sekʷ-

*sékʷ-e-tor (mediopassive root present)

*sékʷ-t ~ *skʷ-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑσπόμην (hespómēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सचान (sacāná, aor.med.part.), सचीमहि (sacīmahi, 1pl.aor.med.opt.)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬗𐬁 (hə̄cā, 1sg.aor.subj.), 𐬯𐬗𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏 (scaṇtū, 3pl.aor.imp.)

*se-sókʷ-e ~ *se-skʷ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सश्चुर् (saścur, 3pl.perf.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáćaH

Sanskrit: सचा (sácā)

Proto-Iranian: *háčaH (“of, from”, prep.) (see there for further descendants)

*sekʷ-o-

Italic:

Latin: secus, (pedi)sequus

*sokʷ-h₂-ṓy ~ *sokʷ-h₂-y-ós

*sekʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saktás

Sanskrit: सक्त (saktá)

Proto-Iranian: *haxtáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬀 (haxta)

Parthian: 𐫍𐫟𐫤 (hxt), 𐫍𐫟𐫘𐫀𐫅 (hxsʾd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hʾht /hāxt/)

Proto-Italic: *sektos

Latin: secūtus (with contamination), sector (denominative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hānušákš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀπάων (opáōn), ὀπηδός (opēdós)

Ancient Greek: ἀοσσέω (aosséō)

Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās

Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta)

Indo-Iranian

Proto-Iranian: *haxamaniš

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered”)

Persian: هخامنش (haxâmaneš)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs)


sekʷ-

*sekʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sehwaną (see there for further descendants)

*siuniz (see there for further descendants)

*sókʷ-o-s, *sokʷ-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Anatolian: *sṓgʷos

desc

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆪𒉿 (ša-a-ku-wa /sākuwa/, nom.acc.pl.)

Luwian:

Cuneiform: 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 (da-a-u-i-iš /tāwīš/)

Hieroglyphic: 𔑰𔗬 (ta-wa-)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 (tewe, coll.pl.), 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 (ñtewẽ, “facing, opposite, towards”)

*sekʷ-sḱé-ti or *sokʷ-eh₁-sḱé-ti (innovative *sḱé-presents)

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh


sekʷ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*sékʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sekʷeti (“say”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₁en-sékʷ-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *enhékʷō

Ancient Greek: ἐνέπω (enépō), ἐννέπω (ennépō)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: īnseque, īnsece

Latin: īnsece, inquam

⇒ *h₁en-skʷ-ih₂

Proto-Celtic: *enskʷiā

desctree

Old Irish: insce, indsce, innsce, inscne
Irish: inscne

*sokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sákīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-h₁-ye-ti (innovated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *sagjaną

*n̥-skʷ-e-to-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄσπετος (áspetos)

*sekʷ-tlo-m

Proto-Celtic: *skʷetlom (with metathesis)

Primitive Irish: *skʷetlan

→ Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl

Middle Welsh: chwetyl

Welsh: chwedl

desc

Old Irish: scél (“story, news, argument”) (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sakás

Proto-Slavic: *sokъ (“accuser”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *sagǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέσπις (théspis), θέσπιος (théspios), θεσπέσιος (thespésios), ἀσπάζομαι (aspázomai), ἀσπάσιος (aspásios)


Proto-Italic: *awēō

Latin: aveō

q

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly from *h₁ewH-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

desc

Sanskrit: अवति (avati, “to help, protect”)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: con·ói (“to protect”)

*h₂ēwH-os-s n

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *āwos or *ēwos (alternatively from *h₁ewH-)

>? Ancient Greek: *ἦος (*êos)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐν-ηής (en-ēḗs, “mild, soft, benevolent”)

Proto-Germanic: *auþuz (“easy”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Breton: youl

Cornish: awell

Welsh: ewyllys

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आवयत् (ā́vayat)

Sanskrit: अवस (avasá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: avārus (see there for further descendants)


*h₂ṓws (“ear”)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *h₂ḱ-h₂ows-yéti (< *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”))

*h₂ew-ís ~ *h₂ow-ís (“manifest, apparent, evident”) (or *h₃ēw-is)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *avis (locatives from the noun meaning “reality”)

Lithuanian: ovyje (“in reality”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *avь (“obvious, apparent, real”)

Old Church Slavonic: авѣ (avě), ꙗвѣ (javě, “manifestly, openly”)

⇒ Bulgarian: наяве (najave)

Polish: jawa

Serbo-Croatian: јава/java

Proto-Germanic: *awiz (“obvious”)

Proto-West Germanic: *awi

⇒ Old English: ēawis (< *awi-wissa-)

⇒ Old High German: awizoraht (< *awi-turhta-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāwíṣ

Sanskrit: आविस् (āvís)

Proto-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Avestan: 𐬁𐬬𐬍𐬱 (āvīš), 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬱 (āuuiš)

⇒ *h₂ewis-dʰh₁-

Proto-Hellenic: *awistʰomai

Ancient Greek: αἴσθομαι (aísthomai), αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai)

Proto-Italic: *awizdjō

Latin: audiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aum-

Lithuanian: aumuõ m (“mind”)

Proto-Slavic: *ũmъ m (“mind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒀪𒄭 (u-uḫ-ḫi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ovytis (“to appear”)

Proto-Slavic: *aviti (see there for further descendants)

Old Church Slavonic: авити (aviti), ꙗвити (javiti)

Slovak: javiť

Serbo-Croatian: јавити/javiti

Proto-Celtic: *awyeti

Old Irish: con·ói

Proto-Hellenic: *awiyō

Ancient Greek: ἀΐω (aḯō)


prot-

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *pratja

Albanian: pres (“to wait, to expect”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *prat-

Latvian: prast (“to know, be able”)

Lithuanian: pranti (“to understand”)

Old Prussian: prestun (“to understand”)

Proto-Germanic: *fraþjaną

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan, “to understand, think”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: interpres (“mediator, translator”) (possibly)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“decision, resolve, determination”)

Tocharian A: pratim

Tocharian B: *prete


mey-

*moy-ni-

Italic:

Latin: moenia, mūniō (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *mairiją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moiros (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Celtic: *minuti

⇒ Old Irish: do·dímen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináwti

Sanskrit: मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”)

*mi-tró-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίτρα f (mítra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mitrás m (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*h₂meygʷ- (possibly)

*méy-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máyatay

Sanskrit: मयते (máyate)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mejāˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *mijati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meāō

Latin: meō

*meyḱ-, *meyǵ- (possibly)

*m(e)y-t-s

Italic:

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*terh₂-</i>

Latin: (trā)mes (with *terh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sēmitā

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*swé</i>

Latin: (sē)mita (with *swé) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moitā

⇒ Latin: mūtō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (mināti, “to change”)

Celtic:

Old Irish: mían (“desire, inclination”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mainā́ˀ

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: maîna, maĩņa

Proto-Slavic: *měna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máynaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máynaH

Sanskrit: मेना (ménā, “concubine”)

*moy-n-éye-ti- (causative suffix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *máinīˀtei

Latgalian: maineitʹ

Latvian: mainīt

Lithuanian: mainyti

Proto-Slavic: *měniti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *mainijaną (“to mean, think”) (see there for further descendants)

*moy-no-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: mai̇̃nas

Proto-Hellenic: *móinos

Ancient Greek: μοῖνος (moînos)

*moy-nos ~ *moy-nes-os

Proto-Italic: *moinos (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ni-

Proto-Celtic: *moinis (“treasure, precious object”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mainiz (“common”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moinis

Latin: mūnis (“ready to be of service”), mūnia (“duties, functions”)

*ḱom-moy-ni-

Proto-Germanic: *gamainiz (“shared, ordinary”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kommoinis (see there for further descendants)

*n̥-moy-ni-

Proto-Italic: *enmoinis

Latin: immūnis (“exempt from taxes or public service”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: meitʹ (“to exchange”)

Latgalian: meja (“change”)

Lithuanian: mît (“to exchange”)

Proto-Slavic: *mimo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *mito (“turn, twist, arc”)

Proto-Slavic: *minǫti (“to pass”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mitě (“in turn, following, alternately”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: tremyn (“to go past”)


mey-

*mi-néh₁-ti ~ *mi-nh₁-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (minā́ti, “he damages, diminishes”)

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti

*mi-nu-yṓs ~ *mi-nw-is-és (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *nu from the verb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minijas

Proto-Slavic: *mьňьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *minniz, *minnizô (see there for further descendants)

*mi-nṓs (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *n from the verb)

Proto-Italic: *minōs, *minos

Latin: minor, minus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *maiwaz (“slim, narrow”)

Old Norse: mjór

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείων (meíōn, “less, smaller”)

Ancient Greek: μινύθω (minúthō, “to disappear, to lessen”)

Ancient Greek: μίνυνθα (mínuntha, “for a little while”)

Italic:

Latin: minimus (“smallest”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: maiwe (“small, young”)


bʰerǵʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*bʰérǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkatäre (“to rise, come up”)

Tocharian A: pärkatäre

Tocharian B: pärkatäre

*bʰérǵʰ-t ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-ént (root aorist)

*bʰe-bʰórǵʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰr̥ǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

*bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰárźʰa

Sanskrit: बबृहाण (babṛhāṇá, med.part.)

*bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *borgīti

Proto-Brythonic: *burɣid

Middle Welsh: bwrw

Welsh: bwrw

i

prototonic stem of the unrelated <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">do·bidci</i>

Old Irish: ·díbairg (prototonic stem of the unrelated do·bidci)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰáyati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈦𒆠𒄿𒀀𒊍𒍣 (pár-ki-ya-az-zi /parkiyazi/, “to ascend”)

*bʰr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բառնամ (baṙnam)

*bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥nźʰáti

Sanskrit: बृंहति (bṛṃháti)

*bʰérǵʰ-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárȷ́ʰma

Proto-Iranian: *bárjman

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬄𐬨 (bar^əzimanąm, gen.pl.)

