*wemh₁-ti ~ *wm̥h₁-énti (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámHti

Sanskrit: वमिति (vámiti)

⇒ Sanskrit: वमति (vamati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wemō (thematized)

Latin: vomō (see there for further descendants)

*wemh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wémˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐμέω (eméō)

Proto-Italic: *wematos

Latin: vomitus

Proto-Hellenic: *wémetos

Ancient Greek: ἔμετος (émetos)

Proto-Germanic: *wammaz, *wammijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wamā

Albanian: *umë

Albanian: umas

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėmalai

Iranian: + -ār

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bîvêr (“sick, ill”)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭩𐭬𐭠𐭫 (wēmār, “sick, ill”)

Persian: بیمار (bimâr, “sick, ill”)


skey-

*skey-(e)-ti (root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škeit (“to pluck”)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *skeyeti (“to vomit”)
Old Irish: sceïd
Irish: sceith
Scottish Gaelic: sgeith
Manx: skeeah
→ Old Norse: skjaðak
>? Norwegian Nynorsk: skjæraks
Swedish: skäde

*ski-yé-ti (yé-present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *skijō (“to distinguish, discern”)

Latin: sciō (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

*skey-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škīts

Latvian: šķiets

Lithuanian: skietas

Proto-Slavic: *ščítъ (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *skeitos (“shield, cover”) (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skeyt-ó-m</i>

*skey-t-ó-m (or *skeyt-ó-m)

Proto-Germanic: *skīdą (“stick”) (see there for further descendants)

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skoyt-o-m</i>

*skoy-to-m (or *skoyt-o-m)

Proto-Italic: *skoitom

>? Latin: scūtum (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skeitsā

Albanian: shqisë

Proto-Celtic: *skiyenā (“knife”)

desctree

Old Irish: scían
Middle Irish: scian
Irish: scian
Manx: skynn
Scottish Gaelic: sgian
→ Middle English: skene, sceyne
English: skean, skene, skeyn
→ Old Welsh: *scien
Middle Welsh: ysgien
Welsh: ysgien

*skey-d-

*skey-bʰ-, *skey-p-, *skey-b-?

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: škibît (“to cut, lop (off)”)

Lithuanian: skiẽbti (“to rip up”)

⇒ *skibʰ-on- or *skip-ón-

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skībǭ (“slice, thin layer”)

⇒ *skib-o-m?

>? Proto-Germanic: *skipą (“hollow(ed-out) object; ship”) (see there for further descendants)

*skoy-pó-s

Proto-Germanic: *skaibaz (“slanted, oblique”)

*skey-t-

⇒ *skóyt-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Germanic: *skaiþaną, *skaidaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *skaiþiz (“carved-out hollow; sheath, vessel”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from a reanalysis of *sek- (“to cut”) + *-éy-.


weǵʰ-

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰ- (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*wḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *wéǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*woǵʰ-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáźīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wokʰéyomai

q

Ancient Greek: ὀχέομαι (okhéomai, “to be borne or carried”) (confused with ὀχέω (okhéō) < *soǵʰ-éye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: वाहयति (vāhayati)

*woǵʰ-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *waglaz

Old Norse: vagl

Ancient Greek: ὄχλος (ókhlos)

*weǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *wegnos (see there for further descendants)

*woǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *wagnaz (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wegaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wextā (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-tis ~ *uǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰíṣ

Sanskrit: ऊढि (ūḍhí)

Proto-Italic: *wektis

Latin: vectis (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-tós (“carried”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: ऊढ (ūḍhá)

*weǵʰ-tlom / *weǵʰ-s-lom

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźsla

Proto-Slavic: *veslò (“oar”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *wekslom

Latin: vēlum (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-í-tlom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰítram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waźʰítram

Sanskrit: वहित्र (vahítra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *weɣitlom

Latin: vehiculum (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waźas

Proto-Slavic: *vȏzъ (“wagon, chariot”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wókʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos, “carriage, cart, chariot”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀏 (wo-ka /wokha/, “vehicle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *wā́źʰas

Sanskrit: वाह (vā́ha)

*wéǵʰ-tōr ~ *uǵʰ-tr-és (“carrier”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáždʰā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wektōr

Latin: vector (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *wigją (“horse”, literally “carrier”) (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-éh₂

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *uj́ā-

Albanian: udhë

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wedza

Albanian: vjedh

Italic:

*wijā (possibly)

Latin: via (see there for further descendants)

Latin: vomer (see there for further descendants)


*h₃ép ~ *h₃p-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háp

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háp

Sanskrit: अप् (áp)

Proto-Hellenic: *opā́

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀞 (o-pa) (unless < *h₃erbʰ-?)

*h₃ép-(i)s, *h₃óp-(i)s

Proto-Italic: *opis

Latin: ops, ⇒ cōpia

⇒? Oscan:

Proto-Germanic: *aflą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-ap-pí-na-an-za /ḫappinanta/)

(perhaps) Italic: *opelentos (by dissimilation of *n-*n to *l-*n)

Latin: opulentus

desctree

Proto-Italic: *opnis
Latin: omnis (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: úinim

*h₃ép-n-os ~ *h₃ép-n-es

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápnas

Sanskrit: अप्नस् (ápnas)

*h₃ép-os ~ *h₃ép-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápas

Sanskrit: अपस् (ápas)

q

compounded with <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*Hsu-</i>

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HsuHápas (compounded with *Hsu-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *opos

Latin: opus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *opezāō

Oscan:

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌞𐌌 (úpsannúm), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌖 (úpsannu, gerundive.acc.sg.m.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsannam), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsanam, gerundive.acc.sg.f.)

οπσανω (opsanō, gerundive.acc.pl.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (úpsed), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (upsed, 3s.pf.)

𐌖𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (uupsens), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (upsens), ουπσενς (oupsens, 3p.pf.)

𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌇 𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌕 (upsatuh sent, 3p.pf.ps.n.?)

Paelignian: upsaseter (3s/p.ipf.sb.ps.)

South Picene:

·𐌐𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌞·𐌌 (pesaú m, inf.)

·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌕 (psút), ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌒 (psúq, 3s.pf.)

Umbrian:

osatu (3s.ipv.II)

oset(a est), oseto (est) (3s.pf.ps.f.)

Vestinian: ośens (3p.pf.)

*h₃ép-r̥ ~ *h₃p-ér-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 (ḫa-a-ap-pár /ḫāppar/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apstus

desc

Lithuanian: apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)

Albanian: punë

Armenian: (perhaps)

Old Armenian: *աւն (*awn)

Proto-Germanic: *abnijaną (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: (perhaps)

>? Ancient Greek: ὄμπνη (ómpnē, “nourishment”) (most likely Pre-Greek)


*h₂óy-u ~ *h₂y-éw- n (“long time, lifetime”)

⇒? *h₂ey-t-to-

Proto-Celtic: *aissā (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *ainúmai

Ancient Greek: αἴνυμαι (aínumai)

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀝𐀕𐀜 (a3-nu-me-no /Ainumenos/, given name)

⇒? *h₂ey-ty-eh₂ or *h₂ey-t-teh₂

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἶσα (aîsa)

Proto-Italic: *aitis

Oscan: aeteis (“part (of a possession)”, gen.sg.)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌖 (aitu)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *αἶτος (*aîtos, “something given, portion”)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ αἰτέω (aitéō), αἴτημι (aítēmi) — Aeolic

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haytas (“part, share?”)

Proto-Iranian: *Haytah

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (aēta, “punishment”)

⇒? *h₂óytos (a poetic or spiritual term, literally “that which is given”)

>? Proto-Celtic: *oitos

Old Irish: óeth (“oath”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (“oath”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos, “fate, doom”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āi- (“to give, pay out; (mp.) to take”)

Tocharian A: e-

Tocharian B: ai-

(mediopassive) to be given; to receive, take


*h₂éy-eri (“early, in the morning”)

*h₂óy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-ns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Proto-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆 (aiiar^ə, “day”)


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾱκέω (lākéō), ληκέω (lēkéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάσκω (láskō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lakerós

Ancient Greek: λακερός (lakerós)

Proto-Italic: *lank?nō

Latin: lancinō

Proto-Italic: *lakeros

Latin: lacer, lacerō

Proto-Hellenic: *lakíds

Ancient Greek: λᾰκίς (lăkís), λᾰκίζω (lăkízō)

*léh₂-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráHyati

Sanskrit: रायति (rā́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *ráHyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙 (raiiaṇt, “shouting”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lálos

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́λος (lắlos)

Proto-Italic: *lālo-

⇒ Latin: lallō

Proto-Hellenic: *lāros

Ancient Greek: λῆρος (lêros)

Proto-Italic: *lāmentom

Latin: lāmentum

Proto-Italic: *lātrom

⇒ Latin: lātrō

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *lah-

Albanian: leh

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰō

Ancient Greek: λᾱ́θω (lā́thō), λήθω (lḗthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lantʰánō

Ancient Greek: λανθάνω (lanthánō)

*leh₂-dʰ-os ~ *leh₂-dʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰos

Ancient Greek: λᾶθος (lâthos), λῆθος (lêthos)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰā

Ancient Greek: λήθη (lḗthē)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰrā

Ancient Greek: λάθρῃ (láthrēi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λαθι(κηδής) (lathi(kēdḗs))

*l̥h₂-tós (“hidden”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *latēō (“be hidden”)
Latin: lateō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒆷𒂊 (u-la-e)

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: лаяти (lajati, “to lie in wait for”)

Czech: lákat (“make advances, pursue”)

Germanic:

Old Norse: lómr (“betrayal, deceit”)

Old High German luog (“cave”)

Middle High German: luo (“lair of an animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láyatay

Sanskrit: लयते (láyate)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: lät (“go after”)

Tocharian B: lät (“go after”)


ǵʰewH-

*ǵʰéwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwHati

Vedic Sanskrit: हवते (hávate)

Proto-Iranian: *jawHati (“to call on, invoke”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zauuaⁱti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ɣwy-)

Ossetian:

Digor: аргъаун (arǧawn), аргъуд (arǧud)

Iron: а́ргъауын (árǧawyn), а́ргъуыд (árǧwyd)

*ǵʰuH-éye-ti (éye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuHáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰuH-e-ti (zero-grade root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: zavêt (“to cast a spell”)

Lithuanian: žavė́ti (“to fascinate, to charm”)

Proto-Slavic: *zъvati (“to call”) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

q

or from Schwebeablaut <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰweH-</i>

Tocharian B: kwā- (“call, invite”) (or from Schwebeablaut *ǵʰweH-)

*ǵʰuH-tus

Celtic: *gutus (“voice”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *dzulā

Albanian: zulë

Albanian: zulmë

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ձաւնեմ (jawnem, “to dedicate”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καυχάομαι (kaukháomai, “to praise oneself, boast”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: [Term?] (intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जोहवीमि (jóhavīmi, “to call again and again”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬍 (zaozaomī)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ह्वे (hve)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *gewH-.


leǵ-

*léǵ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *ledza (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *légō

Ancient Greek: λέγω (légō)

Doric Greek: ἐλώγη (elṓgē)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *legō
Latin: legō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *läk- (“to look at, see”, literally “to gather (with the eyes)”)

Tocharian A: läk-

Tocharian B: läk-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*lōkōjaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *lōkōną (< *lōkōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *lōkōn (“to look”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lōgā́yō

Doric Greek: λωγάω (lōgáō)

*lḗǵ-s ~ léǵ-es (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *lēks

Latin: lēx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: lixs

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: स्रज् (sraj, “wreath”)

*leǵ-no-m

Proto-Italic: *lignom

Latin: lignum (see there for further descendants)

*leǵ-mn̥

⇒? Proto-Italic: *legūmen (with insertion)

Latin: legūmen (see there for further descendants)

*loǵ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lógos

Ancient Greek: λόγος (lógos) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

desc

>? Middle Persian: [script needed] (lazūr, “forest”) (possibly)

to gather, collect, with derivatives meaning to speak by carefully selecting one's words.


leb-

*léb-ti ~ *l̥b-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *lébti

Hittite: 𒇷𒅁𒍣 (le-ep-zi)

*leb-oyé-ti?

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒉺𒀀𒄑𒍣 (le-pa-a-iz-zi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *lepô, *lipjô (“lip”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: lafa

Icelandic: lafa

Proto-Hellenic: *lobós

Ancient Greek: λοβός (lobós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lap-

Proto-Iranian: *lap-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lab)

Persian: لب (lab, “lip”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: ڵۋ (łü)

Bakhtiari: لۋ (lü)

Southern Luri: لۋ (lü)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: lêv (“lip”), liv (“movement, act of moving”)

Central Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Southern Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Zazaki: lew (“lip”)

Italic: *l̥b-yóm, *l̥b-róm?

Proto-Italic: *labjom, *labrom

Latin: labium, labrum (“lip”)

*lh₂b- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lapaną (“to lick”)

Old High German: laffan

*lh₂-né-b(ʰ)- ~ *lh₂-m-b(ʰ)- (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: lambō (“to lick”)

Proto-Germanic: *lapilaz (“spoon”)

Dutch: lepel

Old High German: leffil

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lap (“to lick up water”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լափեմ (lapʻem, “to lap up, lick up; to eat up greedily, devour”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lapènti (“to eat greedily”)

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: ло́пать (lópatʹ, “to gobble up”)

(possibly) Russian: лобзать (lobzatʹ, “to kiss”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лапам (lapam, “to eat greedily”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάπτω (láptō, “to lick”)

Ancient Greek: λαφύσσω (laphússō, “to devour”)


lewk-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*luk-tó (deponent root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒅗𒊑 (lu-uk-ka-ri)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रुचान (rucāná, ptc.med.)

*léwk-e-tor (deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráwćatay

Sanskrit: रोचते (rócate)

Proto-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬥𐬙- (raocant-, “shining”)

Northern Luri: لٛںکر (łəker, “The white woman”)

*léwk-ye-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *leúťťō

Ancient Greek: λεύσσω (leússō, “to look upon, I look upon”)

*luk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒆠𒄑𒍣 (lu-uk-ki-ez-zi)

*lowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láukīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lučìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawčáyati, *rawčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawćáyati, *rawćáyati

Sanskrit: लोचयति (locáyati), रोचयति (rocáyati, “to make shine, illuminate”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raocaiieⁱti, “to make shine”)

Proto-Italic: *loukeō (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *loukēō (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-s-t (sigmatic aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *լոյց- (*loycʻ-)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: լուցանեմ (lucʻanem)
Armenian: լուցել (lucʻel)

*le-lówk-e ~ *le-luk-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रुरोच (ruróca)

*léwk-s (“light”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lukā

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφι)λύκη ((amphi)lúkē), λυκά(βας) (luká(bas)), λυκό(φως) (lukó(phōs)), Λυκαῖος (Lukaîos), λύκειος (lúkeios)

*lowk-í-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukis

Old Prussian: luckis

Proto-Slavic: *lučь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *laugiz (“flame, blaze”) (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-mn̥

Proto-Germanic: *leuhmô (see there for further descendants)

*luk-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rukmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rukmás

Sanskrit: रुक्म (rukmá)

*lewk-ó-s

*lowk-ó-s (“open space, clearing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukás

Latvian: lauks (“field”)

Lithuanian: laũkas (“field, open space”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawkás

Sanskrit: लोक (loká, “free space”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loukos

Old Latin: loucos

Latin: lūcus (“sacred grove, wood”) (see there for further descendants)

*lówk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *lauhaz (“clearing, open space”) (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-o-dʰro- or *lewk-o-bʰro-?

Proto-Italic: *loukoðro- or *loukoβro-

Latin: lūcubrō

*léwk-os ~ *léwk-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčas (see there for further descendants)

*luk-s-ḱós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás

Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh

Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon”)

Proto-Italic: *lukskos

Latin: luscus

*léwk-s-mn̥ ~ *luk-s-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *louksmən

Latin: lūmen

*lowk-s-neh₂ (“moon”)

*lúk-s-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λύχνος (lúkhnos)

*léwk-so-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhsaz, *leuhsą

*lowk-s-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *loukstrom

Latin: lūstrum, lūstrō

*lewk-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhtaz, *leuhtą

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *leukā

Albanian: lekë

Proto-Albanian: *laukura

Albanian: lakur (“naked”)

Proto-Albanian: *lāuka

Albanian: loqe, gloq (“rheum”)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լուսանունք (lusanunkʻ)
Armenian: → լուսան (lusan) (learned), > (Karabakh) լո̈ւսէմնը (lüsēmnə) (inherited), > (Ghazakh) լիսամ (lisam) (inherited)

Old Armenian: լուսն (lusn)
Armenian: լուսն (lusn)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lū́ˀśis

Latvian: lūsis (“lynx”)

Lithuanian: lūšis (“lynx”)

Proto-Slavic: *rỳsь (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: luchair (“shine”)

Welsh: llug (“shimmer”)

Proto-Celtic: *lukato-

Breton: lagad

Cornish: lagas

Welsh: llygad

Proto-Germanic: *lugô (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *luhsaz (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *lúnks

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: lucerna

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc)

Proto-Tocharian: *luk-

Tocharian A: luk-

Tocharian B: luk-


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₁léngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Celtic: *lengʷeti

Old Irish: lingid, ·ling

Proto-Germanic: *lingwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hránǰʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hránźʰati

Sanskrit: रंहति (ráṃhati), रंहते (ráṃhate)

Sanskrit: रङ्घति (raṅghati), Sanskrit: रङ्घते (raṅghate)

लङ्घति (laṅghati), Sanskrit: लङ्घते (laṅghate),

Proto-Iranian: *Hránǰati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rəṇjaⁱti)

Albanian: lehtë (< *lexta)

Proto-Germanic: *linhtaz (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʰ-u-s ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-éw-s

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́kʰistos

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́χιστος (elắkhistos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰištʰas (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʷʰ-yōs ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-is-és

Proto-Celtic: *lagyūs

Old Irish: laigiu (“smaller”)

Welsh: llai (“smaller”)

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́σσων (elắssōn)

Attic Greek: ἐλᾰ́ττων (elắttōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰyas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ieh₂-

Old Armenian: լանջք (lanǰkʻ, “breast”)

Illyrian: lembus "light vehicle" < h₁lengʷh-os

Tocharian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ti̯o

Tocharian B: lankᵤtse


legʰ-

*légʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *légtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰomai

Ancient Greek: λέχομαι (lékhomai)

Proto-Italic: *leɣō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: lyäk- (“to lie (down)”, v.it.)

*légʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*logʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒆠 (la-a-ki)

Proto-Celtic: *logīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ložiti (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *li̯äk (“thief”)

Tocharian A: lyäk

Tocharian B: lyak

⇒ Tocharian B: lykuññe (“thief”, adj.)

*lógʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: lag

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *logъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lókʰos

Ancient Greek: λόχος (lókhos)

Proto-Tocharian: *leke

Tocharian A: lak (“bottom (of a river)”)

Tocharian B: leke (“resting place, bed”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *lekäi (“resting place, bed; rest”)

Tocharian A: lake

Tocharian B: leki

*légʰ-os ~ *légʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰos

Ancient Greek: λέχος (lékhos)

*legʰ-ro-m

Proto-Germanic: *legrą (see there for further descendants)

*legʰ-to-s

Proto-Italic: *lektos

Faliscan: lēta (“bed”)

Latin: lectus (“bed”) (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *lehtrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *léktron

desctree

Ancient Greek: λέκτρον (léktron)
Greek: λέκτρο (léktro)

*legʰ-yo-m

Proto-Celtic: *legyom

Old Irish: lige

Irish: luí

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-legyom

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: gueli

Middle Breton: guele

Breton: gwele

Old Welsh: gueli

Welsh: gwely

→ Irish: golighe (obsolete)

Proto-Celtic: *legyā

Gaulish: *legā, *ligā

→ Latin: Liger

→ Old English: Ligeraceaster

English: Leicester

French: Loire

Medieval Latin: lias

Old French: lies

*logʰ-yo-m

Proto-Slavic: *lože (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: lasto (< *logʰ-sth₂-eh₂?)

Proto-Germanic: *lēgaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lōgą (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lest

Tocharian B: lesto

Tocharian: (< *lēgʰ-)

Tocharian A: lyāk

Tocharian B: lyāk (possibly borrowed from Tocharian A)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *lyśalyñe

⇒ Tocharian B: lyśalyñeṣṣe


bʰewdʰ-

*bʰéwdʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰu-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰu-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bundeti

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Old Breton: dogurbonnue (2sg.pres.subj.)

Old Irish: ad·boind

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πυνθάνομαι (punthánomai)

*bʰe-bʰówdʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰudʰ-ḗr (perfect)

*bʰudʰ-yé-tor (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *budʰyátay

Sanskrit: बुध्यते (budhyáte)

Proto-Iranian: *budyátay

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (būⁱδiiaēta, 3sg.opt.med.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowdʰ-éye-ti (causative)

*bʰowdʰ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸro-bowdos

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: rhybudd

Old Irish: robud

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bawdʰas

Sanskrit: बोध (bodhá)

Proto-Iranian: *bawdas

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀 (baoda)

q

denominative, or < <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewdʰ-os</i>

Proto-Tocharian: *pāut- (denominative, or < *bʰewdʰ-os)

Tocharian A: pot-

Tocharian B: paut-

*bʰéwdʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰudʰ-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: bust

Lithuanian: bùsti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῠ́στῐς (pŭ́stĭs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: बुद्धि (búddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *búzdiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬌 (busti)

*bʰewdʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *beudaz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰudʰ-o-

Proto-Celtic: *budos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: both (“will”)

Welsh: bodd (“free will, consent”)

Proto-Germanic: *budą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búdʰa

Sanskrit: बुध (búdha)

*bʰudʰ-tó-s

*bʰudʰ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budras

Old Lithuanian: budras

Lithuanian: budrùs

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̀drъ, *bъ̀dřь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *budráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬠𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (zaēnibudra)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mandrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manzdʰHrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: mund (“can, win”)

Proto-Germanic: *mundōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mandijaną

Old Saxon: mendian

Old High German: menden

Middle High German: menden

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō, “to learn”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazdʰáH (“wisdom, discernment, reasoning”) (see there for further descendants)

A compound root from *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put”), literally “to put in mind”.


preḱ-

*pr̥(ḱ)-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*prḗḱ-s-t ~ *préḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्राक्षीत्</i> (áprākṣīt)

(later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अप्राट् (áprāṭ) (later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬍 (frašī, 1sg.inj.mid.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: prakäs

Tocharian B: preksa

*proḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *práśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*préḱ-s

Celtic:

Brythonic:

Welsh: rheg

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prā́ćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prā́ṭṣ

Sanskrit: प्राश् (prā́ś)

Proto-Iranian: *prā́š

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (frasā), 𐬟𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (fərasā)

Proto-Italic: *preks

desctree

Latin: prex
Italian: prece
Portuguese: prece

⇒ Latin: precor (see there for further descendants)

q

with agentive <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-ós</i>

*proḱ-ó-s (with agentive *-ós)

Proto-Italic: *prokos

desctree

Latin: procus
→ Italian: proco
→ Portuguese: proco

⇒ Latin: procō

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարսն (harsn, “bride”)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Lithuanian: pir̃šti (“to arrange a marriage”)

Proto-Germanic: *frehnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: pirs (“question”), pirsîn (“to ask”)

Old Persian: √fraθ/pars > parsa-

Middle Persian: pwrs (purs-), pwrsytn' (pursīdan)

Persian: پرس (pors-), پرسیدن (porsidan)

Italic:

>? Latin: percontor (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pärk-

Tocharian B: pärk-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


dʰer-

*dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, robust”)

*dʰers- (“to be bold”)

*dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta

Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s, 2sg.inj.med.)

Iranian: *Hádr̥ta

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (dər^ətā, 3sg.inj.med.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁 (drītā, 3sg.opt.med.)

*dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: derêt

Lithuanian: derė́ti

*dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰidʰarti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *didʰarti

Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)

Proto-Iranian: *didarti

(perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀- (vidiδār^əmna-)

*dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰā́ra

Sanskrit: दाधार (dādhā́ra) / दधार (dadhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)

Proto-Iranian: *dādāra

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉 (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀 (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)

*dʰor-éyeti (eye-iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: darît

Lithuanian: darýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāráyati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰér-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármā

Sanskrit: धर्मन् (dhárman)

*dʰér-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas

Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: darna

Proto-Italic: *fermos

Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰer-o-

Proto-Italic: *feros, *feramos

Latin: ferē, fermē

Proto-Italic: *frēnom

Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frētos

Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)

Germanic:

>? Proto-West Germanic: *darnī

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)

Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)

Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)

Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *ārtk-

*h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)

*h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)

*h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s

Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *arðōs

Latin: arbor, arbōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥dᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: ऋद्धि (ṛ́ddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ddʰás

Sanskrit: ऋद्ध (ṛddhá)

⇒ Sanskrit: समृद्ध (sámṛddha)

Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)

Old Irish: ard

Irish: ard

Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Breton: arz

Cornish: arth

Welsh: ardd (“high; hill”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós

Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /ortʰwo-/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰwás (“high, upright”)

Proto-Italic: *arðwos

Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄρθρος (órthros)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: orto

Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) + *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).


bʰruHg-

*bʰruHg-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brūkaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰruHg-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *frūgjōr

Latin: fruor

*bʰruHg-s

Proto-Italic: *frūks

Latin: frūx

*bʰruHg-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktos

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-tu-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktus

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *frūgmen

Latin: frūmen

*bʰruHg-mn̥-to-m

Proto-Italic: *frūgməntom

Latin: frūmentum

Unsorted formations:

desc

Ancient Greek: φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”)

Old Armenian: երբուծ (erbuc, “breast, chest (of animals)”)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *raHíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reis (see there for further descendants)


Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

*h₃réǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃rḗǵ-ti ~ *h₃réǵ-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́šti ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ṣṭi ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Sanskrit: राष्टि (rā́ṣṭi), राजति (rā́jati)

*h₃roǵ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

*h₃r̥-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃r̥-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rénˀźtei

Lithuanian: rę́žti (“to stretch”)

Latvian: rìezt (“to protrude”) < *ren̂zt

Proto-Germanic: *rinkaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rankaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”)

*h₃rḗǵ-s-t ~ *h₃réǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

aorist of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὀρέγω</i> (orégō)

Ancient Greek: ὤρεξα (ṓrexa, aorist of ὀρέγω (orégō))

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rēxī

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rēgula (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: regimen (with epenthetic -i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rextus (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réǵ-u-s ~ *h₃r̥ǵ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́úš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rigus

Old Irish: *riug

⇒ Old Irish: díriuch (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: redzēt (“to see”)

Lithuanian: règti (“to begin to see”)

Lithuanian: regė́ti (“to see”)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: राजि (rā́ji, “streak, line, row, range”)

Central Kurdish: رێک (rêk, “straight”)

Northern Kurdish: raye (“authority, sovereignty; office”)


geH-

g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂- (canonical)
g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃- (canonical)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-

Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement.

