kelH-

(perhaps) *kl̥-né-H-ti ~ *kl̥-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *kelnō

Latin: *cellō

⇒ celsus (past participle) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ (ante)cellō, (ex)cellō, (prae)cellō (see there for further descendants)

South Picene: 𐌄𐌑𐌄𐌋𐌔𐌉𐌕 (eíelsit)

*kélH-mn̥ ~ *kl̥H-mén-s

⇒ *kl̥H-mṓ (on-stem)

⇒ *kl̥H-mós (thematicized)

Proto-Germanic: *hulmaz (“hill, mound, small island”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelamn̥

Latin: columen, culmen (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-m̥n-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kolemnā

Latin: columna (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥H-(l)o-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: कूल (kū́la)

*kélH-ō ~ *kl̥H-né-s; *kólH-ō ~ *kl̥H-né-s (n-stem)

>? Proto-Germanic: *hallô (~ *halþô; or from *ḱel-, or from *(s)kel-)

Old Norse: *halli (“slope”)

Faroese: halli

Icelandic: halli

⇒ *kl̥H-ní-s (“hill”)

Proto-Germanic: *hulliz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kolnis

Latin: collis (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥H-nó-m

>? Proto-Italic: *kalnom

Latin: callum (“hard thing, covering”), callus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-nó-s (“hill”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀnás

Latgalian: kolns

Latvian: kal̂ns

Lithuanian: kálnas

⇒ *kolH-ōn-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnós

Ancient Greek: κολωνός (kolōnós)

⇒ *kolH-ōn-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnā́

Ancient Greek: κολώνη (kolṓnē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀwāˀ

Latvian: kalva

Lithuanian: kalvà

*kolH-bʰ-

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kolopʰōn

Ancient Greek: κολοφών (kolophṓn) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ceļt

Latvian: cel̂t

Lithuanian: kélti

Lithuanian: ki̇̀lti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *čelò (“forehead”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käly- (“to stand”)

Tocharian A: käly-

Tocharian B: käly-


ḱenk-

*ḱónk-ei ~ *ḱn̥k-énti (root verb with o-grade ablaut)

Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀭𒆠 (kānki ~ kankanzi)

Proto-Germanic: *hanhaną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱénk-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánkatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkatay

Sanskrit: शङ्कते (śáṅkate)

*ḱonk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkáyati

desc

Sanskrit: शङ्कयति (śaṅkáyati, “to render doubtful/uncertain; to cause anxiety”)

*ḱonk-eh₁-(ye)- (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śankā́

Sanskrit: शङ्का (śaṅkā)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *konkitos

⇒ Latin: cūnctor


*dl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *dolaō
Latin: dolō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьliti (see there for further descendants)

*dolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *doleō

Latin: doleō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalˀeitei

Latvian: dalīt

Lithuanian: dalyti

Proto-Slavic: *odolěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *dolléH-

⇒ Milyan: 𐊗𐊀𐊍𐊙 (talã, acc.sg.)

⇒ Milyan: 𐊗𐊀𐊍𐊆 (tali, dat.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáljāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *dollyé- ~ *dolló-

Hittite: [script needed] (ta-al-li-ya)

⇒ Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊍𐊆𐊜𐊀 (teliχa, 1sg.pret.ind.act.)

Proto-Italic: *dolōs

Latin: dolor (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίδαλος (daídalos), δαιδάλεος (daidáleos)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιδάλλω (daidállō)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *delěti

Proto-Celtic: *delwā (“image, statue”)

Proto-Brythonic: *delw

Cornish: del

Old Welsh: delu

Middle Welsh: delw

Welsh: delw

desctree

Old Irish: delb
Irish: dealbh
Manx: jalloo
Scottish Gaelic: dealbh

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատաղձ (atałj)

Italic:

Latin: dolium

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: दल (dala)

>? Sanskrit: दाल (dāla)


dʰewp-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *djaupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ďupa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *dupa (see there for further descendants)


*wn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wunskaz (“a wish”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wunskijaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वाञ्छति (vāñchati) (with restored nasal)

*wonh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wanjaną (see there for further descendants)

*wn̥h₁-éh₁ye-ti (essive)

Proto-Germanic: *wunāną (see there for further descendants)

?*wn̥h₁-néw-ti ~ *wn̥h₁-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Germanic: *winnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वनोति (vanoti)

Proto-Germanic: *winiz (see there for further descendants)

*wénh₁-os ~ *wénh₁-es-os

Proto-Italic: *wenos

desc

Latin: venus (“loveliness, charm”), Venus (theonym)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wánas

Sanskrit: वनस् (vánas)

Proto-Italic: *weneznos

Latin: venēnum

Proto-Germanic: *wundrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wunjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wenjā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Albanian: *vōnja

Albanian: vuaj (I suffer)

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wana-

Albanian: uni

Albanian: uri


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-os ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-és-

Proto-Italic: *tūβos

Latin: tūber (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: prōtūberō (“to bulge up”), extūberō (“to bulge out”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *túh₂-bʰ-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *tū́pʰā

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φη (tū́phē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-Hō ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-Hnés

Proto-Germanic: *þūbǭ

Old Norse: þúfa (“mound”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-k- >? *tewk-

Proto-Italic: / Proto-Celtic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

⇒ *towh₂k-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-m- >? *tum-

⇒ *tuh₂m-on-

>? Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tuh₂-r-g-

>? Proto-Italic: *turgēō

Latin: turgeō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tuHsont- (“thousand”)

*téwh₂-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tỳti (“to become fat, gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwHti

Vedic Sanskrit: तवीति (tavīti, “to get strong; to gain authority”)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁 (tauuā, 1sg.subj.)

*te-tówh₂-e ~ *te-tuh₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: तूताव (tūtā́va)

Proto-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬏𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tūtauua, “to be able”)

*towh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *táwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *toviti (“to fatten, cause to gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHma

Proto-Iranian: *táwHma

Old Persian: [script needed] (tauman-, “strength, power, wealth”)

*tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (root noun)

⇒ *téwh₂s-ih₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHsiH (“strength, power”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás

Proto-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tew(h₂)-téh₂ (“crowd, tribe, people”)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: tul (“flesh, pulp; crumb”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tū́las (“several”)

Old Prussian: tūlan (“much”)

Proto-Slavic: *tỳlъ (“occiput, nape”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish:

Middle Irish:

Irish: tulach (“hillock”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: twl

Welsh: twl (“round elevation”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tū́los

Ancient Greek: τῡ́λος (tū́los), τῡ́λη (tū́lē)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHlas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHlas

Sanskrit: तूल (tūla, “tuft of grass or reeds”)

>? Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: tullius (“gushing water, waterfall”), ? Tullus, Tullius (if not Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tetulos

Latin: tutulus (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-mn̥-to-m or *towh₂-e-mn̥-to-m < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *towamentom

Latin: tōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tūrós (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tuh₂-r-eh₂-yé-ti

Proto-Italic: *tūrāō

Latin: (ob)tūrō, (rē)tūrō (see there for further descendants)

*towh₂-ṓs ~ towh₂-és- (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawHā́s

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawHā́s

Vedic Sanskrit: तवस् (tavás)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: Τιτυός (Tituós) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-to-s or *towh₂-e-to- < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *tōtos

Latin: tōtus (see there for further descendants)

*túh₂-yo-s (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHyas

Vedic Sanskrit: तूय (tū́ya)

*tweh₂- (schwebeablaut variant)

⇒ *tweh₂-lo- or *tuh₂-elo-?

Proto-Hellenic: *twálos > *tsálos

Ancient Greek: σάλος (sálos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tweh₂-wo- (“whole”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: քաւ (kʻaw)
Armenian: քավ (kʻav)

Proto-Hellenic: *twáwos > *tsáwos

Ancient Greek: σάος (sáos), σῶς (sôs)

⇒ *twoh₂-ro-

Proto-Hellenic: *twōrós > *tsōrós

Ancient Greek: σωρός (sōrós) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *twóh₂-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *twṓmə > *tsṓmə

Ancient Greek: σῶμα (sôma) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *twana

Albanian: tërë, tanë

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: թոյն (tʻoyn, “poison”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvi̇̀nti (“to rise, swell”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvãnas (“flood”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: توان (tavân, “power, ability”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”)


Proto-Italic: *makēō

Latin: maceō

*méh₂ḱ- ~ *m̥h₂ḱ-

Proto-Celtic: *maketi

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: maguaff

Breton: maezhur, magañ

Cornish: maga

Middle Welsh: magu

Goidelic:

Old Irish: doformaig

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈠𒀝𒆷𒀭𒋫𒀭 (ma-ak-la-an-ta-an, acc.sg.c.)

*méh₂ḱ-os ~ *méh₂ḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kos

Ancient Greek: μῆκος (mêkos)

Doric Greek: μᾶκος (mâkos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (masah)

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kistos

Ancient Greek: μήκιστος (mḗkistos)

Doric Greek: μᾱ́κιστος (mā́kistos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (masišta)

Old Persian: [script needed] (maθišta-)

Proto-Celtic: *maxtos

Proto-Brythonic: *maɨθ

Middle Welsh: maeth

Welsh: maeth

Proto-Italic: *maktos

Latin: mactus (> mactō)

Proto-Celtic: *makʷos

Unsorted forms:

Italic:

macēscō, maciēs, macilentus, macor


Proto-Celtic: *kādos

Proto-Brythonic: *kọð

Middle Breton: cuez, queuz

Breton: keuz

Cornish: kueth, cüth

Middle Welsh: cawdd

Welsh: cawdd

Proto-Italic: *kādos

Oscan: cadeis (“enmity”)

*ḱéh₂d-os ~ *ḱéh₂d-es-os (s-stem noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *kā́dos

Ancient Greek: κῆδος (kêdos)

Doric Greek: κᾶδος (kâdos)

*ḱéh₂d-tis ~ *ḱh₂d-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *kassis (see there for further descendants)

*ḱh₂d-os ~ *ḱh₂d-es-os (zero-grade s-stem noun)

Proto-Germanic: *hataz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬀 (sādra, “misery, suffering”)

Speculative links have been made to *ḱh₂d- (“to fall”).


