-seti

-som (first-person indicative past singular)
é-som (first-person indicative past singular)
é-sōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
-sesi (indicative present second-person singular)
é-sesi (indicative present second-person singular)
-ses (indicative past second-person singular)
é-ses (indicative past second-person singular)
-se (imperative second-person singular)
é-se (imperative second-person singular)
-sēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-sēsi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-soys (optative second-person singular)
é-soys (optative second-person singular)
-seti (indicative present singular third-person)
é-seti (indicative present singular third-person)
-set (indicative past singular third-person)
é-set (indicative past singular third-person)
-setu (imperative singular third-person)
é-setu (imperative singular third-person)
-sēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-sēti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-soyt (optative singular third-person)
é-soyt (optative singular third-person)
-sowos (dual first-person indicative present)
é-sowos (dual first-person indicative present)
-sowe (dual first-person indicative past)
é-sowe (dual first-person indicative past)
-sōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-sōwos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-soywe (dual first-person optative)
é-soywe (dual first-person optative)
-setes (dual indicative present second-person)
é-setes (dual indicative present second-person)
-setom (dual indicative past second-person)
é-setom (dual indicative past second-person)
-setom (dual imperative second-person)
é-setom (dual imperative second-person)
-sētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-sētes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-soytom (dual optative second-person)
é-soytom (dual optative second-person)
-setes (dual indicative present third-person)
é-setes (dual indicative present third-person)
-setām (dual indicative past third-person)
é-setām (dual indicative past third-person)
-setām (dual imperative third-person)
é-setām (dual imperative third-person)
-sētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-sētes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-soytām (dual optative third-person)
é-soytām (dual optative third-person)
-somos (first-person indicative plural present)
é-somos (first-person indicative plural present)
-some (first-person indicative past plural)
é-some (first-person indicative past plural)
-sōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-sōmos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-soyme (first-person optative plural)
é-soyme (first-person optative plural)
-sete (indicative plural present second-person)
é-sete (indicative plural present second-person)
-sete (indicative past plural second-person)
é-sete (indicative past plural second-person)
-sete (imperative plural second-person)
é-sete (imperative plural second-person)
-sēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-sēte (plural second-person subjunctive)
-soyte (optative plural second-person)
é-soyte (optative plural second-person)
-sonti (indicative plural present third-person)
é-sonti (indicative plural present third-person)
-sont (indicative past plural third-person)
é-sont (indicative past plural third-person)
-sontu (imperative plural third-person)
é-sontu (imperative plural third-person)
-sōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-sōnti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sonts (indicative participle present)
é-sonts (indicative participle present)
-seso (imperative second-person singular)
é-seso (imperative second-person singular)
-setor (indicative present singular third-person)
é-setor (indicative present singular third-person)
-seto (indicative past singular third-person)
é-seto (indicative past singular third-person)
-sētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-sētor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-soyto (optative singular third-person)
é-soyto (optative singular third-person)
-sontor (indicative plural present third-person)
é-sontor (indicative plural present third-person)
-sonto (indicative past plural third-person)
é-sonto (indicative past plural third-person)
-sōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-sōntor (plural subjunctive third-person)
-soyro (optative plural third-person)
é-soyro (optative plural third-person)
-somnos (indicative participle present)
é-somnos (indicative participle present)


Creates desiderative imperfective verbs from roots.


-h₂dʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-h₂h₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
-h₂ó (indicative past singular third-person)

Proto-Celtic: *-āti

Forms factitive verbs from adjective stems.


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tria

Ancient Greek: -τρια (-tria)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-triH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-triH

Sanskrit: -त्री (-trī)

Proto-Iranian: *-θriH

Avestan: -𐬚𐬭𐬍 (-θrī) (e.g. 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬍 (manaoθrī, “which remind”) from 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man, “to think”))

Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-āˀtas

Proto-Slavic: *-atъ

Proto-Germanic: *-ōdaz

Proto-Italic: *-ātos

Latin: -ātus

Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.