*bʰérǵʰ-ont-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥t-és

*bʰérǵʰ-o-s

*bʰérǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰnás

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jnáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬥𐬀 (bar^əšna, inst.m.sg.)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎠 (b-r-š-n-a /baršnā/, inst.m.sg.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫢𐫗 (bšn /bašn/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bšn /bašn/)

*bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és

*bʰérǵʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *forktis

Old Latin: forctis

Latin: fortis

*bʰérǵʰ-tu-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téw-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *brixtus (“magical formula, incantation”)

*bʰérǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éws

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkäre (“long”)

Tocharian A: pärkär

Tocharian B: pärkare

Unsorted formations

q

or related to Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">bragr</i> (“poetry”)

>? Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन् (bráhman) (or related to Old Norse bragr (“poetry”))


Proto-Italic: *ordō

Latin: ōrdō (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: अर्ध (ardhá)

Proto-Hellenic: *artʰmós

Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)

>? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ir

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: i

Latvian: ir

Lithuanian: ir̃

Old Prussian: ir, er

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)

⇒ *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)

maybe with root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)neh₁-</i>

⇒ *h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ (possibly, maybe with root *(s)neh₁-)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

>? Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ártʰron

Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)

*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀmen-, *árˀmen-

Proto-Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ármə

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
Greek: άρμα (árma)
Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐ (ʔarmā)

⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-

Italic:

Latin: armenta

⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)

*h₂er-mó-s ~ *h₂r̥-mó-s

⇒ Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀma-

Old Prussian: irmo

Proto-Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *armós

Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós)
Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Ottoman Turkish: آرموز (armuz, armoz)
Turkish: armuz, armoz
Pontic Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Turkish: armoz
→ Laz: არმოზი (armozi)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma, “arm, forequarter”)

Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ārra, “arm; hand paw”)

Wakhi: (/yurm/)

Arabic script: یؤرم

Cyrillic script: юрм (yurm)

Yidgha: یارمه (yārmë, “shoulder”)

Zazaki: erme (/arma/), ermı (/arme/), harme (/hārma/), herme (/harma/)

Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎶 (*a-r-m /*arma/, “arm”)

Middle Persian: (/arm/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlm)

Italic:

Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti

Proto-Hellenic: *armóďďō

Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂

Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
→ Latin: harmonia (see there for further descendants)
→ Russian: гармония (garmonija)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āmpär

*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hártiš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (arəⁱti, “reward”)

Proto-Italic: *artis

Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtsä

Tocharian A: ārts

Tocharian B: artsa

*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արդ (ard)
Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ

Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)

Sogdian: (/rətu ~ ratu/, “period of 10 seconds”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)

Middle Persian: (/rad/, “chief, master; judge”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')

Proto-Italic: *artus

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtw-

Tocharian A: ārt-

Tocharian B: ārtt-

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *arjaz
Proto-West Germanic: *ari
Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
Old Norse: *err
Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)

*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és

⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn)

⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos)

⇒ *h₂r-is-teró-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós)
Greek: αριστερός (aristerós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háram

Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)

Sanskrit: अलम् (alam)
→ Hindustani: (learned)
Hindi: अलम् (alam), अलं (alam)
Urdu: الم

Proto-Iranian: *Háram

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ar^əm, “fitting”)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *artos

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)

Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)

Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)

Tocharian B: arañce (“heart”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)

Tocharian A: ārwar

Tocharian B: ārwer

to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot


*h₁éy-ti ~ *h₁y-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁e-h₁óy-e ~ *h₁e-h₁y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *ijjē, *ijjēdun (past tense of *gāną, *ganganą)

Old English: ēode, ēodon

Middle English: yode

English: yode, yede

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja), 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (iddjēdun)

*h₁oy-ós (nominalization)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sheep, goat”)

Tocharian B: eye

*h₁éy-mn̥ (“course, way”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háyma

Sanskrit: एमन् (éman)

*h₁éy-ti-s ~ *h₁i-téy-s

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aiñye (“traversable”)

*h₁ey-tw-om (verbal noun)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aittäṃ (“forth”)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: eituam (“money, cattle”)

*h₁éy-tr̥ ~ *h₁i-tn-és (r/n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *oitos

Old Irish: óeth

Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (see there for further descendants)

q

or descendants from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂i wa</i>

*h₁éy-wr̥ ~ *h₁i-wén-s (or descendants from *h₂i wa)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄿𒉿𒅈 (i-wa-ar /iwr̩/, “in the manner of, like”) (with zero-grade from weak stem)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁i-wn̥</i>?

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiwa (< *h₁i-wn̥?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiwa

desc

Sanskrit: इव (iva, “in the manner of, like”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *ainja

Albanian: eja

Proto-Albanian: *eika

Albanian: iki

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: *eigra

Icelandic: eigra

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀 (yaona, “way”)

→ Persian: جن (jan, “side, way”)

Northern Kurdish: -ê- (present stem of "hatin", "to come")

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*ā-</i>

Persian: آی (ây) (present stem of آمدن (âmadan, “to come”)) (+ *ā-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: एव (éva)

Phrygian: ειτου (eitou)

Proto-Tocharian: *jä-

Tocharian A: i-

Tocharian B: i-

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


gʷem-

*gʷém-t ~ *gʷm-ént (athematic root aorist)

*gʷe-gʷóm-e ~ *gʷe-gʷm-ḗr (stative)

*gʷm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*gʷm̥-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷəňňō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətʰmós (+ action noun suffix *-tʰmós)

Ancient Greek: βαθμός (bathmós, “step”)

Proto-Italic: *gʷənjō (< earlier *gʷəmjō) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷom-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gāmáyati

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: गामय (gāmaya, 2sg.impv.)

⇒ Sanskrit: गमयति (gamáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰāmáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s

*gʷém-tu-s ~ *gʷm̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gántuṣ

Sanskrit: गन्तु (gántu, “walk, road”)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentus

Latin: ventus

*gʷm̥-tó-s

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gat

Albanian: gati

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկ (ek)

Armenian: եկ (ek)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: gemton (“to give birth (to)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gỹmis (“birth; nature; face”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: giminė̃ (“family, kin; genus; gender; (dial.) relative”)

→ Latvian: ģimene

Sudovian: gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ga-t-s (verbal root noun)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

as in <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अध्वगत्</i> (adhvagát)

Sanskrit: गत् (gat) (as in अध्वगत् (adhvagát))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गम् (gam)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷäm-

Tocharian A: kum-

Tocharian B: käm-

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷeh₂- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ters-

*térs-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þersaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρσομαι (térsomai)

*tr̥s-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *þurzijaną

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*þaursjan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afþaursjan))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ṣyati

desctree

Sanskrit: तृष्यति (tṛ́ṣyati)
→ Hindustani:
→ Hindi: तरसना (tarasnā)
→ Urdu: ترسنا (tarasnā)

*tors-éye-ti (causative) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-eh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: dorrēn

Proto-Italic: *torz-ēō

Latin: torrēns (see there for further descendants)

*ters-o-

Proto-Italic: *terzā, *terzom

Latin: terra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), 𐌕𐌄𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (teerúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (terúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (tereís), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝 (tereí)

*tērs-os or root noun *tḗrs

Proto-Celtic: *tīros (see there for further descendants)

*tīrs-es-mi-

Old Irish: tírimm, tirimm

*tr̥s-ḱós

Proto-Germanic: *þurskaz (“cod”) (see there for further descendants)

*ters-kʷo-

Proto-Celtic: *terskos

Old Irish: terc
Irish: tearc

>? Latin: *te(r)skʷom

Latin: tesquum, tescum

*térs-ti-s ~ *tr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *þurstiz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-tu-s ~ *tr̥s-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *tartus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þurstuz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-us

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tur

Proto-Germanic: *þursuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táršuš

Proto-Iranian: *táršuš

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎 (taršu)

Middle Persian: tšknk'

→? Old Armenian: թաշկինակ (tʻaškinak)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: torrus

*tr̥s-nós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šnas (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ós (“flat surface for drying food”)

Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: թառ (tʻaṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þarzṓ

desc

Old High German: darra (“apparatus for drying fruits, etc.”)

Middle High German: darre

>? Cimbrian: dèrra

German: Darre

Old Norse:

Norwegian: tarre (“frame for drying malts, etc.”)

Swedish: tarre

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταρσός (tarsós, “cheese hurdle; flat surface, board, blade, sole, palm”)

*tr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: तृष्ट (tṛṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *torstos

Latin: torstus, tostus (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Proto-Albanian: *tarsja

Albanian: ter

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թառամ (tʻaṙam), թարշամ- (tʻaršam-)

>? Proto-Slavic: *tersvъ

Proto-Slavic: *terzvъ


bʰendʰ-

*bʰéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bindaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰati

Sanskrit: बन्धति (bándhati) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *bandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bandʰáyati

Sanskrit: बन्धयति (bandháyati)

Proto-Iranian: *bandáyati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bandaiiaⁱti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *badʰnáHti

Sanskrit: बध्नाति (badhnā́ti)

Assamese: বান্ধা (bandha)

Latin: funda (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *bandiz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-ni-s

Proto-Italic: *fondnis

>? Latin: fūnis (“rope”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tó-s (“bound, tied”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tú-s (“bond, agreement, custom”)

Proto-Celtic: *banssus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundą (“bundle”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundiją

Proto-West Germanic: *bundī

Frankish: *bunni

⇒ Frankish: *obbunni

→ Late Latin: abbonis, obbonis (“ribbon of a headdress”)

→? Basque:

→ Spanish: boina (“beret”)

→ Old French: bonet

Middle French: bonet

→ Catalan: bonet (“(a historical type of) biretta; spindle fruit”)

→ Middle English: bonet

desctree

English: bonnet
→ Scottish Gaelic: bonaid

desc

→ Piedmontese: bonet (“bonnet, cap; rounded cake mold; bonet, a traditional pudding”)

→ Italian: bonet (“bonet”)

→? Spanish: bonete (“biretta; cone hat”)

desctree

French: bonnet
→ Portuguese: boné
→ Spanish: bonete
→ Turkish: bone

Jersey Norman: bannète

Unsorted formations

Armenian

Old Armenian: պինդ (pind) (or borrowed from Iranian)
Armenian: պինդ (pind)

>? Old Armenian: պապանձիմ (papanjim)
Armenian: պապանձվել (papanjvel), պապանձել (papanjel)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: beñdras

Polish: pęta

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: buinne
Irish: buinne
⇒ Middle Irish: buinnén (“sprig, shoot”)

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: πεῖσμα (peîsma) (for *πένθσμα (*pénthsma))

Ancient Greek: πενθερός (pentherós)
Greek: πεθερός (petherós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰanam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰanam

Sanskrit: बन्धन (bandhana)

Hindi: बन्धन (bandhan)

→ English: bandana (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bandah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀 m (banda)

Pashto: وندی (wandai)

Western Iranian

Zazaki: bend

Talysh: band

Old Persian: *𐎲𐎴𐎭 (*b-n-d /*bandaʰ/)

Persian: بند (band)

desc

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎭𐎲𐎴𐎭 (b-a-d-b-n-d /bādubandaʰ/)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/bāhuβand/)

→ Old Armenian: բահուանդ (bahuand)

⇒ Central Kurdish: بەستن (bestin)

⇒ Persian: بستن (bastan)

→ Georgian: ბანდი (bandi)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: բանտ (bant), բանդ (band)
Armenian: բանտ (bant)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդ (-awand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդակ (-awandak)