*(s)kḗwh₁-s-t ~ *(s)kéwh₁-s-n̥t (root s-aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjautei

Proto-Slavic: *čuti (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuh₁-é-ti (thematic "tudati"-type root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kuHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kuHáti

Sanskrit: आकुवते (ākuváte, “to intend”)

*(s)kowh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kowéjō

Ancient Greek: κοέω (koéō)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kaweō
Latin: caveō
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌖𐌕𐌄𐌚 (kutef) (present participle of stative verb derived from the past participle)

*(s)kowh₁-éh₂-(ye)-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *k(j)auwāˀtei

Lithuanian: kavoti

Proto-Slavic: *čuvati

Proto-Germanic: *skawwōną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kewsḱ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցոյց (cʻoycʻ)
Armenian: ցույց (cʻuycʻ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwHiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skauniz

Proto-Germanic: *skawaz

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: θυο-σκόος (thuo-skóos)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: qyr (< *kewira)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *skyvati (“to take a look at”)

Ancient Greek: κῦδος (kûdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ā́kuHtam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ā́kuHtam

Sanskrit: आकूत (ā́kūta)


ǵwelH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*ǵwélH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́wálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́wálati

Sanskrit: ज्वलति (jválati, “to burn; to glow”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵwl̥H-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwílˀtei

Lithuanian: žvi̇̀lti (“to shine”)

*ǵwl̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *kulą (“coal”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵwolH-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *goulos (“charcoal, coal”) (< *ǵowlH-o-s via schwebeablaut)

desctree

Middle Irish: gúal
Irish: gual
Manx: geayl
Scottish Gaelic: gual


bʰerH-

*bʰer-dʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρθω (pérthō)

*bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bárˀtei
Latgalian: buort
Latvian: bãrt
Lithuanian: bárti
Proto-Slavic: *bòrti (see there for further descendants)

q

with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wéryeti</i>

*bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)

desc

Proto-Albanian: *berja (“to strike > to fall”)

Albanian: bie, bjerr

Proto-Italic: *ferjō

Latin: feriō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)

Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰorH-ye-ti</i> above?

Proto-Italic: *forāō (or from *bʰorH-ye-ti above?)

Latin: forō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer-ano-

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բերան (beran, “mouth”)
Armenian: բերան (beran)

*bʰorH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: bora

*bʰr̥H-en-

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: barae f (“anger, hostility”)

*bʰr̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old English: bor

Old Saxon: *bor

Middle Low German: bor

*bʰérH-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *búrˀtis

Lithuanian: bùrtis (“sign”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *bъrtь (“delving, carving (in a tree); beehive”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *búrˀtas

Latvian: burts (“letter, mark”)

Lithuanian: bùrtas (“lot, (pl.) sorcery”)

Proto-Slavic: *bъrtъ

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *birjā

Albanian: birë (“hole, orifice, opening”)

Proto-Albanian: *brima

Albanian: brimë (“hole”)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բիր (bir)
Armenian: բիր (bir)

>? Sanskrit: श्वभ्र (śvábhra)

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burˀnāˀ (“snout”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰerH-

q

*bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”))

Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰerH-o-s

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bērˀas (“bay, reddish brown”) (secondary lengthening)

Lithuanian: bė́ras

Latvian: bȩ̃rs

*bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s (possibly)

q

⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)

Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: φρῡ́νη (phrū́nē, “toad”)

q

⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás

Sanskrit: *भ्रूर (bhrūra)

Hindi: भूरा (bhūrā, “brown”)

Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)

Ossetian: (“yellow”)

Digor Ossetian: бор (bor)

Iron Ossetian: бур (bur)

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)

Sogdian: (/βōr/, “blonde”)

Syriac script: ܒܘܪ (βwr)

Yagnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)

Yidgha: وور (vūr, “pale red”)

Baluchi: بور (/bōr/, “bay horse”)

Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)

Middle Persian: (/bōr/, “reddish-brown, bay [horse]”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwl)

q

⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”) (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)


weḱ-

*wéḱ-ti ~ *uḱ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-ek-zi /wēkzi/), [script needed] (ú-ek-zi /wekzi/, 3.sg.act)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wášti, *ućánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáṣṭi, *uśánti

Sanskrit: वष्टि (váṣṭi), उशन्ति (uśánti, 3.pl.act)

Proto-Iranian: *wáštī, *ucánti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬍 (vaštī)

*wé-woḱ-e ~ *we-wk-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-wa-ak-ki /wewakki/) (functioning as an intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáwaća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáwaśa

Sanskrit: ववक्षि (vavákṣi) (possibly)

*wéḱ-ont-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑκών (hekṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ućánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uśánts

Sanskrit: उशन्त् (uśánt)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκηλος (hékēlos), εἰκῇ (eikêi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wašnas

Proto-Iranian: *wašnah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (vasah), 𐬭𐬈-𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀 (re-uuasna, “desire”)

Old Persian: 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (v-š-n /vašna/, “will”)

→ Old Armenian: վասն (vasn)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκητι (hékēti)


wendʰ-

*wéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *windaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wendō

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌕𐌖 (vetu), prefixed also ahauendu, preuendu

*wondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գինդ (gind)

*wondʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *wanduz (see there for further descendants)

*wondʰ-éh₂ (innovative abstract)

Proto-Albanian: *wandā

Albanian: unazë (“ring”)

*wi-wondʰ-o-s

Ancient Greek: ἴονθος (íonthos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wandʰúras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wandʰúras

Sanskrit: वन्धुर (vandhúra, “chariot driver's box”)

Sanskrit: बन्धुर (bandhúra, “undulating, wavy; bent, curved; vulva”)

Proto-Iranian: *wandúrah

→ Old Armenian: վանդակ (vandak, “plaited net”)

Proto-Germanic: *wandilaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *windilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *windil

English: windle


wreyt-

*wréyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīþaną (see there for further descendants)

*writ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present?)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist

Lithuanian: ri̇̀sti

Proto-Slavic: *rьtь

Proto-Slavic: *rьtǫtь (see there for further descendants)

*wréyt-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rìest

Lithuanian: riẽsti (riečiù)

*wreyt-eh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rietė́ti

*wróyt-os

Proto-Germanic: *wraiþaz (see there for further descendants)

Has been implicitly suggested to be related to *wreyḱ- (“to twist, bend”), perhaps continuing an earlier root *wrey-.


wreyḱ-

*wréyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: perrēist (prefixed)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhaną

*wriḱ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wrićyáti

Proto-Iranian: *wricyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬌𐬀 (uruuisia)

Persian: رشتن (reštan, “to spin, make yarn”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇́eša

Proto-Italic: *reikā

Latin: rīca

*wriḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wriknós

Ancient Greek: ῥικνός (rhiknós, “crooked, shriveled”)

*wréyḱ-ō ~ *wriḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhô

*wreyḱ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇́ešas

*wróyḱ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wraihaz

Proto-Hellenic: *wroykós

Ancient Greek: ῥοικός (rhoikós)

Unsorted formations

Sanskrit: व्रेशी (vréśī, name of waters)

Has been implicitly suggested to be related to *wreyt- (“to twist”), perhaps continuing an earlier root *wrey-.


preg-

*prog-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pražiti

South Slavic:

Slovene: pražiti

West Slavic:

Polish: prażyć

*preg-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frekaz (see there for further descendants)

*prog-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frakaz

Old English: fræc

Old Dutch: *frak

Middle Dutch: vrac

*preg-yo-s

Celtic:

Welsh: rhewydd

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pragnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: prahnout

Polish: pragnąć

Celtic:

Old Breton: rogedou


*Hréth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *reteti (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *retō

q

Latin: rotundus (< gerund *reto-ndo-s with -o- from noun) (see there for further descendants)

*Hroth₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *rotīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rotā

Latin: rota (see there for further descendants)

*Hróth₂-wr̥ ~ *Hréth₂-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *raduraz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *rraθī

Albanian: rreth (or < *rata + diminutive/collective *-ts)

Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: Rhys

Pictish: *ᚏᚓᚄᚐᚇ

Brill Publishers
Vladimir Orel
de:Brian D. Joseph


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

(perhaps) *méh₂d-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádati

Sanskrit: मदति (mádati), मदते (mádate, “to be intoxicated; rejoice”)

Proto-Iranian: *mádati

desc

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (madaⁱte, “to become intoxicated”)

(perhaps) *m̥h₂d-yé-ti (yé-present)

Celtic: *madyeti (“break”) (the proposed semantic shift is be wet > burst > break)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðjɨd
Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)
Breton: mezañ
Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)
Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)

Old Irish: maidid

>? Proto-Germanic: *matjaną (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *me-móh₂d-e ~ *me-mh₂d-ḗr (stative)

Celtic:

Old Irish: ro·mmemaid

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamáHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamáHda

Sanskrit: ममाद (mamā́da)

*m̥h₂d-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *madēō

Latin: madeō

(perhaps) *moh₂d-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maHdáyati

Sanskrit: मादयति (mādáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀 (madaiiaŋᵛha, 2sg.caus.pres.impv)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matˢtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *madarós

Ancient Greek: μᾰδᾰρός (mădărós, “wet”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *madHrás

Sanskrit: मदिर (madirá, “intoxicating”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Albanian: *mazdnja (“to fatten; feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: մատաղ (matał, “young, tender”), մաճառակ (mačaṙak, “fresh cheese”)

(perhaps) Middle Armenian: մաճար (mačar, “must”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *mada

South Slavic:

Slovene: mada (“spot; blot”)

West Slavic:

Polish: mada (“sludge; mud; dirt”)

Slovincian: mada (“dirt; mud”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μᾰδάω (mădáō) (or unrelated)


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մօտ (mōt)

Old Armenian: մատչիմ (matčʻim)

Armenian: մատչել (matčʻel)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtijaną (see there for further descendants)


gʷey-

*gʷéy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gʷéy-o-nt-s (active participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyans (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéy-t ~ *gʷy-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जेष् (jéṣ, 2sg.inj.), जितम् (jitám, 2du.ipv.)

*gʷe-gʷóy-e ~ *gʷe-gʷy-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰigā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igā́ya

Sanskrit: जिगाय (jigā́ya)

*gʷey-ós

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷiā

Ancient Greek: βῐ́ᾱ (bĭ́ā)

Ionic Greek: βῐ́η (bĭ́ē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áyas

Sanskrit: जय (jayá, “conquering, winning”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷi-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́itás

Sanskrit: जित (jitá) (see there for further descendants)


*pélh₂-t ~ *pl̥h₂-ént (athematic perfective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto), πλῆντο (plênto)

Proto-Italic:

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔𐌕 (apelust), 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔 (apelus, “to bring near”, 3sg.fut.perf) (+ *am-)

*pl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₂-énti (*né-infix imperfective)

Proto-Albanian: *pelna

Albanian: pjell

Proto-Celtic: *ɸalnati

Proto-Brythonic: *alnad (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: ad·ella
Middle Irish: aidlid

Proto-Hellenic: *pəlnaō, *pəlnamai

Ancient Greek: πιλνάω (pilnáō), πίλνᾰμαι (pílnămai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬈 (pər^əne)

Proto-Italic: *pelnaō

Latin: appellō, compellō, interpellō

*pe-pólh₂-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεπλημένος (peplēménos)

Proto-Italic: *pepolai

Latin: pepulī

Proto-Hellenic: *pélas

Ancient Greek: πέλᾰς (pélăs)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́n (< *pléh₂-m̥?)

