ǵéwseti

ǵéwsom (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵéwsōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵéwsesi (indicative present second-person singular)
ǵéwses (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵéwse (imperative second-person singular)
ǵéwsēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ǵéwsoys (optative second-person singular)
ǵéwseti (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵéwset (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵéwsetu (imperative singular third-person)
ǵéwsēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoyt (optative singular third-person)
ǵéwsowos (dual first-person indicative present)
ǵéwsowe (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵéwsōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ǵéwsoywe (dual first-person optative)
ǵéwsetes (dual indicative present second-person)
ǵéwsetom (dual indicative past second-person)
ǵéwsetom (dual imperative second-person)
ǵéwsētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ǵéwsoytom (dual optative second-person)
ǵéwsetes (dual indicative present third-person)
ǵéwsetām (dual indicative past third-person)
ǵéwsetām (dual imperative third-person)
ǵéwsētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoytām (dual optative third-person)
ǵéwsomos (first-person indicative plural present)
ǵéwsome (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵéwsōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ǵéwsoyme (first-person optative plural)
ǵéwsete (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵéwsete (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵéwsete (imperative plural second-person)
ǵéwsēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ǵéwsoyte (optative plural second-person)
ǵéwsonti (indicative plural present third-person)
ǵéwsont (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵéwsontu (imperative plural third-person)
ǵéwsōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsonts (indicative participle present)
ǵéwseso (imperative second-person singular)
ǵéwsetor (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵéwseto (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵéwsētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoyto (optative singular third-person)
ǵéwsontor (indicative plural present third-person)
ǵéwsonto (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵéwsōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ǵéwsoyro (optative plural third-person)
ǵéwsomnos (indicative participle present)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *guseti (“to choose”)

Old Irish: do·goa; asa·gúsi; do·gega (3sg.fut.rel.); do·roigu (3sg.pret.rel.)

Irish: togh

Scottish Gaelic: tagh

Proto-Germanic: *keusaną (“to trial, select”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *géuhō

Ancient Greek: γεύω (geúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšati (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *ǵews- (“to taste, try”).


ksnew-

*ksnow-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnawáyati

Proto-Iranian: *xšnawáyatī

desc

𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (xšāuuaiieⁱti, “to satisfy”)

*ksnḗw-s-t ~ *ksnéw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnā́wšt

Proto-Iranian: *xšnā́wšt

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬏𐬱 (xšāūš, “to listen”)

Proto-Italic: *(ks)nowātlā

Latin: novācula (“razor”)

*ksnéw-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnáwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇáwtram

Sanskrit: क्ष्णोत्र (kṣṇótra, “whetstone”)

*ksnow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Germanic: *snaw-waz (“bald”)

Old Norse: snǫggr, snøggr (< *snawwiz)

Icelandic: snöggur

Swedish: snygg

*ksnéw-tu-s ~ *ksnu-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *snauþuz (“naked, poor”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksnu-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇutás

Sanskrit: क्ष्णुत (kṣṇutá, “sharpened”)

Proto-Iranian: *xšnutáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬙𐬀 (xšnuta)

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎵𐎢𐎫 (x-š-nu-u-t /xšnuta/)

Reanalysed root of *ksnéwti, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-néwti (*néw-present suffix).

suffix

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


kes-

Proto-Germanic: *hezdǭ (“flax fibers”)

Proto-West Germanic: *heʀdā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazdaz (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-ti ~ *ks-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Luwian: 𒆠𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ki-ša-an-da, 3pl.pret.act.), 𒆠𒊭𒄠𒈠 (ki-ša-am-ma /kišama/, part.)

Hittite: 𒆠𒅖𒍣 (ki-iš-zi, “to comb, card”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*ks-néw-ti ~ *ks-nw-énti (*néw-present) (see there for further descendants)

*kes-/*kos-yé-ti (yé-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *késtei

Lithuanian: kàsti

Proto-Slavic: *česàti (“to scratch, comb”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *kositi (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s

*ksen- (reanalysed root)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kasra > *kāra

Albanian: korr (“to harvest, reap”)

⇒ *ke-ks-r-éh₂ (with reduplication of the root)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kīsrā (“comb”) (possibly < *kēsrā < *kexsrā)

Old Irish: cír (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kes-ró-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *hērą (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-s ~ *ks-és

*kses- (reanalysed root)

*ksés-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kséhō

Ancient Greek: ξέω (xéō, “to shave, carve, smooth, polish”)

*kses-tós (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksestós

Ancient Greek: ξεστός (xestós, “smoothed, polished, wrought”)

*kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s

*ksew- (reanalysed root)

Proto-Albanian: *kaxā (“plaited hair”)

Albanian: kezë (“woman’s head-dress, bonnet, hair-net”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀ

Latvian: kasa (“braid”)

Lithuanian: kasà (“braid”)

Old Prussian: kexti (“braided hair”)

Proto-Slavic: *kosà (“hair, braided hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-eh₂-yé-ti ~ *kos-eh₂-yónti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀtei

Latvian: kàsît

Lithuanian: kasýti

Proto-Slavic: *kasati (see there for further descendants)

*kós-mo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasmas

Proto-Slavic: *kosmъ (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *kos-ó-s

Proto-Albanian: *kaxa (“ox”)

Albanian: ka

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


ksnéwti

ksnéwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ksnḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
ksnéwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
ksnéws (indicative past second-person singular)
ksnéw (imperative second-person singular)
ksnudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ksnéwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ksnéwti (indicative present singular third-person)
ksnéwt (indicative past singular third-person)
ksnéwtu (imperative singular third-person)
ksnéweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ksnuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
ksnuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
ksnéwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ksnutés (dual indicative present second-person)
ksnutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ksnutóm (dual imperative second-person)
ksnéwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ksnutés (dual indicative present third-person)
ksnutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ksnutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ksnéwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ksnumós (first-person indicative plural present)
ksnumé (first-person indicative past plural)
ksnéwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ksnuté (indicative plural present second-person)
ksnuté (indicative past plural second-person)
ksnuté (imperative plural second-person)
ksnéwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ksn̥wénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ksn̥wént (indicative past plural third-person)
ksn̥wéntu (imperative plural third-person)
ksnéwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ksn̥wónts (indicative participle present)
ksnusó (imperative second-person singular)
ksnutór (indicative present singular third-person)
ksn̥wór (indicative present singular third-person)
ksnutó (indicative past singular third-person)
ksn̥wó (indicative past singular third-person)
ksnéwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ksn̥wn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
ksnurór (indicative plural present third-person)
ksn̥wn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
ksnuró (indicative past plural third-person)
ksnéwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ksnū́di

Hittite: 𒆠𒅖𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ki-iš-nu-uz-zi, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnáwti (see there for further descendants)

From *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-néwti.


ksew-

*kséw-ti ~ *ksu-énti (athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skutei (“to shave”) (metathesis)

Latvian: skũt, skuvu (1sg.pret.)

Lithuanian: skutù, skùsti

*ksu-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksuyō

Ancient Greek: ξῡ́ω (xū́ō, “to shave, smooth, scratch”)

*ksḗw-s-t ~ *kséw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ξέσαι (xésai)

*ksow-éye-ti (“to scrape”, éye-causative)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawejō

Latin: sauciō (“I wound; I trim”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksów-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *ksównon

Ancient Greek: ξόανον (xóanon)

*ksow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawos (“wound”)

Latin: saucius (< *sawVkio- < *ksow-Vk-) (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ksurón

Ancient Greek: ξυρόν (xurón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšurás (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-lo-

Proto-Hellenic: *ksúlon

Ancient Greek: ξύλον (xúlon)

>? Proto-Celtic: *skutā (with metathesis)

desctree

Old Irish: scoth (“point, tip, edge”)
Middle Irish: scoth
Irish: scoth
⇒ Middle Irish: scothaid (“to cut, lop off”)

Extensions

desc

>? *ksew-d- (“to crush into pieces, disintegrate”)

Reanalysed root of *kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-us.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ksen-

*ksén-e-ti ~ *ksén-onti (“thematic root present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšanánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣanánti

Sanskrit: वि अक्षणन् (vi akṣaṇan, 3pl.impf.act.), विक्षणत् (vi-kṣaṇat, “to card”, ptc.act.)

*ksn̥-yé-ti ~ *ksn̥-yonti (“zero-grade *yé-present”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksəňňō

desctree

Ancient Greek: ξαίνω (xaínō, “to card; to scratch”)
Greek: ξαίνω (xaíno)

*ksén-ti-s ~ ksn̥-téy-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentis (“thorn”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksén-tu-s ~ ksn̥-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentus (“thorny”) (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-r̥ (n-stem).


-r̥

-r̥ (canonical)
-r̥ (canonical neuter)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-n̥s (genitive singular)
é-n̥s (genitive singular)
-noHom (genitive plural)
é-noHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-n̥s (ablative singular)
é-n̥s (ablative singular)
-n̥mos (ablative plural)
é-n̥mos (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰos (ablative plural)
é-n̥bʰos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-ney (dative singular)
é-ney (dative singular)
-n̥mos (dative plural)
é-n̥mos (dative plural)
-n̥bʰos (dative plural)
é-n̥bʰos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-n̥ (locative singular)
é-n̥ (locative singular)
-ni (locative singular)
é-ni (locative singular)
-n̥su (locative plural)
é-n̥su (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
é-n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
é-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
é-n̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-éns (genitive singular)
Ø-éns (genitive singular)
-énoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-énoHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-éns (ablative singular)
Ø-éns (ablative singular)
-énmos (ablative plural)
Ø-énmos (ablative plural)
-énbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-énbʰos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-éney (dative singular)
Ø-éney (dative singular)
-énmos (dative plural)
Ø-énmos (dative plural)
-énbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-énbʰos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-énsu (locative plural)
Ø-énsu (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
Ø-énh₁ (instrumental singular)
-énmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-énmis (instrumental plural)
-énbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-énbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒅈 (-ar)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ər

desc

Ancient Greek: -αρ ~ -ατος (-ar ~ -atos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-r̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-r̥

Sanskrit: -र् (-r)

Proto-Italic: *-or ~ *-enes

Latin: -or/-ur ~ -inis,-oris,-inoris

Derives nouns from roots, frequently mass nouns.


