gʷʰer-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja

Albanian: ziej

Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō

Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)

*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti

Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)

*gʷʰor-éye-ti (eye-causative)

*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Albanian: *grāja

Albanian: ngroh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō

Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)

*gʷʰrē̆-ns-o- (warm)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷrensos

Welsh: gwres

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰransás

Sanskrit: घ्रंस (ghraṃsa)

*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr̥-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥ṇáwti

Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti)

*gʷʰér-mn̥ ~ *gʷʰr̥-méns (“warmth, heat”)

*gʷʰér-os (“heat; warm weather”)

*gʷʰór-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros (“brooding; pus”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰr̥-nó-s (“warm”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas

desc

Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ (“furnace, cauldron”), *gъrno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥ṇás

Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá, “heat”) (see there for further descendants)


*weh₂dʰ- (full-grade root present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գամ (gam)
Armenian: գալ (gal)

Proto-Italic: *wāðō
Latin: vādō (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wadaną (“to wade”) (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ-om (“shallow water, ford”) (Unclear; long ū would be expected in the Germanic and Italic branches. Perhaps w- was restored by analogy with the verb?)

>? Proto-Albanian: *wa(d)

Albanian: va

Proto-Germanic: *wadą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *waðom
Latin: vadum (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *wadmi

Albanian: *wem

Albanian: vete

Anatolian:

Hittite: >? Hittite: to come (uwami)

Celtic:

Welsh: go-di-wawd (“overtook”)


*welh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *welō (see there for further descendants)

*wélh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vi̇̀ltis (“to hope”)

Latvian: vil̂t (“to mislead”)

Old Prussian: prawilts (“betrayed”)

Proto-Germanic: *wiljaną (see there for further descendants)

*wl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Ancient Greek: λῶ (lô, “to wish”)

*wolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *voliti

Proto-Germanic: *waljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥nHtáy

Sanskrit: वृणीते (vṛṇīté, “to choose”)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vərəṇtē, “to choose”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras

Sanskrit: वर (vará)

Proto-Germanic: *walō (< *wolh₁-eh₂)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *walā

Albanian: vallë (maybe, wishfully)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náHti

Sanskrit: वृणाति (vṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti

Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇoti) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: գեղձ (gełj)

Proto-Slavic: *velěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wellos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wlidā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wela (see there for further descendants)


wedʰ-

*wedʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)

Latvian: vest

Lithuanian: vèsti

Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)

Old Irish: feidid

Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)

Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: wetan

*wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieⁱti)

→ Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

*wédʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

*swétu-wedʰ-tó-s

Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)

→ Middle Persian: (/xwēdōdah/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)

*wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs

Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Khwarezmian: ود (wd /wud/), وذ (wδ /waδ, wuδ/)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: (/waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)/, “wife”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (wδ),

Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)

Northwestern Iranian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: وؤۊ،بۊگ،وئی (vou,bug,vei)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)

Laki: بەوی (bewî)

Northern Kurdish: bûk

Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)

Harzani: ویی (viyi)

Karingani: وی (vay)

Talysh: (/vayo/)

Arabic script: ویو

Latin script: vəyo

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)

Zazaki: veyve

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/wayōg/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')

*wódʰ-s

Proto-Italic: *woss

Latin: vas (“surety”)

*wodʰ-yom

Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti

Celtic:

Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)

Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)

Proto-Celtic: *wedesman

Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)


weǵ-

*woǵ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wakaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wahtwō (see there for further descendants)

*woǵ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wegeō
Latin: vegeō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́áyati (“impel”)

Indo-Aryan *wāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वाजयति (vājáyati)

*weǵ-eh₁-(ye)- or *woǵ-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakāną (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *wegēō
Latin: vigeō (see there for further descendants)

*weǵ-dʰlis

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vigil (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵos

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́as (“strength, energy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ȷ́as

Sanskrit: वाज (vā́ja)

*wóǵ-ros

Proto-Germanic: *wakraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ras (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *wōdaz (“mad, furious, possessed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHtas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáHtas

Sanskrit: वात (vā́ta, “attacked, assailed, injured, hurt”)

Proto-Celtic: *wātis (“soothsayer, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wātis

Latin: vātēs (“seer, poet, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wātus (“poetic inspiration”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōþuz

Old Norse: óðr (“mind, soul; poetry, poem”)

Icelandic: óður

Proto-Germanic: *wōþō

Old English: wōþ (“song”)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գութ (gutʻ), գոյթ (goytʻ) — rare, post-Classical
Armenian: գութ (gutʻ)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *wōþijaz (“pleasant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *Wōdanaz (“Odin”) (see there for further descendants)


yes-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*yés-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jesaną (“to ferment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzehō

Ancient Greek: ζέω (zéō)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäs-

Tocharian A: yäs (“boil”)

*yé-yes-ti ~ *yé-ys-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáyasti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáyasti

Vedic Sanskrit: ययस्तु (yayastu, 3sg.impv.act.)

⇒ Sanskrit: येषति (yéṣati) (thematized from weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yaēšiieⁱti, “to boil”) (with *-ya- added to weak stem)

*yós-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jasaną

Old Norse: *asa

Icelandic: asa

Faroese: asa

Norwegian: ase

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsiz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsijaną (see there for further descendants)

*yos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *jazjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāsáyati

Sanskrit: यासयति (yāsáyati)

*yés-tu-s ~ *is-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yestus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jestuz (“yeast”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jēzō

Unsorted formations

Classical Persian: جوش (jōš, “boiling”)

⇒ Classical Persian: جوشیدن (jōšīdan, “to boil”)


leyǵʰ-

*léyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyȷ́ʰati

Proto-Iranian: *láyjati (see there for further descendants)

*léyǵʰ-ti ~ *liǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*léy-loyǵʰ-ti ~ *léy-liǵʰ-n̥ti (intensive) (or only formed in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láylayždʰi, *ráyrayždʰi ~ *láyliȷ́ʰáti, *ráyriȷ́ʰáti (see there for further descendants)

*lḗyǵʰ-s-t ~ *léyǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λεῖξαι (leîxai)

*liǵʰ-néh₂-ti ~ *liǵʰ-n̥h₂-énti

Proto-Germanic: *likkōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *likkraz (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *li-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *lingō

Latin: lingō (see there for further descendants)

*loyǵʰ-eh₂yé-ti (eh₂ye-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *laigōną

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (*laigōn)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (bilaigōn)

*loyǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láiźīˀtei

Latvian: làizît

Lithuanian: laižýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰáyati

Sanskrit: लेहयति (leháyati, “to cause to lick”)

*liǵʰ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *líkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λίχνος (líkhnos, “gluttonous, lustful, covetous; desirable, delicious”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λιχνεύω (likhneúō, “to lick, taste by stealth; to crave”)

*líǵʰ-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *líćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *líṭṣ

Sanskrit: लिह् (lih)

*liǵʰ-tó-s (“licked”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liždʰás, *riždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liẓḍʰás, *riẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: रीळ्ह (rīḷha), लीढ (līḍha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *riždáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rräṣṭe, ptc.trans.)

*loyǵʰ-o-s, *leyǵʰ-eh₂ (thematic nouns)

Proto-Celtic: *leigā (“spoon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰas

Sanskrit: लेह (leha, “licker, sipper; that which is licked or sipped, syrup, food”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: sleikja

Faroese: sleikja

Icelandic: sleikja

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*mi-méh₁-ti ~ *mi-mh₁-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Sanskrit: मिमाति (mímāti)

Sanskrit: मिमीते (mímīte)

Proto-Iranian: *mimáHtī

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬍𐬨𐬀𐬚𐬁 (framīmaθā, 2pl. ind./subj.)

*meh₁-lo- (“measurement, time”)

Proto-Germanic: *mēlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (se)mel

*mḗh₁-n̥-s (perhaps)

*meh₁-on- ~ *meh₁-en-

Proto-Anatolian: *mǣ́(y)an-

Hittite: [script needed] (mē(i̯)an-, “‘range (of a year), extent”)

*méh₁-ōs (s-stem noun) or *móh₁-s (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *mōs

Latin: mōs (“manner, quality, custom, usage”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗˀrāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *měra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mētā

Latin: mēta (see there for further descendants)

*méh₁-ti-s (“measurement”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tiṣ

Sanskrit: माति (māti)

Proto-Albanian: *māti

Albanian: mot

Proto-Germanic: *mēþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗtis

Ancient Greek: μῆτις (mêtis) (Aeolic, possibly Doric)

Proto-Italic: *mētis

⇒ Latin: mētior (denominative) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tram

desctree

Sanskrit: मात्र (mātra, from the collective)
→ Bengali: মাত্র (matro)
→ Hindi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Kannada: ಮಾತ್ರ (mātra)
→ Malayalam: മാത്രം (mātraṁ)
→ Marathi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Tamil: மாத்திரம் (māttiram)
→ Telugu: మాత్రం (mātraṁ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέτρον (métron) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mantī

Proto-Brythonic: *mėnt

Breton: ment

Cornish: myns

Welsh: maint

Old Irish: méit
Irish: méid, méad
Scottish Gaelic: meud
Manx: mooad

Gaulish: *mantī

→ Old French: maint
Middle French: maint
French: maint (archaic)

Proto-Albanian: *matja

Albanian: mat (Gheg)

Albanian: mas (Tosk)

Proto-Celtic: *māros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mōrós

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मेय (méya)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑁂𑀅 (mea), 𑀫𑁂𑀚𑁆𑀚 (mejja)
Marathi: मेज (mej)
⇒ Marathi: मेजणे (mejṇe)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: 𒍖𒈨𒄯 (meḫur, “time”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Lithuanian: mestas (“measure, limit”)

Lithuanian: mãtas (“measure, index; size, quantity”), mẽtas (“time, period; measure, size, quantity”)

Latvian: mȩts (“time, period”)

Old Prussian: mattei (“measure”), mettan (“year”), metthe, mette

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: असमाति (asamāti)

A phonetical variant of *med- through the "Kortlandt effect", which posits that *d becomes *h₁ under certain conditions.


