*h₂welh₁-t ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (“I ruled”, 1sg past tense)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants) (back formation)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *walnāti

Old Irish: follnaithir (“to rule, govern”)

*h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)

Proto-Slavic: *volsti

Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)

Proto-Italic: *walēō

Latin: valeō (“to be well”)

Proto-Celtic: *walatros

Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr

Welsh: gwaladr (“ruler”)

q

*h₂wol-neh₂-mō ~ *h₂wl̥-neh₂-m̥n-és (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)

Tocharian B: walo (“king”)

Proto-Celtic: *walos (“prince”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (“sovereignty”) (see there for further descendants)

positive degree to <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*welaisVmos</i>

Proto-Italic: *wolos (positive degree to *welaisVmos)

Pre-Samnite: ϝολος

*h₂w(e)lh₁-is-(t)m̥mós (superlative adjective)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *welaisVmos
Oscan: 𐌅𐌀𐌋𐌀𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔 (valaimas, gen. sg. f.), valaemom (nom./acc. sg. n.)
→ Latin: volaemum
Pre-Samnite: ϝολαισυμος
South Picene: 𐌅𐌄𐌋𐌀𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌔 (velaimes, gen. sg. m.)

*h₂woldʰ-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂woldʰ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vàldît

Lithuanian: valdýti

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)

Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan

Old English: wieldan, wildan
English: wield
Scots: wield

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis

Lithuanian: valstybė

Latvian: valsts

Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walˀdjāˀ

Lithuanian: valdžia

Proto-Slavic: *volďa

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”), but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղմն (gełmn) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *welnos

Latin: vellus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

Old English: wlōh

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: valai̇̃

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts

Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: varúk

Prasuni: vórik

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: vorṓk

Waigali: vërëk

Italic:

Latin: villus

Latin: *ulos

Latin: adūlor

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)

→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)

(?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka

Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)

Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) (Latin vellō (“to pull out, pluck”)) and *welH- (“to turn”). The root certainly had verbal function, in view of the Old Armenian formation in *-mn̥.


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*h₃reyH-dʰh₁é-ti (dʰh₁-present)

⇒ *h₃réy(H)dʰh₁eti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *reideti

desctree

Old Irish: réidid (“to ride, drive”)
Middle Irish: réidid

desc

Proto-Germanic: *rīdaną (“to ride; to move, rock, swing”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roydʰh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráidīˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: raĩdît, raîdît (“to send hastily, urge, hurry”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-éh₁(ye)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *reidḗˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: riedė́ti (“to roll”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-os

Proto-Celtic: *reidos (“ride”, noun)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸoreidos (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ríad (“riding, driving, voyage”)

Gaulish: rēda (“chariot”)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *raidō (“ride, journey”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-ó-s or *h₃roydʰh₁-u-s (adj.)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raidás or *raidus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: raidù (“swift, quick”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *reidsman (> *reissman)

Old Irish: réimm (“movement, course”)

*h₃ri-né-H-ti ~ *h₃ri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Albanian: *rinja

Albanian: rij

Gheg Albanian: rîj

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rìnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (see there for further descendants) (or from *h₃ri-néw-ti)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρῑ́νω (orī́nō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrináHti

Sanskrit: रिणाति (riṇā́ti)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *h₃ri-n-H-o-s (or =*h₃riH-nó-s; see below)

Proto-Albanian: *rina

*h₃réy(H)-ti-s ~ *h₃riH-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *rīþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HriHtíṣ

Sanskrit: रीति (rītí)

Proto-Celtic: *reyatrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rě̄kà (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ròjь (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráyas

Sanskrit: रय (ráya)

*h₃riH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHyáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHmás

Proto-Iranian: *HriHmáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rrīma)

Middle Persian:

Persian: ریم (rim)

Sogdian: [script needed] (rym)

Pashto: [script needed] (rəma), [script needed] (rima)

Proto-Celtic: *reinos (“river, waterway”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rītos

⇒ Latin: irrītō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réy(H)-t-os ~ *h₃réy(H)-t-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráytas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráytas

Sanskrit: रेतस् (rétas)

Proto-Italic: *rīwos

Latin: rīvus (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃royH-e-ti

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rě̀jati (“to move quickly, push forward?”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃riH-n-do-s

Proto-Celtic: *rinnos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: rynny

Middle Welsh: rin

Middle Irish: renn

to flow, stream (of water); to pour, rain


dʰubʰnós

dʰubʰnós (nominative singular)
dʰubʰnóes (nominative plural)
dʰubʰné (singular vocative)
dʰubʰnóes (plural vocative)
dʰubʰnóm (accusative singular)
dʰubʰnóms (accusative plural)
dʰubʰnósyo (genitive singular)
dʰubʰnóHom (genitive plural)
dʰubʰnéad (ablative singular)
dʰubʰnómos (ablative plural)
dʰubʰnóbʰos (ablative plural)
dʰubʰnóey (dative singular)
dʰubʰnómos (dative plural)
dʰubʰnóbʰos (dative plural)
dʰubʰnéy (locative singular)
dʰubʰnóy (locative singular)
dʰubʰnóysu (locative plural)
dʰubʰnṓys (instrumental plural)
dʰubʰnā́m (accusative singular)
dʰubʰnóm (nominative singular)
dʰubʰnóy (dual nominative)
dʰubʰnóm (singular vocative)
dʰubʰnóy (dual vocative)
dʰubʰnóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubnás, *dubná (“bottom”)

Lithuanian: dùgnas

Old Prussian: dubnas

Proto-Slavic: *dъnò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dubnos (“depth; world”) (see there for further descendants)


mreǵʰ-

*mréǵʰ-us

*mréǵʰ-yōs ~ *mr̥ǵʰ-is-és

Proto-Hellenic: *brə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: βρᾰ́σσων (brắssōn), (later) βραχίων (brakhíōn)

Aeolic Greek: βρόσσων (bróssōn)

Proto-Italic: *breɣʷiōs (see there for further descendants)


gʷʰénti

gʷʰénmi (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰénm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰénoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷʰénsi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰéns (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰén (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰénesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥yéh₁s (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰénti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰént (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰéntu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰéneti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰn̥yéh₁t (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰn̥wós (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰn̥wé (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰénowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥tés (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰn̥tóm (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰn̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰénetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥tés (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰn̥tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰn̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰénetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰn̥mós (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰn̥mé (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰénomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰn̥té (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰn̥té (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰn̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰénete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰnénti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰnént (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰnéntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰénonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰnónts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰn̥h₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰn̥h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰnih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
gʷʰn̥th₂ér (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥th₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥só (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰn̥tór (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰnór (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰn̥tó (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰnó (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰénetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰnih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰn̥wósdʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰn̥wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰn̥mósdʰh₂ (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰn̥médʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰn̥dʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰn̥dʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰn̥dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰnn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰn̥rór (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰnn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰn̥ró (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰénontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷénti

Hittite: 𒆪𒂗𒍣 (ku-en-zi /kuenzi/, “to strike”)

Lycian: 𐊌𐊙𐊑𐊗𐊆 (qãñti, 3pl.pres.act.)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջնեմ (ǰnem)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúntei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷaneti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰánti (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay, kill”).


bʰrews-

*bʰrus-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bruseti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *brausijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrus-tó-s (“broken”)

Proto-Italic: *frustom (“piece broken off”)

Latin: frustum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *brauša

Albanian: breshër

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brusnati
Old Irish: bronnaid
Irish: bronn
Scottish Gaelic: bronn, pronn

Proto-Celtic: *brustniyos

desc

Old Irish: brosnae (“bundle of firewood”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


kʷrinā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *krьnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷrinati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krináHti

desctree

Sanskrit: क्रीणाति (krīṇā́ti)
Assamese: কিন (kin)
Bengali: কিনা (kina), কেনা (kena)
Hindi: कीनना (kīnnā)
Magahi: 𑂍𑂱𑂢𑂪 (kinal)
Nepali: किन्नु (kinnu)
Phalura: krína
Romani: kinel

Proto-Iranian: *xrináHti

Khotanese: ggän-

Middle Persian:

Manichaean: 𐫟𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅 (xrynyd)

Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (ZḆNN-tn' /xrīdan/)

Sogdian:

Buddhist: [script needed] (xr’yn)

Sogdian: [script needed] (xr’yn)

From *kʷreyh₂- (“to buy”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


Proto-Celtic: *linati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *alínō

Ancient Greek: ἀλίνω (alínō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HlináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HlináHti

desc

Sanskrit: लिनाति (lināti, “sticks, stays, adheres; slips (into), disappears”)

Proto-Italic: *linō (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂leyH- (“to smear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


h₂óḱrih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óḱri (singular vocative)
h₂óḱrih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óḱrih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱri (locative singular)
h₂éḱrih₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Celtic: *okris

Old Irish: ochair

Middle Irish: ochair

Irish: achar

Brythonic:

Old Breton: occrou

Old Welsh: och

Welsh: ochr

Proto-Hellenic: *ókris

Ancient Greek: ὄκρις (ókris)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćriš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśriṣ

Sanskrit: अश्रि (áśri)

Proto-Italic: *okris

Latin: ocris

Marsian: ocres (gen.sg.)

South Picene: 𐌏𐌊𐌓𐌄𐌝 (okreí, loc.sg.?)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌓 (ukar), ocar (nom.sg.); ocrem, ocre (acc.sg.); ocrer (gen.sg.); 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌄 (ukre), ocre (dat.sg.); ocre, ocrem (loc.sg.); 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄 (ukripe), 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (ukriper), ocriper, ocreper (abl.sg.)

