*ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱérh₂-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *kéras

Ancient Greek: κέρᾰς (kérăs)

*ḱérh₂-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-és (root noun)

desc

>? Proto-Italic: *krās (“at the peak, at the start, early”)

>? Latin: crās (“tomorrow”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱérh₂-s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-né-s (see there for further descendants)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*new-</i>

⇒ *ḱerh₂-o-now-os (literally “head nodding”) (with *new-)

Proto-Italic: *keronowos

Latin: cernuus

Proto-Italic: *kerazrom

Latin: cerebrum (see there for further descendants)

*ḱer(h₂)-w-os ~ *ḱr̥(h₂)-wo-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-éw-os (“deer, stag”, literally “the horned one”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀwas

Old Prussian: sirwis

→ Proto-Finnic: *hirvas, *hirvi (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *sërvēs, *sërvë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *karwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kerawós

Ancient Greek: κερᾰός (kerăós), κερᾱΐς (kerāḯs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kerwos

Latin: cervus (see there for further descendants)

*ḱórh₂-we-h₂ (collective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kárˀwāˀ

Lithuanian: kárvė

Proto-Slavic: *kòrva (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s

Proto-Germanic: *hrinþaz, *hrunþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱŕ̥h₂-es-n-h₂ (collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *kárahna

Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρηνον (kắrēnon) (backformation from *kárahna)

Doric: κᾰ́ρᾱνον (kắrānon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hšā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hṣā

Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षा (śīrṣā)

Proto-Celtic: *karnos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hurną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥ngam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥ngam

Sanskrit: शृङ्ग (śṛ́ṅga, “horn, tusk”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kornū
Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂

⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śírˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սար (sar, “tip, top; mountain”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćŕ̥Has

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hás

Sanskrit: शिर (śira)

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥Háh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬭𐬀 (sāra), 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬀 (sara)

*ḱr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-n-ós (“hornet”, literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀšō (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: šyršyns

Latvian: sir̂senis

Lithuanian: širšuo, ši̇̀ršė

Proto-Slavic: *sьrxy (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *herhiläinen

Proto-Germanic: *hurnuta- ~ hurnutō-

Proto-West Germanic: *hurnutu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *krāzrō

Latin: crābrō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *krōna

Albanian: krye

*ḱr-ó-ur ~ *ḱr-ó-un

Hittite: [script needed] (karau̯ar, “horn(s), antler(s)”), [script needed] (surna), [script needed] (harsar)

[script needed] (SI-na-, “horn”), Luwian: [script needed] (zaru̯ani(ia)-, “of a horn”), Luwian 𒍪𒌨𒉌 (zurni, “horn”), [script needed] (suran-, “horn; plentifulness (?)”)

→ Classical Persian: سرنا (surnā) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱeru-d- or *ḱr- + *-utaz

Proto-Germanic: *herutaz (“deer, stag”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κάρυον (káruon)

q

a lost verb formed as <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἐλαύνω</i> (elaúnō)

Proto-Hellenic: (a lost verb formed as ἐλαύνω (elaúnō))

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: κεραΐζω (keraḯzō, “to destroy”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *κεραϝαρ

Ancient Greek: κεραυνός (keraunós, “thunderbolt, lightning”)

Potentially a collective derivation in *-h₂ from *ḱer- (“to grow”), of which the original root noun may be fossilized in Latin crās. A possible loan relation with Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) has also been suggested. However, it is probably unrelated to Old Chinese 觡 (*kraːɡ, “antler”) and 觥 (*kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made of animal horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.


*h₂éǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *agdlom?

⇒ Latin: (co)āgulum (see there for further descendants)

*h₂eǵ-i-no- (“of a goat; goat-skin”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźina

Lithuanian: oženà f (“goat-skin”), oži̇̀nis (“goat”, adj.)

Proto-Slavic: *azьno n (“goat-skin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अजिन n (ajína, “skin (of an animal, esp. goat), hide; pelt, fur; leather bag”)

→⇒ Telugu: అజినము (ajinamu, “skin”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (īzaēna, “leathern”)

*h₂éǵ-mn̥ ~ *h₂ǵ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ákʰmə

⇒ Aeolic Greek: ἄχματα (ákhmata)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ma

Sanskrit: अज्मन् (ájman)

Proto-Italic: *agmən

Latin: agmen

⇒ Latin: exāmen (see there for further descendants)

*h₂óǵ-mo-s (“drive, path”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *agnas

Lithuanian: agnùs (“agile, energetic”)

Proto-Hellenic: *agós

Ancient Greek: ἀγός (agós, “leader”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ás (“leader; goat”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éǵ-ro-s (“field, pasturage”)

*h₂eǵ-ro- (“hunt, slaughter”)

Proto-Celtic: *agrom (“slaughter, battle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), ᾰ̓́γρη (ắgrē) — Ionic
Greek: άγρα (ágra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”)

*h₂eḱs- (“axis”)

*h₂ǵ-es- (post-PIE)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kas-

Proto-Italic: *gezō

Faliscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌕 (keset)

Latin: gerō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: gestō (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambaxtos
Proto-Brythonic: *ammaɨθ
Old Breton: ambaith
Cornish: ammeth
Middle Welsh: amaeth
Welsh: amaeth
Old Irish: amos, amsach (perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)
Irish: amhas
Gaulish: ambaxtos
→ Latin: ambactus, ambaxtus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Germanic: *ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aktós

Ancient Greek: ἐπακτός (epaktós)

Proto-Italic: *aktos

Latin: āctus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éǵ-tōr ~ *h₂ǵ-trés

Proto-Hellenic: *áktōr

Ancient Greek: ἄκτωρ (áktōr)

Proto-Italic: *aktōr

Latin: actor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštraH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit:

desc

Sanskrit: आजि (āji, “match, competition”)

Iranian:

Classical Persian: آژیانه (āžiyāna, “the marbled field or ground”)

Classical Persian: آژینه (āžīna, “the iron tool which releated to axile”)

Zazaki: hêga (hēgā, “ground, earth”) (maybe from un-iranian roots)

Proto-Tocharian: *āk

Tocharian A: āk

Tocharian B: āk

Proto-Tocharian: *ekäñye- (possibly)

Tocharian A: akäṃtsune

Tocharian B: ekaññe

Proto-Tocharian: *āk-

Tocharian A: āk-

Tocharian B: āk-

Sanskrit: अज् (aj)

→ Proto-Uralic: *aja- (see there for further descendants)


der-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*dér-e-ti (thematic present) (see there for further descendants)

*dér-t ~ *dr-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: दर्त् (dárt, 3sg.aor.inj.act.)

*dr̥-néH-ti ~ *dr̥-nH-énti (néH-present?) (or later formation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥náHti

Sanskrit: दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥náHti

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (dər^ənəṇti, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dar(r)-)

Baluchi: درت (dirt, “to tear up”), در (dirr)/ دن (din-)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

Northern Kurdish: dirîn (dirīn), dir (dir-)

Southern Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: دڕیای (diřāy, “to tear”), در (dir-)

Zazaki: dirnayen (dirnāyan, “to tear off, cut off”), diřa (dirrā-)

Middle Persian: (/darrīdan/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (SDKWNtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlytn')

Lurish:

Northern Luri: درنییاْ (derniye)

Bakhtiari: درنیڌن (derniđen)

Southern Luri: درنیڌن (derniđen)

*dr̥-nh₂-é-ti ~ *dr̥-nh₂-é-nti (nh₂-present?) (or later formation)

Proto-Germanic: *turnaną

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*taurnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aftaurnan), 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan))

*de-dór-e ~ *de-dr-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ददार (dadā́ra)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδαρται (dédartai)

*dér-mn̥ ~ *dr̥-mnés (deverbal)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérmə

Ancient Greek: δέρμα (dérma)

*dr̥-tis

Proto-Germanic: *turþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *də́rtis

Ancient Greek: δάρσις (dársis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥tiṣ

Sanskrit: दृति (dṛ́ti)

*dr̥-nos

Proto-Celtic: *darnos, *darnā

Proto-Brythonic: *darn

Middle Breton: darn

Cornish: darn

Middle Welsh: darn

Welsh: darn

Gaulish: *darnā

→ French: darne (“piece, slice of fish”)

Proto-Germanic: *turnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *dь̀rnъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

q

or variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sq">bjerr</i>

>? Albanian: djerr (or variant of bjerr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dírāˀtei

Lithuanian: di̇̀rti

Proto-Slavic: *dьràti (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: drécht (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *trinnaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *trannijaną (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárdarti (intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दर्दर्षि (dárdarṣi, 2sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Iranian:

𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*niš-</i>

⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (niždarədaⁱriiāt̰, 3sg.pres.opt.) (+ *niš-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hyátay

Sanskrit: दीर्यते (dīryáte)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hakas (perhaps)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hakah

desc

Classical Persian: دره (dirra, “skin; a kind of Islamic punishment which related to sewing skin of the sinful person”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dar-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dar-

Sanskrit: दॄ (dṝ)

Proto-Tocharian: *tsär-

Tocharian A: tsär-

Tocharian B: tsär-


>? Proto-Albanian: *alanā, *ulnā

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *bōrei ulnā

Albanian: bërryl

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *ulnā bōra

Albanian: ylber

Albanian: llanë, llërë

Proto-Celtic: *olīnā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alinō, *alīnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ōlenā

Ancient Greek: ὠλένη (ōlénē), ὠλήν (ōlḗn), ὠλλόν (ōllón)

Greek: ωλένη (oléni)

Proto-Italic: *olenā

Latin: ulna (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ողն (ołn)
Armenian: ող (oł)

Old Armenian: ուլն (uln)
Armenian: ուլ (ul)

Old Armenian: ուղուկ (ułuk)

Old Armenian: ամոլ (amol) (possibly)
Armenian: ամոլ (amol), ամոլ (amol) — Mush, Salmas, Van, յ̵ամոլ (hªamol) — Alashkert, համօլ (hamōl) — Erzurum, ամուլ (amul) — Moks, Vozm, ա՛մբօլ (ámbōl) — Ganja, Ararat, ա՛մբուլ (ámbul) — Karabakh
→ Turkish: hamol

Old Armenian: իլ (il) (possibly)
Armenian: իլ (il)
→ Chagatai: یلنك (ileng)

Old Armenian: ալի (ali) (possibly)

Old Armenian: աղեղն (ałełn) (possibly)
Armenian: աղեղ (ałeł)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alk-, *elk-

Latvian: olekts, elkonis

Latgalian: alkiune

Lithuanian: úolektis, alkū́nė, elkū́nė

Old Prussian: arašnīs, woaltis, woltis, alkunis

Proto-Slavic: *olkъ

Proto-Slavic: *olkъtь (“elbow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *olēnā

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: olwyn (“wheel”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haratníš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āläi

Tocharian A: āle

Tocharian B: alyiye


sent-

*sént-ti *sn̥t-énti

Proto-Armenian: *hentʰ- ~ *hant-

>? Old Armenian: *ընթամ (*əntʻam)

⇒ Old Armenian: ընթաց (əntʻacʻ, “way”)

desc

⇒ Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam, “to run”) (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-sḱe-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: *անցեմ (*ancʻem)

⇒ Old Armenian: անցանեմ (ancʻanem, “to pass”) (see there for further descendants)

*sont-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *sandijaną (“to send”) (see there for further descendants)

*sént-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *sinþaz (“journey, path”)