-ḗn

-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-énes (nominative plural)
Ø-énes (nominative plural)
-én (singular vocative)
Ø-én (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-énes (plural vocative)
Ø-énes (plural vocative)
-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-énm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-énm̥s (accusative plural)
-nés (genitive singular)
Ø-nés (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-nés (ablative singular)
Ø-nés (ablative singular)
-n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-néy (dative singular)
Ø-néy (dative singular)
-n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (dative plural)
-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)


*pléh₃w-e-ti (thematic present) or *pléh₃-we-ti (*we-present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pláuˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plṓ(w)ō

Ancient Greek: πλώω (plṓō)

*ploh₃w-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (see there for further descendants)

*pléh₃-tu-s ~ *pl̥h₃-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *flōduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plauˀtá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

(perhaps) Latin: plōrō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plū́ˀtei (zero grade with secondary long vowel) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


-ónts

-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-óntes (nominative plural)
Ø-óntes (nominative plural)
-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-óntes (plural vocative)
Ø-óntes (plural vocative)
-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
-n̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-n̥tés (genitive singular)
-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-n̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-n̥tés (ablative singular)
-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
-n̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-n̥téy (dative singular)
-n̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (dative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
-ént (locative singular)
Ø-ént (locative singular)
-énti (locative singular)
Ø-énti (locative singular)
-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-atos

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gónwatos (< *gonwós (compare γουνός (gounós)) < *ǵonwós)

desc

Ancient Greek: γόνατος (gónatos, “knee”)

Greek: γόνατο (gónato)

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *krāhatos (< *krās (compare κράς (krás)) < *ḱr̥h₂s)

desc

Ancient Greek: κρᾱ́ατος (krā́atos), κρᾱτός (krātós, “shank”)

Proto-Celtic: *-ants m, *-antā f, *-antī f

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *abrants (“eye-lid”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *brāgants (“neck, throat”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dowsantā (“arm”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *sleixsantī (“thigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *-undaz m, *-undō f, *-undą n

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *harundą (“flesh”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waisundaz (“windpipe”)

planta

Proto-Italic: *plantā (“sole of the foot”)


ǵʰéslom

From *ǵʰes- (“hand”) + *-lom, as if "full hand".


Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒉿𒀀𒋗𒍑

Proto-Celtic: *wesus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wesuz

Old High German: *wisu (in personal names)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌰 (iusiza) (?)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewéhus

Ancient Greek: ἠΰς (ēǘs), ἐῠ̈́ς (eŭ̈́s)

Illyrian: *ves (in personal names)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwásuš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wesū

Tocharian A: wṣe

Tocharian B: yaṣe

From *h₁wes- + *-us (Caland system suffix).


kʷŕ̥mis

Proto-Albanian: *krimi

Albanian: krimb, krimp, krym — Gheg, krimë — Tosk, kërmij, kërminj

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kírmis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷrimis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥miš (see there for further descendants)

The root is unknown; compare *wr̥mis of the same meaning.

animals resembling worms:
larva, grub, maggot

animals resembling worms:
(small) snake; serpent

animals resembling worms:
snake; serpent


tewk-

*túk

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túk, *túč

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túk, *túć

Sanskrit: तुक् (túk, “boy”), तुच् (túc, “offspring, children (only attested in RV dat. fem. तुचे (tucé))”)

*tewk-ós

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhą (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Latgalian: tauki

Latvian: tàuki pl

Lithuanian: taukai̇̃ pl

Old Prussian: taukis

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawkás

Sanskrit: तोक (toká, “offspring, including of animals”)

Ossetian: тог (tog, “blood”) (Digoron)

Ossetian: туг (tug, “blood”) (Iron)

*téwk-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwkmas

Sanskrit: तोक्म (tókma, “a young shoot, offspring”)

*téwk-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkma (see there for further descendants)

*tewk-tḗr

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhtēr (“descendant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: tyukt' (“to plump, to swell”)

Latgalian: tuklys (“portly, fat, plumpy”)

Latgalian: tyucis (“cloud, crowd”)

Proto-Celtic: *tuknā (< *tuk-mn̥) (possibly)

Old Irish: tón (“anus”)

Scottish Gaelic: tòin (“anus, arse”)

Irish: tóin (“anus, buttocks”)

Proto-Celtic: ? / Proto-Italic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

Compare *tewh₂- (“to swell, crowd, be strong”). Possibly analyzed as *tewh₂-k- or *tewH-k-, though the evidence is unclear. Superficially similar to *(s)tewk- (“to strike, hit”) but unclear whether semantically related.


sperdʰ-

*spérdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem) (uncertain, see entry for discussion)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati

Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)

Proto-Iranian: *spárdati (uncertain)

Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)

*spérdʰ-ti ~ *spr̥dʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)

*spérdʰ-t ~ *spr̥dʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant

Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)

*spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)

Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)


ḱíteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱíteros (nominative singular)
ḱíteroes (nominative plural)
ḱítere (singular vocative)
ḱíteroes (plural vocative)
ḱíterom (accusative singular)
ḱíteroms (accusative plural)
ḱíterosyo (genitive singular)
ḱíteroHom (genitive plural)
ḱíteread (ablative singular)
ḱíteromos (ablative plural)
ḱíterobʰos (ablative plural)
ḱíteroey (dative singular)
ḱíteromos (dative plural)
ḱíterobʰos (dative plural)
ḱíterey (locative singular)
ḱíteroy (locative singular)
ḱíteroysu (locative plural)
ḱíterōys (instrumental plural)
ḱíterām (accusative singular)
ḱíterom (nominative singular)
ḱíteroy (dual nominative)
ḱíterom (singular vocative)
ḱíteroy (dual vocative)
ḱíteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *hidrê (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kiteros

Latin: citer

PIE word
 *ḱe
From *ḱí or *ḱís (deictic) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


péruti

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: հերու (heru)
Armenian: հերու (heru)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pȩ̃rn

Lithuanian: pérnai

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeruti, *ɸerutam
Old Irish: uraid, urid
Middle Irish: uraid
Irish: anuraidh
Manx: nurree
Scottish Gaelic: an-uiridh

Proto-Germanic: *ferudi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *péruti

Ancient Greek: πέρυσι (pérusi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parut (see there for further descendants)

From the locative singular form of a compound of *per (“around, through”) + *wet- (“year”), literally “on the other side of a year”.


Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔνη (énē, “last day of month; day after tomorrow”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: enim

Oscan: 𐌝𐌍𐌝𐌌 (íním, “and”)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *äna- (Descendants only attested in compounds.)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (anniš, “that”) (or from *h₁nós)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anas (or from *h₂enos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (anniš, “that”) (if not from *h₁ónos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: nam

Old Armenian: *նո- (*no-)

From the adverb *h₁é (“and, then”) + *-nós.

jainaz

*Hyo-h₁enos (formed with the relative pronoun *Hyós)


gʰe

ge (canonical)
go (canonical)
gi (canonical)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ge (< *g(ʰ)e)

Proto-Slavic: *že (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *go (enclitic emphatic particle) (< *g(ʰ)o)

Old Lithuanian: -ga

Proto-Slavic: *-go (as in *jego, gen.sg. of *jь)

Proto-Germanic: *-k

Gothic: -𐌺 (-k)

Proto-Hellenic: *ge

Ancient Greek: γε (ge, “at least, at any rate, only; in fact”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰa (< *gʰe), *gʰa (< *gʰo)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰa, *gʰa

Sanskrit: ह (ha), घ (gha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ho (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Tocharian: (< *g(ʰ)o)

Tocharian B: ka (“just, scarcely”)

Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


*ḱéwh₁-t ~ *ḱuh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκῡσᾰ (ékūsă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: अश्वत् (áśvat) (possible innovation based on ह्वयते (hváyati)/अह्वत् (áhvat))

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, inf.)

*ḱe-ḱówh₁-e ~ *ḱe-ḱuh₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućáwHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuśáwHa

desc

Sanskrit: शूशुवुर् (śūśuvur, “are swollen”, 3pl.perf.)

*ḱuh₁-éye-ti (zero-grade éye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant, become pregnant”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHáyati (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kīje- (< (Thurneysen's rule) *kūje-)

Latin: inciēns (“big with young”)

*ḱuh₁-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHyáti

Proto-Iranian: *cuHyáti

Ossetian:

Digor: рӕсуйун (ræsujun)

Iron: рӕсыйын (ræsyjyn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíćHuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíśHuṣ

Sanskrit: शिशु (śíśu, “child, infant”)

*ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ or *ḱuh₁-o-dʰ-ó-h₁ (dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáHdʰaH or *ćuHādʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *cwáHdaH (“army”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱéwh₁-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-mén-s

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kūmə (“a swell, wave”)
Ancient Greek: κῦμα (kûma)

*n̥-ḱéwh₁-mō ~ *n̥-ḱuh₁-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *əkūmōn
Ancient Greek: ἀκύμων (akúmōn)

>? *ḱéwh₁-neh₂

Proto-Celtic: *kawanā

Old Irish: cúan (“troop”)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *hūną (“top of a stick”)

Old English: *hūn

⇒ Old English: hūnþyrel

Middle Dutch: hune

Old Norse: húnn

Icelandic: húnn

Faroese: húnn

Norwegian: hun, hune (dialectical)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHnás

Sanskrit: शून (śūna, “swollen”)

q

or the nouns are thematicized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱéwh₁-r̥</i>?

*ḱewh₁-ró-s, *ḱuh₁-ró-s (“strong”) (or the nouns are thematicized from *ḱéwh₁-r̥?)

Proto-Celtic: *kawaros (“hero”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kūrós (noun)

desc

Ancient Greek: κῦρος (kûros, “supremacy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHrás (“strong”, adjective) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kúrios (“lord, master”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”)

*ḱéwh₁-s ~ *ḱuh₁-s-és

⇒ *ḱéwh₁-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáwHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáwHas

Sanskrit: शवस् (śávas, “strength, power”)

Proto-Iranian: *cáwHah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (sauua)

⇒ *ḱéwh₁s-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-s-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćúšma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúṣma

Sanskrit: शुष्म (śúṣma, “strong”)

⇒ *ḱuh₁s-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHsás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHsás

Sanskrit: शूष (śūṣá, “strength”)

Proto-Celtic: *kuwyos (“young animal”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cyw

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *श्वम् (śvam)

Sanskrit: शम् (śam)

Sanskrit: शुन n (śuná, “thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शू (śū)


kʷetwr̥-

head

*kʷ(e)twr̥- (before cons.) or *kʷ(e)tur- (before vow.) or *kʷ(e)tru- (with metathesis)

kʷtwr̥- (canonical)
kʷtur- (canonical)
kʷtru- (canonical)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷetru- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *feþur-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τετρα- (tetra-)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kʷatru-
Latin: quadri-, quadru- (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: petur- (as in peturpursus)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwr̥-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćatwr̥-

Sanskrit: चतुर्- (catur-)


dʰǵʰyés

Proto-Albanian: *de (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰtʰés

desc

Ancient Greek: χθές (khthés), ἐχθές (ekhthés) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰyás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gēz (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *dʰeǵʰ- (“day”), whence perhaps Proto-Germanic *dagaz. The suffix is uncertain but perhaps a form of (what would become) the comparative *-is-, as if literally “day-er”, effectively contrasting it with the current day. However, as de Vaan notes, it is unclear whether *-y- is originally part of the cluster, being found only in Indo-Iranian. If not, it may be analogical in that branch, and the original *dʰǵʰés would simply be the genitive singular to a root noun *dʰéǵʰs.
Alternatively, some suggest that the cluster *dʰǵʰ- may have come from earlier *ǵʰd- (compare *dʰéǵʰōm for a theoretically similar case) such that the original PIE form might have contained *dey- (“day”) and the demonstrative pronoun stem *ǵʰe- (or even earlier *gʰe-), thus *ǵʰe-dyés (“on that day”, gen.sg.). In that case, it would be a fitting counterpart to pre-Indo-Iranian *h₁e-dyé(s) and *sm̥-dyés, whence Sanskrit अद्य (adyá, “today”) and सद्यः (sadyáḥ, “immediately”, literally “on the same day”) respectively. However, the existence and function of *ǵʰ- along with the phonetic development of the cluster remain unclear.
Yet another proposal is made by Dunkel, who reconstructs the primary adverb as *ǵʰés and explains Sanskrit ह्यस् (hyás) as from *ǵʰs-dʰí (with locative suffix) + *és.

