*wéyh₁-ti ~ *wih₁-énti (athematic root present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (“to drive away, chase, pursue”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wī́emai (“to pursue”)

Ancient Greek: ἵεμαι (híemai) (with aspiration taken from ἵημι (híēmi) by analogy)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vajóti

Proto-Tocharian: *weyā

Tocharian A: wā-, wāw-

Tocharian B: wāyā-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weināˀ (“blame”)

Latvian: vaina

Lithuanian: vaina

Proto-Slavic: *vina

Proto-Celtic: *weinā (“troop, band of warriors”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyHas

Sanskrit: वयस् (váyas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīwô (“kite, falcon”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *weiyā
>? Middle Irish: fé (“woe, grief”)
Gaulish: ueia (Lezoux plate, line 10)

Proto-Hellenic: *wīs

Ancient Greek: ἴς (ís)

desc

Proto-Italic: *wīs (“strength, force, power”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayHuš

Proto-Iranian: *wayHukah

Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wʾywg, “hunter”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (w’ywq, “hunter”)

Proto-Italic: *wijā (see there for further descendants)

*wih₁-ḗḱ-s ~ *wih₁-eḱés

>? Proto-Hellenic: *wīrēks

Ancient Greek: ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”), ἱάρᾱξ (hiárāx) — Doric, ῑ̓́ρηξ (ī́rēx) — Ionic

Proto-Italic: *wijelos (“chasing, violating”)

⇒ Latin: violō (see there for further descendants)

>? *wih₁-ró-s

Proto-Italic:

⇒? Latin: (in)vītus, (in)vītō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἴμη (oímē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: οἶμος (oîmos) (alternatively from *h₃eys- (“to move quickly”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wájas

Proto-Slavic: *vojь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *waiþō (“a hunt; pasture”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waiþijaną (“to hunt, graze”) (see there for further descendants)


Hrew-

*Hrew-d-

*Hrew-d-os ~ *Hru-d-és-

Italic:

Latin: rūdus (see there for further descendants)

*Hrew-d-i-

Italic:

Latin: rudis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rutāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rautjaną

Old Norse: reyta

Icelandic: reyta

*Hrew-dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *rudjaną

Proto-Germanic: *reudaną (“to clear, remove”)

*(H)rewH-

*h₃rew-k-, *Hrewk-

*Hrew-p-

*Hréw-mn̥

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *Hrow-mn-o-)

Proto-Slavic: *rūnò (“fleece”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rúamnae (“blanket”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwma (“body hair”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ruxo (“garment, clothing”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*h₃rew-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *rauša

Albanian: rashë

*h₃réw-tr-om (instrument noun)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *routrom
Proto-Brythonic: *rʉdr
Middle Welsh: ruthyr (with irregular -th-; contaminated by Old/Middle Irish?)
Welsh: rhuthr, rhuthyr
Middle Irish: rúathar
Irish: ruathar
Scottish Gaelic: ruathar

*h₃rów-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orówō

Ancient Greek: ὀρούω (oroúō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raušas

Proto-Slavic: *ruxъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *Hrum- (“destroy, collapse”) (perhaps)

Persian: رمبیدن (rombidan, “destroy, collapse”)

Central Kurdish: ڕوخان (ruxan, “destroy, collapse”)

Northern Luri: رئمئسئ (remese, “get destroyed”)

*-w- extension of *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).


(H)rewH-

*(H)réwH-ti ~ *(H)ruH-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रवत् (rávat, 3sg.subj.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: rwātsi (inf.)

Tocharian B: rwātär (3sg.mid.)

*(H)réwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *rewaną (“to tear, jerk, fight”)

Icelandic: rjá (“to wrestle, fight; to move, tear”)

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō (“to dig out”)

*(H)ruH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rúˀtei (with secondarily introduced non-zero grade in Baltic)

Latvian: raût

Lithuanian: ráuti

Proto-Slavic: *ryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rūjaną (or derived from a noun)

Old Norse: rýja

Icelandic: rýja

*(H)rḗwH-s-t ~ *(H)réw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: राविषम् (rā́viṣam, 1sg.aor.subj.)

*(H)r(e)wH-tro-m

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rutrum

*(H)ruH-dʰlo-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdla

Proto-Slavic: *rydlo (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rъvati (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ravė́ti

Proto-Germanic: *rawwō

Old Norse: rǫggr, rǫgg

→ English: rag

Icelandic: rögg

Swedish: ragg

Norwegian: ragg

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: रु (ru, “to break, hurt”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ru-

Tocharian A: ru-

Tocharian B: ru-


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₃ru-né-k-ti ~ *h₃ru-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrunčáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrunćáti

Sanskrit: लुञ्चति (luñcáti)

Proto-Italic: *runkō

Latin: runcō

*h₃ruk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orúťťō

Ancient Greek: ὀρύσσω (orússō), ὀρύττω (orúttō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *rugōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkijaną

>? Proto-Germanic: *rūhaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rūskos

Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).


tyegʷ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*tyégʷ-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tségʷomai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́atay

Sanskrit: त्यजते (tyájate)

*tyégʷ-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: त्यजति (tyájati) (see there for further descendants)

*te-tyógʷ-e ~ *te-tigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tityā́ǰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tityā́ȷ́a

Vedic Sanskrit: तित्याज (tityā́ja)

⇒ Sanskrit: तत्याज (tatyāja)

*tyogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tsogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: σοβέω (sobéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: त्याजयति (tyājáyati)

*tyégʷ-os ~ *tyégʷ-es-

(perhaps) Hellenic: *tségʷos

Ancient Greek: σέβας (sébas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰas (see there for further descendants)


*wélh₃-ti ~ *wl̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒄴𒍣 (walḫzi)

*wl̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *wl̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *welnō

Latin: vellō

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wälläṣtär

Proto-Germanic: *walaz (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *welh₃-wr̥-ti- (a derivative of heteroclitic *welh₃-wr̥/-wen-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղարդն (gełardn)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

*wlannos

desctree

Middle Irish: flann
Irish: flann
Scottish Gaelic: flann

*wolis (see there for further descendants)

*welīsos

Proto-Brythonic: *gweli

Cornish: goly

Middle Breton: goulyow pl

Breton: gouli

Middle Welsh: gweli

Welsh: gweli

Proto-Germanic: *welwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wala- (“dead”)

desc

Old Norse: valr (“fallen in the battlefield”), Valhǫll (“Valhalla”), valkyrja (“Valkyrie”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οὐλή (oulḗ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁλίσκομαι (halískomai)

Italic:

Latin: vulnus

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: والانه (vâlâne, “wound”) ولانه (valâne, “wound”) (possibly)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *welias, *weliā

Baltic:

Latvian: veļi

Lithuanian: vėlė (“corpse, ghost”)

Lithuanian: veliónis (“dead”)

Slavic:

Czech: válka (“war”)

Polish: walka (“fight, combat”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“to die”)

Tocharian A: walu (“dead one”)


*yéh₂-ti ~ *ih₂-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀtei
East Baltic:
⇒ Latgalian: juot
⇒ Latvian: jāt
⇒ Lithuanian: jóti
Proto-Slavic: *jě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *jě̀xati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHti

Sanskrit: याति (yā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

*yḗh₂-s-t ~ *yéh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: अयासम् (ayāsam, 1sg.aor.ind.act.)

*yéh₂-os ~ *yéh₂-es-

Proto-Celtic: *yās

Old Irish: á (“chariot”)

*yéh₂-lo- (“zeal”)

Balto-Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: jȃl/ја̑л (“envy, malice”)

Proto-Celtic: *yālos (“praise, worship”)

Proto-Brythonic: *yọl

Middle Welsh: iawl (“prayer, supplication, worship”)

Welsh: iawl

Old Irish: áil (“request, desire”)

Irish: áil

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHma

Sanskrit: यामन् (yā́man)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջան (ǰan, “zeal, effort, labour”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHnam

Sanskrit: यान (yā́na) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jānos

Latin: Iānus, iānua (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ěto (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-tu-s ~ *ih₂-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yātus (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-wēr or *yéh₂-wō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHwā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHwā

Sanskrit: यावन् (yā́van, “rider, invader on horseback”)

Proto-Tocharian: *iyā-

Tocharian A: yā-

Tocharian B: iyā-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ꙗдо (jado, “to travel”)

Ancient Greek: ζητέω (zētéō)

Ancient Greek: ζημία (zēmía)

desctree

Old Irish: áitt
Irish: áit
Scottish Gaelic: àite

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: या (yā)


yek-

*yék-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jehaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yā́čati

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yā́ćati

>? Sanskrit: याचति (yā́cati)

*yék-ti-s ~ *ik-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *jihtiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: juoktis

Proto-Celtic: *yextis (see there for further descendants)

*yók-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jṓk-

Latgalian: jūks

Latvian: joks

Lithuanian: juokas

Proto-Italic: *jokos

Latin: iocus (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *jehwlą (see there for further descendants)


*léh₁d-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lētaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ληδεῖν (lēdeîn)

Proto-Albanian: *lēda

Albanian: lodh

Proto-Albanian: *ladna

Old Albanian: *lan

Albanian: lë

Proto-Germanic: *lataz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lassos

Latin: lassus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *lādrā

Albanian: lodër


nes-

*nés-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nesaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *néhomai

Ancient Greek: νέομαι (néomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *násatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *násatay

Sanskrit: नसते (násate)

*nos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *nazjaną (see there for further descendants)

*n̥s-tó-s

⇒ *ń̥s-to-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ástam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *nōzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nayyō

Ancient Greek: ναίω (naíō)

Proto-Hellenic: *nahwós

Ancient Greek: ναός (naós)

Proto-Hellenic: *nóstos

Ancient Greek: νόστος (nóstos)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nas-

Tocharian B: nes-


krep-

*kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s

Proto-Celtic: *krixs

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kriɸmos

Proto-Brythonic: *krɨβ̃ (“strong”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: crí (“body”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥ps

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥ps

Sanskrit: कृप् (kṛ́p), कृपा (kṛpā́, instr. sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *kŕ̥pš

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬞𐬇𐬨 (kəhrpə̄m, acc. sg.)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (klp /kirb/)

→ Old Armenian: կերպ (kerp)

*krép-os ~ *krép-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *hrefaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *korpos (The change in the stem vowel may be a conflation of the *s-stem noun with the root noun *kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s)

Latin: corpus (see there for further descendants)

*krop-n̥-yo-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որովայն (orovayn)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *krepa

Albanian: krep

Proto-Albanian: *kurpna

Albanian: kurm

>? Proto-Celtic: *krittā (unlikely) (see there for further descendants)


lewg-

*lu-né-g-ti ~ *lu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *lungeti (see there for further descendants)

*lug-o-

Proto-Germanic: *luką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λύγος (lúgos), λυγίζω (lugízō)

*lug-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *luktos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *luktāōr

Latin: luctor (see there for further descendants)

*lug-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rugnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rugnás

Sanskrit: रुग्ण (rugṇá, “bent, crooked”)

*lug-so-s

Proto-Italic: *luksos

Latin: luxus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *awa-luga

Albanian: vlug

Proto-Germanic: *lūkaną (see there for further descendants)


neyk-

*néyk-eti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to winnow”)

Latvian: niẽkât

Lithuanian: niekóti

Proto-Hellenic: *niknā́ (“winnowed”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *niknáō (“to winnow”)

Ancient Greek: *νικνάω (*niknáō), *νικμάω (*nikmáō), λικμάω (likmáō), ἰκμάω (ikmáō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: εὐνίκμητον (euníkmēton)

⇒ Ancient Greek: *νίκνον (*níknon), νίκλον (níklon)

*nik-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *nixtos (“winnowed; wheat”) (see there for further descendants)


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tend-

Albanian: tend

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tándati

Sanskrit: तन्दते (tándate, “become relaxed”)

Proto-Iranian: *tándati (“to languish, faint”)

Parthian: tnd (tand, “faint, languishing”)

Proto-Italic: *tendō

Latin: tendō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖 (ustentu), 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (ustetu), ostendu, 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌀 (ustentuta), ostensendi

*tn̥d-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *tensos

Latin: tensus

*ténd-u-s ~ *tn̥d-éw-s:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tandùs (“lazy, sloppy”)

Probably from the synonymous *ten-, but with an uncertain suffix *-d(H)-.