*sént-u-s ~ *sn̥t-éw-s

Proto-Celtic: *sentus (“path, way”) (see there for further descendants)


sent-

*sént-ye-ti ~ *sént-yo-nti or *sn̥t-yé-ti ~ *sn̥t-yó-nti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *sentjō

Latin: sentiō (“to feel, to perceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*sḗnt-s-t ~ *sént-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Latin: sēnsī (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sintḗˀtei

Lithuanian: sintė́ti

Samogitian: sintietė

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *sęťь (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-neh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *sunnōną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinnaną (“to consider, contemplate”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinnaz (“sense, meaning”) (see there for further descendants)


yewg-

*yéwg-t ~ *yug-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अयोक् (áyok)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬔𐬆𐬝 (yaogət̰, 3.sg.aor.act.inj.)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

reshaped to s-aorist, with the present <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ζεύγνυμι</i> (zeúgnumi) formed with the same full-grade root

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔζευξα (ézeuxa) (reshaped to s-aorist, with the present ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi) formed with the same full-grade root)

*yu-né-g-ti ~ *yu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

*yówg-yo-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *jaukiją (“draft animal”)

Old Norse: eykr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwgyas

Sanskrit: योग्य (yógya)

*yéwg-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζεῦγμα (zeûgma)

*yówg-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)

*yéwg-os ~ *yéwg-es-os

*yug-ó-m (“yoke”)

*n̥-yúg-s (“unjoined”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄζυξ (ázux)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayúgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayúgas

Sanskrit: अयुग (ayúga)

*yug-tó-s

*yéwg-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwktram (see there for further descendants)

*yewg-tér-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: योक्तृ (yoktṛ́)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζευκτήρ (zeuktḗr)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit:

Sanskrit: युग्म (yugma)

Sanskrit: युज् (yúj)

Sanskrit: युज्य (yújya)

Sanskrit: युग्य (yugya)

Celtic: *kom-yungis < zero grade present stem *yung-

Old Irish: cuing

Irish: cuing

Manx: quing

Scottish Gaelic: cuing

Possibly an extension of *yew- (as in Sanskrit यु (yu, “to unite”)).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


wet-

*wét-s

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈬𒍝 (MU-za /witta/, “year”)

Lycian: [script needed] (uhe/i-, “year”)

*wétos (see there for further descendants)

*wetostos

Proto-Italic: *wetostos

Latin: vetustus

*ut-só-s

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒈬𒅖 (MU-iš /uššiš/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔑺𔓉𔐤 (u-si-na /usin/, acc.sg.)

*wétrus

Proto-Germanic: *weþruz (see there for further descendants)

*wet-us-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wétušas (see there for further descendants)

*wetelos

Proto-Hellenic: *wétalon

Ancient Greek: ἔταλον (étalon), ἔτελον (ételon)

Proto-Italic: *wetelos

Latin: vitulus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: vitlu

*pér-ut-i (“last year”) (with *per- (“through”))


met-

*met-eti

Proto-Celtic: *meteti

Proto-Italic: *metō

Latin: metō

*met-el-

Proto-Celtic: *metelā (“reapers (collective)”)

Proto-Brythonic: *medel

Middle Irish: methel

Irish: meitheal

*met-l̥-yom (possibly) (with secondary collective suffix *-yom)

Ancient Greek: μέταλλον (métallon, “mine, quarry”) (quarries generally require measured cutting)

*mot-i-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mateola (“wooden hammer or agricultural implement”)

Proto-Germanic: *maþilō (“plough”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *motỳka (“hoe”)

*mot-né-

Proto-Germanic: *mattukaz (“ploughshare, mattock”)

Part of the same group of roots as *meh₁- (“to measure”), *med- (“to estimate, judge”).

to cut (by measure) (with an inherent sense of by measurement or time: "to cut down" > "to mow"; "to cut into" > "plow")


*h₃yébʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃yḗbʰ-s-t ~ *h₃yébʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäp-

Tocharian A: yowäs

Tocharian B: yopsa

*h₃yémbʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti (nasal infix) (< *h₃inébʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyámbdʰi

Proto-Iranian: *Hyámbdi

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *āHyámbdi

q

or from another root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*yeb⁽ʰ⁾-</i>

Sogdian: (/āyamb-, āyanp-/, “to pervert, deceive, seduce”) (or from another root *yeb⁽ʰ⁾-)

Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼔- (ʾʾynp-)

Syriac script: ܐܝܡܦ- (ʾymp-)

*h₃yobʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyābʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hyābáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaHyābáyati

desc

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (byʾβydʾh, “to impregnate”, 3sg.impf.)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebos

Luwian: *ipaš

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾 (i-pa-la-a-ti), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒋾 (i-pa-la-ti /ipala/i-/, “left (hand)”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒅔 (i-pa-la-a-ti-i[n]), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒂗 (i-pa-la-a-ti-en /ipalāt(i)-/, “sinisterness”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒈠𒀭𒍝𒀸𒋫 (i-pa-ma-an-za-aš-(ta) /ipama/i-/, “perverted, sinister”, dat.loc.pl.)

⇒ Luwian: *iparuš, *iparwaš

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒄩𒀸 ([i]-pár-wa-aš-ḫa-aš /iparwašḫaš/)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒅆𒅖 c (i-pár-wa-aš-ši-iš /iparwaššaiš/, “western”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠 (𒀹i-pa-tar-ma /ipatarma/, “west”, nom.-acc.pl.)

⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠𒅀𒀭 n ((𒀹)i-pa-tar-ma-ya-an /ipatarmayan/, “westward”, nom.-acc.pl.)

*h₃yébʰ-wr̥ ~ *h₃ibʰ-wéns

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebʷr̥-

Hittite: [script needed] (epurae-, “to go inside”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *dzépʰuros (< *(d)yépʰur-os)

Ancient Greek: ζέφυρος (zéphuros), Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀽𐁆𐀫 (ze-pu2-ro /zephuros/, “the west wind”)

xlit

Казанскене, В. П.

Казанский, Н. Н.

>? Proto-Hellenic: *dzópʰos (< *(d)yópʰos)

Ancient Greek: ζόφος (zóphos)

*h₃éybʰ-eh₂ (metathesis)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *aibō (“family; village, district, region”)

Proto-West Germanic: *aibu

Old High German: -eiba

⇒ Old High German: Wetereiba

⇒ Old High German: Wingarteiba

Lombardic: -aib

⇒ Lombardic: Antaib

⇒ Lombardic: Burgundaib

Unsorted formations:

>? Illyrian:

→ Doric Greek: Οἴβαλος (Oíbalos, “belonging to the birth”)


plew-

*plew-d-

*plew-k-

*plew-t-

*plewt-yom, *plowt-yom

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pljáutja, *pláutja

Latvian: plàuši (“lungs”, nom.pl.), plàuši

Lithuanian: plaũtis, plaũčiai (“lung”)

Proto-Slavic: *pľūťè, *plūťè (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

*pléw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

1sg.pres. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*plùti</i> (“to swim, sail”)

Proto-Slavic: *plovǫ (1sg.pres. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))

Old Church Slavonic: пловѫ (plovǫ)

Proto-Hellenic: *pléwō

Ancient Greek: πλέω (pléō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plowō

Latin: pluit (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pläu-

Tocharian A: plu-

Tocharian B: plu-

*plow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: luithir, fo·luathar

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plāwáyati

Sanskrit: प्लावयति (plāváyati)

Proto-Iranian: *frāwáyati

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌

q

+ <i class="Avst mention" lang="ae">𐬟𐬭𐬀-</i> (fra-)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌 (frafrāuuaiiāhi, 2sg.subj.) (+ 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-))

Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-) ⇒ *plàvati (see there for further descendants)

*plḗw-s-t ~ *pléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

3sg.aor. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*plùti</i> (“to swim, sail”)

Proto-Slavic: *plu (3sg.aor. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))

Old Church Slavonic: плоу (plu)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔπλευσα (épleusa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अप्लोष्ट (aploṣṭa, 3sg.aor.ind.med.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: plyuwai (“to float”)

*pléw-mō (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

*plow-mos

Proto-Germanic: *flaumaz (“stream”) (see there for further descendants)

*plow-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *plowos

Ancient Greek: πλόος (plóos)

Attic Greek: πλοῦς (ploûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plawás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plawás

Sanskrit: प्लव (plavá)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: plewe

*plow-tó-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plàuts (“shelf, sideboard of a bee-hive”)

Lithuanian: plaũtas (“sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)”)

Proto-Slavic: *plūtò (“flotsam”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: fleyðr (“cross-beam”) (Old Icelandic)

Icelandic: fleyður

*plow-tós

Ancient Greek: πλοῦτος (ploûtos) (?)

*plów-yos (“ship”)

Proto-Germanic: *flawją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plóyyom

Ancient Greek: πλοῖον (ploîon)

Proto-Italic: *plowjos

Latin: pluvius

*plu-tó-s

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas, *plúta n
East Baltic:
Latvian: pluts
Proto-Slavic: *plъ̀tъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei

Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plutós

Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás

Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlowī
Proto-Brythonic: *llüw
⇒ Breton: levier m (“pilot”)
Old Cornish: leu
Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
Old Welsh: liu
Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)
Welsh: llyw
Old Irish: luí

Innovative formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam)

Armenian: լվանալ (lvanal)

Proto-Hellenic: *pluňňō (< *plu-n-yéti)

Ancient Greek: πλῡ́νω (plū́nō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्लु (plu)


pnew-

*pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō

desc

Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — poetic

*pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną

Middle High German: pfnurren

Icelandic: hnerra

>? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)

*pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe

Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)

*pnéw-mn̥

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

>? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa

Albanian: *pnyj

Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnauš

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्षवः (kṣavaḥ, “sneezing”)

Proto-Iranian: *xšnauš

Mazanderani: اشنافه (ëšnâfe, “sneeze”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: hênijîn (“to sneeze”)

Middle Persian: (/šnōšag/, “sneeze”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnwšk')


plewd-

*plewd- (root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: plyudi (“flood”)

Latvian: plūdi (“flood”)

Celtic:

Old Irish: luaidid

Proto-Germanic: *fleutaną (“to float, to stream”)

*plud-sḱé- (sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plū́sti

*plewd-o-

Proto-Germanic: *fleutaz (“fast-running”)

Middle Dutch: vliet

Old Norse: fljótr

Icelandic: fljótur

Proto-Germanic: *fleutą (“stream”)

Old English: flēot

English: fleet

Middle Dutch: vliet

*plud-om

Proto-Germanic: *flutą

Old English: flot

Dutch: vlot (“raft”)

Old Norse: flot

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *flutōną

Italic:

Latin: plaustrum


plewk-

*pléwk-e-ti (full-grade thematic present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *fleuhaną (“to flee”) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz (“flea”) (possibly readjusted by folk etymology from *flauzaz, from PIE *plúsis (“flee”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fleuganą (“to fly”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fleugǭ (“fly”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flugǭ (“fly, flying insect”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flugilaz (see there for further descendants)

q

< earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*fluglaz</i>

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fuglaz (“fowl”) (< earlier *fluglaz) (see there for further descendants)

*plowk-éye-ti (éye-causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *flaugijaną (“to fly up”) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-neh₂-ti ~ *pluk-n̥h₂-énti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *flukkōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flukkaz (“flock”) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-yé-ti (zero-grade yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plúkti (“to strike, to splash”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *plyčьkati (“to splash, to crawl in water”) (expressive, extended with *-kati)

>? Proto-Germanic: *plugijaną (“to plug”) (with unexpected "unshifted" *p)

Proto-Italic: *plow(k)smā

Latin: plūma (see there for further descendants)

*plówk-o-s

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plaûki (“flakes, fibers”)

Lithuanian: pláukas (“hair”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plúnksnāˀ

Latvian: plūksnas, plūksnes

Lithuanian: plùnksna, plū́ksna

Old Prussian: planxdine

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pľuščiti (“to flap, to press”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plaũkti (“to swim”)

Extended form of *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”).


neḱ-

*néḱ-t ~ *n̥ḱ-ént (aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂neḱ-</i> (“to reach”) instead

Sanskrit: नशन्ति (náśanti, 3pl.aor.subj.) (possibly from *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”) instead)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: अनशत् (ánaśat, thematicised aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *näk-

Tocharian A: näk-

Tocharian B: näk-

*néḱ-s-t ~ *n̥ḱ-s-ént (innovative s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ñakäs (3sg.pret.)