gdesi

*dʰǵʰyés-i (innovative locative singular)


dʰǵʰyésteros

dʰǵʰyésteros (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroes (nominative plural)
dʰǵʰyéstere (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroes (plural vocative)
dʰǵʰyésterom (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroms (accusative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterosyo (genitive singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroHom (genitive plural)
dʰǵʰyésteread (ablative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteromos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterobʰos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰyésteroey (dative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteromos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterobʰos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterey (locative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (locative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroysu (locative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterōys (instrumental plural)
dʰǵʰyésterām (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰyésterom (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰyésterom (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *gesteraz (adjective)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gesteran

Proto-West Germanic: *gesteran (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gestrą (adverb) (from the adverbial accusative)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 (*gistra)

q

+ <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃</i> (dagis, “day”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis) (+ 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (dagis, “day”))

Proto-Italic: *hesteros

⇒ *hesternos (see there for further descendants)

From the adverb *dʰǵʰyés (“yesterday”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


yós

yós (canonical)
Hyós (canonical)
yós (nominative singular)
yóh₁ (dual nominative)
yóy (nominative plural)
yóm (accusative singular)
yóh₁ (accusative dual)
yóms (accusative plural)
yósyo (genitive singular)
yóysoHom (genitive plural)
yósmead (ablative singular)
yóymos (ablative plural)
yóybʰos (ablative plural)
yósmey (dative singular)
yóymos (dative plural)
yóybʰos (dative plural)
yósmi (locative singular)
yóysu (locative plural)
yṓys (instrumental plural)
yéh₂ (nominative singular)
yā́m (accusative singular)
yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
yód (nominative singular)
yóy (dual nominative)
yéh₂ (nominative plural)
yód (accusative singular)
yóy (accusative dual)
yéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yos, *yo

Celtiberian: ios

Gaulish: -ío

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-Norse: ᛁᚨᛊ (ias), ᛁᚨᛉ (iaʀ)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *yós
Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: iam (< *jā́m)

Phrygian: ιος (ios /jos/)

етеръ

Proto-Slavic: *eterъ (or from *(h₁)é-tero-s); Old Church Slavonic

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátraProto-Indo-Aryan: *HyátraVedic Sanskrit: यत्राSanskrit: यत्रPali: yatraProto-Iranian: *HyátraOld Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀


Proto-Albanian: *dīti

Albanian: ditë

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: տի (ti, “age, year, day, time”)

Proto-Germanic: *tīdiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαῖσις (daîsis, “division (of property)”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHtíš

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHtíṣ

>? Sanskrit: दीति (dītí, “brightness; time”)

From *deh₂y- (“to share, divide”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


*h₁él-h₁ēn or *h₁él-h₁en-i

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եղն (ełn, “hind”)

Armenian: եղնիկ (eġnik, “doe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *elenias

Latvian: alnis (“elk, moose”)

Lithuanian: élnias, élnis, álnis (“deer”)

Proto-Slavic: *eleňь (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ól-h₁n-ih₂ ~ *h₁él-h₁n-ih₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alˀnīˀ

Lithuanian: álnė, élnė

Old Prussian: alne

Proto-Slavic: *òlni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elanī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yälä

Tocharian A: yäl

Tocharian B: yal

Proto-Germanic: *lambaz (“lamb”)

Proto-Hellenic: *éləpʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”)

Greek: ελάφι (eláfi)

Proto-Hellenic: *elnós

Ancient Greek: ἐλλός (ellós)

*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is

Proto-Germanic: *algiz, *elhaz (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: ἄλκη (álkē)

→ Latin: alcēs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alśis

Proto-Slavic: *ȏlsь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥śyas

Vedic Sanskrit: ऋश्य (ṛ́śya)

→ elephant

various tree species with bright bark, e.g. alder, elm, fir


ǵʰésōr

ǵʰésōr (nominative singular)
ǵʰésorh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰésores (nominative plural)
ǵʰésor (singular vocative)
ǵʰésorh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰésores (plural vocative)
ǵʰésorm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰésorh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰésorm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰsrés (genitive singular)
ǵʰsróHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰsrés (ablative singular)
ǵʰsr̥mós (ablative plural)
ǵʰsr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰsréy (dative singular)
ǵʰsr̥mós (dative plural)
ǵʰsr̥bʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰsér (locative singular)
ǵʰséri (locative singular)
ǵʰsr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰsréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰsr̥mís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰsr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *dāsrā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *ǵésōr ~ *ǵsrós (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ձեռն (jeṙn)
→ Arabic: زرنوك (zarnūk)
Armenian: ձեռք (jeṙkʻ), ձեռ (jeṙ)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéhər

Ancient Greek:

Aeolic Greek: χέρρ (khérrh, acc.sg.)

Doric Greek: χέρς (khérs), χήρ (khḗr)

Ionic Greek: χείρ (kheír)

*kʰéhrnikʷs (< + *neygʷ- (“to wash”))

desc

Ancient Greek: χέρνιψ (khérnips, “water for washing the hands”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀐𐀛𐀣 (ke-ni-qa /kʰéhrnigʷa/, acc.sg.) (= χέρνιβα (khérniba))

Proto-Italic: *hezor

Latin: hir

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣar

Tocharian A: tsar

Tocharian B: ṣar

>? Proto-Celtic: *garros

(calf of the) leg, shank; limb; earlier ?; see there for further descendants


údteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
údteros (nominative singular)
údteroes (nominative plural)
údtere (singular vocative)
údteroes (plural vocative)
údterom (accusative singular)
údteroms (accusative plural)
údterosyo (genitive singular)
údteroHom (genitive plural)
údteread (ablative singular)
údteromos (ablative plural)
údterobʰos (ablative plural)
údteroey (dative singular)
údteromos (dative plural)
údterobʰos (dative plural)
údterey (locative singular)
údteroy (locative singular)
údteroysu (locative plural)
údterōys (instrumental plural)
údterām (accusative singular)
údterom (nominative singular)
údteroy (dual nominative)
údterom (singular vocative)
údteroy (dual vocative)
údteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *ústeros

Ancient Greek: ὕστερος (hústeros, “ulterior, posterior”)

Greek: ύστερος (ýsteros, “later; last”)

Byzantine Greek: υστερινός (usterinós), υστερνός (usternós, “last”)

Greek: στερνός (sternós, “last”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *útˢtaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úttaras

Sanskrit: उत्तर (úttara, “upper, better, later, northern; answer”)

Proto-Iranian: *úctarah

Pashto: استرۍ (ustərai, “last, lastest”)

Sogdian: 𐼀𐼑𐼚𐼘𐼁 ('str' /əstara/, “later”)

From the adverb *úd (“out, outward”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).

affix

ὑστέρη

Ancient Greek: ὑστέρᾱ (hustérā, “womb, uterus”)


úderos

non-ablauting (romanization)
úderos (nominative singular)
úderoes (nominative plural)
údere (singular vocative)
úderoes (plural vocative)
úderom (accusative singular)
úderoms (accusative plural)
úderosyo (genitive singular)
úderoHom (genitive plural)
úderead (ablative singular)
úderomos (ablative plural)
úderobʰos (ablative plural)
úderoey (dative singular)
úderomos (dative plural)
úderobʰos (dative plural)
úderey (locative singular)
úderoy (locative singular)
úderoysu (locative plural)
úderōys (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀdera (“belly, stomach”) (< Winter's law < *udera) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὕδερος (húderos), (Hesychius) ὅδερος (hóderos, “dropsy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *udáras (“belly, abdomen, stomach”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *uderos

Latin: uterus (“womb, uterus, belly”) (see there for further descendants)

Deadjectival form of *úd-er-o-s, variant of *údteros (“higher, outer”), from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


-tm̥mos

-tm̥mos (nominative singular)
-tm̥moes (nominative plural)
-tm̥me (singular vocative)
-tm̥moes (plural vocative)
-tm̥mom (accusative singular)
-tm̥moms (accusative plural)
-tm̥mosyo (genitive singular)
-tm̥moHom (genitive plural)
-tm̥mead (ablative singular)
-tm̥momos (ablative plural)
-tm̥mobʰos (ablative plural)
-tm̥moey (dative singular)
-tm̥momos (dative plural)
-tm̥mobʰos (dative plural)
-tm̥mey (locative singular)
-tm̥moy (locative singular)
-tm̥moysu (locative plural)
-tm̥mōys (instrumental plural)
-tm̥mām (accusative singular)
-tm̥mom (nominative singular)
-tm̥moy (dual nominative)
-tm̥mom (singular vocative)
-tm̥moy (dual vocative)
-tm̥moy (accusative dual)
*-m̥mos (alternative)
*-m̥Hos (alternative)

Proto-Celtic: *-tamos

q

Proto-Germanic: *-umô (< *-m̥mō < *-m̥mos, see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-təmos

Ancient Greek: -τᾰτος (-tătos) (contamination from *-istos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tamas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-temos

Latin: -timus

Unknown. Possibly from an original *-m̥mos with an intrusive -t- from *-teros. Alternatively, Kroonen derives the suffix from *meh₂- (“good; opportune”).

-em

Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos; Old Irish


(s)poH(y)-

*(s)poHy-m-os

Proto-Germanic: *faimaz m or n (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: spūma f (see there for further descendants)

*(s)póHy-nh₂-os, *(s)pHóy-nh₂-os (metathesized variant)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pʰáynas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pʰáynas

Sanskrit: फेन m or n (phéna) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)páiˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: pūmex (“pumice”) (see there for further descendants)

De Vaan and Lubotsky suggest that this may be derived from a y-extension of *speh₁- (“to be filled to the brim”).


supnós

non-ablauting (romanization)
supnós (nominative singular)
supné (singular vocative)
supnóm (accusative singular)
supnósyo (genitive singular)
supnéad (ablative singular)
supnóey (dative singular)
supnéy (locative singular)
supnóy (locative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *supna

Albanian: gjumë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *súpnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sounos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *húpnos

Ancient Greek: ὕπνος (húpnos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *sŭmne

Tocharian B: *sanme (metathesis)

desc

⇒ Tocharian B: sänmetstse (“calm, tranquil, soothed”)

Perhaps rebuilt from the genitive of *swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s, from *swep- (“to sleep”) + *-r̥.


dʰǵʰúHs

dʰǵʰúHs (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰúHes (nominative plural)
dʰǵʰúH (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰúHes (plural vocative)
dʰǵʰúHm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (accusative dual)
dʰǵʰúHm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-os (genitive singular)
dʰǵʰúH-ooHom (genitive plural)
dʰǵʰúH-os (ablative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-obʰos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-oey (dative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-obʰos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-o (locative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-oy (locative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-osu (locative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-oh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omis (instrumental plural)
dʰǵʰúH-obʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ձուկն (jukn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źū́ˀs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ikʰtʰū́s (unetymological prothetic vowel)

Ancient Greek: ἰχθῡ́ς (ikhthū́s) (see there for further descendants)

Tentatively suggested to be connected to Old Irish deug (“drink, draught, potion”), and Lithuanian dažai̇̃ (“paint, dye”), presuming a *dʰeǵʰ- (“liquid”) root.
Possibly related to Ugaritic 𐎄𐎂 (dg) and Hebrew דָּג (dāḡ).