→⇒ Old Armenian: մեհեւանդ (mehewand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: կարաւանդք (karawandkʻ)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պախճաւանդ (paxčawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պարաւանդ (parawand)

desc

→⇒ Old Armenian: դանդանաւանդ (dandanawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: շարաւանդ (šarawand)

→ Proto-Permic: *bɔn

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: бон (bon)

Komi-Zyrian: бон (bon)

Udmurt: бун (bun)

Italic:

Latin: *fendīx

⇒ Latin: offendīx

Sanskrit: बन्ध् (bandh)


bʰewg-

*bʰéwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéugō

Ancient Greek: φεύγω (pheúgō)

Greek: φεύγω (févgo)

*bʰug-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔφυγον (éphugon)

*bʰug-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fugiō

Latin: fugiō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *bauǰ, *bauxtah

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “to save, redeem”)

Bactrian: βογ- (bog-, “to save”)

Baluchi: بوج- (bōǰ-, “to open”)

Kurdish: (perhaps)

Central Kurdish: بووژانەوە (bûjanewe /būžānawa/), بووژێ- (bûjê- /būžē-/, “to revive”)

Parthian: (/buxtan, bōž-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫋- (bwj-)

Middle Persian: (/buxtan, bōz-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫉- (bwz-)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwc-)

*bʰug-tos

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fugitus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰtás

Proto-Iranian: *bauxtah, > *bauxtakah

Ossetian: (“open (of space), not enclosed, laid bare”)

Digor Ossetian: бугъдӕг (buǧdæg)

Iron Ossetian: быгъдӕг (byǧdæg)

Parthian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤 (bwxt), 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫃 (bwxtg)

Middle Persian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwht'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtk')

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰegʷ-.


bʰewg-

*bʰu-né-g-ti ~ *bʰu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰunákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰunákti

Sanskrit: भुनक्ति (bhunákti, “to be of use”, active), भुन्क्ते (bhuṅkté, “to enjoy”, middle)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fungōr (“to perform, function”)

Latin: fungor

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: բուծանեմ (bucanem, “to nourish”)

Armenian: բուծել (bucel, “to breed, cultivate”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (“to reap, break”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰe-bʰówg-e ~ *bʰe-bʰug-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰubʰuǰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bubʰuȷ́áy

Sanskrit: बुभुजे (bubhujé)

*bʰéwg-ti-s ~ *bʰug-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բուտ (but, “nourishment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuktiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuktiṣ

Sanskrit: भुक्ति (bhukti, “enjoyment”)

*bʰéwg-s (or only originating in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúkṣ

Sanskrit: भुज् (bhúj, “enjoyment”), भुक् (bhúk, nom. sg)

Proto-Iranian: *búkš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “atonement”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwkšnas

Proto-Iranian: *báwxšnas

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬀 (baoxšna, “refreshment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀽𑀚𑁆𑀲𑀦 (būjsana, “feasting”)


bʰeyd-

*bʰéydt (athematic root aorist)

*bʰi-né-dti (“to be splitting”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*bʰéyd-e-ti (thematic root present) (or descendants developed from aorist subjunctive)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydati (“to break, to split”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóyd-os

Proto-Germanic: *baitaz (“boat, ship”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baitō (“food, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰíd-is

Proto-Germanic: *bitiz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰid-nós

*bʰid-tós

*bʰid-rós

Proto-Germanic: *bitraz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Armenian: բդկել (bdkel, “to burst, to explode”)


bʰeydʰ-

*bʰéydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰe-bʰóydʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰidʰ-ḗr (stative)

*bʰi-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰi-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infixed athematic root present)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: bind (“to convince, persuade”); Albanian: bíndem (“to obey”)

*bʰoydʰ-éh₂ (“pledge”)

*bʰeydʰ-ós (e-grade *-ó-stem adjective)

*bʰéydʰ-os ~ bʰéydʰ-es-os (neuter *-es-stem action/result noun)

Proto-Italic: *feiðos n

Latin: foedus (“treaty, pact, alliance”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰeydʰ-ti-s

Proto-Albanian: *baitši

Albanian: besë

>? Proto-Celtic: *bēssos (“custom, habit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pítstis

Ancient Greek: πί̆στῐς (pí̆stĭs)

*bʰidʰ-tó-s

*bʰoydʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baideitei

Proto-Slavic: *běditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baidijaną (see there for further descendants)


bʰreg-

*bʰreg- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brekaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥-né-g-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: frangō

Proto-Germanic: *brekō

Proto-West Germanic: *breku

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: brishtë, breshër

Proto-Germanic: *brōks (see there for further descendants)


bʰrem-

*bʰrém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bremeti

Proto-Brythonic: *brėβ̃ɨd

Middle Welsh: brefu, brefad

Gaulish: Bremia, Bremenium

Proto-Germanic: *bremaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *brummōną (see there for further descendants)

q

unless =<i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*bʰrámHati</i>; the root is uncertain

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰrámati (unless =*bʰrámHati; the root is uncertain)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰrámati

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमति (bhrámati, “to wander, rove, ramble”)

Proto-Iranian: *brámati

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1sg.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1pl.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brmynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (blʾmynd /brāmēnd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Italic: *fremō

Latin: fremō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьměti

West Slavic:

Polish: brzmieć

*bʰrém-ti-s ~ *bʰrm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *brumþiz

*bʰrōm-is

Proto-Germanic: *brōmiz

*bʰrem-onts

q

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰramants (or *bʰrámHants; cf. *bʰrám(H)ati above)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰramants

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमत् (bhramat, “wandering about, roaming”)

*bʰŕ̥m-gos

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ngas

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰŕ̥ngas

Sanskrit: भृङ्ग (bhṛ́ṅga, “a species of large black bee, the humble bee”)


deyḱ-

*déyḱ-ti ~ *diḱ-énti (athematic root present)

*deyḱ-néw- ~ *deyḱ-nú- (full-grade nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *deiknéumi

Ancient Greek: δείκνῡμι (deíknūmi), thematicized δεικνύω (deiknúō)

Greek: δείχνω (deíchno)

*dḗyḱ-s-t ~ *déyḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*doyḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taikijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśáyati

Sanskrit: देशयति (deśayati)

*diḱ-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dićáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diśáti

Sanskrit: दिशति (diśáti)

*déyḱ-s ~ *diḱ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćš ~ *dićás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díṭṣ ~ *diśás

Sanskrit: दिश् (diś)

Proto-Italic: *-diks

Latin: *-dex

⇒ Latin: in-dex, iū-dex, vin-dex (see there for further descendants)

*deyḱ-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśás

Sanskrit: देश (deśá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *díkā

Ancient Greek: δίκη (díkē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíōma)

Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíoma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díśaH

Sanskrit: दिशा (díśā, “direction”) (see there for further descendants)

*déyḱ-mn̥ ~ *diḱ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *déikmə

Ancient Greek: δεῖγμα (deîgma) (see there for further descendants)

*diḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diṣṭás

Sanskrit: दिष्ट (diṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *diktos

Latin: dictus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *taihwǭ, *taikną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *digitos

Latin: digitus (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: daiktas


dyew-

*dyḗws

*dyutkós (“celestial, heavenly”) (+ *tek- (“to obtain, receive”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyukšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyukṣás

Vedic Sanskrit: द्युक्ष (dyukṣá)

*deyn-o-s (“day”) (probably a back-formation from *deywós, interpreting *dey- as the root)

Proto-Albanian: *deina

Albanian: din (“to break (of dawn)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deinas, *dinas

Latgalian: dīna

Latvian: diena

Lithuanian: diena

Old Prussian: dēinā

Samogitian: dėina

Proto-Slavic: *dьnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tīnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dinám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dinám

Sanskrit: दिन (diná) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dinos

⇒ Latin: nūndinus, perendinus

*deywós

*diwyós

*d(i)wi-n- (possibly)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկինք (erkinkʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *Diw-ōt-s

Hittite: [script needed] (šiwatt-, “day”)

Luwian: [script needed] (Tiwaz), [script needed] (Tiwad-, “theonym”)

Palaic: [script needed] (Tiyaz), [script needed] (Tiyad-, “theonym”)

⇒ Lycian: Τευδιαρμα (“Sun-Moon, given name”)

⇒ Lydian: 𐤯𐤦𐤰𐤣𐤠𐤩𐤦𐤳 (tiudališ, “given name”)

Proto-Celtic: *dīyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *diviti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒌦𒅀𒋻 (/šiuniyatar/, “divine image, divinity”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwṣ

Sanskrit: द्यु (dyú), दिव (divá, “sky, heaven”), द्यो (dyó, “heaven”)

Proto-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Sogdian: ܠܝܘܐܟܟ (δēwāk, “heavenly”), ܠܝܘܮܘܢ (δēwγōn, “heavenly”)

⇒ Persian: لیو (liv, “sun”) (δēwāk > *lēwāk > lēw > lēv > līv) (perhaps)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyumā́

Sanskrit: द्युमान् (dyumān)

→ Proto-Uralic: *juma


dʰewbʰ-

*dʰewbʰ-é-ti

Proto-Slavic: *ďubati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *daupijaną (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-et-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *deubeta

Arbëresh Albanian: dejët, deejt, dejt (“sea”)

Gheg Albanian: dēt (South Gheg)

Albanian: det

*dʰewbʰ-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *deupaz (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubus

Latvian: dobs

Lithuanian: dubùs

Proto-Celtic: *dubus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰubʰ-nó-s

*dʰub⁽ʰ⁾-ó-s

*budʰ-ó-s (metathesized)

Proto-Hellenic: *butʰós (or *tʰubós, if the metathesis happened later)

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: βυθός (buthós, “depth”), βυσσός (bussós)
Greek: βυθός (vythós)

*dʰubʰ-ró-s

*bʰudʰ-mḗn (possibly, with metathesis)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

desc

>? Albanian: dudum (“dumb person, fool”)

Proto-Albanian: *deupa

Albanian: djep

Proto-Germanic: *dumbaz (“mute, dumb”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: τυφλός (tuphlós, “unseen, obscure, hazy, dark; blind”)
Greek: τυφλός (tyflós)


dʰewgʰ-

dʰewgʰ- (canonical)
possibly *dʰewgʰ- (canonical)

*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō

Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)
Greek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)

*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)

*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr (stative)

*dʰugʰ-

(possibly) Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)

*dʰéwgʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas

Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)

⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)

Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)

Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā

desctree

Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian, τύχα (túkha) — Laconian, Doric
Greek: τύχη (týchi)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰugʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)

*dʰugʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás

Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)

*dʰugh₂tḗr (perhaps)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)

Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”) (see there for further descendants)

Irish: dual

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture


glewbʰ-

*gléwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kleubaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβō

Latin: glūbō

*glúbʰ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *glúpʰō

Ancient Greek: γλύφω (glúphō)

*glowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *klaubijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβ(s)mā

