-s

-s (nominative singular)
é-s (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
é-es (nominative plural)
é- (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
é-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
é-m̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
é-m̥s (accusative plural)
-és (genitive singular)
Ø-és (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
Ø-óHom (genitive plural)
-és (ablative singular)
Ø-és (ablative singular)
-mós (ablative plural)
Ø-mós (ablative plural)
-bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-bʰós (ablative plural)
-éy (dative singular)
Ø-éy (dative singular)
-mós (dative plural)
Ø-mós (dative plural)
-bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-bʰós (dative plural)
é- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
Ø-sú (locative plural)
-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-mís (instrumental plural)
-bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-bʰís (instrumental plural)

Derives feminine mobile-accented root nouns from roots.


-s

-s (nominative singular)
ó-s (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
ó-es (nominative plural)
ó- (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
ó-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
ó-m̥s (accusative plural)
-s (genitive singular)
é-s (genitive singular)
-oHom (genitive plural)
é-oHom (genitive plural)
-s (ablative singular)
é-s (ablative singular)
-mos (ablative plural)
é-mos (ablative plural)
-bʰos (ablative plural)
é-bʰos (ablative plural)
-ey (dative singular)
é-ey (dative singular)
-mos (dative plural)
é-mos (dative plural)
-bʰos (dative plural)
é-bʰos (dative plural)
é- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-su (locative plural)
é-su (locative plural)
é-h₁ (instrumental singular)
-mis (instrumental plural)
é-mis (instrumental plural)
-bʰis (instrumental plural)
é-bʰis (instrumental plural)

Derives feminine acrostatic root nouns from roots.


-s

-s (nominative singular)
ḗ-s (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
é-es (nominative plural)
é- (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
é-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
é-m̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
é-m̥s (accusative plural)
-os (genitive singular)
é-os (genitive singular)
-ooHom (genitive plural)
é-ooHom (genitive plural)
-os (ablative singular)
é-os (ablative singular)
-omos (ablative plural)
é-omos (ablative plural)
-obʰos (ablative plural)
é-obʰos (ablative plural)
-oey (dative singular)
é-oey (dative singular)
-omos (dative plural)
é-omos (dative plural)
-obʰos (dative plural)
é-obʰos (dative plural)
-o (locative singular)
é-o (locative singular)
-oy (locative singular)
é-oy (locative singular)
-osu (locative plural)
é-osu (locative plural)
-omis (instrumental plural)
é-omis (instrumental plural)
-obʰis (instrumental plural)
é-obʰis (instrumental plural)

Derives neuter Narten-type acrostatic root nouns from roots.


-s

-s (nominative singular)
ṓ-s (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
ó-es (nominative plural)
ó- (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
ó-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
ó-m̥s (accusative plural)
-és (genitive singular)
e-és (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
e-óHom (genitive plural)
-és (ablative singular)
e-és (ablative singular)
-mós (ablative plural)
e-mós (ablative plural)
-bʰós (ablative plural)
e-bʰós (ablative plural)
-éy (dative singular)
e-éy (dative singular)
-mós (dative plural)
e-mós (dative plural)
-bʰós (dative plural)
e-bʰós (dative plural)
ó- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
ó-i (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
e-sú (locative plural)
-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mís (instrumental plural)
e-mís (instrumental plural)
-bʰís (instrumental plural)
e-bʰís (instrumental plural)

Ancient Greek: -ς (-s)

Latin: -s

Derives masculine acrostatic root nouns with lengthened o-grade nominative singular from roots.


-o

Proto-Anatolian: *-o

desc

Hittite: [Term?] (/-a/), [Term?] (/-ā́/, allative sg. ending) (unproductive in later Hittite)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


-i

Possibly from a particle *i (“here”) and related to *í- (“this”).

Athematic nominal ending of locative singular


-is

-is (nominative singular)
ó-is (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-eyes (nominative plural)
ó-eyes (nominative plural)
-i (singular vocative)
ó-i (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-eyes (plural vocative)
ó-eyes (plural vocative)
-im (accusative singular)
ó-im (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-ims (accusative plural)
ó-ims (accusative plural)
-is (genitive singular)
é-is (genitive singular)
-yoHom (genitive plural)
é-yoHom (genitive plural)
-is (ablative singular)
é-is (ablative singular)
-imos (ablative plural)
é-imos (ablative plural)
-ibʰos (ablative plural)
é-ibʰos (ablative plural)
-yey (dative singular)
é-yey (dative singular)
-imos (dative plural)
é-imos (dative plural)
-ibʰos (dative plural)
é-ibʰos (dative plural)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-isu (locative plural)
é-isu (locative plural)
-imis (instrumental plural)
é-imis (instrumental plural)
-ibʰis (instrumental plural)
é-ibʰis (instrumental plural)
-is (nominative singular)
ó-is (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-eyes (nominative plural)
ó-eyes (nominative plural)
-i (singular vocative)
ó-i (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-eyes (plural vocative)
ó-eyes (plural vocative)
-im (accusative singular)
ó-im (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-ims (accusative plural)
ó-ims (accusative plural)
-éys (genitive singular)
Ø-éys (genitive singular)
-éyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éyoHom (genitive plural)
-éys (ablative singular)
Ø-éys (ablative singular)
-ímos (ablative plural)
Ø-ímos (ablative plural)
-íbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-íbʰos (ablative plural)
-éyey (dative singular)
Ø-éyey (dative singular)
-ímos (dative plural)
Ø-ímos (dative plural)
-íbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-íbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
Ø-éy (locative singular)
-ḗy (locative singular)
Ø-ḗy (locative singular)
-ísu (locative plural)
Ø-ísu (locative plural)
-íh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-íh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ímis (instrumental plural)
Ø-ímis (instrumental plural)
-íbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-íbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-is

Lithuanian: -is

Old Prussian: -is

Proto-Slavic: *-ь

Proto-Germanic: *-iz

Proto-Italic: *-is

Latin: -is

Proto-Hellenic: *-is

Ancient Greek: -ις (-is) (possibly; Furnée and Beekes consider it Pre-Greek)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iṣ

Sanskrit: -इ (-i) (nom. sg. इः (iḥ))

Proto-Iranian: *-iš

Avestan: -𐬌 (-i) (nom. sg. -𐬌𐬱 (-iš))

h₂eḱrós (“sharp”) + *-is → *h₂óḱris (“sharp place”)


-os

-os (nominative singular)
é-os (nominative singular)
-ōs (nominative plural)
é-ōs (nominative plural)
-os (singular vocative)
é-os (singular vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
é-ōs (plural vocative)
-os (accusative singular)
é-os (accusative singular)
-ōs (accusative plural)
é-ōs (accusative plural)
-esos (genitive singular)
é-esos (genitive singular)
-esoHom (genitive plural)
é-esoHom (genitive plural)
-esos (ablative singular)
é-esos (ablative singular)
-esmos (ablative plural)
é-esmos (ablative plural)
-esbʰos (ablative plural)
é-esbʰos (ablative plural)
-esey (dative singular)
é-esey (dative singular)
-esmos (dative plural)
é-esmos (dative plural)
-esbʰos (dative plural)
é-esbʰos (dative plural)
-es (locative singular)
é-es (locative singular)
-esi (locative singular)
é-esi (locative singular)
-esu (locative plural)
é-esu (locative plural)
-esmis (instrumental plural)
é-esmis (instrumental plural)
-esbʰis (instrumental plural)
é-esbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *-os (s-stem nouns)

Proto-Germanic: *-az (z-stem nouns)

Proto-Hellenic: *-os (s-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -ος (-os)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ehen (< alternative locative form *-esen)

Ancient Greek: -ειν (-ein)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-a

Latvian: -a, -s

Lithuanian: -a, -as

Proto-Slavic: *-o (s-stem nouns)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-as

Proto-Italic: *-os

Old Latin: -os

Latin: -us

Proto-Italic: *-ezi (< locative ending *-esi)

Latin: -ere, -erī

Proto-Albanian: *-ʉh

Albanian: -ë

Albanian: -ëri

Illyrian: *-urio

Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.