Ancient Greek: πλήν (plḗn)

Aeolic Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Doric Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Proto-Hellenic: *plātos

Ancient Greek: πλᾱτός (plātós), ἄπλητος (áplētos)

Epic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Ionic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pelatās

Ancient Greek: πελάτης (pelátēs)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πελάτις (pelátis), πλᾶτις (plâtis), πλησίος (plēsíos), πλήτης (plḗtēs)


nebʰ-

*nébʰ-eti ~ *nébʰ-onti (thematic imperfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *népʰō

Ancient Greek: σῠννέφει (sŭnnéphei), σῠννέφω (sŭnnéphō)

*ne-nóbʰ-e ~ *ne-mbʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *nenopʰa

Ancient Greek: σῠννένοφᾰ (sŭnnénophă)

*nébʰ-o-s (see there for further descendants)

*nebʰ-e-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *nebulō, *nebulaz, *nebalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nepʰélā

Ancient Greek: νεφέλη (nephélē)

Proto-Italic: *neβelā

Latin: nebula (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-ró-s (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nabʰtás

Proto-Iranian: *nabtás

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (napta, “moist, wet”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (nβdk), [script needed] (nβc), [script needed] (nβdc)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫜𐫤 (nft)

Pashto: [script needed] (nūnd), [script needed] (nūmd)

Old Persian: *naftah (“moist, wet”)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܢܒܬܐܟ, ܢܒܬܟ

Manichaean: Sogdian: 𐫗𐫂𐫎𐫏𐫏 (nβṯyy), 𐫗𐫂𐫤𐫏𐫏 (nβtyy)

(possibly) *nébʰ-tu-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Neptūnus


*h₂welh₁-t ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (“I ruled”, 1sg past tense)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants) (back formation)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *walnāti

Old Irish: follnaithir (“to rule, govern”)

*h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)

Proto-Slavic: *volsti

Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)

Proto-Italic: *walēō

Latin: valeō (“to be well”)

Proto-Celtic: *walatros

Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr

Welsh: gwaladr (“ruler”)

q

*h₂wol-neh₂-mō ~ *h₂wl̥-neh₂-m̥n-és (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)

Tocharian B: walo (“king”)

Proto-Celtic: *walos (“prince”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (“sovereignty”) (see there for further descendants)

positive degree to <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*welaisVmos</i>

Proto-Italic: *wolos (positive degree to *welaisVmos)

Pre-Samnite: ϝολος

*h₂w(e)lh₁-is-(t)m̥mós (superlative adjective)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *welaisVmos
Oscan: 𐌅𐌀𐌋𐌀𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔 (valaimas, gen. sg. f.), valaemom (nom./acc. sg. n.)
→ Latin: volaemum
Pre-Samnite: ϝολαισυμος
South Picene: 𐌅𐌄𐌋𐌀𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌔 (velaimes, gen. sg. m.)

*h₂woldʰ-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂woldʰ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vàldît

Lithuanian: valdýti

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)

Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan

Old English: wieldan, wildan
English: wield
Scots: wield

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis

Lithuanian: valstybė

Latvian: valsts

Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walˀdjāˀ

Lithuanian: valdžia

Proto-Slavic: *volďa

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”), but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղմն (gełmn) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *welnos

Latin: vellus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

Old English: wlōh

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: valai̇̃

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts

Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: varúk

Prasuni: vórik

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: vorṓk

Waigali: vërëk

Italic:

Latin: villus

Latin: *ulos

Latin: adūlor

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)

→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)

(?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka

Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)

Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) (Latin vellō (“to pull out, pluck”)) and *welH- (“to turn”). The root certainly had verbal function, in view of the Old Armenian formation in *-mn̥.


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*h₃reyH-dʰh₁é-ti (dʰh₁-present)

⇒ *h₃réy(H)dʰh₁eti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *reideti

desctree

Old Irish: réidid (“to ride, drive”)
Middle Irish: réidid

desc

Proto-Germanic: *rīdaną (“to ride; to move, rock, swing”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roydʰh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráidīˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: raĩdît, raîdît (“to send hastily, urge, hurry”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-éh₁(ye)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *reidḗˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: riedė́ti (“to roll”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-os

Proto-Celtic: *reidos (“ride”, noun)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸoreidos (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ríad (“riding, driving, voyage”)

Gaulish: rēda (“chariot”)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *raidō (“ride, journey”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-ó-s or *h₃roydʰh₁-u-s (adj.)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raidás or *raidus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: raidù (“swift, quick”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *reidsman (> *reissman)

Old Irish: réimm (“movement, course”)

*h₃ri-né-H-ti ~ *h₃ri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Albanian: *rinja

Albanian: rij

Gheg Albanian: rîj

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rìnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (see there for further descendants) (or from *h₃ri-néw-ti)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρῑ́νω (orī́nō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrináHti

Sanskrit: रिणाति (riṇā́ti)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *h₃ri-n-H-o-s (or =*h₃riH-nó-s; see below)

Proto-Albanian: *rina

*h₃réy(H)-ti-s ~ *h₃riH-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *rīþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HriHtíṣ

Sanskrit: रीति (rītí)

Proto-Celtic: *reyatrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rě̄kà (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ròjь (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráyas

Sanskrit: रय (ráya)

*h₃riH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHyáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHmás

Proto-Iranian: *HriHmáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rrīma)

Middle Persian:

Persian: ریم (rim)

Sogdian: [script needed] (rym)

Pashto: [script needed] (rəma), [script needed] (rima)

Proto-Celtic: *reinos (“river, waterway”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rītos

⇒ Latin: irrītō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réy(H)-t-os ~ *h₃réy(H)-t-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráytas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráytas

Sanskrit: रेतस् (rétas)

Proto-Italic: *rīwos

Latin: rīvus (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃royH-e-ti

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rě̀jati (“to move quickly, push forward?”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃riH-n-do-s

Proto-Celtic: *rinnos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: rynny

Middle Welsh: rin

Middle Irish: renn

to flow, stream (of water); to pour, rain


mreǵʰ-

*mréǵʰ-us

*mréǵʰ-yōs ~ *mr̥ǵʰ-is-és

Proto-Hellenic: *brə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: βρᾰ́σσων (brắssōn), (later) βραχίων (brakhíōn)

Aeolic Greek: βρόσσων (bróssōn)

Proto-Italic: *breɣʷiōs (see there for further descendants)


bʰrews-

*bʰrus-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bruseti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *brausijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrus-tó-s (“broken”)

Proto-Italic: *frustom (“piece broken off”)

Latin: frustum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *brauša

Albanian: breshër

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brusnati
Old Irish: bronnaid
Irish: bronn
Scottish Gaelic: bronn, pronn

Proto-Celtic: *brustniyos

desc

Old Irish: brosnae (“bundle of firewood”)


tekʷ-

*tékʷ-ti ~ *tkʷ-énti (athematic root verb) or *tékʷ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Albanian: *en-teka

Albanian: ndjek

(perhaps) Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /watkuzi/) (< *wé-tkʷ-ti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latgalian: tecēt

Latvian: tecêt

Lithuanian: tekė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *teťi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákti, *táčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákti

Sanskrit: तक्ति (tákti)

Proto-Iranian: *táxti, *táčati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬈 (taxše, “to walk”, 2sg.pres.mid.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fratacaⁱti), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (frataciṇti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mndxs-)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫝𐫏𐫅 (tcyd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazēd/)

Persian: تاختن (tâxtan, “to attack, to run”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾntxst)

*tokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *točiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāčáyati

Proto-Iranian: *tāčáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (tācaiieⁱṇti)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾcynd /tāzēnd/)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫅 (tʾcynd)

*tékʷ-onts

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙 (taciṇt)

Middle Persian: 𐫎𐫉𐫀𐫗 (ṯzʾn) (Manichaean)

(perhaps) Tocharian: *cäke

Tocharian B: cake

*tékʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tekas

Latvian: tęks

Proto-Slavic: *tekъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷos

⇒ Old Irish: intech (“road”)

*tekʷ-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þewaz (< *þegwaz or *þehwaz) (see there for further descendants)

*tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákuṣ

Sanskrit: तकु (táku)

*tkʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taktás

Sanskrit: तक्त (taktá)

Proto-Iranian: *taxtáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬝𐬐𐬎𐬱 (tācait̰kuš)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazīd/)

*tokʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *takas

Latvian: taks

Lithuanian: tãkas

Proto-Slavic: *tȏkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takas

Proto-Iranian: *takah

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬐𐬀 (taka, “course”)


mesg-

*mésg-e-ti (thematic root imperfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máẑǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźȷ́ati

Sanskrit: मज्जति (májjati)

Proto-Italic: *mezgō

Latin: mergō

*mosg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maẑǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maźȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मज्जयति (majjáyati)

*mosg-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *masg-, *mask- (denominative)

East Baltic:

Latvian: mazgāt (“to wash”)

Lithuanian: mazgóti (“to wash”)

Proto-Slavic: *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”)

Old East Slavic: *Москꙑ (*Mosky, “Moscow”) (see there for further descendants)

Slovak: mozga (“puddle”)

Polish: mazgać; Mozgawa


[Term?]

Proto-Albanian: *en-iuwo-ma

Albanian: ndihmë, ndihmoj

*h₁éwHeti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *oweti

⇒ Old Irish: con·oí

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly merged with *h₂ew-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

Sanskrit: अवति (ávati)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬨𐬍 (auuāmī)

*h₁íh₁ewHeti (reduplicated thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *iowaō
Latin: iuvō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *iūtos

Latin: iūtus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: अव् (av) (see there for further descendants)


tetḱ-

*tḗtḱ-ti ~ *tétḱ-n̥ti (Narten imperfective)

*totḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tašýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣáyati

Sanskrit: तक्षयति (takṣáyati)

*tétḱ-ō ~ *tḱ-nés (“carpenter”) (see there for further descendants)

*tetḱ-(dʰ)lo- (“adze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tesla, *teslò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tāxslos

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚐᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ (talagni) (perhaps)

Old Irish: tál

Irish: tál

Proto-Germanic: *þehslō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tēla, tēlum (or from Proto-Indo-European *tend-)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsō

Old English: þeox

Old High German: dehsa

Middle High German: dehse

German: Dechse

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέχνη (tékhnē), τέχνᾱ (tékhnā) — Doric
Greek: τέχνη (téchni)
→ Latin: techna
English: techno-

*tₔtḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšṭás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣṭás

Sanskrit: तष्ट (taṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *taštáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (tašta)

Middle Persian: tšt' (tašt), [script needed] (tʾšytk /tāšīdag/) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian: [script needed] (tʾst /tāst/), [script needed] (tʾstg /tāstag/)

→ Persian: طاس (tâs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: տաշեմ (tašem)
Armenian: տաշել (tašel)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: testa

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *þēhtuz

Proto-Albanian: *tēkslā

Proto-Albanian: *tāslā

Albanian: tollë

Proto-Albanian: *taksjā

Albanian: teshë

Northern Kurdish: teşe (“form”)

Zazaki: toşe (“form”)

Reanalyzed reduplication from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”).


teḱ-

*téḱ-t (perfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *tékon

Ancient Greek: τέκον (tékon), ἔτεκον (étekon)

*té-tḱ-ti (“to create, produce, cut, hew”, reduplicated athematic)

*te-tóḱ-e (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tétoka

Ancient Greek: τέτοκα (tétoka)

*tí-tḱ-e-ti (i-reduplicated thematic)

Proto-Hellenic: *tíktō

Ancient Greek: τίκτω (tíktō)

*tḱ-éy-ti (“to settle, live, dwell, cultivate”, *éy-present)

*téḱ-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *téknon

Ancient Greek: τέκνον (téknon)

*téḱ-os ~ *téḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *tékos

Ancient Greek: τέκος (tékos)

*tóḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tókos

Ancient Greek: τόκος (tókos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: τοκεύς (tokeús)

*tḱ-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tíśtis

Proto-Slavic: *tь̏stь (see there for further descendants)

tek-

possibly conflated with *teḱ- in some branches


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latvian: tikt

Lithuanian: tèkti

Proto-Celtic: *teketi

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: tizaff

Old Irish: ad·teich (see there for further descendants)

*tek-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *þigjaną (see there for further descendants)

*tk-e-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšatrám (see there for further descendants)

*tk-eh₁- (verbal noun)

Ancient Greek: κτάομαι (ktáomai)

Ancient Greek: κτέανον (ktéanon)

Ancient Greek: κτῆμα (ktêma)

Ancient Greek: κτῆνος (ktênos)

Ancient Greek: κτῆσις (ktêsis)

⇒ *tkh₁-éy-e-ti

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšHáyati (“to rule, have power over, control”) (or *kšáyati, from *h₃kʷs-éye-ti, from a desiderative of *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्षयति (kṣáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *xšáyati

desc

⇒ Ossetian: ӕхсин (æxsin, “lady, mistress”)

desctree

⇒ Old Persian: 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”), 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (x-š-a-y-θ-i-y)
Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Sogdian: 𐫀𐫟𐫢𐫏𐫔 (ʾxšyδ /(ə)xšēδ/, “king, chief”)

*tek-ṓ

Proto-Germanic: *þegô (“receiver”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: (or borrowed from Germanic?)