Proto-Italic: *paukos

Latin: paucus (see there for further descendants)

Latin: pūpa/pūpus (possibly reduplicated) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: putus, pūsus, pusillus, pauxillus, pullus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́uros

Ancient Greek: παῦρος (paûros), φαῦλος (phaûlos)

Greek: φαύλος (fávlos)

Proto-Italic: *pauros, *paurelos

Latin: parvus (see there for further descendants), paullus/paulus

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́wits

Epic Aeolic Greek: πάϊς (páïs)

Attic-Ionic Greek: παῖς (paîs), παῦς (paûs)

Greek: παιδί (paidí), -παις (-pais)

*peh₂w(o)-p(o)rh₃os (“providing little”)

Proto-Italic: *pawoparos

Latin: pauper (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuweros

Proto-Brythonic: *uwer

Middle Welsh: wyr

Welsh: ŵyr

Proto-Italic: *puweros

Latin: puer (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fawaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: palo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr) (probably an expressive formation)

Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *putas, *pautas (“little, young of a bird”)

⇒ Latgalian: putnys (“bird”)

⇒ Latvian: putns (“bird”)

⇒ Lithuanian: putýtis (“chick”)

Sudovian: paud (“bird”)

Proto-Slavic: *pъtъ, *putъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pъtakъ (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtica (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtъka/*putъka (“fowl, duck”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *putrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: पोत (pota, “young of an animal”) (see there for further descendants)


*gʷelh₂-gʷl̥h₂ (reduplication)

Proto-Albanian: *gāgul

Albanian: gogël

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gelandis

Proto-Slavic: *želǫdь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glānts < *gʷlānds

Latin: glāns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīlˀē

Latvian: zīle

Lithuanian: gi̇̀lė̃, gỹlė̃

Old Prussian: gile

*gʷĺ̥h₂-nos or *gʷl̥h₂-enos

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կաղին (kałin)
Armenian: կաղին (kałin)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́lanos

Ancient Greek: βᾰ́λᾰνος (bắlănos)

*dyew-gʷl̥h₂-eno- (“divine acorn”)

Proto-Armenian: *tukułin ← *tukałin

Old Armenian:

Armenian: տկողին (tkoġin, “hazelnut”)

Hellenic:

desc

Διὸς βάλᾰνος

Ancient Greek: Διὸς βάλᾰνος (Diòs bálănos), διοσβάλᾰνος (diosbálănos, “sweet chestnut”)

Proto-Italic: *djouglānts

Latin: iūglāns (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: गुल (gula, “glans penis, clitoris”) (see there for further descendants)


temH-

*témH-os ~ témH-es-os

*temH-seh₂ (or < *temH-s-eh₂ from *témHos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temsā́ˀ

Latgalian: tymsa (“darkness”), Latgalian: tymsums (“darkness”)

Latgalian: tymss (“dark”)

Lithuanian: tamsa (“darkness”)

Lithuanian: tamsus (“dark”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *timāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temtei

Latgalian: tymtʲ(i) (“to grow dark”) (present tymstu)

Lithuanian: témti (“to grow dark”) (present temstu)

Proto-Slavic: *tomiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Middle Irish: teim (“dark, grey”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: temen (“dark”)


*h₂ént-s ~ *h₂n̥t-és

*h₂entí-o-s (“front, forehead”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántas

Sanskrit: अन्त (ánta) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ā́ntë (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *antā

Albanian: ândë, ânë (Gheg)

Albanian: anë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫantezzi, “first”)

Proto-Celtic: *antonos

desctree

Old Irish: étan
Irish: éadan
Manx: eddin
Scottish Gaelic: aodann

Perhaps extended from *h₂en- (“on, onto”).


*préh₂-i (“before”, locative) or *pr̥h₂-ey

Proto-Italic: *prāi or *prai

Latin: prae, prae- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *praiteros (< *préh₂i + *-teros)

Latin: praeter (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pr̥h₃-won-</i>

*próh₂-w-on- (or *pr̥h₃-won-)

Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwōn

q

Ancient Greek: πρών (prṓn, “protruding rocks”) (or with πρήων (prḗōn) as original form, derived from *pr̥h₂wós)

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pr̥h₃-w(e)r-ih₂</i>

*próh₂-w-r̥-yh₂- (“forepart (of a ship)”) (or *pr̥h₃-w(e)r-ih₂)

Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwařřa ~ *prṓweřřa

Ancient Greek: πρῷρα (prôira) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pərai

Ancient Greek: παραί (paraí), παρά (pará), πάρα (pára), πάρ (pár)

*pr̥h₂-i (zero-grade locative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸare < *ɸari (-e is secondary) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furi (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥h₂-mo-s (“first”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas

Latgalian: pyrmais, Latgalian: pyrma

Latvian: pìrmaĩs

Lithuanian: pirmas

Old Prussian: pirmas, pirmois

Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hā́ (< *pr̥h₂-ó-h₁)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hā́

Sanskrit: पुरा (purā́)

*pr̥h₂-ós (“in front; earlier”)

Proto-Albanian: *par-

desc

Albanian: parë (“before(hand), first, previously”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros, “earlier, before”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás

Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás, “before, forwards”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)

Proto-Germanic: *furai (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥h₂-tó-s (“first”) (or *pr̥h₃-tó-s)

Proto-Hellenic:

Doric Greek: πρᾶτος (prâtos)

Ancient Greek: πρῶτος (prôtos) (influenced by πρό (pró) / πρω- (prō-)) (see there for further descendants)

q

if not to be reconstructed as <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pr̥h₃wós</i>

*pr̥h₂-wó-s (if not to be reconstructed as *pr̥h₃wós)

*pr̥h₂-yós- ~ *pr̥h₂-is- (comparative)

Proto-Germanic: *furizô, *furistaz (see there for further descendants)


denḱ-

*dénḱ-t ~ *dn̥ḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

inf.aor. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">δάκνω</i> (dáknō)

Ancient Greek: δᾰκεῖν (dăkeîn, inf.aor. of δάκνω (dáknō))

⇒ Ancient Greek: δάκος n (dákos, “bite, sting, biting animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: दशति (dáśati) (present verb from weak stem and with shift of accent)

*denḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *tinhaną (“to press upon”), *tinganą (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-néw-ti ~ * *dn̥ḱ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάκνω (dáknō, “to bite”)

Ancient Greek: δαγκάνω (dankánō)

*donḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśáyati

Sanskrit: दंशयति (daṃśayati, “to make bite”)

*dénḱ-s (root noun)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δήξ (dḗx, “wood worm”)

Proto-Germanic: *tangō (“tongs”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *daknā

Albanian: darë (“tongs”), dang (“bite”)

*dn̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśas

Sanskrit: दश (daśa, “horsefly”)

*donḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśas

Sanskrit: दंश (daṃśa, literally “stinging insect”)

*dn̥ḱ-tó-s (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -δηκτός (-dēktós, “bitten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśtás

Sanskrit: दष्ट (daṣṭá, “bitten”)

*dénḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆγμα (dêgma, “bite, sting”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśma

Sanskrit: दंश्मन् (daṃśman, “bite”)

*dénḱ-ti-s ~ *dn̥ḱ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆξις (dêxis, “bite, sting”)

*dénḱ-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dánćtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśtram

Sanskrit: दंष्ट्र (daṃṣṭra, “fang”)

Proto-Iranian: *dánctram

⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬲𐬌𐬛𐬄𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (tiži-dąstra-, “with a sharp set of teeth”)

*dónḱ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *tanhuz (“tough”) (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-mós

Ancient Greek: δαγμός (dagmós, “bite, sting”)

*dn̥ḱ-e-tóm

Ancient Greek: δακετόν (daketón, “bite, biting animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दंश् (daṃś)


*h₃élh₁-ti ~ *h₃l̥h₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Italic: *olō

Umbrian: holtu

*h₃élh₁-né-h₃-ti ~ *h₃élh₁-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ólnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi, “to destroy, lose, ruin”)

*h₃olh₁-eie- ~ *h₃olh₁-eio- (“to bring down”, causative, intensive or iterative formation)

Proto-Italic: *oleō (“to wipe out”)

q

as with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ab-</i>, see below

⇒ Latin: aboleō (as with prefix ab-, see below)

with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">de-</i>

⇒ Latin: dēleō (with prefix de-)

Proto-Hellenic: *óletʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄλεθρος (ólethros)

lb

⇒ *h₂po-h₃lh₁- (compound with *h₂pó, or originally with *po-?; sometimes with n-infix)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pult

Lithuanian: pulti (“to fall”)

Old Prussian: aupallai

q

with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*peh₃l-n-é-</i>

Proto-Germanic: *fallaną (with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic *peh₃l-n-é-) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi) (with n-infix, as if ἀπό- (apó-) + ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi))

Italic:

⇒? Latin: aboleō (causative formation, see above) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (hu-ul-la-a-i, “he defeated, destroyed”)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: աղէտ (ałēt, “pity, grief, disaster”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: աղունք (ałunkʻ, “bitterness, grief, trouble”)

Old Armenian: եղեռն (ełeṙn, “calamity, disaster”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: եղծ (ełc, “spoilt, fake; refutation”) (probably) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Breton: el-boet (“hunger”)

⇒ Breton: ol-buid (“food shortage”)

⇒ Old Irish: el-tes (“tepidity”) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀλέκω (olékō, “to ruin, destroy, kill”)

q

< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός

(< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)

Ancient Greek: ὀλοός (oloós, “destructive, deadly”) (< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)


gʰerdʰ-

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*gʰerdʰ- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

(probably) Proto-Slavic: *žьrdь (“pole”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gurdijaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰórdʰ-os

Proto-Albanian: *garda

Albanian: gardh (“fence”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gárdas (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gardaz (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌 (“city”)

*gʰr̥dʰ-ós

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (gurtas, “citadel”)

Luwian: [script needed] (gurta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥dʰás (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdō (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-el-os

Proto-Germanic: *gurdilaz (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)

Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)


*kh₂éyd-e-ti (root thematic present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kaiδa

Albanian: qeth

Proto-Italic: *kaidō (see there for further descendants)

*kh₂id-é-ti (tudati-type root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kʰidáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰidáti

Sanskrit: खिदति (khidáti)

Proto-Germanic: *hittijaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

>? Welsh: cwyddaw (“to fall”)

>? Breton: coezff (“to fall, happen”)

Proto-Germanic: *haistaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haistraz

Proto-West Germanic: *haistr (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂ei-t-</i>

*kh₂eyd-t- (or *kh₂ei-t-)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)
Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)
Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)

Unsorted formations

Armenian: (unexplained ablaut forms)

Old Armenian: խեթ (xetʻ), խեթեմ (xetʻem), խէթ (xētʻ), խոթեմ (xotʻem), խութ (xutʻ), խօթ (xōtʻ)