-os

-os (nominative singular)
ó-os (nominative singular)
-oes (nominative plural)
ó-oes (nominative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
ó-e (singular vocative)
-oes (plural vocative)
ó-oes (plural vocative)
-om (accusative singular)
ó-om (accusative singular)
-oms (accusative plural)
ó-oms (accusative plural)
-osyo (genitive singular)
ó-osyo (genitive singular)
-oHom (genitive plural)
ó-oHom (genitive plural)
-ead (ablative singular)
ó-ead (ablative singular)
-omos (ablative plural)
ó-omos (ablative plural)
-obʰos (ablative plural)
ó-obʰos (ablative plural)
-oey (dative singular)
ó-oey (dative singular)
-omos (dative plural)
ó-omos (dative plural)
-obʰos (dative plural)
ó-obʰos (dative plural)
-ey (locative singular)
ó-ey (locative singular)
-oy (locative singular)
ó-oy (locative singular)
-oysu (locative plural)
ó-oysu (locative plural)
-ōys (instrumental plural)
ó-ōys (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: a-stem nouns

Proto-Balto-Slavic: o-stem nouns

Proto-Celtic: *-os (causative/iterative verbal noun suffix)

Proto-Germanic: a-stem nouns

Proto-Hellenic: o-stem nouns

Ancient Greek: τόμος-type nouns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: a-stem nouns

Proto-Italic: o-stem nouns

Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or result of that verb.


-us

-us (nominative singular)
é-us (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ewes (nominative plural)
é-ewes (nominative plural)
-u (singular vocative)
é-u (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ewes (plural vocative)
é-ewes (plural vocative)
-um (accusative singular)
é-um (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-ums (accusative plural)
é-ums (accusative plural)
-éws (genitive singular)
Ø-éws (genitive singular)
-éwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éwoHom (genitive plural)
-éws (ablative singular)
Ø-éws (ablative singular)
-úmos (ablative plural)
Ø-úmos (ablative plural)
-úbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-úbʰos (ablative plural)
-éwey (dative singular)
Ø-éwey (dative singular)
-úmos (dative plural)
Ø-úmos (dative plural)
-úbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-úbʰos (dative plural)
-éw (locative singular)
Ø-éw (locative singular)
-éwi (locative singular)
Ø-éwi (locative singular)
-úsu (locative plural)
Ø-úsu (locative plural)
-úh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-úh₁ (instrumental singular)
-úmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-úmis (instrumental plural)
-úbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-úbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-u (nominative singular)
é-u (nominative singular)
-u (accusative singular)
é-u (accusative singular)
-ús (nominative singular)
Ø-ús (nominative singular)
-úh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-úes (nominative plural)
Ø-úes (nominative plural)
-ú (singular vocative)
Ø-ú (singular vocative)
-úh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-úes (plural vocative)
Ø-úes (plural vocative)
-úm (accusative singular)
Ø-úm (accusative singular)
-úh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-úms (accusative plural)
Ø-úms (accusative plural)
-éws (genitive singular)
Ø-éws (genitive singular)
-éwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éwoHom (genitive plural)
-éws (ablative singular)
Ø-éws (ablative singular)
-éwmos (ablative plural)
Ø-éwmos (ablative plural)
-éwbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-éwbʰos (ablative plural)
-éwey (dative singular)
Ø-éwey (dative singular)
-éwmos (dative plural)
Ø-éwmos (dative plural)
-éwbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-éwbʰos (dative plural)
-éw (locative singular)
Ø-éw (locative singular)
-éwi (locative singular)
Ø-éwi (locative singular)
-éwsu (locative plural)
Ø-éwsu (locative plural)
Ø-éwh₁ (instrumental singular)
-éwmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-éwmis (instrumental plural)
-éwbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-éwbʰis (instrumental plural)
-ú (nominative singular)
Ø-ú (nominative singular)
Ø-úyh₁ (dual nominative)
-úh₂ (nominative plural)
Ø-úh₂ (nominative plural)
Ø-úyh₁ (dual vocative)
-úh₂ (plural vocative)
Ø-úh₂ (plural vocative)
-ú (accusative singular)
Ø-ú (accusative singular)
Ø-úyh₁ (accusative dual)
-úh₂ (accusative plural)
Ø-úh₂ (accusative plural)

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.


-st

-sm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
ḗ-sm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
-s (indicative second-person singular)
ḗ-s (indicative second-person singular)
-s (imperative second-person singular)
ḗ-s (imperative second-person singular)
-sdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
é-sdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
-sesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḗ-sesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-st (indicative singular third-person)
ḗ-st (indicative singular third-person)
-stu (imperative singular third-person)
ḗ-stu (imperative singular third-person)
-seti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-seti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-swe (dual first-person indicative)
é-swe (dual first-person indicative)
-sowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḗ-sowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-stom (dual indicative second-person)
é-stom (dual indicative second-person)
-stom (dual imperative second-person)
é-stom (dual imperative second-person)
-setes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḗ-setes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-stām (dual indicative third-person)
é-stām (dual indicative third-person)
-stām (dual imperative third-person)
é-stām (dual imperative third-person)
-setes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-setes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-sme (first-person indicative plural)
é-sme (first-person indicative plural)
-somos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḗ-somos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-ste (indicative plural second-person)
é-ste (indicative plural second-person)
-ste (imperative plural second-person)
é-ste (imperative plural second-person)
-sete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḗ-sete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-sn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
é-sn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
-sn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
é-sn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
-sonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-sonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sn̥ts (indicative participle)
é-sn̥ts (indicative participle)
-so (imperative second-person singular)
é-so (imperative second-person singular)
-sto (indicative singular third-person)
é-sto (indicative singular third-person)
-so (indicative singular third-person)
é-so (indicative singular third-person)
-setor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-setor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
é-sn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
-sro (indicative plural third-person)
é-sro (indicative plural third-person)
-sontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-sontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)

Proto-Italic: *-sai

Latin: -sī


-r

Proto-Germanic: *-r

tó- (“that”) + *-r → *tór (“there”)


-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-óm (nominative singular)
-óy (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (nominative plural)
-óm (singular vocative)
-óy (dual vocative)
-éh₂ (plural vocative)
-óy (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ós

Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)

wétos (“year”) + *-ós → *wetsós (“of a year”)


-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
o-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
o-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
o-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
o-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
o-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
o-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
o-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
o-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
o-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
o-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
o-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
o-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
o-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
o-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
o-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
o-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
o-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
o-ṓys (instrumental plural)
-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
o-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
o₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-óm (nominative singular)
o-óm (nominative singular)
-óy (dual nominative)
oy (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (nominative plural)
-óm (singular vocative)
o-óm (singular vocative)
-óy (dual vocative)
oy (dual vocative)
-éh₂ (plural vocative)
-óy (accusative dual)
oy (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (accusative plural)
-ós (nominative singular)
o-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
o-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
o-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
o-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
o-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
o-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
o-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
o-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
o-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
o-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
o-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
o-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
o-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
o-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
o-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
o-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
o-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
o-ṓys (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-y-os (agent noun suffix)

Proto-Germanic: *-az; some of the a-stem nouns

Proto-Hellenic: *-ós

Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ás

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -अ (-á, agent/adjective suffix)

From *(ó)-os (action noun suffix) formations further suffixed with possessive *-ós (see Etymology 1).

Creates adjectives from verb stems; they may have agentive or patientive meaning.

Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action.

Creates patient nouns from verb stems, denoting something affected by the verb's action.


-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
e-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
e-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
e-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
e-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
e-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
e-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
e-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
e-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
e-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
e-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
e-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
e-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
e-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
e-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
e-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
e-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
e-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
e-ṓys (instrumental plural)
-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
e₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
e₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
e-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
e₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-óm (nominative singular)
e-óm (nominative singular)
-óy (dual nominative)
ey (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (nominative plural)
-óm (singular vocative)
e-óm (singular vocative)
-óy (dual vocative)
ey (dual vocative)
-éh₂ (plural vocative)
-óy (accusative dual)
ey (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *-az (deverbal adjective suffix)

Closely resembles, but is not identical to, the root o-grade counterpart *(o)-ós. Both formations can be found side-by-side for several roots. Nussbaum posits that both of these adjective formations are derivatives of *(ó)-os formations.
Villanueva Svenson, who proposes that e-grade thematic verbs originated as conversions of λευκός (leukós) adjectives to verbs, wonders if these e-grade adjectives were originally barytone, but later became oxytone under the influence of *(o)-ós.

lewk- (“to shine”) + *-ós → *lewkós (“bright, shining”)


-ós

-ós (nominative singular)
e-ós (nominative singular)
-óh₁ (dual nominative)
-óes (nominative plural)
e-óes (nominative plural)
-é (singular vocative)
e-é (singular vocative)
-óh₁ (dual vocative)
-óes (plural vocative)
e-óes (plural vocative)
-óm (accusative singular)
e-óm (accusative singular)
-óh₁ (accusative dual)
-óms (accusative plural)
e-óms (accusative plural)
-ósyo (genitive singular)
e-ósyo (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
e-óHom (genitive plural)
-éad (ablative singular)
e-éad (ablative singular)
-ómos (ablative plural)
e-ómos (ablative plural)
-óbʰos (ablative plural)
e-óbʰos (ablative plural)
-óey (dative singular)
e-óey (dative singular)
-ómos (dative plural)
e-ómos (dative plural)
-óbʰos (dative plural)
e-óbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
e-éy (locative singular)
-óy (locative singular)
e-óy (locative singular)
-óysu (locative plural)
e-óysu (locative plural)
-óh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ṓys (instrumental plural)
e-ṓys (instrumental plural)

dyew- (“sky”) + *-ós → *deywós (“(god) of the sky”)

Forms adjectives or nominals of appurtenance to bases.