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati

Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati

Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)

Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गासि (gāsi, 1sg.aor.inj.med.)

*g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH

Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gā́thā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)

Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram

Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás

Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गै (gai)


leyǵ-

*lig-eh₂-ye- (factitive)

Italic:

Latin: ligō (“to tie, bind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lidh (“to tie”)

Proto-Germanic: *līką (“leech-line”)


smeyt-

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

Russian: мета́ть (metátʹ)

Bulgarian: мятам (mjatam)

Polish: miotać (“to throw”)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬀 (hamista, “oppressed”), 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬚- (maēθ-, “throw”)

Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*meyth₂-</i>

>? Latin: mittō (or from *meyth₂-) (see there for further descendants)


sed-

*sédt ~ *sdént (athematic root aorist)

*sí-sd-e-ti (thematic i-reduplicated present)

*séd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sedeti (see there for further descendants)

*sed-s- (sigmatic aorist)

⇒ Old Armenian: հեծանիմ (hecanim)

Armenian: հեծնել (hecnel)

*séd-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sod-éye-ti (“to set”, causative)

*sed-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sedēō < earlier *sedējō (see there for further descendants)

*sed-éh₂-ye-ti (eh₂-factitive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sědati

Czech: sedat

Polish: siadać

Serbo-Croatian: sedati, sjedati

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sēdō (see there for further descendants)

*se-sód-e ~ *se-sd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

3sg. and 3pl. past of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*sitjaną</i>

Proto-Germanic: *sat, *sētun (3sg. and 3pl. past of *sitjaną)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́da

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́da

Sanskrit: ससाद (sasā́da)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (hazdiiāt̰, 3sg.opt.)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sēdī

*ḱye-sd-é-ti (< perhaps originally meaning sit/set here)

Proto-Italic: *kezdō

Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)

*sēd-s, *sed-es (root noun)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *sēdis

Latin: sēdēs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: (dē)ses, (prae)ses

*sed-ti-

Proto-Hellenic: *hétstis

Ancient Greek: ἕσις (hésis)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sessiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*séd-os ~ *séd-es

Proto-Hellenic: *hédos

Ancient Greek: ἕδος (hédos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sádas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sádas

Sanskrit: सदस् (sádas)

Welsh: hedd (“peace”)

Proto-Germanic: *setiz (“seat”)

Old Norse: setr (“seat, residence”)

Old English: set (“seat”)

*sod-ó- (< with affected meanings perhaps similar to set out)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *xodъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hodós

Ancient Greek: ὁδός (hodós)

Greek: οδός (odós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādás

Sanskrit: साद (sādá)

Proto-Germanic: *satą

Old English: gesæt (“sitting”)

*sōd-o-

Welsh: sawdd (“sinking, immersion”)

Proto-Germanic: *sōtą (“soot”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sṓdjāˀ (“soot”)

Lithuanian: súodžiai

Proto-Slavic: *saďa (see there for further descendants)

*sod-yom (“seat”)

Proto-Celtic: *sodyom

Old Irish: suide

Irish: suí

Scottish Gaelic: suidhe

Welsh: sedd

Proto-Italic: *sodjom

desc

Latin: solium (“throne, bath-tub, sarcophagus”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-dʰo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sādas

Lithuanian: sodas

Proto-Slavic: *sadъ (“grove; garden”)

*sed-lo- (“seat”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ետղ (etł), տեղ (teł)

Proto-Celtic: *sedlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *setlaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *héllā

Ancient Greek: ἕλλα (hélla)

Proto-Italic: *sedlā

Latin: sella (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *sědlo (see there for further descendants)

*sé(d)-tlom

Proto-Germanic: *seþlą

Proto-West Germanic: *seþl (“seat, sitting”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tlóm ~ *sed-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtrám (“sacrificial gathering”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-tlō-

Proto-Germanic: *sadulaz (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tós (“seated”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-ro-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -εδρος (-edros), ἕδρα (hédra)

Proto-Albanian: *sedjā

Albanian: gjazë (“riverside forest”)

*ni-sd-ós (“nest”)

*pí-sd-eh₂ (“vulva”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(possibly) Old Armenian: զիստ (zist)

(possibly) Old Armenian: առիճ (aṙič)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: segli

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἱδρύω (hidrúō)

Proto-Germanic: *sētiz (“possible to sit on”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sētō (“place, position; ambush”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sētiją (“seat”)

Old Norse: sæti (“seat”)

Old English: sǣte (“seat”) (possibly borrowed from Old Norse)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सद् (sad)


Proto-Italic: *akēō

Latin: aceō

Proto-Hellenic: *akís

Ancient Greek: ἀκίς (akís)

*h₂eḱ-i-l-o- or *h₂eḱ-l-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ասեղն (asełn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśilos or *aśelos

Proto-Slavic: *osьla̋ or *osla̋

East Slavic:

Russian: осело́к (oselók)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: осла (osla, “whetstone”)

Slovene: ósla

West Slavic:

Slovak: osla (“whetstone”)

Polish: osełka (“whetstone”)

Proto-Germanic: *agilaz (“awn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *agil (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *agjō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: aciēs, acia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ašus

Latvian: ass (“sharp”), ašs (“swift”)

Proto-Italic: *akus

Latin: acus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: acuō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: akwam

Tocharian B: akwatse

*h₂eḱ-ró-s (“sharp”)

*h₂óḱ-ri-s (“sharp edge, protrusion”)

*h₂eḱ-ru (“tear (of the eyes)”)

*h₂éḱ-mō ~ *h₂ḱ-m̥n-és (“stone”)

Proto-Hellenic: *akmā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκμή (akmḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahanō ~ *aganō (“awn, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: agna (“blade/ear of grain”)

*h₂ḱ-éh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *akā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκή (akḗ)

*h₂éḱ-os ~ *h₂éḱ-es-os (s-stem)

Proto-Italic: *akos

Latin: acus (“bran, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ákos

Ancient Greek: -ήκης (-ḗkēs)

⇒ Ancient Greek: τανυήκης (tanuḗkēs, “having a long/thin edge/point”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āke

Tocharian A: āk

Tocharian B: āke

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀξύς (oxús)

Greek: οξύς (oxýs)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstis or *aśtis

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)

Lithuanian: aksti̇̀s (“spit, thorn, prick”)

Proto-Slavic: *ȏstь (“sharp point, spike; awn; fishbone”)

East Slavic:

Russian: ость (ostʹ)

West Slavic:

Czech: osť (dialectal)

Polish: ość

Slovak: osť

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: ȍsti (pl.), ȍstve (pl.)

Slovene: ǫ̂st

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstinas or *aśtinas (“sharp point, prickle; pointed stick for driving cattle”)

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: akstins

Lithuanian: ãkstinas

Proto-Slavic: *ostь̀nъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)

Old Irish: aitten

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīnā (collective)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: ethin

Old Cornish: eythin

Cornish: eythin

Welsh: eithin

Breton: bezhin

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āśce (possibly)

>? Proto-Italic: *akstus

Latin: astus

⇒ Latin: astūtus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂óḱ-et-s (“harrow”)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ath, eh, thua

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հասկ (hask) (possibly)

Armenian: ոսի (osi) (possibly)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀 (asūra, “point”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (aśäjä, “sharp; stony”)

Parthian: (/bōδāžār/, “sharp-smell; spices”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (bwdʾcʾr)

Persian: آچار (âčâr, “pickle, marinade”)

Pashto: اښار (āẍār, “acidic; sour; pickle; sadman”)

Classical Persian: آژیخ (āžīx, “solid tears, rheum”) (perhaps from *āsikah)

Classical Persian: آژدف (āždaf, “an acidic fruit, medlar”), ازدف (azdaf)


ǵʰer-

*ǵʰór-tos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰor-o-

>? Ancient Greek: χορός (khorós) (perhaps "encircling/ring dance")

*ǵʰor-yo-

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (perhaps "encircling membrane" or from root below)


*seh₂- (root present) or *sh₂-ye- (ye-present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄω (áō)

Proto-Celtic: *sāssāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sadaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sā́ˀtas (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: satis (adverb) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sātis (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատ-ոք (at-okʻ, “full-grown, ripe”)

Old Armenian: յ-ագ (y-ag, “to satiety”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἅδην (hádēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

⇒ Sanskrit: असिन्व (asinvá, “insatiable”)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ó-s

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
Proto-Brythonic: *erx
Middle Welsh: erch
Welsh: (obsolete) erch
Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)
Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
Irish: earc (“lizard”)
Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)

Proto-Hellenic: *perkós

Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)

→ Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)

*pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás

Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)

*pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *porḱw-ó-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)

*pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx

Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokắs)

Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “dewdrop”)

*pr̥ḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade)

Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)

Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)

Proto-Albanian: *prikna

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā

Albanian: *prënjë

⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)

⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂

Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ

Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)

Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš

Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)

Mazanderani: برجی (barji)

*pr̥ḱ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *porkros

q

>? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer, but disputed)

Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *ferhô

Old Norse: *feri

desc

Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)

*pórḱ-ono-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas

Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)

*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā

Middle Irish: etarche

Proto-Italic: *porkā

Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)

>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és

Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)


peyḱ-

*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)

*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *finhaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)

Proto-Iranian: *pinášti

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti

q

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.) (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)

Proto-Italic:

desc

Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)

Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))

Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))

*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati

Proto-Iranian: *páycati

𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)

*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)

Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)

Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)

Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)

*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)

*piḱ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras

Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós

desc

Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pĭkrós, “sharp, pointed”)

Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)

>? Lusitanian:

→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)

*piḱ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)

⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)

Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)

Proto-Italic: *piktos

Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas

Lithuanian: paišai̇̃, piẽšas (“freckle”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-
Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)
Latin: Poecilē
→ Translingual: Poecilus

desc

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas

Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)

Proto-Iranian: *páycah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)

Russian: пегий (pegij)

>? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas

desc

Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)

Proto-Iranian: *picángah

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

>? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)

Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:

→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)


peyḱ-

*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pei̇̃kti (“to blame”)

*piḱ-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pikts

Lithuanian: pi̇̀ktas (“angry; evil”)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos

Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

*poyḱ-yós

>? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pîkt

Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas

Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)


dʰregʰ-

*dʰrégʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρέχω (trékhō)

Doric: τράχω (trákhō)

*dʰōrgʰ (nominative), *dʰrogʰs (genitive singular)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուրգն (durgn, “potter's wheel”)

Armenian: դուրգ (durg)

Proto-Celtic: *drokos

Old Irish: droch (“wheel”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τροχός (trokhós, “wheel; potter's wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: padróžti

Latvian: drāžu

>? Proto-Slavic: *droga (“rail, shaft (of cart)”)

Proto-Germanic: *draganą (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դարձ (darj, “return”)

Armenian: դարձ (darj)

Unknown; some of the forms listed here as descendants have been argued to be either from unrelated roots, or to be related by means of being post-IE loanwords.


*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis

Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)

*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)

→ Latin: grōma

Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
→ English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
→ Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
→ Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
→? Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gnōriā

Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

q

formed with <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">-ιμος</i> (-imos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))

Italic: *gnāros, *əngnāros, *əngnārāō, *gnārāō

Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /Zand/, “Zand of Avesta”)

Indic:

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñāti)

Italic: *gnōtiō

Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gnāwos

Latin: gnāvus

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
Old Norse: kyn
Icelandic: kyn
→ Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
Finnish: kone (“machine”)
Karelian: koneh

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)

Old Irish: gnúis
Irish: gnúis
Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
Manx: grooish

Proto-Brythonic: *gnis

Middle Welsh: gnis

desc

apparently from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵneh₁-</i>, of unknown origin

Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: ज्ञान (jñāna, “knowledge”)


*h₂eHs-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *āzēō

Latin: āreō (“to be dry”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: asāre (“dried up”, verb)

q

*h₂éH(s)-mr̥ (“(*heat of the sun >) day”) (or more likely *h₂éH-mr̥, directly from *h₂eh₁-)

*h₂éHs-s (root noun)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāšš-, “ash(es); dust; soap”)

*h₂eHs-h₂- (“hearth, fireplace”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāššā-, “fireplace, hearth”)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊅𐊆 c (xahadi-, “altar”)

Proto-Italic: *āzā (“altar”)

Old Latin: āsa

Latin: āra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: aasa- (“altar”)

*h₂(H)s-tḗr (“star”)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *asjō

Old High German: essa (“furnace”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *azinaz

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨᛉ (aʀinaʀ, “hearth(stone), fireplace; *ash”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHsas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHsas

Sanskrit: आस (ā́sa, “ashes, dust”)

Proto-Iranian: *HáHhah

Ormuri: [script needed] (yānak, “ash”) < *ās-naka-

Persian: آهک (âhak, “lime”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: asatär (“dries up”)

Tocharian B: osotär (“dries up”)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *āstäre (“pure”)

Tocharian A: āştär (“pure”)

Tocharian B: astare (“pure”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ās-

Tocharian A: ās-

Tocharian B: ās-

enlarged with a dental

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հաստեայ (hasteay, “kind of pastry”)

>? Old Armenian: ոստին (ostin, “dry”)

Balto-Slavic:

Czech: ozditi (“to dry malt”)

Old Polish: ozd (“dry malt”)

Hellenic:

or simply from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-ye-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: ἄζω (ázō, “to dry”) (or simply from *h₂ed-ye-)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (astaucä, “dry land”)

→ Old Armenian: աստուճ (astuč, “dry (of bread)”)

Proto-Italic: *assos (“dried, roasted”)

Latin: assus (“roasted, baked”)

enlarged with a velar

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *ōhmaz (“burn, rash?”) (more likely reconstruction: *ēmaz; see *ēmǭ)

Proto-West Germanic: *ōhm

Old English: ōm (“rust”), ōme (“rash”)

desc

German: (dialectal) Ahm, Ohm (“erysipelas; kornbrand”)

desctree

Old Norse: ámr (“dark, dark red”)
Icelandic: ámur

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂Hs-g-y-on-</i>

Proto-Armenian: (< *h₂Hs-g-y-on-)

Old Armenian: աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ասկն (askn, “ruby”)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂s-gʷ-</i>, or more likely from Pre-Greek

>? Ancient Greek: ἄσβολος (ásbolos, “soot”), ἀσβόλη (asbólē) (< *h₂s-gʷ-, or more likely from Pre-Greek)

Old Armenian: ազազեմ (azazem, “to make dry”) (see there for further descendants)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *askǭ (“ash, ashes”), *azgǭ (East Germanic) (or from *h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown source language:

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaski (“swidden”) (see there for further descendants)

Appears to be suffixed/extended from the root *h₂eh₁- as found in Palaic [script needed] (hāri), [script needed] (hānta, “to heat up”, intransitive), Proto-Celtic *ā-tis (“furnace, oven”) and PIE *h₂éh₁-tēr (“fire”); see also *h₂eh₃- (“to burn, be hot”). Alternatively from *h₂ed-s- with dissimilation; see reconstruction notes.


leykʷ-

*léykʷ-t ~ *likʷ-ént (athematic root aorist)

*likʷ-é-t (thematic root aorist)

*li-né-kʷ-ti ~ *li-n-kʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

*le-lóykʷ-e ~ *le-likʷ-ḗr (stative)

*loykʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: làicît

Lithuanian: laikýti

Old Prussian: laikūt

Proto-Germanic: *laigijaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *laibijaną

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rayćáyati

Sanskrit: रेचयति (recáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raēcaiieⁱti)

*likʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riktás (see there for further descendants)

*lóykʷ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *laihną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyknas (see there for further descendants)

*loykʷ-ó-s

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: likt (“to lay, put”), lieks (“superfluous, excessive”)

Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”)

Slavic:

Russian: лишать (lišatʹ, “to deprive, rob, divest”) from *leykso-

→ Proto-Finnic: *liika (“excess”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Pictish:

→ Scottish Gaelic: dìleab

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis, “disappearance; eclipse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रिक्थ (rikthá), ऋक्थ (ṛktha)


*h₂ér-ye-ti (ye-present)

*h₂érh₃-tro-m (“ard, plough”)

*h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén̥-s (“grain, corn”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwar ~ *arwens

Old Irish: arbor ~ arbae

Irish: arbhar

Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

*h₂erh₃-wr̥-ih₂ (“cropland”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ároura

Ancient Greek: ἄρουρα (ároura)

*h₂r̥h₃-wé-reh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥HwáraH

Sanskrit: उर्वरा (urvárā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁 (uruuarā)

*h₂erh₃-wós (“arable”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwī

Breton: erv

Cornish: erow

Welsh: erw

Proto-Italic: *arawos

Latin: arvus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arw-

Proto-Slavic: *orvьnъ

(uncertain) *h₂r̥h₃-eh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Albanian: *arwa

Albanian: arë

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Indo-Iranian: *áryas (“Aryan”) (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: aramaite (“ploughed field, arable land”)

Old Armenian: հարաւունք (harawunkʻ) < *h₂erh₃-won-

Old Armenian: արաւս (araws) (possibly)


gʷʰen-

*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)

*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

q

Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))

Latin: *fendō

⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *jaga

Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja

Albanian: gjuaj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei

Latvian: dzenêt

Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō

desc

Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)

*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti

Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəské-/)

Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-

Tocharian B: käsk-

*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: geguin

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ *ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ *ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (jaγnuuāh, part.)

