sodéyeti

sodéyom (first-person indicative past singular)
sodéyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sodéyes (indicative past second-person singular)
sodéye (imperative second-person singular)
sodéyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sodéyoys (optative second-person singular)
sodéyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sodéyet (indicative past singular third-person)
sodéyetu (imperative singular third-person)
sodéyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyt (optative singular third-person)
sodéyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sodéyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sodéyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sodéyoywe (dual first-person optative)
sodéyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sodéyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sodéyetom (dual imperative second-person)
sodéyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sodéyoytom (dual optative second-person)
sodéyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sodéyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sodéyetām (dual imperative third-person)
sodéyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoytām (dual optative third-person)
sodéyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sodéyome (first-person indicative past plural)
sodéyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sodéyoyme (first-person optative plural)
sodéyete (indicative plural present second-person)
sodéyete (indicative past plural second-person)
sodéyete (imperative plural second-person)
sodéyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sodéyoyte (optative plural second-person)
sodéyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sodéyont (indicative past plural third-person)
sodéyontu (imperative plural third-person)
sodéyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sodéyonts (indicative participle present)
sodéyeso (imperative second-person singular)
sodéyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
sodéyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
sodéyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyto (optative singular third-person)
sodéyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
sodéyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
sodéyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
sodéyoyro (optative plural third-person)
sodéyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sōdī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sodīti

Old Irish: ad·suidi

Proto-Germanic: *satjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādáyati

Sanskrit: सादयति (sādáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *hādáyati

desc

𐬥𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nišāδaiieⁱti)

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏁𐎠𐎭𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-š-a-d-y-m /niyašādayam/, 1sg.impf.ind.)

From *sed- (“to sit”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *hauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *akouhō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āks- (“to awaken”) (possibly)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ṓws (“ear”) and + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).


h₃roǵéyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *rogīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rakjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāȷ́áyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hrājáyati

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬈 (rāzaiieⁱte, “to direct, lead”)

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).

suffix

to straighten, to make straight, to cause to be straight

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


Elymian: εμι (emi)

Proto-Albanian: *esmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եմ (em)
Armenian: եմ (em)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ésmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *immi, *izmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ezom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *emmi

first-person singular present indicative of *h₁ésti


gʷíh₃wōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwetei

Latvian: dzīt, dzīvot

Lithuanian: gyventi

Old Prussian: gi(j)wan

Proto-Slavic: *žiti (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Breton: beva

Scottish Gaelic: bi

Welsh: byw

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓwō (< *gʷyṓw-ō < *gʷyéh₃w-oh₂)
Ancient Greek: ζώω (zṓō), ζῶ (zô)
Greek: ζω (zo)
Mariupol Greek: зу (zu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰíHwati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷīwō
Latin: vīvō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *śāw-

Tocharian A: śo-

Tocharian B: śai-

Apparently from the adjective *gʷih₃wós (“alive, living”), ultimately from the root *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).
However, Gąsiorowski (2006) takes this verb (and thus the root) to be an irregular dissimilation of *gʷígʷwe-, an isolated reduplicating thematic present from a lost *gʷew- (“move”) (?) with an o-grade root noun in *gʷṓws.


h₁ésm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁és (indicative past second-person singular)
h₁és (imperative second-person singular)
h₁sdʰí (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *esmi
Albanian: jam, (3sg.) është

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: եմ (em), ես (es), է (ē), են (en), (probably) -ի- (-i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (*esmi, *esi, *esti)

Latgalian: byut (asmu, esi, etc. (except ir))

Latvian: būt (esmu, esi, etc. (except ir))

Lithuanian: būti (esu, esi, etc. (except yra))

Old Prussian: ast

Proto-Slavic: *byti (*(j)esmь, *(j)esi, *(j)estь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi
Ancient Greek: εἰμί (eimí)
Aeolic: ἔμμι (émmi)
Cretan: ἠμί (ēmí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *som, *ezom (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ste (“is”)

Athematic root present of *h₁es- (“to be”).


third-person plural present indicative of *h₁ésti


mért

mérm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
mérs (indicative second-person singular)
mér (imperative second-person singular)
mr̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
méresi (second-person singular subjunctive)
mért (indicative singular third-person)
mértu (imperative singular third-person)
méreti (singular subjunctive third-person)
mr̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
mérowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
mr̥tóm (dual indicative second-person)
mr̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
méretes (dual second-person subjunctive)
mr̥tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
mr̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
méretes (dual subjunctive third-person)
mr̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
méromos (first-person plural subjunctive)
mr̥té (indicative plural second-person)
mr̥té (imperative plural second-person)
mérete (plural second-person subjunctive)
m̥rént (indicative plural third-person)
m̥réntu (imperative plural third-person)
méronti (plural subjunctive third-person)
m̥rónts (indicative participle)
mr̥h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
mr̥só (imperative second-person singular)
mr̥tó (indicative singular third-person)
m̥ró (indicative singular third-person)
méretor (singular subjunctive third-person)
m̥rn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
mr̥ró (indicative plural third-person)
mérontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Athematic root aorist of *mer- (“to die”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

⇒ Sanskrit: मरति

Sanskrit: अमृत (ámṛta, 3sg.aor.ind.med.), मरन्ति (maranti, 3pl.aor.subj.act.)


gʷʰoréyeti

gʷʰoréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰoréyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰoréye (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoys (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰoréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰoréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷʰoréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰoréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰoréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰoréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷʰoréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰoréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰoréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰoréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷʰoréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰoréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰoréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷʰoréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰoréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyete (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰoréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷʰoréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰoréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyonts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰoréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰoréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰoréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰoréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰoréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
gʷʰoréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷorīti

Middle Irish: guirid

Irish: gor

Welsh: gwresogi

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰaráyati (though the absence of Brugmann's law lengthening to produce *gʰāráyati implies that this formation may be secondary or that some leveling occurred)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰaráyati

Sanskrit: घरयति (gharáyati) (root घर् (ghar))

From *gʷʰer- (“hot, warm”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).


memóne

memón (imperative second-person singular)
memn̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
meménesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
memóne (indicative singular third-person)
memóntu (imperative singular third-person)
meméneti (singular subjunctive third-person)
memn̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
meménowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
memn̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
meménetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
memn̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
meménetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
memn̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
meménomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
memné (indicative plural second-person)
memn̥té (imperative plural second-person)
meménete (plural second-person subjunctive)
memnḗr (indicative plural third-person)
memnéntu (imperative plural third-person)
meménonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
memn̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *munaną

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέμονα (mémona)

Proto-Italic: *memonai

Latin: meminī

Reduplicated perfect of the root *men- (“to think, mind”).


wóyde

wóyd (imperative second-person singular)
widdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wóyde (indicative singular third-person)
wóydtu (imperative singular third-person)
wéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
widwé (dual first-person indicative)
wéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
widtóm (dual imperative second-person)
wéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
widtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
widmé (first-person indicative plural)
wéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
widé (indicative plural second-person)
widté (imperative plural second-person)
wéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
widḗr (indicative plural third-person)
widéntu (imperative plural third-person)
wéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
widwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Armenian: *gēt-

Old Armenian: գիտեմ (gitem, “to know”)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Latgalian: iraida (“is/are (visible, noticeable)”) (from *irvaida where "ir, ira, irā" ("is/are"))

Latgalian: navaida (“is/are not (visible, noticeable)”)

Latgalian: sovvaids (“peculiar”) (where the first part - sovs (“one's own”))