-tus

-tus (nominative singular)
é-tus (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-tewes (nominative plural)
é-tewes (nominative plural)
-tu (singular vocative)
é-tu (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-tewes (plural vocative)
é-tewes (plural vocative)
-tum (accusative singular)
é-tum (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-tums (accusative plural)
é-tums (accusative plural)
-téws (genitive singular)
Ø-téws (genitive singular)
-téwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téwoHom (genitive plural)
-téws (ablative singular)
Ø-téws (ablative singular)
-túmos (ablative plural)
Ø-túmos (ablative plural)
-túbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-túbʰos (ablative plural)
-téwey (dative singular)
Ø-téwey (dative singular)
-túmos (dative plural)
Ø-túmos (dative plural)
-túbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-túbʰos (dative plural)
-téw (locative singular)
Ø-téw (locative singular)
-téwi (locative singular)
Ø-téwi (locative singular)
-túsu (locative plural)
Ø-túsu (locative plural)
Ø-túh₁ (instrumental singular)
-túmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-túmis (instrumental plural)
-túbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-túbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tus

Latvian: -tus

Lithuanian: -tus

partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъkъ</i>

Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ)

Proto-Celtic: *-tus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-þuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tús

Ancient Greek: -τύς (-tús)

Proto-Italic: *-tus

Latin: -tum (the supine; exists only in accusative and ablative)

Latin: -tus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -तुम् (-tum)

-त्वन — Vedic→ Bengali: -ত্বHindi: -पन→ Hindi: -त्व→ Marathi: -त्वPunjabi: -تّ


-tis

-tis (nominative singular)
é-tis (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-teyes (nominative plural)
é-teyes (nominative plural)
-ti (singular vocative)
é-ti (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-teyes (plural vocative)
é-teyes (plural vocative)
-tim (accusative singular)
é-tim (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-tims (accusative plural)
é-tims (accusative plural)
-téys (genitive singular)
Ø-téys (genitive singular)
-téyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téyoHom (genitive plural)
-téys (ablative singular)
Ø-téys (ablative singular)
-tímos (ablative plural)
Ø-tímos (ablative plural)
-tíbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-tíbʰos (ablative plural)
-téyey (dative singular)
Ø-téyey (dative singular)
-tímos (dative plural)
Ø-tímos (dative plural)
-tíbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-tíbʰos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tḗy (locative singular)
Ø-tḗy (locative singular)
-tísu (locative plural)
Ø-tísu (locative plural)
Ø-tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
-tímis (instrumental plural)
Ø-tímis (instrumental plural)
-tíbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-tíbʰis (instrumental plural)
-tís (nominative singular)
Ø-tís (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-téyes (nominative plural)
Ø-téyes (nominative plural)
-tí (singular vocative)
Ø-tí (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-téyes (plural vocative)
Ø-téyes (plural vocative)
-tím (accusative singular)
Ø-tím (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-tíms (accusative plural)
Ø-tíms (accusative plural)
-téys (genitive singular)
Ø-téys (genitive singular)
-téyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-téyoHom (genitive plural)
-téys (ablative singular)
Ø-téys (ablative singular)
-téymos (ablative plural)
Ø-téymos (ablative plural)
-téybʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-téybʰos (ablative plural)
-téyey (dative singular)
Ø-téyey (dative singular)
-téymos (dative plural)
Ø-téymos (dative plural)
-téybʰos (dative plural)
Ø-téybʰos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tḗy (locative singular)
Ø-tḗy (locative singular)
-téysu (locative plural)
Ø-téysu (locative plural)
-téymis (instrumental plural)
Ø-téymis (instrumental plural)
-téybʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-téybʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tis

Latvian: -tis

Lithuanian: -tis

Proto-Slavic: *-tь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tei (< locative -téy)

Latvian: -t

Lithuanian: -ti

Proto-Slavic: *-ti

Proto-Celtic: *-tis

Proto-Germanic: *-þiz (also the variant forms *-diz, *-tiz, *-siz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tis

Ancient Greek: -τις (-tis)

Attic Greek: -σις (-sis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tiṣ

Sanskrit: -ति (-ti)

Proto-Iranian: *-tiš

Avestan: -𐬙𐬌 (-ti)

Proto-Italic: *-tis

Latin: -tim

Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.


(∅)-(∅)-és (genitive singular)
(∅)-(∅)-és (ablative singular)
(∅)-(∅)-éy (dative singular)
(∅)-(é)- (locative singular)
(∅)-(é)-i (locative singular)

Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets.


-mn̥

-mn̥ (nominative singular)
é-mn̥ (nominative singular)
-mō (nominative)
é-mō (nominative)
-mn̥ (singular vocative)
é-mn̥ (singular vocative)
-mō (vocative)
é-mō (vocative)
-mn̥ (accusative singular)
é-mn̥ (accusative singular)
-mō (accusative)
é-mō (accusative)
-méns (genitive singular)
Ø-méns (genitive singular)
-m̥nés (genitive)
Ø-m̥nés (genitive)
-méns (ablative singular)
Ø-méns (ablative singular)
-m̥nés (ablative)
Ø-m̥nés (ablative)
-méney (dative singular)
Ø-méney (dative singular)
-m̥néy (dative)
Ø-m̥néy (dative)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-mén (locative)
Ø-mén (locative)
-méni (locative)
Ø-méni (locative)
Ø-m̥néh₁ (instrumental)

Proto-Albanian: *-mā

Albanian: -më

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ումն (-umn), -աւն (-awn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-men, *-min

Proto-Slavic: *-mę

Proto-Celtic: *-man, *-sman

Proto-Germanic: *-mô (merged with *-mō)

Proto-Hellenic: *-mə

Ancient Greek: -μᾰ (-mă)

Proto-Hellenic: *-men

Ancient Greek: -μεν (-men) (Epic infinitive ending)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ma (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-mən

Latin: -men

Related to the following masculine suffixes:
* *-mḗn (< **-mens) (e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”)).
* *-mṓ (< **-móns) (e.g. Latin sermō, Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn), Sanskrit अश्मन् (áśman)).

Ancient Greek: -μα Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European


-mós

-mós (nominative singular)
Ø-mós (nominative singular)
Ø-móh₁ (dual nominative)
-móes (nominative plural)
Ø-móes (nominative plural)
-mé (singular vocative)
Ø-mé (singular vocative)
Ø-móh₁ (dual vocative)
-móes (plural vocative)
Ø-móes (plural vocative)
-móm (accusative singular)
Ø-móm (accusative singular)
Ø-móh₁ (accusative dual)
-móms (accusative plural)
Ø-móms (accusative plural)
-mósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-mósyo (genitive singular)
-móHom (genitive plural)
Ø-móHom (genitive plural)
-méad (ablative singular)
Ø-méad (ablative singular)
-mómos (ablative plural)
Ø-mómos (ablative plural)
-móbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-móbʰos (ablative plural)
-móey (dative singular)
Ø-móey (dative singular)
-mómos (dative plural)
Ø-mómos (dative plural)
-móbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-móbʰos (dative plural)
-méy (locative singular)
Ø-méy (locative singular)
-móy (locative singular)
Ø-móy (locative singular)
-móysu (locative plural)
Ø-móysu (locative plural)
Ø-móh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-mṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns

Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.