Latin: glūma (“husk, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléwbʰ-ti-s ~ *glubʰ-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kluftiz (see there for further descendants)

*glubʰ-on-

Proto-Germanic: *klubô

Proto-West Germanic: *klubō

Old High German: chlobo

Middle High German: klobe

Cimbrian: khlóop

German: Klobe, Kloben

Middle Dutch: clove

desctree

Dutch: kloof
Afrikaans: kloof
→ English: kloof
→ Papiamentu: kloof (dated)

Old Norse: klofi (“fork of a river”)

*glu-m-bʰ-o-

>? Proto-Slavic: *glǫbòkъ (“deep”)

Old English: clufu
Middle English: clove, clof, clowe
English: clove
Scots: clow

Old Norse: klof (“fissure”)

Icelandic: klof (“crotch”)

Middle Irish: *clob (“tongs”)

Irish: tlú, clobhadh (obsolete)

Manx: cloughyn pl

Scottish Gaelic: clobha


gel-

*gol- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kalaną (“to be cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz (“cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-i-

Proto-Germanic: *kaliz (see there for further descendants)

*gel-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gelus m, gelū n (“frost”), gelidus (“icy, frosty”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: gelumà

→? Proto-Finno-Permic: *külmä

Proto-Finnic: *külmä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *kɨn

Komi-Permyak: кын (kyn)

Udmurt: кын (kyn)

Proto-Samic: *këlmētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *golotь

Old Church Slavonic: голоть (golotĭ)

>? Proto-Slavic: *xȏldъ

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जल (jala), Sanskrit: जड (jaḍa)


*h₂yéw-os ~ *h₂yéw-es-

Proto-Italic: *jowos
Old Latin: ious
Latin: iūs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwṣ

Sanskrit: योस् (yós)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱 (yaoš)

Proto-Celtic: *yowdos

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowestos

Latin: iūstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowezāō

Latin: iūrō (see there for further descendants)

*Hyewdʰ-

Back-formation from the noun *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéw-, from the root *h₂ey- (“vital force, life”).


*h₁réwdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արոյդ (aroyd), երոյդ (eroyd), արուրդ (arurd), երուրդ (erurd)

Proto-Germanic: *reudaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eréutʰō

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύθω (ereúthō)

*h₁réwdʰ-s ~ *h₁rudʰ-ós (root noun)

Proto-Celtic: *ruts (“madder”)
Old Irish: rú (“madder, a plant from which red dye is produced”)
Middle Irish: rú
⇒ Irish: rú Mhuire (“lady's bedstraw”)

*h₁rudʰ-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰitas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *russos

Latin: russus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdjas (post-PIE lengthened grade *h₁ruHdʰ-yo-s)

Proto-Slavic: *ryďь (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ru-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₁ru-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *rundeti
Old Irish: rondaid, ⇒ fo·roind (verbs), ruisse (from past participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raudsas

Proto-Slavic: *rusъ (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rowdʰ-os ~ *h₁rowdʰ-es-os

Proto-Italic: *rouβos ~ *rouβoses

Old Latin: rōbos ~ rōbores

Latin: rōbur

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raũmins

Lithuanian: raumuõ

Proto-Slavic: *ruměnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *rъďa, *rъďavъ (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

>? Proto-Albanian: *awa-ruđa

Albanian: fruth

>? Proto-Albanian: *apa-ruđa

Albanian: pruth


*péth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

*pe-póth₂-e (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́ta

Sanskrit: पपात (papā́ta)

*pí-pth₂-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *píptō

Ancient Greek: πίπτω (píptō), πίσσω (píssō) — Aeolic
Greek: πέφτω (péfto)

*pt-né-h₂-ti ~ *pt-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Ancient Greek: πίτνημι (pítnēmi)

Proto-Italic: *patnō

Latin: pandō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

Proto-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

desc

Sanskrit: पातयति (pātáyati, “to cause to fly, throw, send; to cause to fall, fell; to spill, pour”)

*péth₂-lom (“leaf”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pétalon

Ancient Greek: πέτᾰλον (pétălon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *feþlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátram

Sanskrit: पत्र (pátra, “leaf”), पत्त्र (pattra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pátram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (patar^əta, “winged”)

*péth₂-r̥ (“feather, wing”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *peta

Albanian: pjetë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸanssā

Old Irish: éis

Irish: éis

Proto-Germanic: *faþmaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πετάννῡμι (petánnūmi), πέτασος (pétasos), πέτηλος (pétēlos), ποταμός (potamós), πότμος (pótmos), πετηνός (petēnós), πτῶμα (ptôma), πτῆσις (ptêsis), πτῶσις (ptôsis), πτωτικός (ptōtikós), πτωτός (ptōtós), πτίλον (ptílon), πατάνη (patánē)

Italic:

Latin: pateō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: patera (see there for further descendants)

Latin: passus (“step”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: impetus, praepes, perpetuus (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Latin: propitius (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: petulans, petulcus (see there for further descendants)

Existing in variations, *pet-, *peth₁-, *peth₂-.

to fly (through the sense ‘spread one’s wings’)


tres-

*trés-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō

Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós

Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati

Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás

Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)

*tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)

*tros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *trozeō

Latin: terreō

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)

Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)

*trés-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma

Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós

Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)

Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)

*tr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)

Unsorted formations

q

Proto-Celtic: *tarr- (earlier *tars-, from zero grade *tr̥s-)

Old Irish: tarrach


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwaH-

Sanskrit: वा (vā)

*h₂wḗh₁-ti ~ *h₂wéh₁-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present)

*h₂wéh₁-n̥ts (“wind”, active participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀtrāˀ

Lithuanian: vė́tra (“storm”)

Latvian: vȩ̄tra (“storm”)

Old Prussian: vetro (“wind”)

Proto-Slavic: *větrъ (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂weh₁-yú-s (“wind”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vė́jas (“wind”) (or formed synchronically)

Latvian: vējš (“wind”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaHyúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւդ (awd), օդ (ōd)

Armenian: օդ (ōd)

Proto-Celtic: *awelā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫūda-, “readiness, ability to act swiftly”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuntarii̯a(i)-, “to break wind”)

*h₂uh₁-oy-ey ~ h₂uh₁-i-enti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuu̯ai-), [script needed] (ḫui-, “to run, hurry”)

Proto-Hellenic: *awetʰlon

Ancient Greek: ἄεθλον (áethlon)

Proto-Hellenic: *aweľľā

Ancient Greek: αὔελλα (aúella), ἀέλλη (aéllē), ἄελλα (áella)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vetëtin (“it thunders”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *awuòr

Albanian: fjur (“aloft”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėsùs (“fresh, cool”)

Latvian: vȩ̄ss (“fresh, cool”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀτμός (atmós), ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ), ἀίσθω (aísthō)

Germanic:

Old Norse: vængr (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indic:

Sanskrit: वीज् (vīj)

Iranian:

Persian: وز (vaz)

Italic:

Latin: vannus (for *vatnus), vatillum


Proto-Hellenic: *óťťomai

Ancient Greek: ὄσσομαι (óssomai)

*h₃ékʷ-s-e-tor (s-desiderative)?

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷsomai

Ancient Greek: ὄψομαι (ópsomai)

*h₃e-h₃ókʷ-e ~ *h₃e-h₃kʷ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

clarified from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*ὦπα</i> (*ôpa)

Ancient Greek: ὄπωπα (ópōpa) (clarified from *ὦπα (*ôpa))

*h₃ékʷ-ti-s ~ *h₃kʷ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷtis

Ancient Greek: ὄψις f (ópsis) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃ékʷ-mn̥ ~ *h₃kʷ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷmə

Ancient Greek: ὄμμα n (ómma, “eye”)

Proto-Hellenic: *okʷā́

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀπή (opḗ, “sight; opening, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*h₃ekʷ-(e)lo-s, *h₃okʷ-(e)lo-s (grade uncertain, the diminutivisation is probably secondary)

Proto-Italic: *okʷ(e)los

Latin: oculus (“eye”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *antīkʷos

Latin: antīquus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *enīkʷom

Brythonic:

Old Breton: enep

Old Cornish: eneb

Old Welsh: enep

Middle Welsh: wyneb

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas)

Old Irish: enech (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *enōkʷā́

Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas

Sanskrit: अनीक (ánīka)

Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀 (aⁱnika)

Northern Kurdish: enî (“forehead”)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (anîg, “front, forehead”)

*ní-h₃kʷ- (“looking down”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nīˀkjas

Latvian: nīca

Proto-Slavic: *nicь (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *nīwalaz (from earlier *nīgwalaz ?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: न्यञ्च् (nyàñc), नीचा (nīcā́, “down(wards)”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեսք (ereskʻ, “face”, plurale tantum)

Proto-Hellenic: *prótsōkʷon

Ancient Greek: πρόσωπον (prósōpon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्रतीक (prátīka, “face, appearance”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pratsak

Tocharian B: pratsāko (“breast”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: *ekʷṣäliē (see there for further descendants)


dʰew-

*dʰew- (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *dej

Albanian: vdekje

Albanian: vdes

Proto-Germanic: *dewaną

*dʰow-eye- (causative-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *dawjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dawéiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *davìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-iH-to-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դի (di, “corpse”)

*dʰu-iH-tu-

Celtic:

Old Irish: díth

*dʰów-tus

Proto-Germanic: *dauþuz (“death”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-Hnós

Proto-Italic: *fūnos

Latin: fūnus

*dʰow-Htós

Proto-Germanic: *daudaz (“dead”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *dowenis

Old Irish: doíni (suppletive plural of duine)

Rix considers the "die" sense to be related to the "flow" sense in Etymology 2, the latter which he seems to view as the original. For a semantic parallel, compare English pass away.


dʰew-

*dʰéw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰéwō

Ancient Greek: θέω (théō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́wati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́wati

Sanskrit: धावति (dhā́vati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́wati

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: LHTWN-tn' (dawīdan)

Classical Persian: دَوِیدَن (dawīdan)

Tajik: давидан (davidan)


sep-

*s(ə)p-yé-ti or *sh₁p-yé-ti or *sop-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *sapjō

Latin: sapiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: համ (ham, “taste”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *saɸeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: sipus (“knowing”)

Volscian: sepu (“knowing”) (ablative singular)

Proto-Germanic: *sebô


webʰ-

*wébʰ-e-ti ~ *wébʰ-o-nti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *webaną (see there for further descendants)

*wébʰ-ti ~ *ubʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabdʰi

Proto-Iranian: *wabdi

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟- (vaf-, “to weave”)

Parthian: wfyd (ind.3sg.)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wp- (waf-)

Persian: بافتن (bâftan)

*wobʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wabjaną (see there for further descendants)

*u-né-bʰ-ti ~ *u-m-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *umbʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *umbʰáti