Proto-Slavic: *věděti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *witaną (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶδα (oîda, “to know”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyda

Sanskrit: वेद (véda)

⇒ Sanskrit: वेत्ति (vetti, present verb)

Proto-Iranian: *wáyda

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛𐬁 (vaēdā), 𐬬𐬋𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬁 (vōistā, 2sg.ind.perf)

>? Proto-Italic: *woidai (see *widēō)

q

or from athematic root aorist <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wéid-t ~ *wid-ént</i>

Latin: vīdī (or from athematic root aorist *wéid-t ~ *wid-ént)

Root stative/perfect of *weyd- (“to see”).


gʷémt

gʷḗm (first-person indicative singular)
gʷm̥yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷéms (indicative second-person singular)
gʷém (imperative second-person singular)
gʷm̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷémesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷémt (indicative singular third-person)
gʷémtu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷémeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
gʷémowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥tóm (dual indicative second-person)
gʷm̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷémetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
gʷm̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷémetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
gʷémomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷm̥té (indicative plural second-person)
gʷm̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷémete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷmént (indicative plural third-person)
gʷméntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷémonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷmónts (indicative participle)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկն (ekn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtei

Latvian: dzimt (“be born”)

Lithuanian: gimti (“be born”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwemaną (from aorist subjunctive) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰant

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अगन् (ágan), गमति (gámati, 3sg.aor.subj.act.) (ग् (g) from गच्छति (gácchati))

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰant

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬘𐬇𐬥 (jə̄n, 3sg.aor.inj.act.), 𐬘𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (jamaⁱtī, 3sg.aor.subj.act.)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰámaHnaH (med.ptc.f.)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰámaHnaH (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root aorist of *gʷem- (“to step”).


gʷm̥sḱéti

gʷm̥sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷm̥sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷm̥sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
gʷm̥sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
gʷm̥sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷm̥sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷm̥sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷm̥sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷm̥sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷm̥sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷm̥sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷm̥sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷm̥sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷm̥sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷm̥sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷm̥sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷm̥sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷm̥sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷm̥sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷm̥sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷm̥sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷm̥sḱónts (indicative participle present)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*en-</i>

Proto-Albanian: *en-gaska (+ *en-)

Albanian: ngah

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́skō
Ancient Greek: βάσκω (báskō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰasćáti (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-sḱéti (durative or iterative verbal suffix).


gʷegʷóme

gʷegʷóm (imperative second-person singular)
gʷegʷm̥dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
gʷegʷémesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷegʷóme (indicative singular third-person)
gʷegʷómtu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷegʷémeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥wé (dual first-person indicative)
gʷegʷémowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷm̥tóm (dual imperative second-person)
gʷegʷémetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷm̥tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
gʷegʷémetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥mé (first-person indicative plural)
gʷegʷémomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷegʷmé (indicative plural second-person)
gʷegʷm̥té (imperative plural second-person)
gʷegʷémete (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷegʷmḗr (indicative plural third-person)
gʷegʷméntu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷegʷémonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷegʷm̥wṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *kwam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agā́ma

Sanskrit: जगाम (jagā́ma)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬨𐬎𐬱- (jaγmuš-, perf.ptc.)

Proto-Italic:

q

with -n- from present <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">veniō</i>

Latin: vēnī (with -n- from present veniō)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kekamu (ppp.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *gʷem- (“to step”).

to have the feet planted, to stand steady


bʰebʰóydʰe

bʰebʰóyd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰidʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰebʰéydʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰebʰóydʰe (indicative singular third-person)
bʰebʰóydʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰebʰéydʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰebʰéydʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰebʰéydʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰé (indicative plural second-person)
bʰebʰidʰté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰebʰéydʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰebʰidʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
bʰebʰidʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰebʰéydʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰebʰidʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *baid

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέποιθᾰ (pépoithă)

Reduplicated stative of the root *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).


lelóykʷe

lelóyk (imperative second-person singular)
lelikʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
leléykʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
lelóykʷe (indicative singular third-person)
lelóykʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
leléykʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
lelikwé (dual first-person indicative)
leléykʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
lelikʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
leléykʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
lelikʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
leléykʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
lelikʷmé (first-person indicative plural)
leléykʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
lelikʷé (indicative plural second-person)
lelikʷté (imperative plural second-person)
leléykʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
lelikʷḗr (indicative plural third-person)
lelikʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
leléykʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
lelikwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *laihw (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λέλοιπᾰ (léloipă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riráyča

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riráyća

Sanskrit: रिरेच (riréca)

Reduplicated stative of the root *leykʷ- (“to leave”).


wewórte

wewórt (imperative second-person singular)
wewr̥tdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wewértesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wewórte (indicative singular third-person)
wewórttu (imperative singular third-person)
wewérteti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥twé (dual first-person indicative)
wewértowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wewr̥ttóm (dual imperative second-person)
wewértetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wewr̥ttā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wewértetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥tmé (first-person indicative plural)
wewértomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wewr̥té (indicative plural second-person)
wewr̥tté (imperative plural second-person)
wewértete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wewr̥tḗr (indicative plural third-person)
wewr̥téntu (imperative plural third-person)
wewértonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wewr̥twṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *warþ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawárta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wawárta

Sanskrit: ववर्त (vavárta), वावर्त (vāvárta)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: vortī

Latin: vertī (1sg.perf.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).


dʰedʰórse

dʰedʰórs (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰr̥sdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰérsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰedʰórse (indicative singular third-person)
dʰedʰórstu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰedʰérseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥swé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰedʰérsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥stóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰedʰérsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥stā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰedʰérsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥smé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰedʰérsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥sé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰedʰr̥sté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰedʰérsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰr̥sḗr (indicative plural third-person)
dʰedʰr̥séntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰedʰérsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰr̥swṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *durzaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰadʰárša

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadʰárṣa

Sanskrit: दधर्ष (dadhárṣa)

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”).


h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂eh₂nóḱ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱwé (dual first-person indicative)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱmé (first-person indicative plural)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱé (indicative plural second-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱté (imperative plural second-person)
h₂eh₂n̥ḱḗr (indicative plural third-person)

>? Proto-Albanian: *ka-nakja

Albanian: kënaq

Proto-Celtic: *ānonke

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">·icc</i>

Old Irish: ·ánaic (past tense of ·icc)

Italic:

Latin: nancīscor

Proto-Germanic: *ganuganą (*ga- + unattested *nōgaz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHnā́ća, *HaHnánća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHnā́śa, *HaHnánśa

Sanskrit: आनाश (ānā́śa), आनंश (ānáṃśa)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, to attain”).


h₂eh₂óyḱ (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂iḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂iḱé (indicative plural second-person)

Proto-Germanic: *aiganą (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aihtēr (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aihtiz (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíHićay (middle voice)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HíHiśay

Sanskrit: ईशे (ī́śe), ईष्टे (ī́ṣṭe)

⇒ Sanskrit: ईश (īśá, “owning, possessing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HíHicay

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬉 (isē) (with short /i/ from nominal forms?)