-mos

-mos (nominative singular)
ó-mos (nominative singular)
-moes (nominative plural)
ó-moes (nominative plural)
-me (singular vocative)
ó-me (singular vocative)
-moes (plural vocative)
ó-moes (plural vocative)
-mom (accusative singular)
ó-mom (accusative singular)
-moms (accusative plural)
ó-moms (accusative plural)
-mosyo (genitive singular)
ó-mosyo (genitive singular)
-moHom (genitive plural)
ó-moHom (genitive plural)
-mead (ablative singular)
ó-mead (ablative singular)
-momos (ablative plural)
ó-momos (ablative plural)
-mobʰos (ablative plural)
ó-mobʰos (ablative plural)
-moey (dative singular)
ó-moey (dative singular)
-momos (dative plural)
ó-momos (dative plural)
-mobʰos (dative plural)
ó-mobʰos (dative plural)
-mey (locative singular)
ó-mey (locative singular)
-moy (locative singular)
ó-moy (locative singular)
-moysu (locative plural)
ó-moysu (locative plural)
-mōys (instrumental plural)
ó-mōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mas

Proto-Slavic: *-mъ, *-smъ; *-mo n; *-ma f

Proto-Celtic: *-mus (with a change to u-stem declension)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μος (-mos), -μός (-mós)

Italic:

Latin: -mus

h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) + *-mos → *h₂óǵmos (“path, furrow”)


-tōr

-tōr (nominative singular)
é-tōr (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-tores (nominative plural)
é-tores (nominative plural)
-tor (singular vocative)
é-tor (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-tores (plural vocative)
é-tores (plural vocative)
-torm̥ (accusative singular)
é-torm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-torm̥s (accusative plural)
é-torm̥s (accusative plural)
-trés (genitive singular)
Ø-trés (genitive singular)
-tróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tróHom (genitive plural)
-trés (ablative singular)
Ø-trés (ablative singular)
-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-tréy (dative singular)
Ø-tréy (dative singular)
-tr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (dative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
-tér (locative singular)
Ø-tér (locative singular)
-téri (locative singular)
Ø-téri (locative singular)
-tr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-tr̥sú (locative plural)
-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tōr

Ancient Greek: -τωρ (-tōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā

Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā, nom.sg))

Proto-Italic: *-tōr

Latin: -tor (see there for further descendants)

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.


-tḗr

-tḗr (nominative singular)
Ø-tḗr (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-téres (nominative plural)
Ø-téres (nominative plural)
-tér (singular vocative)
Ø-tér (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-téres (plural vocative)
Ø-téres (plural vocative)
-térm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-térm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-térm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-térm̥s (accusative plural)
-trés (genitive singular)
Ø-trés (genitive singular)
-tróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tróHom (genitive plural)
-trés (ablative singular)
Ø-trés (ablative singular)
-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (ablative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-tréy (dative singular)
Ø-tréy (dative singular)
-tr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥mós (dative plural)
-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
-tér (locative singular)
Ø-tér (locative singular)
-téri (locative singular)
Ø-téri (locative singular)
-tr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-tr̥sú (locative plural)
-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥mís (instrumental plural)
-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Ancient Greek: -τήρ (-tḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā́

Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā́, nom.sg))

Proto-Germanic: the r-stem nouns

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to perform the verb's action.


-tós

-tós (nominative singular)
Ø-tós (nominative singular)
Ø-tóh₁ (dual nominative)
-tóes (nominative plural)
Ø-tóes (nominative plural)
-té (singular vocative)
Ø-té (singular vocative)
Ø-tóh₁ (dual vocative)
-tóes (plural vocative)
Ø-tóes (plural vocative)
-tóm (accusative singular)
Ø-tóm (accusative singular)
Ø-tóh₁ (accusative dual)
-tóms (accusative plural)
Ø-tóms (accusative plural)
-tósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-tósyo (genitive singular)
-tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-tóHom (genitive plural)
-téad (ablative singular)
Ø-téad (ablative singular)
-tómos (ablative plural)
Ø-tómos (ablative plural)
-tóbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-tóbʰos (ablative plural)
-tóey (dative singular)
Ø-tóey (dative singular)
-tómos (dative plural)
Ø-tómos (dative plural)
-tóbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-tóbʰos (dative plural)
-téy (locative singular)
Ø-téy (locative singular)
-tóy (locative singular)
Ø-tóy (locative singular)
-tóysu (locative plural)
Ø-tóysu (locative plural)
Ø-tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-tṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-tṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-téh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-téh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-tā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-tā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-téh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-tóm (nominative singular)
Ø-tóm (nominative singular)
-tóy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-téh₂ (nominative plural)
-tóm (singular vocative)
Ø-tóm (singular vocative)
-tóy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-téh₂ (plural vocative)
-tóy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *-tāi

Albanian: -të

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tas

Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (some past passive participles)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tós

Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós)

Proto-Germanic: *-daz (all weak past participles, a few adjectives), *-taz, *-þaz, *-saz (post-consonantal allomorphs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tás, *-dás (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *-tos, *-sos (after a dental)
Faliscan: -𐌕𐌏𐌔 (-tos)
Latin: -tus, -sus (almost all perfect past participles (except e.g. mortuus and derivates (dēmortuus, ēmortuus etc.)))

Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.


-éyeti

-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
o-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
-éyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
o-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
o-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
-éye (imperative second-person singular)
o-éye (imperative second-person singular)
-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
o-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
o-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
o-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
o-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
o-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
o-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
o-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
o-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
o-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
o-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
o-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
o-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
o-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
o-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
o-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
o-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
o-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
o-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
o-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
o-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
o-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
o-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
o-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
o-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
o-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
o-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
o-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
o-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
o-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
o-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
o-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
o-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
o-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
o-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyonts (indicative participle present)
o-éyonts (indicative participle present)
-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
o-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
o-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
o-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
o-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
o-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
o-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
o-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
o-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
o-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
-éyomnos (indicative participle present)
o-éyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-eitei

Latgalian: -eit

Latvian: -īt

Lithuanian: -yti

Proto-Slavic: *-iti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-īti

Proto-Brythonic: *-id

Old Irish: -id (class A II)

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (class 1 weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Italic: *-eō

Latin: -eō (Second conjugation (causative) verbs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áyati

Sanskrit: -अयति (-áyati) (mostly)

Proto-Iranian: *-áyati

Avestan: -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-aiieⁱti) (mostly)

Proto-Albanian: *-tjā

Albanian: -së

Forms causative imperfective verbs from roots.

Forms iterative or frequentative imperfective verbs from roots.


-éyeti

-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éyom (first-person indicative past singular)
-éyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-éyesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-éyes (indicative past second-person singular)
-éye (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éye (imperative second-person singular)
-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-éyoys (optative second-person singular)
-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyet (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-éyetu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-éyoyt (optative singular third-person)
-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-éyowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-éyowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-éyoywe (dual first-person optative)
-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-éyetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-éyetom (dual imperative second-person)
-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-éyoytom (dual optative second-person)
-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-éyetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-éyetām (dual imperative third-person)
-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-éyoytām (dual optative third-person)
-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-éyomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-éyome (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-éyōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-éyoyme (first-person optative plural)
-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-éyete (indicative plural present second-person)
-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-éyete (indicative past plural second-person)
-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-éyete (imperative plural second-person)
-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-éyoyte (optative plural second-person)
-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-éyonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-éyont (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-éyontu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyonts (indicative participle present)
Ø-éyonts (indicative participle present)
-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éyeso (imperative second-person singular)
-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-éyoyto (optative singular third-person)
-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-éyontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-éyonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-éyoyro (optative plural third-person)
-éyomnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-éyomnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áyati

Sanskrit: -अयति (-áyati) (partially)

Proto-Iranian: *-áyati

Avestan: -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-aiieⁱti) (partially)


-yéti

Ø-yóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
-yóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-yóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-yṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-yési (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-yési (indicative present second-person singular)
-yés (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-yés (indicative past second-person singular)
-yé (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-yé (imperative second-person singular)
-yḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-yḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-yóys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-yóys (optative second-person singular)
-yéti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-yét (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yét (indicative past singular third-person)
-yétu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-yétu (imperative singular third-person)
-yḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yóyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-yóyt (optative singular third-person)
-yówos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-yówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-yówe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-yówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-yṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-yṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-yóywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-yóywe (dual first-person optative)
-yétes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-yétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-yétom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-yétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-yétom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-yétom (dual imperative second-person)
-yḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-yḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-yóytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-yóytom (dual optative second-person)
-yétes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-yétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-yétām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-yétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-yétām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-yétām (dual imperative third-person)
-yḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-yóytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-yóytām (dual optative third-person)
-yómos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-yómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-yóme (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-yóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-yṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-yṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-yóyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-yóyme (first-person optative plural)
-yéte (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-yéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-yéte (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-yéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-yéte (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-yéte (imperative plural second-person)
-yḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-yḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yóyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-yóyte (optative plural second-person)
-yónti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yónt (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-yóntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-yóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-yṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-yónts (indicative participle present)
-yéso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-yéso (imperative second-person singular)
-yétor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-yéto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-yḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yóyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-yóyto (optative singular third-person)
-yóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-yónto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-yṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-yṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yóyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-yóyro (optative plural third-person)
-yómnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-yómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Anatolian: *-yéti

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (j-presents, some class 1 weak verbs)

Proto-Hellenic: *-yō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pyé-, *-pʰyé-)

Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kyé-, *-kʰyé-, *-kʷyé-, *-kʷʰyé-, *-tyé-, *-tʰyé-, *-gyé-)

Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gyé-, *-gʷyé-, *-dyé-)

Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lyé-)

Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cyé-)

Proto-Italic: *-jō

Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)

Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yáti

Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati))

Sanskrit: -यते (-yate) (some deponent class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: जायते (jā́yate), बुध्यते (búdhyate))

Sanskrit: -यते (-yáte) (passive verbs, for example: क्रियते (kriyáte, “to be done”); and rarely a deponent verb: म्रियते (mriyáte, “to die”))

Proto-Iranian: *-yáti

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti) (for example: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti))

Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots.