dóws

dóws (nominative singular)
déwsōs (collective nominative)
dóws (singular vocative)
déwsōs (collective vocative)
dóws (accusative singular)
déwsōs (accusative collective)
déwsos (genitive singular)
dusés (collective genitive)
déwsos (ablative singular)
dusés (ablative collective)
déwsey (dative singular)
duséy (collective dative)
déws (locative singular)
déwsi (locative singular)
déws (collective locative)
déwsi (collective locative)

Proto-Celtic: *dows

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dowsants (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwš (see there for further descendants)


ǵem-

*ǵm̥-rós (“son in law”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵem-tēr</i>

>? Proto-Albanian: *dzanra (or from *ǵem-tēr)

desc

Albanian: dhëndër, dhëndërr, dhandër — Gheg, dhândërr — Gheg

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: γαμβρός (gambrós), γαβρός (gabrós), γαμρός (gamrós), γαββρός (gabbrós), γαμερός (gamerós)
Greek: γαμπρός (gamprós)

Proto-Italic: *genros

Latin: gener (see there for further descendants)

*ǵém-ti-s ~ *ǵm̥-téy-s (“matrimony”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mtiš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zāmiti, “child-birth”)

Unsorted formations

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (“son-in-law”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γᾰ́μος (gắmos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mātā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जार (jā́ra, jārá, “paramour, lover, intimate companion”)

Sanskrit: जार्य (jāryá, “intimacy; companionship”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “wife”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵenh₁-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: (or from *ǵenh₁-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: जामि (jāmí, “female relative; daughter-in-law; consanguinity”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́āmiš

q

+ <i class="Avst mention" lang="ae">𐬵𐬎-</i> (hu-)

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌 (huzāmi, “good, easy birth”) (+ 𐬵𐬎- (hu-))


*kyeh₂-yé-ti ~ *kyeh₂-yó-nti (yé present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: διαττάω (diattáō, prefixed with δια-)

*ki-né-h₂-ti ~ *ki-n-h₂-é-nti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ki-na-iz-zi /kinaezi/)

*kyéh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ťḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: σήθω (sḗthō)


Proto-Germanic: *wetmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀdná

Proto-Slavic: *vě̑no (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewednon

Ancient Greek: ἕδνον (hédnon)


twerH-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*turH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *turētei

Latgalian: turēt

Latvian: turēt (“to hold, keep”)

Lithuanian: turėti (“to have”)

*twérH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tvert (“to grab, seize”)

Lithuanian: tvérti

*tworH-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twárīˀtei

Latvian: tvarstīt (“to snap, to catch”)

Lithuanian: tvárstyti (“to bandage”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvorìti (“to make”) (see there for further descendants)

*twōr (root noun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvora (“fence”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvarь (see there for further descendants)

*tworH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twaras

Lithuanian: ap-tvaras (“fence”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tworós

Ancient Greek: σορός (sorós, “coffin, urn”)

*twérH-ō ~ *turH-nés

>? Proto-Germanic: *þwerō; *þurraz

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *þurruk (“hold (of a ship)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tseřřā́

Ancient Greek: σειρά (seirá), σειρή (seirḗ), σηρᾱ́ (sērā́)


>? Proto-Albanian: *enter

q

or borrowed from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">inter</i>

Albanian: ndër (or borrowed from Latin inter)

Proto-Celtic: *enter (see there for further descendants)

desc

< h₁n̥tér; conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁n̥dʰér</i> (“under”)

Proto-Germanic: *under (< h₁n̥tér; conflated with *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hantár (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ənter (< h₁n̥tér) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁én + *-tér (constrastive suffix).


-wr̥

-wr̥ (nominative singular)
é-wr̥ (nominative singular)
-wōr (nominative)
é-wōr (nominative)
-wr̥ (singular vocative)
é-wr̥ (singular vocative)
-wōr (vocative)
é-wōr (vocative)
-wr̥ (accusative singular)
é-wr̥ (accusative singular)
-wōr (accusative)
é-wōr (accusative)
-wéns (genitive singular)
Ø-wéns (genitive singular)
-unés (genitive)
Ø-unés (genitive)
-wéns (ablative singular)
Ø-wéns (ablative singular)
-unés (ablative)
Ø-unés (ablative)
-wéney (dative singular)
Ø-wéney (dative singular)
-unéy (dative)
Ø-unéy (dative)
-wén (locative singular)
Ø-wén (locative singular)
-wéni (locative singular)
Ø-wéni (locative singular)
-wén (locative)
Ø-wén (locative)
-wéni (locative)
Ø-wéni (locative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒉿𒅈 (-wa-ar)

Derives object nouns from verbal roots (e.g., per- "to go through" > pérwr̥ "ford, crossing").


-mḗn

-mḗn (nominative singular)
Ø-mḗn (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-ménes (nominative plural)
Ø-ménes (nominative plural)
-mén (singular vocative)
Ø-mén (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-ménes (plural vocative)
Ø-ménes (plural vocative)
-ménm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-ménm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-ménm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-ménm̥s (accusative plural)
-(m)nés (genitive singular)
Ø-(m)nés (genitive singular)
-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
-(m)nés (ablative singular)
Ø-(m)nés (ablative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-(m)néy (dative singular)
Ø-(m)néy (dative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Cognates with a different ablaut:
* *-mn̥
* *-mṓ


Proto-Albanian: *swexurā (assimilation from expected *swetsurā)

Albanian: vjehrrë

Old Armenian: սկեսուր (skesur)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swekrūˀ

Proto-Slavic: *svekry (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swekrū
Proto-Brythonic: *hwegr
Old Cornish: hweger
Cornish: hweger
Welsh: chwegr

Proto-Germanic: *swegrō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑκυρά (hekurá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaćrúH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swekrus

Latin: socrus (see there for further descendants)

Metathesis of an earlier *sweḱúrh₂, feminine of *swéḱuros.


misdʰós

misdʰós (nominative singular)
misdʰóes (nominative plural)
misdʰé (singular vocative)
misdʰóes (plural vocative)
misdʰóm (accusative singular)
misdʰóms (accusative plural)
misdʰósyo (genitive singular)
misdʰóHom (genitive plural)
misdʰéad (ablative singular)
misdʰómos (ablative plural)
misdʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
misdʰóey (dative singular)
misdʰómos (dative plural)
misdʰóbʰos (dative plural)
misdʰéy (locative singular)
misdʰóy (locative singular)
misdʰóysu (locative plural)
misdʰṓys (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μισθός (misthós)

From *mey-s- (“exchange”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”). The first element appears to be an s-stem noun.


Proto-Albanian: *sana

Albanian: gjë (“thing”)

Albanian: senë (“thing”)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔsṓnts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sañt

Proto-Slavic: *sy (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sonts

Old Irish: os, as, es, is
Middle Irish: os

desc

Proto-Germanic: *sanþaz (“real, true”), *sundī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehónts

Ancient Greek: ἐών (eṓn), ὤν (ṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsáns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sonts

Latin: sōns (“guilty, criminal”), (ab-sēns, prae-sēns)


pérwr̥

pérwr̥ (nominative singular)
pérwōr (collective nominative)
pérwr̥ (singular vocative)
pérwōr (collective vocative)
pérwr̥ (accusative singular)
pérwōr (accusative collective)
pr̥wéns (genitive singular)
prunés (collective genitive)
pr̥wéns (ablative singular)
prunés (ablative collective)
pr̥wéney (dative singular)
prunéy (collective dative)
pr̥wén (locative singular)
pr̥wéni (locative singular)
pr̥wén (collective locative)
pr̥wéni (collective locative)

Proto-Hellenic: *pérwər

Ancient Greek: πεῖρᾰρ (peîrăr) (< *πεῦρᾰρ (*peûrăr))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párwr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párwr̥

Sanskrit: पर्वन् (párvan), परुर् (párur, nom.sg.)

From *per- (“to go through”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suf

ᾰ̓πείρων

< *ᾰ̓πεύρων (*ăpeúrōn)


pérwr̥

pérwr̥ (nominative singular)
pérwr̥ (singular vocative)
pérwr̥ (accusative singular)
péruns (genitive singular)
pérunoHom (genitive plural)
péruns (ablative singular)
pérunmos (ablative plural)
pérunbʰos (ablative plural)
péruney (dative singular)
pérunmos (dative plural)
pérunbʰos (dative plural)
pérun (locative singular)
péruni (locative singular)
pérunsu (locative plural)
pérunmis (instrumental plural)
pérunbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊒 (pé-e-ru /péru/, nom.acc.sg.), 𒁉𒂊𒊒𒉌 n (pé-e-ru-ni /péruni/, “rock”, dat.loc.sg.)

⇒ Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊒𒈾𒀭𒍝 (pé-e-ru-na-an-za /pérunanta/, “rocky, craggy”)

Thracian: peru

𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁

Proto-Iranian: *párwataH f; Younger Avestan

>? Proto-Germanic: *fergunją

mountain; see there for further descendants


selǵ-

*sélǵ-e-ti

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀠𒀝𒍣 (ša-al-ak-zi /šalkzi/, “knead, mix”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *selkaną (“to fall in drops; dribble; droop”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárȷ́ati (“to let go”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *selgā (see there for further descendants)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


pérḱus

pérḱus (nominative singular)
pérḱewes (nominative plural)
pérḱu (singular vocative)
pérḱewes (plural vocative)
pérḱum (accusative singular)
pérḱums (accusative plural)
pr̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
pr̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
pr̥ḱúmos (ablative plural)
pr̥ḱúbʰos (ablative plural)
pr̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
pr̥ḱúmos (dative plural)
pr̥ḱúbʰos (dative plural)
pr̥ḱéw (locative singular)
pr̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
pr̥ḱúsu (locative plural)
pr̥ḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pr̥ḱúmis (instrumental plural)
pr̥ḱúbʰis (instrumental plural)

(possibly) Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: parz, parzëm

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀśis (with unexpected laryngeal) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćuš (see there for further descendants)


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅖𒄩𒀀𒀸 (išḫāš, “master”)

Celtic: (possibly)

Gaulish: Esus, Aesus (“Esus, a Gaulish deity”)

Proto-Italic: *ezos (see there for further descendants)


-ótr̥

-ótr̥ (nominative singular)
Ø-ótr̥ (nominative singular)
-ótōr (nominative)
Ø-ótōr (nominative)
-ótr̥ (singular vocative)
Ø-ótr̥ (singular vocative)
-ótōr (vocative)
Ø-ótōr (vocative)
-ótr̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-ótr̥ (accusative singular)
-ótōr (accusative)
Ø-ótōr (accusative)
-otnés (genitive singular)
Ø-otnés (genitive singular)
-otnés (genitive)
Ø-otnés (genitive)
-otnés (ablative singular)
Ø-otnés (ablative singular)
-otnés (ablative)
Ø-otnés (ablative)
-otnéy (dative singular)
Ø-otnéy (dative singular)
-otnéy (dative)
Ø-otnéy (dative)
-oténi (locative singular)
Ø-oténi (locative singular)
-otén (locative)
Ø-otén (locative)
-oténi (locative)
Ø-oténi (locative)

Proto-Anatolian: *-ṓdr̥

q

Proto-Italic: (with regular metathesis, see unda, pando)

Latin: -undī, -undō, -undum


-tr̥

-tr̥ (nominative singular)
é-tr̥ (nominative singular)
-tṓr (nominative)
Ø-tṓr (nominative)
-tr̥ (singular vocative)
é-tr̥ (singular vocative)
-tṓr (vocative)
Ø-tṓr (vocative)
-tr̥ (accusative singular)
é-tr̥ (accusative singular)
-tṓr (accusative)
Ø-tṓr (accusative)
-téns (genitive singular)
Ø-téns (genitive singular)
-tnés (genitive)
Ø-tnés (genitive)
-téns (ablative singular)
Ø-téns (ablative singular)
-tnés (ablative)
Ø-tnés (ablative)
-téney (dative singular)
Ø-téney (dative singular)
-tnéy (dative)
Ø-tnéy (dative)
-tén (locative singular)
Ø-tén (locative singular)
-téni (locative singular)
Ø-téni (locative singular)
-tén (locative)
Ø-tén (locative)
-téni (locative)
Ø-téni (locative)

Probably related to either *-r̥ or *-ter-, but only the former has the same r/n heteroclitic pattern.