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬈 (ište)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess, own”).


h₂eh₂gʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₂eh₂gʰé (indicative plural second-person)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *āgetor
⇒ Old Irish: ad·ágathar

Proto-Germanic: *aganą
Gothic: 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan)

Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).


tetórpe

tetórp (imperative second-person singular)
tetr̥pdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tetérpesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tetórpe (indicative singular third-person)
tetórptu (imperative singular third-person)
tetérpeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pwé (dual first-person indicative)
tetérpowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tetr̥ptóm (dual imperative second-person)
tetérpetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tetr̥ptā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tetérpetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pmé (first-person indicative plural)
tetérpomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tetr̥pé (indicative plural second-person)
tetr̥pté (imperative plural second-person)
tetérpete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tetr̥pḗr (indicative plural third-person)
tetr̥péntu (imperative plural third-person)
tetérponti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tetr̥pwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *þurbaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tātárpa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tātárpa

Sanskrit: तातृपुर् (tātṛpúr)

Reduplicated stative of the root *terp- (“to satisfy”).


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕστηκᾰ (héstēkă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stastā́Ha

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stastā́Ha

Sanskrit: तस्थौ (tastháu)

Proto-Italic: *stetai

Latin: stetī

Reduplicated stative of the root *steh₂- (“to stand”).


dedwóye

dedwóy (imperative second-person singular)
dedwidʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dedwéyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dedwóye (indicative singular third-person)
dedwóytu (imperative singular third-person)
dedwéyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dedwiwé (dual first-person indicative)
dedwéyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dedwitóm (dual imperative second-person)
dedwéyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dedwitā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dedwéyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dedwimé (first-person indicative plural)
dedwéyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
deduyé (indicative plural second-person)
dedwité (imperative plural second-person)
dedwéyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
deduyḗr (indicative plural third-person)
deduyéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dedwéyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dedwiwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𔕰𔓱 (kwa/i-ya- /kuwaya-/)

Proto-Hellenic: *dédoika (rebuilt as k-aorist)

desc

Ancient Greek: δέδοικα (dédoika), δείδω (deídō)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wiyo

Reduplicated stative of the root *dwey- (“to fear”).


ǵn̥h₃sḱéti

ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥t (optative plural third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂er (first-person indicative present singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₂e (first-person optative singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂e (indicative past second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
ǵn̥h₃sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁o (optative singular third-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱówedʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative past)
ǵn̥h₃sḱómedʰh₂ (first-person indicative past plural)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (indicative plural present second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (indicative past plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we (imperative plural second-person)
ǵn̥h₃sḱḗdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)

Proto-Albanian: *gnāska

Albanian: njoh

Armenian:

desctree

< earlier <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">*ծանաչեմ</i> (*canačʻem)

Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) — post-Classical (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō (with secondary reduplication)

Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHsćáti (with full-grade root)

Proto-Iranian: *jnaHŝáti

desc

Parthian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /išnās-/, “to recognize, get to know”)

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎴𐎠𐎿𐎠𐎫𐎹 (x-š-n-a-s-a-t-y /xšnāsātiy/, 3sg.subj.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /išnās-/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnʾs /šnās-/)

Proto-Italic: *gnōskō (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-sḱéti (durative verbal suffix).


bʰéreti

bʰérom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰérōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéresi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéres (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰére (imperative second-person singular)
bʰérēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéroys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéreti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéret (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéretu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰérēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰérowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰérowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰérōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéroywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéretes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéretom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéretom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰérētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéroytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéretes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéretām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéretām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰérētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéromos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰérome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰérōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéroyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰérete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰérete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰérete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰérēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéroyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéronti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéront (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰérontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰérōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéronts (indicative participle present)
bʰéreso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéretor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéreto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰérētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰérontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéronto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰérōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéroyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéromnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *berja

Albanian: bie (“to bring”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բերեմ (berem)
Armenian: բերել (berel)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bírāˀtei

Latvian: bḕrt

Lithuanian: ber̃ti

Proto-Slavic: *bьrati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bereti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *beraną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferō (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: beran (“Bring!”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pär-

Tocharian B: pär-

Thematic root present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).


bʰoréyeti

bʰoréyom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰoréyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰoréyes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰoréye (imperative second-person singular)
bʰoréyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰoréyoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰoréyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰoréyet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰoréyetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰoréyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰoréyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰoréyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰoréyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰoréyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰoréyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰoréyetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰoréyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰoréyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰoréyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰoréyetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰoréyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰoréyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰoréyome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰoréyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰoréyoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰoréyete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰoréyete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰoréyete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰoréyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰoréyoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰoréyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰoréyont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰoréyontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰoréyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyonts (indicative participle present)
bʰoréyeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰoréyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰoréyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰoréyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰoréyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰoréyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰoréyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰoréyoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰoréyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰoréyō

Ancient Greek: φορέω (phoréō)
Greek: φορώ (foró)
→ Coptic: ⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ (phorei)
→ English: phoro-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāráyati

Sanskrit: भारयति (bhāráyati)

From *bʰer- (“carry”) + *-éyeti (iterative verbal suffix).


bʰúHt

bʰúHm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
bʰúHs (indicative second-person singular)
bʰúH (imperative second-person singular)
?dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰúHesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰúHt (indicative singular third-person)
bʰúHtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰúHeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
?wé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰúHowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
?tóm (dual indicative second-person)
?tóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰúHetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
?tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
?tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰúHetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
?mé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰúHomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
?té (indicative plural second-person)
?té (imperative plural second-person)
bʰúHete (plural second-person subjunctive)
?ént (indicative plural third-person)
?éntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰúHonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
?ónts (indicative participle)

Athematic root aorist of *bʰuH- (“to be, become, grow, appear”).

fuī (1sg.prf.act.ind of sum)

Proto-Italic: *fūai (1sg.prf.act.ind of *ezom, *som)


wéǵʰeti

wéǵʰoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
wéǵʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéǵʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
wéǵʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéǵʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
wéǵʰe (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰoys (optative second-person singular)
wéǵʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéǵʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
wéǵʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéǵʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéǵʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéǵʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéǵʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéǵʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéǵʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéǵʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéǵʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéǵʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéǵʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéǵʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéǵʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéǵʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéǵʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéǵʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéǵʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéǵʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéǵʰete (imperative plural second-person)
wéǵʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéǵʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéǵʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéǵʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéǵʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰonts (indicative participle present)
wéǵʰoh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
wéǵʰōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰēth₂er (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéǵʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wéǵʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéǵʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂ (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂ (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wéǵʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wéǵʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéǵʰomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *wedza

Albanian: vjedh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *weganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wékʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *weɣō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *weǵʰ- (“to transport”).


wḗǵʰst

wḗǵʰsm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
wḗǵʰsoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wḗǵʰs (indicative second-person singular)
wḗǵʰs (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰsdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
wḗǵʰsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wḗǵʰst (indicative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰstu (imperative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰswe (dual first-person indicative)
wḗǵʰsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰstom (dual indicative second-person)
wéǵʰstom (dual imperative second-person)
wḗǵʰsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰstām (dual indicative third-person)
wéǵʰstām (dual imperative third-person)
wḗǵʰsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsme (first-person indicative plural)
wḗǵʰsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéǵʰste (indicative plural second-person)
wéǵʰste (imperative plural second-person)
wḗǵʰsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéǵʰsn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
wḗǵʰsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥ts (indicative participle)
wéǵʰsh₂e (first-person indicative singular)
wéǵʰso (imperative second-person singular)
wéǵʰsto (indicative singular third-person)
wéǵʰso (indicative singular third-person)
wḗǵʰsetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéǵʰsn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
wéǵʰsro (indicative plural third-person)
wḗǵʰsontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *éwekse

Ancient Greek: ἔϝεξε (éwexe) (Arcadocypriot)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अवाक्षीत्</i> (ávākṣīt)