From *h₂eḱrós (“sharp”) + *-is (deadjectival noun suffix).


tekʷ-

*tékʷ-ti ~ *tkʷ-énti (athematic root verb) or *tékʷ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Albanian: *en-teka

Albanian: ndjek

(perhaps) Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /watkuzi/) (< *wé-tkʷ-ti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latgalian: tecēt

Latvian: tecêt

Lithuanian: tekė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *teťi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákti, *táčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákti

Sanskrit: तक्ति (tákti)

Proto-Iranian: *táxti, *táčati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬈 (taxše, “to walk”, 2sg.pres.mid.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fratacaⁱti), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (frataciṇti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mndxs-)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫝𐫏𐫅 (tcyd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazēd/)

Persian: تاختن (tâxtan, “to attack, to run”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾntxst)

*tokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *točiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāčáyati

Proto-Iranian: *tāčáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (tācaiieⁱṇti)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾcynd /tāzēnd/)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫅 (tʾcynd)

*tékʷ-onts

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙 (taciṇt)

Middle Persian: 𐫎𐫉𐫀𐫗 (ṯzʾn) (Manichaean)

(perhaps) Tocharian: *cäke

Tocharian B: cake

*tékʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tekas

Latvian: tęks

Proto-Slavic: *tekъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷos

⇒ Old Irish: intech (“road”)

*tekʷ-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þewaz (< *þegwaz or *þehwaz) (see there for further descendants)

*tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákuṣ

Sanskrit: तकु (táku)

*tkʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taktás

Sanskrit: तक्त (taktá)

Proto-Iranian: *taxtáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬝𐬐𐬎𐬱 (tācait̰kuš)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazīd/)

*tokʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *takas

Latvian: taks

Lithuanian: tãkas

Proto-Slavic: *tȏkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takas

Proto-Iranian: *takah

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬐𐬀 (taka, “course”)


h₁ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁éy (imperative second-person singular)
h₁idʰí (imperative second-person singular)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *ai-tat-ja

Albanian: heci, eci — Tosk, ecëj

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄿𒀉 (i-it, 2sg.imp.act.)

Luwian: 𒄿𒋾 (i-ti /iti, idi/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eitei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *éimi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *eō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *h₁ey- (“to go”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ḱlównis

ḱlównis (nominative singular)
ḱlówneyes (nominative plural)
ḱlówni (singular vocative)
ḱlówneyes (plural vocative)
ḱlównim (accusative singular)
ḱlównims (accusative plural)
ḱlunéys (genitive singular)
ḱlunéyoHom (genitive plural)
ḱlunéys (ablative singular)
ḱlunímos (ablative plural)
ḱluníbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱlunéyey (dative singular)
ḱlunímos (dative plural)
ḱluníbʰos (dative plural)
ḱlunéy (locative singular)
ḱlunḗy (locative singular)
ḱlunísu (locative plural)
ḱlunímis (instrumental plural)
ḱluníbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaunis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klounis

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉn

Middle Breton: clun

Breton: klun

Cornish: clun

Middle Welsh: clun

Welsh: clun

Proto-Germanic: *hlauniz

Old Norse: hlaun

Norwegian: laun

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλόνις (klónis) (perhaps with contamination from κλόνος (klónos, “confusion, excitement”))

Proto-Italic: *klounis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwniš (see there for further descendants)


mesg-

*mésg-e-ti (thematic root imperfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máẑǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźȷ́ati

Sanskrit: मज्जति (májjati)

Proto-Italic: *mezgō

Latin: mergō

*mosg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maẑǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maźȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मज्जयति (majjáyati)

*mosg-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *masg-, *mask- (denominative)

East Baltic:

Latvian: mazgāt (“to wash”)

Lithuanian: mazgóti (“to wash”)

Proto-Slavic: *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”)

Old East Slavic: *Москꙑ (*Mosky, “Moscow”) (see there for further descendants)

Slovak: mozga (“puddle”)

Polish: mazgać; Mozgawa


[Term?]

Proto-Albanian: *en-iuwo-ma

Albanian: ndihmë, ndihmoj

*h₁éwHeti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *oweti

⇒ Old Irish: con·oí

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly merged with *h₂ew-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

Sanskrit: अवति (ávati)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬨𐬍 (auuāmī)

*h₁íh₁ewHeti (reduplicated thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *iowaō
Latin: iuvō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *iūtos

Latin: iūtus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: अव् (av) (see there for further descendants)


tetḱ-

*tḗtḱ-ti ~ *tétḱ-n̥ti (Narten imperfective)

*totḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tašýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣáyati

Sanskrit: तक्षयति (takṣáyati)

*tétḱ-ō ~ *tḱ-nés (“carpenter”) (see there for further descendants)

*tetḱ-(dʰ)lo- (“adze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tesla, *teslò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tāxslos

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚐᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ (talagni) (perhaps)

Old Irish: tál

Irish: tál

Proto-Germanic: *þehslō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tēla, tēlum (or from Proto-Indo-European *tend-)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsō

Old English: þeox

Old High German: dehsa

Middle High German: dehse

German: Dechse

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέχνη (tékhnē), τέχνᾱ (tékhnā) — Doric
Greek: τέχνη (téchni)
→ Latin: techna
English: techno-

*tₔtḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšṭás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣṭás

Sanskrit: तष्ट (taṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *taštáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (tašta)

Middle Persian: tšt' (tašt), [script needed] (tʾšytk /tāšīdag/) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian: [script needed] (tʾst /tāst/), [script needed] (tʾstg /tāstag/)

→ Persian: طاس (tâs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: տաշեմ (tašem)
Armenian: տաշել (tašel)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: testa

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *þēhtuz

Proto-Albanian: *tēkslā

Proto-Albanian: *tāslā

Albanian: tollë

Proto-Albanian: *taksjā

Albanian: teshë

Northern Kurdish: teşe (“form”)

Zazaki: toşe (“form”)

Reanalyzed reduplication from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”).


teḱ-

*téḱ-t (perfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *tékon

Ancient Greek: τέκον (tékon), ἔτεκον (étekon)

*té-tḱ-ti (“to create, produce, cut, hew”, reduplicated athematic)

*te-tóḱ-e (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tétoka

Ancient Greek: τέτοκα (tétoka)

*tí-tḱ-e-ti (i-reduplicated thematic)

Proto-Hellenic: *tíktō

Ancient Greek: τίκτω (tíktō)

*tḱ-éy-ti (“to settle, live, dwell, cultivate”, *éy-present)

*téḱ-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *téknon

Ancient Greek: τέκνον (téknon)

*téḱ-os ~ *téḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *tékos

Ancient Greek: τέκος (tékos)

*tóḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tókos

Ancient Greek: τόκος (tókos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: τοκεύς (tokeús)

*tḱ-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tíśtis

Proto-Slavic: *tь̏stь (see there for further descendants)

tek-

possibly conflated with *teḱ- in some branches


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latvian: tikt

Lithuanian: tèkti

Proto-Celtic: *teketi

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: tizaff

Old Irish: ad·teich (see there for further descendants)

*tek-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *þigjaną (see there for further descendants)

*tk-e-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšatrám (see there for further descendants)

*tk-eh₁- (verbal noun)

Ancient Greek: κτάομαι (ktáomai)

Ancient Greek: κτέανον (ktéanon)

Ancient Greek: κτῆμα (ktêma)

Ancient Greek: κτῆνος (ktênos)

Ancient Greek: κτῆσις (ktêsis)

⇒ *tkh₁-éy-e-ti

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšHáyati (“to rule, have power over, control”) (or *kšáyati, from *h₃kʷs-éye-ti, from a desiderative of *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्षयति (kṣáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *xšáyati

desc

⇒ Ossetian: ӕхсин (æxsin, “lady, mistress”)

desctree

⇒ Old Persian: 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”), 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (x-š-a-y-θ-i-y)
Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Sogdian: 𐫀𐫟𐫢𐫏𐫔 (ʾxšyδ /(ə)xšēδ/, “king, chief”)

*tek-ṓ

Proto-Germanic: *þegô (“receiver”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: (or borrowed from Germanic?)

Old Irish: taca (“prop, support, peg”, noun)

Irish: taca

Scottish Gaelic: taca


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: թեքեմ (tʻekʻem), թեկեմ (tʻekem)
Armenian: թեքել (tʻekʻel)

*ték-seti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒆠𒅖𒍣 (tákkišzi)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsaną

Proto-West Germanic: *þehsan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *teksō

Latin: texō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

q

perhaps by conflation with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)tegʰ-</i> (“to stitch”) or another root

>? Old Armenian: թեզան (tʻezan) (perhaps by conflation with *(s)tegʰ- (“to stitch”) or another root) (see there for further descendants)


lókus

lókus (nominative singular)
lókewes (nominative plural)
lóku (singular vocative)
lókewes (plural vocative)
lókum (accusative singular)
lókums (accusative plural)
l̥kwés (genitive singular)
l̥kwóHom (genitive plural)
l̥kwés (ablative singular)
l̥kwmós (ablative plural)
l̥kwbʰós (ablative plural)
l̥kwéy (dative singular)
l̥kwmós (dative plural)
l̥kwbʰós (dative plural)
lóku (locative singular)
lókwi (locative singular)
l̥kwsú (locative plural)
l̥kwmís (instrumental plural)
l̥kwbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: liqen, (archaic) lëken

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lokỳ (extended with the collective marker *-h₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *loku (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laguz, *lahō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lə́kwos (from the oblique grade)

Ancient Greek: λάκκος (lákkos)

Proto-Italic: *lakus

Latin: lacus


Proto-Slavic: *kyvati (see there for further descendants)

*keh₁w-éye-ti (*e-grade iterative)

Proto-Italic: *kēweō

Latin: cēveō

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ǵn̥h₁téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tḗy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tíh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *dzenti

Albanian: dhênd

Albanian: dhen

q

or from (or conflated with) <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵemH-</i>

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (or from (or conflated with) *ǵemH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kinþiz, *kundiz (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *génetis
Ancient Greek: γένεσις (génesis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHtíṣ

Sanskrit: जाति (jātí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jáHtiš

q

C.f. Sanskrit: सुजाति (sujāti, “good tribe or race”)<templatestyles src="Module:etymology/style.css" />

Proto-Iranian: *Hhu-jáHtiš (“good family, birth”) (C.f. Sanskrit: सुजाति (sujāti, “good tribe or race”))

desc

Old Persian: 𐎢𐏀𐎫𐎡 (u-z-t-i /Uzati/, “Uzati, a Parthian city, (lit) Good-Family”)

Proto-Italic: *gentis

Latin: gēns (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


wéydtōr

wéydtōr (nominative singular)
wéydtores (nominative plural)
wéydtor (singular vocative)
wéydtores (plural vocative)
wéydtorm̥ (accusative singular)
wéydtorm̥s (accusative plural)
widtrés (genitive singular)
widtróHom (genitive plural)
widtrés (ablative singular)
widtr̥mós (ablative plural)
widtr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
widtréy (dative singular)
widtr̥mós (dative plural)
widtr̥bʰós (dative plural)
widtér (locative singular)
widtéri (locative singular)
widtr̥sú (locative plural)
widtr̥mís (instrumental plural)
widtr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *wístōr

desc

Ancient Greek: ἴστωρ (ístōr), ἵστωρ (hístōr, “one who knows, witness”)