Tocharian B: nekasta (2sg.pret.)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*n̥ḱ-yé-ti</i>, with later restitution of full grade root

*néḱ-ye-ti (ye-present) (or *n̥ḱ-yé-ti, with later restitution of full grade root)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćyati (see there for further descendants)

*néḱ-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nkäs

Tocharian B: nakṣtär

⇒ Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -nakṣi

*ne-nóḱ-e ~ *ne-nḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nanā́ća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nanā́śa

Sanskrit: ननाश (nanā́śa)

Proto-Iranian: *nanā́ca

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬇𐬥𐬁𐬯𐬁 (vīnə̄nāsā)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: neku (1sg.subj.)

*noḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāśáyati

Sanskrit: नाशयति (nāśáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *nācáyati

desc

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎰𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (vi-i-n-a-θ-y-t-i-y /vi-nāθayatiy/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Italic: *nokeō

Latin: noceō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: [Term?] (s(e/o)-present)

Latin: noxit

⇒ Proto-Italic: *noksā

Latin: noxa

*nóḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nā́ćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nā́śas

Sanskrit: नाश (nāśa) (see there for further descendants)

*neḱ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naṣṭás

Sanskrit: नष्ट (naṣṭá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *naštáh

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (našta)

*néḱ-s (“death”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćš

Proto-Iranian: *náš

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯 (nas)

Proto-Italic: *neks

Latin: nex, necō (see there for further descendants)

*neḱ-rós

Proto-Hellenic: *nekrós

desctree

Ancient Greek: νεκρός (nekrós)
Greek: νεκρός (nekrós)

*néḱ-tu-s ~ *n̥ḱ-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *anxtu (see there for further descendants)

*néḱ-us ~ *n̥ḱ-éw-s

*néḱ-tr̥h₂ (with root *terh₂-; though Beekes is unsure)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar) (see there for further descendants)

*n̥ḱw-ó-

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅkwe

Tocharian A: oṅk

Tocharian B: eṅkwe


kerp-

*kerp- (root verb), *kérp-t (athematic root aorist)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

>? Hittite: 𒋼𒀀𒀊𒍣 (kar-ap-zi /kr̩pt͡s(ː)i/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kerp-, *kirp-

Latvian: cìrpt (“to shave”)

Lithuanian: kir̃pti (“to cut, chop; to clip, shear”)

Proto-Slavic: *čerpti (“to scoop, draw”), *čerpati, *čьrpati (see there for further descendants)

*kérp-e-ti (thematic root present)

ref

With a likely from the zero-grade <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kr̥p-</i> preceding a consonant.<ref name=EDL/>

Proto-Italic: *karpō

Latin: carpō (“to pluck”) (see there for further descendants)

*kr̥p-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒋼𒀀𒁉𒄿𒄑𒍣 (kar-pí-i-ez-zi), 𒋼𒀀𒀊𒁉𒄑𒍣 (kar-ap-pí-ez-zi /kr̩pjɛt͡sːi/, “picks up, lifts up, takes”)

*kerp-o-s, perhaps an original root noun *kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kerpas

>? Proto-Slavic: *čerpъ (see there for further descendants)

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kr̥pós</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *kərpós (“*what is plucked > fruit”) (from *kr̥pós)

ref

Expected <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*κραπός</i> (*krapós).<ref name=EDG/><ref name=EDL/>

>? Ancient Greek: καρπός (karpós) (see there for further descendants)

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀡 (ka-po)

desc

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kərpós (“*that which plucks?”)

>? Ancient Greek: καρπός (karpós, “wrist”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *karpudā

Albanian: kërpudhë (“mushroom”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: šķērpêt (“to cut grass”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: почрѣти (počrěti, “to shape?”)

Proto-Germanic: *harbistaz (“harvest, autumn”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कृपाणी (kṛpāṇī, “dagger”), कृपाण (kṛpāṇa, “sword”)

Apparently ultimately derived from *(s)ker- (“to cut”) via a p-extension of unknown origin and function.

(originally?) to pick up, lift; to take and carry away


*térh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒊏𒀜𒋫 (tar-ra-at-ta /tarratta/, 3sg.pres.med.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHati (see there for further descendants)

*térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*térh₂-u-ti ~ *tr̥h₂-w-enti (u-present)

*tḗrh₂-s-t ~ *térh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat

Sanskrit: अतारीत् (átārīt, 3sg.act.), तारिषत् (tāriṣat, 3sg.subj.act.)

*tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुरयन्ते (turayante, 3pl.ind.med.)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian: *tarayati

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /viyatarayam/, 1sg.caus.impf.act.)

*tr̥h₂-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *taryeti

Proto-Brythonic: *tarðad (“to explode”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: तूर्य (tūrya, “to conquer”, 2sg.impv.)

>? Proto-Italic: *trō

Latin: *trō

⇒ Latin: intrō (“to enter, go into, penetrate”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tr-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒈾𒄿 (tar-na-i /tarnai/)

*tetórh₂-e ~ *te-tr̥h₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ततार (tatā́ra, 3sg.), तितिरुर् (titirúr, 3pl.)

*tí-tr̥h₂-s-eti (se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तूतूर्षति (tū́tūrṣati), तितीर्षति (titīrṣati)

>? *néḱ-t(e)rh₂-s ~ *neḱ-tr̥h₂-és (+ *neḱ- (“to perish”))

Proto-Hellenic: *néktər

Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHiH

Sanskrit: तरी (tarī, “boat”)

*térh₂-mn̥ ~ *tr̥h₂-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *térəmə

Ancient Greek: *τέραμα (*térama)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀτέραμνος (atéramnos, “hard, stubborn, merciless”)

*térh₂-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₂-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *trātu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHtuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHtuṣ

Sanskrit: *तरीतु (*tárītu)

⇒ Sanskrit: दुष्तरीतु (duṣtárītu, “difficult to be passed or overcome”) (+ दुस्- (dus-, “difficult”))

*tr̥h₂-kʷe or *tr̥h₂-h₃kʷ-

Proto-Germanic: *þurhw (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: तीर्ण (tīrṇá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Htʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Htʰám

Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Sanskrit: तार (tāra)

>? Proto-Albanian: *tra

Proto-Albanian: *tratja (+ *-atja)

q

or borrowed from Romanian <i class="Latn mention" lang="ro">tras</i>

Albanian: tras (“to pull”) (or borrowed from Romanian tras)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तॄ (tṝ)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Mate Kapović


Proto-Albanian: *kla(u)tja

Albanian: qos

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kliūdýti

>? Proto-Germanic: *sleutaną (< *(s)klewh₂-de-ti) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *klaudō
Latin: claudō, clūdō (see there for further descendants)
Paelignian: clusu (participle perfect)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *klaudtrom

Latin: claustrum (see there for further descendants)

*kléh₂u-ti ~ *kluh₂-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kļũt

Lithuanian: kliū́ti, kliáuti

Proto-Slavic: *kľuti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kľùka (+ *-ka) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kľučь (+ *-čь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klāyyō

Ancient Greek: κληΐω (klēḯō)

*kléh₂w-ih₂ ~ *kl̥h₂u-yéh₂s

Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́ds

Ancient Greek: κληΐς (klēḯs)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́ks

Doric: κλᾴξ (klā́ix)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwitʰron

Ancient Greek: κλήϊθρον (klḗïthron)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀨𐀹𐀡𐀫 (ka-ra-wi-po-ro /klāwi-pʰoros/)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *klāwis (“bar, bolt”)
Latin: clāvis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klāwos (possibly borrowed from Latin instead) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klāwos

Latin: clāvus (“nail, peg”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klōyyos

Ancient Greek: κλῳός (klōiós)


(s)kel-

*skél-ko-s

Proto-Germanic: *skelhaz

*skél-os ~ *skél-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *skélos

desc

⇒ τρισκελίς (triskelís)

Ancient Greek: σκέλος (skélos), ⇒ τρισκελίς (triskelís)

Proto-Italic: *skelos

Latin: scelus (see there for further descendants)

*skél-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

→⇒ Old Armenian: շար-աւանդ (šar-awand)

Mazanderani: اشکل (eškel, “thigh, thighbone”)

Persian: شل (šal, “thigh”)

⇒ *skelo-wer-o-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *šarawāra-

Persian: شلوار (šalvâr) (see there for further descendants)

→ Arabic: سِرْوَال (sirwāl), سِرْبَال (sirbāl), شِرْوَال (širwāl) (dialectal), شَرْوَال (šarwāl) (modern), سِرْوَل (sirwal), سِرْوِيل (sirwīl) (see there for further descendants)

→ Biblical Aramaic: סַרְבָּלָא

→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: סַרְבָּלָא (sarbālā, “trousers; a type of outer garment”)

→ Ancient Greek: σαράβαρα (sarábara), σαράβαλλα (saráballa, “Scythian loose trousers”)

→ Latin: sarabala, sarabāra (“(Scythian) wide trousers”)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡀࡓࡅࡀࡋࡀ (šaruala, “trousers”)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܪܒܠܐ (šarbālā, “trousers”), ܫܪܘܠܐ du (šarwālē, “leggings”)

*skol-ó-s

Proto-Albanian: *štšala

Albanian: çalë

*kōl-o-m

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κῶλον (kôlon) (see there for further descendants)

*kól-ō

Proto-Hellenic: *kólō

Ancient Greek: κόλων (kólōn)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *kall-

Albanian: shkal (“to tread, spur”)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: խուլ (xul, “deaf”)

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: atsikalti

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυλίνδω (kulíndō), κύλινδρος (kúlindros)

Ancient Greek: κυλλός (kullós, “deformed, crippled, crooked”) (possibly)

Ancient Greek: κῶλον (kôlon)

Ancient Greek: σκολιός (skoliós)

Ancient Greek: σκολίωσις (skolíōsis)

Ancient Greek: σκολίωμα (skolíōma)

Ancient Greek: σκώληξ (skṓlēx)

Italic: *skalik-

Latin: calix

Umbrian: skalçeta

(bent or curved body parts) leg, heel, knee, hip


*skelh₁-ye- (ye-present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκέλλω (skéllō)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκελετός (skeletós)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκληρός (sklērós)

Proto-Germanic: *skalaz

English: shoal, shallow

German: schal

Unsorted formations:

German: hellig

>? Latvian: kalst


Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ) (possibly)

Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ)

Old Armenian: արդն (ardn) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ратище (ratište), ратовище (ratovište)