(later अवाक्षीत् (ávākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अवाट् (ávāṭ) (later अवाक्षीत् (ávākṣīt))

Proto-Italic: *wēksai

Latin: vē̆xī

From *weǵʰ- (“to transport”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).


h₂éǵoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₂éǵom (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂éǵōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵoyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
h₂éǵes (indicative past second-person singular)
h₂éǵe (imperative second-person singular)
h₂éǵēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵet (indicative past singular third-person)
h₂éǵēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵetām (dual indicative past third-person)
h₂éǵetām (dual imperative third-person)
h₂éǵētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
h₂éǵēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵoh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂éǵōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵēth₂er (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₂éǵētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₂éǵōwosdʰh₂ (dual first-person subjunctive)
h₂éǵōmosdʰh₂ (first-person plural subjunctive)
h₂éǵēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ածեմ (acem)
Armenian: ածել (acel)

Proto-Celtic: *ageti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *akaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ágō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *agō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ākeñc

Tocharian B: āśäṃ

Thematic root present of *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).


léykʷt

léykʷm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
léykʷs (indicative second-person singular)
léyk (imperative second-person singular)
likʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
léykʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
léykʷt (indicative singular third-person)
léykʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
léykʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
likwé (dual first-person indicative)
léykʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
likʷtóm (dual indicative second-person)
likʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
léykʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
likʷtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
likʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
léykʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
likʷmé (first-person indicative plural)
léykʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
likʷté (indicative plural second-person)
likʷté (imperative plural second-person)
léykʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
likʷént (indicative plural third-person)
likʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
léykʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
likʷónts (indicative participle)
likʷsó (imperative second-person singular)
likʷtó (indicative singular third-person)
likʷó (indicative singular third-person)
léykʷetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
likʷn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
likʷró (indicative plural third-person)
léykʷontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”) (possibly)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *lixъ (“remaining, odd number”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *līhwaną (“to lend”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lībaną (“to remain, be left”) (voiced Verner alternate with pre-proto-Germanic kʷ -> p)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)

Proto-Italic: *leikʷai

Latin: līquī

Athematic root aorist of *leykʷ- (“to leave”).


linékʷti

linékʷmi (first-person indicative present singular)
linékʷm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
linékʷsi (indicative present second-person singular)
linékʷs (indicative past second-person singular)
linék (imperative second-person singular)
linkʷdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
linékʷesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
linékʷti (indicative present singular third-person)
linékʷt (indicative past singular third-person)
linékʷtu (imperative singular third-person)
linékʷeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
linkwós (dual first-person indicative present)
linkwé (dual first-person indicative past)
linékʷowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
linkʷtés (dual indicative present second-person)
linkʷtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
linkʷtóm (dual imperative second-person)
linékʷetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
linkʷtés (dual indicative present third-person)
linkʷtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
linkʷtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
linékʷetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
linkʷmós (first-person indicative plural present)
linkʷmé (first-person indicative past plural)
linékʷomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
linkʷté (indicative plural present second-person)
linkʷté (indicative past plural second-person)
linkʷté (imperative plural second-person)
linékʷete (plural second-person subjunctive)
linkʷénti (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷént (indicative past plural third-person)
linkʷéntu (imperative plural third-person)
linékʷonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
linkʷónts (indicative participle present)
linkʷsó (imperative second-person singular)
linkʷtór (indicative present singular third-person)
linkʷór (indicative present singular third-person)
linkʷtó (indicative past singular third-person)
linkʷó (indicative past singular third-person)
linékʷetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
linkʷn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷrór (indicative plural present third-person)
linkʷn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
linkʷró (indicative past plural third-person)
linékʷontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լքանեմ (lkʻanem, “to leave”)

Proto-Celtic: *linkʷīti (with unexpected extension of the stem with -ī-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rinákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rinákti

Sanskrit: रिणक्ति (riṇákti, “he leaves”)

Proto-Iranian: *rináxti

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬌 (ⁱrinaxti)

Proto-Italic: *linkʷō

Latin: linquō (“I leave”)

Ancient Greek: λιμπάνω (limpánō, “I leave; I am absent”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lifnaną (to remain, be left)

From *leykʷ- (“to leave”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


bʰinédti

bʰinédmi (first-person indicative present singular)
bʰinédm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰinédsi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰinéds (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰinéd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰinddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰinédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰinédti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰinédt (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰinédtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰinédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰindwós (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰindwé (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰinédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰindtés (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰindtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰindtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰinédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰindtés (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰindtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰindtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰinédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰindmós (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰindmé (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰinédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰindté (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰindté (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰindté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰinédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰindénti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindént (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰindéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰinédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰindónts (indicative participle present)
bʰindsó (imperative second-person singular)
bʰindtór (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰindór (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰindtó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰindó (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰinédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰindn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindrór (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰindn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰindró (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰinédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰinátˢti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *findō (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


bʰéydt

bʰéydm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
bʰéyds (indicative second-person singular)
bʰéyd (imperative second-person singular)
bʰiddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydt (indicative singular third-person)
bʰéydtu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéydeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰidwé (dual first-person indicative)
bʰéydowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰidtóm (dual indicative second-person)
bʰidtóm (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéydetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰidtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
bʰidtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéydetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰidmé (first-person indicative plural)
bʰéydomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰidté (indicative plural second-person)
bʰidté (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéydete (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰidént (indicative plural third-person)
bʰidéntu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéydonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰidónts (indicative participle)
bʰidsó (imperative second-person singular)
bʰidtó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰidó (indicative singular third-person)
bʰéydetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰidn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
bʰidró (indicative plural third-person)
bʰéydontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Germanic: *bītaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: φείδομαι (pheídomai, “to spare”) (unclear semantic development)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hábʰayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hábʰayt

Sanskrit: अभेत् (ábhet), भेदति (bhédati, 3sg.subj.aor.)

Athematic root aorist of *bʰeyd- (“to split”).


spéḱyeti

spéḱyom (first-person indicative past singular)
spéḱyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
spéḱyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
spéḱyes (indicative past second-person singular)
spéḱye (imperative second-person singular)
spéḱyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
spéḱyoys (optative second-person singular)
spéḱyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
spéḱyet (indicative past singular third-person)
spéḱyetu (imperative singular third-person)
spéḱyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyt (optative singular third-person)
spéḱyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
spéḱyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
spéḱyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoywe (dual first-person optative)
spéḱyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
spéḱyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
spéḱyetom (dual imperative second-person)
spéḱyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoytom (dual optative second-person)
spéḱyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
spéḱyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
spéḱyetām (dual imperative third-person)
spéḱyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoytām (dual optative third-person)
spéḱyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
spéḱyome (first-person indicative past plural)
spéḱyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
spéḱyoyme (first-person optative plural)
spéḱyete (indicative plural present second-person)
spéḱyete (indicative past plural second-person)
spéḱyete (imperative plural second-person)
spéḱyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
spéḱyoyte (optative plural second-person)
spéḱyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
spéḱyont (indicative past plural third-person)
spéḱyontu (imperative plural third-person)
spéḱyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyonts (indicative participle present)
spéḱyeso (imperative second-person singular)
spéḱyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
spéḱyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
spéḱyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyto (optative singular third-person)
spéḱyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
spéḱyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
spéḱyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
spéḱyoyro (optative plural third-person)
spéḱyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *sképťomai (with metathesis)

Ancient Greek: σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)páśyati

Sanskrit: पश्यति (páśyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *spácyati

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬁 (spasiiā, 1sg.pres.act.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spasiieⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *spekjō

Latin: speciō

From *speḱ- (“to see, to look, to observe”) + *-yeti.