Sanskrit: उम्भति (umbháti), उनब्द्धि (unábddhi)

*ubʰ-néH-ti ~ *ubʰ-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ubʰnā́ti

Sanskrit: उभ्नाति (ubhnā́ti, “cover over; hurt, kill”)

Proto-Iranian: *ubnáHti

Northern Kurdish: hûnan

*ubʰ-yéti ~ *ubʰ-yónti (*yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *ubyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀- (ufiia-, “to weave, to web”)

*wobʰ-eh₂-ti (o-grade eh₂-iterative-intensive)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäp- (“to weave, braid”)

Tocharian A: wäp-

Tocharian B: wāp-

*webʰ-n- (either denominal from an n-stem or deverbal from an n-infixed verb)

⇒ *webʰ-n-ye-

Proto-Albanian: *webnja

Albanian: vej

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑφαίνω (huphaínō)

Greek: υφαίνω (yfaíno)

*wobʰ-ó-s

Proto-Tocharian: *yape (“spider”)

Ancient Greek: ὑφή (huphḗ)

*ubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubdʰás

Proto-Iranian: *ubdáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬠𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (ubdaēna, “made of cloth”)

*wébʰ-os (neuter *-os result noun)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὕφος (húphos, “web”) (with analogical zero grade)

*wébʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *wiftiz (see there for further descendants)

*wobʰ-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *wabją (“web”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *wabōną, *wabijaną (“to wave”)

desctree

Old English: wafian (“to wave”)
Middle English: waven
English: wave

desc

Middle High German: waben (“to wave, undulate”)

Old Norse: váfa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *wabuš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬏𐬱 (vafūš, “hymn, web”)


*pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʻanam)

Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi

Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti

Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

*pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

*pléh₁-dʰ(h₁)e-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati

Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pleh₁dʰ(h₁)-r-

⇒ Proto-Italic:

Oscan: 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.)

⇒ *pl̥h₁dʰ(h₁)-wéh₁-s ~ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-uh₁-s

Proto-Hellenic: *plētʰús

Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)

Proto-Italic: *plēðwēs

>? Old Latin: plēbēs

Latin: plēbs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-ōr

Proto-Hellenic: *plétʰōr, ⇒ *pletʰṓrā f

Ancient Greek: πληθώρη (plēthṓrē) (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *plējō

Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

*plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ելից (elicʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse

Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHst

q

with later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्रात्</i> (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.

Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās, 2/3sg.aor.ind.act.) (with later अप्रात् (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.)

*pl̥h₁-é-ti (tudáti type thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀtei

⇒ Latgalian: piļdeit (secondary)

Latvian: pil̂t

⇒ Latvian: pilēt, pildīt (secondary)

Lithuanian: pi̇̀lti

⇒ Lithuanian: pilóti, piláuti (secondary)

*pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)

⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

*pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

*pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīros (“sea, ocean”)

Old Irish: ler

Proto-Hellenic: *plērós

Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)

Proto-Italic: *plēros

Latin: plērus

*pléh₁-ti-s ~ *pl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիր (lir)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiṣ

Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

*pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

(perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸelus

Old Irish: il, hil
Irish: il
Manx: yl

Proto-Germanic: *felu

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)

Proto-Iranian: *parH-

Birgit Anette Olsen
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Mate Kapović
de:Brian D. Joseph


lewbʰ-

*lubʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *luPi-

Albanian: lyp

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lubʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lubʰyáti

desc

Sanskrit: लुभ्यति (lúbhyati, “to desire, to be perplexed”) (see there for further descendants)

*lowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *laubitja

Albanian: lubi

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawbʰáyati

Sanskrit: लोभयति (lobháyati, “to make crazy”)

Proto-Iranian:

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*pati-</i>

⇒ Parthian: [script needed] (pdrwbynd /padrōbēnd/, “to throw into confusion, rout”, 3pl.pres.) (+ *pati-)

desc

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (pdrwbynd, 3pl.pres.)

*lubʰ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *luβēō (see there for further descendants)

*lewbʰ-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *lubō (“love”), *leubō (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *lubą (“praise”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lubōną (“to praise”) (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लुब्ध (lubdha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubūˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ľubỳ (“love”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: liaupsė (“praise”)

Proto-Germanic: *laubō

Proto-Italic: *louβ-

Oscan: loufir

Classical Persian: آلفتن (āluftan)

Sanskrit: लोभ (lobha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लुभ् (lubh)

to desire, covet, want (someone or something)


lewbʰ-

*lowbʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *laubą (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *luβros (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-tu-s

Proto-Germanic: *luftuz (“roof, air”)

*lowbʰ-ó-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: labë (“rind, cork”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: luobs (“peel”)

Lithuanian: lúobas (“bast”)

Proto-Slavic: *lubъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: luba (“bast, plank, shelf”)

Lithuanian: lubà (“plank, board”)

Old Prussian: lubbo (“bast, plank, shelf”)

Proto-Slavic: *lъbъ (“skull”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *lubā (“herb, plant”)

Ancient Greek: λῡ́πη (lū́pē, “pain”)

Lithuanian: lùpti (“to peel, to shell”)


*h₃méyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃meyǵʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *meiɣjō

Latin: mēiō

Proto-Slavic: *mižati (see there for further descendants)

*h₃mi-ne-ǵʰ- ~ *h₃mi-n-ǵʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *minɣō

Latin: mingō (see there for further descendants)

and/or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃meygʰ-</i> (“to drizzle”)

Proto-Germanic: *miggо̄ną (and/or from *h₃meygʰ- (“to drizzle”))

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*-lōn</i>

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *migg-l-ōn (with *-lōn)

Dutch: miggelen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmiždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmiẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: मीढ (mīḍhá), मीळ्ह (mīḷhá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mictus

*h₃meyǵʰ-s-tus or *h₃miǵʰ-s-tus

>? Proto-Germanic: *mihstuz (see there for further descendants)

*h₃moyǵʰos or *h₃meyǵʰos (“urine”)

desctree

Old Armenian: մէզ (mēz)
Armenian: մեզ (mez)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰas

Sanskrit: मेह (méha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (maēza)

*h₃moyǵʰ-ó-s (“urinator”, agent noun)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: (with laryngeal deletion?)

>? Ancient Greek: μοιχός (moikhós, “adulterer”) (doubtful connection) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: meizols (“urine”)

Latgalian: meiznīks, meižka (“organ of urinary”)

Latgalian: meizeļs (“person who urinates”)

Proto-Albanian: *medzra

Albanian: përmjerr

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Middle Persian: myc (mēz-), mstn' (mistan)

Persian: میزیدن (mêz-), میزیدن (mêzidan), میختن (mêxtan)

Northern Kurdish: mîz, میز (mîz), mîstin

Proto-Slavic: *mězga

Proto-Slavic: *mьza, *mьzěti

Proto-Slavic: *mьža, *mьžati, *mьžiti

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: miśo (< *h₃m(e)iǵʰyeh₂-)

A connection to *h₃meygʰ- (“mist, cloud, condensation”), with Dutch miggelen preserving the original meaning of “to drizzle”, is conceivable, though the particulars of the morphology in pre-PIE times are unknown. For the semantics, compare Ancient Greek οὐρέω (ouréō, “to produce water, urinate”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁worséyeti (“to make (it) rain”).

m+

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov


*h₂mélǵ-ti ~ *h₂ml̥ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

*h₂molǵ-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Italic: *molgeō

Latin: mulgeō (“I milk”)

*h₂mélǵ-os ~ h₂mélǵ-es-os (s-stem noun)

Proto-Celtic: *melgos

Old Irish: melg

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: malks (“sip, nip, swig”)

Lithuanian: malkas

Proto-Celtic: *mlixtus (< *h₂ml̥ǵtus)

Old Irish: mlicht

Middle Irish: blicht

Irish: bleacht (“milk yield”)

Proto-Brythonic: bliθ

Welsh: blith (“milch”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *melkaz (“milky, milk-giving”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *milkijaz

Old English: *melċe, *milċe (þrimilċe)

Middle English: milche, melche

English: milch

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: meelk

Old Saxon:

Low German: melke

Old High German: melch

Middle High German: mëlch, melk

Alemannic German: mëlch

German: melk

Old Norse:

Icelandic: milkur, mjólkur

Proto-Germanic: *meluks (“milk”) (with unexplained -u-)

→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē

→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (“milk”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: malke (“milk”), mālk- (“to milk”) (< *h₂melǵ-ei̯e)

Tocharian B: malkwer (“milk”), mālkant (“to milk”)


dʰwer-

*dʰwṓr ~ *dʰurés (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwor-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwára (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dworā, *duros

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dor

Cornish: dor

Old Welsh: dor

Middle Welsh: dor

Old Irish: dorus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwā́ram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwā́ram

Sanskrit: द्वार (dvā́ra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dwara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fworom

Latin: forum (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌖𐌓𐌖 (furu), furo

Proto-Tocharian: *twere

Tocharian B: twere

Proto-Italic: *fworā

Latin: forās, forīs

*dʰwōr-eh₂ (innovative collective)

Proto-Albanian: *dwōrā

Albanian: derë

*dʰur-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Germanic: *durō

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (daura)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰurā

Ancient Greek: θῠ́ρᾱ (thŭ́rā)

Greek: θύρα (thýra)

*dʰur-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *durą

*dʰúr-m̥ ~ *dʰwor-m̥

Old Armenian: դուռն (duṙn)

Armenian: դուռ (duṙ)

*dʰwor-es-tus (innovative)

Proto-Celtic: *dworestus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: derî

Nuristani:

Kamviri: [script needed] (du)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


perd-

*pérd-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

*pr̥d-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirdḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *pьrdě̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikkā

Proto-Brythonic: *rex

Welsh: rhech

*pr̥d-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *furtuz, *fertaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *furtu (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: perdēt


*gʷéyh₃-ti ~ *gʷih₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷéyomai (subj.)