Boeotian Greek: ϝίστωρ (wístōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáytˢtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyttā

Sanskrit: वेत्तृ (véttṛ), वेदितृ (véditṛ)

Proto-Italic: *weissōr

Latin: vīsor

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *dṓtōr

Ancient Greek: δώτωρ (dṓtōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *datōr

Latin: dator

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


wleykʷ-

*wléykʷ-ti ~ *wlikʷ-énti

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wleikʷōr

Latin: līquor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *lik-

Tocharian A: lyīktsi (“to wash”)

*wlikʷ-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *wlikʷēō

Latin: liqueō (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-o-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlikʷos (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-s-o/eh₂- (perhaps from an s-stem)

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlixsos, *wliksos m

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlɨx

Welsh: gwlych

Proto-Italic: *liksos

Latin: lixa f (“(washing) water; lye”)

Latin: ēlixus (“boiled; sodden”)

desc

Latin: prōlixus (“extended, broad; comprehensive; fortunate”)

Unsorted formations:

Tocharian B: laikanaträ (“washes”)

Tocharian B: likṣan- (“washes”)


h₃réǵoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₃réǵōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₃réǵe (imperative second-person singular)
h₃réǵēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₃réǵēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₃réǵēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
h₃réǵōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₃réǵēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *regeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rekaną (“rake up, pile up, heap up”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρέγω (orégō)

Italic:

Latin: regō

Thematic root present of *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten; to righten”).

to be straightening, to be setting upright


ref

Possibly with metathesis, or reflecting the original form of the root. On the other hand, Kloekhorst rejects any possibility that the root in Hittite continues *lewh₃- or *leh₃u-, arguing that it must be reconstructed as *leh₂u-.

*lóh₃w-ey ~ *l̥h₃w-énti

Proto-Anatolian: *lóHʷei

desc

>? Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒄷𒄿 (la-a-ḫu-i, “to pour; to (over)flow”)

⇒? Luwian: [script needed] (lā(ḫ)un(a)i-, “to wash”)

*léwh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: laj

Proto-Hellenic: *léwoō

Ancient Greek: λούω (loúō), λοέω (loéō), λόω (lóō) (see there for further descendants)

ref

See de Vaan for alternative explanations of the original verb.

*(le-)lówh₃-ti (reduplicated o-grade present)

Proto-Italic: *lawō (see there for further descendants)

*lówh₃-tro-m, *léwh₃-tro-m

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: լոգանամ (loganam) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam) (or < *plew-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugō (see there for further descendants)

Old Latin: lavē- (transitive)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒂊𒃷 (e-kán /ʔekán/, “ice”)

*h₁óyg-s ~ *h₁ig-s-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háykš

Proto-Iranian: *Háyxam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yegis (“ice”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁yég-ō ~ *h₁ig-nés

desc

Proto-Germanic: *jekô (“piece of ice, hoarfrost”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jekulaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáǰas

Proto-Nuristani: *yája (“cold”) (irregular *j for expected *ǰ)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ǘć

Kativiri: yúz

Prasuni: yǘzu, ǘzu

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: yoz

→ Kalasha: [script needed] (yoz)

→ Khowar: [script needed] (yoz)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *yǣǰǽ

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *yǣ́ǰ́

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *yø̄́z

Sarikoli: yoz (“glacier”)

→ Wakhi: yaz

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: yžià (“ice-floe”)


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒃰𒁺 n (kattu-)

Proto-Celtic: *katus m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haþuz f (see there for further descendants)

From *keh₃- (“to fight”) + *-tus if it is related to Proto-Germanic *harōjaną (“to sharpen”).


*kéh₃-tu-s ~ *kh₃-téw-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κότος (kótos)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: котора (kotora, “quarrel”)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: शत्रु (śatru, “enemy, foe”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *gladaz (see there for further descendants)

*gʰl̥h₂-n̥-dʰ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glandaz

Proto-West Germanic: *glandī (“shining, glowing”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *ɣlaðros

>? Latin: glaber (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glā́ˀdus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gladā

Albanian: gledhë

Possible reanalyzed root of *gʰleh₂- + *-dʰh₁eti, metathesized from *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine”), itself apparently related to *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).


ǵʰley-

*ǵʰlí-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlíō

>? Ancient Greek: χλίω (khlíō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: χλιαίνω (khliaínō, “to warm; to soften”)

*ǵʰley-mós (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Germanic: *glīmô

Proto-West Germanic: *glīmō

Old English: gleomu (“splendor”)

Old Saxon: glīmo (“shine”)

Old High German: glīmo, gleimo, glīm (“glow-worm”)

Old Norse:

Norwegian Nynorsk: glim (dialectal)

Old Swedish: glim, glimma

→ Middle English: glimme

English: glim

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glīmaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glaimiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰley-nós (“bright, clear”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēnos

Proto-Brythonic: *-gluɨn

Welsh: try-lwyn

Old Irish: gléinech

*ǵʰley-wós (“shining, sparkling”)

Proto-Celtic: *gleiwos (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glaiwiz (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gliwēną or *glijō(ja)ną

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: glīa (“to glitter”)

Old Norse: gljá (“to glitter”)

Faroese: glíggja

Icelandic: gljá

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰleh₃-</i>?

>? Lithuanian: žlėjà (“twilight; dusk, darkness”) (or from *ǵʰleh₃-?)

*ǵʰley-s-

*ǵʰleys-to-s (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēstos

Proto-Brythonic: *gluɨs

Old Breton: glois, gloes

Welsh: glwys

Old Irish: glésse, glése, gléisse, gléise

Gaulish: glīso-

*ǵʰlis-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *glisnaz

Proto-Germanic: *glisnōną

Proto-West Germanic: *glisnōn

Old English: glisnian (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *glisna

Norwegian: glisna

Swedish: glesna

*ǵʰley-d-

*ǵʰléyd-e-ti

desc

Proto-Germanic: *glītaną (“to shine, sparkle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰli-n-d-e-ti (“to shine, glint”, nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glintaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitiz

Proto-West Germanic: *glit

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *glitinōn

Old English: glitenian

Old High German: glizinōn

Middle High German: glitzenen

German: glitzen

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlidā́

>? Ancient Greek: χλιδή (khlidḗ, “effeminacy, luxury, haughtiness, riches”)

*ǵʰlid-mn̥ (“shine”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ǵʰlid-mn̥-ye-ti (“to shine, sparkle”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmunjaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitraz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glitrōną (see there for further descendants)


smérus

smérus (nominative singular)
smérewes (nominative plural)
sméru (singular vocative)
smérewes (plural vocative)
smérum (accusative singular)
smérums (accusative plural)
sm̥réws (genitive singular)
sm̥réwoHom (genitive plural)
sm̥réws (ablative singular)
sm̥rúmos (ablative plural)
sm̥rúbʰos (ablative plural)
sm̥réwey (dative singular)
sm̥rúmos (dative plural)
sm̥rúbʰos (dative plural)
sm̥réw (locative singular)
sm̥réwi (locative singular)
sm̥rúsu (locative plural)
sm̥rúmis (instrumental plural)
sm̥rúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *smerus


treb-

Proto-Celtic: *trebā (“settlement”) (see there for further descendants)

*treb-nos

Proto-Celtic: *trebnos

Proto-Brythonic: *treβn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: trefn (“room, house”)

>? Proto-Italic: *trebno-

>? Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌌𐌍𐌖 (tremnu, “place from where the augur observes the birds”, abl.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: trobà (“cottage, farmhouse”)

Latvian: trāba (“hut, hovel”)

*tr̥b-om

Proto-Germanic: *þurpą (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥b-s

Proto-Italic: *trabs

Latin: trabs (“wooden beam”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *trabs

Latvian: trabs (“pole”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: trevë (“region, province”)


tisres

Proto-Celtic: *tisres

Proto-Brythonic: *teir

Welsh: tair

Old Irish: teoir

Gaulish: tiđres

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tišrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tisrás

Sanskrit: तिस्रः (tisráḥ)

Proto-Iranian: *tišráh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬱𐬭𐬋 (tišrō)

Possibly dissimilated from earlier *trisres, itself from *tréyes + *-sōr.


(me)mógʰe

mógʰe (canonical)
m̥gʰyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
móg (imperative second-person singular)
memóg (imperative second-person singular)
m̥gʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
mem̥gʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
mégʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
memégʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
mógʰe (indicative singular third-person)
memógʰe (indicative singular third-person)
mógʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
memógʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
mégʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
memégʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
m̥gʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
mem̥gʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
mégʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
memégʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
m̥gʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
mem̥gʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
mégʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
memégʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
m̥gʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
mem̥gʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
mégʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
memégʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
m̥gʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
mem̥gʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
mégʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
memégʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
m̥gʰé (indicative plural second-person)
mem̥gʰé (indicative plural second-person)
m̥gʰté (imperative plural second-person)
mem̥gʰté (imperative plural second-person)
mégʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
memégʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
m̥gʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
mem̥gʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
m̥gʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
mem̥gʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
mégʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
memégʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
m̥gʰwṓs (indicative participle)
mem̥gʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mag-

Lithuanian: magė́ti

Old Prussian: massi

Proto-Slavic: *moťi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *maganą (see there for further descendants)

Root or reduplicated root perfect of *megʰ- (“to be able”).