Old Irish: taca (“prop, support, peg”, noun)

Irish: taca

Scottish Gaelic: taca


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: թեքեմ (tʻekʻem), թեկեմ (tʻekem)
Armenian: թեքել (tʻekʻel)

*ték-seti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒆠𒅖𒍣 (tákkišzi)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsaną

Proto-West Germanic: *þehsan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *teksō

Latin: texō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

q

perhaps by conflation with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)tegʰ-</i> (“to stitch”) or another root

>? Old Armenian: թեզան (tʻezan) (perhaps by conflation with *(s)tegʰ- (“to stitch”) or another root) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Slavic: *kyvati (see there for further descendants)

*keh₁w-éye-ti (*e-grade iterative)

Proto-Italic: *kēweō

Latin: cēveō

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


wleykʷ-

*wléykʷ-ti ~ *wlikʷ-énti

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wleikʷōr

Latin: līquor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *lik-

Tocharian A: lyīktsi (“to wash”)

*wlikʷ-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *wlikʷēō

Latin: liqueō (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-o-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlikʷos (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-s-o/eh₂- (perhaps from an s-stem)

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlixsos, *wliksos m

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlɨx

Welsh: gwlych

Proto-Italic: *liksos

Latin: lixa f (“(washing) water; lye”)

Latin: ēlixus (“boiled; sodden”)

desc

Latin: prōlixus (“extended, broad; comprehensive; fortunate”)

Unsorted formations:

Tocharian B: laikanaträ (“washes”)

Tocharian B: likṣan- (“washes”)


ref

Possibly with metathesis, or reflecting the original form of the root. On the other hand, Kloekhorst rejects any possibility that the root in Hittite continues *lewh₃- or *leh₃u-, arguing that it must be reconstructed as *leh₂u-.

*lóh₃w-ey ~ *l̥h₃w-énti

Proto-Anatolian: *lóHʷei

desc

>? Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒄷𒄿 (la-a-ḫu-i, “to pour; to (over)flow”)

⇒? Luwian: [script needed] (lā(ḫ)un(a)i-, “to wash”)

*léwh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: laj

Proto-Hellenic: *léwoō

Ancient Greek: λούω (loúō), λοέω (loéō), λόω (lóō) (see there for further descendants)

ref

See de Vaan for alternative explanations of the original verb.

*(le-)lówh₃-ti (reduplicated o-grade present)

Proto-Italic: *lawō (see there for further descendants)

*lówh₃-tro-m, *léwh₃-tro-m

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: լոգանամ (loganam) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam) (or < *plew-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugō (see there for further descendants)

Old Latin: lavē- (transitive)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒂊𒃷 (e-kán /ʔekán/, “ice”)

*h₁óyg-s ~ *h₁ig-s-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háykš

Proto-Iranian: *Háyxam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yegis (“ice”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁yég-ō ~ *h₁ig-nés

desc

Proto-Germanic: *jekô (“piece of ice, hoarfrost”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jekulaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáǰas

Proto-Nuristani: *yája (“cold”) (irregular *j for expected *ǰ)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ǘć

Kativiri: yúz

Prasuni: yǘzu, ǘzu

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: yoz

→ Kalasha: [script needed] (yoz)

→ Khowar: [script needed] (yoz)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *yǣǰǽ

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *yǣ́ǰ́

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *yø̄́z

Sarikoli: yoz (“glacier”)

→ Wakhi: yaz

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: yžià (“ice-floe”)


*kéh₃-tu-s ~ *kh₃-téw-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κότος (kótos)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: котора (kotora, “quarrel”)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: शत्रु (śatru, “enemy, foe”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *gladaz (see there for further descendants)

*gʰl̥h₂-n̥-dʰ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glandaz

Proto-West Germanic: *glandī (“shining, glowing”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *ɣlaðros

>? Latin: glaber (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glā́ˀdus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gladā

Albanian: gledhë

Possible reanalyzed root of *gʰleh₂- + *-dʰh₁eti, metathesized from *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine”), itself apparently related to *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).


ǵʰley-

*ǵʰlí-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlíō

>? Ancient Greek: χλίω (khlíō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: χλιαίνω (khliaínō, “to warm; to soften”)

*ǵʰley-mós (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Germanic: *glīmô

Proto-West Germanic: *glīmō

Old English: gleomu (“splendor”)

Old Saxon: glīmo (“shine”)

Old High German: glīmo, gleimo, glīm (“glow-worm”)

Old Norse:

Norwegian Nynorsk: glim (dialectal)

Old Swedish: glim, glimma

→ Middle English: glimme

English: glim

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glīmaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glaimiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰley-nós (“bright, clear”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēnos

Proto-Brythonic: *-gluɨn

Welsh: try-lwyn

Old Irish: gléinech

*ǵʰley-wós (“shining, sparkling”)

Proto-Celtic: *gleiwos (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glaiwiz (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gliwēną or *glijō(ja)ną

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: glīa (“to glitter”)

Old Norse: gljá (“to glitter”)

Faroese: glíggja

Icelandic: gljá

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰleh₃-</i>?

>? Lithuanian: žlėjà (“twilight; dusk, darkness”) (or from *ǵʰleh₃-?)

*ǵʰley-s-

*ǵʰleys-to-s (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēstos

Proto-Brythonic: *gluɨs

Old Breton: glois, gloes

Welsh: glwys

Old Irish: glésse, glése, gléisse, gléise

Gaulish: glīso-

*ǵʰlis-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *glisnaz

Proto-Germanic: *glisnōną

Proto-West Germanic: *glisnōn

Old English: glisnian (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *glisna

Norwegian: glisna

Swedish: glesna

*ǵʰley-d-

*ǵʰléyd-e-ti

desc

Proto-Germanic: *glītaną (“to shine, sparkle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰli-n-d-e-ti (“to shine, glint”, nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glintaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitiz

Proto-West Germanic: *glit

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *glitinōn

Old English: glitenian

Old High German: glizinōn

Middle High German: glitzenen

German: glitzen

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlidā́

>? Ancient Greek: χλιδή (khlidḗ, “effeminacy, luxury, haughtiness, riches”)

*ǵʰlid-mn̥ (“shine”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ǵʰlid-mn̥-ye-ti (“to shine, sparkle”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmunjaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitraz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glitrōną (see there for further descendants)


treb-

Proto-Celtic: *trebā (“settlement”) (see there for further descendants)

*treb-nos

Proto-Celtic: *trebnos

Proto-Brythonic: *treβn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: trefn (“room, house”)

>? Proto-Italic: *trebno-

>? Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌌𐌍𐌖 (tremnu, “place from where the augur observes the birds”, abl.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: trobà (“cottage, farmhouse”)

Latvian: trāba (“hut, hovel”)

*tr̥b-om

Proto-Germanic: *þurpą (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥b-s

Proto-Italic: *trabs

Latin: trabs (“wooden beam”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *trabs

Latvian: trabs (“pole”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: trevë (“region, province”)


*dʰr̥h₂gʰ-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *t(ʰ)(a)rāťťō

Ancient Greek: θρᾱ́σσω (thrā́ssō), τᾰρᾰ́σσω (tărắssō)

Attic Greek: θρᾱ́ττω (thrā́ttō)

*dʰroh₂gʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *drāžìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréh₂gʰ-us ~ *dʰr̥h₂gʰ-éws (“rough”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trākʰús

Ancient Greek: τρᾱχῠ́ς (trākhŭ́s)

Epic, Ionic Greek: τρηχῠ́ς (trēkhŭ́s)

(perhaps) Mycenaean Greek: 𐀲𐀨𐀐𐀹(𐀊) (ta-ra-ke-wi(ja))


trem-

*trém-ti ~ *tr̥m-énti (athematic present) (see there for further descendants)

*trom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *troméyō

Ancient Greek: τρομέω (troméō)

Proto-Italic: *tromeō

Umbrian: tremitu

*tróm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trómos

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Mariupol Greek: тре́мус (trjémus)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tremi

*trom-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tromós

Ancient Greek: τρομός (tromós)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


tḱey-

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

*tḱéy-ti ~ *tḱi-énti (athematic root present)

*tḱḗy-s-t ~ *tḱéy-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáysat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáysat

desc

Sanskrit: क्षेषत् (kṣéṣat, 3sg.aor.subj.)