Epic Greek: βείομαι (beíomai), βέομαι (béomai, future verb of βιόω (bióō))

*gʷoyh₃-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gájīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *gojìti (see there for further descendants)

q

whence possibly <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷíh₃weti</i>

*gʷih₃-wó-s (“alive, living”) (whence possibly *gʷíh₃weti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gajas

Proto-Slavic: *gȍjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: गय (gáya)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (gaiia)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géiˀta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *beitom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: жить (žitĭ, “life”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬍𐬙𐬌 (jīti, “life”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जीर (jīrá, “quick”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬭𐬀 (jira)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *džita

Albanian: nxit, zit

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կեամ (keam)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑγιής (hugiḗs)

Italic:

Latin: iūgis


(s)kreybʰ-

*(s)kréybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrībaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skreiβō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kréybʰ-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibtei

Lithuanian: skriẽbti

*(s)kréybʰ-i-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibis-tas

Latgalian: skreibsts (“hook”)

Proto-Slavic: *xrьbьtъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: skre(i)beļs

Latgalian: skrybyns (“scraper”)

(perhaps) Celtic: *skrībbāti (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκᾰ́ρῑφος (skắrīphos)

Probably an extended form of *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever”).


sweyd-

*swéyd-e-ti (root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̓δίω (īdíō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáydati

Sanskrit: स्वेदते (svédate)

*swíd-ye-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *switjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swídyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swídyati

Sanskrit: स्विद्यति (svídyati)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: syā-

*swoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Germanic:

Old High German: sweizzen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaydáyati

Sanskrit: स्वेदयति (svedáyati)

*swéyd-os ~ *swéyd-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éidos

Ancient Greek: ἶδος (îdos)

Italic:

Latin: sūdor

*swéyd-r̥ ~ *swid-én-s (*r/n heteroclitic)

Proto-Albanian: *(ui)dertśiā (< *swid-ro-t-yeh₂)

Albanian: djersë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: քիրտն (kʻirtn)

Armenian: քրտինք (kʻrtinkʻ)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sviêdri

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs)

*swid-tós

Proto-Celtic: *swissos

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨs

Middle Breton: hues

Breton: c'hwez

Cornish: hwys

Middle Welsh: chuis

Welsh: chwys

*swoyd-o-

Proto-Germanic: *swaitaz, *swaitą, *swaitô

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydas (see there for further descendants)

Italic: (denominative)

Latin: sūdō


wes-

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (waš-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *was-

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)

Proto-Iranian: *wah- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäs-

Tocharian A: wäs-

Tocharian B: wäs-

*wés-tor (deponent athematic Narten root present)

*wes-néw-ti ~ *wes-n̥w-énti (nu-present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգենում (zgenum)

Proto-Hellenic: *wehnūmi

Ancient Greek: ἕννῡμῐ (hénnūmĭ)

Ionic Greek: εἵνῡμῐ (heínūmĭ)

*wos-éye-ti (causative)

*wés-n̥no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhanos

Ancient Greek: ἑᾰνός (heănós), εἱᾰνός (heiănós) (verse-initially), ἑᾱνός (heānós) (later)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐁀𐀜𐀂 (we-a2-no-i /wehanoiʰi/, dat.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásanam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásanam

Sanskrit: वसन n (vásana)

Proto-Iranian: *wáhanam

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 n (vaŋhana)

*wés-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmə

Ancient Greek: εἷμα (heîma), εἵματα (heímata, “clothes”)

Aeolic Greek: ἔμμα (émma)

Cretan Greek: ϝῆμα (wêma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásma

Sanskrit: वस्मन् (vásman)

*wés-ti-s ~ *us-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*wés-tro-m

Germanic:

Middle High German: wester (“christening dress”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéstrā

Doric Greek: ϝέστρᾱ (wéstrā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástram (see there for further descendants)

*wés-tu-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առա-գաստ (aṙa-gast) (< *wés-t-eh₂-) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐσθής (esthḗs)

Tocharian:

q

infinitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="txb">wäs-</i>

Tocharian B: wastsi (infinitive of wäs-)


wes-

*wḗs-ti ~ *wés-n̥ti (acrodynamic present)

Latin: vēscor (“to nourish oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Hittite: wesiyattari (“grazes”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *westā (“food, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ti-

Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“provisions, food”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ri-

Tocharian A: wäsri (“pasture”)

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: wēsi- (“meadow”)

Hittite: wastara- (“herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 (vāstar, “herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (vāstra, “pasture”)

Proto-Germanic: *wisundz (“bison”)


wes-

*wés-ti ~ *us-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/u̯a-a-ši/)

*we-wós-e ~ *we-ws-ḗr (perfect)

Hittite: [Term?] (/wāsi/)

*wós-n̥ ~ *us-né-s (“sale; price”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ó-s (“selling, trade”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wasás

Proto-Iranian: *waháh

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀳𑁄𑀬𑁆𑀲𑀦 (bahoysana)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/wahāg/)

Persian: بها (bahâ)

Ossetian: уӕй (wæj)

Sogdian: [Term?] (/xwʾqr/, “merchant”)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷel-</i> (“to walk”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wahá-čāra- (“market”) (with *kʷel- (“to walk”))

desc

Gilaki: واجار (vājār, “open market, bazaar”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: باژاڕ (bajarr), باژێڕ (bajêrr)

Northern Kurdish: bajar

Mazanderani: واجار (vājār)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾčʾl /wāzār/)

Persian: بازار (bâzâr) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *wosa (see there for further descendants)


dʰegʷʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*dʰégʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*dʰogʷʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-dadžja

Albanian: ndez

Proto-Celtic: *degʷyeti (“to flame, blaze”)

Welsh: deifio

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāǰʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: दाहयति (dāháyati)

Proto-Italic: *foɣʷeō

Latin: foveō

*dʰḗgʷʰ-s-t ~ dʰégʷʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰākš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰākṣ

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अधाक्षीत्</i> (ádhākṣīt)

(later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अधाक् (ádhāk) (later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tsekär (3pl.), tseksamai (1sg.med.)

*dʰgʷʰ-éh₁ye-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éh₁yonti (thematic *éh₁-stative)

desc

*ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰáHyati

Sanskrit: क्षायति (kṣā́yati)

*dʰgʷʰ-éy-ti (*éy-present)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”, reanalyzed root)

*dʰegʷʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dеgis, *dаgis

Lithuanian: dẽgis

Proto-Celtic: *degʷis (“flame, blaze”)

Old Irish: daig

Irish: daigh, doigh

Middle Welsh: goddeith

Welsh: goddaith

Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-dextā

Middle Welsh: goddeith

(possibly) *dʰₔgʷʰ-tós (?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰagdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dagdʰás

Sanskrit: दग्ध (dagdhá, “burned”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dagāˀ

Latvian: daga

Lithuanian: dagà

Old Prussian: dagis

*dʰógʷʰ-r̥ ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éns (“burning”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέφρα (téphra) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰegʷʰr-i-s

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷris

Latin: febris (“fever”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰógʷʰr-us ~ *dʰgʷʰr-éws

*dʰégʷʰrw-o-m

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷrwom

Latin: februum (“means of purification”)

(possibly) *dʰogʷʰ-o-s

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">**dawaz</i> expected

Proto-Germanic: *dagaz (loss of labiovelar unexplained, **dawaz expected)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հր-դեհ (hr-deh) (possible borrowing)

Proto-Germanic: *diurijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fōmes

Proto-Italic:

Latin: *fovimentum

Latin: fōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *və-dez

Albanian: dhez

Sanskrit: दह् (dah)


ser-

*sr-ew-

*ser-o-

Proto-Italic: *serom (“serum, whey”)

Latin: serum (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *hëra (“whey”) (see there for further descendants)

*sor-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *horós (“serum, whey”)

Ancient Greek: ὀρός (orós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hοrmā́

Ancient Greek: ὁρμή (hormḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: सरित् (sarít, “river, stream”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सिरा (sirā́, “stream, channel; vessel in the body”) (see there for further descendants)

partly; merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sel-</i> (“to spring”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sar- (partly; merged with *sel- (“to spring”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sar-

Sanskrit: सृ (sṛ)


ser-

*ser-wo-s

q

Proto-Italic: *serwos (or perhaps from the sense “to bind” below)

Old Latin: servos

Latin: servus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ser-w-eh₂-ye-ti

>? Proto-Hellenic: *hrūomai, *hehrūomai

desc

Ancient Greek: ῥύομαι (rhúomai), εἰρύομαι (eirúomai) — Epic

Proto-Italic: *serwāō

Latin: servō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *sьrbъ


ser-

*sér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sertéi

Latvian: sẽrt

Proto-Italic: *serō
Latin: serō

*sér-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *héřřō
Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)

*sér-mn̥ ~ *sér-mō

Proto-Hellenic: *hérmə

Ancient Greek: ἕρμα (hérma)

Proto-Italic: *sermō

Latin: sermō (see there for further descendants)

*sér-ti-s

Proto-Italic: *sortis

Latin: sors (see there for further descendants)

*sór-mo-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որմ (orm), որմն (ormn)
Armenian: որմ (orm), առորմի (aṙormi)

Proto-Hellenic: *hórmos

Ancient Greek: ὅρμος (hórmos)

*ser-wo-s

>? Proto-Italic: *serwos (or from the sense “to guard” above)

*sor-wo-m

desc

Proto-Germanic: *sarwą (“equipment, armour”) (possibly)(or from the sense “to guard” above) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gasarwiją

Old High German: gisarawi

Middle High German: geserwe

Old Norse: sørvi

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *surmā

Albanian: gjurmë

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: յեռում (yeṙum), յեռեմ (yeṙem) — post-Classical (< յ- (y-) + *ser-s-)
→ Armenian: հեռել (heṙel) (learned)

(?) Old Armenian: *հուռ- (*huṙ-) (< *sōr-s-)
Armenian: հուռ (huṙ)

(?) Old Armenian: յիրեմ (yirem) (յ- (y-) + *sēr-)
→ Armenian: հիրել (hirel) (learned)

Proto-Germanic: *sarkiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सरत् (sarat)

Sanskrit: सिरा (sirā)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: seriēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: sar-


ser-

*sr̥-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *həřřō, ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *həřřéyō

Ancient Greek: αἱρέω (hairéō)

*ser-(e-)ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sertéi

Latvian: sirt (“to loot”)

*sór-u-

Proto-Anatolian: *sōru-

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒊒 (sāru, “booty, plunder”)

Luwian:

desc

⇒ Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔐫𔗔𔗑𔗔 (sarusa, nom./acc.sg.)

⇒ Cuneiform script: 𒊭𒊒𒍑𒊭 (šarūša, “loot, plunder”, nom./acc.sg.)

Proto-Celtic: *serwā (“theft, plundering”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰew-

*ǵʰew-d-

*ǵʰéw-t ~ *ǵʰw-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔχυτο (ékhuto)

*ǵʰéw-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χέω (khéō)

*ǵʰi-ǵʰéw-ti (reduplicated present)

*ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰáwti

Sanskrit: जुहोति (juhóti)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰów-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰw-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέχῠκᾰ (kékhŭkă)

*ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰā́wa

Sanskrit: जुहाव (juhā́va)

*ǵʰu-tó-s (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-ti-s ~ *ǵʰu-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *foutis

Latin: fūtis, fūtilis, effūtiō

*ǵʰéw-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰu-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéumə

Ancient Greek: χεῦμᾰ (kheûmă), χύμα (khúma)

Phrygian: ζευμάν (zeumán)

*ǵʰéw-mo-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwmas

Sanskrit: होम (hóma)

*ǵʰu-mo-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χῡμός (khūmós)

*ǵʰu-lo-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χῡλός (khūlós)

*ǵʰew-yó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰawyám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰawyám

Sanskrit: हव्य (havyá)

*ǵʰéw-tlo/eh₂- ~ *ǵʰu-tlo/eh₂-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtraH (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰu-tlo-

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutlon

Ancient Greek: χύτλον (khútlon)

*ǵʰéw-tro-m, *ǵʰú-tro-m

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰútra (pl.)