ḱe

ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- (canonical)
-ḱe (canonical)

Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí

Hittite: 𒆠𒄿 n (ki-i /kī/)

Proto-Italic: *ke (see there for further descendants)

սո-

*ḱó-s (innovative o-stem pronoun); Old Armenian

Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

ᚕᚑᚔ

Proto-Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular); Primitive Irish

Old Irish: cenIrish: ganManx: gynScottish Gaelic: gun


tetóne

tetón (imperative second-person singular)
tetn̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
teténesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tetóne (indicative singular third-person)
tetóntu (imperative singular third-person)
teténeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tetn̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
teténowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tetn̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
teténetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tetn̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
teténetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tetn̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
teténomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tetné (indicative plural second-person)
tetn̥té (imperative plural second-person)
teténete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tetnḗr (indicative plural third-person)
tetnéntu (imperative plural third-person)
teténonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tetn̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *tétəmai

Ancient Greek: τέταμαι (tétamai) (or later formation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatā́na

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatā́na

Sanskrit: ततान (tatā́na)

Proto-Italic: *tetonai

Old Latin: tetinī

Reduplicated stative of the root *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


wéstis

wéstis (nominative singular)
wésteyes (nominative plural)
wésti (singular vocative)
wésteyes (plural vocative)
wéstim (accusative singular)
wéstims (accusative plural)
ustéys (genitive singular)
ustéyoHom (genitive plural)
ustéys (ablative singular)
ustímos (ablative plural)
ustíbʰos (ablative plural)
ustéyey (dative singular)
ustímos (dative plural)
ustíbʰos (dative plural)
ustéy (locative singular)
ustḗy (locative singular)
ustísu (locative plural)
ustímis (instrumental plural)
ustíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest) (or from u-stem *wéstus)

Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)

Proto-Germanic: *wastiz

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti, “vesture, clothing”)

Proto-Italic: *westis (see there for further descendants)

From *wes- (“to clothe, dress”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kruHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kruHrás

Sanskrit: क्रूर (krūrá)

Proto-Iranian: *xruHráh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬏𐬛𐬀 (xrūda)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *krūros
Latin: crūdus (see there for further descendants)

From *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


*dʰr̥h₂gʰ-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *t(ʰ)(a)rāťťō

Ancient Greek: θρᾱ́σσω (thrā́ssō), τᾰρᾰ́σσω (tărắssō)

Attic Greek: θρᾱ́ττω (thrā́ttō)

*dʰroh₂gʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *drāžìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréh₂gʰ-us ~ *dʰr̥h₂gʰ-éws (“rough”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trākʰús

Ancient Greek: τρᾱχῠ́ς (trākhŭ́s)

Epic, Ionic Greek: τρηχῠ́ς (trēkhŭ́s)

(perhaps) Mycenaean Greek: 𐀲𐀨𐀐𐀹(𐀊) (ta-ra-ke-wi(ja))


mértis

mértis (nominative singular)
mérteyes (nominative plural)
mérti (singular vocative)
mérteyes (plural vocative)
mértim (accusative singular)
mértims (accusative plural)
mr̥téys (genitive singular)
mr̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥téys (ablative singular)
mr̥tímos (ablative plural)
mr̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥téyey (dative singular)
mr̥tímos (dative plural)
mr̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥téy (locative singular)
mr̥tḗy (locative singular)
mr̥tísu (locative plural)
mr̥tímis (instrumental plural)
mr̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mirtís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: मृति (mṛtí)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥tíš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mərəⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *mortis (see there for further descendants)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


⇒ Proto-Albanian: *wara

>? Albanian: *ur

⇒ urtë (+ -të)

Proto-Celtic: *wīros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wēraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wēros (see there for further descendants)

From *weh₁- (“true”) with a defective *-rós (Caland system suffix); the expected form would be *uh₁rós.


ténos

ténes- (oblique stem)
ténos (nominative singular)
ténōs (nominative plural)
ténos (singular vocative)
ténōs (plural vocative)
ténos (accusative singular)
ténōs (accusative plural)
ténesos (genitive singular)
ténesoHom (genitive plural)
ténesos (ablative singular)
ténesmos (ablative plural)
ténesbʰos (ablative plural)
ténesey (dative singular)
ténesmos (dative plural)
ténesbʰos (dative plural)
ténes (locative singular)
ténesi (locative singular)
ténesu (locative plural)
ténesmis (instrumental plural)
ténesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *ténos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánas

Sanskrit: तनस् (tánas)

Proto-Italic: *tenos

Latin: tenus, tenor, tener


tn̥tós

tn̥tós (nominative singular)
tn̥tóes (nominative plural)
tn̥té (singular vocative)
tn̥tóes (plural vocative)
tn̥tóm (accusative singular)
tn̥tóms (accusative plural)
tn̥tósyo (genitive singular)
tn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
tn̥téad (ablative singular)
tn̥tómos (ablative plural)
tn̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
tn̥tóey (dative singular)
tn̥tómos (dative plural)
tn̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
tn̥téy (locative singular)
tn̥tóy (locative singular)
tn̥tóysu (locative plural)
tn̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
tn̥tā́m (accusative singular)
tn̥tóm (nominative singular)
tn̥tóy (dual nominative)
tn̥tóm (singular vocative)
tn̥tóy (dual vocative)
tn̥tóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *tantā (LIN prefers *tén-tus as source)

desctree

Old Irish: tét
Middle Irish: tét f
Irish: téad
Manx: tead
Scottish Gaelic: teud

Brythonic:

Old Breton: tanntou

Breton: tant

Old Welsh: tantou

Welsh: tant

Proto-Hellenic: *tətós

Ancient Greek: τᾰτός (tătós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatás

Sanskrit: तत (tatá)

Proto-Italic: *tentos

Latin: tentus

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


téntis

téntis (nominative singular)
ténteyes (nominative plural)
ténti (singular vocative)
ténteyes (plural vocative)
téntim (accusative singular)
téntims (accusative plural)
tn̥téys (genitive singular)
tn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
tn̥téys (ablative singular)
tn̥tímos (ablative plural)
tn̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
tn̥téyey (dative singular)
tn̥tímos (dative plural)
tn̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
tn̥téy (locative singular)
tn̥tḗy (locative singular)
tn̥tísu (locative plural)
tn̥tímis (instrumental plural)
tn̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

(perhaps) Germanic: *þundiz, *þindiz

Old Norse: þund, þind

Proto-Hellenic: *tə́tis

Ancient Greek: τᾰ́σις (tắsis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: तति (tati, “sacrificial act, ceremony”), तन्ति (tantí)

(perhaps) Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tant

From *ten- (“extend, stretch”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


tónos

non-ablauting (romanization)
tónos (nominative singular)
tónoes (nominative plural)
tóne (singular vocative)
tónoes (plural vocative)
tónom (accusative singular)
tónoms (accusative plural)
tónosyo (genitive singular)
tónoHom (genitive plural)
tónead (ablative singular)
tónomos (ablative plural)
tónobʰos (ablative plural)
tónoey (dative singular)
tónomos (dative plural)
tónobʰos (dative plural)
tóney (locative singular)
tónoy (locative singular)
tónoysu (locative plural)
tónōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tánas

Lithuanian: tãnas

Proto-Hellenic: *tónos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́nas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tā́nas

Sanskrit: तान (tā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *tā́nah

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕнӕ (tænæ)

Iron: тӕн (tæn)


desctree

Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtei
Latvian: stât
Lithuanian: stóti
Proto-Slavic: *stàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *(ad-)tāyeti

Brythonic:

Old Breton: to

Old Cornish: atta, otte

Old Welsh: tau

Welsh: taw

Old Irish: at·tá, ad·tá, a·tá, at·táa, a·táa
Middle Irish: at·tá
Classical Gaelic: a-tá
Irish: tá
Manx: ta
Scottish Gaelic: tha

Proto-Germanic: *stāną (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stajiti

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *stajati (“to reside, to occupy a place”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्थायति (sthāyati)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (-stāiiā)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎹𐎶 (-astāyam)

From *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *dotós

Ancient Greek: δοτός (dotós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHtás

Sanskrit: दात (dātá)

Proto-Iranian: *daHtáh

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶 (d-a-t-m)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (dāta)

Proto-Italic: *datos

Latin: datus

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


srobʰéyeti

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

srobʰéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
srobʰéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
srobʰéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
srobʰéye (imperative second-person singular)
srobʰéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
srobʰéyoys (optative second-person singular)
srobʰéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
srobʰéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
srobʰéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
srobʰéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
srobʰéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
srobʰéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
srobʰéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
srobʰéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
srobʰéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
srobʰéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
srobʰéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
srobʰéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
srobʰéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
srobʰéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
srobʰéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
srobʰéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
srobʰéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
srobʰéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
srobʰéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
srobʰéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
srobʰéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
srobʰéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
srobʰéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
srobʰéyete (imperative plural second-person)
srobʰéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
srobʰéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
srobʰéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
srobʰéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
srobʰéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
srobʰéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyonts (indicative participle present)
srobʰéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
srobʰéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
srobʰéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
srobʰéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
srobʰéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
srobʰéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
srobʰéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
srobʰéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
srobʰéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *serba (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hropʰéyō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sorβeō (see there for further descendants)

From *srebʰ- (“to sip, gulp, suck in”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


trem-

*trém-ti ~ *tr̥m-énti (athematic present) (see there for further descendants)

*trom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *troméyō

Ancient Greek: τρομέω (troméō)

Proto-Italic: *tromeō

Umbrian: tremitu

*tróm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trómos

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Mariupol Greek: тре́мус (trjémus)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tremi

*trom-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tromós

Ancient Greek: τρομός (tromós)


tḱey-

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

*tḱéy-ti ~ *tḱi-énti (athematic root present)

*tḱḗy-s-t ~ *tḱéy-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáysat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáysat

desc

Sanskrit: क्षेषत् (kṣéṣat, 3sg.aor.subj.)