Proto-Italic: *eitər, *eitor

Latin: iter (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háytr̥

Proto-Iranian: *Háytr̥

Avestan: *𐬌𐬚𐬥𐬀 (*iθna)

desc

⇒ 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌-𐬌𐬚𐬥𐬀- (paⁱri-iθna-, “(end of a) lifetime”)

Proto-Tocharian: *yätār (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tr̥ (deverbal nominal suffix).


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-yéh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *-jā

Albanian: -e

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-i

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ica

Proto-Celtic: *-ī

Proto-Germanic: *-ī/*-jō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iH

Sanskrit: -ई (-ī)

Proto-Iranian: *-iH

Avestan: -𐬍 (-ī) (e.g. 𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬍 (aŋᵛhī, “lady”) is a feminine form of 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu, “lord”))

Proto-Tocharian: *-ā

Tocharian A: -ā

Tocharian B: -ā, -a

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: -ιᾰ (-iă), -σσᾰ (-ssă), -ττᾰ (-ttă), -V̄ρᾰ (-V̄ră), -ινᾰ (-ină), -ιρᾰ (-iră), -ζᾰ (-ză)


Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dieve

Lithuanian: deivė

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáywiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáywiH

Sanskrit: देवी (devī́)

Proto-Iranian: *dáywiH

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬍 (daēuuī, “female Daeva”)

Schwebeablaut or vṛddhi derivative of zero-grade *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


ine-decl-noun-mf

ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂

ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHtriH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHtriH

Sanskrit: जनित्री (jánitrī)

Proto-Italic: *genatrīks

Latin: genitrīx

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γενέτειρα (genéteira)

From the noun *ǵénh₁tōr (“parent”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


pres-

*pres-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *pressai

Latin: pressī

*pres-lo-m

Proto-Italic: *preslom

Latin: prēlum

Unsorted formations:

Latin: premō (present stem remodeled by analogy to *trem- and *tres-)

Possibly an extension of *per- (“to attempt, try, risk”), but this is guesswork.


h₁n̥dó

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔn̩dṓ

Hittite: 𒀭𒁕 (an-da /anda/)

Luwian: 𒀀𒀭𒋫 (a-an-ta /ānta/)

Lycian: 𐊑𐊗𐊁 (ñte)

Proto-Italic: *(e)ndo (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ande-
Proto-Brythonic: *an-
Breton: an-
Cornish: an-
Middle Welsh: an-
Welsh: an-, af-
Old Irish: ind-
Gaulish: ande-

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *ene (“inside, within”) (possibly)

Tocharian A: ane

Tocharian B: eneṃ

From *h₁én (“in”) and *do (demonstrative particle, "towards").


bʰenǵʰ-

*bʰénǵʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰati

Sanskrit: बंहते (báṃhate, “to increase, grow”)

Proto-Iranian: *bánjati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bązaⁱti)

*bʰénǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-éw-s (“thick”)

*bʰénǵʰ-yōs ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-is-és (“thicker”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: πάσσων (pássōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰyas

Sanskrit: बंहीयस् (báṃhīyas)

*bʰénǵʰ-istʰ-os (“thickest”)

Ancient Greek: πάχιστος (pákhistos)

*bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

*bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: बंहिष्ठ (báṃhiṣṭha)

*bʰónǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-n-és (“swelling”) (with secondary o-grade?)

Proto-Germanic: (originally) *bangô ~ *bunkkaz

*bungô ~ *bunkaz, ⇒? *bunkô (“heap, lump”), *bankô (“hill; bank”) (back-formed) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *bungō

Old High German: bungo (“swelling, tuber”)

Middle High German: bunge

German: Bunge

⇒ *bank-iz (“bulge, hill; slope, bank, bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bung-jô

Frankish: *bungjō

q

or from Gaulish <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">*bunia</i>?

Old French: bugne, buyne, bigne (“lump, swelling”) (or from Gaulish *bunia?)

French: bugne

desc

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *poŋka (“protuberance, unevenness; knot, knob, tuber”)

Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: pung

Proto-Ugric:

Hungarian: bog

*bʰénǵʰ-os ~ *bʰénǵʰ-es-os (“thickness”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχος (pákhos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bánjah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵 (bązah)

*bʰn̥ǵʰ-tó-s (“thickened”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baẓḍʰás

desctree

Sanskrit: बाढ (bāḍhá), बाळ्ह (bāḷhá)
Assamese: বাৰু (baru)


waylos

non-ablauting (romanization)
waylos (nominative singular)
wayloes (nominative plural)
wayle (singular vocative)
wayloes (plural vocative)
waylom (accusative singular)
wayloms (accusative plural)
waylosyo (genitive singular)
wayloHom (genitive plural)
waylead (ablative singular)
waylomos (ablative plural)
waylobʰos (ablative plural)
wayloey (dative singular)
waylomos (dative plural)
waylobʰos (dative plural)
wayley (locative singular)
wayloy (locative singular)
wayloysu (locative plural)
waylōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գայլ (gayl), գայղ (gaył)
Armenian: → գայլ (gayl) (learned), > գել (gel) (inherited)
→? Old Georgian: მგელი (mgeli)
Georgian: მგელი (mgeli)
→? Laz: მგერი (mgeri), მჯვერი (mcveri), გვერი (gveri), გუ̂ერი (gûeri)
→? Mingrelian: გერი (geri), ნგერი (ngeri)

Proto-Celtic: *wailos (see there for further descendants)

The word is usually explained as ‘the howler’ and derived from *wáy (“woe”, or onomatopoeia for shouting) + *-los. Armenian and Celtic replaced the usual Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) because of taboo.


Hyewdʰ-

*Hyúdʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyúdʰyati (“to fight, to battle”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati

Sanskrit: युध्यति (yúdhyati), युध्यते (yúdhyate)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)

*Hyowdʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

*Hyowdʰ-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *youdos

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð
Middle Welsh: ut, ud, udd
Welsh: udd

*Hyudʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *yutkǝ-

Tocharian A: yutkatār (“to worry”)

*Hyudʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás

Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)

Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)

Proto-Italic: *jussos

Latin: iussus

*Hyudʰ-(s)mós (“warrior”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jud-mas

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ojьminъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *ὑσμός (*husmós)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὑσμίνη (husmínē, “battle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudʰmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰmás

Sanskrit: युध्म (yudhmá, “warrior”)

*Hyéwdʰ-tōr ~ *Hyudʰ-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwdᶻdʰā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwddʰā

Sanskrit: योद्धृ (yoddhṛ)

*Hyéwdʰ-tu-s ~ *Hyudʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *jussus

Latin: iussus

*Hyéwdʰ-u-s ~ *Hyudʰ-éw-s

Ancient Greek: εὐθύς (euthús), ῑ̓θῠ́ς (īthŭ́s) — Ionic, Epic

*Hyéwdʰ-r̥

>? Ancient Greek: *εὖθαρ (*eûthar), εἶθαρ (eîthar)

>? Latin: iubar

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰ- (see there for further descendants)

A derivation from *h₂yew- (“straight, upright”), most likely with *-dʰh₁eti.

moving erect, to be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁄𒋫𒈾𒀸 (pal-ta-na-aš /paltanaš/)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlitanos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətanos

>? Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾰνος (plắtănos, “planetree”) (disputed)


wosux

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźis; Old Prussian


Proto-Germanic: *aiks (see there for further descendants)


*h₃ni-né-d-ti ~ h₃ni-n-d-én-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निन्दति (níndati) (thematicised) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nḗyd-s-t ~ *h₃néyd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անէծ (anēc)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHnāytˢt

Proto-Iranian: *HáHnāyst

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬯𐬙 (nāist)

*h₃noyd-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *naitijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nid-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₃nid-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ni̇́edėti

Latvian: nîdêt

Proto-Hellenic: *oneidos

Ancient Greek: ὄνειδος (óneidos)


sengʷ-

*séngʷ- ~ *sn̥gʷ- (aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անկաւ (ankaw)

*séngʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sinkwaną (see there for further descendants)

*songʷ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընկենում (ənkenum)


Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ūss

Latvian: osis

Lithuanian: uosis

Proto-Albanian: *aksa

Albanian: ah (“beech”)

Proto-Germanic: *askaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian: *hoskíyā

Old Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀsenas

Proto-Slavic: *àsenь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *osnos (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: uinnius
⇒ Irish: fuinseog
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: uinnseann

Welsh: onn

Italic:

Latin: ornus (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


tews-

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝáti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬯𐬆𐬥 (tusən, 3.pl.inj)

*tows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (taošaiieti, 3.sg.pres.ind)

*tus-sḱ-yós (“empty”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tuskjas (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuśćyás

Vedic Sanskrit: तुच्छ्य (tucchyá, “empty”)

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝyás

Khotanese: tuśśaa (“empty”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (twhyg /tuhīg/)

Persian: تهی (tohi, “empty”)

Parthian: [script needed] (twsyg, “empty”)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: tesqua (“desert”)

Proto-Germanic: *þustaz (“manure”)


tews-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tu-uš-ki-ez-zi /tuškezzi/, “to be happy”)

*tus-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuṣyáti

desctree

Sanskrit: तुष्यति (túṣyati) (metrically तुष्यते (túṣyate))
Pali: tussati

*tows-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawṣáyati

Sanskrit: तोषयति (toṣáyati)

Unsorted formations

desc

Proto-Slavic: *tušiti (“to make still, to quench”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þusiþaz (“silent”) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: तूष्णीम् (tūṣṇīm, “silently”)

Old Prussian: tusnan (“still”)

Probably an extension of *tewH- (“to favour”).


pewH-

*péwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páwHati

Sanskrit: पवते (pávate)

*pu-né-H-ti ~ *pu-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *punáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *punáHti

Sanskrit: पुनाति (punā́ti)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀡𑀇 (puṇaï)

Pali: punāti

*powH-éye-ti (“to purify, to clean”, éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHáyati

Sanskrit: पवयति (paváyati)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*pḗwH-s-t ~ *péwH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HápāwHšt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HápāwHṣṭ

Sanskrit: अपविष्ट (ápaviṣṭa), अपाविषुर् (ápāviṣur)

*pewH-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHás

Sanskrit: पव (pavá)

*pewH-eno-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHanas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHanas

Sanskrit: पवन (pávana)

*puH-ró-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸūros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pūros

Latin: pūrus (see there for further descendants)

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

desctree

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀽𑀅 (pūa)

→ Proto-Finnic: *puhtas (“clean”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *putos

Latin: putus

⇒ Latin: putō (see there for further descendants)

*puH-yó-s (“purifying”)

Proto-Italic: *pwījos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHākás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHākás

Sanskrit: पावक (pāvaká) (metrically पवाक (pavāká))

Proto-Iranian: *pawHākáh

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (pā̮, “pure”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: پاک (pāk)

Northern Kurdish: pak (pāk), paqij (pāqīž)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: پاک (pāk)

Old Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Old Median:

Harzani: پوک (pök)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: پاک (pāk)

Zazaki: pak (pāk)

Parthian: (/pawāg/, “pure; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pw'g)

Middle Persian: (/pāk/, “pure; clean; free; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pʾk), [Manichaean needed] (pʾq)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pʾk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (DKYA)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawara or *pūra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawara or *pūra

Northwest Pashayi: pūr (“bonfire”)

Shumashti: [script needed] (pōr, “burning embers”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHitíkas

Proto-Iranian: *puHitíkah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬐𐬀 (pūⁱtika)

→ Middle Persian: (/Pūidīg/, “Persian Gulf”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwytyk')

Central Kurdish: پەتی (petî, “pure”)


*h₂éysd-e-ti ~ h₂éysd-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἴδομαι (aídomai, “to be ashamed; to honour, respect”)

*h₂isd-sḱé-ti ~ *h₂isd-sḱó-nti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiždŝćáti

Proto-Iranian: *Hiždŝáti

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬁 (išasā, 1.sg.subj)

*h₂eysd-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₂eysd-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *aistāną (see there for further descendants)

*h₂i-h₂éysd-ti ~ *h₂í-h₂isd-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHáyšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHáyṣṭi

Sanskrit: ईट्टे (ī́ṭṭe)

*h₂óysd-e ~ *h₂isd-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hížday

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Híẓḍay

Vedic Sanskrit: ईळे (ī́ḷe) (probably synchronically formed)

Sanskrit: ईडे (ī́ḍe)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: αἰδώς (aidṓs)


p(t)erH-

*p(t)rH-tis

Proto-Celtic: *ɸratis (see there for further descendants)

*p(t)orH-no-

*po-p(t)orH-tis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: paparde

Lithuanian: papartis

Proto-Slavic: *paportь (see there for further descendants)


*h₁érs-ti ~ *h₁r̥s-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔérsti

Hittite: 𒀀𒅈𒀸𒍣 (a-ar-aš-zi /ʔárštˢi/), 𒅈𒀸𒍣 (ar-aš-zi)

Luwian: 𒀀𒅈𒅆𒅀𒀭𒁺 (a-ar-ši-ya-an-du, 3.pl.imp.act)

*h₁érs-e-ti ~ *h₁érs-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárṣati

Sanskrit: अर्षति (árṣati)

*h₁irs-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ers-eh₂ye/o-ti (stative?)

Proto-Italic: *erzāō

Latin: errō (“to err”) (see there for further descendants)

q

from metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁res-</i>?

*h₁rṓs (“fluid, moisture, dew”) (from metathesized *h₁res-?)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aršùs

Lithuanian: įširsti

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: इरस्यति (irasyati)

Sanskrit: ईर्ष्यति (īrṣyati)


tum-

*tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)

Proto-Celtic: *tumīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tumēō

desc

Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)

*tum-id-o-s

Proto-Italic: *tumidos

Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)

*tu(h₂)m-ō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (*ū arose as analogical full grade)

*tum-ōs

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)

*tum-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)

Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃

Welsh: twf

Old Breton: tum

Breton: teñv

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás

Proto-Iranian: *tumáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)

*tum-o-ló-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás

Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)

Proto-Italic: *tumolos

Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)

*tum-ró-s (“swollen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुम्र (túmra, “big, strong”)

*tum-bʰ-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tumbos

Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)

Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *towmā

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)

Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás

Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)

Proto-Italic: *tumoltos

Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)

Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.


*h₂sús-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ahúhyō

Ancient Greek: αὔω (aúō, “to light a fire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsúšyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsúṣyati

Sanskrit: शुष्यति (śúṣyati) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂sus-né-w-ti ~ *h₂sus-n-w-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)

*h₂sows-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáušīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sušiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsawṣáyati

Sanskrit: शोषयति (śoṣáyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

English: sear

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *saušás
East Baltic:
Latgalian: sauss
Latvian: sàuss
Lithuanian: saũsas (the result of assimilation s-š > s-s, or inherited from a Balto-Slavic dialect in which the RUKI sound change didn't occur)
Proto-Slavic: *sȗxъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sauzaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὖος (aûos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsawšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsawṣas

Sanskrit: शोष (śoṣa)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: saũsti (“to wither”), saũsinti (“to dry (transitive)”)

Latvian: sust (“to dry”)(intransitive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsúškas (see there for further descendants)


h₂eǵʰ-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եզն (ezn)

Armenian: եզ (ez)

Proto-Celtic: *agos

Old Irish: ag (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ʰíH (see there for further descendants)


serḱ-

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ṣärk- (“to surpass”)

*sr̥ḱ-yé-ti (zero-grade yé/ó-present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sarciō (“to mend”) (supposedly PIE *Cr̥CC can lead to Latin CarCC)

*sr̥-né-ḱ-ti ~ *sr̥-n-ḱ-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ni-ik-zi /šarni(n)kzi/) (< *sr̥-nén-k-ti, a type 1 nasal infix per Kloekhorst)

⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ni-ik-zi-il /šarnikzil/, “compensation”)

*sr̥ḱ-ú-s / *sórḱ-us ~ *sr̥ḱ-éw-s (u-stem adjective)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ku /šarku, šargaw/, “eminent, illustrious”)

*sérḱ-os ~ *sérḱ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕρκος (hérkos, “fence, enclosure”), ὅρκος (hórkos)


mews-

*mews-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *meusą

desctree

Old English: mēos
Middle English: mese, messe, mes, meose
English: meese, meece
Scots: mese

Middle Dutch: mies

Old High German: mios

Alemannic German: Mies

*mus-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *musą (see there for further descendants)

*mus-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *muśas

Lithuanian: mū̃sas

Proto-Slavic: *mъxъ (see there for further descendants)

*mows-ko-s

Italic:

Latin: mūscus

>? Proto-Germanic: *miuzijō (“swamp”) (see there for further descendants)

mus-ro-

>? Proto-Armenian: *mus-r-

Old Armenian: մամուռ (mamuṙ, “moss”)


(s)néHtr̥

néHtr̥ (nominative singular)
snéHtr̥ (nominative singular)
n̥Htṓr (collective nominative)
sn̥Htṓr (collective nominative)
néHtr̥ (singular vocative)
snéHtr̥ (singular vocative)
n̥Htṓr (collective vocative)
sn̥Htṓr (collective vocative)
néHtr̥ (accusative singular)
snéHtr̥ (accusative singular)
n̥Htṓr (accusative collective)
sn̥Htṓr (accusative collective)
n̥Hténs (genitive singular)
sn̥Hténs (genitive singular)
n̥Htnés (collective genitive)
sn̥Htnés (collective genitive)
n̥Hténs (ablative singular)
sn̥Hténs (ablative singular)
n̥Htnés (ablative collective)
sn̥Htnés (ablative collective)
n̥Hténey (dative singular)
sn̥Hténey (dative singular)
n̥Htnéy (collective dative)
sn̥Htnéy (collective dative)
n̥Htén (locative singular)
sn̥Htén (locative singular)
n̥Hténi (locative singular)
sn̥Hténi (locative singular)
n̥Htén (collective locative)
sn̥Htén (collective locative)
n̥Hténi (collective locative)
sn̥Hténi (collective locative)

Uncertain; possibly from *(s)neh₁- (“to twist, turn”), or perhaps *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”) + *-tr̥.


wegʷ-

*wégʷ-s-ti ~ ugʷ-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: उक्षति (ukṣáti, “to wet, moisten, sprinkle with water; to emit seed”)

*wogʷ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wakwaz (see there for further descendants)

*ug-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ugrós

Ancient Greek: ὑγρός (hugrós)

*wogʷ-edʰo-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūvidus, ūdus

*wogʷ-mo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūmeō

>? *ugʷ-s-ḗn (“bull, ox”)


and/or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃meyǵʰ-</i> (“to drizzle > to urinate”)

Proto-Germanic: *miggо̄ną (and/or from *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to drizzle > to urinate”))

Dutch: miggelen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmaygʰás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mihsą

>? Proto-West Germanic: *mihs (“dung”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mihstaz (see there for further descendants)

*h₃méygʰ-s ~ *h₃migʰ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmíčš ~ *Hmiǰʰás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miegoti (“to sleep”), Lithuanian: miegas (“sleep”)

Proto-Slavic: *měžiti (“to close one's eyes”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *migati (“to blink”) (see there for further descendants)

qual

Old Armenian: մէգ (mēg) (or borrowed from an Iranian descendant)


desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sī
Proto-Brythonic: *hi
Breton: hi
Cornish: hi
Welsh: hi
Old Irish: sí
Irish: sí

Proto-Germanic: *sī

Old Saxon: sia, sie
Middle Low German: sê, su, sia
Low German: sie
Dutch Low Saxon: zee
German Low German: se
Plautdietsch: see

Old Dutch: siu, sia
Middle Dutch: si, sie, soe, so
Dutch: zij
Afrikaans: sy
Limburgish: zie

Old High German: siu, si

Middle High German: si, sie

Alemannic German: si

Cimbrian: zi, si (Luserna), ze

German: sie

Hunsrik: sie

Luxembourgish: si

Yiddish: זי (zi)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹 (si)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἵ (hí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬍 (hī)

Derived from *só (masculine demonstrative pronoun) + *-ih₂; *sih₂ then displaced the original female version *séh₂ at least in pre-Celtic.


>? *h₁iǵ-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Luwian: (“to worship?; to make, perform”)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Term?] (/izi-/)

*h₁yáǵ-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁yā́ǵ-s-t ~ h₁yáǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyā́ȷ́št

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyā́ȷ́ṣṭ

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अयाक्षीत्</i> (áyākṣīt)

(later अयाक्षीत् (áyākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अयाट् (áyāṭ, 3sg.act.) (later अयाक्षीत् (áyākṣīt)), अयष्ट (áyaṣṭa, 3sg.mid.)