-onts

-onts (nominative singular)
é-onts (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ontes (nominative plural)
é-ontes (nominative plural)
-ont (singular vocative)
é-ont (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ontes (plural vocative)
é-ontes (plural vocative)
-ontm̥ (accusative singular)
é-ontm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-ontm̥s (accusative plural)
é-ontm̥s (accusative plural)
-n̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-n̥tés (genitive singular)
-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-n̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-n̥tés (ablative singular)
-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
-n̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-n̥téy (dative singular)
-n̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (dative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
-ént (locative singular)
Ø-ént (locative singular)
-énti (locative singular)
Ø-énti (locative singular)
-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-ont (nominative singular)
é-ont (nominative singular)
-ont (accusative singular)
é-ont (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *-ónts

Hittite: -𒀭𒍝 (-an-za)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ans, *-antis

Lithuanian: -ąs, -antis

Proto-Slavic: *-y (stem *-ǫť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ę (< *ejants < *-éy-onts, stem *-jęť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-aję (< *-āˀjants < *-eh₂y-onts, stem *-ajęť-)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ěję (< *-ēˀjants < *-eh₁y-onts, stem *-ějęť-)

Proto-Germanic: *-andz

Proto-Hellenic: *-onts

Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -अन्त् (-ant /-ant/)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬀𐬧𐬙 (-aṇt)

Old Persian: -𐎴𐎫 (-n-t /-ant/)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (-nd,-nt' /-and/), ⇒ [script needed] (-ntk' /-andag/)

Persian: ـنده (-ande)

Parthian: [script needed] (-nd /-ind/)

→ Old Armenian: -անդակ (-andak)

Proto-Italic: *-onts, *-ānts (for *-ā-onts)

Latin: -ns, -ēns, -āns, -iēns

ǵerh₂- (“to grow older”) + *-onts → *ǵérh₂onts (“old”)

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.

Ending of the present active participle of verbs.


-mṓ

e-mṓ (nominative singular)
Ø-mṓ (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
e-mónes (nominative plural)
Ø-mónes (nominative plural)
e-món (singular vocative)
Ø-món (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
e-mónes (plural vocative)
Ø-mónes (plural vocative)
e-mónm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-mónm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
e-mónm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-mónm̥s (accusative plural)
e-(m)nés (genitive singular)
Ø-(m)nés (genitive singular)
e-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
e-(m)nés (ablative singular)
Ø-(m)nés (ablative singular)
e-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
e-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
e-(m)néy (dative singular)
Ø-(m)néy (dative singular)
e-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
e-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
e-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
e-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
e-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
e-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
e-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
-mō (nominative singular)
é-mō (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-mones (nominative plural)
é-mones (nominative plural)
-mon (singular vocative)
é-mon (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-mones (plural vocative)
é-mones (plural vocative)
-monm̥ (accusative singular)
é-monm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-monm̥s (accusative plural)
é-monm̥s (accusative plural)
-(m)nés (genitive singular)
Ø-(m)nés (genitive singular)
-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
-(m)nés (ablative singular)
Ø-(m)nés (ablative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-(m)néy (dative singular)
Ø-(m)néy (dative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mō

Lithuanian: -muo

Proto-Slavic: *-my

Proto-Celtic: *-mū

Old Irish: -em

Proto-Hellenic: *-mōn

Ancient Greek: -μων (-mōn)

Proto-Germanic: *-mô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mā́

Sanskrit: -मन् m (-mán)

Proto-Iranian: *-mā

Avestan: -𐬨𐬀 (-ma), -𐬨𐬀𐬥 (-man)

Proto-Italic: *-mō

Latin: -mōnium, -mōnia

Cognates with a different ablaut:
* *-mn̥
* *-mḗn
See also *-h₃onh₂- and *-ō.


-tn̥nós

-tn̥nós (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóes (nominative plural)
-tn̥né (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóes (plural vocative)
-tn̥nóm (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóms (accusative plural)
-tn̥nósyo (genitive singular)
-tn̥nóHom (genitive plural)
-tn̥néad (ablative singular)
-tn̥nómos (ablative plural)
-tn̥nóbʰos (ablative plural)
-tn̥nóey (dative singular)
-tn̥nómos (dative plural)
-tn̥nóbʰos (dative plural)
-tn̥néy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóysu (locative plural)
-tn̥nṓys (instrumental plural)
-tn̥nā́m (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóm (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóy (dual nominative)
-tn̥nóm (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóy (dual vocative)
-tn̥nóy (accusative dual)
*-tn̥nis (alternative)

Proto-Armenian: *-aþayn (< earlier *-aþani < *-eh₂-tn̥n-i-s)

Old Armenian: -այն (-ayn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: -ti̇̀nis, -tinas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tanás

Sanskrit: -तन (-taná), -त्न (tná)

Proto-Italic: *-tenos

Latin: -tinus

From *ten- (“to extend, stretch”) + *-nós.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-snāˀ