Proto-Italic: *sīzai

Latin: sīrīs (maybe, as it could also be a syncopated form of sīverīs)

*tḱéy-s-t ~ *tḱi-s-ént (secondary *s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκτῐσᾰ (éktĭsă), ἔκτῐσσᾰ (éktĭssă)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κτίζω (ktízō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κτῐ́σῐς (ktĭ́sĭs)

*tḱi-né-ti ~ *tḱi-n-énti (denominative present)

Proto-Italic: *sinō, *pozinō (< *h₂po-)

Latin: sinō, pōnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ktímenos

Ancient Greek: ἐϋκτίμενος (eüktímenos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀑𐀴𐀕𐀙 (ki-ti-me-na /ktimenā/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyanas

Proto-Iranian: *šáyanah

Avestan: 𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬀 (šaiiana)

→ Old Armenian: շէն (šēn) (see there for further descendants)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܝܢܐ (šainā)

*tḱéy-tis ~ *tḱi-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitíṣ

Sanskrit: क्षिति (kṣití) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *šitíš

Avestan: 𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬌 (šiti)

*tḱi-los

Proto-Hellenic: *ktilos

Ancient Greek: κτῐ́λος (ktĭ́los)

*tḱi-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *ktitós

Ancient Greek: θεόκτιτος (theóktitos), πυρίκτιτος (puríktitos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀟𐀪𐀑𐀴𐀲 (pe-ri-ki-ti-ta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitás

⇒? Sanskrit: परिक्षित् (parikṣit)

Proto-Iranian: *šitáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anašita, “uninhabitable”)

*tḱéy-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáytram (see there for further descendants)

*tḱóy-mo-s

Albanian: komb

>? Ancient Greek: κώμη (kṓmē)

Proto-Germanic: *haimaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyma-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáymas, *ṭṣáymam

desctree

Sanskrit: क्षेम (kṣema)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑁂𑀫 (khema)
Pali: khema
→ Hindi: क्षेम (kṣem) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಕ್ಷೇಮ (kṣēma)

Reanalysed root of *tḱéyti, from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).
Alternatively from *d (zero-grade of *ád) + *ḱey-.


sengʷʰ-

Anne Feldhaus
Brill Publishers
Motilal Banarsidass
fr:Édouard Champion

*séngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *singwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sángʰati

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 (saṃghaï), 𑀲𑀕𑁆𑀖𑀇 (sagghaï, “says”)

Old Marathi: 𑘭𑘰𑘽𑘑𑘜𑘹 (sāṃghaṇe)

Marathi: सांगणे (sāṅgṇe)

desc

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

*sóngʷʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *sangwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *honkʷʰā́

Ancient Greek: ὀμφή (omphḗ)


dʰgʷʰey-

*dʰgʷʰéy-t ~ *dʰgʷʰy-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

3sg.aor.mid. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φθίω</i> (phthíō)

Ancient Greek: ἔφθιτο (éphthito, 3sg.aor.mid. of φθίω (phthíō))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰžʰayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háḍẓʰayt

Sanskrit: क्षिधी (kṣidhī́, 2sg.aor.impv.)

*dʰgʷʰi-néH-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Germanic: *dwīnaną (see there for further descendants)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰináHti

Sanskrit: क्षिणाति (kṣiṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰinā́ti

Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jināⁱti)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jändä), [script needed] (jindä)

*dʰgʷʰi-néw-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nw-énti (*néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φθίνω (phthínō), φθινύθω (phthinúthō)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiṇáwti

q

or later variant of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">क्षिणाति</i> (kṣiṇā́ti)

Sanskrit: क्षिणोति (kṣiṇóti) (or later variant of क्षिणाति (kṣiṇā́ti))

*dʰgʷʰi-yé-ti (*yé-present)

desc

*ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiyátay

Sanskrit: क्षीयते (kṣīyáte)

Sanskrit: *झीयते (jhīyáte)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀛𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (jhijjaï)

Marathi: झिजणे (jhij̈ṇe)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: झीझना (jhījhnā)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰiyátay

Avestan: 𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (ajiiamna, “not aging”), 𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (afrajiiamna, “not decreasing”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jīye), [script needed] (jītä)

Old Persian: 𐎪𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎴 (ji-i-y-m-n- /jiyamna-/, “the end”)

*dʰe-dʰgʷʰóy-e ~ *dʰe-dʰgʷʰy-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

3sg.perf.mid. of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φθίω</i> (phthíō)

Epic Greek: ἔφθιται (éphthitai, 3sg.perf.mid. of φθίω (phthíō))

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀥𐀴𐀺𐀁 (e-qi-ti-wo-e, ptc.act.)

*dʰgʷʰéy-ti-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*dʰgʷʰéy-tu-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *(k)situs

Latin: situs

*dʰgʷʰi-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰtʰitós

Ancient Greek: φθῐτός (phthĭtós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰitás

Sanskrit: क्षित (kṣitá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्षि (kṣi)

Reanalysed root of *dʰgʷʰéyti, from *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


sleydʰ-

*sléydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *slīdaną (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráydʰati (“to err, blunder”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráydʰati

Vedic Sanskrit: स्रेधति (srédhati)

*slidʰ-éh₁ye-ti (stative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidḗˀtei

Latgalian: sleidēt (“to slide, to slipe, to glide”)

Latvian: slidêt

*slidʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slištei

Latvian: slîst

Lithuanian: slýsti

*slidʰ-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *slidraz (“slippery > smooth ?”)

Proto-West Germanic: *slidr (“clear, bright”) (see there for further descendants)

*sléydʰ-u-s ~ * slidʰ-éw-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidús

Latgalian: sleidušs (“slippery, sleek”)

Latvian: slids

Lithuanian: slidùs

*sloydʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slaidús (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Latgalian: sleidons (“slippy”)

>? Proto-Italic: *sloiðrikos

Latin: lūbricus (“slippery; deceitful; tricksome”)

Sanskrit: स्रिध् (srídh, “erring, failing; enemy; misbeliever”)

Ancient Greek: ὀλισθάνω (olisthánō, “to slip, slide, be slippery”) (-sth- from dh-t-)

May be a *-dʰ(h₁)- extension of *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, be slimy”) (or *(s)leh₁y-): compare *(s)leyG- in Proto-Germanic *slīkaną (“to slide, glide, slither”), *slīkaz (“sleek, slick, smooth”), possibly also Albanian shlligë (“viper”); *(s)ley-m- in Proto-Germanic *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”), Latin līmus (“mud, slime”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *sleiˀnāˀ (“saliva”) (Proto-Slavic *slìna, Latvian sliēnas m pl), Albanian llënjëz (“mud”), Ancient Greek λεῖμαξ (leîmax, “snail, slug”), Proto-Slavic *slimakъ (“snail”), and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ley-men- (“body of water (marsh ~ lake ~ bay)”); *leyp- (“to stick, be sticky; fat, oil, glue”); *(s)leyb(ʰ)- in Proto-West Germanic *slīpan (“to make smooth, whet”), *slipr (“slippery, smooth”), English slip (“mix of clay and water”, noun).


spend-

*spénd-ti ~ *spn̥d-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (iš-pa-a-an-ti /išpānti/)

Proto-Hellenic: *spéndō

Ancient Greek: σπένδω (spéndō)

Proto-Italic: *spendō

Oscan: spentud (3sg.imp.II)

*spḗnd-s-t ~ * spénd-s-n̥t (aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔσπεισᾰ (éspeisă)

Epic Greek: σπεῖσᾰ (speîsă)

Proto-Italic: *sponssai

Latin: spōnsīs (perf.subj.)

*spe-spónd-e ~ *spe-spn̥d-ḗr (stative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (ši-pa-a-an-ti /šipānti/)

Italic: *spespondai

Latin: spepondī, spopondī

*spond-éye-ti (causative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *spondeō
Latin: spondeō
Oscan: spentud
>? Umbrian: spefa

Proto-Tocharian: *spänt-

Tocharian B: späntetär

*spónd-o-

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: spantai

Proto-Hellenic: *spondā́

Ancient Greek: σπονδή (spondḗ)


(s)pend-

*(s)pénd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spenˀstei

Latgalian: spīst

Latvian: spiêst

Lithuanian: spę́sti

→? Proto-Finnic: *pettädäk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendō (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *(s)pond-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pǫditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendēō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-i-s ~ *(s)pn̥d-éy-s

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pę̑dь (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-os ~ *(s)pénd-es-

Proto-Italic: *pondos

Latin: pondus (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed root of *(s)penh₁- (“to spin (thread); to stretch”) plus a suffix similar to *-dʰh₁eti, but not identical to it in view of the Balto-Slavic accent.


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph

*péyh₂-de-ti (de-present)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *päit- (“to be swollen, fat”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-sk- (“to become swollen, fat”) (or < *péyh₂d-sḱe-ti)

⇒? Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”) (or < *päits-ko- < *péyh₁d-s)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-tāk

>? Tocharian B: pittāk (“blister, swelling”)

⇒? *péyh₂d-s ~ *pih₂d-(s)-és (“pitch, resin”)

⇒ *poyh₂d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *puojtē (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-t ~ *pih₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pīˀtei

Lithuanian: pýti (“to be come wet, become muddy, start to give milk”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पियान (píyāna, “full of, overflowing with”, ptc.med.)

*pi-né-h₂-ti ~ *pi-nh₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pináHti ~ *pinHánti

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinHáwti (“to be swollen, fat”) (see there for further descendants)

*pe-póyh₂-e ~ *pe-pih₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pipáyHa (“to be swollen (with milk)”) (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-mō ~ *pih₂-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHmā

Proto-Iranian: *páyHmā (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *pejmä (“milk”)

Proto-Finnic: *piimä (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-os ~ péyh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-tu ~ *pih₂-téw-s (“something fattening, nourishing”)

*péyh₂-wr̥ ~ *pih₂-wén-s (“fat; swelling”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píHwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píHwas

Sanskrit: पीवस् (pī́vas, “fat”)

Proto-Iranian: *píHwah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (pīuuah)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pyau, “swelling, overflowing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: piẽva (“meadow”)

Lithuanian: pi̇́eva (“meadow”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pοiwā

Ancient Greek: ποίη (poíē, “gras, meadow”), πόᾱ (póā)

*póyh₂-mn̥ ~ *pih₂-m̥nés

Proto-Germanic: *faimô (“maiden, girl”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fajaz, *fajjaz

Dutch: vei (“fat, lush, fertile”) (dialectal)

>? *póyh₂-h₃n̥gʷ-i-s ~ *pih₂-h₃n̥gʷ-éy-s (+ *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, butter”)?)

Proto-Italic: *pīngwis

Latin: pinguis (“fat, greasy”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pīmós

Ancient Greek: πῑμελή (pīmelḗ, “soft fat, lard”) (+ -ελη (-elē)?, cf. ἀγέλη (agélē))

>? Proto-Italic: *pīmos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *oppīmos (+ *op- (“towards”))

Latin: opīmus (“fat, fertile, rich”) (or < opī (“power, resources”) + -mus) (see there for further descendants)

*pih₂-nó-s, *peh₂i-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pā́ˀinas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHnás

Sanskrit: पीन (pīna, “fat, swollen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHtás

Sanskrit: पीत (pīta, “swollen, full”)


kwep-

kwep- (canonical)
kʷap- (canonical)
*kweb- (alternative)

*kwḗp-ti ~ *kwép-n̥ti (root athematic Narten present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwḗptei

Latvian: kvêpt (“to smell”) (partially, sta-present)

⇒ Latvian: kvêpêt (“to smoke”)

Lithuanian: kvė̃pti (“to smell”)

*kup-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kupyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kupyati

Sanskrit: कुप्यति (kupyati)

Proto-Italic: *kupiō

Latin: cupiō (“to desire”) (or from athematic i-stem)

*kup-/*kūp-eh₁(-yé)-ti (secondary essive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpḗˀtei

Latvian: kupêt (“to seethe”)

Lithuanian: kūpėti

Proto-Slavic: *kypěti (“to boil up, to seethe”) (see there for further descendants)

*kub-eh₂(-yé)-ti (factive)

Proto-Germanic: *hupōną

Proto-West Germanic: *hopōn (see there for further descendants)

*kwob-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hwapjaną (“to suffocate”) (see there for further descendants)

*kwop-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwápas

Lithuanian: kvãpas (“aroma”)

>? *kʷap-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapnós

Ancient Greek: καπνός (kapnós, “smoke, steam”) (possibly, but not very likely)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπνίζω (kapnízō, “to smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapnás

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopněti (“to melt, to long for”) (denominal stative present) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kʷap-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaprás

Proto-Slavic: *koprъ (“dill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopriva (“nettle”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *koprina (“silk”)

>? *kʷap-ō-s

Proto-Italic: *kwapōs (possibly)

Latin: vapor

>? *kʷap-ú-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapús (possibly)

Ancient Greek: καπύς (kapús, “smoke, steam”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπυρός (kapurós, “dry”) (extended with -ρός)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapús

q

with the partitive extension <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъtъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopъtъ (“soot, dim smoke”) (with the partitive extension *-ъtъ) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kup-/*kūp-ró-s

Paleo-Balkan: (possibly)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: κύπερος (kúperos, “galingale”) (Pre-Greek)

Proto-Celtic: *kubros (“desiring”)

Old Irish: cobar

Gaulish: cobro-

Proto-Italic: *kupros

Umbrian: cupras (gen. sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūprás (possibly vṛddhi construction?)