*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei

Latvian: ganît

Lithuanian: ganýti

Proto-Slavic: *gonìti (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon

Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat

Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)

*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)

*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)

*gʷʰón-o-s

*gʷʰon-ó-s

*gʷʰón-ō

Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)

*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́

Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill”, root)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰan-

Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)


*h₂énǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγχω (ánkhō, “I compress, strangle”)

Italic:

Latin: angō (“I cause pain”)

*h₂énǵʰ-u-s ~ *h₂n̥ǵʰ-éw-s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *angustiz (“narrowness, tightness, anxiety”)

Proto-Germanic: *angazaz (“worry, grief, anxiety”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγχοῦ (ankhoû), ἄγχι (ánkhi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

Latin: angustus (“narrow, close”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ānxius

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: angësht

Old Armenian: անձաւ (anjaw)

Proto-Celtic: *komangus

Welsh: cyfyng

Old Irish: cumung (“narrow, tight, constricted”)

Breton kem- prep "with" + eng "narrow"

Proto-Slavic: *vę̄zàti

Hittite ḫamank- 'to tie' suggests that the earlier form should be reconstructed not as *h₂enǵʰ- but as *h₂emǵʰ-, which weakens the argument for a (genetic) relation to Proto-Uralic *aŋke 'painfully constricted'. Perhaps related to *h₂eng-, *h₂enk-, *h₂eḱ-


srew-

*sréw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առոգեմ (aṙogem)

Armenian: ոռոգել (oṙogel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráwati

Sanskrit: स्रवति (srávati, “to flow”)

Proto-Iranian: *sráwati

Parthian: 𐫡𐫀𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅 (rʾwynd, “to pour off”, 3pl.pres.)

*sréw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréyyō

Ancient Greek: ῥέω (rhéō)

Greek: ρέω (réo)

*srow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srāwáyati

Sanskrit: स्रावयति (srāváyati)

*sréw-mn̥ n (“stream”, proterokinetic men-stem)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréumə

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦμα (rheûma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *srouman

Proto-Brythonic:

>? Old Breton: strum

Old Irish: srúaim

*sre/ow-tes-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwtas (see there for further descendants)

*sréw-ti-s ~ *sru-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hréutis, *hrútis

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦσις (rheûsis), ῥύσις (rhúsis)

Greek: ρύση (rýsi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srútis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srútis

Sanskrit: स्रुति (srúti-, “stream, (out)flow, discharge; course, path; drain”)

Proto-Albanian: *srūmā

Albanian: rrymë, rrym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumā́ˀ

Latvian: stràuma

*srow-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *straumaz (see there for further descendants)

*srow-men-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumen

Proto-Slavic: *strumy (see there for further descendants)

Thracian:

→ Ancient Greek: Στρυμών (Strumṓn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *srawā́ˀ

Latvian: strava, stràvа, strāva

Lithuanian: sravà

⇒ Lithuanian: prasrava

Proto-Hellenic: *hrowā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: ῥοή (rhoḗ)
Greek: ροή (roḯ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srawáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srawáH

⇒ Sanskrit: गिरिस्रवा (girisravā)

*srów-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sráwas

Proto-Slavic: *strovъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ostrovъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrówos

Ancient Greek: ῥόος (rhóos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srávas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srávas

Sanskrit: स्रव (srava)

*srow-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sraũtas

>? Proto-Armenian: (or from *sréw-ti- above)

Old Armenian: առու (aṙu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraujā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hroyyā́

Ancient Greek: ῥοία (rhoía)

*sru-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutós

Ancient Greek: ῥυτός (rhutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutás

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

⇒ *sru-tó-m

Proto-Celtic: *srutom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutón

>? Ancient Greek: ῥυτόν (rhutón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutám

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

*sru-dʰ-mó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutʰmós

Ancient Greek: ῥυθμός (rhuthmós) (see there for further descendants)

*srew-edʰrom

Proto-Hellenic: *hréwetʰrom

Ancient Greek: ῥέεθρον (rhéethron), ῥεῖθρον (rheîthron)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գետ-առ (get-aṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: strāve (“a flow, current”)

Lithuanian: srovė, strovė̃

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stràume

Lithuanian: sraumuõ (“a stream”), straumuo, sriaumė

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sravėti (“to flow”)

Lithuanian: srū́ti

According to one theory, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser-, whence also Latin serum.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


*pleh₂-is ~ *pl̥h₂-éys

Proto-Anatolian: *pl̥Hís

Hittite: 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (pal-ḫi-iš /palḫis/)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlāmā

Proto-Germanic: *fulmō

Proto-Hellenic: *palámā

Ancient Macedonian:

→? Albanian: pëllëmbë, pllâmë

Ancient Greek: παλάμη (palámē)

Proto-Italic: *pəlmā

Latin: palma

*pleh₂-nos, *pl̥h₂-nos

Proto-Italic: *plānos

Latin: plānus

*ploh₂-no-s, *polh₂-no-s (metathesis)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plāˀnas, *palˀnas (metathesized)

Latvian: plāns (“thin”)

Latgalian: plõns (“thin”), Latgalian: Plõnis (surname)

Lithuanian: plonas (“thin”)

Old Prussian: plonis

Proto-Slavic: *pȏlnъ (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₂-ro- (*ploh₂-ro- is equally possible)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlārom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāntā

Latin: planta

*pleh₂-trom or *pl̥h₂-trom or *ploh₂-trom

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlātrom

Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr

Breton: loer

Old Cornish: loder

Welsh: llawdr

Old Irish: láthar
Middle Irish: láither, láthair
Irish: láthair
Scottish Gaelic: làthair

Italic:

Latin: plautus

Proto-Italic: *palam

Latin: palam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: լայն (layn, “wide, broad”)

>? Old Armenian: *հոլ- (*hol-, “uncovered, naked”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)

Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”) (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *poľe (Schwebeablaut) (see there for further descendants)

Compare *pleth₂- (“flat”) and *pel- (“skin, hide, membrane, cloth”).


*péh₃-t ~ *ph₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अपात् (ápāt)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶθι (pôthi, 2sg.impv.)

*pí-ph₃-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)

*pe-póh₃-e ~ *pe-ph₃-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पपौ (papáu)

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓmə

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma), πόμα (póma)

*péh₃-ti-s ~ *ph₃-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pótis

Ancient Greek: πόσις (pósis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtíṣ

Sanskrit: पीति (pītí)

*ph₃-tó-s (past passive)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸotlom

Old Irish: ól (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtram

Sanskrit: पात्र (pā́tra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pōtlom

Latin: pōculum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

pā́tṛ or pātṛ́

Sanskrit: पातृ (pā́tṛ or pātṛ́, “drinker”)

*pih₃- (reanalyzed) or *peh₃-y- (extended)

Proto-Albanian: *pīja

Old Albanian: pii

Albanian: pi

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *piti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: pinë

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Ionic Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Lesbian Greek: πώνω (pṓnō)

Greek: πίνω (píno)

Thracian: πίνον (pínon, “beer”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pivo (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pojiti (“to give to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पाययति (pāyáyati)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi, “to swallow”) (possibly from s-extension *peh₃-s-)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: poieti

Proto-Slavic: *pojь (“beverage, drink”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pótos

Ancient Greek: πότος (pótos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पा (pā, “to drink”)


ǵʰwer-

*ǵʰwḗr (< **ǵʰwér-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰḗr (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwér-os

Proto-Italic: *feros (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwér-ō (< **ǵʰwér-on-s)

>? Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferōks

Latin: ferōx (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwer-is

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwēˀrís (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwer-iHnos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwēˀrīˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *zvěrinъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferīnos

Latin: ferīnus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: θήρα (thḗra, “hunt”), θηράω (thēráō, “to hunt”), θήραμα (thḗrama, “prey, spoil, game”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: śaru

Tocharian B: śerwe (“hunter”)


gʷʰedʰ-

*gʷʰédʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*gʷʰodʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gādáyati

*gʷʰ-ne-dʰ- ~ *gʷʰ-n̥-dʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gend-

Lithuanian: gedáuti, gedė́ti, pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̄dàti, *žęďati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰédʰ-ti-s ~ *gʷʰdʰ-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *gʷeddis

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gweddi

Old Irish: geiss (“curse, taboo”)

Irish: geis

Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“request, plea”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyā

desctree

Old Irish: guide (“prayer”)
Irish: guí
Manx: gwee (“curse, imprecation”)
Scottish Gaelic: guidhe

*gʷʰodʰ-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

Sanskrit: गाध (gādha, “desire, cupidity”) (only in glossaries)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόθος (póthos)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գոթի (gotʻi, “worship, sorcery”) (?)

