative neuter plural)
kʷé (masculine nominative singular)
kʷé (feminine nominative singular)
kʷíd (neuter nominative singular)
kʷéy (masculine nominative plural)
kʷéy (feminine nominative plural)
kʷíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
kʷím (accusative masculine singular)
kʷím (accusative feminine singular)
kʷíd (accusative neuter singular)
kʷíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
kʷéso (genitive masculine singular)
kʷéso (feminine genitive singular)
kʷéso (genitive neuter singular)
kʷéd? (ablative masculine singular)
kʷéd? (ablative feminine singular)
kʷéd? (ablative neuter singular)
kʷésmey (dative masculine singular)
kʷésmey (dative feminine singular)
kʷésmey (dative neuter singular)
kʷésmi (locative masculine singular)
kʷésmi (feminine locative singular)
kʷésmi (locative neuter singular)
kʷéy (instrumental masculine singular)
kʷéy (feminine instrumental singular)
kʷéy (instrumental neuter singular)
kʷe (masculine nominative singular)
kʷís (masculine nominative singular)
kʷe (feminine nominative singular)
kʷís (feminine nominative singular)
kʷíd (neuter nominative singular)
kʷéyes (masculine nominative plural)
kʷéyes (feminine nominative plural)
kʷíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
kʷím (accusative masculine singular)
kʷím (accusative feminine singular)
kʷíd (accusative neuter singular)
kʷíns (accusative masculine plural)
kʷíns (accusative feminine plural)
kʷíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
kʷéso (genitive masculine singular)
kʷéso (feminine genitive singular)
kʷéso (genitive neuter singular)
kʷésm- (dative masculine singular)
kʷésm- (dative feminine singular)
kʷésm- (dative neuter singular)
kʷésm- (locative masculine singular)
kʷésm- (feminine locative singular)
kʷésm- (locative neuter singular)

A PIE interrogative-indefinite paradigm built from the stems *kʷi- and *kʷe- (parallel to anaphoric *i-, *e-), the former on nominative and accusative cases of all genders, the latter elsewhere, with no distinction of feminine forms, mostly "human" – "non-human". A stem *kʷo-, an o-stem adjective, with its corresponding feminine *kʷeh₂-, was originally separate, but in most languages there was some conflation with the other two, as it is from this function that the relative pronoun evolves.
Dunkel speculates about *kʷe- and *kʷi- coming from *kʷ- + *e- and *í- respectively, with *kʷ- possibly being an early contraction of *kú (“where?”) to a labiovelar. For the semantic development, compare Proto-Germanic *hwarjaz, ultimately from *kʷór + *Hyós.


kʷís

kʷós (canonical)
kʷós (masculine nominative singular)
kʷéh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
kʷód (neuter nominative singular)
kʷóy (masculine nominative plural)
kʷóm (accusative masculine singular)
kʷéh₂m (accusative feminine singular)
kʷód (accusative neuter singular)
kʷóms (accusative masculine plural)
kʷósyo (genitive masculine singular)
kʷósyo (genitive neuter singular)
kʷósmey (dative masculine singular)
kʷósmey (dative neuter singular)
kʷó (masculine nominative singular)
kʷéh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
kʷód (neuter nominative singular)
kʷóy (masculine nominative plural)
kʷóm (accusative masculine singular)
kʷíd (accusative neuter singular)
kʷíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
kʷóso (genitive masculine singular)
kʷóso (genitive neuter singular)
kʷósmōd? (ablative masculine singular)
kʷósmōd? (ablative neuter singular)
kʷósmōy (dative masculine singular)
kʷósmōy (dative neuter singular)
kʷósmi (locative masculine singular)
kʷósmi (locative neuter singular)
kʷóy (instrumental masculine singular)
kʷóy (instrumental neuter singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷís, *kʷo- (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ի- (i-), հի- (hi-), ո (o), ով (ov), որ (or), քան (kʻan)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kas, *ki (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷei (from *kʷís), *kʷid (from *kʷíd) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hwaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τίς (tís) - τις (tis), ποῦ (poû) - πού (poú) (< *kʷosyo), ποῖ (poî), πῇ (pêi) - πῃ (pēi), πῶς (pôs) - πως (pōs), πότε (póte) - ποτέ (poté), πόθεν (póthen), ὅστις (hóstis), ἄττα (átta), ἄσσα (ássa), ἕκαστος (hékastos), ποδαπός (podapós), πηνίκα (pēníka), πῆμος (pêmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kíš, *kás, *kím

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kíṣ, *kás, *kím

Sanskrit: किम् (kím, “what?”), कः (káḥ), किस् (kís, “who/whether?”)