Possibly from *(s)kh₂ey- (perhaps whence Proto-Germanic *hajaną (“to pound”)) with an unknown suffix *-d-, possibly reanalyzed from *sekh₂- (“to cut, sever”) + *-éyti.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


tep-

*tép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápati

Sanskrit: तपति (tápati)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tápati (“to warm up, heat”)

Bactrian: ταβ- (tab-, “to impress (a seal); to seal”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (t’BY-, “to heat”)

Khotanese: ttavāre

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tʾp̄tn' (tāftan), tʾb (tāb-, “to heat, burn (up); to shine”, present stem); tʾp̄k' (tābag) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian:

Manichaean: tʾb- (tāb-, “to shine; to heat”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: تاۆ (tāow)

*tep-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

qual

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tpē-(h) (analogically reformed after original inchoatives)

Albanian: ftoh (by metathesis)

Proto-Italic: *tepēō (see there for further descendants)

*tep-eh₂-yé-ti (denominative)

Proto-Germanic: *þebōną (see there for further descendants)

*tep-sḱé-ti (inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapsćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tafšáti

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀𐬝 (tafsat̰)

Khotanese: ttaus-

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕфсун (tæfsun)

Iron: тӕфсы́н (tæfsýn)

Persian: تفسیدن (tafsidan)

*tḗp-s-t ~ *tép-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátāpst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátāpst

Sanskrit: अताप्सीत् (átāpsīt)

*top-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tapīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *topìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāpáyati

Sanskrit: तापयति (tāpáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tāpaiieⁱti)

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тавун (tavun)

Ossetian: та́вын (távyn)

*tep-e-nt-s (root present participle)

Proto-Celtic: *teɸents

Old Irish: té

Irish: te

Manx: çheh

Scottish Gaelic: teth

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapanti (possibly)

Proto-Iranian: *tapantī- f (“warming”)

Proto-Scythian: *tavitī-

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ταβιτί (Tabití, “a Scythian goddess, equivalent of Hestia”)

present participle to <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*tepēō</i>

Proto-Italic: *tepēnts (present participle to *tepēō)

Latin: tepēns

*tep-los

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *teplas

Proto-Slavic: *teplъ, *toplъ (see there for further descendants)

q

*tep-net-s (or *tep-n-ḗs; influenced by *tepents (cf. above) as if from metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *teɸnets (see there for further descendants)

*tép-os ~ *tép-es-os

*tép-s-tu-s

Proto-Celtic: *texstus

(perhaps) Continental:

Gaulish:

→ Latin: Tessi-gnius

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌑𐌄𐌑- (aśeś-)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: a tes

Breton: tes

Old Cornish: tes

Middle Welsh: tes

Welsh: tes

Old Irish: tess

Irish: teas

Manx: çhiass

Scottish Gaelic: teas

*tep-tós (past participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taptás

Sanskrit: तप्त (taptá)

Proto-Iranian: *taftáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀 (tafta)

Bactrian: ταβδο (tabdo), ταβαδο (tabado)

Khotanese: ttauda-

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тӕвдӕ (tævdæ)

Ossetian: тӕвд (tævd)

Parthian:

Parthian: tft (taft)

Pashto: تود (tod), توده f (tavdá)

Persian: تفت (taft)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܬܒܬܐܟ (tβtʾk)

→ Old Armenian: տաւթ (tawtʻ)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāpce (“hot”)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: tampr (“taper; torch”)

Irish: tapar (“taper, candle”)


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*ph₂ḱ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Italic: *pakō

Latin: pācō (“to come to an agreement”) (infinitive pācāre) (see there for further descendants)

*ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ- (nasal-infix present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *fanhaną (“to catch, to take”) (see there for further descendants)

*poh₂ḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fōgijaną (“to join”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pāks

Latin: pāx

Proto-Germanic: *fagraz (“fair”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pakros

Umbrian: pacer

Proto-Italic:

Latin: pactum (“settlement”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Germanic: *faganaz (“glad”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *pěkrъ

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पाश (pā́śa)

⇒ Sanskrit: पाशयति (pāśayati)

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (pāsa-, “fastening, cord”)


pelH-

*polH-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *polnos

Latin: pullus (see there for further descendants)

*pelH-tó-s, *pl̥H-tós

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlētos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *palHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *palHtás

Sanskrit: पलित (palitá, “gray”) (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥H-kó-s

Proto-Albanian: *plaka

Albanian: plak (old man)

*polH-wos

Proto-Germanic: *falwaz (see there for further descendants)

? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palwas (see there for further descendants)

*polH-men-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palmōns

Proto-Slavic: *pòlmy (flame)

*pelH-en

Latgalian: palni

Latvian: pęlni (ashes)

Lithuanian: pelenai̇̃ (ashes)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ալի (ali, “gray hair; wave”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: palāks

Latvian: pelēks

Lithuanian: pelekas, pi̇̀lkas

Old Prussian: pelē

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: пелёсый (peljósyj)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parHušás (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: palleō; pallidus

Ancient Macedonian: [script needed] (pellus)

Derksen takes the original meaning of the root as "to burn, singe", whence secondary senses including "ashes" (the result of burning) and "gray" (the color of ash).
Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *piľe (“dark”).


*pléth₂-t ~ *pl̥th₂-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्रथान (prathāná, ptc.med.)

*pléth₂-e-ti (thematic perfect)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plė̃sti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰati

Sanskrit: प्रथते (práthate)

Proto-Iranian: *práθatī

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (fraθasauuah)

*ploth₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰáyati

Sanskrit: प्रथयति (pratháyati)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətamṓn

Ancient Greek: πλᾰτᾰμών (plătămṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰHmán

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰHmán

Sanskrit: प्रथिमन् (prathimán)

*pléth₂-os ~ *pléth₂-es- (see there for further descendants)

*pléth₂-us, *pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (see there for further descendants)

*plet-yo- (*h₂ deleted due to Pinault's law)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pleťè (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸletyos

Middle Irish: leithe

Proto-Germanic: *fuldō (“earth, ground”) (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətā (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τη (plắtē)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾱ (plắtā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰás

Sanskrit: पृथ (pṛthá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plokščia


pesd-

*pésd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *pezdō

Latin: pēdō

Portuguese: peido

Galician: peido

*psd-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)sdeˀtei

Latvian: bezdêt

Lithuanian: bezdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *pьzděti

Proto-Hellenic: *bzdḗyō

Ancient Greek: βδέω (bdéō)

*pésd-is

Proto-Germanic: *festiz

Middle High German: vist

German: Fist (“fart”)

Dutch: veest

Proto-Hellenic: *pézdis

Ancient Greek: πέζις (pézis, “puffball”)

onomatopoeic

imitative


(s)kelH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*(s)kl̥-né-H-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քաղեմ (kʻałem)
Armenian: քաղել (kʻałel)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to split, crack”)

Latvian: šķil̃t

Lithuanian: ski̇̀lti (3sg. skil̃na, skỹlna)

*skelH-ye-ti (full grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skélˀtei

Latvian: šķel̂t (1sg. šķeļu)

Lithuanian: skélti (“to split, cleave; to strike fire”) (1sg. skeliù, 3sg. skẽlia)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljaną (“to separate, distinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*skl̥H-yé-ti (zero grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *štšela

Albanian: çel (“bloom, open, sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skílˀtei (“to strike fire”)

Latvian: šķil̃t (1sg. šķiļu)

Lithuanian: ski̇̀lti (3sg. ski̇̀lia)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *skə́ľľō (or *skə́llō from *(s)kl̥néHti, but with greater difficulty)

Ancient Greek: σκάλλω (skállō)

*skólH-ei ~ *skl̥H-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒆗𒆷𒄿 (iš-kal-la-i /iskalla-ⁱ/, “to slit, split, tear”)

Proto-Albanian: *skalā

Albanian: halë (“pointed tip; awn; splinter; fishbone; pine”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skalā́ˀ

Lithuanian: skalà (“splinter”)

Proto-Slavic: *skala (“rock”) (perhaps, with lengthened grade)

Proto-Germanic: *skalō (“shell, husk”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skalu

Old English: sċealu (“husk”)

Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)

English: shale

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: scale

Dutch: schaal

desctree

Old High German: scala
Middle High German: schāle
Bavarian: Schoin
German: Schale
→ Serbo-Croatian: šolja
Yiddish: שאָל (shol)

→ Old French: escale, eschale
French: écale
→ Middle English: scale
English: scale
Yola: skaulès (plural)

Old Norse:

Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *skal- (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kólH-ō ~ *(s)kl̥H-nés

Proto-Germanic: *skallô, *skullô

desc

Old Norse: skalli, *skolli (“skull, cranium; bald head”)

desctree

→? Middle English: sculle, scolle, schulle, scholle
English: skull
Scots: scull, skult, skolt (forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse skoltr)

Danish: skalle

Icelandic: skalli

Norwegian Bokmål: skalle

Norwegian Nynorsk: skalle

Swedish: skalle, skulle (dialectal)

*kelH-tro-m

>? Proto-Italic: *koltrom

Latin: culter (“knife”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel(H)-p- (extended)

Proto-Germanic: *skelbǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *skelbā

desc

Old English: sċylfe (“deck of a ship”), *sċielfe, sċilfe (“ledge, shelf”)

Middle English: schelfe

English: shelf

Middle Dutch: scelf

Dutch: schelf

Old Norse: skjálf (“shelf, seat”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκάλοψ (skálops), σκόλοψ (skólops)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: कॢप् (kḷp, “to cut out; to frame; to execute, perform, manage; to arrange, order; to be fitting”)

>? Sanskrit: कल्प (kálpa) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: scalpō, scalprum (see there for further descendants)

*skélH-tus > *skelH-tús

>? Proto-Germanic: *skelduz (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

*skelH-yom

Proto-Germanic: *skilją

Old Norse: skil (“difference”)

*skelH-yōn (more likely formed within Germanic)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljô

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja, “butcher”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skala

Albanian: shkal

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցելում (cʻelum)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκαληνός (skalēnós)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλω (skúllō)


skel-

*ske-skól-e (perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *skulaną (“shall, be obliged”)

*skel-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelḗˀtei

Lithuanian: skelė́ti (“to owe”)

*skél-ti-s ~ *skl̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skuldiz (“obligation, debt, blame”)

*skél-ont-s (present participle?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelants

Old Prussian: skellants (“guilty”)


skeyd-

*skéyd-t ~ *skid-ént ([skéjtst ~ skidént], athematic root aorist)

*ski-né-d-ti ~ *ski-n-d-énti ([skinétsti ~ skindénti], nasal-infix present)

*skoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skáiˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: skaîdît (“to dilute, spill”)

Lithuanian: skáidyti (“to separate, divide, distribute”)

Proto-Slavic: *cědìti (“to strain, filter”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skaydáyati

q

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćaydáyati (leveled with the zero- and e-grade root forms)

desc

Sanskrit: छेदयति (chedáyati, “to (cause to) cut off, split apart”)

*skid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰíďďō

Ancient Greek: σχίζω (skhízō) (with *skʰid- perhaps for *skidʰ, if the extension is with *dʰeh₁-.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sčidyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidyáti

Sanskrit: छिद्यते (chídyate, chidyáte)

*skéyd-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeistei

Latvian: šķiêst

Lithuanian: ski̇́esti (“to separate”)

*skid-i-s, *skid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *skitiz, *skītaz (see there for further descendants)

*skid-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčidnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidnás

Sanskrit: छिन्न (chinna) (see there for further descendants)

*skeyd-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeidras

Proto-Slavic: *ščedrъ (“generous”) (see there for further descendants)

*skéyd-ti-s ~ *skid-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰístis

Ancient Greek: σχίσις (skhísis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčítˢtiš (zero-grade)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćíttiṣ

Sanskrit: छित्ति (chítti)

*skid-tó-s ([skitstós])

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skī́stas

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: šķîsts (“thin, clear, clean”)

Lithuanian: skýstas (“thin”)

Western Baltic:

Old Prussian: skijstan (“pure”)

Proto-Slavic: *čistъ (“clean, pure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰistós

Ancient Greek: σχιστός (skhistós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ցտեմ (cʻtem)
→ Armenian: ցտել (cʻtel) (learned)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: skėsti (“to spread”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *cěstiti (“to purify, cleanse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: cwys

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: chwydu

Proto-Tocharian: *kät-

Tocharian A: kät-

Tocharian B: kät-


dem-

*dém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *temaną (“to fit, suit”)

Proto-Hellenic: *démō

Ancient Greek: δέμω (démō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀕𐀃𐀳 (de-me-o-te)

*dom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāmáyati

Proto-Iranian: *dāmáyati

⇒? Khotanese: [script needed] (pa-dīmäte, “might”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: damō- (“to build”)

*dṓm (“house”)

*dom-éh₂ (“construction”)

Ancient Greek: δομή (domḗ)

Greek: δομή (domí)

*dém-ti-s ~ *dm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *tumþiz (“agreement”) (see there for further descendants)

*dem-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *timrą (“building, timber”) (see there for further descendants)

*dm̥-tós

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *dantos (“manner”)
Proto-Brythonic: *dant
Middle Welsh: deint (“manners”, pl.)
Middle Irish: dét

*dm̥-nós

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *damniyom (“material, substance”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *dm̥-pedis

Proto-Germanic: *tumftiz (“foundation (of a building)”) (unless the same as *tumþiz above)

*dḿ̥-pedom (see *ped-)

Proto-Hellenic: *də́pedon

Ancient Greek: δάπεδον (dápedon, “floor”)

Greek: δάπεδο (dápedo)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέμας (démas)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῶμα (dôma, “house; room, hall”)

→? Albanian: dhomë (“room, chamber”)

>? Albanian: dhomë

Hieroglyphic Luwian: [script needed] (ta+mi-ha)


*bʰéh₁-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baþą (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: բով (bov)


*bʰéh₃g-e-ti (full-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰṓgō

Ancient Greek: φώγω (phṓgō)

*bʰéh₃g-eh₂-ti (athematic factitive present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *bagati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₃g-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bakaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₃g-os ~ *bʰéh₃g-es-os

Phrygian: βεκος (bekos, “bread”, acc. sg.)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Middle Armenian: բոկեղ (bokeġ)

Armenian: բոկ (bok)

Proto-Slavic: *bažiti (see there for further descendants)


bʰelǵʰ-

*bʰélǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *belganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *balgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: bolgaid

*bʰólǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *bolgos (“sack”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *balgiz (“bag”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-is-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰíš (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-in-o-s

Old Prussian: balsinis (“pillow”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balźeinas (“support; cross-beam; cushion”)

Baltic

Latvian: bàlziêns

Lithuanian: balži̇́enas

Old Prussian: balsinis

Proto-Slavic: *bolzina (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-no-s (compare the n-stem below)

Proto-Baltic:

Old Lithuanian: balgnas (“saddle”)

Lithuanian: bal̃nas (“saddle”)

Old Prussian: balgnan (“saddle”)

*bʰélǵʰ-ō, *bʰólǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰl̥ǵʰ-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: (*belgô, *balgô ~ *bulkkaz > *belkkô, *balkkô >) *belkô, *balkô, *bulkô (“beam”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰelǵʰ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *belguz

Faroese: bjølgur

Unsorted formations:

Russian: бо́лозень (bólozenʹ, “callus, bump”)

Proto-Germanic: *bulgijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *belgos (“swollen with anger”)

→ Latin: Belgae

Proto-Germanic: *bulstraz (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: follis (see there for further descendants)


bʰergʰ-

*bʰérgʰ-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bergtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *berganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥gʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *burgijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorgʰ-o-

Proto-Slavic: *borgъ

Polish: bróg

Unsorted formations:

Old Irish: commairge

Proto-Germanic: *burgijô

Old English: byrga

Old Saxon: burgio

desctree

Old High German: burgeo
Middle High German: bürge
German: Bürge
Luxembourgish: Bierg

>? English: burrow

desc

Ossetian: бамбӕрзын (bambærzyn, “to cover”)


bʰewgʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*bʰéwgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *beuganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *baugijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-to-

Proto-Albanian: *bukta

Albanian: butë

*bʰugʰ- (zero-grade root present)

>? Armenian: բուկ (buk) (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰáti (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuȷ́áti

Sanskrit: भुजति (bhujáti)

Proto-Iranian: *buȷ́áti

Younger Avestan: 𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (δβaoγa, “bend”) (perhaps)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (aⁱpiδβaoγa, “bending from behind”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (nihujs, “to sink down, set”) (+ *ni- (“down”)); [script needed] (haṃbujs, “to bow down”) (+ *ham- (“co-”))

*bʰugʰ-eh₂-yé-ti (eh₂-denominal causative)

Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bъgati (“to bend”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-néh₂-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *bukkōną (“to bend”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bugô (“bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n̥-gʰ-e-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéwgʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰugʰ-téy-s

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰúktis</i>

Proto-Germanic: *buhtiz (“bend, arch, curve”) (< *bʰúktis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *baugaz (“bend”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawgas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भोग (bhogá, “winding, curve”)

Proto-Iranian: *bawgah

Baluchi: بوگ (bōg, “joint, knot”)

Proto-Slavic: *bugъ (“armillary”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baugāˀ

desc

Latvian: boga (“marshy place at a river”)

Proto-Slavic: *buga (“marsh, oxbow lake”)

*bʰówgʰ-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baũgurs

Proto-Slavic: *bugrъ (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰowgʰ-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: baugùs (“fearful, easily frightened”)

⇒ Lithuanian: bū́gti (“to fear”) (sta-present)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bugavъ (“mentally challenged”) (rare)

*bʰugʰ-nó-s (“bent”)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewg-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰugnás (< *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰugnás

Sanskrit: भुग्न (bhugná)

*gʰu-né-bʰ- ~ *gʰu-m-bʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gubt

Lithuanian: gùbti

*gʰubʰ-néw- ~ *gʰubʰ-nu- (nu-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gъ(b)nǫti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰowbʰ-eye- (causative/iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gubìti (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúǰas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúȷ́as

Sanskrit: भुज (bhúja)


*bʰrewh₁-e- (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *brewwaną (“to brew”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrowh₁- (o-grade)

Proto-Albanian: *brāu

Albanian: mbruaj

*bʰrenw- (nasal infix present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *braudą (“bread”) (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: *brutas (in the masculine)

→ Ancient Greek: βρῦτος (brûtos)

Proto-Celtic: *brutom (in the neuter)

Welsh: brwd

Cornish: bros

desc

Proto-Germanic: *bruþą (“broth”, in the neuter) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frutom (in the neuter)

Latin: dēfrutum, dēfritum

*bʰréwmn̥-

Proto-Albanian: *bruma

Albanian: brumë

*bʰru-tus

Proto-Celtic: *brutus

Old Irish: bruth

Irish: bruth

*bʰerw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *berwos (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *borwos

Gaulish: Boruo

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *britśiā

Albanian: bërsi

Ancient Greek: πορφῡ́ρω (porphū́rō, “to heave, boil, surge up”)


bʰegʷ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*bʰégʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗˀgtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰégʷomai

Ancient Greek: φέβομαι (phébomai, “to flee”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: अभिभजते (abhibhajate, “to flee (towards)”)

*bʰégʷ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bēˀgjā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: φοβέω (phobéō, “to cause to flee”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyomai

Ancient Greek: φοβέομαι (phobéomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati, “to cause to flee”)

*bʰógʷ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰógʷos

Ancient Greek: φόβος (phóbos, “fear”)

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰewg-.


bʰlendʰ-

*bʰlondʰ-e- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blandaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blenstei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-i-s or *bʰln̥dʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blendis

Proto-Slavic: *blędь (see there for further descendants)

*bʰln̥dʰ-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰradʰnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bradʰnás

ref

Alternatively linked to Proto-Slavic *bronъ (“white, grayish”) (for earlier **brodnъ) and Albanian bram (“rust, earwax, residue”). Both proposed etymologies are problematic.

>? Sanskrit: ब्रध्न (bradhná, “ruddy, pale-red, blond, yellowish”) and Albanian bram (“rust, earwax, residue”). Both proposed etymologies are problematic.

*bʰlendʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *blindaz (“blind”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blándīˀtei

Latvian: blàndîtiês, blôdîtiês

Lithuanian: blandýtis

Proto-Slavic: *blǭdìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blandas (see there for further descendants)

*bʰl̥ndʰ-os or *bʰlendʰ-os

>? Proto-Germanic: *blundaz

Frankish: *blund

→ Medieval Latin: blondus

Old French: blond, blont

Middle French: blond

→ English: blond

ब्रध्न ब्रध्न#Sanskrit

w:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
w:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

blond, red-haired, ruddy (alternative/contested) suggests derivation from *bʰel- (“to blaze, be shiny”).


bʰredʰ-

*bʰrédʰ-e-ti

Proto-Albanian: *breda

Proto-Albanian: *bredza

Albanian: bredh

*bʰrédʰ-ti ~ bʰr̥dʰ-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bréstei

Latvian: brist

Lithuanian: bri̇̀sti

Proto-Slavic: *brestì (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brodīti

⇒? Old Irish: fris·brudi (“to refuse”)

*bʰrodʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьdnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: břednout

Polish: brnąć

Likely of late, regional origin, given the limited distribution, unless the Old Irish descendant is valid.


derbʰ-

*dr̥bʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥bʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥bʰáti

Sanskrit: दृभति (dṛbháti)

*dorbʰ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰáyati

Sanskrit: दर्भयति (darbháyati)

*dorbʰ-ós

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: darbas (“bunch of leaves”)

Proto-Slavic: *dorbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰás

desc

Sanskrit: दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”)

*dr̥bʰ-s

Proto-Germanic: *turbz

Old English: turf

English: turf

Old Frisian: turf

Old Saxon: turf

*dr̥bʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *turbiz

Old English: eþeltyrf

*dr̥bʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *turba- m or n (“turf, peat”)

Middle Low German: torf m

Middle Dutch: torf m, turf m

Old Norse: torf n

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *turbô

Old Frisian: tūra

Middle Dutch: torve


derḱ-

*dérḱ-t ~ *dr̥ḱ-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔδρᾰκον (édrăkon), δρακείς (drakeís, traditionally analyzed as aor.pass.part. but probably an athematic aorist [Forssman 1964])

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárćam (1sg.aor.inj.)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárśam

Vedic Sanskrit: दर्शम् (dárśam)

Proto-Iranian: *dárćam

Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬆𐬨 (dar^əsəm)

*de-dórḱ-e ~ *de-dr̥ḱ-ḗr (perfect)

*dorḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarhijaną (with irregular -h-)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatarhjan)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darśáyati

Sanskrit: दर्शयति (darśáyati)

*dérḱ-e-ti (secondary root present)

Proto-Celtic: *derketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkomai

Ancient Greek: δέρκομαι (dérkomai)

⇒? δράκων (drákōn, “serpent, dragon”)

*dérḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkmə

Ancient Greek: δέργμα (dérgma)

*dérḱ-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-és (“eye”, root noun)

⇒ *dr̥ḱ-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *drikā (“face”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *derḱ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *derkos

desctree

Old Irish: derc
Middle Irish: derc
Irish: dearc, dearca, deirc
Scottish Gaelic: dearc

⇒ *dŕ̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δράκος (drákos)

desc

compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂éḱru</i>

⇒? *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru (“tear”, noun, literally “eye-sharp/bitter”) (compound with *h₂éḱru)

*dérḱ-ti-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-téy-s (> *dr̥ḱ-ti-s)

Proto-Albanian: *driktā

Albanian: dritë

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: दृष्टि (dṛ́ṣṭi) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥ḱ-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *turhtaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *turhtōną

Old High German: ougozorhtōn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: տեսանեմ (tesanem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darć-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darś-

Sanskrit: दृश् (dṛś)


dʰengʰ-

*dʰéngʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dángʰati

Sanskrit: दङ्घति (dáṅghati)

*dʰéngʰ-t ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: deñgo

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (ye-present)

Lithuanian: deñgti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (sta-present)

Lithuanian: diñgti

Proto-Germanic: *dungōną (“to cover”) (< *dungōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *dungōn

Middle Low German: dungen

Old Norse: *dunga

Faroese: dunga

Swedish: dunga

*dʰéngʰ-l̥

⇒ *dʰn̥gʰ-l-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *tunglą (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és

Proto-Germanic: *dungz

Proto-West Germanic: *dung (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dangā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *danga

Albanian: dëng (“full, stuffed”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dangùs

Old Prussian: dangus (“sky, heaven”)


dʰers-

*dʰr̥s-néw-ti ~ *dʰr̥s-nú-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršnutei

Proto-Slavic: *dьrznǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣnáwti

Sanskrit: धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇóti)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥šnáwti

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬲𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (upadaržnuuaⁱṇti)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎭𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎢𐏁 (adaršnauš)

*dʰe-dʰórs-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥s-ḗr (stative)

*dʰr-n̥-s-sḱe-ti (innovated nasal+sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: drį̇̃sti

*dʰérs-os

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰérsos

Ancient Greek: θάρσος (thársos)

Attic Greek: θάρρος (thárrhos)

Aeolic Greek: θέρσος (thérsos)

*dʰr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: धृष्ट (dhṛṣṭá)

*dʰr̥s-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršus

Latvian: dròšs, dròss

Lithuanian: drąsùs

Old Prussian: dyrsos, dirsos

Proto-Slavic: *dьrzъ (“bold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰrəsús

Ancient Greek: θρᾰσύς (thrăsús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣúṣ

Sanskrit: धृषु (dhṛṣú)

Proto-Albanian: *ən-darsa

Albanian: nder

An *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).


*dʰuh₂-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fūje-

⇒ Latin: suffiō

⇒ Latin: fimum (see there for further descendants)

*dʰuh₂-oyé-ti (?)

Proto-Anatolian: *duHoyéti

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒀀𒄑𒍣 (túḫ-ḫa-a-iz-zi, “produce smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dúlis (“mist”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: dúil (“desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHliš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰuHliṣ

Sanskrit: धूलि (dhūli, “dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Northern Luri: تۊز (tuz, “dust”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fūlīgō (see there for further descendants)

q

→? Proto-Uralic: *tuxle or *towle (“wind”) (see Proto-Finnic *tuuli and Udmurt тӧл (töl))

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰuh₂-mó-s (“smoke”)

Proto-Albanian: *ātuma

Albanian: tym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dū́ˀmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰūmós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fūmos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dujà (“drizzle, mist”)

*dʰuh₂-yo- (?)

Proto-Celtic: *dwīyot-, *dwīyūss ?

Old Irish: dé
Irish: dé

Proto-Germanic: *dawwō (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *daumaz (“vapour, mist”)

Middle Dutch: doom

Old Norse: *daumr

Faroese: deymur

Proto-Germanic: *dauniz

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (dauns)

Proto-Germanic: *daunaz (“smell”)

Old Norse: daunn

Icelandic: daunn

Proto-Germanic: *dawwą (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dawwaz (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ən-dūja

Albanian: ndyj

Proto-Albanian: *dupsa

Albanian: duf (“anger, impatience”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒂊 (tuḫḫae, “pant, sigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *dauganą (“to conceal, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dūnaz (“down (feather)”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dūnǭ (“dune”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dwemaną

⇒? *dwemrą

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr (“vapor; phantom”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θύω (thúō, “burn, immolate, offer in sacrifice”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φω (tū́phō), τῦφος (tûphos), τῡφόω (tūphóō), Τῡφῶν (Tūphôn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धूसर (dhūsara, “dust-colored”)

Hindustani:

Hindi: धूसर (dhūsar)

Urdu: دھوسر

Bengali: ধূসর (dhuśor)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furō

Seemingly related to *dʰwes- (“breath; dust; dusky color”).


dʰeyǵʰ-

*dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *diganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáyždʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

with analogical <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">ग्</i> (g)

Sanskrit: देग्धि (dégdhi) (with analogical ग् (g))

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dys- /dēs-/, “to build”) (with secondary -s-)

*dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիզանեմ (dizanem)

Armenian: դիզել (dizel)

Proto-Celtic: *dingeti

Old Irish: dingid

Celtiberian: ambitinkounei

Hellenic: (unexpected change *nǵʰ > ng)

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: θιγγάνω (thingánō)
⇒ Byzantine Greek: Ἀθίγγανος (Athínganos)
Greek: Αθίγγανος (Athínganos)

Proto-Italic: *fingō

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked, 3sg.perf.), 𐌅(𐌉𐌅)𐌉𐌒𐌏𐌃 (f(if)iqod, 3pl.perf.)

Latin: fingō

*dʰoyǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

desc

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥

⇒ Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥 (paⁱridaēzaiiąn, 3pl.subj.) (+ *pari-)

*dʰéyǵʰ-os ~ *dʰéyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *téikʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῖχος (teîkhos)

Greek: τείχος (teíchos)

*dʰiǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *digraz (“big, thick”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰiǵʰ-lo-s

Proto-Italic: *fiɣlos

Latin: figulus

*dʰiǵʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰiždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दिग्ध (digdhá) (with analogical ग् (g))

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (uzdišta) (+ *uz-)

Proto-Italic: *fiktos

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)

Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰóyǵʰ-o-s (“that which is kneaded, formed”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daiźjāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)

*dʰoyǵʰ-y-on- or *dʰoyǵʰ-i-Hon-

Proto-Germanic: *daigijǭ (“breadmaker, dairymaid, dey”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰiǵʰ- f

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

⇒ Sanskrit: संदिह् (saṃdíh)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰiȷ́ʰás

Proto-Iranian: *dijáh

Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo) (< *dizā-)

Khwarezmian: dyzʾ

Northern Kurdish: diz (diz)

q

→ Middle Persian: KLYTA / dc (diz, “fortress”) (borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language); Manichaean: dyz (diz)

Persian: دز (dez), دژ (dež)

Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)

Parthian: dyz (diz)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ /δizā/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: देही (dehī́, “wall”)

*ǵʰéydʰ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeidā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: žiẽsti

Proto-Slavic: *zьdati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰeydʰ-o-s, *ǵʰеydʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źéidas, *źеidis

Old Prussian: seydis (i.e. zeydis, with s- due to German orthography)

Proto-Slavic: *zidъ, *zьdь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दिह् (dih)


dʰrewgʰ-

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúǰʰyati (“to deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és

>? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”) (< *dʰruk-o-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”) (< *dʰrugʰ-o-m) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrówgʰ-os

*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰrewgʰ-

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrewgʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrowgʰ-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwgʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰengʰ-

*ǵʰongʰ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *ganganą (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰengʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źengjetei

Lithuanian: žeñgti

*ǵʰongʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangaz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-os ~ *ǵʰéngʰ-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánźʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: जंहस् (jáṃhas)

*ǵʰéngʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰángʰas (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ginhtiz

Middle High German: gīht

*ǵʰongʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ganhtiz (see there for further descendants)


*ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei

Latvian: zelt

Lithuanian: žélti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (past passive participle) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰléh₃-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *glējaz

Old Norse: *glær

Norwegian: glæ (“pale yellow”)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰel(h₃)-i-s</i>

*ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s (or *ǵʰel(h₃)-i-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žel̃vas

Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gelos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰélh₃-ō ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-n-és

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *ǵʰolh₃n-éh₂

desc

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és

Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *helos

Old Latin: helus

Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós

Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)

Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)

*ǵʰl̥h₃-s-tó-s or *ǵʰl̥h₃-T-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas

Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gel̃tas

Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH

Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زارە (zare)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/zahrag/, “gall, bile”)

Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)

⇒? Sanskrit: हलीक्ष्ण (hálīkṣṇa, “gallbladder (?)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: zalts

Latvian: zelts

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Albanian: diell

Ancient Greek: χλόη (khlóē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: zaļš

Lithuanian: žãlias


gʰed-

*gʰed- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *getaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰ-né-d- ~ *gʰ-n̥-d- (nasal-infix present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χανδάνω (khandánō) (< *χαδάνω (*khadánō))

Italic:

Latin: *hendō

⇒ Latin: praehendō (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *praiɣodā
Latin: praeda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hedezā

Latin: hedera (see there for further descendants)

*gʰod-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *gatą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gatwǭ (see there for further descendants)


gʰel-

*gʰol-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galiti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰól-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *galaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galdraz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galstrą

Old High German: galstar

Middle High German: galster

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlijaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *uzgōlaz

*gʰl̥-néh₂-ti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Albanian: *galda

Albanian: galdoj

Proto-Germanic: *gullōną (see there for further descendants)

q

*gʰel-n- (possible back-formed from *gʰl̥-néh₂-ti)

Proto-Germanic: *gellaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰel-gʰel-

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղգեղեմ (gełgełem)
Armenian: գեղգեղել (gełgełel)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (galgal-ināi-, “to make a musical sound”)

*gʰōl-i-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galьnъ (“cared for, pet”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *galьba (“caress”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղ-օն (geł-ōn), գեղաւն (geławn)
→ Armenian: գեղոն (gełon) (learned)

Greek:

Ancient Greek: χεῖλ-ος (kheîl-os), χῆλος (khêlos) — Doric, χέλλος (khéllos) — Aeolic
Greek: χείλος (cheílos)
⇒ Translingual: Rhacochilus

Proto-Slavic: *galъ (see there for further descendants)


gʷerH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
de:Brian D. Joseph

*gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay

Sanskrit: जरते (járate)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Persian: پراچی جر (parâči jar-)

*gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *barnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti

Sanskrit: गृणाति (gṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

desc

𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (auui gərəṇte)

*gʷer-s-

Proto-Albanian: *griś

Albanian: grish

*gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei

Latvian: dzir̃u

Lithuanian: gi̇̀rti

Old Prussian: girtwei

Proto-Slavic: *žьrti, *žerti; *žьrtva; *žьrьcь (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)

Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Albanian: *grah

Albanian: grah

(perhaps) *gʷerH-os

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gẽras

*gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htíṣ

Sanskrit: गूर्ति (gūrtí)

>? Proto-Italic: *gʷrāt(i)s (see there for further descendants)

*gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-

Proto-Celtic: *brātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grātu-

Latin: grātuītus

*gʷr̥H-í-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Híš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Híṣ

Sanskrit: गिरि (girí)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥Híš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: Βορέᾱς (Boréās, “north”)

*gʷorH-no-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno

Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)

Czech: hrany

Slovak: hrana

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrono

Lower Sorbian: grono

*gʷr̥H-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htás

Sanskrit: गूर्त (gūrtá)

Proto-Italic: *gʷrātos

Latin: grātus; grātia, grātiīs/grātīs (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: βρατωμ (bratōm) (in the neuter)

Paelignian: bratom (in the neuter)

*gʷérH-tōr ~ *gʷr̥H-tr-és (“praiser”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *jarHtā́

Sanskrit: जरिता (jaritā́)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬍-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbī-jar^ətā), 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbi-jar^ətā, “praiser; one who welcomes”).


*kéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaHyati

Sanskrit: कायमान (kā́yamāna, “desiring”, ptc.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *kaHyati

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (kaiiā, “to please”)

*ke-kóh₂-e ~ *ke-kh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakáy

Sanskrit: चके (caké, “to desire, like”)

Proto-Iranian: *čakáy

Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬈 (cakuše, “demanding”, ptc.pf.act.)

*k-né-h₂-ti ~ *k-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanHti (“to love, take pleasure in”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-ró-s, *kh₂-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kāˀras

Latvian: kārs (“lustful, desirous”)

⇒ Latvian: kārôt (“to desire”)

Proto-Celtic: *karos (“desired, loved”)

Proto-Germanic: *hōraz (“adulterer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kāros (“dear”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-tó-s, *kh₂-tó-s (“desired”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHtás

Proto-Iranian: *kaHtáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬁𐬙𐬀 (kāta, “desired”, ppp.)

⇒? Proto-Iranian: *kaHtakah

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kʾt, “game”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾtk' /kādag/, “game, joke”)

Parthian: 𐫀𐫀𐫃𐫀𐫅𐫃 (ʾʾgʾdg /āɣādaɣ/)

Sogdian: 𐼸𐼰𐽂𐼰𐼸 (kʾtʾk, “game, play”)

→ Tajik: кота (kota)

→ Shughni: кота̄ (kōtā)

*kéh₂-wr̥ ~ *kh₂-wéns

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauras

Proto-Slavic: *kurъ

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *kury (“whore”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóh₂-mo-s (“desire”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kṓmos

>? Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHmas m (“wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)


ten-

*ten-d-

*ten-gʰ-

*ten-s-

(possibly) *ten-h₂-

*tén-t ~ *tn-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *tenti

Old Irish: téit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátant

Sanskrit: अतन् (átan)

*tén-ye-ti (innovative ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *en-tenja

Albanian: ndej

Proto-Hellenic: *téňňō

Ancient Greek: τείνω (teínō)

*tn̥-é-ti (innovative zero-grade, thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintei

Latgalian: teit

Latvian: tît

Lithuanian: ti̇̀nti

*tn̥-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenḗˀtei

Lithuanian: tenė́ti (“thicken; clot”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: donēn

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tenēō
Faliscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕 (tenet)
Latin: teneō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖 (tenitu)

*tn̥-néw-ti ~ *tn̥-nw-énti (new-present)

*te-tón-e ~ *te-tn-ḗr (stative)

*ti-tn̥-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *titə́ňňō

Ancient Greek: τιταίνω (titaínō)

*ton-éye-ti (causative)

*tén-os ~ *tén-es-

*tén-tis

*tén-tlo-m, *tn̥-tló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintla-

Latvian: tìkls

Lithuanian: tiñklas

⇒ Old Prussian: sasintinklo

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántram

Sanskrit: तन्त्र (tántra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tánθram ~ *tā́nθram

Persian: تار (târ)

Tajik: тор (tor)

Yidgha: [script needed] (tūr)

Pashto: تور (tōr)

*tén-tu-s ~ *tn̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántuṣ

Sanskrit: तन्तु (tántu)

Proto-Italic: *tentos

Latin: tentus (see there for further descendants)

*-tn̥-nó-s, *-tn̥-nis (suffix denoting extent of time)

*tn̥-tós

*tón-os

*ton-sl-i

Proto-Italic: *tonslis

Latin: tōlēs, tonsillae

Unsorted formations

Proto-Slavic: *tenetò (see there for further descendants)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ttn' /tadan/)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


negʷ-

*nogʷ-ó-s

*nogʷ-edʰ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *nogʷedos (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-ónt-

Proto-Germanic: *nakwadaz (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-nó-s

⇒? Proto-Armenian: *tukno-

Armenian: տկլոր (tklor) (highly hypothetical)

>? Proto-Germanic: *nakʷnaz

⇒ Old Norse: nakinn

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gonʷ-nó-s</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷomnós (< *gonʷ-nó-s)

Ancient Greek: γυμνός (gumnós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nagnás (see there for further descendants)

*negʷ-m-ont-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉈𒆪𒈠𒀭𒍝 (ne-ku-ma-an-za)

*nogʷ-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *noxtos (“naked”) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*nógʷt-s</i>

(possibly) *nókʷt-s (“night”) (< *nógʷt-s, see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *negʷ-ro-s

Pre-Armenian: *megʷ-ro-s

Old Armenian: մերկ (merk)

(perhaps) *negʷ-no-s

Old Armenian: լերկ (lerk)


*h₁ru-né-g-ti ~ *h₁ru-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐρῠγγᾰ́νω (erŭngắnō, “I belch”)

*h₁réwg-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráuˀgtei

Latvian: raûgt (“to pickle”)

Lithuanian: ráugti (“to leaven, pickle”)

Proto-Germanic: *reukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “I belch”)

Proto-Italic: *rougō

⇒ Latin: (ē)rūgō

Proto-Italic: *rougjō

Latin: rūgiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rauˀgas

Latvian: raûgs

Lithuanian: ráugas

Proto-Italic: *roug(s)mən ~ *rug(s)mən

Latin: rūmen (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ործամ (orcam), ործկամ (orckam, “vomit”)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առիւծ (aṙiwc, “lion”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rygati (“to belch”), *rigati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rū́ˀgtei

Latvian: rûgt (“to ferment”)

Lithuanian: rū́gti (“to turn sour, to regurgitate acid”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûgâtiês (“to belch”)

Lithuanian: ráugėti, riáugėti, ráugti, riáugti (“to belch”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: riáugėti, riáugsti (“to turn sour”)

Proto-Germanic: *rukatjaną

Old English: rocettan

Proto-Germanic: *raukijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raukiz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρυμαγδός (orumagdós)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: آروغ (“belch”)


*h₁lengʰ- (root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒅅𒍣 (li-ik-zi, “I swear”)

Germanic:

Old High German: antlingen (“I answer”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐλέγχω (elénkhō, “I revile, disgrace”)


*gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *égʷēn

Ancient Greek: ἔβην (ébēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HágaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HágaHt

Sanskrit: अगात् (ágāt)

Proto-Iranian: *HágaHt

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬝 (gāt̰)

*gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi

Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi), βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti

Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)

*gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasĭ, Epic 3pl.), βέβηκᾰ (bébēkă) (reformed as k-perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt, 3sg.perf.opt.) (possibly a secondary formation)

Proto-Celtic: *bayeti

Old Irish: baïd

Proto-Hellenic:

(ἀμφισ)βητέω

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφισ)βητέω ((amphis)bētéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (συ)βωτέω ((su)bōtéō) (perhaps)

Proto-Celtic: *batos

Old Irish: at·bath

Old Irish: bath (“death”)

Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)

*gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós

Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)

*gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: կամն (kamn, “threshing sledge”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)

Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas

Proto-Slavic: *gazъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जगत् (jágat)

q

as in <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">स्वस्तिगा</i> (svastigā́)

Sanskrit: गा (gā, “going”) (as in स्वस्तिगा (svastigā́))

as in <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">सुग</i> (sugá)

Sanskrit: ग (ga) (as in सुग (sugá))

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.