Proto-Hellenic:

ποθή (pothḗ), ποθέω (pothéō), θέσσασθαι (théssasthai) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-)


*gʷérh₃-t ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Albanian: *engranti

Albanian: hangër (Gheg)

Albanian: ngrënë, ngranë (Tosk) (past participles of ha)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկեր (eker, 3sg.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Epic Greek: ἔβρως (ébrōs, 2sg.aor.) (with generalized zero-grade)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गरन् (garan, 3pl.inj.act.) (thematized from strong stem)

*gʷe-gʷórh₃-e ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagárHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agárHa

Sanskrit: जगार (jagā́ra)

*gʷorh₃-éye-ti (eye-causative)

q

Proto-Italic: *gʷorō (or denominal from *gʷorā < *gʷorh₃-éh₂)

>? Latin: vorō (“to swallow, devour”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtei (“to glut; to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Háti

Sanskrit: गिरति (giráti)

Proto-Iranian:

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (n-ɣr-, “to swallow down”)

*gʷr̥h₃-néh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *kurrōną

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *kwerraną (“to devour, glut”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷrṓskō

q

as in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἀναβρώσκων</i> (anabrṓskōn); probably a later formation

Ancient Greek: *βρώσκω (*brṓskō) (as in ἀναβρώσκων (anabrṓskōn); probably a later formation)

desc

⇒? Ancient Greek: βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat, digest”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtlá (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷorā́

Ancient Greek: βορά (borá, “fodder”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garáH

Sanskrit: गरा (garā́)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷóros

Ancient Greek: βόρος (bóros, “swallowing”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կեր (ker)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garHás

Sanskrit: गर (gará, “fluid, beverage”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կոկորդ (kokord, “throat”)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *engranti

Albanian: ngrënë

⇒ Albanian: hangër

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: गीर्ण (gīrṇá, “swallowed, devoured”)

Proto-Albanian: *gritlā

>? Albanian: grellë (“deep place”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúrˀtla (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gi̇̀rtas (“drunk, intoxicated”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρωτός (brōtós)

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬋 f (garō, “throats”, nom./acc.pl.)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬋𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (aspōgar^əm, “who swallows horses”, acc.sg.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गॄ (gṝ)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀta

Latgalian: sīts

Latvian: siêts

Lithuanian: si̇́etas

Proto-Slavic: *sìto (see there for further descendants)

*séh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀtei

Latgalian: sēt

Latvian: sēt

Lithuanian: sė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *sě̀ti, *sě̀jati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēaną (see there for further descendants)

*si-sh₁-é-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Italic: *sizō
Latin: serō

*séh₁-mn̥ (“seed”)

Proto-Germanic: *sēdiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sēkla

Lithuanian: sė́kla

Proto-Celtic: *sītlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēdlą (see there for further descendants)

(innovative) Proto-Germanic: *sēdą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sād
Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade
Old Frisian: sēd
Saterland Frisian: Säid
West Frisian: sied
Old Saxon: sād
Middle Low German: sât
German Low German: Saad
Plautdietsch: Sot
Old Dutch: *sād
Middle Dutch: sâet
Dutch: zaad
Afrikaans: saad
Limburgish: zaod
⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

Old Norse: sáð
Icelandic: sáð
Faroese: sáð
Norwegian: sæd
Old Swedish: sǣþ
Swedish: säd
Old Danish:
Danish: sæd
Gutnish: sid

Italic:

Latin: satus

Unsorted formations:

desc

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (ši-i-ez-zi, “press in, sow”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīlom (“seed”)

Old Irish: síl (see there for further descendants)

Middle Welsh: hil

Welsh: hil

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáHyakas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáHyakas

Sanskrit: सायक (sā́yaka, “intended or fitted to be discharged or hurled”)


Proto-Italic: *sēros

Latin: sērus (“belated, slow”)

⇒ Latin: sērius (possibly)

Proto-Celtic: *sīros (“long”)

Proto-Italic: *sētos (possibly)

Latin: *sētus

⇒ Latin: sētius (“later, to a lesser degree”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīyos (“longer”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh:

Welsh: hwy

Old Irish: sía

*sh₁ey- (i-present)

Proto-Germanic: *sīþuz (“late”)

*sh₁i-tos (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *sīdaz (“long”)

Proto-Celtic: *siti- (possibly)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: hit

Old Welsh: hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Old Irish: sith-

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sitros
Proto-Brythonic: *hɨdr
Middle Breton: hezr
Breton: her
Middle Welsh: hydyr
Welsh: hydr
Irish: seathar (“strong”) (hapax in O'Clery's glossary)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Celtic: *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”)

Old Irish:

Middle Irish: sínid

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: साय (sāyá, “evening”)


*ǵénh₁-t ~ *ǵn̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Armenian:

3sg.aor. of <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">ծնանիմ</i> (cnanim)

Old Armenian: ծնաւ (cnaw, 3sg.aor. of ծնանիմ (cnanim))

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐγένετο (egéneto)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अजनि (ajani, 1sg.aor.mid.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kantär (3sg.subj.mid.)

*ǵénh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati

Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jánati

Northeastern Iranian:

to bear, bring forth 􂀿usually of animals􂁀; to be born, grow

Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)

Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)

Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Sogdian: (/zan-/)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)

Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)

Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)

Southeastern Iranian:

to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth

Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)

Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)

Parthian: (/zāy-, zāyad/, “to give birth to; be born”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-), [script needed] (zʼyd)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)

Zazaki: zayene, za-

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/zādan, zāy-/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/, “to bear, give birth to”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: genō

*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay

Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)

Assamese: জগা (zoga)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

q

(with shortened vowel and active ending)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiieⁱti) (with shortened vowel and active ending)

*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat, 3sg.aor.inj.)

Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat, 3sg.aor.inj.)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti, “to give birth”, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai

Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)

q

or lengthened from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">γεν-</i> (gen-)

⇒ Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai) (or lengthened from γεν- (gen-))

Proto-Italic: *gignō

Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)

*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr

Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)

*ǵeǵónh₁e ~ *ǵeǵn̥h₁ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γέγονα (gégona)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जजान (jajā́na)

Proto-Tocharian: *käkænā-

Tocharian B: kānare (3pl.pret.act.)

*ǵonh₁-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kanjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *kannjan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: जनयति (janáyati)

*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́

Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)

*ǵenh₁-ó-s (“born”)

*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)

Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́

Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)

*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)

*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)

*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)

*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)

Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: genius

Proto-Italic:

Latin: naevus, Gnaeus

Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bacterian:

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”)

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)

Sogdian: (/βzāntak/, “child”) (from *frazantaka)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)

Southeastern Iranian:

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)

Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)

Bartangi-Oroshori:

Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)

Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)

Roshani-Khufi:

Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)

Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

q

several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷḗn</i>

Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)

desc

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)

Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)

Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)

Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)

Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)

necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth

Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)

Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)

⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)

Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)

Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)

Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)

Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)

Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)

Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)

Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)

Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जन् (jan)


mer-

*mér-t ~ *m̥r-ént (root aorist)

*mr̥-yé-tor (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mertéi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mriyátay (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *morjōr (see there for further descendants)

*mer-s- (sigmatic aorist)

Old Armenian: մեռանիմ (meṙanim)

Armenian: մեռնել (meṙnel)

*mor-éye-ti (“to kill”, causative)

*me-mór-e ~ *me-mr-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamā́ra

Sanskrit: ममार (mamā́ra)

*mér-ti-s ~ *mr̥-téy-s (“death”)

*mór-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marás

Lithuanian: mãras

Proto-Slavic: *morъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *marǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ras

Sanskrit: मार (mā́ra)

*mr̥-tós (“dead”)

*mr̥-t-wós (“dead”)

*mr̥-tu- ~ *mr̥-ti-u- ~ *mr̥tro-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tyúš (see there for further descendants)

*mŕ̥-trom (instrumental)

Proto-Germanic: *murþrą (see there for further descendants)

*mr̥-wós (“dead”)

Proto-Celtic: *marwos (see there for further descendants)

*mór-to-s (“mortal, man”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μορτός (mortós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mártas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mártas

Sanskrit: मर्त (márta)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (mar^əta)

*m(o)r-bʰ(h₂)-o- (“looking like death?”)

Proto-Italic: *morfos

Latin: morbus (“disease”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *merusa

Albanian: mërshë (“rotting corpse”)

Proto-Iranian:

Gurani: مەردەی (marday)

Khotanese: [script needed] (mär-)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: mirin

Central Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Southern Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Laki: مردن (mirdin)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/mar-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (myr /mīr-/)

Persian: مردن (mordan)

Tajik: мурдан (murdan)

Parthian: [Term?] (/myr/)

Zazaki: merden

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृ (mṛ)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭- (mar-)


mer-

*mór-i (“sea,wetland”)

*mreg-


ǵews-

*ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ǵows-éye-ti (éye-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati

Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)

*ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay

q

or developed from thematic aorist <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अजुषत</i> (ájuṣata)

>? Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte) (or developed from thematic aorist अजुषत (ájuṣata))

*ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)

*ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)

*ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uȷ́áwṣa

Sanskrit: जुजोष (jujóṣa)

*ǵéws-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas

Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)

Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)

*ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́úṣtiṣ

Sanskrit: जुष्टि (júṣṭi)

*ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s

*ǵus-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás

Sanskrit: जुष्ट (juṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *juštáh

Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)

*ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awštā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣṭā́

Sanskrit: जोष्टृ (joṣṭṛ́, “one who loves”)

Proto-Iranian: *jawštā́

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎼 (d-u-š-t-r /dauštar/, “friend”) (𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /dauštā/, nom. sg.))