Proto-Germanic: *-snō, *-isnō, *-usnō, *-asnjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-snā > *-hnā

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-snaH

λάχνη

earlier *λακσνά (*laksná) < *ϝλακσνά (*wlaksná)


-kos

-kos (nominative singular)
-koes (nominative plural)
-ke (singular vocative)
-koes (plural vocative)
-kom (accusative singular)
-koms (accusative plural)
-kosyo (genitive singular)
-koHom (genitive plural)
-kead (ablative singular)
-komos (ablative plural)
-kobʰos (ablative plural)
-koey (dative singular)
-komos (dative plural)
-kobʰos (dative plural)
-key (locative singular)
-koy (locative singular)
-koysu (locative plural)
-kōys (instrumental plural)
-kām (accusative singular)
-kom (nominative singular)
-koy (dual nominative)
-kom (singular vocative)
-koy (dual vocative)
-koy (accusative dual)
*-ḱos (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-kas

Lithuanian: -ingas (with an /n/ infix)

Latvian: -īgs

Proto-Slavic: *-kъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-kos

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-ākos

Proto-Germanic: *-gaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-kos

Ancient Greek: -κός (-kós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-kas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-kos

Latin: -cus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: -icus (see there for further descendants)

Creates deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to.


-éyti

-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
-éy (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éy (imperative second-person singular)
-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
-ité (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-ité (imperative plural second-person)
-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-ih₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
-isó (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-isó (imperative second-person singular)
-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)


-r̥

-r̥ (canonical)
-r̥ (canonical neuter)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-n̥s (genitive singular)
é-n̥s (genitive singular)
-noHom (genitive plural)
é-noHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-n̥s (ablative singular)
é-n̥s (ablative singular)
-n̥mos (ablative plural)
é-n̥mos (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰos (ablative plural)
é-n̥bʰos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-ney (dative singular)
é-ney (dative singular)
-n̥mos (dative plural)
é-n̥mos (dative plural)
-n̥bʰos (dative plural)
é-n̥bʰos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-n̥ (locative singular)
é-n̥ (locative singular)
-ni (locative singular)
é-ni (locative singular)
-n̥su (locative plural)
é-n̥su (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
é-n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
é-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
é-n̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-éns (genitive singular)
Ø-éns (genitive singular)
-énoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-énoHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-éns (ablative singular)
Ø-éns (ablative singular)
-énmos (ablative plural)
Ø-énmos (ablative plural)
-énbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-énbʰos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-éney (dative singular)
Ø-éney (dative singular)
-énmos (dative plural)
Ø-énmos (dative plural)
-énbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-énbʰos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-énsu (locative plural)
Ø-énsu (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
Ø-énh₁ (instrumental singular)
-énmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-énmis (instrumental plural)
-énbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-énbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒅈 (-ar)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ər

Ancient Greek: -αρ ~ -ατος (-ar ~ -atos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-r̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-r̥

Sanskrit: -र् (-r)

Proto-Italic: *-or ~ *-enes

Latin: -or/-ur ~ -inis,-oris,-inoris

Derives nouns from roots, frequently mass nouns.


-ḗn

-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-énes (nominative plural)
Ø-énes (nominative plural)
-én (singular vocative)
Ø-én (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-énes (plural vocative)
Ø-énes (plural vocative)
-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-énm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-énm̥s (accusative plural)
-nés (genitive singular)
Ø-nés (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-nés (ablative singular)
Ø-nés (ablative singular)
-n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-néy (dative singular)
Ø-néy (dative singular)
-n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (dative plural)
-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)


-ónts

-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-óntes (nominative plural)
Ø-óntes (nominative plural)
-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-óntes (plural vocative)
Ø-óntes (plural vocative)
-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
-n̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-n̥tés (genitive singular)
-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-n̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-n̥tés (ablative singular)
-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
-n̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-n̥téy (dative singular)
-n̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (dative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
-ént (locative singular)
Ø-ént (locative singular)
-énti (locative singular)
Ø-énti (locative singular)
-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-atos

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gónwatos (< *gonwós (compare γουνός (gounós)) < *ǵonwós)

desc

Ancient Greek: γόνατος (gónatos, “knee”)

Greek: γόνατο (gónato)

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *krāhatos (< *krās (compare κράς (krás)) < *ḱr̥h₂s)

desc

Ancient Greek: κρᾱ́ατος (krā́atos), κρᾱτός (krātós, “shank”)