Hindi: किस (kis, oblique), को (ko) (dialectal)

Proto-Iranian: *číš, *káh, *čím

Avestan: 𐬐𐬋 (kō), 𐬗𐬌𐬱 (ciš)

Northern Kurdish: kî (“who”), kê (“whom”), çi (“what”), ku (“what”) (dialectal Hekari), kîjan (“which”)

Persian: که (ke), چه (če), چی (či), کی (ki), کدام (kodām), کی (key), کیو (kio)

Pashto: څه (tse)

Sogdian: [script needed] (čw)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ci)

Ossetian: цы (cy)

Khotanese: 𐨕𐨂 (cu)

Proto-Italic: *kʷis, *kʷoi (see there for further descendants)

Latin: quis, quī, quam, quoque, ut, unde

Messapic: kos (“someone”)

Phrygian: κος (kos), κιν (kin)

Proto-Tocharian: *kuse (from *kʷisó < *kʷís)

Tocharian A: kus

Tocharian B: kᵤse

quia

because; see there for further descendants

Proto-Germanic: *hwēOld Norse: hvéIcelandic: hveNorwegian Nynorsk: koGothic: 𐍈𐌴

κω

Ancient Greek: πω (pō), πώ (pṓ, “up to now, yet, ever”)

-𐎣𐎡𐎹

-k-i-y /-kaiy/; in 𐎠𐎭𐎣𐎡𐎹 (a-d-k-i-y /adakaiy/, )

quō

whereto; to what end, why; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Germanic: *hwan

at what time, when; see there for further descendants

kʷoi

*kʷó íh₁ (or with different particle *i)

ποῖος - ποιός

or derived from gen.pl. ποίων (poíōn); from *kʷoysōm

kóks

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kāˀkas (or from *kʷeh₂-h₁-h₃kʷ-o-s (“looking how?”))

kʷākʷos

*kʷeh₂-kʷo-s (reduplicated) or *kʷo-h₃kʷ-o-s

quālis

what kind?; see there for further descendants


up-

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic

Proto-Slavic: *vъpiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *vъplь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ūfaz

Swedish: uv

>? Proto-Germanic: *uwwalǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬨𐬌 (ufiieimi, “to call out”)


wĺ̥kʷos

non-ablauting (romanization)
wĺ̥kʷos (nominative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (dual nominative)
wĺ̥kʷoes (nominative plural)
wĺ̥kʷe (singular vocative)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (dual vocative)
wĺ̥kʷoes (plural vocative)
wĺ̥kʷom (accusative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (accusative dual)
wĺ̥kʷoms (accusative plural)
wĺ̥kʷosyo (genitive singular)
wĺ̥kʷoHom (genitive plural)
wĺ̥kʷead (ablative singular)
wĺ̥kʷomos (ablative plural)
wĺ̥kʷobʰos (ablative plural)
wĺ̥kʷoey (dative singular)
wĺ̥kʷomos (dative plural)
wĺ̥kʷobʰos (dative plural)
wĺ̥kʷey (locative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoy (locative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoysu (locative plural)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (instrumental singular)
wĺ̥kʷōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *ulka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (wa-al-ku-wa-aš)

Luwian: 𔑪, 𒌨𒈤 (walwa/i, “lion”) (only attested in personal names)

Lydian: 𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤 (walwe, “lion”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ulkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wŕ̥kas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)

Paeonian: Λυκκ- (Lukk-), Λυκπ- (Lukp-) (< *lukʷos)

Proto-Tocharian: *wä́lkʷë

Tocharian B: walkwe

The word *wĺ̥kʷos is a thematic accented zero-grade noun perhaps derived from the adjective *wl̥kʷós (“dangerous”); compare Hittite 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (walkuwa-, “something negative”), Old Irish olc (“evil”), Sanskrit अवृक (avṛká, “safe”, literally “not wild”), वृकतात् (vṛká-tāt, “savagery”). Stress shift onto the zero-grade is consistent with nominalized adjectives: compare Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛ́ṣṇa, “black antelope”) from कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black”). Alternatively, the word may be a derivative of the verbal root *welh₂- (“to tear up”). In either case, the word's formation closely resembles that of *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”), another thematic accented zero-grade noun whose referent is an animal subject to cultural taboos.
The Latin and Greek reflexes are unexpected (vs. expected Lat. *vulquus, Gk. *álpos, according to the regular progression PIE *l̥ > Lat. ol (later o changes to u in some places) , Gk. al). The Latin reflex is a borrowing from Osco-Umbrian (where PIE */kʷ/ regularly gave /p/), and both the Italic and Greek reflexes underwent metathesis pointing to an alternative reconstruction *lúkʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. A deformation would explain the metathesis of */w/ and */l/, which also occurred in Greek (*wĺ̥kʷos → *lúkʷos → λύκος (lúkos)), and also explains the presence of delabialized /k/ per the boukólos rule (regardless of whether it is Proto-Indo-European already or only Proto-Greek). In both cases, the expected forms are so close to the word for “fox” – compare Latin vulpēs, Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx) – that avoiding conflation of the two words for “wolf” and “fox” may have motivated either alteration or borrowing.
Most of the Germanic reflexes, with */kʷ/ > */g(ʷ)/ > */b/ > */p/ > /f/, also underwent unusual sound changes, as seen in Old English wylf, Middle High German wülpe < *wulbi < *wulgʷī́ < *wl̥kʷíh₂s. But the velar was retained in at least one form, i. e. Old Norse ylgr (“she-wolf”).
Armenian and Celtic have replaced the word with Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“howler”) due to taboo; compare Old Armenian գայլ (gayl), Middle Irish fáel. In Celtic, *kū (“hound, dog”) is also used to designate the wolf.


dṓm

dṓm (nominative singular)
dómes (nominative plural)
dóm (singular vocative)
dómes (plural vocative)
dṓm (accusative singular)
dómm̥s (accusative plural)
déms (genitive singular)
démoHom (genitive plural)
déms (ablative singular)
démmos (ablative plural)
démbʰos (ablative plural)
démey (dative singular)
démmos (dative plural)
démbʰos (dative plural)
dém (locative singular)
démi (locative singular)
démsu (locative plural)
démmis (instrumental plural)
démbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: տուն (tun), ⇒ տանուտէր (tanutēr), ⇒ տէր (tēr), ⇒ տիկին (tikin), ⇒ տիեզերք (tiezerkʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *dṓn