Ancient Greek: χύτρα (khútra)

Greek: χύτρα (chýtra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtram (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-tōr ~ *ǵʰu-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *j́ūla

Albanian: dyllë

Proto-Albanian: *guònmi

Albanian: gumoj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձեւ (jew) < *ǵʰew-os or *ǵʰew-o-

Old Armenian: ձոյլ (joyl) < *ǵʰew-lo-

Old Armenian: ձոր (jor) < *ǵʰoworo- < *ǵʰowero-

(?) Old Armenian: զուտ (zut) < *ǵʰu-d-o-

(?) Old Armenian: ձագար (jagar)

Proto-Tocharian: *eñcäuwo (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käutk- (see there for further descendants)


*télh₂-t ~ *tl̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*tl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*te-tólh₂-e ~ *te-tl̥h₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

*tolh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Venetic: 𐌕𐌏𐌋𐌀𐌓 (tolar)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tolazāō
Latin: tolerō (see there for further descendants)

*tl̥h₂-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þulāną (“to bear, to endure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tálanton

Ancient Greek: τάλαντον (tálanton)

Proto-Hellenic: *tólmā (with loss of laryngeal)

Ancient Greek: τόλμα (tólma)

Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”), τλήμων (tlḗmōn) (< *tl̥h₂-m-)

*tl̥h₂-tó-m (“bridge, ford”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tílˀta

Latgalian: tylts

Latvian: til̃ts

Lithuanian: ti̇̀ltas

→ Proto-Finnic: *cilta

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुला (tulā́)

⇒ Sanskrit: तुलयति (tulayati), तोलयति (tolayati)

Proto-Iranian: *tarā-

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (tlʾcwk /tarāzūg/, “balance, scales”)

Persian: ترازو (tarâzu)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *tlātis

Proto-Brythonic: *tlọd

Middle Welsh: tlawt

Welsh: tlawd

Middle Irish: tláith

Irish: tláith

Scottish Gaelic: tlàth

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάλας (tálas)

Ancient Greek: ταλαίπωρος (talaípōros)

Ancient Greek: ταλασίφρων (talasíphrōn)

Ancient Greek: Ἄτλας (Átlas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Latin: opitulor


Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tьlò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talˀa-

Old Prussian: talus (“floor”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patalˀa-

Lithuanian: pãtalas (“bed”)

Proto-Slavic:

Russian: потоло́к (potolók, “ceiling”)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)
Old Irish: talam
Irish: talamh
Manx: thalloo
Scottish Gaelic: talamh
Gaulish: *talamon
→ Latin: Talamone
→ Latin: Talmun
French: Talmont

*tel(h₂)-nos ~ *tel(h₂)-nes-

Proto-Italic: *telnos

Latin: tellūs (“earth”) (perhaps, and reshaped after rūs)

Unsorted formations

desc

>? Old Armenian: թաղ (tʻał, “ward, district”), թաղեմ (tʻałem, “to bury”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ti̇̀lės (“wooden floor in a boat”)

Proto-Germanic: *þelą (“floor, deal (of plank)”)

Proto-Germanic: *þiljǭ (“board, plank; floorboard”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *talam (“surface, bottom”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *talam

Sanskrit: तल (tala) (see there for further descendants)

ground, bottom. Possibly a derivative of *telh₂- "to bear" in the sense of that which bears, carries, supports.


*dm̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *dm̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *damnāti (“to subdue, break a horse”)

Old Irish: damnaid (“bind, subdue”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάμνημι (dámnēmi)

*dm̥h₂-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *damyeti (“to allow, permit, endure”) (see there for further descendants)

*domh₂-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दमयति (damáyati) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *domaō
Latin: domō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *domanos

Latin: dominus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *domatos

Latin: domitus

*dm̥h₂-h₁yé-ti ('essive')

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दाम्यति (dā́myati)

*démh₂-ti-s ~ *dm̥h₂-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δμῆσις (dmêsis)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: δάμαρ (dámar)

Proto-Germanic: *tamaz (see there for further descendants)

*dm̥h₂-tó-s, *demh₂-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *dametos (“sheep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δμητός (dmētós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *damHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *damHtás

Sanskrit: दमित (damita)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: dem (“bull, steer”)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒋫𒈠𒀸 (tamāšš-, “to press, push”)

Proto-Celtic: *damos (“bull; domesticated animal”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαμάζω (damázō)

Ancient Greek: δμώς m (dmṓs), δμῳή f (dmōiḗ, “slave taken in war”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दमायति (damāyáti, “to subdue, tame”)


*h₁léwdʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *leudaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwdʰati

Vedic Sanskrit: रोधति (ródhati)

Sanskrit: रोहति (róhati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwdati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (raoδəṇti)

Proto-Tocharian: *lut-

Tocharian A: lut-

Tocharian B: lut-

*h₁ludʰ-é-t (thematic root aorist) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁lewdʰ-i-s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eléutʰeros

Ancient Greek: ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros, “free”)

Proto-Italic: *louðeros (see there for further descendants)

*h₁lewdʰ-er-tos, *h₁lewdʰ-er-teh₂

Proto-Italic: *louðertos (“freedman”), *louðertā (“freedwoman”)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌀 (loiferta), 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀 (loifirta, “freedwoman”) (with *ou > *oi)

Latin: lībertus, līberta (with *ou > *oi)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: lirë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaudas

Proto-Slavic: *ľudъ

Proto-Italic: *louðortāts (“freedom”)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌏 (loifirtato) (with *ou > *oi)

Old Latin: loebertās (with *ou > *oi)

Latin: lībertās (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léwdʰ-tus ~ *h₁ludʰ-téws

Proto-Celtic: *lussus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *lèud-no

Albanian: lem, len — dialectal

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vëlla

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwdʰas

Sanskrit: रोध (ródha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwdah

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (raoδa)

Baluchi: ردگ (ruddag)

Pashto: لويېدل (loyedal)

Persian: رستن (rostan)

Talysh: lolo (people)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: रुध् (rudh, “to grow”)

Sanskrit: रुह् (ruh)


*h₁égʷʰ-ti ~ *h₁gʷʰ-énti (athematic root present) or *h₁ḗgʷʰ-ti ~ *h₁égʷʰ-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔégʷti

Hittite: 𒀀𒆪 (a-ku-), 𒂊𒆪 (e-ku-)

Luwian: 𒌋 (u-)

Lydian: 𐤨𐤬𐤱𐤰 (kofu, “water”)

Palaic: 𒀀𒄷 (a-ḫu /aḫu-/)

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʷʰō

Ancient Greek: νήφω (nḗphō, “be sober”) (prefixed with *ne-)

Proto-Tocharian: *yok- (“to drink”)

Tocharian A: yok-

Tocharian B: yok-

Proto-Italic: *ēɣʷrjos

Latin: ēbrius


(s)teg-

*(s)tég-e-ti (root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέγω (stégō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰágati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰágati

Sanskrit: स्थगति (sthágati)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tegō
Latin: tegō
⇒? Umbrian: 𐌕𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌄𐌛𐌉𐌌 (tehteřim, acc. sg.) (< *tekt-edjo-)

*stog-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *togīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰagáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰagáyati

Sanskrit: स्थगयति (sthagáyati)

*(s)tḗg-s (root noun)

Proto-Celtic: *tīxs

Old Irish: tí

Italic:

Latin: tēgula (see there for further descendants)

*tég-mn̥

Italic:

Latin: tegmen, tegimen, tegumen (with epenthetic -i- -u-)

*teg-no-

Proto-Italic: *tegnom

Latin: tignum

*steg-nós

Proto-Hellenic: *stegnós

Ancient Greek: στεγανός (steganós)

⇒ English: steganography

*(s)tég-os

Proto-Albanian: *tāga

Albanian: tog

Albanian: toger

Proto-Celtic: *tegos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *(s)tégos

Ancient Greek: στέγος (stégos), τέγος (tégos)
⇒ English: stegosaur, stegosaurus

*teg-ur-yo-

Italic:

Latin: tugurium, tegurium, tigurium

*tég-us (“thick”)

Proto-Italic: *togā

Latin: toga

South Picene: 𐌕𐌏𐌊𐌀𐌌 (tokam)

*tog-o-

Proto-Celtic: *togos (“roof”)

Brythonic:

Breton: to

Welsh: to

Proto-Germanic: *þaką, *þakjaną, *þakinō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāgas

Old Prussian: stogis

Latgalian: stogs

Lithuanian: stogas

Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *entogos (< *h₁én-togo-)

Old Irish: étach (“clothing”)
Irish: éadach
Manx: eaddagh
Scottish Gaelic: aodach

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táktas

Proto-Iranian: *táxtah

Middle Persian: tʾht' (taxt) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Khotanese: 𐨟𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨌 (ttī, “abode, covered place, nest”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *tāgah (“arch, vault”)

Middle Iranian: *tāk

→ Arabic: طَاق (ṭāq)

Middle Persian: tʾg (/tāg/)

desctree

Persian: طاق, تاق (tâq)
→ Armenian: թաղ (tʻaġ)
→ Azerbaijani: tağ


(s)teg-

Proto-Germanic: *stakô (see there for further descendants)

*stog-nos

Proto-Germanic: *stakkaz (see there for further descendants)

*teg-slom

Proto-Italic: *tekslom

Latin: tēlum (see there for further descendants)

*teg-nom

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թակն (tʻakn)

Proto-Italic: *tegnom

Latin: tignum


>? Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τῖφος (tîphos, “pond, swamp”)

*teh₂-bʰ-eh₁- (“to be melting”)

Proto-Italic: *tāfē-

Latin: tābēs (“melting, decay”), tābēo (“to rot, decay”), tābum (“gore”)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tādeti (“to melt”)
Proto-Brythonic: *tọðɨd
Old Breton: todint
Middle Breton: teuziff
Breton: teuziñ
Cornish: teudha, teudhi
Middle Welsh: todi
Welsh: toddi
Old Irish: (incorporated into the paradigm of tinaid) ·taa (3sg. subj.), ro·tetha (3sg. perf.)