*h₁yáǵ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *haďďomai

Ancient Greek: ἅζομαι (házomai)

Proto-Italic: *jagjō ~ *jagjentō

Latin: ieientō, ientō (“to have breakfast”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? *h₁ya-né-ǵ-ti ~ h₁ya-n-ǵ-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: yāṅk- (“to be deluded; to cast a spell on, bewitch”)

Proto-Hellenic: *hagnós

Ancient Greek: ἁγνός (hagnós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyaȷ́nás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́uš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́uṣ

Sanskrit: यजुस् (yájus, “veneration, worship, sacerdotal formula”)

Proto-Hellenic: *hágijos

Ancient Greek: ἅγιος (hágios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yas

Sanskrit: यज्य (yájya)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yuṣ

Sanskrit: यज्यु (yájyu, “worshipping, devout; worthy of worship, adorable”)

Proto-Italic: *jagjus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jagjūnos

Latin: iaiūnus, ieiūnus (“fasting, abstinent”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: यज् (yaj)


upér

Proto-Celtic: *uɸer (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *uber (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hupér

Ancient Greek: ὑπέρ (hupér)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *super

Latin: super

Oscan: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌖 (supru, abl.sg)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super), 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra, adverb)

From *úp (“above”) + *-er (locative adverbial suffix). From the same root as *up-ó (“up”). For the suffix compare *n̥dʰ-ér (“under”), *kʷó-r (“where?”), *tó-r (“there”).

suf

*upéri (alternative)
*(s)upér (alternative)

ubiri

*upér-i (“over, above”, adverb) (with additional locative suffix *-i)

obaro

Proto-Germanic: *ufaraz; Old High German


wéy

we-i (nominative)
n̥smé ~ *nō̆s (accusative)
n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s (genitive)
n̥sm-ét (ablative)
n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s (dative)
wéy (nominative)
n̥smé ~ *nos (accusative)
? ~ *nos (genitive)
? ~ *nos (dative)
wey (nominative)
n̥s ~ *nōs (?) (accusative)
n̥s- ~ *nos (oblique)
n̥s- (oblique)
nos (enclitic)
wey (nominative)
n̥smé ~ *nōs (accusative)
n̥so- ~ *nos (genitive)
n̥sero- ~ *nos (genitive)
n̥smed (ablative)
n̥smey ~ *n̥s (dative)
n̥smi (locative)
n̥sós (adjective possessive)
we- (nominative)
n̥sme (accusative)
nos (genitive)
n̥smi (locative)
wey (nominative)
weys (nominative)
nōs (accusative)
nos
nes
ns-tero-s? (adjective possessive)

Proto-Anatolian: *wéyes (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīz (< *wéy-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayám (< *wey-óm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wes

Tocharian A: was

Tocharian B: wes

n̥smé

us with (the others); see there for further descendants

Proto-Slavic: *naEast Slavic:Old East Slavic: наSouth Slavic:Old Church Slavonic: на


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μενος (-menos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mHnas

q

Sanskrit: -मान (-māna) (thematic), -आन (-āna) (athematic) (-ā- in the thematic form is by analogy with the athematic form; the expected thematic form, *-mina, is attested in Middle Indo-Aryan)

Maharastri Prakrit: -𑀫𑀺𑀦 (-mina)

Pali: -māna

Proto-Iranian: *-mHnah

Avestan: -𐬨𐬥𐬀 (-mna) (thematic), -𐬁𐬥𐬀 (-āna) (athematic)

Proto-Nuristani: *-mna

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri: (< *-nna)

Kamviri: -në-

Kativiri: -në-

Prasuni: -ma-, -mi- (< *-mma)

Proto-Italic: *-manos

Latin: -mnus (syncopated), -mina (unsyncopated) (only in alumnus, fēmina)

Latin: -minī (2pl suffix of deponent verbs)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: -māṃ

Tocharian B: -mane


tuHsont-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tū́ˀsantis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þūsundī (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *tewh₂- (“to swell”). According to Kroonen, the root should be reconstructed as *tuh₂sdḱmto-, compounded from a prefix *tuh₂s- (from *tewh₂-) and *déḱm̥t (“ten”) or *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”).


n̥smé

Proto-Hellenic: *əsmé

Aeolic Greek: ἄμμε (ámme)

Ionic Greek: ἡμέας (hēméas) (with extra acc.pl. ending -ας; aspiration from ὑμεῖς (humeîs, “you (pl.)”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *asmá

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्मद् (asmád)

Proto-Iranian: *ahmá

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬇𐬵𐬨𐬁 (ə̄hmā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬨𐬀 (ahma)

Possibly from *n̥s + *mé indicating "us with (the others)".

ἡμεῖς

from earlier *ἡμέες; aspiration from ὑμεῖς (humeîs; )


h₁n̥dʰí

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Lycian: [script needed] (ẽti)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ընդ (ənd, “under (+ instr.)”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *adʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *adʰi

Sanskrit: अधि (ádhi, “upper, supreme”) (with semantic reversal) (see there for further descendants)

Likely from *h₁ní (“down, downwards”) + *-dʰe (locative suffix).

af

Hadʰás

below, downwards; see there for further descendants

ette

with change of *nt to tt like possibly also in perpette

>? Latin: īmus

< *emmos < *enðmos; or from *h₂í-h₂i-mo-s


*sh₂éy-t ~ *sh₂y-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HasHáyt

Proto-Iranian: *HahHáyt

desc

Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬏 (aŋhaiiū, “to become bound”)

*sh₂i-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫi-ya-zi /išḫiyazi/)

*sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂y-ḗr (stative) (or *sh₂-óy-e ← *seh₂-)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫa-a-i /išḫai/) ~ [script needed] (iš-ḫi-i-er)

*sih₂-éti (tudati-type root thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *siHáti

Sanskrit: स्यति (syáti)

*si-né-h₂-ti ~ si-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: sīt

Latvian: sìet

Lithuanian: siẽti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sináHti

Sanskrit: सिनाति (sinā́ti, “to bind”)

⇒ Sanskrit: सिनोति (sinoti)

*sh₂i-sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂i-sh₂y-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: [script needed] (ḫi-iš-ḫi-ya-an-ti /ḫišḫiyanti/, 3pl.pres.act.)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀊𐀕𐀜 (a-ja-me-no /ai⁽ʰ⁾aimeno, ai⁽ʰ⁾āimeno/, “inlaid”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHišHā́ya (“to keep bound”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHiṣHāya

Sanskrit: सिषाय (siṣāya)

Proto-Iranian: *hHišHāya

Avestan: 𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (āhišāiiā)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀdlo

Latvian: saiklis (“string, band”)

Lithuanian: ãtsailė (“cross-bar between beam and axle”)

Proto-Slavic: *sidlo (“noose, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

*sh₂éy-mn̥ ~ *sh₂i-méns (“rope”)

Proto-Celtic: *siman

Irish: sim

Proto-Hellenic: *hímə

Ancient Greek: *ἵμα (*híma)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμαῖος (himaîos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάω (himáō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάς (himás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάσθλη (himásthlē)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμονιά (himoniá) (< collective *hímōn)

*sh₂éy-ōl ~ *sh₂i-l-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-hi-ia-al)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀlāˀ

Proto-Germanic: *sailą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *silô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sīlô

Dutch: zijl, zijle (“trace, rope”)

German: Seilen (“horse harness”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sīljaną

Icelandic: síla (“to tie together”)

Proto-Italic: *saitā

Latin: saeta

*sh₂éy-tlo-m (possibly)

*sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: *հայթ (*haytʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: հայթեմ (haytʻem)

Proto-Germanic: *siduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHáytuš (“fetter, band, bridge”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHáytuṣ

Sanskrit: सेतु (sétu)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀉 (seu)

Proto-Iranian: *hHáytuš

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎 (haētu)

Ossetian: (“bridge”)

Digor Ossetian: хед (xed)

Iron Ossetian: хид (xid)

Persian: خدک (xadak)

*sh₂i-tó-s (“bound, fettered”) (or rather *sh₂-tó-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHitás

Sanskrit: सित (sitá)

Proto-Iranian: *hHitáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (hita)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀtas (“tie, cord”)

Latgalian: saita

Latvian: saĩte

Lithuanian: sai̇̃tas

Old Prussian: saytan

Proto-Slavic: *sětь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saidô (see there for further descendants)

*sh₂óy-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wén-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *saiwalō (see there for further descendants)

*sih₂-nó-s (possibly)

Proto-Celtic: *sīnos

Proto-Brythonic: *hin

Old Welsh: hin

Middle Irish: sín

Probably from *seh₂- (“to bind”) + *-éyti (*éy-present verbal suffix).

suf

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sámaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sámaH

desc

Sanskrit: समा (sámā, “season, weather, half-year”)

⇒ Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grī-ṣmá, “summer”) (< *gʷr̥h₂-sm̥h₂-ó-s)

*sm̥h₂-e/or- (r-stem)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ամառն (amaṙn)

Armenian: ամառ (amaṙ)

q

Germanic can also reflect <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sm̥h₂-or-o-s</i>

⇒ *sm̥h₂-er-o-s (Germanic can also reflect *sm̥h₂-or-o-s)

>? Proto-Celtic: *samaros

⇒? Gaulish: *Samaro-brīwa (toponym)

→ Latin: Samarobrīva

Proto-Germanic: *sumaraz (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥h₂-ōn (n-stem) (possibly from a heteroclitic r/n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *samū

desc

⇒ *kentu-samon-yos (“beginning of summer”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *samonyos

⇒ Gaulish: mid samonios (“early summer?”, a month of the Coligny calendar)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ամ (am)
→ Armenian: ամ (am) (learned)

Proto-Celtic: *samos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-)

Khotanese: [script needed] (hamana-)

Proto-Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھاوین (hawîn)

Northern Kurdish: havîn

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: ḥʾmyn (hāmīn)

Persian: هامین (hâmin)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣme

Tocharian B: ṣmāye

May be related to *sēmi (“half”), if the original meaning was “half-year” as attested in Vedic. Martirosyan argues that “year” was the original meaning.


-wénts

-wénts (nominative singular)
Ø-wénts (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-wéntes (nominative plural)
Ø-wéntes (nominative plural)
-wént (singular vocative)
Ø-wént (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-wéntes (plural vocative)
Ø-wéntes (plural vocative)
-wéntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-wéntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-wéntm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-wéntm̥s (accusative plural)
-wn̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-wn̥tés (genitive singular)
-wn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-wn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-wn̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-wn̥tés (ablative singular)
-wn̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-wn̥tmós (ablative plural)
-wn̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-wn̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
-wn̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-wn̥téy (dative singular)
-wn̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-wn̥tmós (dative plural)
-wn̥tbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-wn̥tbʰós (dative plural)
-wént (locative singular)
Ø-wént (locative singular)
-wénti (locative singular)
Ø-wénti (locative singular)
-wn̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-wn̥tsú (locative plural)
-wn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-wn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-wn̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-wn̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
-wént (nominative singular)
Ø-wént (nominative singular)
-wént (accusative singular)
Ø-wént (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *-wants (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-wénts

Ancient Greek: -εις (-eis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-wánts

Sanskrit: -वान् (-vān), -वत् (-vat), -मत् (-mat)
Pali: -vant
→ Bengali: -বান (-ban) (from the masculine singular nominative -वान् (-vān))
→ Hindi: -वान (-vān) (from the masculine singular nominative -वान् (-vān))

Proto-Iranian: *-wánts

Avestan: -𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (-uuan) (for example: 𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (ašauuan, “follower of order”)

Persian: وند (vand)

Forms possessive adjectives from nominal stems.


Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos)

Proto-Celtic: *oytos

Old Irish: óeth

⇒ Old Welsh: an-utonau

Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (see there for further descendants)

From the o-grade of *h₁ey- (“to go”), after the practice of walking between slaughtered animals as part of taking an oath.