(s)ker-

*(s)kerb-

*(s)kerdʰ-: see *(s)kérdʰh₁eti

*ker-p-

*(s)ker-s-

Proto-Tocharian: *kärst-

Tocharian A: kärṣt-

Tocharian B: kärst-

*(s)ker-t-

desc

Proto-Italic: *kertsnā (“portion; meal”)

Latin: cēna (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌍𐌖 (kersnu)

Umbrian: śesna

*(s)kr̥t-ó-m (or < *(s)kr̥-tó-m)

Proto-Italic: *skortom

Latin: scortum, scrōtum, (possibly) scrautum (see there for further descendants)

>? *(s)kort-ek-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥t-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥ttás

Sanskrit: कृत्त (kṛttá, “cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)

Unsorted formations

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *štšertja
Albanian: çars

Sanskrit: कर्तति (kartati, “cut”) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कृन्तति (kṛntáti, “cut”)

Sanskrit: कर्तनी (kartanī, “scissors”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kertte (“sword”)

*skr-éy-ti

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-bʰ-

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-p-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skrīpât

*(s)kr-ew-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūta

*(s)kr-ew-p-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūpus

*sker-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Albanian: *skera
Albanian: shqerr

Proto-Germanic: *skeraną (see there for further descendants)

*skér(H)-ti ~ *skr̥(H)-énti (root athematic present)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *skarati (“to sever, separate, divide”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker(H)-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skírˀtei (with evidence of a laryngeal?)

Latvian: sķir̃t

Lithuanian: ski̇̀rti (“to separate, distinguish”)

Proto-Hellenic: *keřřō

Ancient Greek: κείρω (keírō)

*(s)kér(H)-ō

desctree

Proto-Italic: *karō
Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: karneis (genitive singular)
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)

*skēr-is

Proto-Germanic: *skēriz (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mō

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kremō (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *kremy (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-ti-s ~ *(s)kr̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skurdiz (“cutting”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

Proto-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: कृति (kṛtí, “the act of hurting; knife, dagger”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *karā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skarā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *skora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarō (“division, portion”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *korā

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Germanic: *skaraz

Old English: scear

English: share

Old High German: skar

German: Schar

*(s)kor-mós

Proto-Hellenic: *kormós

desctree

Ancient Greek: κορμός (kormós)
Greek: κορμός (kormós)

*(s)kor-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártas

Proto-Slavic: *kõrtъ

q

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъkъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortъkъ (formed with *-ъkъ)

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-iti</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortiti (formed with *-iti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kartás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)kartás

desc

Sanskrit: कर्त (kartá, “cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)

*(s)kor-yo-

Proto-Italic: *korjom

Latin: corium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *krъtъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kortos

Latin: curtus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: çjerr, harr, thërras

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քերեմ (kʻerem), քերծեմ (kʻercem), քերթեմ (kʻertʻem), քորեմ (kʻorem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirst

Lithuanian: kirsti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirvis

Lithuanian: kirvis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kirves (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *korukos(see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skirmiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtijǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”)

desctree

Old Norse: skor
Danish: skår
Icelandic: skora
Norwegian: skòr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skår
Swedish: skåra
→ Old English: scoru
Middle English: score, scoore, skore
English: score
Yola: score

Proto-Germanic: *skuriz

Old Dutch: *skuri

Middle Dutch: schore, schuere

Dutch: scheur


(s)ker-

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυρτός (kurtós)

*(s)kr̥-wós

Proto-Italic: *korwos

Latin: curvus (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-kr̥- (duplicated)

Proto-Italic: *karkros, *kankros

Latin: carcer, cancer (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-k- (extended perhaps from reduplication *ke-ker- or *ki-ker-)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κίρκος (kírkos), κρίκος (kríkos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: circus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂ (extended)

>? Proto-Italic: *korteinā

Latin: cortīna (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-ew- (extended)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κορωνός (korōnós), κορώνη (korṓnē)

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Celtic: *koros

Old Irish: cor

⇒ Old Irish: ·cuirethar
Middle Irish: cuirid
Irish: cuir
Manx: cur, cuirr
Scottish Gaelic: cuir

*(s)kre-i- (extended)

*(s)krey-wos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kreiwás

Proto-Slavic: *krivъ

*(s)krey-n-yo-m

Proto-Italic: *skreiniom

Latin: scrīnium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kre-i-s- (extended)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crīnis, crista, crispus

*(s)kre-u-k- (extended)

Proto-Italic: *kruks

Latin: crux

*(s)kre-n-gʰ- (extended, nasalized)

Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇatti)

Sanskrit: क्रुञ्चति (kruñcati)

Sanskrit: क्रौञ्च (krauñca)


*kʷélh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tšela
Albanian: sjell

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélō

Ancient Greek: πέλω (pélō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čálHati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷelō

Latin: colō (see there for further descendants)

*kʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ kʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷalnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷéľľō

Ancient Greek: τέλλω (téllō)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷeléyyō

Ancient Greek: τελέω (teléō)

*kʷl̥h₁-ét ~ *kʷl̥h₁-ónt (thematic root aorist)

Proto-Albanian: *kla ~ *klend

Albanian: qe

*kʷélh₁-os ~ *kʷélh₁-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélos

Ancient Greek: τέλος (télos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷélus

Latin: colus

Proto-Celtic: *kʷolu- (“wheel”)

Middle Irish: cul

Proto-Italic: *-kʷelā

Latin: -cola

Proto-Italic: *kʷelōnos

Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)

Old Prussian: kelan

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷólos

Ancient Greek: πόλος (pólos)
Greek: πόλος (pólos)
→ Latin: polus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: kele (“navel, belly button”)

*kʷólh₁-os ~ *kʷólh₁-es-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas

Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)

*kʷé-kʷl-o-s (reduplicated noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷalis

desctree

Ancient Greek: πάλιν (pálin), πᾰ́λῐ (pắlĭ)
Greek: πάλι (páli)
→ Coptic: ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (palin)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: եղանիմ (ełanim) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-

desc

Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -κόλος (-kólos)

Ancient Greek: πάλαι (pálai)

Ancient Greek: -πόλος (-pólos)

Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चल (cala)

Proto-Tocharian: *käl-

Tocharian A: käl-

Tocharian B: käl-

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: klutk-

→? Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चर् (car), चल् (cal)

to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell


gerbʰ-

*gérbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kerbaną (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpʰō (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-tó-s

*gérbʰ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpmə

Ancient Greek: γράμμα (grámma)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *žerbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *žerbьjь (see there for further descendants)


(s)tewp-

*(s)téwp-e-ti ~ *(s)téwp-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)táwpati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)táwpati

Sanskrit: तोपति (tópati)

Proto-Iranian: *stáwpatī

Middle Persian: stwbynytn' (/stōwēnīdan/, “to defeat”)

*(s)tup-yé-ti ~ *(s)tup-yó-nti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian:

⇒ Albanian: përtyp (“to chew”), shtyp (“to press”)

Proto-Hellenic: *túpťō

Ancient Greek: τύπτω (túptō)

*(s)tup-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *stupēō

Latin: stupeō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuppōną (“to stop, close; to stop up, plug, stuff”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stoppōn (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *stuppijan (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *stupros (“struck, hit > dishonoured”)

⇒ Latin: stuprum (“dishonour”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύπος (túpos)

*(s)tup-os ~ *(s)tup-es-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύπος (stúpos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъpati

Old Church Slavonic: тъпати (tŭpati)

>? Proto-Germanic: *staupaz (“steep”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *steupa- (“step-”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοῦπος (doûpos), ἐρίγδουπος (erígdoupos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Middle Persian: stwb' (/stō/, “distressed, defeated”)

Classical Persian: ستوه (sutōh, “struck by strong negative emotion”)

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).


klep-

*klép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hlefaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klepō (see there for further descendants)

*klép-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *klépťō
Ancient Greek: κλέπτω (kléptō)
Greek: κλέβω (klévo)
Mariupol Greek: клэ́фту (kléftu)
⇒ English: kleptomania
⇒ French: cleptomanie

*klṓp-s

Proto-Hellenic: *klṓps

Ancient Greek: κλώψ (klṓps), Κύκλωψ (Kúklōps) (< *pḱú-klōps)

Italic:

Oscan: 𐌊𐌖𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌖 (kulupu) (gen. pl.)

Proto-Hellenic: *klopā́

Ancient Greek: κλοπή (klopḗ)

*klép-tu-s ~ *kl̥p-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *hleftuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *klepa

Albanian: qep, qafë


Hyekʷ-

*Hyékʷr̥


*h₃erbʰ- (root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫarp-, “to change allegiance or status”)

Proto-Celtic: *orbyom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbiją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *orβis

Latin: orbis

⇒ Proto-Italic: *orβetā

Latin: orbita

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌓𐌚𐌄𐌕𐌀 (urfeta)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *ɸare-orbyeti (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: erbaid
Irish: earb
Scottish Gaelic: earb

Proto-Germanic: *arbaidiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbijô (see there for further descendants)

to turn (whence also the secondary meanings)

(Celtic, Germanic) inheritance (i.e. to change ownership)


meyḱ-

*méyḱ-t ~ *miḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔμῐκτο (émĭkto), ἔμειξᾰ (émeixă)

*miḱ-sḱé-ti (*sḱé- inchoative present)

Proto-Celtic: *miskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *miskijaną (< *mihsk-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίσγω (mísgō, “mix”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *miśćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *miśćáti

desc

Sanskrit: मिच्छति (miccháti, “to agitate”)

⇒ Sanskrit: मिच्छमान (micchámāna, “agitated”, present mediopassive participle)

Proto-Iranian: *āmayxš-, *wimayxš- (< *meyǵ-)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾ(ʾ)myxs-, “to be mixed”) (Manichaean), [script needed] (gwmyxs-, “to be mixed, mingled”) (Manichaean)

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾmyxs-, “to be mixed with”), [script needed] (wmyxs-, “to be mixed”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (wmxsk)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *mikskō
Latin: misceō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *miḱ-sḱ-