Proto-Slavic: *kyprъ (“bonny”)

*kūp-ó-s

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpōˀtei (denomial fientive)

Lithuanian: kūpúoti (“to initiate boiling”)

Proto-Slavic: *kypovati (“to initiate boiling”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: *kʷeɸ- (“to pant, to breathe”) (possibly)

Welsh: peuo (“to roar, to breathe”) (attested relatively late)


tengʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*téngʰ-t ~ tn̥gʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tengtei ~ *tingtei

Proto-Slavic: *tęťi pf (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tędzati impf (“to pull, to extract”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgnǫti (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tǫgъ (“hard, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗngʰ-ti ~ téngʰ-n̥ti (Narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅk- (“to check, stop, hinder”)

Tocharian A: täṅk-

Tocharian B: täṅk-

*tongʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tangīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *tǫžiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tʰanǰʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *θanǰáyati (“to pull; to weigh (down)”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-eh₁(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingēˀtei

Lithuanian: tingė́ti (“to be lazy”)

Proto-Slavic: *tęžati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžava (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ti̇̀ngti (“to become slow”)

*tn̥gʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ting(je)tei

Proto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžestь (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þungijaną (“to weigh down, make heavy”)

Old Norse: þyngja (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þinhslō (see there for further descendants)

*téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s (“heavy”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingús

Lithuanian: tingùs

q

Proto-Slavic: *tęžьkъ (with irregular *-ž- spread from the comparative *tęžьjь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þunguz

Old Norse: þungr (see there for further descendants)

Extension of *ten- (“to stretch; to extend”).


mregʰ-

*mrégʰ-mn̥ ~ *mr̥gʰ-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρέχμα (brékhma)

*mregʰ-mó-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρεχμός (brekhmós)

*mrogʰ-no-m

Proto-Germanic: *bragną (see there for further descendants)

*móst-mr̥gʰ-on- (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mastr̥gʰā́n

Sanskrit: मस्तृहन् (mastṛhan)


gewH-

*géwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kewaną (“to cry”)

Old Norse: kjá

(perhaps) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáwbati

Proto-Iranian: *gáwbati (see there for further descendants)

*gowH-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *kawjaną (“to call, name”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or denominative from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">γόος</i> (góos)

Ancient Greek: γοάω (goáō) (or denominative from γόος (góos))

*gowh₂-dʰh₁-y-ónti (denominative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaustei

Lithuanian: gaũsti, gaudžiù (“to make a sound, hum”, 1sg.)

Latvian: gaũst, gaūžu (“to wail, lament”, 1sg.)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *gǫsti (“to make a sound, hum, sing, weep, play an instrument”) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gaudùs (“sonorous”)

Latvian: gàuds (“miserable”)

*gowH-oro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gawaras

Latvian: gaura (“chatter”)

Proto-Slavic: *gȍvorъ (“talk”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷowH-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γόος (góos, “wailing, weeping, lament”)

*guH-mós

Proto-Germanic: *kūmaz (“thin, weak, frail”)

⇒ Old High German: kūmo (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old English: cyme

Unsorted formations:

>? Sanskrit: जोगुवे (jóguve, “to call, invoke”)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *ǵʰewH-.


weyp-

*wéyp-t ~ *wip-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विपान (vipāná, ptc.med.)

*wéyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wīpaną (from *wéyb-eti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáypati (“to tremble”) (see there for further descendants)

*woyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *waibijaną (“to wind (around), wrap”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waibjō

Old Norse: veifa (“flag”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waypáyati

Sanskrit: वेपयति (vepáyati, “to cause to tremble, agitate, shake, move”)

Proto-Iranian: *waypáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaēpaiieⁱti)

*we-wóyp-e ~ *we-wip-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विविप्रे (vivipre, 3pl.med.)

*wi-né-b-ti ~ *wi-m-b-énti

Proto-Germanic: *wimpaną

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *wimpilaz (“wrapped cloth, scarf, wimple”) (see there for further descendants)

*wip-rós (“trembling, swinging, agitated”)

Proto-Germanic: *wibraz (“missile, sword”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiprás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wibrāō (“trembling”)

Latin: vibrō (“to move to and fro”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *waibōną

Old English: wāfian (“to be agitated, to stare in amazement”)

*weyp-s-

Proto-Slavic: *visěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *věšati

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: viẽptiês, viêptiês (“to rotate, twist, makea face, grimace”)

Latvian: vaîbît, vaîbu, vaîbît (“to distort, adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: viêbt, viêbju, viêbĩju (“to adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: vìepe (“covering, casing, linen envelope”)

Latvian: viept, viepju, viepu (“to cover, distort (one's face)”)

Lithuanian: viẽpti, viẽpia, viẽpē (“to make a face, gape”)

Lithuanian: vaipī́tis (“to grimace, make a sour face, bend”)

Lithuanian: vī́burti, vī́buria, vī́burē (“swing, turn around, flutter”)

Lithuanian: vi̇̀pti, vim̃pa, vi̇̀po (“to fall off, gape”)

Lithuanian: vỹpti, vỹpsta, vỹpo (“to bend”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypas

Proto-Iranian: *waypah (“inspired song”) (possibly)

→ Old Armenian: վէպ (vēp)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: wip-, wīpäṣṣäṃ (“to shake, swing”, 3s.)

Tocharian B: waipalau, waiwalau (“vertigo, giddiness”)

Tocharian B: waipe* (m.sg.), waipe (“banner, flag”, obl.sg.)


ksweybʰ-

ksweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷsweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷseybʰ- (canonical)

*kswéybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swībaną (“to revolve, sway, sweep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwáypati, *kšwáybʰati

Proto-Iranian: *xšwáypati, *xšwáybati (“to vibrate, tremble, shake”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *šibati (“to whip”) (see there for further descendants)

*kswip-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwipáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣipáti

Sanskrit: क्षिपति (kṣipáti, “to throw”)

*kswibʰ-néh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Germanic: *swippōną (see there for further descendants)

*kswoybʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swaipijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwaypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣaypáyati

Sanskrit: क्षेपयति (kṣepayati, “to cause to cast, throw into”)

*kswibʰ-éh₁-ti (*éh₁-stative)

Proto-Celtic: *xswibīti (“move, recede”)

Middle Irish: scibid

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨβid (see there for further descendants)


*uh₁y-éye-ti (“to wrap, plait”, éye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uHyáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uHyáyati

Sanskrit: व्ययति (vyáyati)

Proto-Italic: *wijejō

Latin: vieō (“to bind, plait, weave”) (see there for further descendants)

*wi-né-h₁-ti (or *uh₁i-néH-ti)

Proto-Celtic: *winīti (“to bend, enclose”) (or *winati)

Old Irish: ad·fen (“repay, requite”)

Old Irish: ar·fen

Old Irish: for·fen

Old Irish: im·fen (“enclose, hedge round”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wináHti

Pali: vināti

𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀺𑀬<alt:*𑀯𑀺𑀡𑀇>

Prakrit: *𑀯𑀺𑀡𑀇 (*viṇaï), *𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀇 (*vuṇaï, “weaves”)

Bengali: বুনা (buna)

Gujarati: વણવું (vaṇvũ)

Hindi: बुनना (bunnā)

Marathi: विणणे (viṇṇe)

Punjabi: ਬੁਨਣਾ (bunṇā)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀡𑀡 n (viṇaṇa), 𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀡 n (vuṇaṇa, “weaving”), 𑀯𑀼𑀡𑀺𑀬 (vuṇiya, “woven”)

*uh₁i-t (zero-grade root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-mn̥ ~ *uh₁i-mén-s (“plaiting”) (see there for further descendants)

*weh₁i-ro-s (“turned, twisted”)

Proto-Celtic: *weiros (“crooked”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīraz (“wire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀš-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *vixati

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšuras, *weiˀšulas (“whirlwind”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-ti-s ~ *uh₁i-téy-s (“willow; that which twines or bends”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *waigaz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wajjuz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

*woh₁y-éh₂ (“branch, twig”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wejā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *věja

Old Church Slavonic: вѣꙗ (věja)

Slovene: vȇja (tonal orthography)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vějьka (“twig”)

Bulgarian: ве́йка (véjka)

Russian: ве́йка (véjka)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waHyáH

Sanskrit: वया (vayā́)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀn-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀníkas (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀnukas

Latvian: vaîņuks (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *věnъkъ (see there for further descendants)

*uh₁y-ḗn (possibly)

Proto-Hellenic: *uyḗn

Ancient Greek: ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”)

*wéyh₁-ō ~ *wih₁-n-és (“(*product of the vine >) wine”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *witos

Old Irish: fithe (“woven, plaited”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: witwan

Proto-Slavic: *větvь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wítus

Ancient Greek: ἴτῠς (ítŭs, “felloe”)

Aeolic Greek: ϝῐ́τῠς (wĭ́tŭs)

Proto-Italic: *witus

Latin: vitus (“felloe”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *vojь (“curve, turn”) (see there for further descendants)


pewḱ-

Proto-Hellenic: *péukā

desctree

Ancient Greek: πεύκη (peúkē)
Greek: πεύκο (péfko)

Proto-Tocharian: *pyäwtsyā

→ Proto-Nuristani: *pyóccī

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pǖći

Kativiri: pīći

Prasuni: vyoć

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: pić

Waigali: püć

Proto-Germanic: *fiuhtijǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *fiuhtijā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pjauśjāˀ

Old Prussian: peuse

*púḱ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puśis

Lithuanian: puši̇̀s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuxtākā

Middle Irish: ochtach

According to Beekes, probably not related to *pewǵ- (“to punch, prick”).


pewǵ-

*pu-né-ǵ-ti ~ *pu-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)

Latin: pungō

*powǵ-éye-ti (o-grade *-éyeti iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸougīti

Old Irish: úaigid (“to sew”), ⇒ con·óigi

Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)

Irish: fuaigh

Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh

⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)

*puǵ-s

Proto-Hellenic: *púks

Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)

Proto-Italic: *pūgjō

Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)

*puǵ-li-s

Proto-Italic: *pugls

Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́

Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)

*puǵ-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *pugnos

Latin: pugnus (“fist”)

>? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)

Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”) (< *funkstiz)

Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *púktās

Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)

Probably not related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).


kl̥H-

*kl̥H-wó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kl̥Hwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kl̥Hwás

Sanskrit: कुल्व (kulvá)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥Hwáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (kaᵘruua)

Persian: کل (kal, “bald”)

→ Turkish: kel

Proto-Italic: *kalowos

Latin: calvus (“bald, hairless”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kalowā

Latin: calva (“skull”) (see there for further descendants)

Formally unable to be related to Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“naked, head”); however, the superficial phonetic and semantic resemblance of the two roots, as well as the existence of words meaning "bald" (a non-basic vocabulary term) in various descendants of both roots via the same suffixing pattern of *-wó-s, is striking.