ḱéytor

ḱéyh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱéyso (imperative second-person singular)
ḱéytor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéyor (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱéyto (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéyo (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱéyn̥tor (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱéyror (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱéyn̥to (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱéyro (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱéyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ḱiytor

desc

Hittite: 𒆠𒀉𒋫 (ki-it-ta /kitta/), 𒆠𒀉𒋫𒊑 (ki-it-ta-ri /kittari/), 𒆠𒀉𒁕𒊑 (ki-id-da-ri /kittari/)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒍣𒄿𒀀𒅈 (zi-ya-ar /ziyar/), 𒍣𒄿𒄿𒀀𒊑 (zi-i-ya-ri /zīyari/)

Lycian: 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊚𐊏𐊆 (sijẽni), 𐊖𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊏𐊆 (sijeni)

Palaic: 𒆠𒄿𒋫𒅈 (ki-i-ta-ar /kītār/)

Proto-Hellenic: *kéimai

Ancient Greek: κεῖμαι (keîmai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáyay

Sanskrit:

Vedic Sanskrit: शये (śáye, 3sg.)

Classical Sanskrit: शेते (śéte)

Proto-Iranian: *cáytay

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬉 (saētē, 3sg.), 𐬯𐬋𐬌𐬭𐬈 (sōⁱre, 3pl.)

Athematic Narten root verb of *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).


wéstor

wéso (imperative second-person singular)
wéstor (indicative present singular third-person)
wésor (indicative present singular third-person)
wésto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéso (indicative past singular third-person)
wésetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wésn̥tor (indicative plural present third-person)
wésror (indicative plural present third-person)
wésn̥to (indicative past plural third-person)
wésro (indicative past plural third-person)
wésontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒋫 (ú-e-eš-ta) 𒌑𒌍𒋫 (ú-eš-ta, 3.sg.pres.mid.), 𒌑𒂊𒌍𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ú-e-eš-ša-an-da, 2.pl.pres.mid.)

q

from earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*wésmai</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmai (from earlier *wésmai)

desc

perfect of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἕννυμι</i> (hénnumi)

Ancient Greek: εἷμαι (heîmai, perfect of ἕννυμι (hénnumi)), ἕσσαι (héssai, 2sg.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wástay

Sanskrit वस्ते (váste)

Proto-Iranian: *wástay

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬉 (vastē)

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaŋhaⁱti) (thematization)

Athematic Narten root verb of *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).

𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁𐬥𐬀

Proto-Iranian: *wáhaHnah; Younger Avestan


stā́m (first-person indicative singular)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστην (éstēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástaHt

Sanskrit: अस्थात् (ásthāt)

Athematic root aorist of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).


stístām (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Celtic: *sistati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hístāmi

Ancient Greek: ἵστημι (hístēmi), ἵστᾱμαι (hístāmai)

Doric Greek: ἵστᾱμι (hístāmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stíštaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)tíṣṭaHti

Sanskrit: तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati)

Proto-Iranian: *híštaHti

Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hištaⁱti, med.3.sg), 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (hištəṇti, med.3.pl)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎫 (aištatā-) (< *a-hišta-)

Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)

Proto-Italic: *sistō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: sistō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic i-reduplicated root of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).


stnā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Albanian: *stan-

Albanian: shtãj

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (istanh-ᵐⁱ)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ստանամ (stanam)

Armenian: ստանալ (stanal)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stati (present *stan-)

Hellenic:

Cretan Greek: στανύω (stanúō)

Proto-Italic: *stanō

Latin: dē-stinō, ob-stinō

From *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


dʰéh₁t

dʰéh₁m̥ (first-person indicative singular)
dʰéh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
dʰh₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
dʰéh₁s (indicative second-person singular)
dʰéh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
dʰh₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰéh₁t (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁wé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰh₁tā́m (dual indicative third-person)
dʰh₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰh₁mé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰh₁té (indicative plural second-person)
dʰh₁té (imperative plural second-person)
dʰh₁h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
dʰh₁ih₁h₂é (first-person optative singular)
dʰh₁th₂é (indicative second-person singular)
dʰh₁só (imperative second-person singular)
dʰh₁tó (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁ó (indicative singular third-person)
dʰh₁ih₁ó (optative singular third-person)
dʰh₁wédʰh₂ (dual first-person indicative)
dʰh₁médʰh₂ (first-person indicative plural)
dʰh₁dʰh₂wé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰh₁dʰh₂wé (imperative plural second-person)
dʰh₁n̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
dʰh₁ró (indicative plural third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *dǣ́di (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եդ (ed)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *děti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dōną (from o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *étʰēka (rebuilt as k-aorist)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔθηκᾰ sg (éthēkă), ἔθεμεν pl (éthemen)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádʰaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HádʰaHt

Sanskrit: अधात् (ádhāt)

Proto-Italic: *-ðō

Latin: -dō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root aorist of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).


dʰédʰeh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰédʰeh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
dʰédʰh₁dʰi (imperative second-person singular)
dʰédʰh₁tām (dual indicative past third-person)
dʰédʰh₁tām (dual imperative third-person)
dʰédʰh₁n̥t (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰédʰh₁h₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰédʰh₁o (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *didīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dedē (past tense of *dōną, from imperfect; possibly also the source of the past tense suffix of weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *t(e/i)tʰēmi

Ancient Greek: τίθημι (títhēmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰaHti (see there for further descendants)

Athematic e-reduplicated present of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).


tl̥nā́m (first-person indicative past singular)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: թողում (tʻołum)
Armenian: թողնել (tʻołnel), թողել (tʻołel), թողուլ (tʻołul) — Western Armenian

Proto-Celtic: *tlinati
Old Irish: tlenaid

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀνατέλλω (anatéllō)

Proto-Italic: *tolnō

Latin: tollō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tallaṃ

From *telh₂- (“to bear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


tḗl (imperative second-person singular)
tl̥h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tl̥h₂h₂é (first-person indicative singular)
tl̥h₂ó (indicative singular third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔτλην (étlēn)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Old Latin: abstulās, attulat (subj.)

Athematic root aorist of *telh₂- (“to bear”).


tetṓl (imperative second-person singular)
tetóltu (imperative singular third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

1pl.perf. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἔτλην</i> (étlēn)

Epic Greek: τέτλαμεν (tétlamen, 1pl.perf. of ἔτλην (étlēn))

Proto-Italic: *tetolai

i

Latin: tetulī, tulī (now suppletive conjugations of the unrelated ferō (“to bear, carry”))

Venetic: 𐌕𐌏𐌋𐌄𐌓 (toler)

Reduplicated stative of the root *telh₂- (“to bear”).