Proto-Italic: *sīzai

Latin: sīrīs (maybe, as it could also be a syncopated form of sīverīs)

*tḱéy-s-t ~ *tḱi-s-ént (secondary *s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκτῐσᾰ (éktĭsă), ἔκτῐσσᾰ (éktĭssă)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κτίζω (ktízō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κτῐ́σῐς (ktĭ́sĭs)

*tḱi-né-ti ~ *tḱi-n-énti (denominative present)

Proto-Italic: *sinō, *pozinō (< *h₂po-)

Latin: sinō, pōnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ktímenos

Ancient Greek: ἐϋκτίμενος (eüktímenos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀑𐀴𐀕𐀙 (ki-ti-me-na /ktimenā/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyanas

Proto-Iranian: *šáyanah

Avestan: 𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬀 (šaiiana)

→ Old Armenian: շէն (šēn) (see there for further descendants)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܝܢܐ (šainā)

*tḱéy-tis ~ *tḱi-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitíṣ

Sanskrit: क्षिति (kṣití) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *šitíš

Avestan: 𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬌 (šiti)

*tḱi-los

Proto-Hellenic: *ktilos

Ancient Greek: κτῐ́λος (ktĭ́los)

*tḱi-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *ktitós

Ancient Greek: θεόκτιτος (theóktitos), πυρίκτιτος (puríktitos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀟𐀪𐀑𐀴𐀲 (pe-ri-ki-ti-ta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitás

⇒? Sanskrit: परिक्षित् (parikṣit)

Proto-Iranian: *šitáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anašita, “uninhabitable”)

*tḱéy-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáytram (see there for further descendants)

*tḱóy-mo-s

Albanian: komb

>? Ancient Greek: κώμη (kṓmē)

Proto-Germanic: *haimaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyma-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáymas, *ṭṣáymam

desctree

Sanskrit: क्षेम (kṣema)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑁂𑀫 (khema)
Pali: khema
→ Hindi: क्षेम (kṣem) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಕ್ಷೇಮ (kṣēma)

Reanalysed root of *tḱéyti, from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).
Alternatively from *d (zero-grade of *ád) + *ḱey-.


dwís

Proto-Albanian: *dwis

Albanian: dysh

Proto-Germanic: *twis

Middle Low German: twis

Middle High German: zwis

Proto-Germanic: *twiz- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dwís

Ancient Greek: δίς (dís)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwíṣ

Sanskrit: द्विस् (dvís)

Proto-Iranian: *dwíš

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬱 (biš)

Proto-Italic: *dwis

Latin: bis

From *dwóh₁ ("two") by analogy with *trís ("thrice").

Early Proto-Albanian: *dis- (borrowing from Latin dis- is also possible)


Proto-Albanian: *ambi

Albanian: më, mbë

Proto-Celtic: *ambi, *ambi- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *umbi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ampʰí (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ἀμφί (amphí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Habʰí (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *amβi (see there for further descendants)

Latin: ambi-

Following Jasasoff, usually claimed to be from earlier *h₂n̥t-bʰi, a petrified variant of the instrumental plural *h₂n̥t-mís of *h₂ént-s (“forehead, front”). Compare *h₂m̥-bʰ-óh₁ (“both”).
However, as the semantic development of "with foreheads" to "around" is questionable, Dunkel instead derives *án-bʰi (“around”) from *án (“on the other side”) + *-bʰi (adverbial locative suffix). Sihler is also skeptical of Jasanoff's proposal.


tḱéyti

tḱéymi (first-person indicative present singular)
tḱḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
tḱéysi (indicative present second-person singular)
tḱéys (indicative past second-person singular)
tḱéy (imperative second-person singular)
tḱidʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tḱéyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tḱéyti (indicative present singular third-person)
tḱéyt (indicative past singular third-person)
tḱéytu (imperative singular third-person)
tḱéyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tḱiwós (dual first-person indicative present)
tḱiwé (dual first-person indicative past)
tḱéyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tḱités (dual indicative present second-person)
tḱitóm (dual indicative past second-person)
tḱitóm (dual imperative second-person)
tḱéyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tḱités (dual indicative present third-person)
tḱitā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
tḱitā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tḱéyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tḱimós (first-person indicative plural present)
tḱimé (first-person indicative past plural)
tḱéyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tḱité (indicative plural present second-person)
tḱité (indicative past plural second-person)
tḱité (imperative plural second-person)
tḱéyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tḱyénti (indicative plural present third-person)
tḱyént (indicative past plural third-person)
tḱyéntu (imperative plural third-person)
tḱéyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tḱyónts (indicative participle present)
tḱih₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
tḱisó (imperative second-person singular)
tḱitór (indicative present singular third-person)
tḱyór (indicative present singular third-person)
tḱitó (indicative past singular third-person)
tḱyó (indicative past singular third-person)
tḱéyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tḱyn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
tḱirór (indicative plural present third-person)
tḱyn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
tḱiró (indicative past plural third-person)
tḱéyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *ktéimi

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀑𐀴𐀋𐀯 (ki-ti-je-si, /ktijensi/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyti (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *tḱey- (“to cultivate; to settle; to live”).


n̥mr̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
n̥mr̥tós (nominative singular)
n̥mr̥tóes (nominative plural)
n̥mr̥té (singular vocative)
n̥mr̥tóes (plural vocative)
n̥mr̥tóm (accusative singular)
n̥mr̥tóms (accusative plural)
n̥mr̥tósyo (genitive singular)
n̥mr̥tóHom (genitive plural)
n̥mr̥téad (ablative singular)
n̥mr̥tómos (ablative plural)
n̥mr̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
n̥mr̥tóey (dative singular)
n̥mr̥tómos (dative plural)
n̥mr̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
n̥mr̥téy (locative singular)
n̥mr̥tóy (locative singular)
n̥mr̥tóysu (locative plural)
n̥mr̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
n̥mr̥tā́m (accusative singular)
n̥mr̥tóm (nominative singular)
n̥mr̥tóy (dual nominative)
n̥mr̥tóm (singular vocative)
n̥mr̥tóy (dual vocative)
n̥mr̥tóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *ə́mrətos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *amŕ̥tas (see there for further descendants)

From *n̥- (“not, un-”) + *mr̥tós (“dead; mortal”).


sengʷʰ-

Anne Feldhaus
Brill Publishers
Motilal Banarsidass
fr:Édouard Champion

*séngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *singwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sángʰati

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 (saṃghaï), 𑀲𑀕𑁆𑀖𑀇 (sagghaï, “says”)

Old Marathi: 𑘭𑘰𑘽𑘑𑘜𑘹 (sāṃghaṇe)

Marathi: सांगणे (sāṅgṇe)

desc

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

*sóngʷʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *sangwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *honkʷʰā́

Ancient Greek: ὀμφή (omphḗ)


sékʷetor

sékʷeso (imperative second-person singular)
sékʷetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sékʷeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sékʷētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sékʷoyto (optative singular third-person)
sékʷontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sékʷonto (indicative past plural third-person)
sékʷōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sékʷoyro (optative plural third-person)
sékʷomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sektei

Latvian: sekot, sekt (dated)

Lithuanian: sèkti

Proto-Celtic: *sekʷetor (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *hékʷomai
Ancient Greek: ἕπομαι (hépomai)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀯𐀍 (e-qe-si-jo /hekʷesios/)
⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās
Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)
Doric Greek: ἑπέτᾱς (hepétās)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta /hekʷétās/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčatay (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sekʷōr
Latin: sequor (see there for further descendants)

Thematic mediopassive root present of *sekʷ- (“follow”).


dʰgʷʰey-

*dʰgʷʰéy-t ~ *dʰgʷʰy-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

3sg.aor.mid. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φθίω</i> (phthíō)

Ancient Greek: ἔφθιτο (éphthito, 3sg.aor.mid. of φθίω (phthíō))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰžʰayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háḍẓʰayt

Sanskrit: क्षिधी (kṣidhī́, 2sg.aor.impv.)

*dʰgʷʰi-néH-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Germanic: *dwīnaną (see there for further descendants)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰináHti

Sanskrit: क्षिणाति (kṣiṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰinā́ti

Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jināⁱti)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jändä), [script needed] (jindä)

*dʰgʷʰi-néw-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nw-énti (*néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φθίνω (phthínō), φθινύθω (phthinúthō)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiṇáwti

q

or later variant of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">क्षिणाति</i> (kṣiṇā́ti)

Sanskrit: क्षिणोति (kṣiṇóti) (or later variant of क्षिणाति (kṣiṇā́ti))

*dʰgʷʰi-yé-ti (*yé-present)

desc

*ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiyátay

Sanskrit: क्षीयते (kṣīyáte)

Sanskrit: *झीयते (jhīyáte)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀛𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (jhijjaï)

Marathi: झिजणे (jhij̈ṇe)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: झीझना (jhījhnā)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰiyátay

Avestan: 𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (ajiiamna, “not aging”), 𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (afrajiiamna, “not decreasing”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jīye), [script needed] (jītä)

Old Persian: 𐎪𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎴 (ji-i-y-m-n- /jiyamna-/, “the end”)

*dʰe-dʰgʷʰóy-e ~ *dʰe-dʰgʷʰy-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

3sg.perf.mid. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φθίω</i> (phthíō)

Epic Greek: ἔφθιται (éphthitai, 3sg.perf.mid. of φθίω (phthíō))

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀥𐀴𐀺𐀁 (e-qi-ti-wo-e, ptc.act.)

*dʰgʷʰéy-ti-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*dʰgʷʰéy-tu-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *(k)situs

Latin: situs

*dʰgʷʰi-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰtʰitós

Ancient Greek: φθῐτός (phthĭtós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰitás

Sanskrit: क्षित (kṣitá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्षि (kṣi)

Reanalysed root of *dʰgʷʰéyti, from *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


sleydʰ-

*sléydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *slīdaną (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráydʰati (“to err, blunder”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráydʰati

Vedic Sanskrit: स्रेधति (srédhati)

*slidʰ-éh₁ye-ti (stative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidḗˀtei

Latgalian: sleidēt (“to slide, to slipe, to glide”)

Latvian: slidêt

*slidʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slištei

Latvian: slîst

Lithuanian: slýsti

*slidʰ-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *slidraz (“slippery > smooth ?”)

Proto-West Germanic: *slidr (“clear, bright”) (see there for further descendants)

*sléydʰ-u-s ~ * slidʰ-éw-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidús

Latgalian: sleidušs (“slippery, sleek”)

Latvian: slids

Lithuanian: slidùs

*sloydʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slaidús (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Latgalian: sleidons (“slippy”)

>? Proto-Italic: *sloiðrikos

Latin: lūbricus (“slippery; deceitful; tricksome”)

Sanskrit: स्रिध् (srídh, “erring, failing; enemy; misbeliever”)

Ancient Greek: ὀλισθάνω (olisthánō, “to slip, slide, be slippery”) (-sth- from dh-t-)

May be a *-dʰ(h₁)- extension of *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, be slimy”) (or *(s)leh₁y-): compare *(s)leyG- in Proto-Germanic *slīkaną (“to slide, glide, slither”), *slīkaz (“sleek, slick, smooth”), possibly also Albanian shlligë (“viper”); *(s)ley-m- in Proto-Germanic *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”), Latin līmus (“mud, slime”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *sleiˀnāˀ (“saliva”) (Proto-Slavic *slìna, Latvian sliēnas m pl), Albanian llënjëz (“mud”), Ancient Greek λεῖμαξ (leîmax, “snail, slug”), Proto-Slavic *slimakъ (“snail”), and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ley-men- (“body of water (marsh ~ lake ~ bay)”); *leyp- (“to stick, be sticky; fat, oil, glue”); *(s)leyb(ʰ)- in Proto-West Germanic *slīpan (“to make smooth, whet”), *slipr (“slippery, smooth”), English slip (“mix of clay and water”, noun).


spend-

*spénd-ti ~ *spn̥d-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (iš-pa-a-an-ti /išpānti/)

Proto-Hellenic: *spéndō

Ancient Greek: σπένδω (spéndō)

Proto-Italic: *spendō

Oscan: spentud (3sg.imp.II)

*spḗnd-s-t ~ * spénd-s-n̥t (aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔσπεισᾰ (éspeisă)

Epic Greek: σπεῖσᾰ (speîsă)

Proto-Italic: *sponssai

Latin: spōnsīs (perf.subj.)