Proto-Germanic: *rōdō, *rōdǭ


q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrádati (disappearance of laryngeal per Lubotsky's law?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrádati

Sanskrit: रदति (rádati)

Proto-Italic: *rōdō

Latin: rōdō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rōstrum (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ardu-, “to saw”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *rattaz, *rattō (see there for further descendants)

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāδaⁱti, “to prepare (the way)”) (long vowel from a nominal form?)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*lendʰ-</i> (“to lower, go down”)

>? Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lndyt /randīd/, “to scratch, grate, abrade”, 3sg.) (or from *lendʰ- (“to lower, go down”))


*ter-kʷ-

*tr-ey-

*tr-i-to-

Proto-Italic: *tritos

Latin: trītus (for expected tritus perhaps after trīvī)

*tr-ey-ḱo-

Proto-Italic: *trīkos

Latin: trīcae

*tr-ey-dʰlom

Proto-Italic: *treiðlom

Latin: trībulum, trībulō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: triō

⇒ Latin: septentriō (see there for further descendants)

*ter-g-

Proto-Italic: *tergēō

Latin: tergō, tergeō

*tr-ey-gʷ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῑ́βω (trī́bō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρίβος (tríbos)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τριβή (tribḗ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρώγω (trṓgō), τράγω (trágō), τράγος (trágos)

*tr-ew(H)-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: trūnė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *tryti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru), τρύω (trúō), ἄτρυτος (átrutos), τρῦμα (trûma), τρύ̄μη (trú̄mē), τρῡτάνη (trūtánē), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō), τρώω (trṓō), τρῶσις (trôsis), τρῶμα (trôma)/τραῦμα (traûma)

*tr-ew-gʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρύχω (trúkhō)

*tr-ewH?-p-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῡπάω (trūpáō), τρύ̄πανον (trú̄panon), τρύ̄πη (trú̄pē)

*terh₁- (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *térˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *terti (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: terō (see there for further descendants)

*tér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *téřřō

Ancient Greek: τείρω (teírō)

*tor-ó-

Proto-Hellenic: *torós

Ancient Greek: τορός (torós)

*tór-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *tóros

Ancient Greek: τόρος (tóros), τορεύς (toreús)

*tór-mo-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þarmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tórmos

Ancient Greek: τόρμος (tórmos)

*tór-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tórnos

Ancient Greek: τόρνος (tórnos)

Proto-Celtic: *trātos

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Breton: treut (“thin”)

Breton: treut

Middle Welsh: trawd (“weak”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trētós

Ancient Greek: τρητός (trētós)

Proto-Celtic: *taratrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *téretron

Ancient Greek: τέρετρον (téretron)

Proto-Italic: *tereðrom

Latin: terebrum, terebra

Proto-Italic: *terets

Latin: teres

From *treh₁-

*treh₁- (metathesized root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þreskaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗmə

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρῆμα (trêma)
→ English: trema, -treme
→ French: tréma
Greek: τρήμα (tríma)
→ Translingual: Trema

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗtis

Ancient Greek: τρῆσις (trêsis)

*tréh₁-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₁-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *þrēduz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արածեմ (aracem), արաւտ (arawt) (possibly)

Old Armenian: թուր (tʻur)

Old Armenian: թրթուր (tʻrtʻur)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τετραίνω (tetraínō)

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tarH- (“to rub, wipe (?)”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (prtr- /pr-tr-/, “to dry up, wipe off”), ܕܣܦܪܛܪ (ds-pr-tr, “handtowel”)

Italic:

desctree

Latin: trūcta
Italo-Dalmatian:
Italian: trota
Sicilian: trota, trotta
Venetan: truta
Rhaeto-Romance:
Friulian: trute
Romansch: truta
Gallo-Romance:
Catalan: truita
Franc-Comtois: trète
French: truite
Occitan: troita, trocha
Ibero-Romance:
Asturian: trucha
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: troita
Portuguese: truta
Spanish: trucha
Borrowings:
→ Albanian: troftë
→ English: trout
Tok Pisin: traut


gʷelH-

*gʷelH-éti (root present)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: կեղ (keł, “wound, sore, ulcer”), կեղեմ (kełem, “to torment, torture, afflict”), (possibly) կեղերջ (kełerǰ, “complaint, grievance, pain”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHti

Proto-Iranian: *gráHti

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ni-γrāⁱre, “to throw down”)

Pashto: غوزارول (γwəzārawə́l, “throw, cause to fall, knock over”)

Persian: گرزین (gerzin, “arrow”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dzel̂t (“to sting”)

Lithuanian: gélti (“to hurt severely”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwelaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *gʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *balnīti (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷelHtlom or *gʷelHdʰlom

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *žędlo (< *geldlo) (Vasmer) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷélH-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέλος (bélos, “missile”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βελόνη (belónē)

*gʷélH-m̥n-o-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέλεμνον (bélemnon)

*gʷélH-tus

Proto-Celtic:

Gaulish: belatu- (“death”)

Gaulish: Belatucadros (Theonym meaning "beautiful death")

Proto-Italic: *gʷelājō or Proto-Italic: *gʷelāō

Latin: volō (“to fly”) (possibly)

*gʷl̥H-id-yé-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βαλλίζω (ballízō)

*gʷl̥H-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλῆμα (blêma)

*gʷl̥H-tós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλητός (blētós)

*gʷl̥H-trom

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλῆτρον (blêtron)

*gʷolH-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kwaljaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βολέω (boléō)

*gʷolH-mos

Proto-West Germanic: *kwalm (see there for further descendants)

*gʷόlH-os

possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galas

Latvian: gals (“tip, end; death”)

Lithuanian: gãlas (“tip, end; death”)

Old Prussian: gallan (acc.), golis (“death”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βόλος (bólos)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gėlà (“acute pain”)

Slavic:

Old East Slavic: жель (želĭ)

→ Latvian: žēl

→ Russian: жаль (žalʹ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βάλλω (bállō), βολή (bolḗ), βολίς (bolís)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: उद्गूर्ण (udgūrṇa)

to throw, reach, pierce; to hit by throwing


gʷelH-

Fortunatov's law
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*gʷélH-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gálati

Classical Sanskrit: गलति (gálati, “to drip”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷl̥H-yé-ti (present)

Hittite: [Term?] (/ku(wa)liya-/, “to flow (calmly), to be calm”)

*gʷl̥H-tós (past participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥Htás

Classical Sanskrit: गलित (galita, “oozed, melted”)

Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀝 (*giṭa, “dripped”) (via Fortunatov's law) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟 (*giḍa) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (*giḍḍaï, “dripps, falls”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗਿੱਡਣਾ (giḍḍaṇā), ਗਿਡਣਾ (giḍṇā), ਡਿਗਣਾ (ḍigṇā)

Shahmukhi script: گِڈَّݨَا (giḍḍaṇā), گِڈݨَا (giḍṇā), ڈِگَّݨَا (ḍiggaṇā)

→ Hindustani: डिगना / ڈگنا (ḍignā, “to collapse”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic: *kwellan (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: गरण (garaṇa, “dripping”)

Sanskrit: *गिरति (girati, “falls”) (perhaps from older Proto-Indo-Aryan *gl̥(H)yáti ~ *gr̥(H)yáti < Proto-Indo-European *gʷl̥H-yé-ti)

Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀭𑀇 (*giraï)

Hindustani: गिरना / گرنا (girnā)

Nepali: गिर्नु (girnu)

Odia: ଗିରିବା (giribā)

Old Gujarati: गिरइ (giraï)

Marwari: 𑅗𑅑𑅭𑅑 (giri) / गिरइ (girai)

Gujarati: ગરવું (garvũ)

Punjabi: ਗਿਰਨਾ / گرنا (girnā)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥(H)-d-lá (“oozing”)

>? Prakrit: *𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*grilla, “wet, damp”), 𑀕𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (gilla) (if not borrowed from substrate)

Hindustani: गीला / گِیلَا (gīlā, “wet”)

Kalasha: gríỊa (“wet”)

Nepali: गीलो (gīlo)

Punjabi: ਗਿੱਲਾ / گِلَّا (gillā)

*gʷl̥H-eH- (“to drip > to collapse, be weary”, root extension?)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: ग्लै (glai, “is weary”), ग्लाति (glāti)

Tocharian B: klāy- (“to collapse”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gul̃ti (“to lie down”)

Latvian: gul̃t


Proto-Italic: *soliðos

Latin: solidus (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *solh₂o-h₃kʷs (“appearing whole”)

Proto-Italic: *solōks

Latin: solox (“of raw, unwrought wool”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwos

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὅλος (hólos), οὖλος (oûlos) — Ionic, Homeric
Greek: όλος (ólos)
→ English: holo-

Proto-Albanian: *salwa

Albanian: gjallë (“alive, unhurt, raw”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *salawos

Faliscan: salve

Latin: salvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarwátaHts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sarwátaHts

Sanskrit: सर्वताति (sarvátāti)

Proto-Iranian: *harwátaHth

desc

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬝 (haᵘruuatāt̰, “wholeness”)

→ English: Haurvatat

→ Old Persian: *𐏃𐎢𐎽𐎺𐎫𐎠𐎫 (*h-u-ru-v-t-a-t /haurvatāt/)

Middle Persian: (/hōrdād ~ harwadād/, “Hōrdād, Perfection, the fifth Amahraspand, guardian of water; cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭥𐭥𐭣𐭲 (hwrdt)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwrdt')

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫅 (hrwdʾd)

→ Parthian: (/hōrdāt ~ xōrdāδ/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭄𐭅𐭓𐭃𐭕 (hwrdt)

→ Sogdian: (/artāt/, “cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐽀𐽂𐼰𐽂 (ʾrtʾt)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫤 (ʾrtʾt)

Arabic script: اردد (/*ardad/) (mentioned in Albiruni's works)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: herwe (“free, gratuitous”)

Central Kurdish: هەروەیی (herweyî, “free, free of charge, gratis”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwótāts

Ancient Greek: ὁλότης (holótēs)

Proto-Italic: *solnos

Latin: sollus, sollemnis

Proto-Celtic: *slānos

desctree

Old Irish: slán
Irish: slán
Manx: slane
Scottish Gaelic: slàn

Proto-Italic: *salūts (< *solūts)

Latin: salūs

(possibly) *solh₂-u-yo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)
Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)


*h₂él-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₂ol-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *oleō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (uřetu)

⇒ Latin: adoleō

Proto-Italic: *almentom

Latin: alimentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *almos

Latin: almus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂él-ti-s ~ *h₂l̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *aldiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *altos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aldaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *altos

Latin: altus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-dʰr-o-m or *h₂el-tr-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *aldrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alwos (perhaps)

Latin: alvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (ind)olēs, (pr)ōlēs

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλθαίνω (althaínō)


*h₂él-yo-s (“other”)

desc

Proto-Italic: *aliteros (“other (of two)”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-no- ~ *h₂elnós

Proto-Celtic: *alnos (“other”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *allaz (“all”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alnos

Oscan: allo (“whole”) (nom. sg. f.)