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *tendeti (“to break, cut”)

Old Irish: teinnid

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τένδω (téndō, “to gnaw at”)

*tond-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *tondeō

Latin: tondeō (“to cut, shear”)

*tn̥-né-d-ti ~ *tn̥-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: -tenn

*te-tónd-e ~ *te-tn̥d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tethainn

Proto-Italic:

Latin: totondī

Proto-Celtic: *tondā (“skin, surface”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tonnenn

Middle Breton: tonnenn

Breton: tonnenn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: tonn

Welsh: ton

Old Irish: tonn

Possibly an extension of *temh₁- (“to cut”).


*tn̥h₁-yé-tor (passive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHyátay

Sanskrit: तायते (tāyáte)

*ténh₂-mn̥ ~ *tenh₂-món-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánHmā

Sanskrit: तनिमन् (tániman, “shallowness, weakness”)

*ténh₂-us (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnás

Sanskrit: उत्तान (uttāná)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (ustāna)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnáȷ́ʰastas (“with hands outstretched”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnáźʰastas

Sanskrit: उत्तानहस्त (uttānáhasta)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnájástah

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (ustānazasta)

Possibly an extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


tens-

*téns-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þinsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánsati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánsati

Sanskrit: तंसति (táṃsati), तंसते (táṃsate)

*téns-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenstei

Latvian: tìest

Lithuanian: tę̃sti

Old Prussian: tiēnstwei

*te-tons-e ~ te-tn̥s-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Germanic:

Gothic: -𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-þans)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatasráy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatasráy

Sanskrit: ततस्रे (tatasré)

*tons-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tanseitei

Lithuanian: tąsýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tansáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tansáyati

Sanskrit: तंसयते (taṃsáyate)

*tóns-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tąsus

Extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


kagʰ-

*kágʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *kageti (“to get, receive”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cael

Welsh: cael

*kagʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *kaɣeō

Latin: incohō (< *in-kaɣeō) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌊𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌃 (kahad, 3s.pr.cj.)

Umbrian: cehefi (inf.ps.)

*kagʰ-yó-m (“enclosure”)

*kagʰ-yo-s (cf. above)

Proto-Germanic: *hagjaz

Old Norse: heggr (“bird cherry”) (see there for further descendants)

*kágʰ-l̥-eh₂ ~ *kagʰ-én-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kaɣela (“small hole”)

Latin: caulae (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) Oscan: kaíla (acc.sg.)

*kágʰ-r̥ ~ *kagʰ-éns (“enclosure, pasture; hedge”)

⇒? *kágʰ-ō ~ *kagʰ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *hagô (“enclosure, pasture; hedge, shrub”) (see there for further descendants)

q

from the presumed genitive <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hakkaz</i>

⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakki, ⇒? *hakkī, *hakkju (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kagʰ-nó-s, *kagʰ-nó-m

⇒? Proto-Armenian: (with a prefix)

desc

Old Armenian: ցանգ (cʻang), ցանկ (cʻank, “hedge, fence”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< collective(?) <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kagʰ-néh₂</i>

Proto-Celtic: *kagnā (< collective(?) *kagʰ-néh₂)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨn

Welsh: caen

Proto-Germanic: *hagnaz

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn

Middle Dutch: haghen (“fencing”)

Old High German: hagan (“briar”)

⇒? *kagʰ-ró-s

desc

Proto-Celtic: *kagros (“enclosure; fort”)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨr

Middle Breton: ker

Cornish: caer

Middle Welsh: cair

Welsh: caer

*kágʰ-so-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa, “secluded forest, wooded recess; clearing; room, apartment”) (see there for further descendants)

that which encloses: fence, hedge, barrier


*h₁réyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rīfaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρείπω (ereípō, “to ruin, tear down”)

*h₁rip-néh₂-ti ~ *h₁reyp-n̥h₂-énti (*néh₂-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Russian: ре́пнуть (répnutʹ, “to burst”) (dialectal)

Proto-Celtic: *rēbbāti

Middle Irish: répaid

Proto-Germanic: *rippōną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁réyp-eh₂ (“steep slope”)

Proto-Germanic: *rīpō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reipā

Latin: rīpa (“river bank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raupā

Albanian: repë (“desert”)

Compare also *Hrewp- (“to break, tear (up)”).


*dʰérh₃-ti ~ *dʰr̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *durˀtei (“to stab, prick”)

Lithuanian: dùrti

Latvian: dur̃t

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔθορον (éthoron, “to leap”)

*dʰorh₃-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *darjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *darjan (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥h₃-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θρῴσκω (thrṓiskō, “to spring, leap”)

*dʰr̥h₃-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *daryeti (“to bull, force oneself, leap upon”)

Old Irish: dairid

Irish: doir

Proto-Germanic: *darō (“injury”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́raH (“edge, blade; gush”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́raH

Sanskrit: धारा (dhā́rā)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́raH

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬁 (dārā)

→ Old Armenian: դար (dar)


*h₂réh₁-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

⇒ *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to think; to arrange”)

*h₂reh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *rēōr (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂r̥h₁-éy-ti (ey-present)

⇒ *h₂rey- (“to count; to arrange”, reanalyzed root)

Proto-Hellenic: *aréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀρέσκω (aréskō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *araréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀραρίσκω (ararískō)

Proto-Hellenic: *aretā́

Ancient Greek: ἀρετή (aretḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ratōr

q

or derived from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ratus</i>

Latin: rator (“thinker”) (or derived from ratus)

Proto-Italic: *ratos
Latin: ratus

*h₂reh₁-tis ~ *h₂rh₁-téys

⇒ *h₂rh₁-ti-Hō

Proto-Italic: *ratjō

Latin: ratiō

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raþjǭ (“account, reasoning”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *rānja

Albanian: rroj

Reanalyzed root of *h₂er- (“to join; to prepare”) + *-éh₁ti.


*h₂rey-dʰ(h₁)- (“to put in order”)

*h₂réy-dʰ-t ~ *h₂ri-dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist (“to put in order”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raidaz (“ready, arranged”), *raidijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raids (“ready”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rināti (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Celtic: *rīmā (“number, count”) (from collective *h₂riH-meh₂ or *h₂réy-meh₂) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *rīmą (“number, calculation”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂réy-tus ~ *h₂ri-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rītus

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νήριτος (nḗritos, “countless”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rendas (“row”)

Lithuanian: rindà

Latvian: rinda

Proto-Slavic: *rędъ (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *h₂réyti, from *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


kʷey-

*kʷéy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáyati

desc

Sanskrit: चयते (cáyate, “to take revenge on”)

Proto-Slavic: *kàjati

*kʷi-néw-ti ~ *kʷi-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷínō

Ancient Greek: τίνω (tínō), τί̄νω (tí̄nō)

*kʷi-nu-t-

Proto-Celtic: *kʷinuts (“guilt”)

desctree

Old Irish: cin
Middle Irish: cin (“guilt; payment due, fee”)
Classical Gaelic: cion (“guilt; due portion; partiality”)
Irish: cion (“transgression; share; affection”)

*kʷey-no-s

Proto-Slavic: *činъ (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷítis

Ancient Greek: τίσις (tísis)


kʷey-

*kʷeyt-

*kʷeys-

*kʷé(h₁)y-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Slavic: *čàjati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáHyati

Sanskrit: चायति (cā́yati)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τίω (tíō, “to esteem, to respect”)

*kʷe-kʷó(h₁)y-e ~ *kʷe-kʷ(h₁)y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikā́ya

Sanskrit: चिकाय (cikāya)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῑμή (tīmḗ)

*kʷé(h₁)y-ti-s ~ *kʷ(h₁)i-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (citi, “understanding”), अपचिति (ápa-citi, “reverence”)


kʷey-

*kʷey-t (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háčayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háčayt

Vedic Sanskrit: अचेत् (acet)

Proto-Iranian:

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*wi-</i>

⇒ Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬁 (vīš́iiātā, 3pl.aor.inj.mid.) (+ *wi-)

*kʷi-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *čináwti

Sanskrit: चिनोति (cinoti, “to gather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čináwtī

desc

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙- (cinuuaṇt-, present active participle)

Northern Kurdish: çinîn (“to reap”), çandin (“to plant”), nijinandin (“to pile, layer”), çîn (“class, layer”)

Central Kurdish: چنین (çnîn, “to reap”), چاندن (çandin, “to plant”), نژناندن (nijnandin, “to pile, to build up”), چین (çîn, “class, stratum, flock, layer”)

Proto-Slavic: *činǫti, *činìti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoywós

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoiwós, *kʷoiwéyō

Ancient Greek: ποιϝέω (poiwéō, Doric), ποιέω (poiéō)

*kʷóyos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́yas

Sanskrit: काय (kāya)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (cíti, “a layer”)


spewd-

*spéwd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπεύδω (speúdō)

*spéwd-om

Proto-Germanic: *speutą

*spéwd-os

Proto-Germanic: *speutaz

Proto-West Germanic: *speut (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spaudā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spaudà

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπουδή (spoudḗ)

*spowd-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: spáusti (“to press, squeeze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spūˀdā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spūdà


stew-

*stéw-e ~ *stéw-ēr (root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáway

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stáway

Sanskrit: स्तवे (stáve)

*stḗw-ti ~ *stéw-n̥ti (Narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στεῦται (steûtai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stā́wti (see there for further descendants)

*stu-ór? (zero-grade mediopassive)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-du-u̯a-a-ri /ištuāri/, “to be manifest; be announced”)

*stéw-tōr ~ *stu-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stawtā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staw-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staw-

Sanskrit: स्तु (stu) (from zero-grade)


Proto-Albanian: *daja

Albanian: daj

Proto-Hellenic: *dayomai

Ancient Greek: δαίομαι (daíomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyatay

Sanskrit: दयते (dáyate)

Proto-Hellenic: *dā́mos

Ancient Greek: δῆμος (dêmos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dālom (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: दया (dayā)

>? Northern Kurdish: dêman (“inhabitant”)


Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίς (daís)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτύς (daitús)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτυμών (daitumṓn)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτρός (daitrós), δαιτρόν (daitrón)

*déh₂i-mō ~ *dh₂i-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *tīmô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίμων (daímōn)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *tilą

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαΐζω (daḯzō)

Ancient Greek: δαίνῡμι (daínūmi)

Ancient Greek: δαίω (daíō, “to share”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHi-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHi-

⇒ दया (dayā)

Sanskrit: दय् (day), e.g. ⇒ दया (dayā)

Extension of *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).


ksnew-

*ksnow-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnawáyati

Proto-Iranian: *xšnawáyatī

𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (xšāuuaiieⁱti, “to satisfy”)

*ksnḗw-s-t ~ *ksnéw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnā́wšt

Proto-Iranian: *xšnā́wšt

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬏𐬱 (xšāūš, “to listen”)

Proto-Italic: *(ks)nowātlā

Latin: novācula (“razor”)

*ksnéw-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnáwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇáwtram

Sanskrit: क्ष्णोत्र (kṣṇótra, “whetstone”)

*ksnow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Germanic: *snaw-waz (“bald”)

Old Norse: snǫggr, snøggr (< *snawwiz)

Icelandic: snöggur

Swedish: snygg

*ksnéw-tu-s ~ *ksnu-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *snauþuz (“naked, poor”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksnu-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇutás

Sanskrit: क्ष्णुत (kṣṇutá, “sharpened”)

Proto-Iranian: *xšnutáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬙𐬀 (xšnuta)

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎵𐎢𐎫 (x-š-nu-u-t /xšnuta/)

Reanalysed root of *ksnéwti, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-néwti (*néw-present suffix).


kes-

Proto-Germanic: *hezdǭ (“flax fibers”)

Proto-West Germanic: *heʀdā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazdaz (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-ti ~ *ks-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Luwian: 𒆠𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ki-ša-an-da, 3pl.pret.act.), 𒆠𒊭𒄠𒈠 (ki-ša-am-ma /kišama/, part.)

Hittite: 𒆠𒅖𒍣 (ki-iš-zi, “to comb, card”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*ks-néw-ti ~ *ks-nw-énti (*néw-present) (see there for further descendants)

*kes-/*kos-yé-ti (yé-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *késtei

Lithuanian: kàsti

Proto-Slavic: *česàti (“to scratch, comb”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *kositi (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s

*ksen- (reanalysed root)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kasra > *kāra

Albanian: korr (“to harvest, reap”)

⇒ *ke-ks-r-éh₂ (with reduplication of the root)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kīsrā (“comb”) (possibly < *kēsrā < *kexsrā)

Old Irish: cír (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kes-ró-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *hērą (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-s ~ *ks-és

*kses- (reanalysed root)

*ksés-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kséhō

Ancient Greek: ξέω (xéō, “to shave, carve, smooth, polish”)

*kses-tós (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksestós

Ancient Greek: ξεστός (xestós, “smoothed, polished, wrought”)

*kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s

*ksew- (reanalysed root)

Proto-Albanian: *kaxā (“plaited hair”)

Albanian: kezë (“woman’s head-dress, bonnet, hair-net”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀ

Latvian: kasa (“braid”)

Lithuanian: kasà (“braid”)

Old Prussian: kexti (“braided hair”)

Proto-Slavic: *kosà (“hair, braided hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-eh₂-yé-ti ~ *kos-eh₂-yónti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀtei

Latvian: kàsît

Lithuanian: kasýti

Proto-Slavic: *kasati (see there for further descendants)

*kós-mo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasmas

Proto-Slavic: *kosmъ (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *kos-ó-s

Proto-Albanian: *kaxa (“ox”)

Albanian: ka

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


ksew-

*kséw-ti ~ *ksu-énti (athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skutei (“to shave”) (metathesis)

Latvian: skũt, skuvu (1sg.pret.)

Lithuanian: skutù, skùsti

*ksu-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksuyō

Ancient Greek: ξῡ́ω (xū́ō, “to shave, smooth, scratch”)

*ksḗw-s-t ~ *kséw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ξέσαι (xésai)

*ksow-éye-ti (“to scrape”, éye-causative)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawejō

Latin: sauciō (“I wound; I trim”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksów-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *ksównon

Ancient Greek: ξόανον (xóanon)

*ksow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawos (“wound”)

Latin: saucius (< *sawVkio- < *ksow-Vk-) (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ksurón

Ancient Greek: ξυρόν (xurón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšurás (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-lo-

Proto-Hellenic: *ksúlon

Ancient Greek: ξύλον (xúlon)

>? Proto-Celtic: *skutā (with metathesis)

desctree

Old Irish: scoth (“point, tip, edge”)
Middle Irish: scoth
Irish: scoth
⇒ Middle Irish: scothaid (“to cut, lop off”)

Extensions

desc

>? *ksew-d- (“to crush into pieces, disintegrate”)

Reanalysed root of *kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-us.


ksen-

*ksén-e-ti ~ *ksén-onti (“thematic root present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšanánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣanánti

Sanskrit: वि अक्षणन् (vi akṣaṇan, 3pl.impf.act.), विक्षणत् (vi-kṣaṇat, “to card”, ptc.act.)

*ksn̥-yé-ti ~ *ksn̥-yonti (“zero-grade *yé-present”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksəňňō

desctree

Ancient Greek: ξαίνω (xaínō, “to card; to scratch”)
Greek: ξαίνω (xaíno)

*ksén-ti-s ~ ksn̥-téy-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentis (“thorn”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksén-tu-s ~ ksn̥-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentus (“thorny”) (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-r̥ (n-stem).


*pléh₃w-e-ti (thematic present) or *pléh₃-we-ti (*we-present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pláuˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plṓ(w)ō

Ancient Greek: πλώω (plṓō)

*ploh₃w-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (see there for further descendants)

*pléh₃-tu-s ~ *pl̥h₃-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *flōduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plauˀtá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

(perhaps) Latin: plōrō

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plū́ˀtei (zero grade with secondary long vowel) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


tewk-

*túk

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túk, *túč

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túk, *túć

Sanskrit: तुक् (túk, “boy”), तुच् (túc, “offspring, children (only attested in RV dat. fem. तुचे (tucé))”)

*tewk-ós

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhą (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Latgalian: tauki

Latvian: tàuki pl

Lithuanian: taukai̇̃ pl

Old Prussian: taukis

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawkás

Sanskrit: तोक (toká, “offspring, including of animals”)

Ossetian: тог (tog, “blood”) (Digoron)

Ossetian: туг (tug, “blood”) (Iron)

*téwk-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwkmas

Sanskrit: तोक्म (tókma, “a young shoot, offspring”)

*téwk-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkma (see there for further descendants)

*tewk-tḗr

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhtēr (“descendant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: tyukt' (“to plump, to swell”)

Latgalian: tuklys (“portly, fat, plumpy”)

Latgalian: tyucis (“cloud, crowd”)

Proto-Celtic: *tuknā (< *tuk-mn̥) (possibly)

Old Irish: tón (“anus”)

Scottish Gaelic: tòin (“anus, arse”)

Irish: tóin (“anus, buttocks”)

Proto-Celtic: ? / Proto-Italic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

Compare *tewh₂- (“to swell, crowd, be strong”). Possibly analyzed as *tewh₂-k- or *tewH-k-, though the evidence is unclear. Superficially similar to *(s)tewk- (“to strike, hit”) but unclear whether semantically related.


sperdʰ-

*spérdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem) (uncertain, see entry for discussion)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati

Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)

Proto-Iranian: *spárdati (uncertain)

Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)

*spérdʰ-ti ~ *spr̥dʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)

*spérdʰ-t ~ *spr̥dʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant

Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)

*spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)

Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)


*ḱéwh₁-t ~ *ḱuh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκῡσᾰ (ékūsă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: अश्वत् (áśvat) (possible innovation based on ह्वयते (hváyati)/अह्वत् (áhvat))

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, inf.)

*ḱe-ḱówh₁-e ~ *ḱe-ḱuh₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućáwHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuśáwHa

desc

Sanskrit: शूशुवुर् (śūśuvur, “are swollen”, 3pl.perf.)

*ḱuh₁-éye-ti (zero-grade éye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant, become pregnant”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHáyati (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kīje- (< (Thurneysen's rule) *kūje-)

Latin: inciēns (“big with young”)

*ḱuh₁-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHyáti

Proto-Iranian: *cuHyáti

Ossetian:

Digor: рӕсуйун (ræsujun)

Iron: рӕсыйын (ræsyjyn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíćHuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíśHuṣ

Sanskrit: शिशु (śíśu, “child, infant”)

*ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ or *ḱuh₁-o-dʰ-ó-h₁ (dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáHdʰaH or *ćuHādʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *cwáHdaH (“army”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱéwh₁-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-mén-s

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kūmə (“a swell, wave”)
Ancient Greek: κῦμα (kûma)

*n̥-ḱéwh₁-mō ~ *n̥-ḱuh₁-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *əkūmōn
Ancient Greek: ἀκύμων (akúmōn)

>? *ḱéwh₁-neh₂

Proto-Celtic: *kawanā

Old Irish: cúan (“troop”)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *hūną (“top of a stick”)

Old English: *hūn

⇒ Old English: hūnþyrel

Middle Dutch: hune

Old Norse: húnn

Icelandic: húnn

Faroese: húnn

Norwegian: hun, hune (dialectical)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHnás

Sanskrit: शून (śūna, “swollen”)

q

or the nouns are thematicized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱéwh₁-r̥</i>?

*ḱewh₁-ró-s, *ḱuh₁-ró-s (“strong”) (or the nouns are thematicized from *ḱéwh₁-r̥?)

Proto-Celtic: *kawaros (“hero”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kūrós (noun)

desc

Ancient Greek: κῦρος (kûros, “supremacy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHrás (“strong”, adjective) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kúrios (“lord, master”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”)

*ḱéwh₁-s ~ *ḱuh₁-s-és

⇒ *ḱéwh₁-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáwHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáwHas

Sanskrit: शवस् (śávas, “strength, power”)

Proto-Iranian: *cáwHah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (sauua)

⇒ *ḱéwh₁s-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-s-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćúšma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúṣma

Sanskrit: शुष्म (śúṣma, “strong”)

⇒ *ḱuh₁s-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHsás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHsás

Sanskrit: शूष (śūṣá, “strength”)

Proto-Celtic: *kuwyos (“young animal”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cyw

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *श्वम् (śvam)

Sanskrit: शम् (śam)

Sanskrit: शुन n (śuná, “thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शू (śū)


*h₁él-h₁ēn or *h₁él-h₁en-i

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եղն (ełn, “hind”)

Armenian: եղնիկ (eġnik, “doe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *elenias

Latvian: alnis (“elk, moose”)

Lithuanian: élnias, élnis, álnis (“deer”)

Proto-Slavic: *eleňь (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ól-h₁n-ih₂ ~ *h₁él-h₁n-ih₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alˀnīˀ

Lithuanian: álnė, élnė

Old Prussian: alne

Proto-Slavic: *òlni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elanī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yälä

Tocharian A: yäl

Tocharian B: yal

Proto-Germanic: *lambaz (“lamb”)

Proto-Hellenic: *éləpʰos

Ancient Greek: ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”)

Greek: ελάφι (eláfi)

Proto-Hellenic: *elnós

Ancient Greek: ἐλλός (ellós)

*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is

Proto-Germanic: *algiz, *elhaz (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: ἄλκη (álkē)

→ Latin: alcēs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alśis

Proto-Slavic: *ȏlsь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥śyas

Vedic Sanskrit: ऋश्य (ṛ́śya)

→ elephant

various tree species with bright bark, e.g. alder, elm, fir


(s)poH(y)-

*(s)poHy-m-os

Proto-Germanic: *faimaz m or n (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: spūma f (see there for further descendants)

*(s)póHy-nh₂-os, *(s)pHóy-nh₂-os (metathesized variant)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pʰáynas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pʰáynas

Sanskrit: फेन m or n (phéna) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)páiˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: pūmex (“pumice”) (see there for further descendants)

De Vaan and Lubotsky suggest that this may be derived from a y-extension of *speh₁- (“to be filled to the brim”).