sísdeti

sísdom (first-person indicative past singular)
sísdesi (indicative present second-person singular)
sísdes (indicative past second-person singular)
sísde (imperative second-person singular)
sísdēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sísdoys (optative second-person singular)
sísdeti (indicative present singular third-person)
sísdet (indicative past singular third-person)
sísdetu (imperative singular third-person)
sísdēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sísdoyt (optative singular third-person)
sísdowos (dual first-person indicative present)
sísdowe (dual first-person indicative past)
sísdōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sísdoywe (dual first-person optative)
sísdetes (dual indicative present second-person)
sísdetom (dual indicative past second-person)
sísdetom (dual imperative second-person)
sísdētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sísdoytom (dual optative second-person)
sísdetes (dual indicative present third-person)
sísdetām (dual indicative past third-person)
sísdetām (dual imperative third-person)
sísdētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sísdoytām (dual optative third-person)
sísdomos (first-person indicative plural present)
sísdome (first-person indicative past plural)
sísdōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sísdoyme (first-person optative plural)
sísdete (indicative plural present second-person)
sísdete (indicative past plural second-person)
sísdete (imperative plural second-person)
sísdēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
sísdoyte (optative plural second-person)
sísdonti (indicative plural present third-person)
sísdont (indicative past plural third-person)
sísdontu (imperative plural third-person)
sísdōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sísdonts (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նստիմ (nstim) (< *ni-sísdeti)

Armenian: նստել (nstel)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēˀstei

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: sindants (reformed as a nasal-infix present, or perhaps cf. Polish siąść)

East Baltic:

Latvian: sēsties

Lithuanian: sė́sti

Proto-Slavic: *sěsti (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *hízdō
Ancient Greek: ἵζω (hízō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síždati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sizdō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic i-reduplicated root of *sed- (“to sit”).


sédt

sédm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
séds (indicative second-person singular)
séd (imperative second-person singular)
sddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
sédesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
sédt (indicative singular third-person)
sédtu (imperative singular third-person)
sédeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
sdwé (dual first-person indicative)
sédowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
sdtóm (dual indicative second-person)
sdtóm (dual imperative second-person)
sédetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
sdtā́m (dual indicative third-person)
sdtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
sédetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
sdmé (first-person indicative plural)
sédomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
sdté (indicative plural second-person)
sdté (imperative plural second-person)
sédete (plural second-person subjunctive)
sdént (indicative plural third-person)
sdéntu (imperative plural third-person)
sédonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
sdónts (indicative participle)
sdsó (imperative second-person singular)
sdtó (indicative singular third-person)
sdó (indicative singular third-person)
sédetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
sdn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
sdró (indicative plural third-person)
sédontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἷσα (heîsa)

Athematic root aorist of *sed- (“to sit”).


wéryeti

wéryom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéryesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéryes (indicative past second-person singular)
wérye (imperative second-person singular)
wéryēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéryoys (optative second-person singular)
wéryeti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéryet (indicative past singular third-person)
wéryetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéryēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéryoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéryowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéryowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéryōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéryoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéryetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéryetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéryetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéryētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéryoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéryetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéryetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéryetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéryētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéryoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéryomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéryome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéryōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéryoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéryete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéryete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéryete (imperative plural second-person)
wéryēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéryoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéryonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéryont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéryontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéryōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéryonts (indicative participle present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒄿𒊍𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ya-az-zi, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřō

Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)

From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y.


wértti

wértmi (first-person indicative present singular)
wértm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
wértsi (indicative present second-person singular)
wérts (indicative past second-person singular)
wért (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥tdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
wértesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wértti (indicative present singular third-person)
wértt (indicative past singular third-person)
wérttu (imperative singular third-person)
wérteti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥twós (dual first-person indicative present)
wr̥twé (dual first-person indicative past)
wértowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wr̥ttés (dual indicative present second-person)
wr̥ttóm (dual indicative past second-person)
wr̥ttóm (dual imperative second-person)
wértetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ttés (dual indicative present third-person)
wr̥ttā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
wr̥ttā́m (dual imperative third-person)
wértetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wr̥tmós (first-person indicative plural present)
wr̥tmé (first-person indicative past plural)
wértomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wr̥tté (indicative plural present second-person)
wr̥tté (indicative past plural second-person)
wr̥tté (imperative plural second-person)
wértete (plural second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ténti (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥tént (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥téntu (imperative plural third-person)
wértonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥tónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wertō

Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).


bʰéydʰeti

bʰéydʰom (first-person indicative past singular)
bʰéydʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydʰesi (indicative present second-person singular)
bʰéydʰes (indicative past second-person singular)
bʰéydʰe (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoys (optative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰeti (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéydʰet (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéydʰetu (imperative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyt (optative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰowos (dual first-person indicative present)
bʰéydʰowe (dual first-person indicative past)
bʰéydʰōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoywe (dual first-person optative)
bʰéydʰetes (dual indicative present second-person)
bʰéydʰetom (dual indicative past second-person)
bʰéydʰetom (dual imperative second-person)
bʰéydʰētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoytom (dual optative second-person)
bʰéydʰetes (dual indicative present third-person)
bʰéydʰetām (dual indicative past third-person)
bʰéydʰetām (dual imperative third-person)
bʰéydʰētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoytām (dual optative third-person)
bʰéydʰomos (first-person indicative plural present)
bʰéydʰome (first-person indicative past plural)
bʰéydʰōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoyme (first-person optative plural)
bʰéydʰete (indicative plural present second-person)
bʰéydʰete (indicative past plural second-person)
bʰéydʰete (imperative plural second-person)
bʰéydʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
bʰéydʰoyte (optative plural second-person)
bʰéydʰonti (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéydʰont (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéydʰontu (imperative plural third-person)
bʰéydʰōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰonts (indicative participle present)
bʰéydʰeso (imperative second-person singular)
bʰéydʰetor (indicative present singular third-person)
bʰéydʰeto (indicative past singular third-person)
bʰéydʰētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyto (optative singular third-person)
bʰéydʰontor (indicative plural present third-person)
bʰéydʰonto (indicative past plural third-person)
bʰéydʰōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
bʰéydʰoyro (optative plural third-person)
bʰéydʰomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *bīdaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *péitʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *feiðō (see there for further descendants)

Thematic root present of *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).


Proto-Celtic: *ludet

Old Irish: luid

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗlutʰe

Ancient Greek: ἤλυθε (ḗluthe), ἤλυθον (ḗluthon), ἦλθον (êlthon) (< syncope)

Proto-Tocharian: *lŭt-

Tocharian A: lät-

Tocharian B: lät-

Thematic root aorist of *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow, climb”).


tn̥néwti

tn̥néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
tn̥nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
tn̥néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
tn̥néws (indicative past second-person singular)
tn̥néw (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
tn̥néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
tn̥néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
tn̥nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
tn̥néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
tn̥nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
tn̥nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
tn̥nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
tn̥néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
tn̥nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
tn̥nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
tn̥nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
tn̥néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
tn̥numós (first-person indicative plural present)
tn̥numé (first-person indicative past plural)
tn̥néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
tn̥nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
tn̥nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
tn̥nuté (imperative plural second-person)
tn̥néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
tn̥nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
tn̥nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
tn̥nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
tn̥néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nwónts (indicative participle present)
tn̥nusó (imperative second-person singular)
tn̥nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
tn̥nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
tn̥néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
tn̥nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
tn̥nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
tn̥nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
tn̥nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
tn̥néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *tannuti

Cornish: tan

Middle Welsh: tannu

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάνυται (tánutai), τανύω (tanúō) (through later thematicization)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tanáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tanáwti

Sanskrit: तनोति (tanóti)

Proto-Iranian: *tanáwti

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (tanuiia, 1sg.opt.)