Proto-Celtic: *-ants m, *-antā f, *-antī f

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *abrants (“eye-lid”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *brāgants (“neck, throat”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dowsantā (“arm”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *sleixsantī (“thigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *-undaz m, *-undō f, *-undą n

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *harundą (“flesh”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waisundaz (“windpipe”)

planta

Proto-Italic: *plantā (“sole of the foot”)


-tm̥mos

-tm̥mos (nominative singular)
-tm̥moes (nominative plural)
-tm̥me (singular vocative)
-tm̥moes (plural vocative)
-tm̥mom (accusative singular)
-tm̥moms (accusative plural)
-tm̥mosyo (genitive singular)
-tm̥moHom (genitive plural)
-tm̥mead (ablative singular)
-tm̥momos (ablative plural)
-tm̥mobʰos (ablative plural)
-tm̥moey (dative singular)
-tm̥momos (dative plural)
-tm̥mobʰos (dative plural)
-tm̥mey (locative singular)
-tm̥moy (locative singular)
-tm̥moysu (locative plural)
-tm̥mōys (instrumental plural)
-tm̥mām (accusative singular)
-tm̥mom (nominative singular)
-tm̥moy (dual nominative)
-tm̥mom (singular vocative)
-tm̥moy (dual vocative)
-tm̥moy (accusative dual)
*-m̥mos (alternative)
*-m̥Hos (alternative)

Proto-Celtic: *-tamos

q

Proto-Germanic: *-umô (< *-m̥mō < *-m̥mos, see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-təmos

Ancient Greek: -τᾰτος (-tătos) (contamination from *-istos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tamas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-temos

Latin: -timus

Unknown. Possibly from an original *-m̥mos with an intrusive -t- from *-teros. Alternatively, Kroonen derives the suffix from *meh₂- (“good; opportune”).

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

-em

Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos; Old Irish


-wr̥

-wr̥ (nominative singular)
é-wr̥ (nominative singular)
-wōr (nominative)
é-wōr (nominative)
-wr̥ (singular vocative)
é-wr̥ (singular vocative)
-wōr (vocative)
é-wōr (vocative)
-wr̥ (accusative singular)
é-wr̥ (accusative singular)
-wōr (accusative)
é-wōr (accusative)
-wéns (genitive singular)
Ø-wéns (genitive singular)
-unés (genitive)
Ø-unés (genitive)
-wéns (ablative singular)
Ø-wéns (ablative singular)
-unés (ablative)
Ø-unés (ablative)
-wéney (dative singular)
Ø-wéney (dative singular)
-unéy (dative)
Ø-unéy (dative)
-wén (locative singular)
Ø-wén (locative singular)
-wéni (locative singular)
Ø-wéni (locative singular)
-wén (locative)
Ø-wén (locative)
-wéni (locative)
Ø-wéni (locative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒉿𒅈 (-wa-ar)

Derives object nouns from verbal roots (e.g., per- "to go through" > pérwr̥ "ford, crossing").


-mḗn

-mḗn (nominative singular)
Ø-mḗn (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-ménes (nominative plural)
Ø-ménes (nominative plural)
-mén (singular vocative)
Ø-mén (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-ménes (plural vocative)
Ø-ménes (plural vocative)
-ménm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-ménm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-ménm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-ménm̥s (accusative plural)
-(m)nés (genitive singular)
Ø-(m)nés (genitive singular)
-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-(m)nóHom (genitive plural)
-(m)nés (ablative singular)
Ø-(m)nés (ablative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (ablative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-(m)néy (dative singular)
Ø-(m)néy (dative singular)
-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mós (dative plural)
-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-mén (locative singular)
Ø-mén (locative singular)
-méni (locative singular)
Ø-méni (locative singular)
-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-(m)n̥sú (locative plural)
-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-(m)n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Cognates with a different ablaut:
* *-mn̥
* *-mṓ


-ótr̥

-ótr̥ (nominative singular)
Ø-ótr̥ (nominative singular)
-ótōr (nominative)
Ø-ótōr (nominative)
-ótr̥ (singular vocative)
Ø-ótr̥ (singular vocative)
-ótōr (vocative)
Ø-ótōr (vocative)
-ótr̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-ótr̥ (accusative singular)
-ótōr (accusative)
Ø-ótōr (accusative)
-otnés (genitive singular)
Ø-otnés (genitive singular)
-otnés (genitive)
Ø-otnés (genitive)
-otnés (ablative singular)
Ø-otnés (ablative singular)
-otnés (ablative)
Ø-otnés (ablative)
-otnéy (dative singular)
Ø-otnéy (dative singular)
-otnéy (dative)
Ø-otnéy (dative)
-oténi (locative singular)
Ø-oténi (locative singular)
-otén (locative)
Ø-otén (locative)
-oténi (locative)
Ø-oténi (locative)