ǵem-

*ǵm̥-rós (“son in law”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵem-tēr</i>

>? Proto-Albanian: *dzanra (or from *ǵem-tēr)

desc

Albanian: dhëndër, dhëndërr, dhandër — Gheg, dhândërr — Gheg

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: γαμβρός (gambrós), γαβρός (gabrós), γαμρός (gamrós), γαββρός (gabbrós), γαμερός (gamerós)
Greek: γαμπρός (gamprós)

Proto-Italic: *genros

Latin: gener (see there for further descendants)

*ǵém-ti-s ~ *ǵm̥-téy-s (“matrimony”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mtiš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zāmiti, “child-birth”)

Unsorted formations

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (“son-in-law”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γᾰ́μος (gắmos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mātā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जार (jā́ra, jārá, “paramour, lover, intimate companion”)

Sanskrit: जार्य (jāryá, “intimacy; companionship”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “wife”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵenh₁-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: (or from *ǵenh₁-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: जामि (jāmí, “female relative; daughter-in-law; consanguinity”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́āmiš

q

+ <i class="Avst mention" lang="ae">𐬵𐬎-</i> (hu-)

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌 (huzāmi, “good, easy birth”) (+ 𐬵𐬎- (hu-))


*kyeh₂-yé-ti ~ *kyeh₂-yó-nti (yé present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: διαττάω (diattáō, prefixed with δια-)

*ki-né-h₂-ti ~ *ki-n-h₂-é-nti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ki-na-iz-zi /kinaezi/)

*kyéh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ťḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: σήθω (sḗthō)


Proto-Germanic: *wetmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀdná

Proto-Slavic: *vě̑no (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewednon

Ancient Greek: ἕδνον (hédnon)


twerH-

*turH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *turētei

Latgalian: turēt

Latvian: turēt (“to hold, keep”)

Lithuanian: turėti (“to have”)

*twérH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tvert (“to grab, seize”)

Lithuanian: tvérti

*tworH-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twárīˀtei

Latvian: tvarstīt (“to snap, to catch”)

Lithuanian: tvárstyti (“to bandage”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvorìti (“to make”) (see there for further descendants)

*twōr (root noun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvora (“fence”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvarь (see there for further descendants)

*tworH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twaras

Lithuanian: ap-tvaras (“fence”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tworós

Ancient Greek: σορός (sorós, “coffin, urn”)

*twérH-ō ~ *turH-nés

>? Proto-Germanic: *þwerō; *þurraz

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *þurruk (“hold (of a ship)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tseřřā́

Ancient Greek: σειρά (seirá), σειρή (seirḗ), σηρᾱ́ (sērā́)


selǵ-

*sélǵ-e-ti

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀠𒀝𒍣 (ša-al-ak-zi /šalkzi/, “knead, mix”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *selkaną (“to fall in drops; dribble; droop”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárȷ́ati (“to let go”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *selgā (see there for further descendants)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


pres-

*pres-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *pressai

Latin: pressī

*pres-lo-m

Proto-Italic: *preslom

Latin: prēlum

Unsorted formations:

Latin: premō (present stem remodeled by analogy to *trem- and *tres-)

Possibly an extension of *per- (“to attempt, try, risk”), but this is guesswork.


bʰenǵʰ-

*bʰénǵʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰati

Sanskrit: बंहते (báṃhate, “to increase, grow”)

Proto-Iranian: *bánjati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bązaⁱti)

*bʰénǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-éw-s (“thick”)

*bʰénǵʰ-yōs ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-is-és (“thicker”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: πάσσων (pássōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰyas

Sanskrit: बंहीयस् (báṃhīyas)

*bʰénǵʰ-istʰ-os (“thickest”)

Ancient Greek: πάχιστος (pákhistos)

*bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

*bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: बंहिष्ठ (báṃhiṣṭha)

*bʰónǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-n-és (“swelling”) (with secondary o-grade?)

Proto-Germanic: (originally) *bangô ~ *bunkkaz

*bungô ~ *bunkaz, ⇒? *bunkô (“heap, lump”), *bankô (“hill; bank”) (back-formed) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *bungō

Old High German: bungo (“swelling, tuber”)

Middle High German: bunge

German: Bunge

⇒ *bank-iz (“bulge, hill; slope, bank, bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bung-jô

Frankish: *bungjō

q

or from Gaulish <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">*bunia</i>?

Old French: bugne, buyne, bigne (“lump, swelling”) (or from Gaulish *bunia?)

French: bugne

desc

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *poŋka (“protuberance, unevenness; knot, knob, tuber”)

Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: pung

Proto-Ugric:

Hungarian: bog

*bʰénǵʰ-os ~ *bʰénǵʰ-es-os (“thickness”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχος (pákhos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bánjah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵 (bązah)

*bʰn̥ǵʰ-tó-s (“thickened”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baẓḍʰás

desctree

Sanskrit: बाढ (bāḍhá), बाळ्ह (bāḷhá)
Assamese: বাৰু (baru)


Hyewdʰ-

*Hyúdʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyúdʰyati (“to fight, to battle”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati

Sanskrit: युध्यति (yúdhyati), युध्यते (yúdhyate)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)

*Hyowdʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

*Hyowdʰ-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *youdos

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð
Middle Welsh: ut, ud, udd
Welsh: udd

*Hyudʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *yutkǝ-

Tocharian A: yutkatār (“to worry”)

*Hyudʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás

Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)

Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)

Proto-Italic: *jussos

Latin: iussus

*Hyudʰ-(s)mós (“warrior”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jud-mas

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ojьminъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *ὑσμός (*husmós)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὑσμίνη (husmínē, “battle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudʰmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰmás

Sanskrit: युध्म (yudhmá, “warrior”)

*Hyéwdʰ-tōr ~ *Hyudʰ-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwdᶻdʰā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwddʰā

Sanskrit: योद्धृ (yoddhṛ)

*Hyéwdʰ-tu-s ~ *Hyudʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *jussus

Latin: iussus

*Hyéwdʰ-u-s ~ *Hyudʰ-éw-s

Ancient Greek: εὐθύς (euthús), ῑ̓θῠ́ς (īthŭ́s) — Ionic, Epic

*Hyéwdʰ-r̥

>? Ancient Greek: *εὖθαρ (*eûthar), εἶθαρ (eîthar)

>? Latin: iubar

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰ- (see there for further descendants)

A derivation from *h₂yew- (“straight, upright”), most likely with *-dʰh₁eti.

moving erect, to be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle)


*h₃ni-né-d-ti ~ h₃ni-n-d-én-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निन्दति (níndati) (thematicised) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nḗyd-s-t ~ *h₃néyd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անէծ (anēc)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHnāytˢt

Proto-Iranian: *HáHnāyst

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬯𐬙 (nāist)

*h₃noyd-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *naitijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nid-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₃nid-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ni̇́edėti

Latvian: nîdêt

Proto-Hellenic: *oneidos

Ancient Greek: ὄνειδος (óneidos)


sengʷ-

*séngʷ- ~ *sn̥gʷ- (aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անկաւ (ankaw)

*séngʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sinkwaną (see there for further descendants)

*songʷ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընկենում (ənkenum)


Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ūss

Latvian: osis

Lithuanian: uosis

Proto-Albanian: *aksa

Albanian: ah (“beech”)

Proto-Germanic: *askaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian: *hoskíyā

Old Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀsenas

Proto-Slavic: *àsenь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *osnos (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: uinnius
⇒ Irish: fuinseog
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: uinnseann

Welsh: onn

Italic:

Latin: ornus (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


tews-

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝáti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬯𐬆𐬥 (tusən, 3.pl.inj)

*tows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (taošaiieti, 3.sg.pres.ind)

*tus-sḱ-yós (“empty”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tuskjas (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuśćyás

Vedic Sanskrit: तुच्छ्य (tucchyá, “empty”)

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝyás

Khotanese: tuśśaa (“empty”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (twhyg /tuhīg/)

Persian: تهی (tohi, “empty”)

Parthian: [script needed] (twsyg, “empty”)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: tesqua (“desert”)

Proto-Germanic: *þustaz (“manure”)


tews-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tu-uš-ki-ez-zi /tuškezzi/, “to be happy”)

*tus-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuṣyáti

desctree

Sanskrit: तुष्यति (túṣyati) (metrically तुष्यते (túṣyate))
Pali: tussati

*tows-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawṣáyati

Sanskrit: तोषयति (toṣáyati)

Unsorted formations

desc

Proto-Slavic: *tušiti (“to make still, to quench”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þusiþaz (“silent”) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: तूष्णीम् (tūṣṇīm, “silently”)

Old Prussian: tusnan (“still”)

Probably an extension of *tewH- (“to favour”).


pewH-

*péwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páwHati

Sanskrit: पवते (pávate)

*pu-né-H-ti ~ *pu-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *punáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *punáHti

Sanskrit: पुनाति (punā́ti)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀡𑀇 (puṇaï)

Pali: punāti

*powH-éye-ti (“to purify, to clean”, éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHáyati

Sanskrit: पवयति (paváyati)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*pḗwH-s-t ~ *péwH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HápāwHšt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HápāwHṣṭ

Sanskrit: अपविष्ट (ápaviṣṭa), अपाविषुर् (ápāviṣur)

*pewH-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHás

Sanskrit: पव (pavá)

*pewH-eno-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHanas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHanas

Sanskrit: पवन (pávana)

*puH-ró-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸūros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pūros

Latin: pūrus (see there for further descendants)

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

desctree

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀽𑀅 (pūa)

→ Proto-Finnic: *puhtas (“clean”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *putos

Latin: putus

⇒ Latin: putō (see there for further descendants)

*puH-yó-s (“purifying”)

Proto-Italic: *pwījos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHākás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHākás

Sanskrit: पावक (pāvaká) (metrically पवाक (pavāká))

Proto-Iranian: *pawHākáh

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (pā̮, “pure”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: پاک (pāk)

Northern Kurdish: pak (pāk), paqij (pāqīž)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: پاک (pāk)

Old Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Old Median:

Harzani: پوک (pök)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: پاک (pāk)