*miḱ-sḱ-ó/éh₂- (deverbative from the present)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *miskos (“mixed, confused”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prōmiscus, prōmiscuus

*moyḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂- (o-grade deverbative from the present)

Proto-Germanic: *maiskaz (“mixture”), *maiskō (“mixture”), *maiską (“mixture”) (see there for further descendants)

*moyḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *máiśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*méyḱ-s- (*s- desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείξω (meíxō, “will mix”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayćšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mayṭṣáyati

Sanskrit: मेक्षयति (mekṣáyati, “mix”)

*meyḱ-ye- (innovative *ye- present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miēši (“dilute, mix, ferment, sweeten”)

*mi-né-ḱ- (innovative *né- present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mi̇̀šti

*mi-néw-ḱ- (innovative *new- present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείγνῡμῐ (meígnūmĭ), μῐ́γνῡμῐ (mĭ́gnūmĭ)

Greek: μιγνύω (mignýo)

*méyḱ-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miśtis

Lithuanian: mi̇̀šti

Proto-Hellenic: *míktis

Ancient Greek: μῐ́ξῐς (mĭ́xĭs, “mixing”) (also μῖξῐς (mîxĭs) and μεῖξῐς (meîxĭs) by analogy)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *míštiš

Proto-Iranian: *míštiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌 (mišti, “confusedly”)

*miḱ-rós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miśras

Lithuanian: mi̇̀šras (“mixed”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mićrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayȷ́-

Proto-Iranian: *āmayj-, *Hwimayȷ́-

(possibly) Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: ызмис (yzmis, “sand”)

Iron Ossetian: ӕзменсӕ (æzmensæ, “sand”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾmyc- /āmēz-/, “to mix”), [script needed] (gwmyc- /gumēz-/, “to mix, mingle”), [script needed] (ʾmyc /āmiz/, “a certain dish containing game meat”, literally “mixture”), [script needed] (ʾ(ʾ)myz-, “to mix”) (Manichaean) (see there for further descendants)

Persian: آمیختن (âmixtan, “to mix”), آمیغ (âmeġ, “mixture”)

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾmyj- /āmēž-/, “to mix”)

Proto-Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ئامێژەن (amêjen, “mixing”)


deḱ-

*déḱ-t ~ *dḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔδεκτο (édekto)

Homeric Greek: δέκτο (dékto)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀒𐀵 (de-ko-to /dekto/)

*dḗḱ-ti ~ *déḱ-n̥ti (athematic Narten present) or *dé-deḱ-ti ~ *dé-dḱ-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)

⇒ *dēḱ-wéh₂

Proto-Germanic: *tēwō (“order, array”) < *tēgwō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *dēḱ-w-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaną (“to order, arrange”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *tēwijaz (“ordered, ranked, classed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deśitei

Proto-Slavic: *desiti (“find, encounter”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέχομαι (dékhomai)

Ionic, Aeolic, Cretan Greek: δέκομαι (dékomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ćti (“to worship”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́ṣṭi

Sanskrit: दाष्टि (dā́ṣṭi), दाश्ति (dā́śti)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́šti (“to honor”)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬀- (dāšta-, “worshipped”, verbal adjective)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dāś-, “to receive with honor”) (or borrowed from Sanskrit)

*dḱ-néw-ti ~ *dḱ-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāćnáwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāśnáwti

Sanskrit: दाश्नोति (dāśnóti, “attends, reveres”)

*de-dóḱ-e ~ *de-dḱ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδεξο (dédexo)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadā́ća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadā́śa

Sanskrit: ददाश (dadā́śa)

Proto-Italic: *dedokai (see there for further descendants)

*dḱ-eh₁-(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *dekēō
Latin: decet (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌉𐌜𐌉𐌕 (tiçit, 3rd singular present indicative)

*di-dḱ-sé-ti (reduplicated desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHćšáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHṭṣáti

desc

Sanskrit: दीक्षते (dīkṣáte, “dedicates oneself”)

*di-dḱ-sḱé-ti (reduplicated sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Italic: *diskō

Latin: discō (“learn”) (see there for further descendants)

*doḱ-éye-ti (causative)

The LIV assigns Hittite 𒁕𒀀𒀝𒆠 (da-a-ak-ki /dākki/), 𒋫𒀝𒆠 (ta-ak-ki /dakki/, “resembles”, 3rd person singular present active), 𒈭𒃷𒍣 (ták-kán-zi /takkanzi/, “resemble”, 3rd person plural present active) and Ancient Greek δοκέω (dokéō, “think, suppose”) to this root. Kloekhorst rejects this in favor of *doᵏ/_ḱh₁éy, *doᵏ/_ḱh₁énti. Beekes prefers to think of δοκέω (dokéō) as reflecting a deverbative derivation from δέχομαι (dékhomai).

*dḱ-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεκτός (dektós)

*deḱ-no

Proto-Italic: *dek-no

Latin: dignus

*doḱ-o-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοκός (dokós)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοχή (dokhḗ)

→ Latin: doga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δόξᾰ (dóxă)

*dóḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δόγμα (dógma)

*déḱ-os ~ *déḱ-es- (“what is proper”)

*déḱ-ōs ~ *déḱ-es-

Proto-Italic: *dekōs

Latin: decor

*déḱ-s-

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱm̥t/*ḱómt</i> (“hand”)

*déḱm̥ (“ten”) (+ *ḱm̥t/*ḱómt (“hand”))

Proto-Germanic: *tehwō (“order, array”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *tehwōną

*dēḱ-wós

Sanskrit: दा॒श्वान् (dāśvā́n)

Ancient Greek: ἀ-δηκότες (a-dēkótes)


*bʰeh₂g-t (zero-grade athematic root aorist)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate, devoured ← *I received a share”)

*bʰeh₂g-s-(éye-)ti (zero-grade sigmatic aorist/desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰakšás, *bʰakšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰakṣás, *bʰakṣáyati

Sanskrit: भक्ष (bhakṣá, “food, drink, delight”), भक्षयति (bhakṣáyati, “to consume”)

Pali: bhakkha

Proto-Iranian: *baxšáh (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬱 (baxš)

Middle Persian: bhš- (baxš-)

Persian: بخشیدن (baxšidan), بخش (baxš)

Talysh: baxşiye

→ Old Armenian: բաշխեմ (bašxem), բաշխ (bašx)

*bʰéh₂g-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: भजति (bhájati)

Proto-Iranian: *báǰati (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬲 (baž)

→ Old Armenian: բաժանեմ (bažanem, “to divide”), բաժին (bažin, “portion”), բաժակ (bažak, “cup”)

⇒ Iranian: *bāǰím (“tribute, tax”)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶 (b-a-ji-m /bājim/)

Middle Persian: bʾc (bāj)

Persian: باج (bâj), باژ (bâž)

→ Old Armenian: բաժ (baž)

→ Old Georgian: ბაჟი (baži)

*bʰoh₂g-éye-ti (o-grade with causative suffix -éye)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati)

Pali: bhājeti

*bʰeh₂g-(e)h₂ (feminine or collective)

Armenian:

qual

alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*bʰāgás</i>

>? Old Armenian: բակ (bak, “courtyard; sheep pen; sun or moon halo ← *landed allotment, encircled estate”) (alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate *bʰāgás)

*bʰoh₂g-ó-s m (“portion, share”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰagás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂g-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂g-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaktíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: भक्ति (bhaktí, “distribution, partition, separation”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóh₂g-s ~ *bʰéh₂g-s (“allotment”, athematic noun)

>? Proto-Germanic: *bōks (“book < *letter, writing < *identifying marks”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *pāke (“part, portion, share, piece”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

Tocharian A: pāk

Tocharian B: pāke

Proto-Slavic: *bogъ (“share, god”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂r̥ǵ-ént-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-n̥t-és

*h₂r̥ǵn̥t-ó-m (“silver”)

*h₂érǵ-os ~ *h₂érǵ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *árgos

Ancient Greek: Ἄργος (Árgos)

Proto-Hellenic: *-argḗs

Ancient Greek: ἐν-αργής (en-argḗs)

*h₂érǵ-i-s ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-éy-s

Proto-Anatolian: *Hárǵis

Hittite: 𒄯𒆠𒅖 (ḫarkiš), 𒄯𒅗𒅖 (ḫarkaiš, “white, bright”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́i-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́i-

Sanskrit: ऋजिश्वन् (ṛji-śvan)

Proto-Hellenic: *argi-

Ancient Greek: ἀργί-πους (argí-pous)

(possibly) *h₂r̥ǵipyós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás

Sanskrit: ऋजिप्य (ṛjipyá)

Proto-Hellenic: *argipiós

Ancient Greek: αἰγυπιός (aigupiós), ἀργιόπους (argiópous)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: արծուի (arcui)

Proto-Germanic: *arkrą, *akrą (“type of metal”)

Proto-West Germanic: *arkr, *akr

Old Dutch: *akar

Middle Dutch: *acker

Dutch: aecker (archaic)

q

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *arkanaz (“genuine, pure”) (or more likely *erknaz, from *h₁erg- ~ *h₁erǵ-)

Old English: eorcan, eorcnan, earcnan (in compounds)

Old High German: erchan

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐍃 (airkns)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἀργός (argós, “white, bright”) (earlier *ἀργρός (*argrós))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́rás (“red, reddish”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ȷ́rás

Sanskrit: ऋज्र (ṛjrá)

Proto-Italic: *argus

⇒? Proto-Italic: *arguō (denominative)

Latin: arguō (“to make clear”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂érǵ-u-nom or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárȷ́unam (“silver, white”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárȷ́unam

Sanskrit: अर्जुन (árjuna)

→ Hindi: अर्जुन (arjun)

Pali: ajjuna

Bengali: অজ্জুন (ojjun)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀡 (ajjuṇa)

*h₂érǵ-u-ros or *h₂érǵ-wr̥ ~ h₂r̥ǵ-wén-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄργυρος (árguros, “silver”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārkwi (“white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *argyos (“white”) (reconstruction uncertain)

>? Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Gaulish: *argios

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalos?

→ Latin: Argiotalus (given name)

*h₂érǵ-nōw ~ *h₂r̥ǵ-nw-ós

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫargnau-, “palm (of hand), sole (of foot)”)

Proto-Hellenic: *argḗts

Ancient Greek: ἀργής (argḗs)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: արծնեմ (arcnem)

Old Armenian: արծարծեմ (arcarcem)