-trom

-trom (nominative singular)
é-trom (nominative singular)
-troy (dual nominative)
éy (dual nominative)
éyh₁ (dual nominative)
-trom (singular vocative)
é-trom (singular vocative)
-troy (dual vocative)
éy (dual vocative)
éyh₁ (dual vocative)
-trom (accusative singular)
é-trom (accusative singular)
-troy (accusative dual)
éy (accusative dual)
éyh₁ (accusative dual)
-trosyo (genitive singular)
é-trosyo (genitive singular)
-troHom (genitive plural)
é-troHom (genitive plural)
-tread (ablative singular)
é-tread (ablative singular)
-tromos (ablative plural)
é-tromos (ablative plural)
-trobʰos (ablative plural)
é-trobʰos (ablative plural)
-troey (dative singular)
é-troey (dative singular)
-tromos (dative plural)
é-tromos (dative plural)
-trobʰos (dative plural)
é-trobʰos (dative plural)
-trey (locative singular)
é-trey (locative singular)
-troy (locative singular)
é-troy (locative singular)
-troysu (locative plural)
é-troysu (locative plural)
-trōys (instrumental plural)
é-trōys (instrumental plural)
*-dʰlom (alternative)
*-dʰrom (alternative)
*-tlom (alternative)

Proto-Celtic: *-trom

Proto-Brythonic: *-dr

Old Irish: -thar

Gaulish: -tron

Proto-Germanic: *-þrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tron
Ancient Greek: -τρον (-tron) (see there for further descendants)
Mycenaean Greek: -𐀵𐀫 (-to-ro /-tron/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tram

Sanskrit: -त्र (-tra)

Proto-Iranian: *-θra

desc

Avestan: -𐬙𐬭𐬀 (-tra), -𐬛𐬭𐬀 (-dra), -𐬚𐬭𐬀 (-θra)

Proto-Italic: *-trom

Latin: -trum

Thematicized from the zero-grade of *-tḗr.
Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer”)).

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


-nós

-nós (nominative singular)
Ø-nós (nominative singular)
Ø-nóh₁ (dual nominative)
-nóes (nominative plural)
Ø-nóes (nominative plural)
-né (singular vocative)
Ø-né (singular vocative)
Ø-nóh₁ (dual vocative)
-nóes (plural vocative)
Ø-nóes (plural vocative)
-nóm (accusative singular)
Ø-nóm (accusative singular)
Ø-nóh₁ (accusative dual)
-nóms (accusative plural)
Ø-nóms (accusative plural)
-nósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-nósyo (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-néad (ablative singular)
Ø-néad (ablative singular)
-nómos (ablative plural)
Ø-nómos (ablative plural)
-nóbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-nóbʰos (ablative plural)
-nóey (dative singular)
Ø-nóey (dative singular)
-nómos (dative plural)
Ø-nómos (dative plural)
-nóbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-nóbʰos (dative plural)
-néy (locative singular)
Ø-néy (locative singular)
-nóy (locative singular)
Ø-nóy (locative singular)
-nóysu (locative plural)
Ø-nóysu (locative plural)
Ø-nóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-nṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-nṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-néh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-nā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-nā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-néh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-néh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-nóm (nominative singular)
Ø-nóm (nominative singular)
-nóy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-néh₂ (nominative plural)
-nóm (singular vocative)
Ø-nóm (singular vocative)
-nóy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-néh₂ (plural vocative)
-nóy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-néh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-nas, *-inas

Lithuanian: -inas

Old Prussian: -ins

Proto-Slavic: *-ьnъ (from *-inas)

Proto-Slavic: *-nъ (most past passive participles)

Proto-Germanic: *-anaz (all strong past participles)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en, -e

English: -en, -Ø

Proto-Hellenic: *-nos

Ancient Greek: -νος (-nos)

Proto-Italic: *-nos

Latin: -nus, -ānus (and -iānus after that), -ēnus, -īnus, -ūnus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-nás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *-njā

Albanian: -një


-yós

-yós (nominative singular)
-yóes (nominative plural)
-yé (singular vocative)
-yóes (plural vocative)
-yóm (accusative singular)
-yóms (accusative plural)
-yósyo (genitive singular)
-yóHom (genitive plural)
-yéad (ablative singular)
-yómos (ablative plural)
-yóbʰos (ablative plural)
-yóey (dative singular)
-yómos (dative plural)
-yóbʰos (dative plural)
-yéy (locative singular)
-yóy (locative singular)
-yóysu (locative plural)
-yṓys (instrumental plural)
-yā́m (accusative singular)
-yóm (nominative singular)
-yóy (dual nominative)
-yóm (singular vocative)
-yóy (dual vocative)
-yóy (accusative dual)
*-iyos (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas

Lithuanian: -ỹs, -ias/-jas

Proto-Slavic: *-jь (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)

Italic:

Latin: -ius

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yás

Sanskrit: -य (-yá)

Proto-Iranian: *-yáh

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-iia) (e.g. 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haomiia, “made from Haoma”) from 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma, “Haoma”))

Proto-Germanic: *-jaz

Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)


-iskos

-iskos (nominative singular)
-iskoes (nominative plural)
-iske (singular vocative)
-iskoes (plural vocative)
-iskom (accusative singular)
-iskoms (accusative plural)
-iskosyo (genitive singular)
-iskoHom (genitive plural)
-iskead (ablative singular)
-iskomos (ablative plural)
-iskobʰos (ablative plural)
-iskoey (dative singular)
-iskomos (dative plural)
-iskobʰos (dative plural)
-iskey (locative singular)
-iskoy (locative singular)
-iskoysu (locative plural)
-iskōys (instrumental plural)
-iskām (accusative singular)
-iskom (nominative singular)
-iskoy (dual nominative)
-iskom (singular vocative)
-iskoy (dual vocative)
-iskoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-iškas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-iskaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-iskos

Ancient Greek: -ῐ́σκος (-ĭ́skos)

Characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to


-ti

Proto-Anatolian: *-ti (athematic ablative/instrumental ending)

Hittite: [script needed] (-z)

Adverbial suffix with ablative or instrumental meaning, sometimes multiplicative


-tlom

-tlom (nominative singular)
-tloy (dual nominative)
-tlom (singular vocative)
-tloy (dual vocative)
-tlom (accusative singular)
-tloy (accusative dual)
-tlosyo (genitive singular)
-tloHom (genitive plural)
-tlead (ablative singular)
-tlomos (ablative plural)
-tlobʰos (ablative plural)
-tloey (dative singular)
-tlomos (dative plural)
-tlobʰos (dative plural)
-tley (locative singular)
-tloy (locative singular)
-tloysu (locative plural)
-tlōys (instrumental plural)
*-dʰlom (alternative)
*-dʰrom (alternative)
*-trom (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tla(s)

Proto-Baltic: *-tla

Lithuanian: *-kla

Proto-Slavic: *-slo

Proto-Celtic: *-tlom

Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-dʰlom via Verner's law) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tlon

Ancient Greek: -τλον (-tlon)

Proto-Italic: *-klom

Latin: -clum

Latin: -culum (by anaptyxis)

Latin: -crum

Latin: -ulum


-dʰrom

-dʰrom (nominative singular)
-dʰroy (dual nominative)
-dʰrom (singular vocative)
-dʰroy (dual vocative)
-dʰrom (accusative singular)
-dʰroy (accusative dual)
-dʰrosyo (genitive singular)
-dʰroHom (genitive plural)
-dʰread (ablative singular)
-dʰromos (ablative plural)
-dʰrobʰos (ablative plural)
-dʰroey (dative singular)
-dʰromos (dative plural)
-dʰrobʰos (dative plural)
-dʰrey (locative singular)
-dʰroy (locative singular)
-dʰroysu (locative plural)
-dʰrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰron, *-tʰrē

Ancient Greek: -θρον (-thron), -θρη (-thrē)

Proto-Italic: *-ðrom, *-ðrā

Latin: -brum, -bra

Variant of *-trom.
Sometimes hypothesized to have developed from assimilation to a preceding voiced aspirate (compare Bartholomae's law in Indo-Iranian). Sihler describes this as the usual explanation and considers it "the only remotely plausible" one if the *t- forms of the suffix are original, but says it is problematic, noting that this form of the suffix is not attested in contexts like Greek λέκτρον (léktron) (from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-) even though, under this hypothesis, the *-dʰ-initial variants would have originated in words like this.
Based on the contexts in which it occurs, Olsen 1988 argues that it actually originated from coalescence of a voiceless laryngeal (*h₁ or *h₂) with the following *-t-, initially resulting in a voiceless aspirate, which is proposed to have merged with the outcome of voiced aspirates in the languages in which this allomorph is attested.