*bʰéyh₂-e-tor ~ *bʰéyh₂-o-ntor (mediopassive root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHatay (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baĩdît

Lithuanian: baidýti

Old Prussian: pobaiint

desc

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀsás (“demon, evil spirit”)

Proto-Italic: *foiðō

⇒ Proto-Italic: *foiðos

Latin: foedus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-t ~ *bʰih₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáyHt

अभेत्<alt:भेम>

Sanskrit: भेम (bhema, 1pl.inj.act.)

*bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bajā́ˀtei (with disappearance of reduplication) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bibāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰibʰā́yHa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHtás (see there for further descendants)


*bʰi-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *binati (“to strike, hit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *finō

Latin: *perfinō (“I break”), perfinēs (2p.sing.pres.act.subj.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtei (“to beat”) (or present stem derived from aorist)

Proto-Slavic: *bìti, *bьjǫ (1sg.pres.) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰih₂-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *bijēną, *biēną (“to hit”)

Icelandic: bjá

*bʰḗyh₂-s-t ~ *bʰéyh₂-s-n̥t

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bi(tъ) (3sg.aor.), *bišę (3pl.aor.)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰītrós

Ancient Greek: φιτρός (phitrós, “trunk, log”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtwāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bìtva (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀjas

Proto-Slavic: *bojь (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bainą (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected with *bʰeyh₂- (“to shake; to fear”) above, as a semantic relationship between “shake” and “strike” is widely paralleled.


ḱeyp-

*ḱoyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipeitei

Lithuanian: šaipýtis (“to ridicule, snarl at”)

*ḱoyp-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipas

Lithuanian: šai̇̃pas (“ridicule, mockery”)

*ḱoyp-stis

Proto-Germanic: *haifstiz (“conflict”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰers-

*bʰars- ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)

Albanian: bar (“grass”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *buras (< *bʰr̥-(e)s-)

Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)

Proto-Brythonic: *baraɣ

Breton: bara (“bread”)

Old Cornish: bara

Welsh: bara (“bread”)

desctree

Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)
Irish: bairín

>? Pictish: ᚁᚐᚆᚆᚏᚏᚐ (bahhrra)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fars (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰr̥s-ḱo-s

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰrus-go-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *bruskaz (“tuft; thicket”) (or from *bʰrus-go-?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰərskos

>? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)

desc

Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)

*bʰr̥s-t-yós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burštjás

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̃rščь (“hogweed”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥s-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *barros (“top, point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s

Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ

Sanskrit: भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “a point, top”)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (voᵘru-bar^əšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)

Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom

Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰors-i(H)n- ~ *bʰars-i(H)n-

*bʰors-in-óm ~ *bʰars-in-óm n

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina (see there for further descendants)

*bʰors-iHn-eh₂ ~ *bʰars-iHn-eh₂ f

Proto-Italic: *farsīnā

Latin: farīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)

*bʰórs-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *barskaz

Old Saxon: *barsk

Middle Low German: barsch (“sharp, rough, stern”)

→ German: barsch

→ Danish: barsk

→ Norwegian: barsk

→ Swedish: barsk

Unsorted formations:

Lithuanian: brū̃sgai m pl (“underbrush”)

Compounds

*bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o- (with vowel metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *brazdos

Old Irish: brot (“goad”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *brazdą (“edge, brim”)

Proto-West Germanic: *braʀd m

Old English: breard (“brim, margin”)

Old High German: brart (“edge”)

Middle High German: brart (“edge; board”)

Old Norse: *bradd

Elfdalian: bradd m (“edge”)

Icelandic: bradd n (“edge”)

Norwegian: bradd n (“shore, side”)

Proto-Germanic: *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”) (see there for further descendants)


*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati

Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)

Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati

>? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)

*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)

>? Proto-Celtic: *glādītor (deponent)

⇒ Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)

Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: griddfan

Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)


*sh₂-né-k-ti ~ *sh₂-n-k-énti (post-PIE nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *sankjō (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒅖 (ša-ak-la-iš), 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-ak-la-a-iš), 𒊭𒀀𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-a-ak-la-a-iš /šāklāiš/)

*séh₂k-mn̥ ~ *sh₂k-mén-s

Italic:

Latin: sagmen

Proto-Italic: *sākris (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sakros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sakros (see there for further descendants)


*dh₂p-yé-ti (yé-present) (Beekes prefers a Pre-Greek origin)

Proto-Hellenic: *dapťō

Ancient Greek: δάπτω (dáptō)

*déh₂p-s ~ *dh₂p-és

Proto-Italic: *daps

Latin: daps

Proto-Germanic: *tappōną

Old Norse: tapa

Icelandic: tapa

Faroese: tapa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tape

Norwegian Nynorsk: tape, tapa

Old Swedish: tappa, tapa

Swedish: tappa

Old Danish: tapæ, tapa

Danish: tabe

Elfdalian: tappa

Gutnish: tappe

Scanian: taba

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տաւն (tawn)

Proto-Germanic: *tabną

Old Norse: tafn

Proto-Italic: *dapnom

Latin: damnum

Proto-Celtic: *daunā

Middle Irish: dúan

Irish: duan

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαπάνη (dapánē)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ᴸᵁtappala-, “person responsible for court cooking”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: tāpal (“food”)


pers-

*pérs-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párṣati

Sanskrit: पर्षति (párṣati)

*pe-pérs-ti ~ *pe-pr̥s-énti (reduplicated athematic present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉺𒀊𒈦𒀸𒍣 (pa-ap-pár-as-zi)

*pr̥s-ló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puršlas

Lithuanian: pur̃slas

*pérs-ont-s ~ *pŕ̥s-ont-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥šants

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (paršuiia)

Northern Kurdish: pelişîn (“to scatter, sprinkle, crush, decay”)

Persian: پاشیدن (pâšidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥ṣants

Sanskrit: पृषत् (pṛ́ṣat)

*pors-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paršas

Latvian: pā̀rsla

Proto-Slavic: *pȏrxъ (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piršas

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rxъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fursaz (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-ti-s ~ *pr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirštis

Latvian: pìrkstis

Lithuanian: pir̃kšnys

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rstь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *pärs-

Tocharian A: präsā-

⇒ Tocharian A: pärs-

→? Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺𐰽 (bars /b¹r¹s¹/, “leopard”)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽾𐽻 (bars), 𐾀𐽰𐽿𐾅 (taš)

Tocharian B: pärsā-


pes-

*pés-os ~ *pés-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *péhos

Ancient Greek: πέος (péos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pásas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pásas

Sanskrit: पसस् (pásas)

*pés-ō ~ *ps-n-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇽𒀸 (LÚ-aš, “man, husband”, nom.sg) ~ 𒁉𒌍𒈾𒀸 (pé-eš-na-aš /pešnaš/, gen.sg.)

Proto-Italic: *peznis (< *pésn-i-s ~ *psn̥-yé-s)

Latin: pēnis (see there for further descendants)

*pós-l̥ ~ *pés-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *faslaz (“brood, offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Germanic: *fasl

Old English: fæsl (“offspring, progeny”)

Old High German: fasal (“offspring”)

Middle High German: vasel (“breeding animal”)

German: Fasel

Old Norse: fǫsull


puH-

*púH-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: pyut

Latvian: pũt (with ste-present)

Lithuanian: pū́ti (with ne-present)

*púH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHyati

Sanskrit: पूयति (pū́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *púHyati

Avestan: 𐬞𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (puiieti)

*powH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*púH-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́tʰomai

Ancient Greek: πῡ́θομαι (pū́thomai)

*puH-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūlaz (see there for further descendants)

*pewH-l-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: praûls

Lithuanian: piaũlas

*pewH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: piaulai̇̃

*puH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūlis

Lithuanian: pū́liai

*puH-ō

Proto-Germanic: *fūô

Old Norse: fúi

Faroese: fúgvi

*púH-o-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῦον (pûon), πῡός (pūós)

Greek: πύον (pýon), πύο (pýo)

*púH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: puvesis

Lithuanian: puvė̃sis

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́os

Ancient Greek: πῡ́ος (pū́os)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHas

Sanskrit: पुवस् (púvas)

Proto-Italic: *puos

Latin: pūs (see there for further descendants)

*puH-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūanaz

Old Norse: fúinn

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)

Proto-Iranian: *puHtáh

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pwtk /pūdag/)

Proto-Italic: *pūtēō (< *pūtos)

Latin: pūteō

*púH-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHtiṣ

Sanskrit: पूति (pū́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *púHtiš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pūⁱti)

Middle Persian: pwtk' (pūdag)

Persian: پود (pud), پوده (pude)

→ Old Armenian: փուտ (pʻut)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *putso

Albanian: + -rr

Albanian: puçërr

Proto-Albanian: *spHul

Albanian: fëlliq


prep-

*prép-e-ti

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երևիմ (erewim)

Proto-Hellenic: *prépō

Ancient Greek: πρέπω (prépō)

*pr̥p-yé-ti

>? Proto-Germanic: *furbijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *furbēn (see there for further descendants)

*prép-tu-s ~ *pr̥p-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrixtus

*próp-os (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θεο-πρόπος (theo-própos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեսք pl (ereskʻ)


prew-

*préw-e-tor (thematic middle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práwatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práwatay

Sanskrit: प्रवते (právate)

*prow-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frawaz (see there for further descendants)

*prew-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prawás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prawás

Sanskrit: प्रव (pravá)

*prów-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *frauþaz

*pru-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prutás

Sanskrit: प्रुत (prutá)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: پر (par) (present stem of پریدن (paridan, “to jump, fly”))


bʰreHg-

*bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *bragyeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰréHg-ye-ti

(possibly) Germanic: *brēkijaną

Middle High German: bræhen

*bʰréHg-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥Hg-mén-s

Proto-Celtic: *braxsman

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bramm

Cornish: bram

Middle Welsh: bram

Old Irish: broim

*bʰr̥Hg-nó-s

Proto-Celtic: *bragnos

Proto-Brythonic: *braɨn

Middle Breton: brein

Breton: brein

Middle Welsh: braen

Middle Irish: brén

Hispano-Celtic:

Galician: braña

*bʰr̥Hg-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *fragros → *fragrāō

Latin: fragrō

Unsorted descendants:

(possibly) Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brāˀg-

Proto-Slavic: *braga (“pre-distilled alcohol mixture, must”)

Proto-Slavic: *bražiti (“to ferment”) (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *brězgati/*brьzgati (“to burst, to get bitter, to decompose”) (inchoative)

Proto-Slavic: *broščь (“madder (Rubia tinctorum)”)


bʰreyH-

*bʰriH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *brìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰri-né-H-ti ~ *bʰriH-né-n-ti (nasal-infix present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brinati
Old Irish: ro·bria (3sg. subj.), ro·bríathar (pass. sg. subj.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Sanskrit: बृणाति (bhrīṇā́ti), भ्रीणन्ति (bhrīṇánti)

Proto-Iranian: *briHnáHti, *briHnánti

desc

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (paⁱribrīnəṇte, 3pl.pres.med.)