*teh₂-k- (“to melt”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τήκω (tḗkō, “to melt”), τηκτός (tēktós, “molten”)

Doric Greek: τάκω (tákō, “to melt”)

Proto-Iranian: *taHč- (“to melt”)

Khotanese: byāj- (“to dissolve”)

Northern Kurdish: bihoştin, bihoj- (“to melt”)

Parthian: wdc- (“to melt”), w(y)d’c- (“to dissolve”)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: wdc- (“to melt”)

Book Pahlavi: wt’c- (widāz-, “to melt”), wt’cyn- (widāzēn-, “to cause to melt”)

Persian: گداختن (godâxtan), گداز (godâz, “to smelt, melt”)

Tajik: гудохтан (gudoxtan)

Sogdian: [script needed] (wyt’wxs, “to disappear, melt away”), [script needed] (wyt’yc, “to melt”)

*teh₂-w- (“to melt”)

Proto-Germanic: *þawjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tāyeti (“to melt”)

Old Irish: taíd

Proto-Iranian: *taH- (“to flow; to melt”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khwarezmian: t’sy- (“to melt”)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: тайун (tajun, “to melt, thaw”), уодайун (uodajun, “to wet, soak”)

Iron Ossetian: та́йын (tájyn, “to melt, thaw”), у́дайын (údajyn, “to wet, soak”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Awromani: [script needed] (tāwiā́y)

Gurani: [script needed] (-tāwin-, “to melt”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: تاویانەوە (tawyanewe), توانەوە (twanewe, “to dissolve, melt”)

Proto-Slavic: *tàjati (“to thaw”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þainaz (“wet, moist”)

Old English: þān

Middle English: *than, *thon

English: thone, thoan

Scots: thane, thain

Proto-Celtic: *tāmus

Old Irish: tám (“plague, death”)

Proto-Celtic: *tasyā

Old Irish: taise (“dampness; corpse, decay”)

Proto-Celtic: *tasyos

Old Irish: tais (“damp, moist; soft, spongy”)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: թանամ (tʻanam, “to make wet”), թան (tʻan, “soup”), թանչ (tʻančʻ, “dysentery”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: tyras

Latvian: tīrelis (“moor”)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *þaisimō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *tīn

Sanskrit: तामर (tāmara, “water”), तोयम् (toyam, “water”), Sanskrit: तोशते (tośate, “drip, distil, trickle”), possibly Sanskrit: तुषार (tuṣāra, “rain, mist, drizzle, sleet, snow; frigid, wet”).


>? Proto-Italic: *taðlom

Latin: tabulum, tabula (see there for further descendants)


wert-

*wért-t ~ *wr̥t-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अवर्त् (ávart)

*wért-e-tor (thematic middle)

Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártatay

Sanskrit: वर्तते (vártate, “to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *wertō (active verb with transitive meaning, vs. intransitive *wertōr)

Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥t-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *vьrtě̀ti (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

*wert-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: versti

*we-wórt-e ~ *we-wr̥t-ḗr (stative)

*wort-éye-ti (causative)

*wr̥t-ís

Proto-Germanic: *wurdiz (“fate”) (see there for further descendants)

*wert-en-om

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वर्तन (vártana)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wertena

Proto-Slavic: *verteno (see there for further descendants)

*wért-mn̥

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *werˀtmin

Proto-Slavic: *vermę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártma

Sanskrit: वर्त्मन् (vártman) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥t-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वृत्त (vṛttá)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirstā́ˀ (from feminine *wr̥t-téh₂)

Proto-Slavic: *vьrsta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *worssos

Latin: versus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *writja

Albanian: rris

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वर्तिन् (vartin)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wrd-)

Persian: گرد (gerd)

Tajik: гирд (gird)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

(Baltic:)

Latvian: virst

Lithuanian: vir̃sti

Old Prussian: wirst

Proto-Slavic: *vorta (“gate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *werþaz, *wardaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wertos

Proto-Brythonic: *gwerθ (possibly Germanic borrowing) (see there for further descendants)


*kléh₂-t ~ *klh₂-én-t (root athematic)

⇒ *kléh₂t-e-ti (reanalyzed perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *hlaþaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kléh₂t-tu-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlastuz (see there for further descendants)

*kléh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klā́ˀtei

Latvian: klāt

Lithuanian: klóti

*kléh₂-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klāˀstei

Proto-Slavic: *klasti (see there for further descendants)


swer-

*swer- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)

*swer-wos

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)
Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw
Old Breton: hueru
Breton: c'hwerv
Cornish: hwerow
Middle Welsh: chwerw
Welsh: chwerw
Old Irish: serb
Irish: searbh
Scottish Gaelic: searbh
Manx: sharroo

*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-

qual

Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)

*swer-ō

Proto-Germanic: *swerô

Old High German: swero

German: Schwäre

*swór-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, sore”)

desc

Ossetian: [script needed] (xwærun, “to itch, scratch”)

Kurdish: xurîn (“to itch, scratch”)


swer-

*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati

Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)

*swḗr-s-t ~ *swér-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)

*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)

*swor-éye- (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)

*swor-ós

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)

*swr̥-yé-ti (zero-grade thematic *-yé- present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swaryeti
Proto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd
Middle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)
Breton: c’hoarzhin
Old Cornish: hwerthin
Middle Cornish: wharth (3sg. pres.)
Old Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)
Middle Welsh: chwerthin
Welsh: chwerthin

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)

Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)

Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)


*h₁r̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (āraskizzi)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ergʰ-</i> (“to mount”)

Ancient Greek: ἔρχομαι (érkhomai) (or from *h₁ergʰ- (“to mount”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥sćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥sćáti

Sanskrit: ऋच्छति (ṛccháti)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎶 (a-r-s-m /ars(s)am/, 1sg.impf.)

*h₁ér-t ~ *h₁r-ént (athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आरत् (ā́rat) (thematized)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ār^əm, 1sg.)

*h₁e-h₁ór-e ~ *h₁e-h₁r-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (āri)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आर (ā́ra)

*h₁ér-ti-s ~ *h₁r̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, ṛ́ti)


Proto-Germanic: *erþō (“earth, ground, soil”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ā̆ur(V)n

Albanian: varr

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: érdvė

Celtic:

Welsh: erw (“field”) (or < *h₂erh₃- (“to plow”))

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *ἔρα (*éra) (in ἔραζε (éraze, “on the ground”) and compounds)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āre


prews-

*prews- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *freusaną (see there for further descendants)

*presw-os (by metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸreswos (see there for further descendants)

*prus-tós

Proto-Germanic: *frustaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *pruś-

Albanian: prush

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prušwáH (“ice”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pruṣwáH

Sanskrit: प्रुष्वा (pruṣvā́, prúṣvā)

Latin:

pruīna (see there for further descendants)

prūna (see there for further descendants)

prūriō (see there for further descendants)


kʷer-

*kʷér-t ~ *kʷr-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆪𒅕𒈪 (ku-er-mi, 1sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 (ku-e-er-zi, “to cut, to cut up, to cut off”, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒋫 (ku-e-er-ta, 3sg.pret.act.)

Luwian: [script needed] (kuwarti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: kūra (“he built”)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷareti (“make, cause”)

Middle Breton: paras (3sg.pret.)

Welsh: peri; paraf (1sg.pres.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákart (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-sḱ-éti ~ *kʷr̥-sḱ-ónti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kuraski[zzi], 3sg.), [script needed] (kureskanzi, 3pl.)

*kʷér-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷér-(h₁)s-onti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ku-e-er-šu-un, 1sg.pret.act.), [script needed] (kur-ša-a-i, “to cut off”, 2sg.imp.act.)

*kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-onti (reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ku-kur-ša-an-t-), Hittite: [script needed] (ku-gur-ša-an-t-, “to cut up, to mutilate”, part.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číkr̥Hšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíkr̥Hṣati

Sanskrit: चिकीर्षति (cíkīrṣati)

*kʷér-kʷor- ~ *kʷér-kʷr̥- (intensive)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kurkuriyat)

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kárkr̥- (as if from *kʷor-kʷr̥-; expected **čárkr̥-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárkr̥-

desc

Sanskrit: करिकृत् (kárikrat, act. participle)

*kʷor-éye-ti ~ *kʷor-éy-onti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kāráyati

Sanskrit: कारयति (kāráyati), कारयते (kāráyate)

*kʷe-kʷór-e (perfect) (or only formed in Proto-Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakā́ra

Sanskrit: चकार (cakā́ra, “has made”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬗𐬁𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬭𐬆 (cāxrar^ə, 3pl.perf.)

Old Persian: 𐎨𐎧𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠 (c-x-r-i-y-a /caxriyā/, 3sg.perf.opt.)

*kʷér-mn̥ ~ *kʷr̥-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma ~ *kr̥máns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćárma ~ *kármanas

>? Sanskrit: कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷér-os

Proto-Germanic: *hweraz (“cauldron”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷér-ōr

Ancient Greek: πέλωρ (pélōr, “supernatural monster”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πελώριος (pelṓrios)

Greek: πελώριος (pelórios, “gigantic, enormous”)

*kʷór-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras

Proto-Iranian: *kā́rah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾl /kār/, “work, deed, affair”)

Persian: کار (kâr, “work”)

*kʷér-tis ~ *kʷr̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥tiṣ

Sanskrit: कृति (kṛ́ti, “the act of doing”)

*kʷér-tu-s ~ *kʷr̥-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *kʷritus

desctree

Old Irish: cruth (“form”), crud
Irish: cruth
Manx: croo
Scottish Gaelic: cruth

Welsh: pryd (“form, time”), prydaf (“compose poetry, versify”)

*kʷr̥-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-yos

Proto-Celtic: *kʷaryos (“cauldron”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷór-yo-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ryas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́ryas

Sanskrit: कार्य (kārya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *karyah

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (kaⁱriia)

Proto-Slavic: *čara (“bowl, mug”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *tšerkā

Albanian: sarkë (“build, frame”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kēr-, *ker-

Lithuanian: kẽras (“charm, magic”), kerė́ti (“to enchant, charm, bewitch”), kùrti (“to do, make, build”)

Proto-Slavic: *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”), *čara (“magic, sorcery”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷritanī, *kʷritenī

Proto-Brythonic: *Pritanī, *Pritenī, ?*Brɨθon

Middle Welsh: Prydein

Welsh: Prydain, ?Brython

→ Ancient Greek: Πρεττανία (Prettanía), Βρεττανία (Brettanía)

→ Latin: Brittānia

Proto-Hellenic:

q

with <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">-ας</i> (-as) added within Greek

Ancient Greek: τέρας (téras) (with -ας (-as) added within Greek) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kar-

Proto-Iranian: *kar-

Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭫𐭩 (-kly /-gar/)

Persian: ـگر (-gar)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: karel

Tocharian B: kerū

The original meaning is often reconstructed as "to carve, to shape by cutting", based on the Anatolian forms.