Ancient Greek: δῶ (dô)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dám

Sanskrit: दम् (dám)

Proto-Iranian: *dám

Avestan: 𐬛𐬄𐬨 (dąm)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: bindav (“basement”) (derived from bin ground, foundation + dav)

From *dem- (“to build”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


ǵónu

ǵónu (nominative singular)
ǵónuh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵónu (singular vocative)
ǵónuh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵónu (accusative singular)
ǵónuh₂ (accusative plural)
ǵnéws (genitive singular)
ǵnéwoHom (genitive plural)
ǵnéws (ablative singular)
ǵnúmos (ablative plural)
ǵnúbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵnéwey (dative singular)
ǵnúmos (dative plural)
ǵnúbʰos (dative plural)
ǵnéw (locative singular)
ǵnéwi (locative singular)
ǵnúsu (locative plural)
ǵnúh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵnúmis (instrumental plural)
ǵnúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒉡 (ge-e-nu /gēnu/, nom.-acc.sg), (/ganu-/ in oblique cases)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ծունր (cunr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *zveno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gónu

Ancient Greek: γόνυ (gónu)

Greek: γόνατο (gónato)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́nu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *genū (< instrumental *ǵénuh₁)

Latin: genū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *kenw-

*kenwäi (dual)

Tocharian A: kanweṃ (dual)

Tocharian B: keni (dual)

→ English: Genoa

→ Latin: Genua (toponym) (see there for further descendants)

𐌺𐌽𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *knussijaną (“to kneel”)

knuttōną

to swat; see there for further descendants

γόνατο

Ancient Greek: γόνατος (gónatos, gen.sg.), γόνυ (gónu, “knee; plant node”, nom.sg.)

→ Latin: Genusus

→ Ancient Greek: Γενοῦσος (Genoûsos) (toponym)


h₂ŕ̥tḱos

non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂ŕ̥tḱos (nominative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂ŕ̥tḱe (singular vocative)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂ŕ̥tḱom (accusative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂ŕ̥tḱey (locative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoy (locative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *artsa

Old Albanian: ar (< shortening of *arth, where -th was mistaken for a diminutive suffix)

Albanian: ari (< back-formation from arinj (pl.), inherited plural of OAlb ar), arushë (feminine)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: արջ (arǰ)
Armenian: արջ (arǰ)

Proto-Celtic: *artos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *árktos

Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *orsos (perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?)

Latin: ursus (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly nominalized from root *h₂retḱ- (“to damage, harm”) (see also LIV root *h₁reḱs- (“to damage”)), whence Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”), 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙 (rašaiieṇt, “to damage”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: հաւ (haw, “bird; hen”)
Armenian: հավ (hav), հավք (havkʻ)
⇒ Old Georgian: ჰავით ზმნაჲ (havit zmnay, “fortune-telling using a chicken, bird”), ჰავის-ზმნაჲ (havis-zmnay, “sorcery, witchery”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *awis (see there for further descendants)

Pooth argues that *h₂éwis and *h₂ówis (“sheep”) are related and both from a root *h₂ew- (“dress, be dressed, clothe oneself”). *h₂éwis would mean "the one who is clothed (in feathers)", and *h₂ówis "the one that produces clothing (from wool)", the latter having detransitive or middle meaning marked by *o.

αἰετός

Ancient Greek: *αἴϝετος (*aíwetos); early Attic Greek


dʰugtrés (genitive singular)
dʰugtróHom (genitive plural)
dʰugtrés (ablative singular)
dʰugtr̥mós (ablative plural)
dʰugtr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
dʰugtréy (dative singular)
dʰugtr̥mós (dative plural)
dʰugtr̥bʰós (dative plural)
dʰugtr̥sú (locative plural)
dʰugtr̥mís (instrumental plural)
dʰugtr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒁺𒌓𒋻𒊑𒄿𒀀𒋾𒄿𒀀𒀸 (duttariyatiyas, gen.sg.)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒁺𒌓𒋻𒊑𒄿𒀀𒋾𒅖 (duttariyatis)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔐱𔕬𔗬𔑰𔖱 (^(FILIA)tú-wa-tar /tuwatar/, acc.sg.)

Lycian: 𐊋𐊂𐊀𐊗𐊕𐊀 (kbatra)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուստր (dustr)

Armenian: դուստր (dustr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *duktḗ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *duxtīr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *duhtēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰúgatēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰúgʰHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fuɣtēr

Oscan: 𐌚𐌖𐌕𐌝𐌓 (futír)

Proto-Tocharian: *t(ŭ)kācēr (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”), originally meaning "the (potential) suckler, the one that draws milk" (compare Sanskrit दुहे (duhé) / दुग्धे (dugdhé)), + *-tḗr, the agentive nominal suffix common to other r-stem kinship terms.

⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: दुहिता दिवः

Vedic Sanskrit: दिवः दुहितर् (diváḥ dúhitar, “daughter of heaven”, epithet of Ushas)

بیدخت

Middle Persian: [script needed] (*bgdwht' /*bayduxt/, “daugher of Ahuramazda; Venus”)

Ἠελίου θυγάτηρ

Ēelíou thugátēr, Homeric epithet of Circe

⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: सूरः दुहिता

Vedic Sanskrit: सूर्यस्य दुहिता (sū́ryasya duhitā́, “daughter of Sūrya”)


swésōr

swésōr (nominative singular)
swésores (nominative plural)
swésor (singular vocative)
swésores (plural vocative)
swésorm̥ (accusative singular)
swésorm̥s (accusative plural)
susrés (genitive singular)
susróHom (genitive plural)
susrés (ablative singular)
susr̥mós (ablative plural)
susr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
susréy (dative singular)
susr̥mós (dative plural)
susr̥bʰós (dative plural)
susér (locative singular)
suséri (locative singular)
susr̥sú (locative plural)
susr̥mís (instrumental plural)
susr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *swesarā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քոյր (kʻoyr)
Armenian: քույր (kʻuyr), քիր (kʻir), քուր (kʻur) — dialectal, քոյր (kʻoyr) — traditional orthography

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swésō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *swesūr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swestēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwéhōr

Ancient Greek: ἔορ (éor)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swásā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swezōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *(ṣä)ṣer (< *swésorm̥ (accusative))

Tocharian A: ṣar

Tocharian B: ṣer

Possibly from *su-h₁ésh₂-ōr, from *swé (“self”) + *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), literally “woman of one's own kin group” in an exogamous society, or from *swé (“self”) + *-sōr (feminine-noun-forming suffix).


Proto-Albanian: *nera (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅔𒈾𒊏𒉿𒀭𒋫 (innarawant-)

desc

Luwian: 𒀭𒅈𒌝𒈪 (ānnara/i, “forceful, virile”)

Lydian: 𐤫𐤵𐤭𐤮 (nãrs)

Armenian: *aynr < *anir

Old Armenian: այր (ayr); առն (aṙn, gen.sg.) < *h₂n̥rós

Old Armenian: (?) այրի (ayri, “husbandless”) < *n̥-Hnēr-yeh₂

q

(perhaps, though Derksen does not support this) Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: nóras (“will”)

Old Prussian: nertien (“anger”)

Proto-Slavic: *norvъ (“custom, manner”) (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: 𐌍𐌄𐌓 (ner)

Proto-Celtic: *neros, with thematicized full-grade leveled from *h₂nérm̥ (accusative singular)

Proto-Hellenic: *anḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nēr (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: αναρ (anar)

nertom

strength; see there for further descendants


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊

Albanian: pashë

*péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti

Sanskrit: पाति (pā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *páHti

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)

Northern Kurdish: pa (as in pavan (“guardian”), panêrr (“warden”))

*péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)

*ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)

Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)

Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)

Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-

Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")

Tocharian: paskenträ

*poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”)

Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ

Sanskrit: पायु (pāyú, “guard, protector”)

Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)

*ph₂tḗr (“father”) (or from a nursery form *pa)

Iranian: *pātew-

Persian پاده (pâda, “flock”)

Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis

Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"

Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)

Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ئاوا (awa, “built; inhabited; florishing”), ئاوەدان (awedan)

Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)

Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /apadāna/)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /apadāna/)

Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):

Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)

Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)

Armenian: հոտաղ (hotaġ, “shepherd”)

? *peh₂-lo-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

q

or from <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">पार</i> (pārá)

Sanskrit: पाल (pāla) (or from पार (pārá))

*peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւրան (hawran, “herd”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras

Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)

desc

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾhr /pāhr/), [Term?] (/pāhrag/) (learned)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdian: [script needed] (pʾδr /pāθr/), [script needed] (pʾrδ /pārθ/), [script needed] (pʾš /pāš/, “respect, honour”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: [script needed] (pḥr /pahr/), [script needed] (pḥrg /pahrag/, “watch-post”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾḥl /pahr/), [Term?] (/pahrag/)

Classical Persian: پَهْرَه (pahra, “watch, guard”)

→ Old Armenian: պահակ (pahak, “guard, watchman”)

→ Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah, “watch, guard”)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾs /pās/, “watch, guard”)

Classical Persian: پَاس (pās, “watch, guard”)

→ Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti

Italic:

Latin: pābulum

Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Πάν (Pán)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́

Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)

Northern Kurdish: pawan (“domain; grazing-land, reserved or hired and fixed pasture; sheeppen; preserver, protector”), poxan (“landfill”) (perhaps)

*péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā

Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)

Proto-Iranian: *páHtā

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬁 (pātā)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հովիւ (hoviw, “shepherd”) < *h₃éwi-peh₂-

(?) Old Armenian: հայիմ (hayim, “to watch”)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-

Proto-Iranian: *paH-

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /pā-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /pādan/)

Persian: پاییدن (pâyidan)

Italic:

Latin: panis

Latin: penes, penetrō

Latin: penus, Penātes

Umbrian: puni


ker-

*kor-os

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kãras

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras-

Proto-Iranian: *kā́rah

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /kāra/, “people of war, army”)
⇒ Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (/kārawān/) (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Middle Persian: [Term?] (/kārazār/, “battle”)
Classical Persian: کارزار (kārzār)

*kor-yos

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: karš

Lithuanian: kãrias

Old Prussian: kargis

Proto-Celtic: *koryos

Old Irish: cuire

Irish: cuire

Welsh: cordd

Proto-Germanic: *harjaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kor-yo-nos

Proto-Germanic: *harjanaz

Old Norse: Herjann

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κοίρανος (koíranos)


Proto-Albanian: *ainja (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aiˀnas

Proto-Baltic: *ainas, Proto-Baltic: *einas

Latgalian: vīns

Latvian: viêns

Lithuanian: vi̇́enas

Old Prussian: ains

Proto-Celtic: *oinos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ainaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *óynos

desc

Ancient Greek: οἰνός (oinós, “the ace on dice”), οἴνη (oínē, “the ace on dice”)

Proto-Italic: *oinos (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps built on the pronominal stem *éy (“he, she, it”), in which case the suffix would have been used in contradiction to its presumed usage. Homer's use of feminine ἴα (ía, “one”), from *ih₂, directly from the pronominal stem *i- has been suggested as a corroboration for this.
Alternative forms in PIE include *Hóywos, attested in Greek and Indo-Iranian (cf. Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (aēuua)) and *Hóykos, attested only in Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit एक (éka)).