Proto-Anatolian: *-ṓdr̥

Proto-Italic: (with regular metathesis, see unda, pando)

Latin: -undī, -undō, -undum


-tr̥

-tr̥ (nominative singular)
é-tr̥ (nominative singular)
-tṓr (nominative)
Ø-tṓr (nominative)
-tr̥ (singular vocative)
é-tr̥ (singular vocative)
-tṓr (vocative)
Ø-tṓr (vocative)
-tr̥ (accusative singular)
é-tr̥ (accusative singular)
-tṓr (accusative)
Ø-tṓr (accusative)
-téns (genitive singular)
Ø-téns (genitive singular)
-tnés (genitive)
Ø-tnés (genitive)
-téns (ablative singular)
Ø-téns (ablative singular)
-tnés (ablative)
Ø-tnés (ablative)
-téney (dative singular)
Ø-téney (dative singular)
-tnéy (dative)
Ø-tnéy (dative)
-tén (locative singular)
Ø-tén (locative singular)
-téni (locative singular)
Ø-téni (locative singular)
-tén (locative)
Ø-tén (locative)
-téni (locative)
Ø-téni (locative)

Probably related to either *-r̥ or *-ter-, but only the former has the same r/n heteroclitic pattern.


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-yéh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *-jā

Albanian: -e

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-i

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *-ica

Proto-Celtic: *-ī

Proto-Germanic: *-ī/*-jō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iH

Sanskrit: -ई (-ī)

Proto-Iranian: *-iH

Avestan: -𐬍 (-ī) (e.g. 𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬍 (aŋᵛhī, “lady”) is a feminine form of 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu, “lord”))

Proto-Tocharian: *-ā

Tocharian A: -ā

Tocharian B: -ā, -a

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: -ιᾰ (-iă), -σσᾰ (-ssă), -ττᾰ (-ttă), -V̄ρᾰ (-V̄ră), -ινᾰ (-ină), -ιρᾰ (-iră), -ζᾰ (-ză)


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μενος (-menos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mHnas

q

Sanskrit: -मान (-māna) (thematic), -आन (-āna) (athematic) (-ā- in the thematic form is by analogy with the athematic form; the expected thematic form, *-mina, is attested in Middle Indo-Aryan)

Maharastri Prakrit: -𑀫𑀺𑀦 (-mina)

Pali: -māna

Proto-Iranian: *-mHnah

Avestan: -𐬨𐬥𐬀 (-mna) (thematic), -𐬁𐬥𐬀 (-āna) (athematic)

Proto-Nuristani: *-mna

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri: (< *-nna)

Kamviri: -në-

Kativiri: -në-

Prasuni: -ma-, -mi- (< *-mma)

Proto-Italic: *-manos

Latin: -mnus (syncopated), -mina (unsyncopated) (only in alumnus, fēmina)

Latin: -minī (2pl suffix of deponent verbs)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: -māṃ

Tocharian B: -mane


-wénts

-wénts (nominative singular)
Ø-wénts (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-wéntes (nominative plural)
Ø-wéntes (nominative plural)
-wént (singular vocative)
Ø-wént (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-wéntes (plural vocative)
Ø-wéntes (plural vocative)
-wéntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-wéntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-wéntm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-wéntm̥s (accusative plural)
-wn̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-wn̥tés (genitive singular)
-wn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-wn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-wn̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-wn̥tés (ablative singular)
-wn̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-wn̥tmós (ablative plural)
-wn̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-wn̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
-wn̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-wn̥téy (dative singular)
-wn̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-wn̥tmós (dative plural)
-wn̥tbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-wn̥tbʰós (dative plural)
-wént (locative singular)
Ø-wént (locative singular)
-wénti (locative singular)
Ø-wénti (locative singular)
-wn̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-wn̥tsú (locative plural)
-wn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-wn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-wn̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-wn̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
-wént (nominative singular)
Ø-wént (nominative singular)
-wént (accusative singular)
Ø-wént (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *-wants (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-wénts

Ancient Greek: -εις (-eis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-wánts

desctree

Sanskrit: -वान् (-vān), -वत् (-vat), -मत् (-mat)
Pali: -vant
→ Bengali: -বান (-ban) (from the masculine singular nominative -वान् (-vān))
→ Hindi: -वान (-vān) (from the masculine singular nominative -वान् (-vān))

Proto-Iranian: *-wánts

Avestan: -𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (-uuan) (for example: 𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (ašauuan, “follower of order”)

Persian: وند (vand)

Forms possessive adjectives from nominal stems.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-twāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-tva (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-þwō (see there for further descendants)

Earlier *-tu- + *-eh₂ (feminine ending).