Middle Persian: (/dōst/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫘𐫤 (dwst)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst')

Proto-Celtic gowsta:'Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

Old Irish gúas "danger, possibility"

Old Irish gúasacht [ā f] ‘danger’ perhaps attested in Ogam as Gen. sg. GOSSUCTTIAS


ḱerd-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śerd-

Proto-Slavic: *serda

*ḱḗr

*ḱord-om

>? Proto-Germanic: *hartą (“resin”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱérd-trom

q

or perhaps from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)ker-</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *herþrą (“innards, entrails, heart”) (or perhaps from *(s)ker-) (see there for further descendants)


dewk-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*déwk-ti ~ * duk-énti (root present)

*dowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taugijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tugōną (see there for further descendants)

*dḗwk-s-t ~ *déwk-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: dūxī

*dúk-s (root noun, in compounds)

Proto-Italic: *duks

Latin: dux (see there for further descendants)

*duk-tó-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ductus

*duk-is ~ *duk-éys

Proto-Germanic: *tugiz (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-ón-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *tugô (“leader”, literally “one who pulls along”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-dʰló-s or *dewk-elo-s

Proto-Germanic: *tugilaz (“rein”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-tróm or *dewk-dʰróm

>? Proto-Germanic: *teudrą (“tether, drawbar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taugō (“cord”) (see there for further descendants)

*dowk-mós

Proto-Germanic: *taumaz (“tie, tether; team; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *duk-

Albanian: nduk (“to draw (out), pluck”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tukzi-), [script needed] c (tukkanzi-, “cultivation of plants and animals”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (possibly) δαδύσσομαι (dadússomai, “to be distracted”), (possibly) ἐνδυκέως (endukéōs, “kindly, greedily”)


*h₂éwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Armenian: *awčémi

Old Armenian: աճեմ (ačem)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *augtei

Latvian: augt

Lithuanian: áugti

Proto-Germanic: *aukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὐξάνω (auxánō) (or rather from *h₂weg-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hukšáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hukṣáti

Sanskrit: उक्षति (ukṣáti)

*h₂owg-éye-ti ~ *h₂ewg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *augeō (with irregular change o > a) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éwg-os ~ *h₂éwg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwǰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *augos

Latin: augur, ⇒ augustus

*h₂ug-ró-s (“strong, fierce”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hugrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(h)aug-

Albanian: ag

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *auk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 (uxšiieⁱtī, “grows”), 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬙 (vaxšt, “lets grow”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (waxšīdan, “to grow”)

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan, “to wax, grow”)

Italic:

q

possibly from *aug-s-ili-<ref name=de_Vaan />

Latin: auxilium (possibly from *aug-s-ili-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: augsts

Lithuanian: aũkštas, augestis

>? Venetic: 𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓 (augar)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kasvadak (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂weg-, of which the zero grade *h₂ug- was reanalysed as having the ablaut vowel before the -w- rather than after it, creating a new variant form of the root. The original root remained in use, however.


*h₂ewg- (reanalysed form of the same root)

*h₂wég-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wahsijaną (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Hellenic: *awéksō

Ancient Greek: ἀέξω (aéxō), αὐξάνω (auxánō), αὔξω (aúxō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwakṣáyati

Sanskrit: वक्षयति (vakṣáyati) (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan)

*h₂wég-s-es ~ *h₂wég-s-os- (“breast, chest”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwákšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwákṣas

Sanskrit: वक्षस् (vákṣas)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀙 (vaccha), 𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀔 (vakkha)

Proto-Germanic: *wahstuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Proto-Celtic: *wegrom (“grass, hay”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wōkraz (“increase, gain, yield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ovoťe (“fruit”) (see there for further descendants)


teng-

*tn̥g-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *þunkijaną (“to seem, to appear”) (see there for further descendants)

*tong-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þankijaną (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tongēō

Latin: tongeō (“to know”)

*tóng-os

Proto-Germanic: *þankaz (“thought, remembrance, gratitude”) (see there for further descendants)

*téng-wr̥ ~ *tn̥g-wén-

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅkwä (“love”)

Tocharian A: tuṅk

Tocharian B: taṅkw


trenkʷ-

*trénkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrinhwaną (see there for further descendants)

*trénkʷ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: treñkti

*tronkʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þrangwijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: trìecu

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *θra(n)č-

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬥 (maaθraxtn)

Persian: ترنجیدن (taranjidan)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: truncus (possibly) (see there for further descendants)


stel-

*stél-ye-ti

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stíltei
Proto-Slavic: *stьlati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stéľľō

Ancient Greek: στέλλω (stéllō)

Greek: στέλνω (stélno)

*stól-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *staljaną

Proto-West Germanic: *stalljan (see there for further descendants)

?*stl̥-ko-s

Proto-Italic: *stlokos

Old Latin: stlocus

Latin: locus (see there for further descendants)

*stól-ō, *stél-ō ~ stl̥-n-és (on-stem)

Proto-Germanic: *stullô

Proto-West Germanic: *stollō

Old High German: stollo (“prop, post”)
Middle High German: stolle
German: Stollen
→ Czech: štóla
→ English: stollen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stoll
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stoll
→ Italian: stollo
→ Serbo-Croatian: штула

Proto-Italic: *stolō

Latin: stolō (“shoot, branch”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *stl̥-n-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *stəllā

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*steh₂-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē, “prop, support block, post”) (or from *steh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

*stól-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *stólos

Ancient Greek: στόλος (stólos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálas

Sanskrit: स्थल (sthála, “land, place”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stólā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: στολή (stolḗ)
Greek: στολή (stolí)
→ Hebrew: אִצְטְלָה (itztəlá)
→ Latin: stola
→ Czech: štóla (learned)
→ English: stola, stole (learned)
→ Finnish: stola (learned)
→ Italian: stola (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stola (learned)
→ Polish: stola (learned)
→ Slovak: štóla (learned)
→ Spanish: estola (learned)
→ Swedish: stola (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálaH

desc

Sanskrit: स्थला (sthálā, “floor, mound”)

*stl̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *stultaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stoltos

Latin: stultus (see there for further descendants)

*stol-ido-

Proto-Italic: *stolidos

Latin: stolidus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: shtjell

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ստեղն (stełn)

Old Armenian: ստեղծանեմ (stełcanem)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առաստաղ (aṙastał)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: staļs

Latvian: stal̃lis

Lithuanian: stal̃das

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στελεός (steleós), στελεά (steleá)

Extensions

⇒? *stel-d-

⇒ *steld-y-on-

Proto-Germanic: *stiltijǭ, *staltijǭ, *stultijǭ (“stilt”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiltijā, *staltijā, *stultijā

Old English: *stilte, *stylte

Middle English: stilte, stulte

English: stilt

Middle Low German: stelte

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: stelt

Afrikaans: stelt

Old High German: stelza

Middle High German: stelze

German: Stelze

Old Norse:

Danish: stylte


(s)mey-

*(s)méy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smejetei

Latgalian: smītīs

Latvian: smiêt, smieties

Proto-Slavic: *smьjàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyati

Sanskrit: स्मयते (smáyate)

Proto-Tocharian: *smäi-

Tocharian B: smiyäṃ (“to laugh”)

Tocharian A: smimāṃ (“laughing”, middle part.)

*(s)méy-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: smaideit

Latvian: smaĩdît, smaîdinât, smîdînât

*(s)méy-ros

Proto-Italic: *smeiros

Latin: mīrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyras

Sanskrit: स्मेर (sméra)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *smīlāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *komsmis

Latin: cōmis

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μειδάω (meidáō), μειδιάω (meidiáō)


(s)meld-

*(s)méld-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smeltaną, *meltaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *méldomai

Ancient Greek: μέλδομαι (méldomai)

*(s)mold-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *maltijaną (“to cause to melt or dissolve”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mold-o-m, *(s)ml̥d-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *smultą (“molten fat, lard”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ml̥d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *smultaz (“weak, gentle; tranquil”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *meltǭ, *miltiją (“spleen”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृद् (mṛd, “to be soft”)

Often compared to *(s)mel- (“to crush, grind”).


(s)merd-

*(s)merd- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smertaną (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)márdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdati

Sanskrit: मर्दति (márdati, “to pound, crush”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mord-éye-ti or *h₂mord-éye-ti (iterative)

q

Proto-Italic: *mordejō (or *mordē(j)ō, from *(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti below)

Latin: mordeō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative or iterative)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smirˀdḗˀtei (“to stink”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥-né-d-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

>? Avestan: 𐬨𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬝 (mōrəṇdat̰, “to ruin, annihilate”)

⇒? Old Persian: [script needed] (vi-mạr(n)datiy, “suppressed”)

*(s)merd-h₂ (collective)

>? Proto-Italic: *(s)merdā

>? Latin: merda (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mórd-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smárˀdas (“stench”)

Latvian: smards

Lithuanian: smárdas

Proto-Slavic: *smȏrdъ (see there for further descendants)

*smerd-nós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδνός (smerdnós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδαλέος (smerdaléos)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: märtk

Tocharian B: märtk


*ḱh₂d-é-ti (tudáti-type thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *kadō

Latin: cadō

*ḱe-ḱh₂ód-e ~ *ḱe-ḱh₂d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शशाद (śaśāda)

Proto-Italic: *kekadai

Latin: cecidī

*ḱadyo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցած (cʻac) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kassris (“hail-shower”) or *kass(a)rā

Old Irish: casar

Middle Welsh: kesseir

Welsh: cesair

Breton: kazerc'h

Cornish: keser

Speculative links have been made to *keh₂d- (“hatred, angriness”).