инокъ

Proto-Slavic: *jьnokъ (see there for further descendants); Old Church Slavonic


néwos

non-ablauting (romanization)
néwos (nominative singular)
néwoes (nominative plural)
néwe (singular vocative)
néwoes (plural vocative)
néwom (accusative singular)
néwoms (accusative plural)
néwosyo (genitive singular)
néwoHom (genitive plural)
néwead (ablative singular)
néwomos (ablative plural)
néwobʰos (ablative plural)
néwoey (dative singular)
néwomos (dative plural)
néwobʰos (dative plural)
néwey (locative singular)
néwoy (locative singular)
néwoysu (locative plural)
néwōys (instrumental plural)
néwām (accusative singular)
néwom (nominative singular)
néwoy (dual nominative)
néwom (singular vocative)
néwoy (dual vocative)
néwoy (accusative dual)
*néwyos (alternative)

Proto-Anatolian: *néwos (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*newr̥ós</i>

Old Armenian: նոր (nor, from *newr̥ós)
Armenian: նոր (nor)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *néwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nowos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ñäwe (see there for further descendants)

From the hapax root *new-. Ultimately, suggested to be a vṛddhi derivation from *nu (“now”).


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂ōwyéh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂ōwyéh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂ōwyéh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂ōwyóh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: vōe, *vae

Albanian: ve, vo, vø, vö

Proto-Armenian:

ref

With initial j- of uncertain origin, but probably from assimilatory influence of the original medial *-y- in Proto-Armenian. Less likely sporadic or from metathesis.

>? Old Armenian: ձու (ju) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓja

Proto-Slavic: *ȃje (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *āwyom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ajją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ōyyón (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāwyám

Proto-Iranian: *Hāwyám (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ōwom

Latin: ōvum (see there for further descendants)

Likely a vṛddhi derivative of *h₂éwis (“bird”), though some scholars have argued this as morphologically unlikely.

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel
de:Georges Darms

Hāwyákah

see Proto-Iranian *Hāwyám for further descendants


pel-

*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés

*pl-ēn-ih₂, *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēnīˀ, *plēnjāˀ, *plēnāˀ (“membrane”)

Latgalian: plieņs

Latvian: plēne, plēnes

Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėni̇̀s

Old Prussian: pleynis

Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)

*pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)

*pel-nó-m

Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *palnā

>? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)

*pel-n-i-s

Proto-Italic: *pelnis

Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

*pél-mn̥

⇒? *pel-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə

desctree

Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélmă, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
Translingual: ⇒ Pelmatellus

*pél-sḱo-s

Proto-Albanian: *plaska

desc

Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)

*pél-trom

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)

Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: lethar

→? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Extensions

*pel-k-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)

*pel-t-

q

or substantivized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pol-to-</i>

⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)

or a u-variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pleh₂-</i>?

*pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)

⇒ *plēw-eh₂

desc

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)

Latgalian: plēve

Latvian: plêve

Lithuanian: plėvė̃

Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m

>? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon

Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-

⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s

Proto-Anatolian:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pleh₂-</i> (“wide, broad, flat”)

>? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))

⇒ *pélh₂-t-

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-) (see there for further descendants)


pel-

*pleḱ-

*pl-okos

Proto-Iranian: *frakah

Parthian: (/-frag/, “-fold”)

Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /dōfrag/, “two-fold”) )

Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)

Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect دوپر (dôper, “two-fold”))

*pl-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *-plós

Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))

Proto-Italic: *-plos

Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)

*pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *péplos

>? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)

*pel-t-

Proto-Germanic: *falþaną

*pl̥-tu-

Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltu- (“joint”)

Old Irish: alt

Irish: alt

Scottish Gaelic: alt

*pl̥-to- (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *पृत (pṛta)

Sanskrit: पुट (puṭa, “fold”)

Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Southeastern: -uřë (“layer”)

⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *palā

Albanian: palë

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))


pel-

*pel-d-

*pel-d

Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)

*pel-em-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)

*pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāgō

Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāngō

Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō

Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)

Proto-Albanian: *plāgā

Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)

Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)

Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)

Proto-Italic: *plāgā

Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō

Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)

Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)

→ Greek: πλήττω (plítto)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei

Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom

Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plēktō

Latin: plēctō

*pol-ye-ti

Proto-Italic: *poljō

Latin: poliō

Proto-Italic: *polāō

Latin: (inter)polō

*pl̥-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō

Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)

*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti

Proto-Italic: *pelnō

Latin: pellō

*pl̥-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *plətós

Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)

Proto-Italic: *poltos

⇒ Latin: pultō

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)


pel-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)

Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: puls

Latin: pulvis

Latin: pollen

Proto-Slavic: *pylъ

Polish: pył

Polish: pyłek

Polish: pylić

Polish: pylenie

Polish: pylnik


pel-

alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)


plúsis

Proto-Albanian: *pleustā < *plews-

Albanian: plesht

Armenian: < *pluso-

Old Armenian: լու (lu)

Armenian: լու (lu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blúšāˀ < *b(ʰ)lus-eh₂ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz < *plówkos (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic: < *psuly(e)h₂ < *plus-y(e)h₂

Ancient Greek: ψύλλα (psúlla)

Greek: ψύλλος (psýllos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plúšiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plúṣiṣ

Sanskrit: प्लुषि (plúṣi)

Proto-Iranian: *frúšiš

q

under the influence of <i class="Arab ps-Arab mention" lang="ps">سپږه</i> (spə́ẓ̌a)

Pashto: ورږه (wrə́ẓ̌a) (under the influence of سپږه (spə́ẓ̌a))

Yidgha: [script needed] (frīgo)

Italic: < *puslek- < *plus-ek-

Latin: pūlex (see there for further descendants)


wiHrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
wiHrós (nominative singular)
wiHróes (nominative plural)
wiHré (singular vocative)
wiHróes (plural vocative)
wiHróm (accusative singular)
wiHróms (accusative plural)
wiHrósyo (genitive singular)
wiHróHom (genitive plural)
wiHréad (ablative singular)
wiHrómos (ablative plural)
wiHróbʰos (ablative plural)
wiHróey (dative singular)
wiHrómos (dative plural)
wiHróbʰos (dative plural)
wiHréy (locative singular)
wiHróy (locative singular)
wiHróysu (locative plural)
wiHrṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

(possibly) Old Armenian: ամուրի (amuri, “husbandless”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wī́ˀras (“husband, man”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wiros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *weraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wīros (“hunter”) (possibly)

⇒ Ancient Greek: *ϝῑρᾱξ (*wīrāx)

Ancient Greek: ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wiros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wir

Tocharian A: wir (“youthful, young, fresh”)

According to some, *wiHrós is derived from the verb *weyh₁- (“to hunt”) (cf. Sanskrit वेति (véti), Lithuanian výti etc.), which would render the reconstruction as *wih₁rós, with *h₁ at the place of otherwise unreconstructable laryngeal *H, and the original meaning of "hunter".


suHnús

suHnús (nominative singular)
suHnéwes (nominative plural)
suHnów (singular vocative)
suHnéwes (plural vocative)
suHnúm (accusative singular)
suHnúms (accusative plural)
suHnóws (genitive singular)
suHnéwom (genitive plural)
suHnóws (ablative singular)
suHnúbʰ- (ablative plural)
suHnéwey (dative singular)
suHnúbʰ- (dative plural)
suHnḗw (locative singular)
suHnúsu (locative plural)
suHnúbʰ- (instrumental plural)
*suHyús (alternative)
*suHsós (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀnus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sunus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sunuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHnúš (see there for further descendants)

u-stem derivation from the root *sewH- (“to give birth”), thus the original meaning being "birth, fruit of the body". Tocharian, Greek and Armenian reflect the -yu- derivation from the same root: *suHyús. Sanskrit सूषा (sūṣā́, “parturient woman”) and Albanian gjysh (< Proto-Albanian *sūšā) derived from later variation *suHsós.


suHyús

suHyús (nominative singular)
suHyéwes (nominative plural)
suHyów (singular vocative)
suHyéwes (plural vocative)
suHyúm (accusative singular)
suHyúms (accusative plural)
suHyóws (genitive singular)
suHyéwom (genitive plural)
suHyóws (ablative singular)
suHyúbʰos (ablative plural)
suHyúbʰyos (ablative plural)
suHyúmos (ablative plural)
suHyéwey (dative singular)
suHyúbʰos (dative plural)
suHyúbʰyos (dative plural)
suHyúmos (dative plural)
suHyḗw (locative singular)
suHyewi (locative singular)
suHyúsu (locative plural)
suHyúbʰis (instrumental plural)
suHyúmis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ուստր (ustr)

Proto-Hellenic: *hūyús (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: se

Tocharian B: soy

U-stem derivation from the root *sewH- (“to give birth”), thus the original meaning being "birth, fruit of the body". Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Germanic and also Tocharian B reflect the -nu- derivation from the same root: *suHnús.


-r

Proto-Germanic: *-r

tó- (“that”) + *-r → *tór (“there”)


úd

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ū́

Proto-Slavic: *vy- (“out”, pref) (< Winter's law < *ud-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ud- (pref.)