-dʰlom

-dʰlom (nominative singular)
-dʰloy (dual nominative)
-dʰlom (singular vocative)
-dʰloy (dual vocative)
-dʰlom (accusative singular)
-dʰloy (accusative dual)
-dʰlosyo (genitive singular)
-dʰloHom (genitive plural)
-dʰlead (ablative singular)
-dʰlomos (ablative plural)
-dʰlobʰos (ablative plural)
-dʰloey (dative singular)
-dʰlomos (dative plural)
-dʰlobʰos (dative plural)
-dʰley (locative singular)
-dʰloy (locative singular)
-dʰloysu (locative plural)
-dʰlōys (instrumental plural)
*-dʰrom (alternative)
*-tlom (alternative)
*-trom (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-dla < *-dʰlom or *-tlom

Proto-Slavic: *-dlo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-tlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -θλον (-thlon)

Ancient Greek: -θλη (-thlē)

Italic:

Latin: -bulum (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: -bula (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: -ula (when compounded as *-gdʰl-)


-iHnos

-iHnos (nominative singular)
-iHnoes (nominative plural)
-iHne (singular vocative)
-iHnoes (plural vocative)
-iHnom (accusative singular)
-iHnoms (accusative plural)
-iHnosyo (genitive singular)
-iHnoHom (genitive plural)
-iHnead (ablative singular)
-iHnomos (ablative plural)
-iHnobʰos (ablative plural)
-iHnoey (dative singular)
-iHnomos (dative plural)
-iHnobʰos (dative plural)
-iHney (locative singular)
-iHnoy (locative singular)
-iHnoysu (locative plural)
-iHnōys (instrumental plural)
-iHnām (accusative singular)
-iHnom (nominative singular)
-iHnoy (dual nominative)
-iHnom (singular vocative)
-iHnoy (dual vocative)
-iHnoy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -այն (-ayn), -ին (-in)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀnas

Lithuanian: -inas

Latvian: -īns, -ains

Proto-Slavic: *-inъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-īnaz (adjective of material) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ινος (-inos) (forms adjectives with the sense of 'of or pertaining to', including adjectives of material)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -ईन (-īna)

Proto-Iranian: *-a-yHnah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)


-wós

-wós (nominative singular)
-wóes (nominative plural)
-wé (singular vocative)
-wóes (plural vocative)
-wóm (accusative singular)
-wóms (accusative plural)
-wósyo (genitive singular)
-wóHom (genitive plural)
-wéad (ablative singular)
-wómos (ablative plural)
-wóbʰos (ablative plural)
-wóey (dative singular)
-wómos (dative plural)
-wóbʰos (dative plural)
-wéy (locative singular)
-wóy (locative singular)
-wóysu (locative plural)
-wṓys (instrumental plural)
-wā́m (accusative singular)
-wóm (nominative singular)
-wóy (dual nominative)
-wóm (singular vocative)
-wóy (dual vocative)
-wóy (accusative dual)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-was
East Baltic:
Latvian: -vs
Lithuanian: -vas
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: -was
Proto-Slavic: *-vъ

Proto-Germanic: *-waz

Proto-Celtic: *-wos

Proto-Hellenic: *-wós

Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-wás

Sanskrit: -व (-vá)

Proto-Iranian: *-wáh

Avestan: -𐬎𐬎𐬀 (-uua)


-teros

-teros (nominative singular)
-teroes (nominative plural)
-tere (singular vocative)
-teroes (plural vocative)
-terom (accusative singular)
-teroms (accusative plural)
-terosyo (genitive singular)
-teroHom (genitive plural)
-teread (ablative singular)
-teromos (ablative plural)
-terobʰos (ablative plural)
-teroey (dative singular)
-teromos (dative plural)
-terobʰos (dative plural)
-terey (locative singular)
-teroy (locative singular)
-teroysu (locative plural)
-terōys (instrumental plural)
-terām (accusative singular)
-terom (nominative singular)
-teroy (dual nominative)
-terom (singular vocative)
-teroy (dual vocative)
-teroy (accusative dual)
*-eros (alternative)

Proto-Germanic: *-þeraz, *-drê

Proto-Hellenic: *-teros

desc

Ancient Greek: -τερος (-teros), -τερός (-terós)

Greek: -τερος (-teros)

Proto-Italic: *-teros

Latin: -ter (perhaps), -iter (perhaps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taras

Sanskrit: -तर (-tara)

Proto-Iranian: *-tarah

Avestan: -𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (-tara)

Gurani: ـتەر (-tar)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ـتر (-tir)

Northern Kurdish: -tir

Middle Persian: [script needed] (-tar)

Persian: ـتر (-tar)

Zazaki: -yer, -êr

Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.


Proto-Hellenic: *-tāts

Ancient Greek: -της (-tēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taHtiṣ

Sanskrit: -ताति (-tāti)

Proto-Iranian: *-taHtiš

Avestan: -𐬙𐬁𐬝 (-tāt̰)

Proto-Italic: *-tāts (see there for further descendants)

Used to form nouns representing state of being


-Hō

-Hō (nominative singular)
-Hones (nominative plural)
-Hon (singular vocative)
-Hones (plural vocative)
-Honm̥ (accusative singular)
-Honm̥s (accusative plural)
-Hnés (genitive singular)
-HnóHom (genitive plural)
-Hnés (ablative singular)
-Hn̥mós (ablative plural)
-Hn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-Hnéy (dative singular)
-Hn̥mós (dative plural)
-Hn̥bʰós (dative plural)
-Hén (locative singular)
-Héni (locative singular)
-Hn̥sú (locative plural)
-Hn̥mís (instrumental plural)
-Hn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
-Hon (nominative singular)
-Hō (nominative plural)
-Hō (plural vocative)
-Hon (accusative singular)
-Hō (accusative plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn), -ών (-ṓn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)

Italic:

Latin: -ō (see there for further descendants)

Derives adjectives, nouns indicating possession, denoting burden, authority.

-ηδών

melting away, consumption; pain, suffering

e.g. τηκεδών (tēkedṓn; ), ἀλγηδών (algēdṓn, )

-𐌾𐍉

e.g. 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (garunjō; ), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉 (gatimrjō, ), 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (sakjō, )


-tos

Proto-Hellenic: *-tós

Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós) (as in ἐντός (entós))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tas

Sanskrit: -तस् (-tas)

Proto-Iranian: *-tah

Younger Avestan: -𐬙𐬋 (-tō)

q

Old Persian: -𐎫 (-t /-ta/) (as in 𐎱𐎽𐎻𐎹𐎫 (p-ru-vi-y-t /paruviyata/, “from long ago”))

Proto-Italic: *-tos

Latin: -tus

Possibly from *-t (adverbial ending) + *-os (athematic abl./gen.sg. ending).

Creates adverbs with ablative meaning: "from ...".