Proto-Tocharian: *ālle-kä (“other”)

Tocharian A: ālak

Tocharian B: allek

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háranas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háranas

Sanskrit: अरण (áraṇa, “foreign, distant”)

Proto-Italic: *olteros

Latin: ulter (“beyond”, adjective), ultrā (adverb)

q

⇒ Old Latin: uls (“beyond”) (formed on the example of cis vs. citrā)

*h₂ol-no-s ~ *h₂l̥-no-s

Proto-Albanian: *alnā

Albanian: lloj

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *olni (“last year”)

Italic: *olnos

Latin: ollus, olle, ōlim, ille

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ, “alive, whole”)
Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aliai (“every”)

Proto-Celtic: *olyos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“otherwise”)

Tocharian B: āläm

Tocharian B: ālo


(s)peyk-

Proto-Italic: *peikā

Latin: pīca

Umbrian: peica

*peyk-omnos

Proto-Italic: *Peikomnos

Latin: Pīcumnus

*pik-ós

Proto-Italic: *pikos

q

with long -ī- from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">pīca</i>

Latin: pīcus (with long -ī- from pīca)

Umbrian: peico, peiqu (abl.sg.)

*spik-tós

Proto-Germanic: *spihtaz, *spehtaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: picle

(perhaps) Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिक (piká)


peys-

*pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pinsō

Latin: pinsō

*pis-é-ti (zero-grade present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pištei

Latgalian: pist

Latvian: pist

Lithuanian: pi̇̀sti

Proto-Slavic: *pьxati (see there for further descendants)

*peys-Hō ~ *pis-Hne-s

Proto-Italic: *peisō

Latin: pīsō

*pis-e-no-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pišena

Proto-Slavic: *pьšenò (see there for further descendants)

*pis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

desc

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “crushed, ground”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištás

Middle Persian: pst' (“brown flour”) (possibly)

Proto-Italic: *pistos

Latin: pistus

*pis-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištram

Proto-Iranian: *pištram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 n (pištra, “bruise, injury”)

Proto-Italic: *pistlom, *pistlā

Latin: pīlum, pīla, Pīlumnus, pistillum

*póys-o-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiša

Lithuanian: paišai̇̃, pai̇̃šos, piẽšos, puišai̇̃, pui̇̃šos, pišai; (perhaps) piešà; (perhaps) piẽšas, pi̇́ešas

*poys-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páista

Latvian: pìesta, piests

Lithuanian: piestà, piẽstas

Proto-Slavic: *pěstъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πτίσσω (ptíssō) (the appearance of πτ- is unexplained)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिष् (piṣ)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


peyǵ-

*piǵ-éh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *pigēō

Latin: pigeō (“to be annoyed, to be reluctant, to irk”)

*piǵ-rós

Proto-Italic: *pigros

Latin: piger (“slow, lazy, inactive”)

*pig-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: pigùs (“cheap”)

*piǵ-wós

Proto-Italic: *pigwos

Latin: piguus (“lazy”)

*poyǵ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *faikną (see there for further descendants)


gleyH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*gléyH-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀtei

Lithuanian: gliejù, gliẽti (“to smear, putty”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHiti

Proto-Iranian: *gráHitī

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γrcy-, “to roll; to smear with clay”)

*gli-né-H-ti ~ *gli-n-H-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *glinati (“to glue”)

Proto-Germanic: *klinaną (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀnāˀ (“clay”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléyH-n̥ ~ *gliH-én-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλῑ́νη (glī́nē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀwāˀ (“slime, fungus”)

Latvian: glīve

Lithuanian: gleīvės

Proto-Slavic: *glìva (“fungus”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *liiva (“slime”)

Proto-Germanic: *klīwō

Old High German: klīwa, klīa, klīga

Middle High German: klīwe, klīe

German: Kleie (“bran”)

*gléyH-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHyas

Proto-Iranian: *gráHyah

Shughni: [script needed] (jiray, “pottery clay”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (γuroi, “clay, earth, mud”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλία (glía, “glue”)

*gl̥Hy-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glьjь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*gl̥Hi-t-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *glittos

Latin: glittus (“sticky, cohesive”)

*gl̥Hi-t-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glitus

Latvian: glits, glîts (“slippery”)

Lithuanian: glitùs (“sticky”), (dialectal) glytùs

*gliH-yó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHyás

Proto-Iranian: *griHyáh

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γг’h, “clay, dirt”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (grīha-)

Sogdian: [script needed] (γг’у, “mud, clay, pottery”)

*gloyH-d-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *gloidos (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *klaimaz (“clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *klaimijaną (“to smear with clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *glěnь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-t-n̥ ~ *gl̥iH-t-én-s (“slime, glue”)

Proto-Italic: *gloiten (“clay, mortar”)

Latin: glūten (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-to-m

Proto-Germanic: *klaiþą (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-wó-s (“sticky; sticky substance”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀwa

Proto-Slavic: *glěvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: γλοιός (gloiós) (< earlier *γλοιϝός (*gloiwós) or *γλοιι̯ός (*gloii̯ós) (for which see below))

*gloyH-y-ó-s

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gloh₁i-wó-s</i> above

Proto-Germanic: *klajjaz (“clay”) (or from *gloh₁i-wó-s above) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *klaij (“clay”)

Unsorted formations:

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gley-t-y-</i>

Proto-Albanian: *gleitja (< *gley-t-y-)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-gleitja

Albanian: ngjis (“to stick to, glue”)

Proto-Albanian: *glitja

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-glitja

Albanian: ngjit

Proto-Anatolian:

Lydian: 𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠 (kλida, “earth”) (probably)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: կաղջին (kaġǰin)


glew-

*glew-t-

⇒ *gléwt-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *glouts

Latin: glūs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Slovene: glûta (“lump, swelling”)

⇒ *glowt-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gloutós

desc

>? Ancient Greek: γλουτός (gloutós, “rump”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléw-ō

Proto-Germanic: *klewô (“clod, lump, mass”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ग्लौ (gláu-, “swelling, tumor”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gluo

An extension of *gel- (“to ball up, clump”); compare *gley-.


gleybʰ-

*gléybʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *klībaną

*gleybʰ-ye-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gliêbtiês (“to cling”)

Proto-Germanic: *klibāną

*gleybʰ-os

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glibъ


*h₁r̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃t

Lithuanian: i̇̀rti

Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀁 (e-re-e /ereʰen/)

*h₁roh₁-(ye-)-ti (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *rāyeti

Old Irish: ráïd

Proto-Germanic: *rōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rāmyos

Proto-Brythonic: *rrọβ̃

Middle Breton: reuf

Cornish: rêv

Welsh: rhaw

desctree

Old Irish: rámae
Middle Irish: ráma
Irish: rámh, rámha
Manx: raue
Scottish Gaelic: ràmh

Proto-Italic: *rē(z)mos

Latin: rēmus (“oar”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρέτης (erétēs), ἐρετμός (eretmós), ἐρετμόν (eretmón), ἐρέσσω (eréssō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀲 (e-re-ta /eretās/)

*h₁réh₁-ti-s ~ *h₁r̥h₁-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἰρεσῐ́α (eiresĭ́a)

Ionic Greek: εἰρεσῐ́η (eiresĭ́ē)

Proto-Italic: *ratis

Latin: ratis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃kls, ir̃klis

Lithuanian: i̇̀rklas

*h₁érh₁-tro-m or *h₁érh₁-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HárHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HárHtram

Sanskrit: अरित्र (arítra, áritra)

Proto-Germanic: *rōþrą (“rudder”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀdas

Latvian: rēds

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀdukas

Proto-Slavic: *rědъkъ (“sparse, rare”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀdnas

Lithuanian: rę̃ns, rę̄ns, rę̄ds (“leaking”)

Proto-Hellenic: *erḗmos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐρῆμος (erêmos, “lonely, uninhabited, deserted”), (later) ἔρημος (érēmos) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀗 (e-re-mo /erēmos/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rēˀtas (“sparse, spacious, rare, solitary”)

Lithuanian: rẽtas

Latvian: rȩts

Proto-Italic: *rāros

Latin: rārus (“loose, sparse, rare”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁réh₁-trih₂ (with *-trih₂)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHtriH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rōō (“quiet”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rest”)

Proto-Germanic: *rōwaz

Old Norse: rór

Proto-Germanic: *razną (“house”)

Proto-Celtic: *aramos

Middle Welsh: araf (“quiet, leisurely”)

Unsorted formations:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (rāman, “peace, tranquility”)

Old Irish: árus (“habitation”)

Irish: áras

>? Latin: rēte


*(h₁)wéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vójęs

Latvian: vâjêt

Proto-Hellenic: *ewajō (possibly)

Ancient Greek: ἐάω (eáō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHyati (see there for further descendants)

*(h₁)u-né-h₂-ti ~ *(h₁)u-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒌦𒄩𒀭𒍣 (u-un-ḫa-an-zi, “to empty”, 3pl.pres.) (with generalised weak stem)

*(h₁)wḗh₂-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Epic Greek: ἔᾱσα (éāsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáwaHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáwaHst

Sanskrit: अवासीत् (ávāsīt)

*(h₁)weh₂-nos or *(h₁)uh₂-nos

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HuHnás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wānos (or *wā̆snos < *(h₁)weh₂-snos)

Latin: vānus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wasnos (“weak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wāstos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōstaz, *wōstuz

Proto-West Germanic: *wōstī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wāstos

Latin: vāstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wakos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ունայն (unayn)
Armenian: ունայն (unayn)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Ancient Greek: εὖνις (eûnis, “bereft”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *wānti

Proto-Albanian: *wānā

Albanian: vonë

Proto-Germanic: *wanatōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wanōną (see there for further descendants)


*swéh₂d-t ~ *suh₂d-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὔαδε (eúade), ἅδε (háde)

*swéh₂d-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́domai

Ancient Greek: ἥδομαι (hḗdomai)

Boeotian Greek: ϝᾱ̔́δομαι (whā́domai)

Doric Greek: ᾱ̔́δομαι (hā́domai)

Aeolic Greek: ᾱ̓́δομαι (ā́domai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdatay

Sanskrit: स्वादते (svā́date) (once), स्वदते (svádate) (more often)

*swe-swóh₂d-e ~ *swe-suh₂d-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑᾱδότᾰ (heādótă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sušúHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suṣúHda

Sanskrit: सुषूदिम (suṣū́dima)

*suh₂-né-d-ti ~ *suh₂-n̥-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁνδᾰ́νω (handắnō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHádanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHádanti

Sanskrit: स्वदन्ति (svádanti), सुवदन्ति (suvádanti)

*suh₂d-éye-ti (zero-grade causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHdáyati

Sanskrit: सूदयति (sūdáyati)

Proto-Italic: *swādejeo

⇒ Latin: suādeō

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sū́dyti

*swéh₂d-mn̥ ~ *suh₂d-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdma

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svā́dman)

Sanskrit: स्वादिमन् (svādiman)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Frisian: swētma

Old Swedish: søtme

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHdmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHdmā́

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svādmán)

Proto-Iranian: *hwaHdmā́

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬀 (hudəma)

*swéh₂d-os ~ *swéh₂d-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́dos

Ancient Greek: ἦδος (êdos)

Doric Greek: ἇδος (hâdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdas

Sanskrit: स्वाद (svāda)

Sanskrit: प्रस्वादस् (prásvādas)

Proto-Germanic: *swōtistaz

Old High German: swozisto

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́distos

Ancient Greek: ἥδῐστος (hḗdĭstos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdištʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *swāre

Tocharian A: swār

Tocharian B: swāre

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHtˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHttás

Sanskrit: स्वात्त (svāttá)

Proto-Iranian: *xwaHctáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xᵛāsta)