Zazaki: pak (pāk)

Parthian: (/pawāg/, “pure; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pw'g)

Middle Persian: (/pāk/, “pure; clean; free; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pʾk), [Manichaean needed] (pʾq)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pʾk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (DKYA)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawara or *pūra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawara or *pūra

Northwest Pashayi: pūr (“bonfire”)

Shumashti: [script needed] (pōr, “burning embers”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHitíkas

Proto-Iranian: *puHitíkah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬐𐬀 (pūⁱtika)

→ Middle Persian: (/Pūidīg/, “Persian Gulf”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwytyk')

Central Kurdish: پەتی (petî, “pure”)


*h₂éysd-e-ti ~ h₂éysd-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἴδομαι (aídomai, “to be ashamed; to honour, respect”)

*h₂isd-sḱé-ti ~ *h₂isd-sḱó-nti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiždŝćáti

Proto-Iranian: *Hiždŝáti

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬁 (išasā, 1.sg.subj)

*h₂eysd-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₂eysd-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *aistāną (see there for further descendants)

*h₂i-h₂éysd-ti ~ *h₂í-h₂isd-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHáyšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHáyṣṭi

Sanskrit: ईट्टे (ī́ṭṭe)

*h₂óysd-e ~ *h₂isd-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hížday

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Híẓḍay

Vedic Sanskrit: ईळे (ī́ḷe) (probably synchronically formed)

Sanskrit: ईडे (ī́ḍe)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: αἰδώς (aidṓs)


p(t)erH-

*p(t)rH-tis

Proto-Celtic: *ɸratis (see there for further descendants)

*p(t)orH-no-

*po-p(t)orH-tis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: paparde

Lithuanian: papartis

Proto-Slavic: *paportь (see there for further descendants)


*h₁érs-ti ~ *h₁r̥s-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔérsti

Hittite: 𒀀𒅈𒀸𒍣 (a-ar-aš-zi /ʔárštˢi/), 𒅈𒀸𒍣 (ar-aš-zi)

Luwian: 𒀀𒅈𒅆𒅀𒀭𒁺 (a-ar-ši-ya-an-du, 3.pl.imp.act)

*h₁érs-e-ti ~ *h₁érs-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárṣati

Sanskrit: अर्षति (árṣati)

*h₁irs-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ers-eh₂ye/o-ti (stative?)

Proto-Italic: *erzāō

Latin: errō (“to err”) (see there for further descendants)

q

from metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁res-</i>?

*h₁rṓs (“fluid, moisture, dew”) (from metathesized *h₁res-?)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aršùs

Lithuanian: įširsti

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: इरस्यति (irasyati)

Sanskrit: ईर्ष्यति (īrṣyati)


tum-

*tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)

Proto-Celtic: *tumīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tumēō

desc

Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)

*tum-id-o-s

Proto-Italic: *tumidos

Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)

*tu(h₂)m-ō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (*ū arose as analogical full grade)

*tum-ōs

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)

*tum-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)

Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃

Welsh: twf

Old Breton: tum

Breton: teñv

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás

Proto-Iranian: *tumáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)

*tum-o-ló-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás

Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)

Proto-Italic: *tumolos

Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)

*tum-ró-s (“swollen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुम्र (túmra, “big, strong”)

*tum-bʰ-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tumbos

Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)

Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *towmā

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)

Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás

Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)

Proto-Italic: *tumoltos

Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)

Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.


*h₂sús-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ahúhyō

Ancient Greek: αὔω (aúō, “to light a fire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsúšyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsúṣyati

Sanskrit: शुष्यति (śúṣyati) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂sus-né-w-ti ~ *h₂sus-n-w-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)

*h₂sows-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáušīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sušiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsawṣáyati

Sanskrit: शोषयति (śoṣáyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

English: sear

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *saušás
East Baltic:
Latgalian: sauss
Latvian: sàuss
Lithuanian: saũsas (the result of assimilation s-š > s-s, or inherited from a Balto-Slavic dialect in which the RUKI sound change didn't occur)
Proto-Slavic: *sȗxъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sauzaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὖος (aûos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsawšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hsawṣas

Sanskrit: शोष (śoṣa)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: saũsti (“to wither”), saũsinti (“to dry (transitive)”)

Latvian: sust (“to dry”)(intransitive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsúškas (see there for further descendants)


serḱ-

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ṣärk- (“to surpass”)

*sr̥ḱ-yé-ti (zero-grade yé/ó-present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sarciō (“to mend”) (supposedly PIE *Cr̥CC can lead to Latin CarCC)

*sr̥-né-ḱ-ti ~ *sr̥-n-ḱ-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ni-ik-zi /šarni(n)kzi/) (< *sr̥-nén-k-ti, a type 1 nasal infix per Kloekhorst)

⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ni-ik-zi-il /šarnikzil/, “compensation”)

*sr̥ḱ-ú-s / *sórḱ-us ~ *sr̥ḱ-éw-s (u-stem adjective)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (šar-ku /šarku, šargaw/, “eminent, illustrious”)

*sérḱ-os ~ *sérḱ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕρκος (hérkos, “fence, enclosure”), ὅρκος (hórkos)


mews-

*mews-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *meusą

desctree

Old English: mēos
Middle English: mese, messe, mes, meose
English: meese, meece
Scots: mese

Middle Dutch: mies

Old High German: mios

Alemannic German: Mies

*mus-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *musą (see there for further descendants)

*mus-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *muśas

Lithuanian: mū̃sas

Proto-Slavic: *mъxъ (see there for further descendants)

*mows-ko-s

Italic:

Latin: mūscus

>? Proto-Germanic: *miuzijō (“swamp”) (see there for further descendants)

mus-ro-

>? Proto-Armenian: *mus-r-

Old Armenian: մամուռ (mamuṙ, “moss”)


wegʷ-

*wégʷ-s-ti ~ ugʷ-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: उक्षति (ukṣáti, “to wet, moisten, sprinkle with water; to emit seed”)

*wogʷ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wakwaz (see there for further descendants)

*ug-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ugrós

Ancient Greek: ὑγρός (hugrós)

*wogʷ-edʰo-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūvidus, ūdus

*wogʷ-mo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūmeō

>? *ugʷ-s-ḗn (“bull, ox”)


and/or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃meyǵʰ-</i> (“to drizzle > to urinate”)

Proto-Germanic: *miggо̄ną (and/or from *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to drizzle > to urinate”))

Dutch: miggelen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmaygʰás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mihsą

>? Proto-West Germanic: *mihs (“dung”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mihstaz (see there for further descendants)

*h₃méygʰ-s ~ *h₃migʰ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmíčš ~ *Hmiǰʰás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miegoti (“to sleep”), Lithuanian: miegas (“sleep”)

Proto-Slavic: *měžiti (“to close one's eyes”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *migati (“to blink”) (see there for further descendants)

qual

Old Armenian: մէգ (mēg) (or borrowed from an Iranian descendant)


>? *h₁iǵ-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Luwian: (“to worship?; to make, perform”)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Term?] (/izi-/)

*h₁yáǵ-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁yā́ǵ-s-t ~ h₁yáǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyā́ȷ́št

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyā́ȷ́ṣṭ

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अयाक्षीत्</i> (áyākṣīt)

(later अयाक्षीत् (áyākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अयाट् (áyāṭ, 3sg.act.) (later अयाक्षीत् (áyākṣīt)), अयष्ट (áyaṣṭa, 3sg.mid.)

*h₁yáǵ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *haďďomai

Ancient Greek: ἅζομαι (házomai)

Proto-Italic: *jagjō ~ *jagjentō

Latin: ieientō, ientō (“to have breakfast”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? *h₁ya-né-ǵ-ti ~ h₁ya-n-ǵ-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: yāṅk- (“to be deluded; to cast a spell on, bewitch”)

Proto-Hellenic: *hagnós

Ancient Greek: ἁγνός (hagnós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyaȷ́nás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́uš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́uṣ

Sanskrit: यजुस् (yájus, “veneration, worship, sacerdotal formula”)

Proto-Hellenic: *hágijos

Ancient Greek: ἅγιος (hágios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yas

Sanskrit: यज्य (yájya)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yuṣ

Sanskrit: यज्यु (yájyu, “worshipping, devout; worthy of worship, adorable”)

Proto-Italic: *jagjus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jagjūnos

Latin: iaiūnus, ieiūnus (“fasting, abstinent”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: यज् (yaj)


*sh₂éy-t ~ *sh₂y-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HasHáyt

Proto-Iranian: *HahHáyt

Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬏 (aŋhaiiū, “to become bound”)

*sh₂i-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫi-ya-zi /išḫiyazi/)

*sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂y-ḗr (stative) (or *sh₂-óy-e ← *seh₂-)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫa-a-i /išḫai/) ~ [script needed] (iš-ḫi-i-er)

*sih₂-éti (tudati-type root thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *siHáti

Sanskrit: स्यति (syáti)

*si-né-h₂-ti ~ si-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: sīt

Latvian: sìet

Lithuanian: siẽti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sináHti

Sanskrit: सिनाति (sinā́ti, “to bind”)

⇒ Sanskrit: सिनोति (sinoti)

*sh₂i-sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂i-sh₂y-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: [script needed] (ḫi-iš-ḫi-ya-an-ti /ḫišḫiyanti/, 3pl.pres.act.)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀊𐀕𐀜 (a-ja-me-no /ai⁽ʰ⁾aimeno, ai⁽ʰ⁾āimeno/, “inlaid”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHišHā́ya (“to keep bound”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHiṣHāya

Sanskrit: सिषाय (siṣāya)

Proto-Iranian: *hHišHāya

Avestan: 𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (āhišāiiā)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀdlo

Latvian: saiklis (“string, band”)

Lithuanian: ãtsailė (“cross-bar between beam and axle”)

Proto-Slavic: *sidlo (“noose, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

*sh₂éy-mn̥ ~ *sh₂i-méns (“rope”)

Proto-Celtic: *siman

Irish: sim

Proto-Hellenic: *hímə

Ancient Greek: *ἵμα (*híma)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμαῖος (himaîos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάω (himáō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάς (himás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάσθλη (himásthlē)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμονιά (himoniá) (< collective *hímōn)

*sh₂éy-ōl ~ *sh₂i-l-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-hi-ia-al)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀlāˀ

Proto-Germanic: *sailą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *silô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sīlô

Dutch: zijl, zijle (“trace, rope”)

German: Seilen (“horse harness”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sīljaną

Icelandic: síla (“to tie together”)

Proto-Italic: *saitā

Latin: saeta

*sh₂éy-tlo-m (possibly)

*sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: *հայթ (*haytʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: հայթեմ (haytʻem)

Proto-Germanic: *siduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHáytuš (“fetter, band, bridge”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHáytuṣ

Sanskrit: सेतु (sétu)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀉 (seu)

Proto-Iranian: *hHáytuš

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎 (haētu)

Ossetian: (“bridge”)

Digor Ossetian: хед (xed)

Iron Ossetian: хид (xid)

Persian: خدک (xadak)

*sh₂i-tó-s (“bound, fettered”) (or rather *sh₂-tó-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHitás

Sanskrit: सित (sitá)

Proto-Iranian: *hHitáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (hita)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀtas (“tie, cord”)