-dʰeti (canonical)
-dʰh₁ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
é-dʰh₁ōh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)

Proto-Anatolian: *-dʔeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-stei

Latvian: -st

Lithuanian: -sti

Proto-Slavic: *-sti

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰō

Ancient Greek: -θω (-thō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-dHati

Proto-Iranian: *-dāti

Central Iranian:

Old Avestan: -𐬛𐬀𐬝 (-dat̰)

Younger Avestan: -𐬜𐬀𐬙𐬌 (-δati)


-lós

de:Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen

-lós (nominative singular)
Ø-lós (nominative singular)
Ø-lóh₁ (dual nominative)
-lóes (nominative plural)
Ø-lóes (nominative plural)
-lé (singular vocative)
Ø-lé (singular vocative)
Ø-lóh₁ (dual vocative)
-lóes (plural vocative)
Ø-lóes (plural vocative)
-lóm (accusative singular)
Ø-lóm (accusative singular)
Ø-lóh₁ (accusative dual)
-lóms (accusative plural)
Ø-lóms (accusative plural)
-lósyo (genitive singular)
Ø-lósyo (genitive singular)
-lóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-lóHom (genitive plural)
-léad (ablative singular)
Ø-léad (ablative singular)
-lómos (ablative plural)
Ø-lómos (ablative plural)
-lóbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-lóbʰos (ablative plural)
-lóey (dative singular)
Ø-lóey (dative singular)
-lómos (dative plural)
Ø-lómos (dative plural)
-lóbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-lóbʰos (dative plural)
-léy (locative singular)
Ø-léy (locative singular)
-lóy (locative singular)
Ø-lóy (locative singular)
-lóysu (locative plural)
Ø-lóysu (locative plural)
Ø-lóh₁ (instrumental singular)
-lṓys (instrumental plural)
Ø-lṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-lás, *-las

Proto-Slavic: *-lъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-los

Proto-Germanic: *-laz

Proto-Hellenic: *-lós, *-los

Ancient Greek: -λός (-lós), -λος (-los)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras

Sanskrit: -ल (-la), -र (-ra)

Proto-Iranian: *láh, *-lah, *-ráh, *-rah

Proto-Italic: *-los

Latin: -lus

Proto-Tocharian: *-le

Notes

⇒ *h₂eḱilo-

⇒? *-i-los (or perhaps originally thematicized from an old suffix *-yl̥)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *-urahakah

Proto-Iranian: *-ulah, *-urah (diminutive suffix)

Forms adjectives with the sense “pertaining to …” (alternative form of *-rós).


-dʰe

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-de

Proto-Slavic: *-de

Proto-Germanic: *-þ (directive suffix)

Gothic: -𐌸 (-þ)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰe, *-tʰi

Ancient Greek: -θε (-the), -θι (-thi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-dʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-dʰa

Sanskrit: -ध (-dha), -ह (-ha)

q

Proto-Italic: *-ðei (Italic innovation, possibly influenced by the thematic loc.sg. ending *-ei)

as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ubi</i>

Latin: -bi, -bī (as in ubi)

Possibly derived from *dʰeh₁- (“to place”).


-sōr

-sōr (nominative singular)
é-sōr (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-sores (nominative plural)
é-sores (nominative plural)
-sor (singular vocative)
é-sor (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-sores (plural vocative)
é-sores (plural vocative)
-sorm̥ (accusative singular)
é-sorm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-sorm̥s (accusative plural)
é-sorm̥s (accusative plural)
-srés (genitive singular)
Ø-srés (genitive singular)
-sróHom (genitive plural)
Ø-sróHom (genitive plural)
-srés (ablative singular)
Ø-srés (ablative singular)
-sr̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-sr̥mós (ablative plural)
-sr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-sr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-sréy (dative singular)
Ø-sréy (dative singular)
-sr̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-sr̥mós (dative plural)
-sr̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-sr̥bʰós (dative plural)
-sér (locative singular)
Ø-sér (locative singular)
-séri (locative singular)
Ø-séri (locative singular)
-sr̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-sr̥sú (locative plural)
-sr̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-sr̥mís (instrumental plural)
-sr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-sr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒀸𒊭𒊏𒀸 (-ššaraš)