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-néwti.


pr̥sḱéti

pr̥sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
pr̥sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
pr̥sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
pr̥sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
pr̥sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
pr̥sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
pr̥sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
pr̥sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
pr̥sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
pr̥sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
pr̥sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
pr̥sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
pr̥sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
pr̥sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
pr̥sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
pr̥sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
pr̥sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
pr̥sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
pr̥sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
pr̥sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
pr̥sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
pr̥sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
pr̥sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
pr̥sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
pr̥sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
pr̥sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
pr̥sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
pr̥sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
pr̥sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
pr̥sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱónts (indicative participle present)
pr̥sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
pr̥sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
pr̥sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
pr̥sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
pr̥sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
pr̥sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
pr̥sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
pr̥sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
pr̥sḱómnos (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: հարցանեմ (harcʻanem)
Armenian: հարցնել (harcʻnel)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸarsketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥šćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porskō (see there for further descendants)

From *preḱ- (“to ask”) + *-sḱéti (iterative verbal suffix), with simplification of the consonant cluster.

suffix

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *forskōn

Proto-West Germanic: *forsku (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: पृच्छा→ Malayalam: പൃച്ഛPali: pucchā→ Telugu: పృచ్ఛ


wr̥ǵyéti

wr̥ǵyóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
wr̥ǵyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
wr̥ǵyṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyési (indicative present second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyés (indicative past second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyé (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóys (optative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyét (indicative past singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyétu (imperative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyt (optative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
wr̥ǵyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
wr̥ǵyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóywe (dual first-person optative)
wr̥ǵyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
wr̥ǵyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
wr̥ǵyétom (dual imperative second-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóytom (dual optative second-person)
wr̥ǵyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
wr̥ǵyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
wr̥ǵyétām (dual imperative third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóytām (dual optative third-person)
wr̥ǵyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
wr̥ǵyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
wr̥ǵyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóyme (first-person optative plural)
wr̥ǵyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
wr̥ǵyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyéte (imperative plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wr̥ǵyóyte (optative plural second-person)
wr̥ǵyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥ǵyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyónts (indicative participle present)
wr̥ǵyéso (imperative second-person singular)
wr̥ǵyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyto (optative singular third-person)
wr̥ǵyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
wr̥ǵyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wr̥ǵyóyro (optative plural third-person)
wr̥ǵyómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *wurkijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wərďďō

Ancient Greek:

ἔρδω (érdō) (< secondary full-grade *wérďďō)

ῥέζω (rhézō) (< secondary metathesized full-grade *wréďďō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀽 (wo-ze /worzei/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥ȷ́yáti

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥jyáti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti)


gʷʰédʰyeti

gʷʰédʰyoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
gʷʰédʰyom (first-person indicative past singular)
gʷʰédʰyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyes (indicative past second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰye (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoys (optative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyet (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetu (imperative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyt (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
gʷʰédʰyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
gʷʰédʰyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoywe (dual first-person optative)
gʷʰédʰyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetom (dual imperative second-person)
gʷʰédʰyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoytom (dual optative second-person)
gʷʰédʰyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
gʷʰédʰyetām (dual imperative third-person)
gʷʰédʰyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoytām (dual optative third-person)
gʷʰédʰyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
gʷʰédʰyome (first-person indicative past plural)
gʷʰédʰyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoyme (first-person optative plural)
gʷʰédʰyete (indicative plural present second-person)
gʷʰédʰyete (indicative past plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyete (imperative plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyoyte (optative plural second-person)
gʷʰédʰyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyont (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyontu (imperative plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyonts (indicative participle present)
gʷʰédʰyōh₂er (first-person singular subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyeso (imperative second-person singular)
gʷʰédʰyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyto (optative singular third-person)
gʷʰédʰyēdʰh₂we (plural second-person subjunctive)
gʷʰédʰyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
gʷʰédʰyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
gʷʰédʰyoyro (optative plural third-person)
gʷʰédʰyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyeti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to bid, make a request (of); ask”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰádʰyati

Proto-Iranian: *ǰádyati

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (jaⁱδiiemi)

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 (j-di-i-y-a-mi-i-y /jadiyāmiy/)

From *gʷʰedʰ- (“to request, ask for”) + *-yeti.


desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *aléksō
Ancient Greek: ἀλέξω (aléxō), ἀλέκω (alékō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrákšati (see there for further descendants)


wéwket

wéwkom (first-person indicative singular)
wéwkes (indicative second-person singular)
wéwke (imperative second-person singular)
wéwkēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéwkoys (optative second-person singular)
wéwket (indicative singular third-person)
wéwketu (imperative singular third-person)
wéwkēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéwkowe (dual first-person indicative)
wéwkōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéwkoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéwketom (dual indicative second-person)
wéwketom (dual imperative second-person)
wéwkētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéwkoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéwketām (dual indicative third-person)
wéwketām (dual imperative third-person)
wéwkētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéwkome (first-person indicative plural)
wéwkōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéwkoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéwkete (indicative plural second-person)
wéwkete (imperative plural second-person)
wéwkēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéwkoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéwkont (indicative plural third-person)
wéwkontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéwkōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéwkonts (indicative participle)
wéwkeso (imperative second-person singular)
wéwketo (indicative singular third-person)
wéwkētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéwkonto (indicative plural third-person)
wéwkōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéwkoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéwkomnos (indicative participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *weikʷon (< earlier *weukʷom)

Ancient Greek: εἶπον (eîpon) (Homeric ἔειπον (éeipon))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwawčat (see there for further descendants)

Thematic reduplicated root aorist of *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”).


dḗyḱst

dḗyḱsm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
dḗyḱs (indicative second-person singular)
dḗyḱs (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱsdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
dḗyḱsesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dḗyḱst (indicative singular third-person)
dḗyḱstu (imperative singular third-person)
dḗyḱseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
déyḱswe (dual first-person indicative)
dḗyḱsowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
déyḱstom (dual indicative second-person)
déyḱstom (dual imperative second-person)
dḗyḱsetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
déyḱstām (dual indicative third-person)
déyḱstām (dual imperative third-person)
dḗyḱsetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsme (first-person indicative plural)
dḗyḱsomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
déyḱste (indicative plural second-person)
déyḱste (imperative plural second-person)
dḗyḱsete (plural second-person subjunctive)
déyḱsn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
déyḱsn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
dḗyḱsonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsn̥ts (indicative participle)
déyḱso (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱsto (indicative singular third-person)
déyḱso (indicative singular third-person)
dḗyḱsetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
déyḱsn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
déyḱsro (indicative plural third-person)
dḗyḱsontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Hellenic: *édeixə

Ancient Greek: ἔδειξᾰ (édeixă)

Proto-Italic: *deiksai

Latin: dīxī

From *deyḱ- (“to point out, to show”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rъděti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rudīti
Old Irish: ruidid

Proto-Germanic: *rudāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruðēō

Latin: rubeō

From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-éh₁ti (inchoative or fientive verbal suffix).


wéydseti

wéydsom (first-person indicative past singular)
wéydsesi (indicative present second-person singular)
wéydses (indicative past second-person singular)
wéydse (imperative second-person singular)
wéydsēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
wéydsoys (optative second-person singular)
wéydseti (indicative present singular third-person)
wéydset (indicative past singular third-person)
wéydsetu (imperative singular third-person)
wéydsēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyt (optative singular third-person)
wéydsowos (dual first-person indicative present)
wéydsowe (dual first-person indicative past)
wéydsōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
wéydsoywe (dual first-person optative)
wéydsetes (dual indicative present second-person)
wéydsetom (dual indicative past second-person)
wéydsetom (dual imperative second-person)
wéydsētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
wéydsoytom (dual optative second-person)
wéydsetes (dual indicative present third-person)
wéydsetām (dual indicative past third-person)
wéydsetām (dual imperative third-person)
wéydsētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoytām (dual optative third-person)
wéydsomos (first-person indicative plural present)
wéydsome (first-person indicative past plural)
wéydsōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
wéydsoyme (first-person optative plural)
wéydsete (indicative plural present second-person)
wéydsete (indicative past plural second-person)
wéydsete (imperative plural second-person)
wéydsēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
wéydsoyte (optative plural second-person)
wéydsonti (indicative plural present third-person)
wéydsont (indicative past plural third-person)
wéydsontu (imperative plural third-person)
wéydsōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéydsonts (indicative participle present)
wéydseso (imperative second-person singular)
wéydsetor (indicative present singular third-person)
wéydseto (indicative past singular third-person)
wéydsētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyto (optative singular third-person)
wéydsontor (indicative plural present third-person)
wéydsonto (indicative past plural third-person)
wéydsōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
wéydsoyro (optative plural third-person)
wéydsomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Italic: *weissō