Latgalian: saita

Latvian: saĩte

Lithuanian: sai̇̃tas

Old Prussian: saytan

Proto-Slavic: *sětь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saidô (see there for further descendants)

*sh₂óy-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wén-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *saiwalō (see there for further descendants)

*sih₂-nó-s (possibly)

Proto-Celtic: *sīnos

Proto-Brythonic: *hin

Old Welsh: hin

Middle Irish: sín

Probably from *seh₂- (“to bind”) + *-éyti (*éy-present verbal suffix).

suf

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sámaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sámaH

desc

Sanskrit: समा (sámā, “season, weather, half-year”)

⇒ Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grī-ṣmá, “summer”) (< *gʷr̥h₂-sm̥h₂-ó-s)

*sm̥h₂-e/or- (r-stem)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ամառն (amaṙn)

Armenian: ամառ (amaṙ)

q

Germanic can also reflect <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sm̥h₂-or-o-s</i>

⇒ *sm̥h₂-er-o-s (Germanic can also reflect *sm̥h₂-or-o-s)

>? Proto-Celtic: *samaros

⇒? Gaulish: *Samaro-brīwa (toponym)

→ Latin: Samarobrīva

Proto-Germanic: *sumaraz (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥h₂-ōn (n-stem) (possibly from a heteroclitic r/n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *samū

desc

⇒ *kentu-samon-yos (“beginning of summer”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *samonyos

⇒ Gaulish: mid samonios (“early summer?”, a month of the Coligny calendar)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ամ (am)
→ Armenian: ամ (am) (learned)

Proto-Celtic: *samos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-)

Khotanese: [script needed] (hamana-)

Proto-Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھاوین (hawîn)

Northern Kurdish: havîn

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: ḥʾmyn (hāmīn)

Persian: هامین (hâmin)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣme

Tocharian B: ṣmāye

May be related to *sēmi (“half”), if the original meaning was “half-year” as attested in Vedic. Martirosyan argues that “year” was the original meaning.


*m(y)ówh₁-ti ~ m(y)uh₁-énti (o-grade root athematic verb)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ma-uš-zi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mauˀtei

Latgalian: maut (“to swim”)

⇒ Latgalian: mauduot

⇒ Latvian: maudāt

Lithuanian: mauti

⇒ Lithuanian: máudyti

Proto-Slavic: *myti (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*méyh₁w-ti ~ mih₁w-énti (root athematic verb with metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *míHwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *míHwati

Sanskrit: मीवति (mī́vati)

Proto-Tocharian: *mäiw-

Tocharian B: miw-

*m(y)owh₁-éye-ti (causative)?

Proto-Italic: *moweō

Latin: moveō

Proto-Tocharian: *mäusk-

Tocharian A: musk-

Tocharian B: musk-

*mh₁w-éh₁-ti (stative, with metathesis)

Proto-Germanic: *mawēną (“to scrape”)

Old Norse: má (“to blot out, wear out”)

Icelandic: má

*muH-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *muwwaz

Norwegian Nynorsk: mugg (“dust”)

*múHtrom (uncertain) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: mäs-


bak-

*bak-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bakas

Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“flank”) (possibly)

*bakk-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *bakkos (“hook”)

*bak-sḱ- (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: bàkstelėti (“to thrust”)

⇒ Latvian: bakstīt (“to poke”)

*bak-tro-m, *bak-tlo-m

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βάκτρον (báktron)

Proto-Italic: *bakklom

Latin: baculum

Proto-Germanic: *pagjō

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *pagilaz


tpelH-

*tpólH-i-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ptólis

Ancient Greek: πτόλις (ptólis), πόλις (pólis)

*tpl̥H-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilis

Latgalian: piļs

Latvian: pils

Lithuanian: pili̇̀s

*tpĺ̥H

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥H

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥H

Sanskrit: पूर् (pū́r, nom. sg)

⇒ Sanskrit: पुर (pura) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: पुरी (purī) (see there for further descendants)


welg-

*wolg-éyeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wálˀgīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walg-

Latgalian: volgs, Latgalian: volgons, Latgalian: pavolgs

Latvian: valgs

Proto-Slavic: *volga (see there for further descendants)

Germanic: Proto-Germanic: *wulkaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(u)la-n-g

Albanian: lëng

Proto-Albanian: *ulg(a)ma

Albanian: ulmej

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilgtei

Lithuanian: vi̇̀lgti, vi̇̀lgyti

Latgalian: velgme

Latvian: vil̂gt, velgme, velgans

Old Prussian: welgen

Proto-Slavic: *vьlgnǫti, *vьlgъkъ (see there for further descendants)

A synonym *welk- with a different coda velar appears to exist, whence Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“rain, wet weather”), Latvian valks (“wet; creek”), Old Icelandic valgr (“wet, moist”) and Old High German welh (“wet; mild”).


(s)mel-

*(s)mél-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melas

Lithuanian: mẽlas (“a lie”)

*(s)mél-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *mélehos

desc

Ancient Greek: μέλεος (méleos, “idle, useless”)

*(s)mól-o-s

Proto-Italic: *malos

q

Latin: malus (“unpleasant, bad”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)meh₂l- (“small”), cf. *smalaz)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *malwos or *malyos

Oscan: mallom, malom (acc.sg.), mallud, malud (“bad, evil”, abl.sg.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: smale (“a lie”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեղ (meł, “sin, crime”) (possibly)

Armenian: մեղք (meġkʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: մեղմեխ (mełmex) (possibly, though disputed)

*(s)mel-s-os

desc

Proto-Celtic: *mellos (“destruction, confusion”)

Old Irish: mell (“error, confusion”)

⇒ Old Irish: millid (“to destroy”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mləspʰāmos

Ancient Greek: βλᾰ́σφημος (blắsphēmos)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մող (moł), մոլիմ (molim), մոլորիմ (molorim)

Uncertain; the connection between each form is semantically fine, however their isolation makes this reconstruction suspect.

*mel- (alternative)
*(s)mal- (alternative)


gʰrey-

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Germanic: *grīmô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χρίω (khríō)

Balto-Slavic:

q

>? Lithuanian: griẽti (or possibly a variant with g- from *krey-, compare Latvian krìet (“to skim”))


gʰer-

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰér-ye-ti</i> with full-grade root

*gʰr̥-yé-ti (or *gʰér-ye-ti with full-grade root)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́řřō
Ancient Greek: χαίρω (khaírō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰáryati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हर्यति (háryati)

Proto-Italic: *herjō (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥-t-ós

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰərtós

Ancient Greek: χαρτός (khartós)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥tás

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

the etymology of the root <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">हृ</i> (hṛ, “to take”) is debated

Sanskrit: हृत (hṛtá) (the etymology of the root हृ (hṛ, “to take”) is debated)

*gʰr̥-i-t-

Ancient Greek: χάρις (kháris)

*gʰēr-i-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձիր (jir)

Ancient Greek: χαρά (khará) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰér-mn̥

Ancient Greek: χάρμα (khárma)

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)

*gʰer-no-

Proto-Germanic: *gernaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χράω (khráō)

Ancient Greek: χρηστός (khrēstós)

Ancient Greek: χρῄζω (khrḗizō)


gʰer-

*gʰrey-

>? *gʰren(H)dʰ-

*gʰrend-

>? *gʰrónd-ro-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros

desc

>? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: graudi̇̀nti (“to move, touch”)

Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: grūst

Lithuanian: grūsti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”), grauds

Lithuanian: grūdas, graûds

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grautiz

Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: grūt (“malt mash”)
Middle English: growte, grout
English: grout

Old High German:

desc

Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)

→ Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)

desctree

Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)
Icelandic: grautur
Faroese: greytur
Norwegian Nynorsk: graut
→ Norwegian Bokmål: graut
Swedish: gröt
Danish: grød
Norwegian Bokmål: grøt

*gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-

⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-

⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)

Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)

Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)

Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə

Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws

Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)

Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)

Proto-Italic: *grūō

Latin: *gruō

⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Italic: *grandis

⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts

>? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)

*gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)

>? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)

*gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus

>? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus) (but probably Pre-Greek)

*gʰér-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə

Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts

>? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)


(s)mal-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mṓˀlas

Proto-Slavic: *màlъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *smalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *malos

Latin: malus (possibly)


*h₂po-h₁ém-os (“taken off”)

Proto-Italic: *poomos (see there for further descendants)

*h₁em-é-ti (thematic present) / *h₁ém-t ~ h₁m̥-ént (athematic aorist)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ímtei
Latgalian: jemt, jimt
>? Latvian: jem̃t
Lithuanian: im̃ti
Old Prussian: īmt
Proto-Slavic: *ętì (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *jьmàti; *jьměti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *emeti

⇒ Old Irish: ar·foím

q

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">con·ói</i>

⇒ Old Irish: con·óiter (preterite of con·ói)

⇒ Old Irish: do·eim

Proto-Italic: *emō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: իմանամ (imanam)
Armenian: իմանալ (imanal), իմա (ima)

Possibly related to *nem- (“to take or give one's due”).


Proto-Germanic: *fijāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *patos

⇒ Latin: patior (see there for further descendants)

*péh₁-mn̥ ~ *ph₁-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pēmə

Ancient Greek: πῆμα (pêma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHmā́ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píHyati

Sanskrit: पीयति (pī́yati)


*h₂eh₃-mó-s (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éh₃-mr̥ (see there for further descendants)


kakka-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā́ˀtei
East Baltic:
Latvian: kākāt, kakāt
Lithuanian: kakóti
Proto-Slavic: *kàkati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kakkajō

Ancient Greek: κᾰκκᾰ́ω (kăkkắō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kakāō

Latin: cacō; cacāre (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

Albanian: kakë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā

Latvian: kaka

Lithuanian: kaka

Proto-Slavic: *kàka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kakkā

Ancient Greek: κάκκη (kákkē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *kakka

Pashto: ککه (kaká)

desc

Old Mazanderani: ککا (kakā, “sheep's excrement”)

Classical Persian: ککه (kaka), ککی (kakê)

Iranian Persian: ککه (kake) (in Isfahani dialect ککه (keke))

Proto-Italic: *kakkā

Vulgar Latin: *cacca

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)

Middle Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)

Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)

Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)

Proto-Celtic: *kakkā

Old Irish: cacc

Irish: cac

Scottish Gaelic: cac

Proto-Brythonic: *kax

Middle Breton: cauch

Breton: cac'h

Cornish: caugh

Welsh: cach

Probably a Lallwort of imitative/expressive origin. Calvert Watkins claimed in particular: "imitative of glottal closure during defecation".

onomatopoeic

imitative


peg-

*peg-s- [*peks-]

q

alternatively a different root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pek(t)-</i> (“breast”)?

*peg-t- [*pekt-] (alternatively a different root *pek(t)- (“breast”)?)