-rós

-rós (nominative singular)
Ø-rós (nominative singular)
Ø-róh₁ (dual nominative)
-róes (nominative plural)
Ø-róes (nominative plural)
-ré (singular vocative)
Ø-ré (singular vocative)
Ø-róh₁ (dual vocative)
-róes (plural vocative)
Ø-róes (plural vocative)
-róm (accusative singular)
Ø-róm (accusative singular)
Ø-róh₁ (accusative dual)
-róms (accusative plural)
Ø-róms (accusative plural)
-rósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-rósyo (genitive singular)
-róHom (genitive plural)
Ø-róHom (genitive plural)
-réad (ablative singular)
Ø-réad (ablative singular)
-rómos (ablative plural)
Ø-rómos (ablative plural)
-róbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-róbʰos (ablative plural)
-róey (dative singular)
Ø-róey (dative singular)
-rómos (dative plural)
Ø-rómos (dative plural)
-róbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-róbʰos (dative plural)
-réy (locative singular)
Ø-réy (locative singular)
-róy (locative singular)
Ø-róy (locative singular)
-róysu (locative plural)
Ø-róysu (locative plural)
Ø-róh₁ (instrumental singular)
-rṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-rṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-réh₂ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø-réh₂ (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-rā́m (accusative singular)
Ø-rā́m (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-réh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-réh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
-róm (nominative singular)
Ø-róm (nominative singular)
-róy (dual nominative)
Øy (dual nominative)
Øyh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø-réh₂ (nominative plural)
-róm (singular vocative)
Ø-róm (singular vocative)
-róy (dual vocative)
Øy (dual vocative)
Øyh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø-réh₂ (plural vocative)
-róy (accusative dual)
Øy (accusative dual)
Øyh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø-réh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *-ra

Albanian: -ar, -r

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ար (-ar)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ras

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: -rs

Lithuanian: -ras, -rus

Proto-Slavic: *-rъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-ros

Proto-Germanic: *-raz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-rós

Ancient Greek: -ρός (-rós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-rás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-rás

Sanskrit: -र (-rá) (for example: उद्र (udrá)

Proto-Iranian: *-ráh

Avestan: -𐬭𐬀 (-ra) (for example: 𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (udra))

Proto-Italic: *-ros

Latin: -er (after a consonant), -rus

Proto-Tocharian: *-re

Tocharian A: -är

Tocharian B: -re

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.


-ō

-ō (nominative singular)
é-ō (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ones (nominative plural)
é-ones (nominative plural)
-on (singular vocative)
é-on (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ones (plural vocative)
é-ones (plural vocative)
-onm̥ (accusative singular)
é-onm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-onm̥s (accusative plural)
é-onm̥s (accusative plural)
-nés (genitive singular)
Ø-nés (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-nés (ablative singular)
Ø-nés (ablative singular)
-n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-néy (dative singular)
Ø-néy (dative singular)
-n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (dative plural)
-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō

Lithuanian: -uõ

Proto-Slavic: *-y (n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *-ū

Proto-Germanic: *-ô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ā

Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: -ō

gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō → *gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)

tḗtḱti (“to create”) + *-ō → *tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)

(s)kérti (“to cut”) + *-ō → *(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)

(productive) Forms so-called "individualizing" or "participant" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient from verbs.

h₂eḱs- + *-ō → *h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))

meh₂k- + *-ō → *méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)

(rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ati (present tense declension)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *-āti
Brythonic: *-ọd
Old Irish: -aid

Proto-Germanic: *-ōną (present tense declension) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: -άω (-áō), -ῶ (-ô) (the uncontracted present tense declension -άω is the most conservative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *-āō
Latin: -ō, -āre (first conjugation, etymology 3) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-aHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-aHyáti

Sanskrit: -आयति (-āyáti), -आपयति (-āpayati) (with unexplained medial -p-) (see there for further descendants)

Innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem nominal suffix) + *-yéti (factitive verbal suffix). See also *-h₂ti.

Creates iterative, frequentative, or intensive verbs.


-yōs

--yōs (canonical)
-(é)-yōs (nominative singular)
-(é)-yoses (nominative plural)
-(é)-yos (singular vocative)
-(é)-yoses (plural vocative)
-(é)-yosm̥ (accusative singular)
-(é)-yosm̥s (accusative plural)
-(é)-isos (genitive singular)
-(é)-isoHom (genitive plural)
-(é)-isos (ablative singular)
-(é)-ismos (ablative plural)
-(é)-isbʰos (ablative plural)
-(é)-isey (dative singular)
-(é)-ismos (dative plural)
-(é)-isbʰos (dative plural)
-(é)-yes (locative singular)
-(é)-yesi (locative singular)
-(é)-isu (locative plural)
-(é)-ismis (instrumental plural)
-(é)-isbʰis (instrumental plural)
-(é)-yos (nominative singular)
-(é)-yōs (nominative plural)
-(é)-yōs (plural vocative)
-(é)-yos (accusative singular)
-(é)-yōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas

Proto-Slavic: *-jьjь (accusative *-jьšь)

Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam

Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: -iu

Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yas

Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas), -ईयस् (-īyas) (< *-Hyas)

Proto-Iranian: *-yah

Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)

Proto-Italic: *-jōs

Latin: -ior

For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective. This suffix was possibly innovated after Anatolian and Tocharian split off.

Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

-em

Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos; Old Irish

see there for further descendants; in e.g. nesimei

Proto-Italic: *-isVmosLatin: -issimusOscan: -𐌉𐌌-Umbrian: -im-


-ōs

-ōs (nominative singular)
é-ōs (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-oses (nominative plural)
é-oses (nominative plural)
-os (singular vocative)
é-os (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-oses (plural vocative)
é-oses (plural vocative)
-osm̥ (accusative singular)
é-osm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-osm̥s (accusative plural)
é-osm̥s (accusative plural)
-sés (genitive singular)
Ø-sés (genitive singular)
-sóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-sóHom (genitive plural)
-sés (ablative singular)
Ø-sés (ablative singular)
-smós (ablative plural)
Ø-smós (ablative plural)
-sbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-sbʰós (ablative plural)
-séy (dative singular)
Ø-séy (dative singular)
-smós (dative plural)
Ø-smós (dative plural)
-sbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-sbʰós (dative plural)
-és (locative singular)
Ø-és (locative singular)
-ési (locative singular)
Ø-ési (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
Ø-sú (locative plural)
Ø-séh₁ (instrumental singular)
-smís (instrumental plural)
Ø-smís (instrumental plural)
-sbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-sbʰís (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: some -ως (-ōs)/ -ώς (-ṓs) (ἠώς f (ēṓs), αἰδώς f (aidṓs), γέλως m (gélōs))

Proto-Italic: *-ōs

Latin: -or

From *(é)-os-s from *(é)-os (neuter s-stem) + *-s (non-neuter nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonant /s/ and compensatory lengthening. Compare *-yōs.

af

Creates masculine and feminine action nouns or result nouns from verbs.


-oyéti

-oyóm (first-person indicative past singular)
-oyési (indicative present second-person singular)
-oyés (indicative past second-person singular)
-oyé (imperative second-person singular)
-oyḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-oyóys (optative second-person singular)
-oyéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-oyét (indicative past singular third-person)
-oyétu (imperative singular third-person)
-oyḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyt (optative singular third-person)
-oyówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-oyówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-oyṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-oyóywe (dual first-person optative)
-oyétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-oyétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-oyétom (dual imperative second-person)
-oyḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-oyóytom (dual optative second-person)
-oyétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-oyétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-oyétām (dual imperative third-person)
-oyḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-oyóytām (dual optative third-person)
-oyómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-oyóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-oyṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-oyóyme (first-person optative plural)
-oyéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-oyéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-oyéte (imperative plural second-person)
-oyḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-oyóyte (optative plural second-person)
-oyónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-oyónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-oyóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-oyṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-oyónts (indicative participle present)
-oyéso (imperative second-person singular)
-oyétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-oyéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-oyḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyto (optative singular third-person)
-oyóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-oyónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-oyṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-oyóyro (optative plural third-person)
-oyómnos (indicative participle present)

desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *-oyéti
Hittite: -𒀀𒀀𒄑𒍣 (-a-a-iz-zi /-āitsi/)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ajaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *-āną (< *-ajaną) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-óyō?

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō)

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-éh₁yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éh₁yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ěti (present tense declension)

Proto-Celtic: *-īti

Proto-Brythonic: *-id

Proto-Germanic: *-janą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)

Proto-Italic: *-ēō

Latin: -eō

Latin: -ō (single case of stō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áHyati

Sanskrit: -आयति (-ā́yati)

Thematicization of the athematic stative verbal suffix; see *-yeti.