Latin: vīsō

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

East Baltic:

desc

Latgalian: vaicuot (“to want to see, to look for”)

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-(h₁)seti (desiderative verbal suffix).


néwām (first-person indicative past singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉈𒂊𒌋𒉿𒄴𒄩𒀭𒍣 (ne-e-u-wa-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi /nēwaḫḫ-/, “renew”)

Proto-Hellenic: *newaō

Ancient Greek: νεάω (neáō)

Proto-Italic: *nowāō

Latin: novō

From the adjective *néwos (“new”) + *-h₂ti.


déyḱti

déyḱmi (first-person indicative present singular)
déyḱm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
déyḱsi (indicative present second-person singular)
déyḱs (indicative past second-person singular)
déyḱ (imperative second-person singular)
diḱdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
déyḱesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
déyḱti (indicative present singular third-person)
déyḱt (indicative past singular third-person)
déyḱtu (imperative singular third-person)
déyḱeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
diḱwós (dual first-person indicative present)
diḱwé (dual first-person indicative past)
déyḱowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
diḱtés (dual indicative present second-person)
diḱtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
diḱtóm (dual imperative second-person)
déyḱetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
diḱtés (dual indicative present third-person)
diḱtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
diḱtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
déyḱetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
diḱmós (first-person indicative plural present)
diḱmé (first-person indicative past plural)
déyḱomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
diḱté (indicative plural present second-person)
diḱté (indicative past plural second-person)
diḱté (imperative plural second-person)
déyḱete (plural second-person subjunctive)
diḱénti (indicative plural present third-person)
diḱént (indicative past plural third-person)
diḱéntu (imperative plural third-person)
déyḱonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
diḱónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Germanic: *tīhaną (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *deikō
Latin: dīcō, deicō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌊𐌖𐌌 (deíkum)
Umbrian: deitu

Athematic root present of Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show”).


dʰéwgʰti

dʰéwgʰmi (first-person indicative present singular)
dʰéwgʰm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
dʰéwgʰsi (indicative present second-person singular)
dʰéwgʰs (indicative past second-person singular)
dʰéwg (imperative second-person singular)
dʰugʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰéwgʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰéwgʰti (indicative present singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰt (indicative past singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰéwgʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰwós (dual first-person indicative present)
dʰugʰwé (dual first-person indicative past)
dʰéwgʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰtés (dual indicative present second-person)
dʰugʰtóm (dual indicative past second-person)
dʰugʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰéwgʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰtés (dual indicative present third-person)
dʰugʰtā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
dʰugʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰéwgʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰmós (first-person indicative plural present)
dʰugʰmé (first-person indicative past plural)
dʰéwgʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰugʰté (indicative plural present second-person)
dʰugʰté (indicative past plural second-person)
dʰugʰté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰéwgʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰugʰénti (indicative plural present third-person)
dʰugʰént (indicative past plural third-person)
dʰugʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰéwgʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰugʰónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *téukʰō (thematized)

Ancient Greek: τεύχω (teúkhō)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgdʰi (“to milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).


dʰedʰówgʰe

dʰedʰówg (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰugʰdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
dʰedʰéwgʰesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
dʰedʰówgʰe (indicative singular third-person)
dʰedʰówgʰtu (imperative singular third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰwé (dual first-person indicative)
dʰedʰéwgʰowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰtóm (dual imperative second-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰtā́m (dual imperative third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰmé (first-person indicative plural)
dʰedʰéwgʰomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰé (indicative plural second-person)
dʰedʰugʰté (imperative plural second-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰete (plural second-person subjunctive)
dʰedʰugʰḗr (indicative plural third-person)
dʰedʰugʰéntu (imperative plural third-person)
dʰedʰéwgʰonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
dʰedʰugʰwṓs (indicative participle)

Proto-Germanic: *duganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰudʰáwǰʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dudáwźʰa

Sanskrit: दुदोह (dudóha), दुदुहुर् (duduhúr, 3.pl.perf.)

Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).


Hrunépti

Hrunépmi (first-person indicative present singular)
Hrunépsi (indicative present second-person singular)
Hrunépesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Hrunépti (indicative present singular third-person)
Hrunépt (indicative past singular third-person)
Hrunéptu (imperative singular third-person)
Hrunépeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Hrunépete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Hrunéponti (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrumpáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrumpáti

Sanskrit: लुम्पति (lumpáti), लुम्पते (lumpáte)

Proto-Italic: *rumpō

Latin: rumpō (see there for further descendants)

From *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”) + *-né- (nasal infix).


Hréwpt

Hréwps (indicative second-person singular)
Hréwpt (indicative singular third-person)
Hréwptu (imperative singular third-person)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *reufaną (from subjunctive) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roupai

Latin: rūpī

Athematic root aorist of *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”).


h₁édm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁éd (imperative second-person singular)
h₁ddʰí (imperative second-person singular)
h₁dh₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁dó (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔed- ~ *ʔd- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀdtei (earlier)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *essi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *etaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *édō (thematic) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátˢti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *edō (see there for further descendants)

Athematic root present of *h₁ed- (“to eat”).


Proto-Germanic: *rikwizjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraǰasyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́asyáti

Sanskrit: रजस्यति (rajasyáti)

From *h₁régʷos (“darkness”) + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).


h₂élōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Celtic: *aleti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alō

Latin: alō

Thematic root present of *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”).


h₂éryōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtei

Latvian: ar̂t

Lithuanian: árti

Proto-Slavic: *orati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aryeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aroyō (with restored laryngeal)

Ancient Greek: ἀρόω (aróō)

Proto-Italic: *araō (with restored laryngeal)

Latin: arō (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y (Pinault's law).


h₂wḗh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₂wḗh₁ (imperative second-person singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *awēmi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwā́ti

Sanskrit: वाति (vā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwā́tī

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāⁱti)

Athematic Narten root present of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


h₃méyǵʰoh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
h₃méyǵʰōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
h₃méyǵʰe (imperative second-person singular)
h₃méyǵʰēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
h₃méyǵʰēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
h₃méyǵʰēte (plural second-person subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miźtei

Latgalian: meizt

Latvian: mīzt

Lithuanian: mȳžti

Proto-Slavic: *mižati, *mьzěti

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: mìžati (dialectal)

Slovene: məzẹ́ti

Proto-Germanic: *mīganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oméikʰō

Ancient Greek: ὀμείχω (omeíkhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰati

Sanskrit: मेहति (méhati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjati

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬌 (maēsati)

Northern Kurdish: mîstin

Thematic root present of *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).


h₁ḗdm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
h₁ḗd (imperative second-person singular)