*pog-es- (s-stem)

⇒? *pog-es-yo-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: पाजस्य n (pājasyá-, “belly (of an animal), abdomen; flank, side”)

⇒? *pog-s-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: paksis (“corner of a house”)

⇒? *pog-s-ó-s, *pok-s-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *paxъ (“groin”), *paxa (“armpit”)

Bulgarian: пах (pah)

Czech: pach

Polish: pacha

Russian: пах (pax)

Ukrainian: паха́ (paxá)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pakšás (“shoulder, wing, flank, side”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pakṣás

Sanskrit: पक्ष (pakṣá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Ossetian: фахс (faxs, “side”)

*pég-t-os ~ *pég-t-es-os (s-stem with t-suffix)

Proto-Italic: *pektos

>? Latin: pectus (“breast”, gen.sg.: pectoris) (see there for further descendants)

*peg-tu-s, *pog-tu-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸextus, *ɸoxtus

desctree

>? Old Irish: ucht (“breast, chest”) (with vowel assimilation?)
Middle Irish: ucht
Irish: ucht
Manx: ught
Scottish Gaelic: uchd

*pōg-yo-

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

⇒? Lithuanian: pažasti̇̀s (“armpit”) (more likely from *pa- + Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰos-t-i-(yo-) (“hand”))

Proto-Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: pažě (“arm”), pážě, páždě
Czech: paže

Slovak: paža (“arm”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հակ (hak, “bale, bag”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *paxу

⇒ *paxъve, *paxъva (“armpit”)

Russian: пахва (paxva)

Ukrainian: пахва (paxva)

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

shoulder, armpit; (by extension?) corner, crevice


ḱlewH-

*ḱlewH-

Proto-Albanian: *klusla

Albanian: qull

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: šlúoti (“to wipe”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cluō (“to clean”)

*ḱlu-d-

Proto-Celtic: *clud (cleansing)

→English: Clyde

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλύζω (klúzō, “to wash”), κλῠ́δων (klŭ́dōn)

*ḱluH-d-ro-

Proto-Armenian: (probably)

Old Armenian: լուրթ (lurtʻ)

Proto-Germanic: *hlūtraz (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *kloākā (maybe formed to a factitive *klowā- from a PIE adjective *ḱlewH-o-)

>? Latin: cloāca (see there for further descendants)

*ḱluH-ro-

Proto-Celtic:

desc

Welsh: clir (“light, bright, clear, clean, joyful”)

*ḱluH-r-yo- ~ *ḱluH-r-yeh₂-

Proto-Armenian: (probably)

Old Armenian: լուրջ (lurǰ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: slaucīt, slaukt, slota

Lithuanian: šlúota, šlaukýti (“to wipe, to rub”), sliaũkti (“to crawl; to slide; to cast off, to make slide; to wipe; to flow slowly”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *luuta (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Slavic: *Slovǫta (“Dniepr”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)kewd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oswald Szemerényi
Vladimir Orel

*(s)kéwd-e-ti ~ *(s)kéwd-o-nti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáwdati

Sanskrit: चोदति (codati) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *skeuda

Albanian: hedh (“to throw”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *skeutaną (“to shoot”) (disputed) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kud-tó-s (“propelled”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čutˢtás

Proto-Iranian: *custáh

Persian: چست (čost, “quick, active”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūˀdā́ˀtei

Latvian: kûdît, kûdinât (“to drive, to urge”) (possibly)

Lithuanian: skiautė, skutai

Proto-Slavic: *kydati impf, *kydnǫti pf (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *huttōną (“to run”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Scythian: *Skuδa (“shooter”)

→ Ancient Greek: Σκύθης (Skúthēs, “Scythian”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Persian: 𐎿𐎣 (s-k, “Scythia”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a, “Scythian”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Akkadian: 𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 (Iškuzaya, “Scythian”) (see there for further descendants)


*kl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *kl̥-n-h₂-énti (athematic nasal infix present)

Proto-Italic: *kelnō

⇒ Latin: per-cellō

Proto-Italic: *klāwā

Latin: clāva (“club”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλᾰ́ω (klắō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kálˀtei (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥h₂d-é-ti

Proto-Celtic: *kladeti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *koldom (“destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kol(h₂)d-éye-ti (factitive)

Proto-Germanic: *haltijaną (“to make lame”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kol(h₂)d-o-s (adjective)

Proto-Germanic: *haltaz (“lame, limp”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kól(h₂)d ~ *kl̥d-és n (root noun) (with laryngeal deletion?)

Proto-Germanic: *hultą (“wood, grove”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klə́dos

Ancient Greek: κλᾰ́δος (klắdos, “branch, shoot”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kol(h₂)d-éh₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kálˀdāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kolda (“log, block (of wood)”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥h₂-d-eh₁-s

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kl̥h₂-dʰeh₁-s</i>

>? Proto-Italic: *klādēs (or from *kl̥h₂-dʰeh₁-s)

Latin: clādēs (“breaking, destruction”)

⇒? *kel(h₂)-g(H)-

⇒ *kol(h₂)g-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *kolgā

Proto-Brythonic: *kolɣ

Cornish: colgh

Middle Welsh: coly

Welsh: col

Old Irish: colg

Irish: colg


(s)mewk-

*sméwk-eti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáwčati

Proto-Iranian: *hmáwčati (see there for further descendants)

*méwk-t ~ muk-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mukatei

Proto-Slavic: *mъčati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अमोक् (ámok)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: अमुचत् (ámucat, thematic aorist)

*méwk-se-ti (*(h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwkšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwkṣati

Sanskrit: मोक्षते (mókṣate, “to free one's self”, 3sg.med.)

⇒ Sanskrit: मोक्ष (mokṣa) (see there for further descendants)

*muk-yé-tor (*yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mučyátai

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mućyátai

Sanskrit: मुच्यते (múcyate, “be set free, released”, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μύσσομαι (mússomai), ἀπομύσσω (apomússō)

*mu-n-ék-ti ~ *mu-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *muktei

Latvian: mukt (“knock off, slip”)

Lithuanian: mùkti, munkù, mukaũ (“be released, escape”)

Proto-Slavic: *mъknǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *munčáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *munćáti

Sanskrit: मुञ्चति (muñcáti, “to free, let loose”)

⇒ Sanskrit: आमुञ्चति (āmuñcáti, “to dress”)

Proto-Iranian: *munčáti

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patimunčáti (“to clothe”)

Sogdian: (/pət(ī)menǰ-/)

Buddhist: [script needed] (pt’ym’ync, 3sg.impf.)

Christian: [script needed] (ptmynct, 3sg.pres.), [script needed] (ptymync, 3sg.impf.)

Manichaean: [script needed] (pt’ymync, 3sg.impf.)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prámunčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prámunćati

Sanskrit: प्रमुञ्चति (prámuñcati, “to untie, loosen”)

Proto-Iranian: *frámunčati

Sogdian:

Christian: [script needed] (fr’mnc-, “to divest oneself of, take off”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ēmungō

*mí-muk-(h₁)se-ti (i-reduplicated *(h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *múmukšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *múmukṣati

Sanskrit: मुमुक्षति (múmukṣati, “to wish to free one's self”)

*muk-tó-s (“released, discharged”)

Proto-Albanian: *mukta

Albanian: mut (“excrement”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *muktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *muktás

desctree

Sanskrit: मुक्त (muktá, “discharged, freed, loosed”)
Pali: mutta
Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (mutta) (see there for further descendants)


ḱens-

*ḱéns-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánsati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánsati

Sanskrit: शंसति (śáṃsati)

Proto-Iranian: *cánhati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kensēō (< earlier *kensējō)

Latin: cēnseō

*ḱóns-mo-

Proto-Hellenic: *kónsmos

Ancient Greek: κόσμος (kósmos)

*ḱómso- (possibly)

Hellenic: [Term?]

Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *θēm-

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱeh₁s-</i>

Albanian: them (or from *ḱeh₁s-)

Proto-Germanic: *hazjaną

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शंस् (śaṃs)

Perhaps an old ingressive s-formation of *ḱem-.


bʰelǵ-

*bʰélǵ-mn̥ ~ *bʰl̥ǵ-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *flagmen

Latin: *flāmen ⇒ *sub-flāmen (“brake”)

*bʰélǵ-ō, *bʰólǵ-ō

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *belkô, *balkô, *balkuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *bliga

Albanian: bligë

>? Ancient Greek: φᾰ́λᾰγξ (phắlănx) (see there for further descendants)

variant *bʰelḱ-?

*bʰl̥ḱ-yé-ti

Proto-Italic: *folkjō

Latin: fulciō (“to prop up, support”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰə́lkās

>? Ancient Greek: φάλκης (phálkēs, “rib of a ship? (= beam, crossbar?); *gunwale”) (see there for further descendants)

Helmut Rix
Kluge's law
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


desctree

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasás (“corn, grass, herb”)
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasás
Sanskrit: सस (sasá)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: সাহ (xah, “crops”)
Odia: ସସ (sasa, “kernel”)

*(s)h₁és-ō ~ *(s)h₁s-nés

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asenis, *esenis f (“autumn”) (alternation perhaps due to "Rozwadowski's rule")

Old Prussian: assanis

Sudovian: asenis

Proto-Slavic: *esenь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *azaniz f (“harvest-time; summer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *asnō (“harvest, earning, wage”)(see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *osnā (perhaps)

Proto-Italic: *atnosnā (+ *atnos (“year”) (whence annus))

Latin: annōna (“produce, supply, food, corn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sásnuš

Proto-Iranian: *háhnuš

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱 (haŋhuš, “harvest, fruit; benefit, profit”)

*(s)h₁ós-r̥ ~ *(s)h₁és-n̥s

Proto-Armenian: *(h)o(h)ár-a-

Old Armenian: ար-ա-ց (ar-a-cʻ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *asunz (“day-laborer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)ohər

q

+ *opi- (related to Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἐπι-</i> (epi-), from *h₁epi (“on, at”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *opohərā (contracted from *opi(h)ohərā, + *opi- (related to Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-), from *h₁epi (“on, at”))

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀπώρα (opṓra, “end of the summer, start of autumn; harvest, fruit”), ὀπώρη (opṓrē) — Ionic, ὀπάρα (opára), ὁπώρα (hopṓra)

Proto-Celtic: *sasyos (“barley”) (see there for further descendants)

Extended forms

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/šešd-/, “to grow”)

Unsorted forms

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒀭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-an-na-aš), 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-na-aš, “fruit (tree), harvest, crop”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աշուն (ašun, “autumn”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *kesä (“summer”)

Proto-Finnic: *kesä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *keasē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kizə (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: सस्य (sasya)

Reanalyzed root from *sh₁es ~ *sh₁s-o-s (“sowing”), from *seh₁- (“to sow”).


dʰeygʷ-

*dʰeygʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *feigʷō

Latin: fīvō, later fīgō

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: di̇́egti (“to prick”)

*dʰeygʷ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *dīkaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *děgati (“to clinch”)

*dʰigʷ-neH-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьgnǫti (“to prick”)

Proto-Albanian: *dʰingʷ-u

Albanian: deng


len-

*len-tos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lentas

Lithuanian: leñtas

Proto-Germanic: *linþaz (“flexible, soft”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lentos

Latin: lentus (“pliant, flexible; slow”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *linwaz (“soft, mild, gentle”)


*h₂lég-e-ti (thematic root verb)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lekaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lēkiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *alégō

Ancient Greek: ἀλέγω (alégō, “to care, mind, heed”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *legō
Latin: *legō (only in dī-ligō, intel-legō, neg-legō (these may be derivatives of Latin legō, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-, but were at least influenced by this verb))
⇒ Latin: *religō (“to observe”)
⇒ Latin: religiō (“reverence”) (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: leíguss
Paelignian: lexe

*h₂lḗg-s-t (s-aorist)

Italic:

Latin: -lēxī (in compounds above)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”)


*dʰe-dʰónh₂-e (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τέθνᾰμεν (téthnămen, 1sg.pf.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadʰā́nHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadʰā́nHa

Vedic Sanskrit: दधन्वाँस् (dadhanvā́m̐s-, “running”, ptc.)