*spe-spónd-e ~ *spe-spn̥d-ḗr (stative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (ši-pa-a-an-ti /šipānti/)

Italic: *spespondai

Latin: spepondī, spopondī

*spond-éye-ti (causative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *spondeō
Latin: spondeō
Oscan: spentud
>? Umbrian: spefa

Proto-Tocharian: *spänt-

Tocharian B: späntetär

*spónd-o-

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: spantai

Proto-Hellenic: *spondā́

Ancient Greek: σπονδή (spondḗ)


(s)pend-

*(s)pénd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spenˀstei

Latgalian: spīst

Latvian: spiêst

Lithuanian: spę́sti

→? Proto-Finnic: *pettädäk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendō (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *(s)pond-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pǫditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendēō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-i-s ~ *(s)pn̥d-éy-s

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pę̑dь (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-os ~ *(s)pénd-es-

Proto-Italic: *pondos

Latin: pondus (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed root of *(s)penh₁- (“to spin (thread); to stretch”) plus a suffix similar to *-dʰh₁eti, but not identical to it in view of the Balto-Slavic accent.


pékʷeti

pékʷom (first-person indicative past singular)
pékʷōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
pékʷesi (indicative present second-person singular)
pékʷes (indicative past second-person singular)
pékʷe (imperative second-person singular)
pékʷēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
pékʷoys (optative second-person singular)
pékʷeti (indicative present singular third-person)
pékʷet (indicative past singular third-person)
pékʷetu (imperative singular third-person)
pékʷēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoyt (optative singular third-person)
pékʷowos (dual first-person indicative present)
pékʷowe (dual first-person indicative past)
pékʷōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
pékʷoywe (dual first-person optative)
pékʷetes (dual indicative present second-person)
pékʷetom (dual indicative past second-person)
pékʷetom (dual imperative second-person)
pékʷētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
pékʷoytom (dual optative second-person)
pékʷetes (dual indicative present third-person)
pékʷetām (dual indicative past third-person)
pékʷetām (dual imperative third-person)
pékʷētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoytām (dual optative third-person)
pékʷomos (first-person indicative plural present)
pékʷome (first-person indicative past plural)
pékʷōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
pékʷoyme (first-person optative plural)
pékʷete (indicative plural present second-person)
pékʷete (indicative past plural second-person)
pékʷete (imperative plural second-person)
pékʷēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
pékʷoyte (optative plural second-person)
pékʷonti (indicative plural present third-person)
pékʷont (indicative past plural third-person)
pékʷontu (imperative plural third-person)
pékʷōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
pékʷonts (indicative participle present)
pékʷeso (imperative second-person singular)
pékʷetor (indicative present singular third-person)
pékʷeto (indicative past singular third-person)
pékʷētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoyto (optative singular third-person)
pékʷontor (indicative plural present third-person)
pékʷonto (indicative past plural third-person)
pékʷōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
pékʷoyro (optative plural third-person)
pékʷomnos (indicative participle present)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Albanian: *peka

Albanian: pjek

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷokʷeti

Proto-Brythonic: *pobɨd (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *péponts (present participle)

Ancient Greek: πέπων (pépōn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷekʷō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *päk-

Tocharian A: päk-

Tocharian B: päk-

Thematic root present of *pekʷ- (“to cook; to ripen”).


léyǵʰti

léyǵʰmi (first-person indicative present singular)
léyǵʰm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
léyǵʰoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
liǵʰyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
léyǵʰsi (indicative present second-person singular)
léyǵʰs (indicative past second-person singular)
léyǵ (imperative second-person singular)
liǵʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
léyǵʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
léyǵʰti (indicative present singular third-person)
léyǵʰt (indicative past singular third-person)
léyǵʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
léyǵʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰwós (dual first-person indicative present)
liǵʰwé (dual first-person indicative past)
léyǵʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
liǵʰtés (dual indicative present second-person)
liǵʰtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
liǵʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
léyǵʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
liǵʰtés (dual indicative present third-person)
liǵʰtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
liǵʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
léyǵʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰmós (first-person indicative plural present)
liǵʰmé (first-person indicative past plural)
léyǵʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
liǵʰté (indicative plural present second-person)
liǵʰté (indicative past plural second-person)
liǵʰté (imperative plural second-person)
léyǵʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
liǵʰénti (indicative plural present third-person)
liǵʰént (indicative past plural third-person)
liǵʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
léyǵʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰónts (indicative participle present)
liǵʰh₂ér (first-person indicative present singular)
liǵʰh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
liǵʰih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
liǵʰth₂é (indicative past second-person singular)
liǵʰsó (imperative second-person singular)
liǵʰtór (indicative present singular third-person)
liǵʰór (indicative present singular third-person)
liǵʰtó (indicative past singular third-person)
liǵʰó (indicative past singular third-person)
léyǵʰetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
liǵʰih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
liǵʰwédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
liǵʰmédʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
liǵʰdʰh₂wé (indicative plural present second-person)
liǵʰdʰh₂wé (indicative past plural second-person)
liǵʰdʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
liǵʰn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
liǵʰrór (indicative plural present third-person)
liǵʰn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
liǵʰró (indicative past plural third-person)
léyǵʰontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիզեմ (lizem), լիզանեմ (lizanem), լիզում (lizum), լեզում (lezum)
Armenian: լիզել (lizel)
→? Georgian: ლეზვი (lezvi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *léiźtei
Lithuanian: liẽžti
Proto-Slavic: *līzàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ligeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *léikʰō

Ancient Greek: λείχω (leíkhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyždʰi, *ráyždʰi ~ *liȷ́ʰánti, *riȷ́ʰánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láyẓḍʰi, *ráyẓḍʰi ~ *liźʰánti, *riźʰánti

desc

Sanskrit: रेढि (réḍhi), रेळ्हि (réḷhi), लेढि (léḍhi)

Athematic root present of *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph

*péyh₂-de-ti (de-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *päit- (“to be swollen, fat”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-sk- (“to become swollen, fat”) (or < *péyh₂d-sḱe-ti)

⇒? Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”) (or < *päits-ko- < *péyh₁d-s)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-tāk

>? Tocharian B: pittāk (“blister, swelling”)

⇒? *péyh₂d-s ~ *pih₂d-(s)-és (“pitch, resin”)

⇒ *poyh₂d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *puojtē (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-t ~ *pih₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pīˀtei

Lithuanian: pýti (“to be come wet, become muddy, start to give milk”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पियान (píyāna, “full of, overflowing with”, ptc.med.)

*pi-né-h₂-ti ~ *pi-nh₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pináHti ~ *pinHánti

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinHáwti (“to be swollen, fat”) (see there for further descendants)

*pe-póyh₂-e ~ *pe-pih₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pipáyHa (“to be swollen (with milk)”) (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-mō ~ *pih₂-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHmā

Proto-Iranian: *páyHmā (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *pejmä (“milk”)

Proto-Finnic: *piimä (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-os ~ péyh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-tu ~ *pih₂-téw-s (“something fattening, nourishing”)

*péyh₂-wr̥ ~ *pih₂-wén-s (“fat; swelling”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píHwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píHwas

Sanskrit: पीवस् (pī́vas, “fat”)

Proto-Iranian: *píHwah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (pīuuah)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pyau, “swelling, overflowing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: piẽva (“meadow”)

Lithuanian: pi̇́eva (“meadow”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pοiwā

Ancient Greek: ποίη (poíē, “gras, meadow”), πόᾱ (póā)

*póyh₂-mn̥ ~ *pih₂-m̥nés

Proto-Germanic: *faimô (“maiden, girl”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fajaz, *fajjaz

Dutch: vei (“fat, lush, fertile”) (dialectal)

>? *póyh₂-h₃n̥gʷ-i-s ~ *pih₂-h₃n̥gʷ-éy-s (+ *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, butter”)?)

Proto-Italic: *pīngwis

Latin: pinguis (“fat, greasy”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pīmós

Ancient Greek: πῑμελή (pīmelḗ, “soft fat, lard”) (+ -ελη (-elē)?, cf. ἀγέλη (agélē))

>? Proto-Italic: *pīmos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *oppīmos (+ *op- (“towards”))

Latin: opīmus (“fat, fertile, rich”) (or < opī (“power, resources”) + -mus) (see there for further descendants)

*pih₂-nó-s, *peh₂i-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pā́ˀinas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHnás

Sanskrit: पीन (pīna, “fat, swollen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHtás

Sanskrit: पीत (pīta, “swollen, full”)


kwep-

kwep- (canonical)
kʷap- (canonical)
*kweb- (alternative)

*kwḗp-ti ~ *kwép-n̥ti (root athematic Narten present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwḗptei

Latvian: kvêpt (“to smell”) (partially, sta-present)

⇒ Latvian: kvêpêt (“to smoke”)

Lithuanian: kvė̃pti (“to smell”)

*kup-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kupyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kupyati

Sanskrit: कुप्यति (kupyati)

Proto-Italic: *kupiō

Latin: cupiō (“to desire”) (or from athematic i-stem)

*kup-/*kūp-eh₁(-yé)-ti (secondary essive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpḗˀtei

Latvian: kupêt (“to seethe”)

Lithuanian: kūpėti

Proto-Slavic: *kypěti (“to boil up, to seethe”) (see there for further descendants)

*kub-eh₂(-yé)-ti (factive)

Proto-Germanic: *hupōną

Proto-West Germanic: *hopōn (see there for further descendants)

*kwob-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hwapjaną (“to suffocate”) (see there for further descendants)

*kwop-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwápas

Lithuanian: kvãpas (“aroma”)

>? *kʷap-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapnós

Ancient Greek: καπνός (kapnós, “smoke, steam”) (possibly, but not very likely)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπνίζω (kapnízō, “to smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapnás

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopněti (“to melt, to long for”) (denominal stative present) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kʷap-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaprás

Proto-Slavic: *koprъ (“dill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopriva (“nettle”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *koprina (“silk”)

>? *kʷap-ō-s

Proto-Italic: *kwapōs (possibly)

Latin: vapor

>? *kʷap-ú-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapús (possibly)

Ancient Greek: καπύς (kapús, “smoke, steam”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπυρός (kapurós, “dry”) (extended with -ρός)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapús

q

with the partitive extension <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъtъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopъtъ (“soot, dim smoke”) (with the partitive extension *-ъtъ) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kup-/*kūp-ró-s

Paleo-Balkan: (possibly)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: κύπερος (kúperos, “galingale”) (Pre-Greek)

Proto-Celtic: *kubros (“desiring”)

Old Irish: cobar

Gaulish: cobro-

Proto-Italic: *kupros

Umbrian: cupras (gen. sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūprás (possibly vṛddhi construction?)