-sḱéti

-sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-sḱóh₂ (first-person indicative present singular)
-sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-sḱóm (first-person indicative past singular)
-sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱóyh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
-sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-sḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
-sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-sḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
-sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱé (imperative second-person singular)
-sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱóys (optative second-person singular)
-sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-sḱéti (indicative present singular third-person)
-sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-sḱét (indicative past singular third-person)
-sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱétu (imperative singular third-person)
-sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱóyt (optative singular third-person)
-sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-sḱówos (dual first-person indicative present)
-sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-sḱówe (dual first-person indicative past)
-sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
Ø-sḱóywe (dual first-person optative)
-sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-sḱétes (dual indicative present second-person)
-sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-sḱétom (dual indicative past second-person)
-sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-sḱétom (dual imperative second-person)
-sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗtes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
Ø-sḱóytom (dual optative second-person)
-sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-sḱétes (dual indicative present third-person)
-sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-sḱétām (dual indicative past third-person)
-sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-sḱétām (dual imperative third-person)
-sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗtes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
Ø-sḱóytām (dual optative third-person)
-sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-sḱómos (first-person indicative plural present)
-sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-sḱóme (first-person indicative past plural)
-sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-sḱṓmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
Ø-sḱóyme (first-person optative plural)
-sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (indicative plural present second-person)
-sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (indicative past plural second-person)
-sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-sḱéte (imperative plural second-person)
-sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-sḱḗte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
Ø-sḱóyte (optative plural second-person)
-sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-sḱónti (indicative plural present third-person)
-sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-sḱónt (indicative past plural third-person)
-sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-sḱóntu (imperative plural third-person)
-sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱṓnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sḱónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱóh₂e (first-person indicative past singular)
-sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-sḱéso (imperative second-person singular)
-sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-sḱétor (indicative present singular third-person)
-sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-sḱéto (indicative past singular third-person)
-sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱḗtor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
Ø-sḱóyto (optative singular third-person)
-sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-sḱóntor (indicative plural present third-person)
-sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-sḱónto (indicative past plural third-person)
-sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-sḱṓntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
Ø-sḱóyro (optative plural third-person)
-sḱómnos (indicative participle present)
Ø-sḱómnos (indicative participle present)

Proto-Albanian: *-ska

Albanian: -h

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -ց- (-cʻ-)

Proto-Celtic: *-sketi

Proto-Hellenic: *-skō

Ancient Greek: -σκω (-skō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-sćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-śćáti

desc

Sanskrit: -च्छति (-ccháti), -श्चति (-ścáti) (rare)

Iranian:

Old Avestan: -𐬯𐬀- (-sa-) (for example: 𐬘𐬀𐬯𐬀 (jasa, “to go, to come”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬨 (gam, “to come”))

Old Persian: -𐎿𐎠- (-s-a- /sā/)

Proto-Italic: *-skō

Latin: -scō, -āscō, -ēscō, -īscō

Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots.


-néwti

-néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-néwmi (first-person indicative present singular)
-nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-nḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
-néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-néwsi (indicative present second-person singular)
-néws (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-néws (indicative past second-person singular)
-néw (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-néw (imperative second-person singular)
-nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-nudʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-néwesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-néwti (indicative present singular third-person)
-néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-néwt (indicative past singular third-person)
-néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-néwtu (imperative singular third-person)
-néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néweti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-nuwós (dual first-person indicative present)
-nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-nuwé (dual first-person indicative past)
-néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-nutés (dual indicative present second-person)
-nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-nutóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-nutóm (dual imperative second-person)
-néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-nutés (dual indicative present third-person)
-nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-nutā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-nutā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-numós (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-numós (first-person indicative plural present)
-numé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-numé (first-person indicative past plural)
-néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-néwomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-nuté (indicative plural present second-person)
-nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-nuté (indicative past plural second-person)
-nuté (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-nuté (imperative plural second-person)
-néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-néwete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-nwénti (indicative plural present third-person)
-nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-nwént (indicative past plural third-person)
-nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-nwéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-nwónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-nwónts (indicative participle present)
-nusó (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-nusó (imperative second-person singular)
-nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-nutór (indicative present singular third-person)
-nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-nwór (indicative present singular third-person)
-nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-nutó (indicative past singular third-person)
-nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-nwó (indicative past singular third-person)
-néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-nwn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-nurór (indicative plural present third-person)
-nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-nwn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-nuró (indicative past plural third-person)
-néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-néwontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Anatolian: *-nū́di (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-neumi

Ancient Greek: -νῡμι (-nūmi), also thematicised -νεω (-neō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-náwti

Sanskrit: -नोति (-nóti), -णोति (-ṇoti)

Proto-Iranian: *-náwti

Avestan: -𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-naoⁱti), -𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (-nuuaⁱṇti) (in some cases)

Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots.


-yeti

-yom (first-person indicative past singular)
é-yom (first-person indicative past singular)
é-yōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-yesi (indicative present second-person singular)
é-yesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-yes (indicative past second-person singular)
é-yes (indicative past second-person singular)
-ye (imperative second-person singular)
é-ye (imperative second-person singular)
-yēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-yēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-yoys (optative second-person singular)
é-yoys (optative second-person singular)
-yeti (indicative present singular third-person)
é-yeti (indicative present singular third-person)
-yet (indicative past singular third-person)
é-yet (indicative past singular third-person)
-yetu (imperative singular third-person)
é-yetu (imperative singular third-person)
-yēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-yēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yoyt (optative singular third-person)
é-yoyt (optative singular third-person)
-yowos (dual first-person indicative present)
é-yowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-yowe (dual first-person indicative past)
é-yowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-yōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-yōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-yoywe (dual first-person optative)
é-yoywe (dual first-person optative)
-yetes (dual indicative present second-person)
é-yetes (dual indicative present second-person)
-yetom (dual indicative past second-person)
é-yetom (dual indicative past second-person)
-yetom (dual imperative second-person)
é-yetom (dual imperative second-person)
-yētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-yētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-yoytom (dual optative second-person)
é-yoytom (dual optative second-person)
-yetes (dual indicative present third-person)
é-yetes (dual indicative present third-person)
-yetām (dual indicative past third-person)
é-yetām (dual indicative past third-person)
-yetām (dual imperative third-person)
é-yetām (dual imperative third-person)
-yētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-yētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-yoytām (dual optative third-person)
é-yoytām (dual optative third-person)
-yomos (first-person indicative plural present)
é-yomos (first-person indicative plural present)
-yome (first-person indicative past plural)
é-yome (first-person indicative past plural)
-yōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-yōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-yoyme (first-person optative plural)
é-yoyme (first-person optative plural)
-yete (indicative plural present second-person)
é-yete (indicative plural present second-person)
-yete (indicative past plural second-person)
é-yete (indicative past plural second-person)
-yete (imperative plural second-person)
é-yete (imperative plural second-person)
-yēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-yēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yoyte (optative plural second-person)
é-yoyte (optative plural second-person)
-yonti (indicative plural present third-person)
é-yonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yont (indicative past plural third-person)
é-yont (indicative past plural third-person)
-yontu (imperative plural third-person)
é-yontu (imperative plural third-person)
-yōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-yōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yonts (indicative participle present)
é-yonts (indicative participle present)
-yeso (imperative second-person singular)
é-yeso (imperative second-person singular)
-yetor (indicative present singular third-person)
é-yetor (indicative present singular third-person)
-yeto (indicative past singular third-person)
é-yeto (indicative past singular third-person)
-yētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-yētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yoyto (optative singular third-person)
é-yoyto (optative singular third-person)
-yontor (indicative plural present third-person)
é-yontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-yonto (indicative past plural third-person)
é-yonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-yōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-yōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yoyro (optative plural third-person)
é-yoyro (optative plural third-person)
-yomnos (indicative participle present)
é-yomnos (indicative participle present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)

Proto-Germanic: *-(i)ja- (j-presents, class 1 weak verbs)

Proto-Hellenic: *-yō

Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially, when added to roots, when compounded with *-e- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-eyé-, when added to s-stem nouns, ie. *-esyé-)

Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)

Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pye-, *-pʰye-)

Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kye-, *-kʰye-, *-kʷye-, *-kʷʰye-, *-tye-, *-tʰye-, *-gye-)

Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gye-, *-gʷye-, *-dye-)

Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lye-)

Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cye-)

Italic:

Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)

Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially, when compounded with *-i- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-iyé-, or by later non-inherited fabrications)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yati

Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, e.g. पश्यति (páśyati))

Proto-Iranian: *-yati

Younger Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti)

Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots.


-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éh₁s (indicative past second-person singular)
-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁dʰi (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁t (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éh₁tām (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-éh₁tām (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-éh₁n̥t (indicative past plural third-person)
-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁m̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-éh₁oh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-h₁yéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
Ø-éh₁s (indicative past second-person singular)
-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁ (imperative second-person singular)
-h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-h₁dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éh₁t (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-h₁wé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-h₁tā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-h₁tā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-h₁mé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-h₁té (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-h₁té (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-h₁té (imperative plural second-person)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Anatolian: *-ǣ́di

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *-ěti

Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from perfective roots.

Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from nominals.


Proto-Germanic: *-iþō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taH

desctree

Sanskrit: -ता (-tā)
→ Bengali: -তা (-ta)
→ Hindi: -ता (-tā)
→ Malayalam: -ത (-ta)

Proto-Iranian: *-taH

q

Avestan: -𐬚𐬁 (-θā) (for example: 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁 (gaēθā, “world, living substance”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬉 (gaē, “to live”) and -𐬚𐬁 (-θā, a feminine noun suffix))