Old Irish: od-

desc

Proto-Germanic: *ūt (“out, outward”, adverb) (lengthened due to monosyllabicity) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *u

Ancient Greek: ὑ- (hu-, pref.), ὑ (hu, prep..)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ud- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *uźLatvian: uzLithuanian: užProto-Slavic: *vъz

uz

out (of); prep.; see there for further descendants

utˢčáH

above, upwards; see there for further descendants

ū̆sque

all the way, up to; see there for further descendants

úd-er-o-s

abdomen, stomach; deadjectival of original superlative

utˢtamás

*ud-tm̥m-ó-s (“highest, most outer”, superl.)

highest, most elevated; see there for further descendants


bel-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βελτίων (beltíōn)

Proto-Slavic: *boľьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bálas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bálam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: dēbilis


med-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*mḗd-eti ~ *méd-eti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *metaną (“to measure”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *mētiz (“estimable”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *mōtaną (from a secondary perfect *me-mṓd-e)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέδω (médō, “to protect”)

Ancient Greek: μέδομαι (médomai, “to provide for”)

Ancient Greek: μήδομαι (mḗdomai, “to deliberate, estimate”)

*med-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *medēōr (“to heal”)

Latin: medeor (see there for further descendants)

*mēd-yé-ti (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *medyetor (“to measure, judge”)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðɨd
Old Cornish: medhes
Middle Welsh: meðu
Welsh: meddu

Old Irish: midithir

Proto-Tocharian: *meim

Tocharian A: mem

Tocharian B: maim

*méd-tus

Proto-Celtic: *messus

Old Irish: mess (“judgement”)

*med-os ~ *med-es (“measure”)

Proto-Italic: *modos

Latin: modus (see there for further descendants)

Volscian: medix

*mḗd-os ~ *méd-os

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: միտ (mit, “mind, intellect”)

Proto-Germanic: *mētō (“measure, size”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *metōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *metōduz (“god”)

Old English: metod, meted, metud, meotod, meotud

Old Saxon: metod

Old Norse: mjǫtuðr

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗdeha

Ancient Greek: μήδεα (mḗdea)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *matśi

Albanian: mas

Proto-Germanic: *metaþs (“measure”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬨𐬀𐬛 (vīmad, “physician”)

Old Persian: [script needed] (azdā, “known”)

Western Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: pîvan


médʰu

Mate Kapović
Nikolai Starostin
de:Brian D. Joseph
ru:Старостин, Георгий Сергеевич

médʰu (nominative singular)
médʰu (singular vocative)
médʰu (accusative singular)
m̥dʰéws (genitive singular)
m̥dʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
m̥dʰéws (ablative singular)
m̥dʰúmos (ablative plural)
m̥dʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
m̥dʰéwey (dative singular)
m̥dʰúmos (dative plural)
m̥dʰúbʰos (dative plural)
m̥dʰéw (locative singular)
m̥dʰéwi (locative singular)
m̥dʰúsu (locative plural)
m̥dʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
m̥dʰúmis (instrumental plural)
m̥dʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *médu

q

>? Hittite: 𒃻𒆸𒊏𒆯𒆯 (ᴺᴵᴺᴰᴬKUR₄.RA KU₇-KU₇ /mitgaimi-/, “sweet bread”) (more likely borrowed from a Semitic source)

desc

→ Akkadian: 𒃻𒈬𒌓𒆪𒌑 (mutqûm, “sweet bread”) (possibly)

>? Luwian: 𒈪𒀉𒂵𒄿𒈪 (mi-it-ga-i-mi /mitgaimi-/, “sweet(ened)”)

Luwian: (“wine”)

Cuneiform script: 𒈠𒀜𒁺 (ma-ad-du /máddu/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔒅𔕬𔑷 (ma-tú-sà), 𔒅𔑢𔑷 (ma-tu-sà /máddu-sa/)

>? Proto-Armenian: *melu̍β̞i (< instr.pl. *medʰubʰi)

Old Armenian: մեղու (mełu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *médu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *medu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *meduz (see there for further descendants)

→? Hunnic: μέδος (médos, “beverage akin to mead”)

Proto-Hellenic: *métʰu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádʰu (“honey”)

Sanskrit: मधु (mádhu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mádu (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Turkic: *bal

→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *mHädwV (“type of beverage; liquor”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ḿətə

Tocharian B: mīt

→ Late Old Chinese: 蜜 (mit) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽶𐽾 (mir)

→ Proto-Uralic: *mete (see there for further descendants)

→ Etruscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌈𐌂𐌅𐌀 (maθcva, “(honeyed) wine, sweet wine”)

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *matḳ- (“sweet”), one suggestion is a borrowing through Proto-Northeast Caucasian *miʒʒV (“sweet”).

bor

medvědь

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medwḗˀdis (from an earlier *médu-ēˀd-is)


péri

>? Proto-Albanian: *per(i)

q

Albanian: për (or from *pér, or borrowed from Latin per)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeri-

Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári

Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pári

desctree

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)
→ Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ber (“in front”)

Central Kurdish: بەر (ber, “in front”)

desc

Old Persian: [Term?] (/pariy/, “around, about”)

>? Proto-Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pér</i>

Latin: per (or from *pér) (see there for further descendants)

Probably from *per- + *-i (locative suffix).


wel-

*wél-e-ti ~ *wl-én-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weleti (“to see”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *weless (“seer, poet”) (+ *-ess ~ *-etos) (see there for further descendants)

*wḗl-s-t ~ *wél-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *yels-

Tocharian B: yel- (“to investigate”)

*wléy-ti (ey-aktionsart)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *wley- (reanalysed root)

⇒ *wléy-de-ti (de-present)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (perhaps more likely from a contaminated *weyd- (“to see”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)

*wél-ti-s ~ *wl̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)

*wél-tu-s ~ *wl̥-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *woltus

Latin: voltus (“(facial) expression”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղ (geł, “beauty; (beautiful) appearance, look”)