Old Persian:

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅 (brynyd, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brynynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

*bʰriH-nos

(possibly) Germanic: *brīnaz, *brīnijaz

Old English: brīne, brȳne

Middle English: brine, bryne

Scots: brime

English: brine

Old Dutch: *brīni

Middle Dutch: brine

Dutch: brijn

West Flemish: brijne

Old Frisian: brein

West Frisian: brein

*bʰriH-o-s

Proto-Italic: *frios → *friāō

Latin: friō

*bʰriH-wo-s

Proto-Italic: *frīwos

Latin: (re)frīvus

Unsorted formations:

Phrygian: βρειτ (breit)

Proto-Albanian: *brin(i)

Albanian: brij


twerḱ-

*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti

Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)

*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)

Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas

Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah

Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)

*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Italic: *trunkos

Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

*turḱ-s (s-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks

Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)

Proto-Italic: *truks

Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *turḱ-s-os

Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”) (see there for further descendants)

*twérḱ-tōr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)


ḱers-

*ḱr̥s-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzaną (“to rush”)

English: hurry

Proto-Italic: *korzō (“I run”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-néh₂-ti ~ *ḱr̥s-n̥h₂-énti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzōną (“to rush”)

*ḱr̥s-kó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hurskaz (“quick, lively”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-ó-s

*ḱr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *korstos

Latin: cursus

*ḱr̥s-r-u-

Proto-Tocharian: *kwärsär (“league, path, course”)

Tocharian A: kursär

Tocharian B: kwarsär


*h₁i-h₁éysh₂-ti ~ *h₁i-h₁ish₂-énti (reduplicated present)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰάομαι (iáomai, “to cure, heal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHišHánti

Proto-Iranian: *HiHišHántī

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬍 (išəṇtī, 3pl.pres.act.ind.), 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬝 (išat̰, 3sg.pres.act.inj.)

*h₁is-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₁is-n-h₂-énti (nasal present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰνάω (ináō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HišnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiṣṇáHti

Sanskrit: इष्णाति (iṣṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíšHyati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁oysh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HayšHáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *eizā

Latin: īra (“anger, wrath”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aisōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáyšHmas

Proto-Iranian: *HáyšHmah (see there for further descendants)


gʷelbʰ-

*gʷélbʰ-us ~ *gʷl̥bʰ-éws

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δελφύς (delphús, “womb”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀδελφεός (adelpheós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δελφίς (delphís)

⇒ Ancient Greek: Δελφοί (Delphoí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥bʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥buš

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (gər^əbuš, “young animal”)

*gʷólbʰ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δολφός (dolphós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárbʰas (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥-gʷelbʰós (“of the same womb”)

Proto-Hellenic: *əgʷelpʰós (“brother”)

Sanskrit: सगर्भ्य (sagarbhya, “brother”)


ḱweyt-

*ḱwéyt-t ~ *ḱwit-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwaytˢt ~ *Háćwitan

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśwayt ~ *Háświtan

Sanskrit: अश्वितन् (áśvitan, “to become bright, white”)

*ḱwéyt-ti ~ *ḱwit-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweistei

Latgalian: sveist'(i) (“to dawn, to become bright”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweisas

Lithuanian: šviesa (“light”)

*ḱwḗyt-ti ~ *ḱwéyt-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwēistei

Lithuanian: šviẽsti (“to shine”)

*ḱwi-né-t-ti ~ *ḱwi-n-t-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwístei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwinátˢti ~ *ćwintánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *świnátti ~ *świntánti

Sanskrit: श्विन्दते (śvindate, “to shine”)

*ḱwéyt-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáytatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwáytatay

Sanskrit: श्वेतते (śvetate, “to shine, be white”)

*ḱwit-éh₁(ye)-ti ~ *ḱwit-е́h₁(ye)-n̥ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *świtḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ó-s (“white”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kweitás (analogical k-?)

Lithuanian: kvietys, kvieši (“wheat”) (or borrowed from Old Norse or Gothic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwaytás (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ōr ~ ḱwit-nós?

i

Proto-Germanic: *hwītaz, *hwittaz (see there for further descendants) (Kroonen assumes Kluge's law in the genitive singular)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hwaitijaz (“wheat”) (or < *ḱweyd-) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwoyt-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitas

Proto-Slavic: *světъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitī́ˀtei

Lithuanian: švaitýti

Proto-Slavic: *světiti (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwaitas (or perhaps from a separate root *kweyt- (“to shine, gleam; to bloom”))

Proto-Slavic: *květъ (“flower”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwit-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwitrás (see there for further descendants)


gʷet-

*gʷét-u ~ *gʷt-éw-s

*gʷet-yó-s

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *betyos

Gaulish: *betyos

→ Vulgar Latin: *betius

Catalan: bez

Occitan: bez

Spanish: biezo

*gʷēt-

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdǭ

Old Norse: kváða

Norwegian: kvåde, kode

Swedish: kåda

Elfdalian: kwåða

*gʷēt-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiją

Old Norse: *kvæði

Norwegian: kvæde


gʷet-

*gʷét-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *kweþaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kwadjaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-ye-ti (ye-present)

Old Armenian: կոչեմ (kočʻem) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷēt-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷet-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwidiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷét-ti-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwissiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gatati (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: गदति (gadati)


*kowh₂-e-ti (o-grade iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káuˀtei

Latvian: kaût

Lithuanian: káuti

Proto-Slavic: *kuti, *kovati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hawwaną (see there for further descendants)

*kéwdʰh₁-e-ti (dʰh₁e-present) or *keh₂u-d-, *kuh₂-d-

Proto-Italic: *kūdō (“beat, knock”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kot-

Tocharian B: kaut-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: kuodas (“tuft”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudā

Latin: cauda (“tail”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudeks

desc

Latin: caudex (“tree trunk, stump; post”), cōdex (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kū́ˀjas

Lithuanian: kū́jis

Proto-Slavic: *kyjь (see there for further descendants)

Metathetic variant *keh₂w-

Proto-Tocharian: *kāu- (“kill, strike down, chop”)

Tocharian A: ko-

Tocharian B: kau-

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kawš-

Proto-Iranian: *kawš- (“to fight, struggle; to kill”)

Persian: کُشتَن (koštan, “to kill, put out, switch off, suppress”)

Persian: کوشیدن (kušidan, “to try, strive, endeavor”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaatadak (“to overturn; to spill, pour out”)


kʷeḱ-

*kʷéḱ-t ~ *kʷḱ-ént (aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákšat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣat

Sanskrit: अक्षत् (ákṣat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háxšat

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬑𐬯𐬋 (āxsō, 2sg.inj.), 𐬑𐬯𐬁𐬌 (xsāi /xsaāi/, 1sg.subj.mid.)

*kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti (Narten present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śati

Sanskrit: काशते (kā́śate)

Proto-Iranian: *kā́cati

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)

*kʷe-kʷóḱ-e ~ *kʷe-kʷḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšr̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćákṣr̥ṣ

Sanskrit: चक्षुर् (cákṣur)

⇒ *kʷé-kʷ-ḱ-u-s (neuter participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšuš (see there for further descendants)

?*kʷṓḱ-ye-ti, *kʷṓǵ-ye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kāzàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śyati

Sanskrit: काश्यते (kā́śyate)

*kʷéḱ-s-ti ~ kʷḱ-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáštay (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéḱ-mr̥ ~ *kʷḱ-mén-s, *kʷéḱ-mōr ~ *kʷḱ-mn-és (collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷékmər, *kʷékmōr

Ancient Greek:

Attic Greek: τέκμᾰρ (tékmăr)

Epic Greek: τέκμωρ (tékmōr)

*kʷéḱ-s-mn̥ ~ *kʷḱ-s-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáćšma (see there for further descendants)

*kʷóḱ-tu-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *koxtus

Old Irish: cucht (“external appearance”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *kekts'en- (“body”)

Tocharian A: kapśañi

Tocharian B: kektseñe


neygʷ-

*ni-néygʷ-ti ~ *ni-nigʷ-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nináykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nináykti

Sanskrit: निनिक्त (niniktá, 2pl.impv.)

*nigʷ-yé-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *nigyeti

desctree

Middle Irish: nigid
Irish: nigh
Manx: niee
Scottish Gaelic: nigh

Proto-Hellenic: *níďďō
Ancient Greek: νίζω (nízō)

*néygʷ-t ~ *nigʷ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निजान (nijāná, ptc.med.)

*ne-nóygʷ-e ~ *ne-nigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·nenaig

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νένιπται (néniptai)

*néy-noygʷ-ti ~ *néy-nigʷ-ti (intensive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náynaykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náynaykti

Sanskrit: नेनेक्ति (nénekti), नेनिक्ते (nenikté)

Proto-Iranian: *náynayxti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (naēnižaⁱti)

*nigʷ-ō-s ~ *nigʷ-es-es

Proto-Germanic: *nikwaz

Old English: nicor

Middle English: niker, nycker

English: nicker, nickel

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: nicker

Dutch: nikker

Old High German: nihhus, nichus

Middle High German: niches, nickes

German: Nix

Old Norse: nykr

Faroese: nykur

Norwegian Nynorsk: nykk

Swedish: Näcken

⇒ Germanic: *nikwasjō

Old High German: nickessa

Middle High German: nixe

German: Nixe

→ Dutch: nix

*néygʷ-tis ~ *nigʷ-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νίψις (nípsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निर्णिक्ति (nirṇikti)

*nigʷ-tḗr ~ *nigʷ-trés, *néygʷ-tōr ~ *nigʷ-trés

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῐπτήρ (nĭptḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nayktā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nayktā́

Sanskrit: पादावनेक्तृ (pādāvanektṛ)

*nigʷ-tó-s

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *něgati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निज् (nij)


*h₂gér-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *agéřřō
Ancient Greek: ἀγείρω (ageírō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (ăgorā́)

*h₂gr̥-tro-m (instrument noun)

Proto-Germanic: *kurþrą (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: grùmulas

Proto-Slavic: *gromada (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)grā́mas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: गण (gaṇá)

Sanskrit: आगार (āgāra)

Proto-Italic: *greks

Latin: grex (see there for further descendants)