Proto-Slavic: *kyprъ (“bonny”)

*kūp-ó-s

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpōˀtei (denomial fientive)

Lithuanian: kūpúoti (“to initiate boiling”)

Proto-Slavic: *kypovati (“to initiate boiling”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: *kʷeɸ- (“to pant, to breathe”) (possibly)

Welsh: peuo (“to roar, to breathe”) (attested relatively late)


bʰuHyéti

bʰuHyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰuHyési (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰuHyés (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰuHyé (imperative second-person singular)
bʰuHyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰuHyóys (optative second-person singular)
bʰuHyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰuHyét (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰuHyétu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰuHyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰuHyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰuHyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰuHyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰuHyóywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰuHyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰuHyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰuHyétom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰuHyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰuHyóytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰuHyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰuHyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰuHyétām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰuHyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰuHyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰuHyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰuHyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰuHyóyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰuHyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰuHyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰuHyéte (imperative plural second-person)
bʰuHyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰuHyóyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰuHyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰuHyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰuHyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰuHyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyónts (indicative participle present)
bʰuHyéso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰuHyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰuHyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰuHyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰuHyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰuHyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰuHyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰuHyóyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰuHyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *bwiyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *būaną (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰúyō

Ancient Greek: φυίω (phuíō), φύω (phúō)

Proto-Italic: *fuiō

Latin: fīō

From *bʰuH- (“to be, become, grow, appear”) + *-yéti.

suffix

to be becoming, to be growing, to be appearing


tengʰ-

*téngʰ-t ~ tn̥gʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tengtei ~ *tingtei

Proto-Slavic: *tęťi pf (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tędzati impf (“to pull, to extract”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgnǫti (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tǫgъ (“hard, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗngʰ-ti ~ téngʰ-n̥ti (Narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅk- (“to check, stop, hinder”)

Tocharian A: täṅk-

Tocharian B: täṅk-

*tongʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tangīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *tǫžiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tʰanǰʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *θanǰáyati (“to pull; to weigh (down)”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-eh₁(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingēˀtei

Lithuanian: tingė́ti (“to be lazy”)

Proto-Slavic: *tęžati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžava (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ti̇̀ngti (“to become slow”)

*tn̥gʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ting(je)tei

Proto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžestь (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þungijaną (“to weigh down, make heavy”)

Old Norse: þyngja (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þinhslō (see there for further descendants)

*téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s (“heavy”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingús

Lithuanian: tingùs

q

Proto-Slavic: *tęžьkъ (with irregular *-ž- spread from the comparative *tęžьjь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þunguz

Old Norse: þungr (see there for further descendants)

Extension of *ten- (“to stretch; to extend”).


torséyeti

torséyom (first-person indicative past singular)
torséyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
torséyes (indicative past second-person singular)
torséye (imperative second-person singular)
torséyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
torséyoys (optative second-person singular)
torséyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
torséyet (indicative past singular third-person)
torséyetu (imperative singular third-person)
torséyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
torséyoyt (optative singular third-person)
torséyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
torséyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
torséyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
torséyoywe (dual first-person optative)
torséyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
torséyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
torséyetom (dual imperative second-person)
torséyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
torséyoytom (dual optative second-person)
torséyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
torséyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
torséyetām (dual imperative third-person)
torséyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
torséyoytām (dual optative third-person)
torséyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
torséyome (first-person indicative past plural)
torséyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
torséyoyme (first-person optative plural)
torséyete (indicative plural present second-person)
torséyete (indicative past plural second-person)
torséyete (imperative plural second-person)
torséyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
torséyoyte (optative plural second-person)
torséyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
torséyont (indicative past plural third-person)
torséyontu (imperative plural third-person)
torséyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
torséyonts (indicative participle present)
torséyeso (imperative second-person singular)
torséyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
torséyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
torséyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
torséyoyto (optative singular third-person)
torséyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
torséyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
torséyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
torséyoyro (optative plural third-person)
torséyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tars-ʰʰⁱ)

Proto-Albanian: *torseje

Albanian: ter

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *þarzijaną
Proto-West Germanic: *þarʀijan
Old High German: derren
Middle High German: derren
Cimbrian: dèrran
German: dörren
→ Old French: tarir
French: tarir
Old Norse: þerra
Icelandic: þerra
Norwegian: terra, terre

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वितर्षयति (vitarṣáyati)

Proto-Italic: *torzeō
Latin: torreō (see there for further descendants)

From *ters- (“dry”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


ǵnéh₃t

ǵnéh₃m̥ (first-person indicative singular)
ǵnéh₃oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ǵnéh₃s (indicative second-person singular)
ǵnéh₃ (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃yéh₁s (optative second-person singular)
ǵnéh₃t (indicative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃yéh₁t (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃wé (dual first-person indicative)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁wé (dual first-person optative)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (dual indicative second-person)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (dual imperative second-person)
ǵn̥h₃tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁tā́m (dual optative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃mé (first-person indicative plural)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁mé (first-person optative plural)
ǵn̥h₃té (indicative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃té (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃ih₁té (optative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃ént (indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔγνων (égnōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́naHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́naHt

Sanskrit: अज्ञात् (ájñāt)

Proto-Tocharian: *knā-

Tocharian A: kñā-

Athematic root aorist of *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”).


mosgʰós

non-ablauting (romanization)
mosgʰós (nominative singular)
mosgʰóes (nominative plural)
mosgʰé (singular vocative)
mosgʰóes (plural vocative)
mosgʰóm (accusative singular)
mosgʰóms (accusative plural)
mosgʰósyo (genitive singular)
mosgʰóHom (genitive plural)
mosgʰéad (ablative singular)
mosgʰómos (ablative plural)
mosgʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
mosgʰóey (dative singular)
mosgʰómos (dative plural)
mosgʰóbʰos (dative plural)
mosgʰéy (locative singular)
mosgʰóy (locative singular)
mosgʰóysu (locative plural)
mosgʰṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *masgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mazgą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazgʰás (see there for further descendants)

Possibly continues earlier *most-gʰ-os, perhaps compare Sanskrit मस्तृहन् (mastṛhan, “brain”), Tocharian B mrestīwe (“marrow”), from *móst-r̥ ~ *mést-n̥s.


mregʰ-

*mrégʰ-mn̥ ~ *mr̥gʰ-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρέχμα (brékhma)

*mregʰ-mó-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρεχμός (brekhmós)

*mrogʰ-no-m

Proto-Germanic: *bragną (see there for further descendants)

*móst-mr̥gʰ-on- (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mastr̥gʰā́n

Sanskrit: मस्तृहन् (mastṛhan)


gewH-

*géwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kewaną (“to cry”)

Old Norse: kjá

(perhaps) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáwbati

Proto-Iranian: *gáwbati (see there for further descendants)

*gowH-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *kawjaną (“to call, name”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or denominative from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">γόος</i> (góos)

Ancient Greek: γοάω (goáō) (or denominative from γόος (góos))

*gowh₂-dʰh₁-y-ónti (denominative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaustei

Lithuanian: gaũsti, gaudžiù (“to make a sound, hum”, 1sg.)

Latvian: gaũst, gaūžu (“to wail, lament”, 1sg.)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *gǫsti (“to make a sound, hum, sing, weep, play an instrument”) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gaudùs (“sonorous”)

Latvian: gàuds (“miserable”)

*gowH-oro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gawaras

Latvian: gaura (“chatter”)

Proto-Slavic: *gȍvorъ (“talk”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷowH-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γόος (góos, “wailing, weeping, lament”)

*guH-mós

Proto-Germanic: *kūmaz (“thin, weak, frail”)

⇒ Old High German: kūmo (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old English: cyme

Unsorted formations:

>? Sanskrit: जोगुवे (jóguve, “to call, invoke”)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *ǵʰewH-.


weyp-

*wéyp-t ~ *wip-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विपान (vipāná, ptc.med.)

*wéyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wīpaną (from *wéyb-eti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáypati (“to tremble”) (see there for further descendants)

*woyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *waibijaną (“to wind (around), wrap”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waibjō

Old Norse: veifa (“flag”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waypáyati

Sanskrit: वेपयति (vepáyati, “to cause to tremble, agitate, shake, move”)

Proto-Iranian: *waypáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaēpaiieⁱti)

*we-wóyp-e ~ *we-wip-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विविप्रे (vivipre, 3pl.med.)