Proto-Germanic: *wuldrą (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wulþuz (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


tégus

tégus (nominative singular)
tégewes (nominative plural)
tégu (singular vocative)
tégewes (plural vocative)
tégum (accusative singular)
tégums (accusative plural)
tgéws (genitive singular)
tgéwoHom (genitive plural)
tgéws (ablative singular)
tgúmos (ablative plural)
tgúbʰos (ablative plural)
tgéwey (dative singular)
tgúmos (dative plural)
tgúbʰos (dative plural)
tgéw (locative singular)
tgéwi (locative singular)
tgúsu (locative plural)
tgúmis (instrumental plural)
tgúbʰis (instrumental plural)
tégu (nominative singular)
tégu (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *tegus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þekuz (see there for further descendants)

From *teg- (“to cover”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


ḱley-

*ḱléy-tis ~ *ḱli-téys

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: šliti̇̀s (“shove-shed”)

*ḱloyw-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlaiwaz (“shelter”), now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hlaiw

*ḱli-tó-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlidą

*ḱli-tó-s (“covered, sheltered”)

Reanalysed root of *ḱléyti, from *ḱel- (“to cover”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


ḱley-

*ḱléy-t ~ *ḱli-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अश्रेत् (áśret)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬯𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬀 (nisrīta, “to bring to, assign”, 3sg.inj.mid.)

Proto-Italic: *klient- (“who supports, who depends”, act.ptc.)

Latin: cliēns

*ḱléy-e-ti (“to lean”, thematic root present)

*ḱl̥-né-y-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-y-énti (nasal-infix present)

*ḱli-néw-ti ~ *ḱli-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrináwti (“to lean”)

Proto-Iranian: *crináwtī

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬯𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌 (nisrinaomi, “to lean”, 1sg.pres.)

*ḱe-ḱlóy-e ~ *ḱe-ḱli-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέκλιται (kéklitai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćićrā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śiśrā́ya

Sanskrit: शिश्राय (śiśrā́ya)

*ḱléy-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *klímə

Ancient Greek: κλίμα (klíma, “slope, inclination; clime”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱléy-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *kliyos (“left side”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱley-wó-s (“sloped”)

*ḱli-tós (“leaning, sloped”)

*ḱlóy-dʰro-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlaidrijō (“ladder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *klaina

Albanian: qye (“peak, summit”)

*ḱloy-w-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlaiwą (“hill, burial mound”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱleyn-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լինիմ (linim, “to be”) (perhaps)

Armenian: լինել (linel)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լեառն (leaṙn, “mountain”)
Armenian: լեռ (leṙ)

Proto-Celtic: *kleibos

Old Irish: clíab

Irish: cliabh

Manx: cleeau

Scottish Gaelic: cliabh

Proto-Italic:

Latin: clēmēns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: श्रि (śri)

Reanalysed root of *ḱléyti, from *ḱel- (“to incline”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


upó

Proto-Celtic: *uɸo

desctree

Old Irish: fo, fu, fú
Irish: faoi
Manx: fo
Scottish Gaelic: fo

Proto-Germanic: *ub (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑπό (hupó)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úpa, *upa-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úpa, *upa-

Sanskrit: उप (úpa), उप- (upa-)

Hindi: उप- (up-)

Proto-Italic: *supo (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian B: spe

Possibly from *h₁ewp-, whence also Hittite [script needed] (u-up-zi, “to rise (of the sun)”); but the verb could have come from the adverb instead. Probably with allative suffix *-o.

cog

úas

Proto-Celtic: *ouxsos (from full grade); Old Irish


pós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pás

Lithuanian: pas (“to”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pós

desc

Ancient Greek: πός (pós, “in accordance with?”) (attested in Arcadian and Pisidian)

Thought to be related to Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“at the back, on”) in meaning and to Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó (“away”) in form. However, dialectal Greek evidence points to the absence of laryngeals, at least in late PIE.
Dunkel gives the two meanings ("afterwards" vs. "by, at") as unrelated.

ըստ

*pós-ti (with the ablative marker *-ti encountered also in *h₂énti) or *pós-dʰi; Old Armenian

pohja

→? Proto-Finno-Permic: *pošja (“~ back”)

पश्चा

following; see there for further descendants


-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-óm (nominative singular)
-óy (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (nominative plural)
-óm (singular vocative)
-óy (dual vocative)
-éh₂ (plural vocative)
-óy (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ós

Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)

wétos (“year”) + *-ós → *wetsós (“of a year”)


-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
o-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
o-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
o-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
o-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
o-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
o-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
o-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
o-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
o-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
o-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
o-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
o-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
o-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
o-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
o-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
o-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
o-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
o-ṓys (instrumental plural)
-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
o-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
o₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-óm (nominative singular)
o-óm (nominative singular)
-óy (dual nominative)
oy (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (nominative plural)
-óm (singular vocative)
o-óm (singular vocative)
-óy (dual vocative)
oy (dual vocative)
-éh₂ (plural vocative)
-óy (accusative dual)
oy (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (accusative plural)
-ós (nominative singular)
o-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
o-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
o-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
o-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
o-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
o-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
o-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
o-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
o-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
o-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
o-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
o-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
o-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
o-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
o-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
o-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
o-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
o-ṓys (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-y-os (agent noun suffix)

Proto-Germanic: *-az; some of the a-stem nouns

Proto-Hellenic: *-ós

Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ás

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -अ (-á, agent/adjective suffix)

From *(ó)-os (action noun suffix) formations further suffixed with possessive *-ós (see Etymology 1).

Creates adjectives from verb stems; they may have agentive or patientive meaning.

Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action.

Creates patient nouns from verb stems, denoting something affected by the verb's action.