Derives feminine gender stems from roots


-kt

-km̥ (first-person indicative singular)
é-km̥ (first-person indicative singular)
-ks (indicative second-person singular)
é-ks (indicative second-person singular)
-k (imperative second-person singular)
é-k (imperative second-person singular)
(∅)-kdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-kesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
é-kesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-kt (indicative singular third-person)
é-kt (indicative singular third-person)
-ktu (imperative singular third-person)
é-ktu (imperative singular third-person)
-keti (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-keti (singular subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kwé (dual first-person indicative)
-kowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
é-kowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
(∅)-któm (dual indicative second-person)
(∅)-któm (dual imperative second-person)
-ketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
é-ketes (dual second-person subjunctive)
(∅)-ktā́m (dual indicative third-person)
(∅)-ktā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-ketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
é-ketes (dual subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kmé (first-person indicative plural)
-komos (first-person plural subjunctive)
é-komos (first-person plural subjunctive)
(∅)-kté (indicative plural second-person)
(∅)-kté (imperative plural second-person)
-kete (plural second-person subjunctive)
é-kete (plural second-person subjunctive)
(∅)-ként (indicative plural third-person)
(∅)-kéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-konti (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-konti (plural subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kónts (indicative participle)
(∅)-ksó (imperative second-person singular)
(∅)-któ (indicative singular third-person)
(∅)-kó (indicative singular third-person)
-ketor (singular subjunctive third-person)
é-ketor (singular subjunctive third-person)
(∅)-kn̥tó (indicative plural third-person)
(∅)-kró (indicative plural third-person)
-kontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
é-kontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Limited to PNIE and possibly built upon an intrusive velar or a velar extension.


-ēs

-ēs (nominative singular)
é-ēs (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-eses (nominative plural)
é-eses (nominative plural)
-es (singular vocative)
é-es (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-eses (plural vocative)
é-eses (plural vocative)
-esm̥ (accusative singular)
é-esm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-esm̥s (accusative plural)
é-esm̥s (accusative plural)
-esos (genitive singular)
é-esos (genitive singular)
-esoHom (genitive plural)
é-esoHom (genitive plural)
-esos (ablative singular)
é-esos (ablative singular)
-esmos (ablative plural)
é-esmos (ablative plural)
-esbʰos (ablative plural)
é-esbʰos (ablative plural)
-esey (dative singular)
é-esey (dative singular)
-esmos (dative plural)
é-esmos (dative plural)
-esbʰos (dative plural)
é-esbʰos (dative plural)
-es (locative singular)
é-es (locative singular)
-esi (locative singular)
é-esi (locative singular)
-esu (locative plural)
é-esu (locative plural)
-esmis (instrumental plural)
é-esmis (instrumental plural)
-esbʰis (instrumental plural)
é-esbʰis (instrumental plural)
-es (nominative singular)
é-es (nominative singular)
-ēs (nominative plural)
é-ēs (nominative plural)
-ēs (plural vocative)
é-ēs (plural vocative)
-es (accusative singular)
é-es (accusative singular)
-ēs (accusative plural)
é-ēs (accusative plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -ης (-ēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ās

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ās

Sanskrit: -अस् (-as)

desc

Venetic: -𐌄𐌔 (-es) (in 𐌄𐌍𐌏𐌙𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌔 (enogenes), 𐌇𐌖𐌙𐌄𐌍𐌄.𐌔. (hugene.s.), .𐌄.𐌍𐌏𐌊𐌋𐌄𐌅𐌄.𐌔 (.e.nokleve.s), etc.)

From *(é)-ess, compound suffix from *(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonants and compensatory lengthening.

af

Primarily forms last members of adjectival bahuvrīhi compounds


-wōs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: -us (past half-participle)

desc

Lithuanian: [Term?] (past active participle)

Proto-Slavic: *-vъ (past active participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *-wōs

Ancient Greek: -ώς (-ṓs) (with innovated t-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wās

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -वांस् (-vāṃs)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: -𐬎𐬱 (-uš)

Proto-Italic: *-wōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -u

From **-woss (stem + nominative *-s). It was added to the zero-grade form of the perfect stem of a verb.