Proto-Italic: *swāssos

Latin: suāsus

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *sūadja

Albanian: shije

Sanskrit: स्वादन (svā́dana)


spey-

Proto-Italic: *speinā

Proto-Italic: *speikā

Latin: spīca

*spey-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *spīrǭ, *spīrō, *spīraz, *spīriz
Proto-West Germanic: *spīrā; *spīri f; *spīru f; *spīr m or n
Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīr, *spīri, or *spīru)
Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire
English: spire
Scots: spyre, spire
Old Frisian: *spīr
Saterland Frisian: Spier, Spíer n
West Frisian: spier c or n
Old Saxon: spīr f (i-stem)
Middle Low German: spîr m or n
German Low German: Spier m or n
→ German: Spier
Old Dutch: *spīr
Middle Dutch: spier n
Dutch: spier f
Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)
Middle High German: spīre f; spir (in spirboum); spier n (in grasspier)
German: Speier m or f (dialectal)
Old Norse: spíra
Icelandic: spíra
Faroese: spíra
Norwegian Bokmål: spire, spir
Swedish: spira
Danish: spir

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Iranian: *spūkah (perhaps)

desc

Classical Persian: سپوخ (/sipūx/, “sharp point; arrow; sharp blade”)

*spid-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *spitjaz; *spitją; *spitjǭ

Old High German: spizza, spizzī

Middle High German: spitze

German: Spitze

→ English: spitz

*spid-us

Proto-Germanic: *spituz

Old English: spitu

Middle English: spite, spyte, spit

English: spit

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: spit, spet

Low German: spit, spet

→ Danish: spid

→ Swedish: spett

Middle Dutch: spet

Dutch: spit

Old High German: spiz

Middle High German: spiz

German: Spieß

*speyg-o-

Proto-Germanic: *spīkaz

Old Norse: spíkr

Norwegian: spik

Swedish: spik

*speyg-ros

Proto-Germanic: *spīkraz

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: spiker

Middle Low German: spiker

Danish: spiger

Low German: spiker, spieker

→ English: spiker

Norwegian Bokmål: spiker

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Middle High German: spīcher

*spoyg-

Proto-Germanic: *spaikǭ

Old English: spāca

Middle English: spake

English: spoke

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spēke

North Frisian: speak

Middle Dutch: spake, speke

Dutch: spaak

Old Saxon: spēka

Middle Low German: speke

Old High German: speihha

Middle High German: speiche

German: Speiche

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: speiglei̇̃s (“thorns”)

*speyl-os

Proto-Germanic: *spīlaz

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spyl

North Frisian: spīl

West Frisian: spile

Middle Low German: spīle

Middle Dutch: spīle

Dutch: spijl

→ English: spile

German: Speil

Old Norse:

Danish: spile

*speym-is

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sɸeimis
Old Irish: séim
Irish: séimh
Scottish Gaelic: sèimh


dʰwen-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwan-

Sanskrit: ध्वन् (dhvan)

*dʰwén-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dunēt (“to make a noise”) (perhaps)

Slovak: dunieť

Slovene: doneti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwánati

Sanskrit: ध्वनति (dhvánati)

*dʰún-is

Proto-Germanic: *duniz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰúniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰúniṣ

Sanskrit: धुनि (dhúni) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwen-ís

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwaníš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwaníṣ

Sanskrit: ध्वनि (dhvani) (see there for further descendants)


Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (māi-)

Italic:

Latin: mānis (> mānī, mānē, mānēs)

Italic:

Latin: mānus, immānis

Proto-Celtic: *māros (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros, “great”) (ἐγχεσίμωρος (enkhesímōros), ἰόμωροι (iómōroi), σινάμωρος (sinámōros), ὑλακόμωρος (hulakómōros))

Proto-Celtic: *matis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *matorъ (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: mātūrus

Italic:

Latin: Mātūta, mātūtīnus

*méh₂-yōs ~ *méh₂-is- (comparative)

q

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*māros</i> for further descendants

Proto-Celtic: *māyūs (see *māros for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *maizô, *maistaz

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (perhaps) ἀμαυρός (amaurós), μαυρός (maurós) (Suggested to mean weak from not great)


Italic:

Latin: mānō

Proto-Celtic: *mānis

Proto-Brythonic: *mọn

Breton: man

Welsh: mawn

desctree

Old Irish: móin (“peat, moss”)
Irish: móin
Manx: moain
Scottish Gaelic: mòine

Proto-Germanic: *mōraz (see there for further descendants)


Hreyǵ-

*Hréyǵ-ti ~ *Hriǵ-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: réižti

Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)

*Hréyǵ-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rías- (“stretch out, rule”)

*Hri-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *Hri-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇̀žti̇̀

*Hroyǵ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *raikijaną (see there for further descendants)


Hreyǵ-

*Hriǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type root thematic present)

*Hriǵ-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Germanic: *rikkijaną

Old High German: *rickēn

Middle High German: ricken (“to bind”)

*Hriǵ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *rigēō

Latin: rigeō (see there for further descendants)


leg-

*lég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lekaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (“to melt”) (see there for further descendants)

*log-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *lakjaną (see there for further descendants)

*lōg-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *lōkiz (see there for further descendants)

*leg-to-s

Proto-Celtic: *lextos

Proto-Brythonic: *leɨθ

Breton: leizh

Welsh: llaith

Old Armenian: լիճ (lič)

Armenian: լիճ (lič)


*dʰi-né-h₁-ti ~ *dʰi-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *dinati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰinā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰinā́ti

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: धिनोति (dhinoti, “to nourish”)

*dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *dijōną (“to suck, suckle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHáyati

Sanskrit: धयति (dháyati, “to drink mother's milk, to breastfeed”)

Proto-Iranian: *dHáyati

Ossetian: (“to suck”)

Digor Ossetian: дӕйун (dæjun)

Iron Ossetian: дӕйын (dæjyn)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dojìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիեմ (diem, “to drink mother's milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēt (“to suck”)

Proto-Germanic: *dēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆσθαι (thêsthai, “to milk out”)

Proto-Italic: *fēmanā

Latin: fēmina (“woman”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰeh₁-to-s (“having given birth”)

Proto-Italic: *fētos

Latin: fētus (“pregnant”)

*dʰeh₁-tu-s (probably later formation)

Proto-Italic: *fētus

Latin: fētus (“offspring”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fēnom

Latin: fēnum (“hay”)

Proto-Italic: *fēnos

Latin: fēnus (“interest (on money)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰa(H)inúš (“milch cow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēls (“son”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆλυς (thêlus, “feminine”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धारु (dhārú, “sucking”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰeh₁-lew-ih₂

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θήλεια (thḗleia, “feminine”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰeh₁-lw-ih₂

Proto-Italic: *fēl(w)ī-

⇒ Latin: fēlīx (“happy”)

Proto-Italic: *fīlios (“son”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dīle (“sucking calf”)

Proto-Germanic: *dilō (“nipple”) (with pretonic shortening)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θηλή (thēlḗ, “teat”)

⇒? Proto-Indo-European: *dʰeh₁-l-éh₂-ye-ti

Proto-Italic: *fēlājō

Latin: fēlō, fellō (“to suck”)

Proto-Albanian: *dailjā

Albanian: dele (“sheep”)

*dʰé-dʰh₁-i (“milk curd”)

Proto-Albanian: *dedi

Albanian: *djadhë

⇒ Albanian: djathë (“cheese”) (diminutive in -thë)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰHi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dádʰHi

Sanskrit: दधि (dádhi, “coagulated milk, curd”), दध्नस् (dadhnás, gen.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *dela

Albanian: djalë (“boy”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դալ (dal, “colostrum”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēle (“leech”)

Lithuanian: dėlė (“leech”)

Old Prussian: dadan (“milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“pregnant”)

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: dieni (“with young”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tiineh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dēˀtis (“child”)

Proto-Slavic: *dětь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *děva (“maiden, girl”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *děvica

Celtic:

Old Irish: dínu (“lamb”)

Proto-Germanic: *dajjaną (“to suck, suckle”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τίτθη (títthē, “nurse”), τιθήνη (tithḗnē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *daHyaka-

Northern Kurdish: dê, da, dayik (“mother”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾyk' /dāyag/, “wet nurse”)

Persian: دایه (dâye, “wet nurse”)

→ Old Armenian: դայեակ (dayeak, “wet nurse”) (see there for further descendants)


*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-és

*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-s-és

(by extension) bloody or raw flesh, raw meat; (in adjectives) bloody, raw

blood outside the body (as of a wound)
wound

blood outside the body (as of a wound)
hardened blood, scab


q

*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)

⇒ *werdʰh₁om

Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wer-</i> (“to heed”)

>? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))

desc

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)

Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)

*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā

Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)

Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)

Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)

Russian: врать (vratʹ)

Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám

Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wratám

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)


kres-

*krós-e(-ti) (o-grade stative or present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrasaną

⇒? *hrōzaz (“active, stirring”), *hrōzō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *hrōzijaną (“to stir”) (or from the adjective) (see there for further descendants)

*kros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krásīˀtei

>? Proto-Slavic: *krasìti (“to decorate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krāsáyati

Proto-Iranian: *krāsáyati

⇒? *fra-krāsáyati

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, “to be shocked”)

*krós-neh₂ ~ *kr̥s-néh₂-s

⇒ *kros-néh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hraznō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kros-nós

<i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*krasna</i> >

Proto-Albanian: (*krasna >) *krāna

Albanian: krua

Proto-Hellenic: *krosnós

Ancient Greek: κρουνός (krounós)

⇒ *kŕ̥s-neh₂

<i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*krə́snā</i> >

Proto-Hellenic: (*krə́snā >) *krásnā

Aeolic Greek: κράννᾱ (kránnā)

Attic Greek: κρήνη (krḗnē)

Doric Greek: κρᾱ́νᾱ (krā́nā)


*-h₃ō, *-h₃onh₂- (possibly)

*h₃énh₂-o or *h₃e-h₃nóh₂-ey

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒈾𒄿 (ḫa-an-na-i, “to judge; to sue, charge”)

Northern Luri:

Northern Luri: هِنا کِردِن (hena kerden, “to call”)

*h₃néh₃-mn̥ (“name”) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄνομαι (ónomai, “impugn, quarrel with”)

to call, summon; to assign (to a role or task) ?


q

*neyH- (with metathesis of *-y- extension and the laryngeal)

*(s)néh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nēaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νέω (néō)

Proto-Italic: *nēō

Latin: neō

Proto-Celtic: *sniyeti

Middle Breton: nezaff

Old Irish: sníid

Welsh: nyddu

Proto-Celtic: *snīman

Old Irish: sním

Irish: sníomh

Proto-Germanic: *nēþlō (“needle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)néH-tr̥ (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: *nḗtron

desc

Ancient Greek: νῆτρον (nêtron, “spindle”)

*sneh₁-ye-ti (perhaps)

>? Sanskrit: स्नायति (snāyati, “to clothe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nī́ˀtis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *snātos

Proto-Brythonic: *nọd

Old Breton: notenn

Middle Breton: neut

Breton: neud

Old Irish: snáth

Irish: snáth

Proto-Celtic: *natus (“poem”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snōdō (“string; rope”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *snutja

Albanian: nus

Proto-Slavic: *snopъ (“sheaf, bundle”) (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blējaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flēō

Latin: fleō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *blētijaną (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāō

Latin: flō (underlying /flā/-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₁-s- (sigmatic aorist or desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *blēsaną (“to blow”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n</i>?