Proto-Hellenic: *wástu

Ancient Greek: ἄστυ (ástu)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂wēstu</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́stu (< *h₂wēstu)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwā́stu

Sanskrit: वास्तु (vā́stu)

⇒ Sanskrit: वस्तु (vastu)

Proto-Tocharian: *wostu

Tocharian A: waṣt

Tocharian B: ost

From the o-grade of *h₂wes- (“to dwell”) + *-tu.


morwís

Proto-Albanian: *mārwa

Albanian: morr

desc

Proto-Armenian: (with assimilation *morwo- > *mormo-)

>? Middle Armenian: մորմ (morm, “tarantula”)

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մրջիւն (mrǰiwn)

Armenian: մրջյուն (mrǰyun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marwís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *morwis f (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mauraz, *miurijǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: (with assimilation *morwo- > *mormo-)

Ancient Greek: μύρμηξ (múrmēx) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: μύρμος (múrmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *marwíš m (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *mormīkā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*worm-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: βόρμαξ (bórmax), βύρμαξ (búrmax) (or from *worm-)

Possibly a metathesis of *worm-i- (“worm, larva, ant”) along with semantic narrowing. Or, the two have been conflated due to coincidental similarity.


Proto-Albanian: *meg(u)lā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *míglāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *omíkʰlā (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-twāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-tva (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-þwō (see there for further descendants)

Earlier *-tu- + *-eh₂ (feminine ending).


head

*h₁yénh₂tēr f (oblique stem *h₁yn̥h₂tr-)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: նէր (nēr), նեար (near) — reading variant
Armenian: ներ (ner)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jenˀtē

Proto-Slavic: *ętry (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐνάτηρ (enátēr)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: janitrīcēs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyaHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyaHtā

Sanskrit: यातृ (yātṛ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HyaHtā

Persian: جاری (jâri) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: यन्त्रिणी (yantriṇī), यन्त्रणी (yantraṇī)

co-sister-in-law (wife of the husband's brother)


woḱéh₂

woḱéh₂ (nominative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
woḱéh₂ (singular vocative)
woḱéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
woḱā́m (accusative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
woḱéh₂ (locative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waćáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waśáH

Sanskrit: वशा (vaśā́)

Proto-Italic: *wokā

>? Latin: vacca (if not loaned from a Celtic language) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown root *weḱ- + *-éh₂. A probable substrate word.


non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱoph₂é (singular vocative)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopyto (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hōfaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćapʰás (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kapja


Proto-Celtic: *rīganī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́ȷ́niH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ȷ́niH

Sanskrit: राज्ञी (rā́jñī) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *rēgīnā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃rḗǵs (“king”) + *-nih₂ (feminizing suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *nextī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niftiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náptiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naptíH

Sanskrit: नप्ती (naptī́)

Proto-Iranian: *náptiH

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬍 (naptī)

Proto-Italic: *neptis

Latin: neptis (see there for further descendants)

From the noun *népōts (“grandson”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


*m(y)ówh₁-ti ~ m(y)uh₁-énti (o-grade root athematic verb)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ma-uš-zi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mauˀtei

Latgalian: maut (“to swim”)

⇒ Latgalian: mauduot

⇒ Latvian: maudāt

Lithuanian: mauti

⇒ Lithuanian: máudyti

Proto-Slavic: *myti (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*méyh₁w-ti ~ mih₁w-énti (root athematic verb with metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *míHwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *míHwati

Sanskrit: मीवति (mī́vati)

Proto-Tocharian: *mäiw-

Tocharian B: miw-

*m(y)owh₁-éye-ti (causative)?

Proto-Italic: *moweō

Latin: moveō

Proto-Tocharian: *mäusk-

Tocharian A: musk-

Tocharian B: musk-

*mh₁w-éh₁-ti (stative, with metathesis)

Proto-Germanic: *mawēną (“to scrape”)

Old Norse: má (“to blot out, wear out”)

Icelandic: má

*muH-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *muwwaz

Norwegian Nynorsk: mugg (“dust”)

*múHtrom (uncertain) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: mäs-


bʰey-

báynah

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáynas (< *bʰéyn-o-s)

Old Irish: bechIrish: beachScottish Gaelic: beach


pérkus

pérkus (nominative singular)
pérkewes (nominative plural)
pérku (singular vocative)
pérkewes (plural vocative)
pérkum (accusative singular)
pérkums (accusative plural)
pr̥kʷéws (genitive singular)
pr̥kʷéwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥kʷéws (ablative singular)
pr̥kʷúmos (ablative plural)
pr̥kʷúbʰos (ablative plural)
pr̥kʷéwey (dative singular)
pr̥kʷúmos (dative plural)
pr̥kʷúbʰos (dative plural)
pr̥kʷéw (locative singular)
pr̥kʷéwi (locative singular)
pr̥kʷúsu (locative plural)
pr̥kʷúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pr̥kʷúmis (instrumental plural)
pr̥kʷúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷerkʷus

Gaulish: *érkos (“oak-forest”)

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kʷerkʷernos (“oak people”)

Gallaecian:

→ Latin: Querquernī (ethnonym)

Venetic:

→ Latin: Quarquenī (ethnonym)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kʷerxtos (“bush”)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *perθ
Cornish: perth, Penberth (toponym)
Middle Welsh: perth
Welsh: perth
Pictish:
→ English: Perth (toponym)

Old Irish: ceirt (“apple-tree”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *ferhuz (“body; life; oak-tree”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *ferhwą (“life, essence”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷerkʷus

Latin: quercus (“oak-tree”) (see there for further descendants)


bak-

*bak-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bakas

Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“flank”) (possibly)

*bakk-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *bakkos (“hook”)

*bak-sḱ- (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: bàkstelėti (“to thrust”)

⇒ Latvian: bakstīt (“to poke”)

*bak-tro-m, *bak-tlo-m

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βάκτρον (báktron)

Proto-Italic: *bakklom

Latin: baculum

Proto-Germanic: *pagjō

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *pagilaz


(s)kʷálos

kʷálos (nominative singular)
skʷálos (nominative singular)
kʷáloes (nominative plural)
skʷáloes (nominative plural)
kʷále (singular vocative)
skʷále (singular vocative)
kʷáloes (plural vocative)
skʷáloes (plural vocative)
kʷálom (accusative singular)
skʷálom (accusative singular)
kʷáloms (accusative plural)
skʷáloms (accusative plural)
kʷálosyo (genitive singular)
skʷálosyo (genitive singular)
kʷáloHom (genitive plural)
skʷáloHom (genitive plural)
kʷálead (ablative singular)
skʷálead (ablative singular)
kʷálomos (ablative plural)
skʷálomos (ablative plural)
kʷálobʰos (ablative plural)
skʷálobʰos (ablative plural)
kʷáloey (dative singular)
skʷáloey (dative singular)
kʷálomos (dative plural)
skʷálomos (dative plural)
kʷálobʰos (dative plural)
skʷálobʰos (dative plural)
kʷáley (locative singular)
skʷáley (locative singular)
kʷáloy (locative singular)
skʷáloy (locative singular)
kʷáloysu (locative plural)
skʷáloysu (locative plural)
kʷálōys (instrumental plural)
skʷálōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: kalis (“sheatfish”)

Proto-Germanic: *hwalaz (“whale”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄσπαλος (áspalos, “fish”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)káras

Proto-Iranian: *(s)kárah

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: squalus (“shark”) (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Uralic *kala, as well as to Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn”).


tpelH-

*tpólH-i-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ptólis

Ancient Greek: πτόλις (ptólis), πόλις (pólis)

*tpl̥H-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilis

Latgalian: piļs

Latvian: pils

Lithuanian: pili̇̀s

*tpĺ̥H

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥H

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥H

Sanskrit: पूर् (pū́r, nom. sg)

⇒ Sanskrit: पुर (pura) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: पुरी (purī) (see there for further descendants)


wern-

Proto-Albanian: *werna

Albanian: verr

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գերան (geran)
Armenian: գերան (geran)
→ Northern Kurdish: kêran
→ Turkish: keran

Proto-Celtic: *wernā (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: वरण (varaṇa, “sacred garlic pear, Crateva roxburghii?”)


bʰerHǵós

bʰerHǵós (nominative singular)
bʰerHǵóes (nominative plural)
bʰerHǵé (singular vocative)
bʰerHǵóes (plural vocative)
bʰerHǵóm (accusative singular)
bʰerHǵóms (accusative plural)
bʰerHǵósyo (genitive singular)
bʰerHǵóHom (genitive plural)
bʰerHǵéad (ablative singular)
bʰerHǵómos (ablative plural)
bʰerHǵóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰerHǵóey (dative singular)
bʰerHǵómos (dative plural)
bʰerHǵóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰerHǵéy (locative singular)
bʰerHǵóy (locative singular)
bʰerHǵóysu (locative plural)
bʰerHǵṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *bardza

Albanian: bredh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bérˀźas m, *bérˀźāˀ f (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *berkō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥Hȷ́ás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥Hȷ́ás

Sanskrit: भूर्ज (bhūrjá)

Kashmiri: بُرزٕ (burzụ)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥Hjás

Digor Ossetian: бӕрзӕ (bærzæ)

Iron Ossetian: бӕрз (bærz)


wáy

Proto-Anatolian: *uwáy

Hittite: [script needed] (uwai)

Albanian: vaj

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wái, *uwái

Latvian: vai

Lithuanian: vai̇̃

Proto-Slavic: *uvy

Proto-Celtic: *wai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wai (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *wái

>? Ancient Greek: αἴ (aí), αἶ (aî), οἴ (oí)

>? Ancient Greek: οὐαί (ouaí) (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáy, *uwáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uwáy

Sanskrit: उवे (uvé)

Kashmiri: وای (wāy)

Proto-Iranian: *wáy

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬫𐬋𐬌 (vayōi)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾd /wāy/), 𐫇𐫀𐫏 (wʾy /wāy/)

Persian: وای (vây)

→ Turkish: vay

Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫏 (wʾy /wāy/)

Zazaki: way

→ Old Armenian: վայ (vay)

Armenian: վայ (vay)

Proto-Italic: *wai

Latin: vae (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *wailannā (see there for further descendants)

→ English: gull, seagull

Might have been from an earlier *uwáy (“to see oneself”), which has been preserved in Hittite [script needed] (uwai) and Sanskrit उवे (uvé). The form *wáy would then represent a later innovation. But probably of expressive origin.

onomatopoeic

expressive


welg-

*wolg-éyeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wálˀgīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walg-

Latgalian: volgs, Latgalian: volgons, Latgalian: pavolgs

Latvian: valgs

Proto-Slavic: *volga (see there for further descendants)

Germanic: Proto-Germanic: *wulkaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(u)la-n-g

Albanian: lëng

Proto-Albanian: *ulg(a)ma

Albanian: ulmej

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilgtei

Lithuanian: vi̇̀lgti, vi̇̀lgyti

Latgalian: velgme

Latvian: vil̂gt, velgme, velgans

Old Prussian: welgen

Proto-Slavic: *vьlgnǫti, *vьlgъkъ (see there for further descendants)

A synonym *welk- with a different coda velar appears to exist, whence Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“rain, wet weather”), Latvian valks (“wet; creek”), Old Icelandic valgr (“wet, moist”) and Old High German welh (“wet; mild”).


koḱs-

káćšas

armpit; see there for further descendants


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *elemas

Proto-Slavic: *jьlьmъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *limos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *elmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *olmos

Latin: ulmus (see there for further descendants)