-éh₂

Creates collective nouns and mass nouns corresponding to thematic formations with accent on the suffix.


-éh₂

-éh₂ (nominative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual nominative)
-éh₂ (singular vocative)
-éh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-ā́m (accusative singular)
o-ā́m (accusative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
o₁ (accusative dual)
-éh₂ (locative singular)
-éh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Germanic: *-ō

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *-ā́
Ancient Greek: -ᾱ́ (-ā́), -ή (-ḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áH

bʰer- (“to bear”) + *-éh₂ → *bʰoréh₂ (“carrying, burden”)

Creates action nouns and abstract nouns.


-éh₂

bʰewg- (“to flee”) + *-éh₂ → *bʰugéh₂ (“flight”)


é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
Ø-n̥yéh₂ (locative singular)
Ø-n̥yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ūnīˀ ~ *-unjāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *-ьňà

Old Polish: -nia

Polish: -nia

Proto-Slavic: *-yni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-inī ~ *-unjǭ (see there for further descendants)


o₁ (dual nominative)
o₁ (dual vocative)
-nā́m (accusative singular)
o-nā́m (accusative singular)
o₁ (accusative dual)

*-n- + *-éh₂, possibly reanalyzed from deadjectival nouns in *-nós (compare the zero-grade formation of *tn̥-néh₂), but with the ablaut pattern taken from *(o)-éh₂. In some cases thematicized from an n- or r/n-stem, e.g. *h₁osnéh₂.

bʰeh₂- (“speak”) + *-néh₂ → *bʰoh₂-néh₂ (“voice”)

ǵʰer(H)- (“enclose”) + *-néh₂ → *ǵʰor(H)-néh₂ (“intestines”)


-ṓy

(∅)-ṓy (nominative singular)
(∅)-óyes (nominative plural)
(∅)-óy (singular vocative)
(∅)-óyes (plural vocative)
(∅)-ṓm (accusative singular)
(∅)-óym̥s (accusative plural)
(∅)-yés (genitive singular)
(∅)-yóHom (genitive plural)
(∅)-yés (ablative singular)
(∅)-imós (ablative plural)
(∅)-ibʰós (ablative plural)
(∅)-yéy (dative singular)
(∅)-imós (dative plural)
(∅)-ibʰós (dative plural)
(∅)-óy (locative singular)
(∅)-ṓy (locative singular)
(∅)-isú (locative plural)
(∅)-imís (instrumental plural)
(∅)-ibʰís (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (-āiš)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ṓi

Ancient Greek: -ώ (-ṓ)

sekʷ- (“to follow”) + *-éh₂ (action noun suffix) + *-ṓy → *sokʷh₂ṓy (“retinue follower”)


-ōl

-ōl (nominative singular)
é-ōl (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-oles (nominative plural)
é-oles (nominative plural)
-ol (singular vocative)
é-ol (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-oles (plural vocative)
é-oles (plural vocative)
-olm̥ (accusative singular)
é-olm̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-olm̥s (accusative plural)
é-olm̥s (accusative plural)
-lés (genitive singular)
Ø-lés (genitive singular)
-lóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-lóHom (genitive plural)
-lés (ablative singular)
Ø-lés (ablative singular)
-l̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (ablative plural)
-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-léy (dative singular)
Ø-léy (dative singular)
-l̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (dative plural)
-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
-él (locative singular)
Ø-él (locative singular)
-éli (locative singular)
Ø-éli (locative singular)
-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-léh₁ (instrumental singular)
-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
-ōl (nominative singular)
ó-ōl (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-oles (nominative plural)
ó-oles (nominative plural)
-ol (singular vocative)
ó-ol (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-oles (plural vocative)
ó-oles (plural vocative)
-olm̥ (accusative singular)
ó-olm̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-olm̥s (accusative plural)
ó-olm̥s (accusative plural)
-lés (genitive singular)
Ø-lés (genitive singular)
-lóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-lóHom (genitive plural)
-lés (ablative singular)
Ø-lés (ablative singular)
-l̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (ablative plural)
-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-léy (dative singular)
Ø-léy (dative singular)
-l̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥mós (dative plural)
-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-l̥bʰós (dative plural)
-él (locative singular)
Ø-él (locative singular)
-éli (locative singular)
Ø-éli (locative singular)
-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-l̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-léh₁ (instrumental singular)
-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥mís (instrumental plural)
-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-l̥bʰís (instrumental plural)


Adverbial suffix with instrumental meaning

Athematic nominal ending of instrumental singular