Proto-Germanic: *blēdrǭ (“bladder; swelling”) (< *bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāðrom

Latin: flābrum (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāmən

Latin: flāmen (“gust, wind”)

Proto-Albanian: *(s)blèwsa

Albanian: flluskë

From *bʰel- (“to blow”) + *-eh₁-.
This may be a specialization of the root for "to cry". LIV reconstructs a single root meaning "to howl".


*spéh₁-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaHti

desc

Proto-Iranian: *spaHti (“to satisfy, eat one’s fill”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian:

Digor: ӕфсадун (æfsadun), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Iron: ӕфсадын (æfsadyn), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (spaiye, “to satisfy, be satisfied”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (spon-) / [script needed] (spond, “to fill, replenish”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆n-) / [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆nt, “to saturate”)

*sph₁-óy-ey ~ *sph₁-y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (√išpai-ⁱ / √išpi, “to get full, to be filled, to be satiated”):

𒅖𒉺𒀀𒄿 (iš-pa-a-i, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰā́yati (or rather *spʰáHyati < *sph₁-éh₁-ye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰā́yati

Sanskrit: स्फायते (sphā́yate, “to grow fat, become bulky, swell, increase, expand”)

*spóh₁-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *spōaną

Proto-West Germanic: *spōan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *spōdi (< + *-diz) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: spēs (see there for further descendants)

*sph₁-rós (“thriving”)

Proto-Germanic: *sparaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰirás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰirás

Sanskrit: स्फिर (sphirá, “fat”)

Proto-Italic: *pro-sparos

Latin: prosperus (“prosperous, successful”)

Proto-Slavic: *sporъ (“abundant, lavish”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swespats

Latin: sospes (“safe and sound”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *spukja

Albanian: fuqi, (archaic) fuki


speḱ-

*spéḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*spḱ-néw-ti ~ *spḱ-n̥w-énti (*new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaćnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *spacnáwti

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬚𐬁 (spašnuθā, 2pl.pres.ind.)

*spḗḱ-s-t ~ *spéḱ-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *éskēpset

Ancient Greek: σκέψατο (sképsato)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्पष्ट (áspaṣṭa, 3sg.mid.)

Proto-Italic: *speksai

Latin: spexī

*spéḱ-eh₂-ti (eh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spehōną (see there for further descendants)

*spoḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *skopéyō

Ancient Greek: σκοπέω (skopéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spāćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spāśáyati

Sanskrit: स्पाशयति (spāśáyati)

*spéḱ-s ~ *spḱ-és

*speḱ-u-s

Proto-Italic: *spekus

Latin: specus

Proto-Italic: *spekjēs

Latin: speciēs

*spoḱ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *spokós

Ancient Greek: σκοπός (skopós)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *spahō, *spehō
Proto-West Germanic: *spehu
Old Saxon: *speha
Middle Low German: *spē
Low German: spee
Old Dutch: *spia
Middle Dutch: spie
Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)
Old High German: speha
Middle High German: spehe, spē
German: Spähe
Proto-Norse: ᛋᛒᛡ (sbᴀ)
Old Norse: spá
Icelandic: spá
→ Proto-Samic: *pākō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *skopā́

Ancient Greek: σκοπή (skopḗ)

*spéḱ-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *spekmen

Latin: specimen (inserted i)

*spéḱ-tis

Proto-Hellenic: *sképtis

Ancient Greek: σκέψις (sképsis)

*spḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaṣṭás

Sanskrit: स्पष्ट (spaṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *spaštáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (auuispašta)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʿspyšt)

Proto-Italic: *spektos

Latin: spectus

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄 (speture, dat.sg.)

*spéḱ-tḗr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáštā

Proto-Iranian: *spáštā

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭 (spaštar, “protector, guardian; seer”)

*spéḱ-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *spektrom

Latin: spectrum

*spéḱ-tlo-m

Proto-Italic: *spektlom

Latin: speculum, specula

Unsorted formations

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spaṣ̌iti, “sight; protection”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś, “look”)

Bactrian: σπασο (spaso /spās/, “service”), ασπασο (aspaso /əspās/)

Sogdian: (/(ə)spās/, “service, worship, respect”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs), 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (spʾs)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾspʾs), [script needed] (spʾs)

Syriac script: ܐܣܦܐܣ (ʾspʾs), ܣܦܐܣ (spʾs)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: سپاس (spas), سوپاس (supas)

Northern Kurdish: spas

Southern Kurdish: سِپاس (sipas)

Parthian: (/(a)spās/, “service”)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭐𐭎𐭉 (spsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs)

Middle Persian: (/(i)spās/, “service; thanks, gratitude”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮𐭩 (spʾsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʿspʾs)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spʾs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spać-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaś-

Sanskrit: स्पश् (spaś)

Proto-Iranian: *spac-

Bactrian: σπισ- (spis-), ασπισ- (aspis-), σαπισ- (sapis-)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś-, “to look”)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛 (ʿsp)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾyš), [script needed] (ʾspyš), [script needed] (spyš), [script needed] (spxš)

Proto-Tocharian: *päk-


*kh₂n-é-ti ~ kh₂n-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kaneti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kanō (see there for further descendants)

*kéh₂n-mn̥ (“song”)

*kanmen

Latin: carmen (with dissimilation) (see there for further descendants)

*ke-koh₂n- (“stork”)?

>? Proto-Italic: *kikōniā

>? Latin: cicōnia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantlom (“song”) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: kanklės (“string musical instrument”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kaňa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hanô (“rooster”), *hanjō (“hen”), *hōnaz (“fowl”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καναχέω (kanakhéō), καναχή (kanakhḗ), ἠικανός (ēikanós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Proto-Iranian: *kanati

Northern Kurdish: xwendin

Persian: خواندن (xândan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Sanskrit: कणति (kaṇati)

Proto-Tocharian: *kene (“melody, tune”) (see there for further descendants)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwō

Ancient Greek: φαῦω (phaûō), φάω (pháō)

Proto-Italic: *fāwēō?

Latin: faveō

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawétʰō

Ancient Greek: φᾰέθω (phăéthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pipʰáwskō

Ancient Greek: πιφαύσκω (piphaúskō)

*bʰéh₂-w-os ~ *bʰéh₂-w-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwos

Ancient Greek: φαῦος (phaûos), φάος (pháos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawehnós

Ancient Greek: φάεννος (pháennos), φαεινός (phaeinós), φαείνω (phaeínō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwtis

Ancient Greek: φαῦσις (phaûsis)

*bʰéh₂-ti ~ *bʰh₂-énti (athematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φάντα (phánta, “shining”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₂-n-yé-ti (innovative nasal-infix zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *banja

Albanian: bënj, bëj, bâj

(probably) Armenian:

Old Armenian: բանամ (banam) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáňňō

Ancient Greek: φαίνω (phaínō) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *βās

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dyew-bʰéh₂-os</i>

⇒ *dju-βās (< *dyew-bʰéh₂-os)

desc

Latin: iubar (“celestial light, splendor”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bānos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōnaz

Proto-West Germanic: *bōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHnas

Sanskrit: भान (bhā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *báHnah

Ossetian: бон (bon, “day”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (vuyn, “light, radiance”)

Wakhi: [script needed] (voyn, “fire, light”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaHnúš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bandwijaną

Proto-Germanic: *bandwǭ

Proto-Germanic: *baukną


*bʰn̥h₂-é-ti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰánati

Vedic Sanskrit: भनति (bhánati) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₂-néw-ti ~ *bʰh₂-n̥w-énti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade athematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *bannaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰā́mā

Ancient Greek: φήμη (phḗmē)

Proto-Italic: *fāmā

Latin: fāma (“fame”)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHšaH (or from *bʰels-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHṣaH

Sanskrit: भाषा (bhāṣā) (see there for further descendants), भाषति (bhā́ṣati)

Proto-Italic: *fās

Latin: fās

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰōnā́

Ancient Greek: φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice”)

Ancient Greek: φῆμις (phêmis)

Ancient Greek: φῆμα (phêma)

Old Armenian: բան (ban),

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *basnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōniz (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: φάσκω (pháskō)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բայ (bay)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰatós

Ancient Greek: φατός (phatós)

Proto-Italic: *fatos

Latin: fātus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fatēōr

Latin: fateor

*bʰéh₂-tu-s ~ *bʰh₂-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *fātus

Latin: fātus

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *Fatowos
Latin: Fatuus (divine name), fatuus (“silly, foolish”)
Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌝𐌔 (fatuveís, gen. sg.), fατοϝε (fatowe, voc. sg.)
→ Etruscan: (borrowed from an Italic language) 𐌚𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌅𐌔 (fatuvs)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀdlis

Proto-Slavic: *badli

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: բառ (baṙ, “word, language, speech”), բանկն (bankn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀjakāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bajьka (“fable”)


ǵʰeh₁-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰHnás

Sanskrit: हीन (hīná) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰé-ǵʰeh₁-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κιχάνω (kikhánō)

*ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áźʰaHti

Sanskrit: जहाति (jáhāti)

Proto-Iranian: *jájaHti

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zazāⁱti)

*ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰāHst

q

later: <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अहासीत्</i> (áhāsīt)

Sanskrit: अहास् (áhās) (later: अहासीत् (áhāsīt))

⇒ Sanskrit: अहात् (áhāt) (clarification of 3sg.)

*ǵʰh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gāną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ngah

Dunkel suggests this root came from an adverb *ǵʰoh₁ (“behind”) (whence Proto-Slavic *za) as "to leave behind".

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


leyp-

*léyp-os ~ *léyp-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráypas

desc

Sanskrit: रेपस् (répas, “dirty spot, stain”)

*leyp-ó-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *lībą (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-p-ti ~ *li-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *limpáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *limpáti

Sanskrit: लिम्पति (limpáti, “to smear, pollute”) (see there for further descendants)

*lip-yé-ti (yé-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *libjaną (“to live, be alive”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laip-

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipi̇̀nti, láipioti

Proto-Slavic: *lěpiti (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laibijaną (“leave behind”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilaibijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *laypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *laypáyati

Sanskrit: लेपयति (lepáyati, “to smear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: làipa (“footbridge”)

Slavic:

Polish: lepa (“slush”)

Proto-Germanic: *laibō (“that which remains”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lě̑pъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láypas

Sanskrit: लेप (lepa)

*lip-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipai̇̃ (“glue, adhesive”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lípos (see there for further descendants)

*lip-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipnùs (“sticky, adhesive; sociable, likable, friendly”)

Proto-Italic: *lipnos

>? Latin: lippus (“dripping; festering; watery-eyed, drowsy”)

*lip-ró-s

*lip-r-éh₂ f

>? Proto-Germanic: *librō (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riprás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riprás

Sanskrit: रिप्र (riprá-, “dirt, impurity, stain; dirty, filthy, vile, bad”)

*lip-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: li̇̀ptas (“footbridge”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liptás

Sanskrit: लिप्त (liptá-, “smeared”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riptás

Sanskrit: रिप्त (riptá-, “stuck, adhering, smeared”)

*lip-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lipus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipùs (“sticky”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ripúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ripúṣ

Sanskrit: रिपु (ripú-, “fraudulent, deceitful, treacherous”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *líptei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lībaną (with unexpected voiced Verner alternant) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilībaną (see there for further descendants)

Germanic: (possibly) *ainalif (“eleven”, literally “one left”), *twalif (“twelve”, literally “two left”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λίπα (lípa, “richly”)

Ancient Greek: λιπαίνω (lipaínō, “to oil, anoint, lubricate, enrich”), λιπάω (lipáō)

Ancient Greek: λιπαρός (liparós, “fatty, rich, oily, greasy, lubricated, shiny”)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लेपन (lepana, “smearing; liniment, oil; fat, flesh, meat”)

Sanskrit: लेपिन् (lepin, “smearing”)

Sanskrit: लिपि (lipi, “smear(ing); painting, drawing, writing”)

Sanskrit: लिप्यते (lipyate, “to be stuck, attached, smeared (onto)”)

Sanskrit: रिप् (rip, “deceit, injury; deceiver, injurer, enemy”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lip (“remain”)

Often supposed to be an extension of *ley-, *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, glide; slimy”).


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱél-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ḱl̥-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *huljaną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, to keep”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárma

Sanskrit: शर्मन् (śárman)

*ḱél-mō

Proto-Germanic: *helmô (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-mos

Proto-Germanic: *helmaz (“helmet”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-n-eh₂ ~ *ḱol-n-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hallō (“hall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelnā

Latin: cella (see there for further descendants)

*ḱēl-is

Proto-Germanic: *hēliz (“deceitful”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-ōs ~ *ḱél-es-

Proto-Germanic: *hulisō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelōs (“outside, aspect”)

Latin: color (see there for further descendants)

*ḱol-es-o-

desctree

Ancient Greek: κολεός (koleós), κουλεός (kouleós)
Greek: κολεός (koleós)
→ Latin: cōleus (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“netherworld”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *keljom

Latin: cilium (“eyelid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klām

Latin: clam (“secretly”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: kelmis

Lithuanian: šálmas

Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“to conceal”)

Old English: *hellan, helian

Middle English: helen (merger with helan)

English: hele, heel

Scots: heil

Old Frisian: *hella, *hiella (attested in bihella, bihiella (“to cover, hide”))

Old Saxon: hellian (bihellian)

Old High German: hellen

Middle High German: *heln (attested in entheln (“to uncover”))

>? Proto-Germanic: *hallō (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: καλύπτω (kalúptō), Καλυψώ (Kalupsṓ), καλύβη (kalúbē), κέλυφος (kéluphos), κελέβη (kelébē), κάλπις (kálpis)

Greek: καλύπτω (kalýpto), καλύβι (kalývi), καλύβα (kalýva), κέλυφος (kélyfos), κάλπη (kálpi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaranás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaranás

Sanskrit: शरण (śaraṇá)

Proto-Iranian: *caranáh

>? Persian: سرمه (sorme)

Latin: cālīgō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: cēlō (see there for further descendants)


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱlew-

*h₂eus-ḱl̥-t-eh₂-ye-ti (thematic ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *auskoltāō

Latin: auscultō (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *halþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hulþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-i-s

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: šali̇̀s

Latvian: salis


Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “I secure, fasten”)

*ph₂ǵ-éh₂ye-ti (iterative or causative verb with *-eh₂yéti)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpāgō

*ph₂-né-ǵ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ǵ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *pangō

Latin: pangō (“I fasten, fix”) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: pactus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγη (págē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῆγμα (pêgma)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpagmen

Proto-Germanic: *faką (“enclosure, section”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pāgos

Latin: pāgus (“district, region”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pazъ (see there for further descendants)

*péh₂ǵ-s (nomen actionis)

Hellenic:

⇒? Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax)

Proto-Italic: *pākslā

Latin: pāla

Proto-Italic: *pākslos

Latin: pālus (“stake, pole”)

Proto-Italic: *pākslolos

Latin: paxillus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχνη (pákhnē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσαλος (pássalos)

→ Latin: pessulus

Italic:

⇒ Latin: repāgulum

(possibly) *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաստ (hast)

Proto-Germanic: *fastuz (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *postъ (“fasting”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *en-pāginja

Albanian: mpij (“to benumb”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աստեմ (astem, “to look for a bride; ask in marriage”)

Celtic:

Welsh: aelod (“a member”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγος (págos, “cliff, peak”), πάσσαλος (pássalos) (perhaps), πηγή (pēgḗ) (perhaps), πηγός (pēgós)

Indo-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀𐬧𐬙 (pāzaŋᵛhaṇt)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pāysa-, “surface”)

Sanskrit: पज्र (pajrá-, “solid, firm”)

Sanskrit: पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, face”)

Italic:

Latin: pāgina (“page, sheet”)

⇒ Latin: compāgēs, prōpāgēs


wed-

*u-né-d-ti ~ *u-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *unátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *unátti

Sanskrit: उनत्ति (unátti, “to wet”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *undā

Latin: unda (“wave”)

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

*wod-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Germanic: *waskaną (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*wēd-o-s (“wet”)

Proto-Germanic: *wētaz

*wód-r̥ ~ *wéd-n̥-s (“water”)

*ud-ri-s

Proto-Italic: *udri-

q

or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὑδρία</i> (hudría)

Latin: uter (“leather bag”) (or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría))

*wed-ro-m

Proto-Italic: *wedrom

Latin: vitrum (“glass”)

*ud-ró-s (“otter”)

*wéd-os ~ *wéd-es-os (“water”)

Old Armenian: գետ (get, “river”)

Unsorted formations:

Illyrian: *adur

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: उद्र (udra, “water”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌 (vaⁱδi, “watercourse”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (vaⁱri, “lake”)

→ Middle Persian: (/war/, “lake”)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wl)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aoδa, “water spring”)

→ Middle Persian: (/ōdāy/, “water spring”) (just in some Zend texts)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwdʾd)

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬀 (usa, “well”)

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *wete, the source of Finnish vesi and Hungarian víz. The nature of the relationship is unclear and controversial; the word may have been borrowed from Proto-Indo-European into Proto-Uralic, or the reverse. A minority of linguists suggests a common origin from an even earlier proto-language, Indo-Uralic, but this is not generally accepted.
In Proto-Indo-European, the active elemental *wed- (“water”) was contrasted with the passive *h₂ep- (“body of water”), similar to the opposition of the active "fire" *h₁n̥gʷnis with the passive *péh₂wr̥.


*bʰléh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blōaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₃-mō ~ *bʰl̥h₃-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *blōmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blōdiz, *blēdiz (“blossom, sprout”)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdi, *blādi

desctree

Old English: blēd, blǣd
Middle English: blede, bled
English: blead
Scots: bleed

Old High German: bluot

Middle High German: bluot

⇒ Middle High German: blüete (plural)

German: Blüte (singular)

Proto-Celtic: *blātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bladą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pält

Tocharian B: pilta

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠ́λλον (phŭ́llon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: folium (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰl̥h₃rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: फुल्ल (phulla) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բող (boł), բողիկ (bołik) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Middle Armenian: բողբուճ (bołbuč), բողբոճ (bołboč)

Proto-Celtic: *belyom (“tree”)


les-

*lés-ti ~ *l̥s-énti (athematic root present) or *léseti (thematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒇷𒅖𒊭𒀭𒍣 (li-iš-ša-an-zi /liššanzi/, 3pl.pres.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lestei

Latvian: lest

Lithuanian: lèsti

Proto-Germanic: *lesaną

?*los-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lasýti


strengʰ-

*strongʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *strangijaną (see there for further descendants)

*strongʰ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *strangas

Latvian: strangs (“brave, brisk, fresh”)

Proto-Germanic: *strangaz (see there for further descendants)

*strn̥gʰ-os

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: στραγγός (strangós)

*strongʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *strangiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stringt (“to stiffen, wither”)

Lithuanian: stri̇̀gti (“to stick”)

Proto-Slavic:

Polish: zastrąc (“to come to a halt”)

Proto-Italic: *stringō

Latin: stringō (“to bind fast, tighten”)

Possibly related to *sterh₃- (“to spread, to extend”).


*kelati

Proto-Italic: *kelō

Latin: calō

*kalenti

Proto-Italic: *kaleje-

Proto-Italic: *kalētōd

Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (kařetu)

Proto-Germanic: *helą

Old Norse: hjal (“babbling, chit-chat”)

⇒ Icelandic: hjala (“to babble”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krándati

Sanskrit: क्रन्दति (krándati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *klándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *klándati

Sanskrit: क्लन्दति (klandati)

Proto-Hellenic: *kəlḗyō

Ancient Greek: καλέω (kaléō)

Proto-Germanic: *halōną, *hulōną (see there for further descendants)

*kel-yo-

Proto-Italic: *keliom

Latin: (con)cilium

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κληδών (klēdṓn)

Proto-Italic: *klāssis

Latin: classis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał), ագաղաղ (agałał), այգաղաղ (aygałał), աքալալ (akʻalal)
→ Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał)
⇒ Armenian: աքլոր (akʻlor)

Proto-Italic: *klāros

Latin: clārus (“loud, clear”) (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥h₁-meh₂ (?)

Proto-Italic: *klāmā

⇒ Latin: clāmō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: clāmōsus

Proto-Germanic: *hlōaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel- (with s mobile)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skaļš (“loud, noisy”)

desc

Lithuanian: skãlyti (“to bark, roar, yell, whine”), skalùs (“loud, (of a dog) often barking”), skali̇̀kas (“hound”), kalė̃ (“bitch”)

Russian: скули́ть (skulítʹ, “to whine”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellaną

Middle Dutch: scellen

Old High German: skellan

Alemannic German: schälle

German: schellen (“to sound”)

Old Norse: skjalla (“to clash, clatter”) ⇒ skjallr (“loud”)

Icelandic: skella (“to crash, bang”), skjalla (“to flatter”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljaną (causative)

Old English: scillen

Old High German: skellen (“to make sound”)

Middle High German: schellen

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella (“to slamp, slap”)

Norwegian: skjelle (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: scal

Middle High German: schal

German: Schall (“sound, clang”)

Middle Dutch: scal

Dutch: schal (“a resonating sound or noise”)

Swedish: skall (“bark (of a dog or wolf)”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellō

Old High German: skella

Middle High German: schelle

German: Schelle (“bell”)

Middle Dutch: scelle

Dutch: schel

*(s)kel-dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *skeldaną

German: schelten (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic: *skalda- (“skald, poet”) (perhaps)

Old Norse: skald

Icelandic: skáld

→ English: scold (“person of ribald speech, clamourous woman”)

*(s)kol-, *(s)kulu-

Old Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”), also in the forms κύλλα (kúlla) and σκύλος (skúlos, “puppy, dog”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλιον (skúlion, “type of shark”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλα (skúlla, “type of fish”), Σκύλλα (Skúlla, “the Bitch (?)”)

Ancient Greek: σκυλλίς (skullís, “vine branch”)

Ancient Greek: σκύμνος (skúmnos, “lion cub”) (?)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kalgalinai-, “to clang, clash”), [script needed] (kalleš-, kalliš-, “to evoke, summon”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kaļôt

Lithuanian: kalba

Proto-Slavic: *kolkolъ

Russian: ко́локол (kólokol, “bell”)

Proto-Celtic: *kalyākos (“rooster”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *halliz

Dutch: hel

⇒ Dutch: helder

Afrikaans: helder

German: hell

Proto-Germanic: *hellaną (see there for further descendants)