*wi-né-b-ti ~ *wi-m-b-énti

Proto-Germanic: *wimpaną

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *wimpilaz (“wrapped cloth, scarf, wimple”) (see there for further descendants)

*wip-rós (“trembling, swinging, agitated”)

Proto-Germanic: *wibraz (“missile, sword”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiprás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wibrāō (“trembling”)

Latin: vibrō (“to move to and fro”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *waibōną

Old English: wāfian (“to be agitated, to stare in amazement”)

*weyp-s-

Proto-Slavic: *visěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *věšati

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: viẽptiês, viêptiês (“to rotate, twist, makea face, grimace”)

Latvian: vaîbît, vaîbu, vaîbît (“to distort, adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: viêbt, viêbju, viêbĩju (“to adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: vìepe (“covering, casing, linen envelope”)

Latvian: viept, viepju, viepu (“to cover, distort (one's face)”)

Lithuanian: viẽpti, viẽpia, viẽpē (“to make a face, gape”)

Lithuanian: vaipī́tis (“to grimace, make a sour face, bend”)

Lithuanian: vī́burti, vī́buria, vī́burē (“swing, turn around, flutter”)

Lithuanian: vi̇̀pti, vim̃pa, vi̇̀po (“to fall off, gape”)

Lithuanian: vỹpti, vỹpsta, vỹpo (“to bend”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypas

Proto-Iranian: *waypah (“inspired song”) (possibly)

→ Old Armenian: վէպ (vēp)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: wip-, wīpäṣṣäṃ (“to shake, swing”, 3s.)

Tocharian B: waipalau, waiwalau (“vertigo, giddiness”)

Tocharian B: waipe* (m.sg.), waipe (“banner, flag”, obl.sg.)


ksweybʰ-

ksweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷsweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷseybʰ- (canonical)

*kswéybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swībaną (“to revolve, sway, sweep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwáypati, *kšwáybʰati

Proto-Iranian: *xšwáypati, *xšwáybati (“to vibrate, tremble, shake”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *šibati (“to whip”) (see there for further descendants)

*kswip-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwipáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣipáti

Sanskrit: क्षिपति (kṣipáti, “to throw”)

*kswibʰ-néh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Germanic: *swippōną (see there for further descendants)

*kswoybʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swaipijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwaypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣaypáyati

Sanskrit: क्षेपयति (kṣepayati, “to cause to cast, throw into”)

*kswibʰ-éh₁-ti (*éh₁-stative)

Proto-Celtic: *xswibīti (“move, recede”)

Middle Irish: scibid

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨβid (see there for further descendants)


*uh₁y-éye-ti (“to wrap, plait”, éye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uHyáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uHyáyati

Sanskrit: व्ययति (vyáyati)

Proto-Italic: *wijejō

Latin: vieō (“to bind, plait, weave”) (see there for further descendants)

*wi-né-h₁-ti (or *uh₁i-néH-ti)

Proto-Celtic: *winīti (“to bend, enclose”) (or *winati)

Old Irish: ad·fen (“repay, requite”)

Old Irish: ar·fen

Old Irish: for·fen

Old Irish: im·fen (“enclose, hedge round”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wináHti

Pali: vināti

𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀺𑀬<alt:*𑀯𑀺𑀡𑀇>

Prakrit: *𑀯𑀺𑀡𑀇 (*viṇaï), *𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀇 (*vuṇaï, “weaves”)

Bengali: বুনা (buna)

Gujarati: વણવું (vaṇvũ)

Hindi: बुनना (bunnā)

Marathi: विणणे (viṇṇe)

Punjabi: ਬੁਨਣਾ (bunṇā)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀡𑀡 n (viṇaṇa), 𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀡 n (vuṇaṇa, “weaving”), 𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀺𑀬 (vuṇiya, “woven”)

*uh₁i-t (zero-grade root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-mn̥ ~ *uh₁i-mén-s (“plaiting”) (see there for further descendants)

*weh₁i-ro-s (“turned, twisted”)

Proto-Celtic: *weiros (“crooked”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīraz (“wire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀš-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *vixati

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšuras, *weiˀšulas (“whirlwind”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-ti-s ~ *uh₁i-téy-s (“willow; that which twines or bends”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *waigaz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wajjuz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

*woh₁y-éh₂ (“branch, twig”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wejā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *věja

Old Church Slavonic: вѣꙗ (věja)

Slovene: vȇja (tonal orthography)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vějьka (“twig”)

Bulgarian: ве́йка (véjka)

Russian: ве́йка (véjka)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waHyáH

Sanskrit: वया (vayā́)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀn-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀníkas (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀnukas

Latvian: vaîņuks (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *věnъkъ (see there for further descendants)

*uh₁y-ḗn (possibly)

Proto-Hellenic: *uyḗn

Ancient Greek: ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”)

*wéyh₁-ō ~ *wih₁-n-és (“(*product of the vine >) wine”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *witos

Old Irish: fithe (“woven, plaited”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: witwan

Proto-Slavic: *větvь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wítus

Ancient Greek: ἴτῠς (ítŭs, “felloe”)

Aeolic Greek: ϝῐ́τῠς (wĭ́tŭs)

Proto-Italic: *witus

Latin: vitus (“felloe”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *vojь (“curve, turn”) (see there for further descendants)


-mṓ

e-mṓ (nominative singular)
Ø-mṓ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
e-mónes (nominative plural)
Ø-mónes (nominative plural)
e-món (singular vocative)
Ø-món (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
e-mónes (plural vocative)
Ø-mónes (plural vocative)
e-mónm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-mónm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
e-mónm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-mónm̥s (accusative plural)
e-(m)nés (genitive singular)
Ø-(m)nés (genitive singular)
e-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
e-(m)nés (ablative singular)
Ø-(m)nés (ablative singular)
e-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
e-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
e-(m)néy (dative singular)
Ø-(m)néy (dative singular)
e-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
e-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
e-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
e-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
e-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
e-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
e-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
-mō (nominative singular)
é-mō (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-mones (nominative plural)
é-mones (nominative plural)
-mon (singular vocative)
é-mon (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-mones (plural vocative)
é-mones (plural vocative)
-monm̥ (accusative singular)
é-monm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-monm̥s (accusative plural)
é-monm̥s (accusative plural)
-(m)nés (genitive singular)
Ø-(m)nés (genitive singular)
-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
-(m)nés (ablative singular)
Ø-(m)nés (ablative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-(m)néy (dative singular)
Ø-(m)néy (dative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mō

Lithuanian: -muo

Proto-Slavic: *-my

Proto-Celtic: *-mū

Old Irish: -em

Proto-Hellenic: *-mōn

Ancient Greek: -μων (-mōn)

Proto-Germanic: *-mô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mā́

Sanskrit: -मन् m (-mán)

Proto-Iranian: *-mā

Avestan: -𐬨𐬀 (-ma), -𐬨𐬀𐬥 (-man)

Proto-Italic: *-mō

Latin: -mōnium, -mōnia

Cognates with a different ablaut:
* *-mn̥
* *-mḗn
See also *-h₃onh₂- and *-ō.


pewḱ-

Proto-Hellenic: *péukā

desctree

Ancient Greek: πεύκη (peúkē)
Greek: πεύκο (péfko)

Proto-Tocharian: *pyäwtsyā

→ Proto-Nuristani: *pyóccī

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pǖći

Kativiri: pīći

Prasuni: vyoć

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: pić

Waigali: püć

Proto-Germanic: *fiuhtijǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *fiuhtijā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pjauśjāˀ

Old Prussian: peuse

*púḱ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puśis

Lithuanian: puši̇̀s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuxtākā

Middle Irish: ochtach

According to Beekes, probably not related to *pewǵ- (“to punch, prick”).


pewǵ-

*pu-né-ǵ-ti ~ *pu-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)

Latin: pungō

*powǵ-éye-ti (o-grade *-éyeti iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸougīti

Old Irish: úaigid (“to sew”), ⇒ con·óigi

Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)

Irish: fuaigh

Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh

⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)

*puǵ-s

Proto-Hellenic: *púks

Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)

Proto-Italic: *pūgjō

Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)

*puǵ-li-s

Proto-Italic: *pugls

Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́

Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)

*puǵ-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *pugnos

Latin: pugnus (“fist”)

>? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)

Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”) (< *funkstiz)

Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *púktās

Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)

Probably not related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).


kl̥H-

*kl̥H-wó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kl̥Hwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kl̥Hwás

Sanskrit: कुल्व (kulvá)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥Hwáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (kaᵘruua)

Persian: کل (kal, “bald”)

→ Turkish: kel

Proto-Italic: *kalowos

Latin: calvus (“bald, hairless”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kalowā

Latin: calva (“skull”) (see there for further descendants)

Formally unable to be related to Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“naked, head”); however, the superficial phonetic and semantic resemblance of the two roots, as well as the existence of words meaning "bald" (a non-basic vocabulary term) in various descendants of both roots via the same suffixing pattern of *-wó-s, is striking.


*bʰéyh₂-e-tor ~ *bʰéyh₂-o-ntor (mediopassive root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHatay (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baĩdît

Lithuanian: baidýti

Old Prussian: pobaiint

desc

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀsás (“demon, evil spirit”)

Proto-Italic: *foiðō

⇒ Proto-Italic: *foiðos

Latin: foedus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-t ~ *bʰih₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáyHt

अभेत्<alt:भेम>

Sanskrit: भेम (bhema, 1pl.inj.act.)

*bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bajā́ˀtei (with disappearance of reduplication) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bibāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰibʰā́yHa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHtás (see there for further descendants)


*bʰi-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *binati (“to strike, hit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *finō

Latin: *perfinō (“I break”), perfinēs (2p.sing.pres.act.subj.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtei (“to beat”) (or present stem derived from aorist)

Proto-Slavic: *bìti, *bьjǫ (1sg.pres.) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰih₂-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *bijēną, *biēną (“to hit”)

Icelandic: bjá

*bʰḗyh₂-s-t ~ *bʰéyh₂-s-n̥t

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bi(tъ) (3sg.aor.), *bišę (3pl.aor.)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰītrós

Ancient Greek: φιτρός (phitrós, “trunk, log”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtwāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bìtva (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀjas

Proto-Slavic: *bojь (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bainą (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected with *bʰeyh₂- (“to shake; to fear”) above, as a semantic relationship between “shake” and “strike” is widely paralleled.


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHima

Proto-Indo-European: *wáHima

Sanskrit: वेमन् (véman, “loom, slay”)

Proto-Celtic: *wēman

Middle Irish: fíam (“a chain”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīmą (“osier, wattle”)

Middle Low German: wīm, wīme

Middle Dutch: wīme

Proto-Italic: *weimən (“branch for plaiting”)

Latin: vīmen (“branch for wickerwork”) (see there for further descendants)

From *weh₁y- (“to twist, wrap”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).