*dʰénh₂- ~ dʰn̥h₂-u- (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰánwati

Sanskrit: धन्वति (dhánvati)

*dʰonh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánayati

Proto-Iranian: *dánayati

Persian: دنیدن (danidan, “to hasten, run”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: धनयति (dhanáyati, “to set in motion”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *daniz (“Dane”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰánHas

Sanskrit: धन (dhána, “competition, contest, strife; prize”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tʰnāiskō

Ancient Greek: θνῄσκω (thnḗiskō, “to die”), ἔθᾰνον (éthănon, aor.)

*dʰónh₂-ti-s ~ *dʰn̥h₂-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *fontis

Latin: fōns (“fountain, (well)spring, source”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: दधन्ति (dadhanti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰanH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰanH-

Sanskrit: धन् (√dhan)

Proto-Tocharian: *tsän-

Tocharian A: tsno (“to flow”, pf.ptc.)

Tocharian A: tsnāntär (subjunctive)

Tocharian B: *tsnamo (“flowing”)


stebʰ-

*stebʰ-h₁-yé-ti (essive present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: stebėti

*st-né-bʰ-ti ~ *stn̥bʰ-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stámbʰatay (rebuilt)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stámbʰatay

Sanskrit: स्तम्भते (stámbhate)

⇒ Sanskrit: स्तम्भ (stámbha, “pillar”) (see there for further descendants)

*stobʰ-néH-ti (transitive perfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stabʰnā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stabʰnā́ti

Sanskrit: स्तभ्नाति (stabhnā́ti, “to support, strengthen”)

*stebʰ-lóm

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

>? Proto-Slavic: *stьblò (intertwined with *steybʰ- (“to puncture”), see *stьbъ) (see there for further descendants)

*stóbʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stabaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stabas

Latvian: stabs (“pole”)

Lithuanian: stãbas (“idol”)

Proto-Slavic: *stoborъ (“column”) (+ *-orъ) (see there for further descendants)

*stebʰ-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stabʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *stabráh

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫤𐫁𐫡 (ʾstbr /istabr/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (stabr)

*stebʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stabdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stabdʰás

Sanskrit: स्तब्ध (stabdha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *stabdáh

Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫤𐫜𐫤 (ʾstft /istaft/)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫤𐫛𐫤 (ʾstpt /istaft/)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σταφυλή (staphulḗ) (most likely Pre-Greek) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

→ Proto-Finnic: *sambas (see there for further descendants)


stegʷʰ-

*stégʷʰ-e- (“thematic present”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέφω (stéphō)

*stégʷʰ-s- (“s-aorist”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστεψα (éstepsa)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stožěrъ (“pivot”)

Bulgarian: стожер (stožer)


bʰrekʷ-

*bʰr̥kʷ-yé-ti (“ye-present”)

Proto-Italic: *farkjō

Latin: farciō (“to cram, fill completely, stuff”)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrakʷjō (possibly, or perhaps from *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be high; to rise”))

desc

Ancient Greek: φράσσω (phrássō, “to fence”)

*bʰr̥kʷ-s-

Proto-Italic: *fraksō (“to patrol”)

Latin: fraxō

*bʰrékʷ-nt-s ~ *bʰr̥kʷ-nt-ós

Proto-Italic: *frekʷents

Latin: frequēns (“occurring at close intervals”)

Reconstructed with a labiovelar to include Latin frequēns, but due to this unusual root structure, possibly a substrate borrowing.

*bʰarekʷ- (alternative)
*bʰₔrekʷ- (alternative)
*bʰerk- (alternative)
*bʰrak- (alternative)
*bʰreg- (alternative)


streyg-

*stréyg-e- (“thematic present”)

Proto-Germanic: *strīkaną (“to stroke, rub”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *striťi (“to cut (hair, fleece, grass), shear, to slip”) (see there for further descendants)

*stri-né-g- (“ne-present”)

Proto-Italic: *stringō

Latin: stringō (“to draw tight, to stip off, prune, to touch lightly”) (see there for further descendants)

*strig-ís (may derive from *ster- (“line”))

Proto-Germanic: *strikiz (“line, streak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *strižьka (“haircut, hairdo”) (root *-i- elongated due to Winter's law)

*stréyg-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *straikaz (“stroke”)

Proto-West Germanic: *straik (“stroke, line, dash”) (see there for further descendants)


kʷeyt-

*(s)kʷéyt-t ~ *(s)kit-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)keistéi

Latvian: šķist

Proto-Slavic: *čisti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytati

Sanskrit: चेतति (cétati, “to perceive”)

*(s)kʷéyt-eh₂-yé-ti (iterative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)keitā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: skaityti

Latvian: skaitīt

Proto-Slavic: *čitati (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoyt-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čaytáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćaytáyati

Sanskrit: चेतयति (cetáyati, “to make one attentive; to observe; to get accustomed to”)

*kʷi-kʷóy-te (perfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikáyta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikáyta

Sanskrit: चिकेत (cikéta, “knew”)

*kʷéyt-os ~ kʷéyt-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytas

Sanskrit: चेतस् (cétas)

*(s)kʷít-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)kístis

Proto-Slavic: *čьstь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítˢtiš (see there for further descendants)

Per LIV, it is assumed that the root is a t-extension of *kʷey- (“to estimate”).


sterbʰ-

*(s)dʰerbʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *sterbaną (“to become stiff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *derbaną (“to perish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)dʰerbʰ-/*(s)dʰr̥bʰ-ti (aorist)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stьrbnǫti (suffixed with *-neH-)

Lithuanian: di̇̀rbti (“to work”)

*storbʰ-eye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *storbiti

Old Church Slavonic: oустрабити (oustrabiti, “to relieve pain, to heal”)

*sterbʰ-os

Ancient Greek: στέρφος (stérphos, “skin”)

* According to LIV, the root is an example of Siebs's law, probably from *dʰer- (“to hold, to support”) enlarged by *-bʰ;
* or it could be just an enlargement of *sterh₃- (“to stretch”) or of *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”).


derHgʰ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen

*derHgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Albanian: djerg (“to be sick”)

*derHgʰ-eye-ti (causative)

Albanian: dergj (“to get ill”)

Proto-Germanic: *targijaną (“to tarry, to tug”) (O-grade) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥Hgʰ(-eh₂)-ti (factive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dirˀgāˀtei

Lithuanian: di̇̀rgti (“to get weak”)

Proto-Slavic: *dьrgati (“to pluck”) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥Hgʰ-ne-ti (ne-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: di̇̀rginti (“to irritate”)

Proto-Slavic: *dьrnǫti (“to rub”) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dòrga (“road”)


yem-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph

q

sometimes reconstructed as 'Narten aorist' <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*yḗm-t ~ *yém-n̥t</i>, but this is controversial

*yém-t ~ *im-ént (root aorist) (sometimes reconstructed as 'Narten aorist' *yḗm-t ~ *yém-n̥t, but this is controversial)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Há-yam-t (with full grade as weak stem to clarify root)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अयमुर् (ayamur, 3pl.aor.ind.), यमति (yámati, 3sg.aor.subj.)

⇒ Sanskrit: अयान् (ayān, 3sg.aor.ind.), अयांसम् (áyāṃsam, 1sg.aor.ind.) (s-aorist)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬁 (apaiiaṇtā, “to take away”, 3sg.aor.inj.med.) (+ *Hapa- (“off, away, from”))

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏 (hə̄miiaṇtū, “to attend to”, 3sg.aor.impv.act.) (+ *ham- (“together, one”))

q

>? Proto-Tocharian: (possibly from *yew-e/o-, irregularly developed from aor.subj. *yem-e/o-)

desc

Tocharian A: ypa- ~ ya- (“to do, make”, present stem)

*ym̥-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yasćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yaćśati

Sanskrit: यच्छति (yácchati)

Proto-Iranian: *yasáti (see there for further descendants)

? *yem-néH-ti (neH-present)

q

with -n- possibly secondary; or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁em-</i>

Proto-Tocharian: *yämnā- (“to achieve”) (with -n- possibly secondary; or from *h₁em-)

Tocharian A: yomnāṣ (3sg.subj.)

Tocharian B: yanmacer (2pl.subj.)

*ye-yóm-e ~ *ye-ym-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *́yayā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yayā́ma

Sanskrit: ययन्थ (yayantha, 2sg.act.)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yām- (“to do, make”)

Tocharian B: yām- (“to do, make”)

*yom-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmáyati

Sanskrit: यामयति (yāmáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *yāmáyati (see there for further descendants)

*yém-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: यन्त्र n (yantrá, “fastening”) (see there for further descendants)

*yém-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *jama

Albanian: gjem (“bridle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yámas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yámas

Sanskrit: यम (yáma, “rein, curb, bridle”)

*yém-ti-s ~ *ym̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yatis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yatis

Sanskrit: यति (yáti, “holding, guidance”)

*yom-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmás

Sanskrit: सुयाम (suyāmá, “restraining well”) (+ सु (su))

*ym̥-tó-s (“held, restrained”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yatás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *jēmaraz (“miserable, sorrowful, sad”) (or onomatopoeic)

>? Ancient Greek: ἥμερος (hḗmeros) (one of several hypotheses)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *yäm- (“to achieve”) (or from *h₁em-)

Tocharian A: yomär (3pl.pret.)

Sanskrit: यन्तु (yántu)

q

from <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">*यन्तुतुर्</i> (*yantutúr)

⇒ Sanskrit: यन्तुरम् m (yantúram, “guider, guiding”, acc.sg.) (from *यन्तुतुर् (*yantutúr))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: यम् (yam)


perkʷ-

*perkʷunos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *perkūnas

Latvian: pērkons (“thunder”)

desc

Lithuanian: perkūnas (“sound of thunder”)

Old Prussian: Perkūns (“god of thunder, weather and the sky”)

*perkʷ-unyo-s (“forest”)

Proto-Celtic: *Φerkunyos (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *fergunją (“(forested) mountain(land)”) (see there for further descendants)

*pérkʷ-u-s ~ *pr̥kʷ-éw-s (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥kʷ-éh₂ (“pine”)

Proto-Germanic: *furhō (“fir, pine; forest”) (see there for further descendants)


ses-

*sésti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *sésti

Hittite: [script needed] (šešzi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sásti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sásti

Vedic Sanskrit: सस्ति (sásti)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬵𐬨𐬍 (hahmī, 1sg.)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saswár

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saswár

Vedic Sanskrit: सस्वर् (sasvár, “in stillness, secretly”)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬆 (haŋᵛhar^ə, “in secret”)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme