(s)tewd-

*stud-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *studēō

Latin: studeō

*tud-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *tudeti

desctree

Old Irish: do·tuit
Middle Irish: do·fuit, ·tuit
Irish: tuit, tit
Manx: tuitt
Scottish Gaelic: tuit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tudáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tudáti

Sanskrit: तुदति (tudáti)

*tu-né-d-ti ~ *tu-n-d-énti (nasal infix present)

⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”) (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: tund

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թնդամ (tʻndam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti

Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)

Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)

Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /tund/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /tund/)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: توند (tund)

Northern Kurdish: tund

Zazaki: tun

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tundō

*stówd-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *stautaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)te-(s)tówd-e ~ *(s)te-(s)tud-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwda

Sanskrit: तुतोद (tutóda)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tutudī

*towd-ó-s (“driver”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawdás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawdás

Sanskrit: तोद (todá)

*téwd-ti-s ~ *tud-téy-s

Italic:

Latin: tussis

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *stūdnja

Albanian: shtyj

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Τυδεύς (Tudeús), Τυνδάρεος (Tundáreos)

Italic:

Latin: tudes, tuditō, studium


(s)tewg-

*(s)téwg-t ~ *(s)tug-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔστῠγον (éstŭgon)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तुजन्ति (tujánti)

*(s)tug-éye-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *stugéō

Ancient Greek: στῠγέω (stŭgéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: तुजयत् (tujáyat)

*(s)tu-né-g-ti ~ *(s)tu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *exs-stungeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tunǰánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tunȷ́ánti

Sanskrit: तुञ्जन्ति (tuñjánti), तुञ्जते (tuñjáte)

*stúg-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύξ (stúx), Ancient Greek: Στύξ (Stúx)

*stug-os ~ *stug-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύγος (stúgos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *stukkaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stukkiją (see there for further descendants)

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).


(s)tewk-

*tuk-id-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *tukíďďō

Ancient Greek: τυκίζω (tukízō, “to clench; to work stone, polish (stone)”)

*túk-os

Proto-Hellenic: *túkos

Ancient Greek: τύκος (túkos, “pick, poleaxe, hammer”)

*tuk-slo-

Proto-Celtic: *tullos (“pierced, perforated”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: taucêt (“to pound, beat”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tūkât (“to press, knead”)

Proto-Slavic: *tъkàti (“to prick, pierce”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tukstēt (“to beat”)


(s)tew-

*(s)tewd-

*(s)tewg-

*(s)tewk-

*(s)tewp-


(s)mer-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smar- (see there for further descendants)

*si-smér-ti ~ *si-smr-énti (reduplicated present)

q

possibly, though Beekes prefers <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*seh₁y-</i> (“bond”)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly, though Beekes prefers *seh₁y- (“bond”))

Ancient Greek: ῑ̔μείρω (hīmeírō)

Aeolic Greek: ἰμέρρω (imérrhō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sišmárti

Proto-Iranian: *hišmárti

desc

𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙 (aⁱpi hišmaraṇt, red.pres.part.)

*smér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smárati (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mor-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smāráyati

Sanskrit: स्मारयति (smāráyati)

Proto-Iranian: *(s)māráyati

Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (māraiieⁱti)

*(s)mr̥-néh₂-ti ~ *(s)mr̥-nh₂-énti

Proto-Germanic: *murnaną (“to mourn, grieve, feel sorrow”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *murnaz (“troubled, worried”)

Proto-West Germanic: *murn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *morā

Latin: mora

*(s)me-(s)mor-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: memor

*(s)me-(s)mr-os

Proto-Germanic: *mimraz

(perhaps) *(s)mer-(s)mer-os

Proto-Hellenic: *mérmeros

Ancient Greek: μέρμερος (mérmeros)

(perhaps) *(s)mer-i-mn-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *mérimnā

Ancient Greek: μέριμνα (mérimna)

(perhaps) *(s)mr̥-t-ur-os or *(s)mr̥-tu-ros

Proto-Hellenic: *mə́rturos

Ancient Greek: μάρτυρος (márturos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *maimrōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mīmrōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mīmraz (“mindful”) (see there for further descendants)

to fall into thinking, remember, care for


(s)mer-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*se-smór-e ~ *se-sm̥r-ḗr

Proto-Hellenic: *héhmore

Ancient Greek: ἔμμορε (émmore)

Ionic Greek: εἵμαρται (heímartai)

*(s)mér-ye-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)méřřomai

Ancient Greek: μείρομαι (meíromai)

Proto-Italic: *merēō

Latin: mereō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mér-os ~ *(s)mér-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)méros

Ancient Greek: μέρος (méros)

*(s)mór-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)móros

Ancient Greek: μόρος (móros)

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)móřřa

desctree

Ancient Greek: μοῖρᾰ (moîră), μοῖρ’ (moîr’) — apocopic
Greek: μοίρα (moíra)
→ English: moirail
→ English: moirocaust

*(s)mr̥-s-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *marstos, *marstis

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: marzh

Cornish: marth

Middle Welsh: marth

Middle Irish: mart, mairt

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *mar(en)

Albanian: marr (I take)


welH-

*wélH-ti ~ *wl̥H-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: veļt

Latvian: velt (“to roll, felt”)

Lithuanian: vélti (“to felt, tousle”)

Proto-Germanic: *wulaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wélH-w-ti</i>

Uses <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*o</i>-grade for lemma consistency.

Proto-Italic: *wolwō (< *wélH-w-ti) (Uses *o-grade for lemma consistency.)

Latin: volvō (“to roll, tumble”) (see there for further descendants)

*wé-wolH-ti ~ *wé-wl̥H-n̥ti (e-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *wallaną (“to well up”) (see there for further descendants)

*wolH-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *valiti (“to fall”) (see there for further descendants)

*wélH-de-ti

Proto-Germanic: *weltaną (“to roll”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waltijaną (“to cause to roll about”, secondary causative)

*wl̥H-mí-s (“wave”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥Hmíš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *walwā

Albanian: valle (“fold dance”)

Proto-Albanian: *walā

Albanian: valë (“wave”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գելում (gelum, “to twist”), գիլ (gil, “rolling”), գալար (galar, “twist”), գաղձն (gałjn, “convolvulus”), գեղձ (gełj, “bindweed”), (possibly) գողտր (gołtr, “mild”)

Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

Latgalian: vēļ

Latvian: vēl (“yet, still”)

Lithuanian: vėl (“again”)

Slavic:

Russian: вал (val, “billow”)

Proto-Celtic: *walensnā

Proto-Brythonic: *gwalenn

Middle Breton: goalenn (“green twig”)

Breton: gwalenn

Proto-Celtic: *welnīti

Old Irish: fillid (“to bend”)

Irish: fill, pill (Ulster)

Manx: fill

Scottish Gaelic: fill

Proto-Germanic: *waluz (“stick”), *wiligaz (“willow”), *walwijaną (“to roll”), *walkaną (“to turn, walk”), *walkōną (“to roll, to full”), *walgōną (“to roll”), *wallijǭ (“well; wave”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐλύω (elúō), εἴλω (eílō), εἰλύω (eilúō), ἕλιξ (hélix), εἰλεός (eileós), ἴλη (ílē), ὅλμος (hólmos), ἀολλέες (aollées) (< *sm̥wolnēs), ᾱ̔λής (hālḗs) (< *sm̥wl̥ēs), ᾱ̔λίζω (hālízō), ᾱ̔λίᾱ (hālíā), ἡλιαίᾱ (hēliaíā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: उल्ब (úlba), उल्व (úlva)

Sanskrit: वलय (valaya, “coil”)

Sanskrit: वलयति (valayati, “to cause to turn”)

Sanskrit: वल्लि (valli, “creeper; winding plant”)

Proto-Italic: *wolwumen, *wolgos, *wolwā

Latin: valgus, vallis, vallum, valva, volumen, vulgus, vulva (see there for further descendants)


(s)neg-

*snog-e-ti (o-grade present?)

Proto-Germanic: *snakaną (see there for further descendants)

*snog-ō

Proto-Germanic: *snakô (see there for further descendants)

*(s)nog-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāgás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāgás

Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá) (see there for further descendants)


srebʰ-

*sr̥bʰ-et ~ *sr̥bʰ-ont (thematic root aorist)

Albanian:

surb ("gjerb", drink with small sips)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արբ (arb, “he drank”)

Armenian: հարբել (harbel, “to get drunk”)

*sróbʰ-ey ~ *sr̥bʰ-énti

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒊏𒁉 (ša-ra-pi /sarāpi/, “sips”)

*srobʰ-éye-ti (iterative)

*sróbʰ-u ~ *sr̥bʰ-éw

Proto-Celtic: *srobu

Old Irish: srub

Middle Irish: srub (“snout”)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: strēbt

Latvian: surbt, Latvian: strebt, Latvian: strēbt

Lithuanian: srė̃bti, sur̃bti

Proto-Slavic: *sьrbati (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *hrab- (“to sip, suck (in)”)

qual

with the preverb <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*uz-</i>

(possibly) Chorasmian: mžβ- (“to absorb, sip, suck in/out”) (with the preverb *uz-)

desc

Ishkashimi: [script needed] (rův-, “to give milk (about cows)”)

Pashto: روول (rəvavə́l, “to suckle, breast feed”), رودل (ravdə́l, rəvdə́l, “to suckle (the breast)”)

Shughni: рӣвдов̌ (rīvdōw, “to suckle (the breast)”)

Wakhi: rowǰ (“teat, comforter made of horn”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


pleḱ-

*pléḱ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *plékō

Ancient Greek: πλέκω (plékō)

Proto-Italic: *plekāō

Latin: plicō (with i from its compounds)

*pléḱ-te-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pleśtei

Proto-Slavic: *plestì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flehtaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plektō

Latin: plectō

*pleḱ-tó-

Proto-Hellenic: *plektós

Ancient Greek: πλεκτός (plektós)

*pleḱ-nó-s or *ploḱ-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praćnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praśnás

Sanskrit: प्रश्न (praśná, “basket-work, a plaited basket; turban”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pracnáh

𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀 (ər^əzatōfrašna, “having a golden helmet/coat of mail”)

*pleḱ-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλαξ (-plax) (e.g. δίπλαξ (díplax), τρίπλαξ (tríplax))

Proto-Italic: *pleks

Latin: -plex (e.g. simplex, duplex)

*ploḱ-s-om

Proto-Germanic: *flahsą (see there for further descendants)

*ploḱ-o-

Proto-Germanic: *flaką (“something flat”) (perhaps)

Old Norse: flaga

Danish: flage

Icelandic: flaga

Norwegian: flak

Swedish: flak

Proto-Germanic: *flakaz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: *plokos

Ancient Greek: πλόκος (plókos)

Ancient Greek: -πλοκος (-plokos) (e.g. πολύπλοκος (polúplokos))

*plok-o-nos (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)

Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πλοκή (plokḗ)

*plók-e- (perhaps)

Proto-Germanic: *flahaną (“to flay, strip”)

*plók-eh₂ (perhaps)

Proto-Germanic: *flahō (“strip”)

Old Norse: flá (“strip of land, meadow”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plokščias

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*h₁iHn̥-yós (“hoarfrost, rime”)

(possibly) Armenian:

q

Old Armenian: եղեամն (ełeamn) (+ -ամն (-amn), cf. սառամանիք (saṙamanikʻ) < սառն (saṙn, “ice”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iˀnios, *iˀnio

Lithuanian: ýnis

Proto-Slavic: *jь̀nьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *īsą (“ice”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHsúš

Proto-Iranian: *HiHsúš (“coldness”)

Avestan: 𐬌𐬯𐬎 (isu)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾys /*ēs, *īs/)

*h₁eykH-o- (possibly, by laryngeal metathesis)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HikHa

>? Proto-Iranian: *Hixa

>? Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬀 (aēxa)

>? Ossetian: их (ix)


Proto-Tocharian: *er- (“to evoke, bring forth, produce”)

Tocharian A: ar-

Tocharian B: er-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ऋ (ṛ), ईर् (īr)

*h₃ér-t ~ *h₃r-ént (athematic perfective)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յարեայ (yareay)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὦρτο (ôrto)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आर्त (ā́rta)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬁 (uzār^əšuuā, 2sg.aor.impv.med.)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ertär

*h₃r̥-néw-ti ~ *h₃r̥-nw-énti (new-present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ar-nu-uz-zi), 𒅈𒉡𒍣 (ar-nu-zi)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem)
Armenian: → հառնել (haṙnel) (learned), > արի՛ (arí) (inherited)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rinǫti (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *órnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄρνῡμι (órnūmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

*h₃i-h₃ér-ti ~ *h₃i-h₃r-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHárti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHárti

Sanskrit: इयर्ति (íyarti, iyárti)

Proto-Iranian: *HiHárti

Old Avestan: 𐬍𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬏 (īratū, 3sg.impv.)

*h₃ér-os ~ *h₃ér-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄρος (óros), οὖρος (oûros) — Epic, Lyric, ὦρος (ôros) — Doric
Greek: όρος m (óros, “mountain”)
→ English: oro-
→ Italian: oro-

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸 (a-ru-na-aš)

>? *h₃érō (“eagle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արմն (armn), արմ (arm)

Armenian: արմ (arm)

(perhaps) >? Old Armenian: արթ- (artʻ-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ortь (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *arniz

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *ernustuz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρίνω (orínō)

Ancient Greek: ὄρμενος (órmenos), ὅρμενος (hórmenos)
→ Latin: ormenos

Ancient Greek: ὀροθῡ́νω (orothū́nō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρέθω (eréthō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρίζω (erízō)

>? Ancient Greek: ἔρις (éris)
Greek: έριδα (érida)

>? Ancient Greek: Ἐρινύς (Erinús)
Greek: Ερινύς (Erinýs) (pl. Ερινύες (Erinýes))
→ Latin: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)
→ English: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)

Proto-Italic: *orjōr
Latin: orior
Umbrian: orto (participle perfect)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ār-

Tocharian A: ār-

Tocharian B: ār-


*h₂li-né-H-ti ~ *h₂li-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *līmaz (see there for further descendants)

Latin: līmus (“mud”) (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (halīna-)


ǵʰewd-

*ǵʰewd- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *geutaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰu-ne-d- ~ *ǵʰu-n-d- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *hundō (see there for further descendants)


weyk-

*wi-né-k-ti ~ wi-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *winákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *winákti

desc

Sanskrit: विनक्ति (vinákti, “to winnow; to discern”)

Proto-Anatolian:

q

>? Hittite: 𒄷𒌋𒉌𒅅𒍣 (ḫu-u-ni-ik-zi, “strikes”) (if originally “to select a sacrificial animal”)

? *wi-wéyk-ti ~ *wi-wik-énti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwaikti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwaikti

meaning disputed, probably from root <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">विष्</i> (viṣ, “to work, be active”)

Sanskrit: विवेक्षि (vivekṣi, 2sg.) (meaning disputed, probably from root विष् (viṣ, “to work, be active”))

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wikkōną (“to practice sorcery”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wīhaz (“sacred”) (see there for further descendants)

*wik-tm̥mó-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: victima (“sacrificial victim”) (see there for further descendants)


weyk-

*wik-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *wiketi (“to fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wiganą (“to fight”) (see there for further descendants)

*wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *winkō

Latin: vincō (“to defeat”)

*wéyk-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vei̇̃kti (“to do, work”)

*wéyk-tōr ~ *wik-tr-és

Italic: *wiktōr

Latin: victor (“victor”)

*wóyk-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáikas

Lithuanian: viẽkas (“strength, age”)

Proto-Slavic: *věkъ (“age”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vīkt (“bend”)


weyk-

*we-wóyk-e (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔοικα (éoika, “to resemble”)

*wik-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἴσκω (ískō, “to imitate”)

*wéyk-ō ~ *wik-nés

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἰκών (eikṓn, “image”)


weyk-

*wéyk-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéikō

q

could be from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*weyg-</i> (“to go away”) too

>? Ancient Greek: εἴκω (eíkō, “to yield, give way”) (could be from *weyg- (“to go away”) too)

Proto-Italic: *winkjō

Latin: vinciō (“to bind, tie up”)

*wik-i-s

Proto-Italic: *wikis

Latin: vicis (“turn, occasion”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *weyk-i-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *wikiā

>? Latin: vicia (“vetch”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyk-s (root noun)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱérh₂-s</i> (“head”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *ker-weiks (literally “where the head turns”) (+ *ḱérh₂-s (“head”))

Latin: cervīx (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *uig-

Albanian: vig (“stretcher”)

Albanian: vigan (“giant”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíkti

Proto-Iranian: *wíxti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬘 (vij, “to shake”)

Middle Persian:[script needed] (wyc- /wēz-/, “to swing, fling, sprinkle”)

> Proto-Iranian: *ṷi-wíxti:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (whyc /wihēz/, “to move, progress”), [script needed] (whyck' /wihēzag/, “intercalary month”)

Persian: بهیزه (behize, “intercalary month in the Zoroastrian calendar”)

Sodgian:

Christian Sogdian: ܘܝܨ (wyc /wēč/, “to move, shake”)

Buddhaist Sogdian: 𐼴𐼷𐼿 (wyc /wēč/, “to move, shake”)

Persian:بیختن (bixtan, “to shake”) , آویختن (âvixtan, “to hang, suspend”)

Baluchi:گتک (gētk, “to put, swim, turn towards, abort”)

Zazaki: vijyanyış (vīžyāyiš, “to come out, appear”)

Proto-Germanic: *wihslaz (“change”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīkwaną (“to yield, retreat”)


*melh₂-dʰh₁- (“to beat, pound, grind”)

⇒? *méldʰeti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdʰati

Sanskrit: मर्धति (mardhati, “to abandon, neglect”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldǭ (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μαλθακός (malthakós)

⇒ *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mildnis

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mъldni (“lightning”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: milna (“hammer of the thunderer”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: mealde (“lightning”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldunjaz

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛚᛞᚢᚾᛃᚨᛉ (*meldunjaʀ)

Old Norse: Mjǫllnir (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mlāks

Ancient Greek: βλάξ (bláx)

Proto-Hellenic: *məlakos

Ancient Greek: μαλακός (malakós)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: malcad (“rottenness, putrefaction”)

Proto-Albanian: *melana

⇒ Albanian: mëllë, mullâ

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μελαίνω (melaínō)

>? *mélh₂-n-s

Proto-Hellenic: *mélās

Ancient Greek: μέλᾱς (mélās) (see there for further descendants)

*mélh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *meleti (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
Latgalian: maļt
Latvian: mal̃t
Lithuanian: málti
Proto-Slavic: *mèlti (see there for further descendants)

*mélh₂-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *melti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *melō (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *ml̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: մաղեմ (małem)
Armenian: մաղել (małel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥náHti

Sanskrit: मृणाति (mṛṇā́ti)

*molh₂-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *malaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málas

Sanskrit: मल (mála)

*melh₂-tlo- (perhaps)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: marculus, martulus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *melwa

Albanian: miell

Proto-Germanic: *melwą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mólā

Ancient Greek: μύλη (múlē)

Proto-Italic: *molā

Latin: mola (see there for further descendants)

*molh₂-ós (agent noun)

Proto-Celtic: *molos
Old Irish: mol (“axle for a mill-wheel”)
Irish: mol (“hub, shaft”)
Scottish Gaelic: mul (“axis, axle-tree”)

Proto-Germanic: *malmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: malleus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málam

Sanskrit: मलम् (málam)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *moltъ (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥h₂- (zero-grade)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀ-kis

Latvian: muļķis

Lithuanian: mùlkis

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *melana

Albanian: mëllë, Albanian: mullâ

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (malla-ⁱ)

Luwian: [script needed] (mal(ḫ)u-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մալեմ (malem), *մուլ- (*mul-), մամուլ (mamul), մղեղ (młeł)

Armenian: մլակ (mlak), մլուկ (mluk), մլիկ (mlik), մղմող (mġmoġ), մղմեղ (mġmeġ), մուղ (muġ)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *mělъ (“finely ground substance, chalk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *malina (“raspberry”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: málnos (“millet”)

Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μελίνη (melínē, “millet”)

>? Proto-Italic: *meljom

Latin: milium (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: mӓl-


q

*(H)yéh₁kt (k-aorist) (or athematic root aorist with k-extension or intrusive *-k-)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕηκα (héēka), ἧκα sg (hêka), εἷμεν pl (heîmen)

Proto-Italic: *jēkai

Latin: iēcī

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakjō (< earlier *jīkjō; possibly influenced by *fakjō, if not predictable)

Latin: iaciō (“to throw”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *jakēō (+ *-ēō)

Latin: iaceō (“to lie down”) (see there for further descendants)

*Hi-Hyéh₁-ti / *yi-yéh₁-ti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *yiyēmi

desc

Ancient Greek: ἵημι (híēmi, “to release, let go; to throw”)

>? *(H)yéh₁-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἥσω (hḗsō)


*h₃émh₃-ti ~ *h₃m̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HámHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HámHti

Sanskrit: अमीति (ámīti)

Proto-Italic: *amō

Marrucinian: amatens (“they have received”, 3pl. act. perf.)

⇒ Latin: amō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃m̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *h₃m̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ómnūmi

Ancient Greek: ὄμνυμι (ómnumi)

Proto-Celtic: *nāmants (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *ammōną (see there for further descendants)

to grab, to grasp, to seize, to take hold, tackle, touch


kʷ-

*kʷi- ~ *kʷe-

*kʷís (“who? what?”)

*kʷo- – see *kʷós (“which? what?”) for more

*kʷu-so ~ *kʷu-to-

Proto-Albanian: *kusa

Albanian: kush (“who”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kuse

Tocharian A: kus

Tocharian B: kᵤse (“who”)

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷú</i> not expected; see boukólos rule

>? *kú (“where”) (*kʷú not expected; see boukólos rule) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Cretan Greek: ὀπυι (opui, “whither”)

Theorized by some linguists, particularly proponents of the Indo-Uralic hypothesis, to be related to Proto-Uralic *ku-.


ǵʰey-

*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-mén-s

*ǵʰéy-ōm ~ *ǵʰi-m-és


ǵʰey-

*ǵʰéy-t ~ *ǵʰy-ént (athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰayt ~ *Háȷ́ʰyant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háźʰayt ~ *Háźʰyant

desc

Sanskrit: अहेम (áhema, 1pl.act.), अह्यन् (ahyan)

*ǵʰi-néw-ti ~ *ǵʰi-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰináwti

Sanskrit: हिनोति (hinóti)

*ǵʰoy-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰāyáyati

Proto-Iranian: *jāyáyati

Avestan: *zāyayaiti

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌 (frazaiiaiiāmi, 1sg.caus.act.)

*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma

Sanskrit: हेमन् m (hemán, “impulse, zeal, driving”)

Proto-Iranian: *jáyma

Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (zaēman)

*ǵʰéy-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źṓˀjinkas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हि (hi)


*séh₂g-ti ~ *sh₂g-énti (athematic root present) or *sh₂g-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sakaną (see there for further descendants)

*séh₂g-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sh₂g-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *sagyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-sagyetor (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: sāgus (“prophetic”)

Proto-Germanic: *sakō

*séh₂g-ti-s ~ *sh₂g-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *sahtiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sahtaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἡγέομαι (hēgéomai, “to lead”)


*gʰéh₁bʰ-t ~ *gʰh̥₁bʰ-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Italic: *hēpai

Oscan: hipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), hipust (3.sg.fut.perf.)

⇒ Oscan: pruhipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), pruhipust (“to prevent”, 3.sg.fut.perf.)

*gʰh̥₁bʰ-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Italic: *habēō or *haβēō

Latin: habeō (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (habia, 3.sg.pres.subj.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖 (habetu), habitu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (habetutu), habituto (3.pl.ipv.II), habiest (3.sg.fut.), habus (3.sg.fut.perf.), habuerent (3.pl.fut.perf.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄 (habe, “to have, hold”, 3.sg.pr.act/pass.), habe

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌍𐌄𐌉𐌛𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌀𐌔 (neiřhabas, pres.subj.) (+ negation and ar̆-)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehabia), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌖𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehubia, “to furnish, achieve”, 3.sg.pres.subj.) (+ pre-)

⇒ Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌖 (hahtu), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖 (hatu), hatu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (hatutu), hatuto (“to grab”, 3.pl.ipv.II) (suffixless imperatives)

*gʰh̥₁bʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *gabyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *habiō or *haβiō

Oscan: haieist (3.sg.fut.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀbāˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *gabati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gablā (“fork”) (see there for further descendants)


sewH-

*séwH-tor ~ *séwH-n̥tor (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *súHtay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *súHtay

Sanskrit: सूते (sū́te)

Proto-Iranian: *húHtay

Khotanese: ahvyāña- (“not produced, eternal”) (+ neg. *a-)

*su-né-H-ti ~ *su-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒋗𒈾𒀜𒊒𒉿𒀭𒋾𒅔 (šu-na-at-ru-u̯a-an-ti-in /šunatruu̯antin/, “rich in outpourings”, acc.sg.c.)

Hittite: 𒋗𒌦𒈾𒄿 (šu-un-na-i /šunnai/, “fills”, 3sg.pres.act.)

Palaic: 𒋗𒌑𒈾𒀜 (šu-ú-na-at /šūnat/, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sunáHti

Proto-Iranian: *hunáHti

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬌 (hunāmi), 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌 (hunāhi, “give birth, beget”)

*se-sówH- ~ *se-suH- (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasúHwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasúHwa

Sanskrit: ससूव (sasū́va)

>? *súH-s (“sow > pig”)

*séwH-tus

Proto-Celtic: *sutus

Old Irish: suth

*sowHus or *sowHows

Proto-Anatolian: *sóʔus or *sóʔaus

Hittite: 𒋗𒌋𒍑 (šu-u-uš /sós/, /sɔ́ʔus/, “full”, nom.sg.c.)

*suHnús

*súHs

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सू (sū)

*suH-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHtás

Sanskrit: सूत (sūtá)

Proto-Iranian: *huHtáh (perfect participle)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: to bear daevic offspring (wšwtn' /wišūdan/) (+ *wi-)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ (perhaps) Iranian: *frahuHtáh (“child, offspring”)

desc

Bakhtiari: [script needed] (rūd, “child”)

Luri:

rū(d)

Persian: رود (rôd, “child”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ڕۆڵە (rolle, “child”)

Kumzari: [script needed] (rōr, “child”)

*suHyús

Perhaps an extension of *sew- (“to pour; squeeze”).


pekʷ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*pékʷ-e-ti (root present)

*pékʷ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *péťťō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćyatay

Sanskrit: पच्यते (pácyate)

*pékʷ-mn̥ ~ *pkʷ-mén-

Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷmə

Ancient Greek: πέμμᾰ (pémmă)

*pékʷ-tis ~ *pkʷ-téy-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷtis

Ancient Greek: πέψῐς (pépsĭs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pákti ~ *paktí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pákti ~ *paktí

Sanskrit: पक्ति (pákti, paktí)

Proto-Italic: *kʷektjō

Latin: coctiō

*pékʷ-tōr ~ *pkʷ-trés (“one who cooks”)

*pókʷ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pókʷos

Ancient Greek: ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀵𐀡𐀦 (a-to-po-qo /artopókʷos/)

Proto-Italic: *kʷokʷos

Latin: coquus (see there for further descendants)

*pokʷ-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós

Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)

Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos

Latin: coctus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas

Proto-Iranian: *páktah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀 (pacta)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Anatolian: *pekʷ-

Hittite:

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒃷𒍣 (pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi, “pound, crack, crush, grind”, impf.3pl.pres.act.)

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 (pa-ak-šu-wa-an /pak(kuš)šuu̯ant-/, “cracked (of grain)”)

⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 n (pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar /pakkušš(u)u̯ar/, “wooden implement for crushing cereals”)

⇒ Lydian: 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 (wcpaqẽnt, “tramples upon”, 3sg.pres.ind.act.)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पक्व (pakva) (see there for further descendants)


trewd-

*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-

Albanian: ndrydh

(perhaps) Celtic:

Welsh: cythrudd

Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *troudō

Latin: trūdō

*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)

*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną

*trowd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *entrūda

Albanian: ndrydh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *traudéiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *truditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną (see there for further descendants)

*trowd-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas

Proto-Slavic: *trudъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)

*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: triū̃sas

*trud-(s)mo-

Proto-Celtic: *trummos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną

Old Norse: þrysta

→ English: thrust

Old Irish: troit

Irish: troid

Scottish Gaelic: troid


*kʷas-l-

Proto-Albanian: *kāslā

Albanian: kollë

*kʷéh₂s-e- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hwōsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHsatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káHsatay

Sanskrit: कासते (kā́sate) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷeh₂s-t-ō ~ *kʷeh₂s-t-en-

Proto-Germanic: *hwōstô; *hwōstōną (see there for further descendants)

*kʷh₂s-tó-s? *kʷéh₂s-tu-s ~ *kʷh₂s-téw-s?

Proto-Celtic: *kʷast- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kosi

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: հազեմ (hazem), հազ (haz)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kãsulis

Lithuanian: kosulỹs

Proto-Slavic: *kaš(ь)ľь (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kósėti

Proto-Slavic: *kašьľati (see there for further descendants)


Sanskrit: क्री (krī)

*kʷri-né-h₂-ti ~ *kʷri-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*kʷréyh₂-t ~ *kʷrih₂ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kriti

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: käryā-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπριάμην (epriámēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kriHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kriHtás

Sanskrit: क्रीत (krītá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: Tocharian B: käry-


*kʷyeh₁- (root aorist)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: quiēvī

*kʷih₁-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *po-čiti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷyeh₁-sḱe- (innovated full-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjēskō

Latin: quiēscō (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoyh₁-eye-ti (metathesis, causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kojiti (“to soothe”)

*kʷyéh₁-ti-s ~ *kʷih₁-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čyáHtiš

Proto-Iranian: *čyáHtiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjētis

Latin: quiēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čyaHtas

Proto-Iranian: *šyaHtas (“happy”)

Avestan: 𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬀- (šiiāta-)

Old Persian: 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫 (š-i-y-a-t /šiyāta/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (šʾt' /šād/)

Persian: شاد (šâd)

→ Aghwan: 𐕐𐔰𐔳 (šad)

→ Old Armenian: շատ (šat)

Proto-Italic: *kʷjētos

Latin: quiētus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čirás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćirás

>? Sanskrit: चिर (cirá) (unexpected short -i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *(trāns)kʷīlos

Latin: (trān)quillus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *čilā-

Proto-Albanian: *(a-)čila-

Albanian: (e)sëll

Albanian: sillë

Proto-Germanic: *hwīlō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hwīlāną (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoyh₁-o- (with metathesis in the root)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *po-kojь (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samčiH-

Proto-Iranian: *hamšiH-

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)

Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)


*gʷréh₂-u-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂-éw-s

*gʷréh₂-mr̥ ~ *gʷr̥h₂-méns

Proto-Tocharian: *krāmär

Tocharian A: *krāmär

⇒ Tocharian A: krāmärts

Tocharian B: krāmär

*gʷréh₂-mō ~ *gʷr̥h₂-m̥nés

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárHmā

Sanskrit: गरिमन् (gariman), गरिमा (garimā, nom.sg.)

*gʷr̥h₂-smh₂-ós (+ *semh₂-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hsmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hsmás

Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá, “summer”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰleyǵ-

*bʰléyǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blīkaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰli-né-ǵ-ti ~ *bʰli-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *blinkaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blankaz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰliǵ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blišketei

Lithuanian: blyškė́ti, blizgė́ti

*bʰloyǵ-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *blaikaz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlóyǵ-s-ko-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blaiskas

Latvian: blaiskums, blaizgums

Proto-Slavic: *blě̑skъ (see there for further descendants)

*bʰley-m-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bleim-

Proto-Slavic: *blimati (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bliką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भ्रेजते (bhrejate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰl-ȷ́

Proto-Iranian: *bel-j-

Northern Luri: بڵێز (bełız, “Blaze, Alight”)

Likely an extension of *bʰel- (“shiny”).


ǵʰers-

*ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *horzēō

Latin: horreō

*ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰórs-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)

? *ǵʰórs-ōs

Proto-Italic: *horzōs

q

or derived from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">horreō</i>

Latin: horror (or derived from horreō)

*ǵʰers-to-s

Proto-Italic: *herztos

Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰérs-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos

Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīra, “rough”)

Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)


gʰrendʰ-

*gʰrendʰ-is

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰrn̥dʰ-ís</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)

Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)

Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *grindilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ

Old Prussian: *grandā

⇒ grandico

Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā

Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrondʰ-il-os

Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)


gʰrendʰ-

*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-

desc

Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)

Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrendʰ-o-

Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą

Proto-West Germanic: *grind

Old Dutch: *grint n

Middle Dutch: grint

Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)

Old High German: grint m

Middle High German: grint

German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)

*gʰróndʰ-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f

>? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f

Proto-Germanic: *grandą n

Proto-West Germanic: *grand

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: grand (“rough sand”)

Old Norse: *grand

Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)

*gʰrondʰ-ō

Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ

Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)

Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).


*gʰroh₁-(y)e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Germanic: *grōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grōniz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grēˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *grěnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *grēwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rāvus, grāvastellus (or from *ǵerh₂-?) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰréh₁-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-mén-s or perhaps *gʰréh₁-s-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-s-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *grāmen or *grazmen

Latin: grāmen

Proto-Germanic: *grēdaz

Old English: grǣd

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kariyant-, “grass”)

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: روییدن (ru'idan, “to grow”)

Proto-Germanic: *grasą (cannot be directly from *gʰr̥h₁-s-)

Proto-Germanic: *grōsō

Proto-West Germanic: *grōsu

Old Saxon: *grōsa

Middle Low German: grôse

Old Dutch: *gruosa

Middle Dutch: groese

Old High German: *gruosa

Middle High German: gruose

→ Proto-Finnic: *rooho (“grass”) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: herba


steygʰ-

*stéygʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*stḗygʰ-s-t ~ *stéygʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *teixstē

Old Irish: tías

*stoygʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *staigijaną (“to raise up, elevate”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *staigraz (“elevating; steep”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *staigriz (“scaffold; stairs”) (see there for further descendants)

*stigʰ-néw-ti ~ *stigʰ-n̥w-énti (new-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stingneutei

Proto-Slavic: *stìgnǫti (“to attain, reach”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stigʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stigʰnáwti

Sanskrit: स्तिघ्नोति (stighnóti, “to mount, step up, rise”)

*sti-né-gʰ-ti ~ *sti-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Celtic: *tinxti

* Old Irish: téit (see there for further descendants)

*stéygʰ-s ~ *stigʰ-és (“path”)

*stéygʰ-ti-s ~ *stigʰ-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *stihtiz (“track”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stihti

Dutch: sticht

Old Norse: stétt

Norwegian: stætt

*stóygʰ-i-s ~ *stigʰ-éy-s

Proto-Germanic: *stigiz (“a climb, ascent”) (see there for further descendants)

*stóygʰ-o-s (“path, way”)

*stigʰ-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *stihtaz

Old Norse: stéttr (“pavement”) (see there for further descendants)


seǵʰ-

*séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay

Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)

*séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic: *héksō

Ancient Greek: ἕξω (héxō)

*sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat

Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)

*se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)

Tocharian A: sākam

Tocharian B: sākāu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa

Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)

*sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe

Ancient Greek: ἔσχον (éskhon, “bring to a halt, hold on”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχεδόν (skhedón)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέσις (skhésis)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέτλιος (skhétlios)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σχῆμα (skhêma)

⇒? Ancient Greek: σχολή (skholḗ)

*si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō

Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)

*sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍẓatay

Sanskrit: सीक्षते (sīkṣate)

*soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō

Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)

*séǵʰ-os ~ *séǵʰ-es-os

*seǵʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)

⇒ Sanskrit: अषाढ (ásāḍha)

*sǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Celtic: *sagros (see there for further descendants)

*seǵʰ-ós

*séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és

Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr

Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáẓḍʰā

Sanskrit: साढृ (sā́ḍhṛ), साळ्हृ (sā́ḷhṛ)

*séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s

*sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és

>? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns

Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)

*sóǵʰ-o-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos

Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos) (unless from *wókʰos < *wóǵʰos)


selp-

Proto-Germanic: *salbō (see there for further descendants)

?*sólp-r̥, or irregularly *sélp-os ~ *sélp-es-

Italic:

Latin: sulpur, sulphur

*sélp-os ~ *sélp-es-

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *selpa (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (perhaps) ἔλπος (élpos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarpíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sarpíṣ

Sanskrit: सर्पिस् (sarpís)

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣälype

Tocharian A: ṣälyp

Tocharian B: ṣalype

*sl̥p-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sr̥prás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sr̥prás

Sanskrit: सृप्र (sṛprá)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Middle Persian: clp (čarb)

Parthian: 𐫝𐫡𐫁 (crb /čarb/, “smooth, mild”)

Pashto: څورب (śorb)

Baluchi: [script needed] (čarp, “fat”)

Central Kurdish: چەور (çewr, “fat”)

Ossetian: царв (carv)


*h₁éws-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *éuhō

Ancient Greek: εὕω (heúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwṣati

Sanskrit: ओषति (óṣati)

Proto-Italic: *ouzō

Latin: ūrō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hawšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hawṣás

Sanskrit: ओष (oṣá)

(perhaps) *h₁us-néh₂-ti ~ *h₁us-n̥h₂-énti (*néh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *uznaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ḗwst ~ *h₁éws-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὗσα (heûsa)

Italic:

Latin: ussī

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṇás

Sanskrit: उष्ण (uṣṇá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Huštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṭás

Sanskrit: उष्ट (uṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *ustos

Latin: ustus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *uzjǭ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aimuzjǭ (see there for further descendants)


*h₁é-h₁ugʰ-tor (deponent reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic: *eukʰomai (thematized)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀄𐀐𐀵 (e-u-ke-to)

desctree

Ancient Greek: εὔχομαι (eúkhomai)
→ Greek: εύχομαι (éfchomai) (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHugdʰay (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wogʷʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *woɣʷeō (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wogʷʰ-et- ~ *h₁wogʷʰ-n̥t-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwāgʰát

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwāgʰát

Sanskrit: वाघत् (vāghát)

From reduplicated *h₁eh₁ugʰ-

*h₁éh₁ugʰ-os ~ *h₁éh₁ugʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *éukʰos

Ancient Greek: εὖχος (eûkhos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHuǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHuźʰas

Sanskrit: ओहस् (óhas)

Unsorted formations

Old Armenian: գոգեմ (gogem, “to say”)


*h₁rébʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *erépʰō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rébra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ribją (see there for further descendants)


⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-eh₂yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *angōną

Old Norse: anga (“to exhale; to emit a scent”)
Icelandic: anga

⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-ō

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անձն (anjn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *angô

Old Norse: angi (“smell, scent”)
Icelandic: angi
Danish: ange

⇒ *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *angą

Old Norse: ang

*h₂énh₁-ti ~ h₂n̥h₁-énti (athematic root present)

*h₂enh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *anja

desc

Albanian: ëj (“to blow; to blow up, swell”)

Proto-Germanic: *anadô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anþą (see there for further descendants)

*h₂énh₁-i-lo-s or *h₂énh₁-il-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HánHilas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HánHilas

Sanskrit: अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *anaman (“soul”)

Italic:

Latin: anhēlus, ⇒? hālō

⇒ *h₂énh₁-tl-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *anatlā (“breath”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *aHnáHyah

Avestan: 𐬅𐬥𐬍𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ą̇nīiia, “breathing”)

Compounds:

>? *h₂enh₁-h₁éh₁t-men-

Proto-Tocharian: *āñcäme (“self, soul; wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *antā

Albanian: ëndë (“pleasure, delight”)

Proto-Iranian: *HnaHha-

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھەناسە (henase)

Northern Kurdish: henase

→ Iranian Persian: هناسه (hanāse, “oh, cold breathe”)

Old Median:

Old Tati:

Old Azari: هنای (hunāy, “breathe”)

Persian: هناهین (hanâhin, “(horse) noise”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: هناسه (henāsa)

Balagarivey: انه (ena, “breathe”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wyaHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wyaHnás

Sanskrit: व्यान (vyāna)

Proto-Iranian: *wyaHnáH

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (viiānaiiā)

Southeastern Iranian:

q

Pashto: ځان (źân, “life; body”) (Perhaps influenced from Western Iranian)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: جان (jàn)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Northern Kurdish: giyan, gyan

Southern Kurdish: گیان (gyan)

Laki: گیان (gyan)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: جان (soul; body; dear)

Mazanderani: جان (soul; dear)

Old Median:

Kermanic:

Khunsari: گیون (giyūn)

Old Azari: گیان (giyān)

Harzani: گون (gun, “soul; body”)

Sivandi: gān (“soul”)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Zazaki: giyan, gan

Gurani: گیان (giyān)

Parthian: (/gyān/)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭂𐭉𐭀𐭍 (gyʾn)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫏𐫀𐫗 (gyʾn)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/gyān/, “soul, ghost”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (yʾn'), [script needed] (HYA)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭩𐭠𐭭𐭩 (gyʾny)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫏𐫀𐫗 (gyʾn)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮇𐮈𐮀 (HYA)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: añiye

Tocharian B: anāsk-

Proto-Tocharian: *ān- (“to breathe”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ānelme (abstract form)

Tocharian B: onolme (“creature, being, person”)


*h₂e-h₂óyḱe ~ *h₂eh₂iḱḗr (stative)

*h₂éyḱ-tis ~ *h₂iḱ-téy-

Proto-Germanic: *aihtiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHśás

Sanskrit: ईश (īśá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: *aik-

Tocharian A: aik-

Tocharian B: aik-

to obtain, come in possession of, to possess, to own


*h₂érk-ti ~ *h₂r̥k-énti (root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄯𒍝 (ḫar-za /ḫarza/), 𒄯𒍣 (ḫar-zi /ḫarzi/)

*h₂ork-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *arkeō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂po-h₂orkéyeti

Proto-Germanic: *fargijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porkeō

Latin: porceō

Proto-Italic: *parkō

Latin: parcō

Proto-Italic: *orkos

Latin: Orcus

*h₂érk-os ~ *h₂érk-es-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄρκος (árkos)

Ancient Greek: ἀρκέω (arkéō)

Proto-Italic: *arkezā

Latin: arcera

*h₂érk-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *arks

Latin: arx

Proto-Italic: *arkā

Latin: arca, arcānus, arcānum

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արգել (argel)


*h₂us-sḱé-ti (ske-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušćáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣśáti

Sanskrit: उच्छति (uccháti, “to dawn”)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬀𐬧𐬙 (usaṇt, ptc.act.)

*h₂us-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

>? Proto-Italic: *ozjōr (“to dawn”) (unexpected lowering) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wés-t ~ *h₂us-ént (root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHwast ~ *HáHusant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHwast ~ *HáHusant

Sanskrit: आवस् (ā́vas), अवात् (avāt, “to become light”)

*h₂wos-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwāsáyati

Sanskrit: वासयति (vāsáyati, “to let become light”)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyäsā (“gold”)

Tocharian A: wäs

Tocharian B: yasā

⇒? Tocharian B: yasna

→? Proto-Uralic: *waśke (“copper, brass”) (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂é-h₂us-o-m</i>

*h₂ews-o-m (or *h₂é-h₂us-o-m)

Proto-Italic: *auzom (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éws-ōs ~ *h₂us-és

*h₂éws-tero-s, *h₂usés-tero-s

*h₂éws-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Huštiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Huṣṭiṣ

q

+ <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">वि-</i> (vi-, “around, about”)

⇒ Sanskrit: व्युष्टि (vyùṣṭi, “first gleam of dawn, daybreak”) (+ वि- (vi-, “around, about”))

*h₂ḗws ~ *h₂us-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Húṣ

Sanskrit: उष् (úṣ, “dawn, morning”)

*h₂óws-i-s ~ *h₂us-éy-s

Proto-Germanic: *auziz

desc

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *Auziwandilaz (“Morning Star”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ausmas

Latvian: ausma (“dawn”)

⇒ Latvian: Ausma

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Husrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Husrás

Sanskrit: उस्र (usrá, “reddish, ruddy; bright; matutinal”)

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *ausra (“twilight”)
Albanian: err


Proto-Germanic: *ausaną (“to scoop”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *auzjō

Latin: hauriō (“to draw, scoop up”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂ews-e-ti or *h₂ews-ye-ti

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὔω (aúō)

desc

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀢𐀨𐀄𐀵𐀫 (pu-ra-u-to-ro /puraustrō/)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: (ἀφ)ύσσω ((aph)ússō, “to draw or scoop liquids”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Palaic: 𒄷𒍑𒅆𒄿𒅔𒀭𒋫 (ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-an-ta /hussīnta, ḫuššīnanta/, “they draw water for themselves; sacrificial offering, in particular libations”)

Proto-Celtic: *awsetlo- or *awselo- (“flesh-fork”) (possibly)

>? Old Irish: aél (or from Old English awul)


*h₂énk-ti ~ h₂n̥k-énti (root-present)

Proto-Celtic: *anketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háčati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háćati

Sanskrit: अचति (ácati), अञ्चति (áñcati) (later thematicization)

*h₂enk-os or *h₂n̥k-os

Proto-Celtic: *ankos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ankos

Latin: ancus

*h₂énk-os ~ *h₂énk-es-os

*h₂ónk-o-s (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *h₂énk-tis ~ *h₂n̥k-tey- or *h₂n̥k-tós

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անթ (antʻ), անութ (anutʻ)

*h₂énk-ō ~ *h₂n̥k-én-s

Proto-Germanic: *angô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγκών (ankṓn)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անգղ (angł), անկղ (ankł)

Armenian: անգղ (angġ)

Proto-Germanic: *anhulaz

Old Norse: ǫ́ll, áll

Proto-Germanic: *angulaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγκύλος (ankúlos)

*h₂énk-ul-eh₂ (“belt”)

Proto-Germanic: *anhulō

Old Norse: ǫ́l, ál

Proto-Hellenic: *ankúlā

Ancient Greek: ἀγκύλη (ankúlē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HankúlaH

Proto-Iranian: *HankúlaH

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾnkwrʾk' /angurāg/, “finger; paw”)

Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬁 (angurā)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἄγκῡρα (ánkūra, “anchor”)

Proto-Anatolian:

(perhaps) Hittite: 𒀭𒆪𒉿𒀸 (“Ankuwash, Ankara”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*h₃éngʷ-e-ti (thematic root present) (perhaps)

Proto-Italic: *ongʷō

Latin: unguō, ungō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃n̥-né-gʷ-ti ~ *h₃n̥-n-gʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւծանեմ (awcanem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hanákti

Sanskrit: अनक्ति (anákti)

*h₃éngʷ-n̥ ~ *h₃n̥gʷ-én-s (“fat, butter”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃éngʷ-os ~ *h₃éngʷ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánȷ́as

Sanskrit: अञ्जस् (áñjas) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: anctan (“butter”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haktás

Sanskrit: अक्त (aktá)

Proto-Italic: *ənktos

Latin: unctus (see there for further descendants)


gʰebʰ-

*gʰebʰ-e-ti (root present)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gebtei

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: gebė́ti (“to be able, wont (to)”)

Proto-Germanic: *gebaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe-gʰóbʰ-e (stative)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

⇒ Lithuanian: at-gė́bau (“brought about”, 1s.pret.)

Proto-Germanic: *gab (“gave”, 1s/3s.ind.pret.)

*gʰébʰ-os ~ gʰébʰ-es-os (s-stem)

⇒ *gʰébʰ-es-tis (“arm, hand”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰábʰastiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gábʰastiṣ

Sanskrit: गभस्ति (gábhasti)

>? *gʰébʰ-l̥ ~ gʰbʰ-l-és (“head”), *gʰébʰ-ōl

Unsorted formations:

>? Latvian: gãbtiês (“snatch, grab”)

>? Lithuanian: góbti (“to snatch, grab, take”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *gabati (“to seize, take”) (see there for further descendants)


*(s)néh₂-ti ~ *(s)n̥h₂-énti (athematic root present)

*(s)noh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snāHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

with innovative <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">-प्-</i> (-p-)

Sanskrit: स्नापयति (snāpáyati) (with innovative -प्- (-p-))

Proto-Iranian: *snāHáyati

desc

Avestan: 𐬁𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (āsnaiiāt̰, 3sg.subj.)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysänāj-)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫀𐫏 (ʾʾsnʾy)

Sogdian: [script needed] (snʾy)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: nāsk-

Proto-Hellenic: *(h)nā́mə

Ancient Greek: νᾶμᾰ (nâmă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: नामन् (nāman, “water”) (only in Nighantu glossary)

*(s)néH-tr̥ (perhaps)

Proto-Celtic: *snāmos

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: neuff

Breton: neuñv, neuñ

Middle Welsh: nawf

Welsh: nawf

Old Irish: snám

Irish: snámh

Manx: snaue

Scottish Gaelic: snàmh

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snaHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snaHtás

Sanskrit: स्नात (snātá)

Proto-Iranian: *snaHtáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬙𐬀 (snāta)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (ysänāh-) (< *snāp-)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫉 (ʿšnʾz)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šnʾc /šnāz-/, “to swim”)

Persian: شناویدن (šenâvidan, “to swim”)

Proto-Iranian:

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ajna (āžnā), ajnê (āžnē), ajnî (āžnī, “swimming”)

Mazanderani: سنو (seno, “swimming”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šnʾc /šnāz/, “swimming”)

Persian: شنا (šenâ, “swimming”), اشنان (ošnân, “wash herb, alkalin herb, barilla”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snaH-

Sanskrit: स्ना (snā)

Proto-Iranian: *snaH-


preyH-

*pri-né-H-ti ~ *pri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prináHti (see there for further descendants)

*priH-ye-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHyatay

Sanskrit: प्रीयते (prī́yate, “to be pleased”)

*priHós (“beloved (woman), wife”)

Proto-Germanic: *frijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *Frijjō (“Frigg”, name of a goddess) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHā́

Sanskrit: प्रिया (priyā́, “wife”)

→ Hindi: प्रिया (priyā) (learned) (see there for further descendants)

→ Telugu: ప్రియ (priya) (learned)

*prḗyH-s-t ~ *préyH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práyHšat (3sg.aor.subj.act.)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práyHṣat

Sanskrit: प्रेषत् (préṣat, “shall please”)

*priH-mḗn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHmā́

Proto-Iranian: *friHmā́

Ossetian: (“friend, lover”)

Digor Ossetian: лимӕн (limæn), нимӕл (nimæl)

Iron Ossetian: лымӕ́н (lymǽn)

*priH-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHnás

Proto-Iranian: *friHnáh

Pashto: ورين (wrin, “open, happy, sincere”)


ḱwen-

*ḱwentos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwentas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwantas

Proto-Iranian: *cwantah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta)

→ Persian: سپنتا (sepantâ)

Persian: سپند (sepand)

*ḱunt-slo

Proto-Germanic: *hunslą (see there for further descendants)


*h₃émbʰ-ō ~ *h₃m̥bʰ-nés

Proto-Germanic: *ambô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ombō

Latin: umbō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nēbʰ-o- ~ *h₃nēbʰ-eh₂-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անիւ (aniw, “wheel”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nabāˀ

Latgalian: noba

Latvian: naba

Proto-Germanic: *nabō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *napa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nabis

Old Prussian: nabis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́bʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnā́bʰiṣ

Sanskrit: नाभि (nā́bhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnábʰyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hnábʰyam

Sanskrit: नभ्य (nábhya)

*h₃nṓbʰ-s ~ *h₃nebʰ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ps ~ *Hnabʰás

Proto-Iranian: *Hnā́fas (see there for further descendants)


weyḱ-

*wéyḱ-t ~ *wiḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyćt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyśt

Sanskrit: अविश्रन् (áviśran, 3pl.aor.mid.)

*wiḱ-é-ti (tudáti present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wićáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiśáti

Sanskrit: विशति (viśáti)

Proto-Iranian: *wicáti

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬇𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vīsə̄ṇtē, 3pl.pres.mid.)

*we-wóyḱ-e ~ *we-wiḱ-ḗr (perfect)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*weyk-</i> (“to be fitting”)

Ancient Greek: ἔοικα (éoika) (or from *weyk- (“to be fitting”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwáyća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwáyśa

Sanskrit: विवेश (vivéśa)

Proto-Iranian: *wiwáyca

q

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬯𐬈 (vīuuīse, 2sg.perf.mid.) (or secondary formation from present verb)

*woyḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśáyati

Sanskrit: वेशयति (veśáyati)

*wéyḱ-s ~ wiḱ-és

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *wiḱpótis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíćš (see there for further descendants)

*wéyḱ-i-s

Proto-Albanian: *witsī, *witsā

Albanian: vis (“place, land, country”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiśis

Latvian: vìesis (“guest”)

Lithuanian: viešis (“guest”)

Proto-Slavic: *vь̃sь (see there for further descendants)

*weyḱ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *weikos

Latin: vīcus (see there for further descendants)

*wéyḱ-os ~ *wéyḱ-es-

desctree

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wīhsą
Proto-West Germanic: *wīhs
Old English: *wīx n
Middle English: wīx n
Old Frisian: *wīx f
Old Saxon: *wīhs f
Old Dutch: *wīhs n
Old High German: *wīhs m
Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyäike

desc

Tocharian B: īke (“place, location, position”)

*wóyḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wóikos

Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος (woîkos), οἶκος (oîkos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒 (wo-ko /wojkos/, “home”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyśas

Sanskrit: वेश (véśa, “house; brothel”)

*woyḱ-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayśás

Sanskrit: वेश (veśá, “inhabitant”)

Proto-Iranian: *waycáh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (vaēsa)


*h₂lu-né-gʰ-ti ~ h₂lu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal infix present)

i

with contamination by <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tek-</i>

Proto-Celtic: *tungeti (with contamination by *tek-)

*h₂léwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *leuganą (see there for further descendants)

*h₂lugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugtei

East Baltic:

Latvian: lùgt

Lithuanian: lūgóti

Proto-Slavic: *lъgati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugnaz

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃 (*laugns) (in 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐍃 (analaugns))

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *laugnijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugnō

Old Norse: laun

Old High German: lougna

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugis

Proto-Slavic: *lъžь

Proto-Germanic: *lugiz

Old English: lygge

Old Saxon: luggi

Old High German: lucki

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lugāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *lъža

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫaluka-)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: follugaid

Proto-Celtic: *lugiyom

Old Irish: luige

Welsh: llw

Proto-Germanic: *leugō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *luginō

Old English: lyġen

Old Frisian: leine

Old Saxon: lugina

Old Dutch: lugina

Middle Dutch: logene, luegene

Dutch: leugen

Old High German: lugina

German: Lüge

Old Norse: *lygn

Faroese: lygn

Elfdalian: lyngen


leyg-

*lóyg-e-ti (o-grade root present?)

Proto-Germanic: *laikaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráyȷ́ati

Sanskrit: रेजति (réjati), रेजते (réjate) (usually instead < *h₁leiǵ-)

*loyg-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: láigyti

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: leiguot, Latgalian: leigons

Latvian: līgot

Lithuanian: lyguoti

Indo-Iranian: *lig-e-

Iranian:

Persian: آلیختن (âlixtan)

Northern Kurdish: leystin, Northern Kurdish: lîstin


leyg-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lygiuoti

desc

Lithuanian: lýgus (“equal, level, flat, even, like”)

Latgalian: leigt (“to agree, to make peace, to make a deal”)

Latvian: līdz (“flat”)

Latvian: līdzīgs (“alike, similar, equal, even”)

Latvian: līgt

Lithuanian: lygti

Old Prussian: līgint, Old Prussian: līginton

Proto-Germanic: *līką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *līkāną (see there for further descendants)


leyg-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ligà

Latvian: liga

*lig-ós

Ancient Greek: λοιγός (loigós)

Albanian: lig

Unsorted formations:

Old Irish: líach (“wretched”)

Lithuanian: li̇́egti (“to be sickly”)

Lithuanian: ligóti (“to be ill”)

Latvian: ligât (“to be ill”)

>? Old Prussian: licuts (“small”)

>? Ancient Greek: ὀλῐ́γος (olĭ́gos, “few, little”)

>? Old Armenian: աղքատ (ałkʻat, “poor, indigent”)


lendʰ-

*londʰ-om

Proto-Germanic: *landą (see there for further descendants)

*ln̥dʰ-om

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *linda

Old Prussian: lindan (“valley”)

Proto-Slavic: *lędo (“untilled land”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *lędina (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *lęděninъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *landā (see there for further descendants)

>? Central Kurdish: -ڵان (-llan)


lendʰ-

*londʰ-ih₂ ~ *londʰ-yeh₂-

Proto-Germanic: *landį̄ (see there for further descendants)

*lóndʰ-rom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rándʰram (“split, hole”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rándʰram

Sanskrit: रन्ध्र (rándhra)

*londʰ-wos

Proto-Italic: *lonðwos

Latin: lumbus (possibly from Osco-Umbrian)

*ln̥dʰ-w-yom

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lędvьje (see there for further descendants)


lendʰ-

*londʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *randʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *randʰáyati

Sanskrit: रन्धयति (randhayati) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Old Armenian: աղանձեմ (ałanjem)

Armenian: աղանձել (aġanjel), ⇒ աղանձ (aġanj)

q

Ancient Greek: λάσανα (lásana) (etymology unclear according to Beekes and Chantraine)

Old Prussian: landan (“food”)

Irish: lann (“frying pan”)

Old Cornish: lann (“frying pan”)


megʰ-

*(me-)mógʰ-e ~ *(me-)m̥gʰ-ḗr ((possibly unreduplicated?) stative)

*megʰ-óm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *magʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *magʰám

Sanskrit: मघ (maghá)

*megʰ-ú-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *magʰúš

Proto-Iranian: *magúš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬊𐬕𐬎 (moġu)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎦𐏁 (m-gu-š /maguš/) (see there for further descendants)

*mogʰ-tis? (probably secondary from the verb, o-grade would not be expected)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *magtis

Proto-Slavic: *moťь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mahtiz (see there for further descendants)

*mogʰ-tus? (as above)

Proto-Germanic: *mahtuz

Old Norse: máttr

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *smaxtus

desctree

Old Irish: smacht
Irish: smacht
Scottish Gaelic: smachd

Proto-Germanic: *maginą (see there for further descendants)


*weh₁-ros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀrāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *věra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wērō


leys-

*le-lóys-e (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *lizaną (“to know”) or *lisaną (see there for further descendants)

*loys-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *laizijaną (“to teach”) (see there for further descendants)

*lis-n̥h₂-tór ~ *lis-n̥h₂-rór (mediopassive causative)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *liʀnōn (“to learn”), *liʀnēn (Elbe Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

*lóys-eh₂ (“track, furrow”)

*léys-ti-s ~ *lis-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *listiz (“art, cunning”) (see there for further descendants)

*loys-tis

Proto-Germanic: *laistiz (“track, trace”)

Proto-West Germanic: *laisti (“footprint, mold for shoes”)

Old English: lǣst, lāst (“footprint”)

English: last (“mould for shoes”)

Old Frisian: lāst, lēst (“sole, footprint”)

West Frisian: least

Old Saxon: *lēst

Middle Low German: lēst (“mould for shoes”)

Old Dutch: *lēst

Middle Dutch: leest (“mould for shoes”)

Dutch: leest

Old High German: leist (“mould for shoes”)

German: Leist, Leisten

Old Norse: leistr (“stocking-foot”)

Icelandic: leistur

Faroese: leistur

Norwegian Nynorsk: leist

Norwegian Bokmål: lest

Swedish: läst

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (laists, “track”)

*loys-tos

Proto-Germanic: *laistaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Ancient Greek: λοῖσθος (loîsthos, “left behind”)


*h₂néḱ-t ~ *h₂n̥ḱ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́našt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́naṣṭ

Sanskrit: आनट् (ā́naṭ), आष्ट (ā́ṣṭa, 3sg. middle)

*h₂e-h₂nóḱ-e ~ *h₂e-h₂n̥ḱ-ḗr (stative)

*h₂n-né-ḱ-ti ~ *h₂n-n̥-ḱ-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *annketi

Old Irish: ·icc

*h₂n̥ḱ-néw-ti ~ *h₂n̥ḱ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haćnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haśnáwti

Sanskrit: अश्नोति (aśnóti)

Proto-Iranian: *Hacnáwtī

Avestan: 𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ašnaoⁱti)

*h₂i-h₂n̥ḱ-sé-ti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: इयक्षति (íyakṣati)

Sanskrit: इनक्षति (ínakṣati) (with clarified root)

Proto-Germanic: *nēhwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ganōgaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haćnás

Proto-Iranian: *Hacnáh (“near”)

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬝 (asnāt̰, abl.sg.;adv.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬈 (asne, loc.sg.)

Old Persian: [script needed] (ašnaiy, loc.sg.)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Celtic: *ankenā

desctree

Old Irish: éicen, écen
Irish: éigean, éigin
Manx: egin
Scottish Gaelic: èiginn

Proto-Brythonic: *anken

Breton: anken

Cornish: anken

Middle Welsh: anghen

Welsh: angen

Proto-Celtic: *onkeyeti (causative of the preceding)

Old Irish: ·uic

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀνάγκη (anánkē)

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅk-

Tocharian A: eṃts-

Tocharian B: eṅk-

Conflated with *h₁neḱ- (“to receive, take away”) by Pokorny.


*h₂e-h₂ógʰ-e ~ *h₂e-h₂gʰ-ḗr (perfect)

*h₂gʰ-néw-ti ~ *h₂gʰ-nw-énti

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂emǵʰ-</i>

Ancient Greek: ἄχνυμαι (ákhnumai) (or from *h₂emǵʰ-)

*h₂ogʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *agijaną

Gothic: *𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*agjan)

*h₂e-h₂ogʰ-éye-ti (innovated causative with reduplication)

Proto-Germanic: *ōgijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₂égʰ-os ~ *h₂égʰ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hagʰás (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *aglǭ

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍉 (aglō)

Proto-Celtic: *aglo-

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *aglotus

Middle Irish: álad

Irish: áladh

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *agletos

Welsh: aeled

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *aglātos

Welsh: aelawd

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *aglaz
Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍃 (agls)

Proto-Germanic: *agluz (see there for further descendants)

*h₂ogʰ-l-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: ὀχλέω (okhléō, “to vex, harass”)

Unsorted:

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: áil (“ignomy, insult”)


terp-

*térp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *térpō

Ancient Greek: τέρπω (térpō) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥p-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥pyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥pyati

Sanskrit: तृप्यति (tṛ́pyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þarbō (“need”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *terba (“need”) (see there for further descendants)

*torp-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tar̃pti

*tetórpe ~ *tetr̥pḗr (stative)

*tr̥p-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tьrpě̀ti (see there for further descendants)

*térp-tis ~ *tr̥p-téy-

Proto-Germanic: *þurftiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *térptis

Ancient Greek: τέρψις (térpsis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ptiṣ

Sanskrit: तृप्ति (tṛ́pti) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥p-tós

Proto-Germanic: *þurftaz (past participle of *þurbaną)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥ptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ptás

Sanskrit: तृप्त (tṛptá) (see there for further descendants)


dwey-

*de-dwóy-e ~ *de-duy-ḗr (stative)

*dwey-lós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δειλός (deilós)

*dwéy-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεῖμα (deîma)

*dwey-mós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δειμός (deimós)

*dwey-nós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δεινός (deinós)

*dwéy-os ~ *dwey-es-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέος (déos)

*dw(e)y-plo- ~ *dwi-pli-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկիւղ (erkiwł)

*dwey-rós

Proto-Italic: *deiros

Latin: dīrus

*dwey-s-ós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian: *erk-

Old Armenian: երկն (erkn), երկնեմ (erknem), երկնչիմ (erknčʻim)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwáyṣṭi

Sanskrit: द्वेष्टि (dvéṣṭi, “to hate”)

Proto-Iranian: *dwáyšti

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬈𐬱- (duuaeš-)

Middle Persian: byštn' (bištan), byš (bēš)

Probably related to *dwóh₁ (“two”), with sense connection "two" > "ambivalence, second thoughts" > "fear".

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


ḱey-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*ḱéy-tor (deponent athematic Narten root present)

*ḱéy-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Celtic: *kēdeti (“to fall”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: coezaff

Breton: kouezhañ

Cornish: koedha, kodha

Welsh: cwyddo

⇒ Welsh: digwydd

*ḱéy-us (“orphan”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyuš (see there for further descendants)

*ḱey-ro-s (“orphaned”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śeiras

Lithuanian: šeirỹs

Proto-Slavic: *sirъ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱéy-wo-s (“intimate, dear, friendly”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śéiwāˀ

Latvian: siẽva

Latgalian: sīva

Proto-Germanic: *hīwą, *hīwô n (“sg. household member, pl. married couple, household”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáywas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáywas

Sanskrit: शेव (śéva, “dear, friendly”), शिव (śivá, “auspicious, propitious, gracious”)

Proto-Italic: *keiwis (i-stem derivation)

Latin: cīvis

*ḱóy-mos

Proto-Italic: *koinā

Latin: cūnae

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κοίτη (koítē)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *tšūtja

Albanian: cys

Proto-Albanian: *tseu-

Albanian: ndërsej

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սէր (sēr)

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: посивьнъ (posivĭnŭ)

Old East Slavic: посивъ (posivŭ)

Russian: посив (posiv)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κινέω (kinéō)

Ancient Greek: κίω (kíō)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Ossetian: цӕуын (cæwyn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शी (śī, “to lie”)

The meaning "to be lying down" might come from "to have fallen" as the meaning "to fall" occurs in Celtic and Sanskrit.


*h₂lék-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Celtic: *lexstus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂elk-éh₂-(ye)-ti (with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Germanic: *algōną

Proto-West Germanic: *algōn (see there for further descendants)

*h₂elk-s (“sacred place, sanctuary; idol”)

Proto-Germanic: *alhs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: ἀλκή (alkḗ)

Proto-Italic: *ulkīskōr

Latin: ulciscor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrakš-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrakṣ-

Sanskrit: रक्ष् (rakṣ)


Hrewp-

*Hréwp-t ~ *Hrup-ént (athematic root aorist)

*Hrup-yé-ti (“to suffer pain”, zero-grade yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrúpyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrúpyati

Sanskrit: रुप्यति (rúpyati, “to suffer violent pain”)

*Hru-né-p-ti ~ *Hru-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)

*Hrowp-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *raubijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati (“to have/cause physical pain”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpáyati

Sanskrit: रोपयति (ropayati, “to cause pain”), लोपयति (lopayati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáyati

𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍

Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬏𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 (urūpaiieⁱṇtī, 3pl.)

*Hrewp-í-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpiṣ

Sanskrit: रोपि (rópi, “acute or racking pain”)

Proto-Italic: *roupēs

Latin: rūpēs (“cliff, crag”) (see there for further descendants)

*Hréwp-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwpas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwpas

Sanskrit: रोप (rópa, “disturbing, confusing”), लोप (lópa, “breaking, injury, destruction”)

*Hrowp-éh₂, *Hrowp-óm

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rupa

Bulgarian: ру́па (rúpa)

Serbo-Croatian: rȕpa /ру̏па (“hole”)

Proto-Germanic: *raubō, ⇒ *raubōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpám

Sanskrit: रोप (ropá, “hole, fissure”)

Proto-Italic: *roupā

Latin: rūpa (Apul.)

*Hrowp-ó-s (“plundering, pillage, loot”)

Proto-Germanic: *raubaz, *raubą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawpás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawpás

Sanskrit: लोप (lopá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrawpáh

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwp /rōb/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (lwpk /rōbag/)

*Hrup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hruptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hruptás

Sanskrit: लुप्त (luptá, “broken, injured, disappeared”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruptos

Latin: ruptus (see there for further descendants)

*Hrewp-i-yo-

Proto-Tocharian: *krupiye (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Italic:

>? Latin: rupex

Paleo-Balkan:

Thracian:

→ Ancient Greek: ῥομφαία (rhomphaía, “Thracian spear”)

Albanian: rrufé, -ja (“lightning”)

→ Bulgarian: рофия (rofija), руфя (rufja, “lightning”)

Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”). Compare also *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
bg:Иван Дуриданов


mlewH-

*mléwH-ti ~ *mluH-énti (root athematic present)

*mléwH-t ~ *mluH-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mréwHt

Proto-Iranian: *mréwHt

Avestan: 𐬨𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬝 (mraot̰)

*ml̥wH-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ब्रुव (bruva)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀwāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *mъ̀lva (see there for further descendants)

*ml̥wH-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *mъ̀lviti (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: ब्रू (brū)


pr̥k-

*(s)pr̥k-éh₂ (?)

>? Proto-Albanian: *frikā

Albanian: frikë

*pr̥k-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: präskā-

Tocharian B: präskā-

*pr̥k-tós

Proto-Germanic: *furhtaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *furhtijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furhtō (see there for further descendants)


seykʷ-

*séykʷ-t ~ *sikʷ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Germanic: *sīhwaną (“to filter”) (from aorist subjunctive) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: असिचत् (ásicat) (thematized)

? *seykʷ-éh₂-ti ~ *sikʷ-éh₂-ti ~ *soykʷ-éh₂-ti (“*eh₂-stative”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *seikā́ˀtei, *sikā́ˀtei, *saikā́ˀtei (“to piss”)

Proto-Slavic: *sikati, *sьcati (< *sьkati), *sěkati (“to piss”) (see there for further descendants)

*soykʷ-ís

Proto-Germanic: *saiwiz (“sea”)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (saiws)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: सेक (séka, “sprinkling”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰκμάς (ikmás, “wetness, moisture, secretion”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सिच् (sic)


sperH-

*spr̥H-é-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰr̥Háti

Sanskrit: स्फुरति (sphuráti)

Proto-Iranian: *spr̥Háti

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬝 (sparōit̰)

*spr̥-né-H-ti ~ *spr̥-n-H-éti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *spurnaną (see there for further descendants)

qual

with irregular e-grade for <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">**spornō</i>

Proto-Italic: *spernō (with irregular e-grade for **spornō)

Latin: spernō

*spr̥H-yé-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: spert

Latvian: spert

Lithuanian: spi̇̀rti

Proto-Hellenic: *spəřřō

Ancient Greek: σπαίρω (spaírō)

Proto-Celtic: *sɸerā (see there for further descendants)

*spr̥H-óm

Proto-Germanic: *spurą (see there for further descendants)

→ Germanic: *spurjaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (išparrai)


*d(h₁)-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋾𒄿𒀀 (ti-ya /tiya/)

Proto-Hellenic: *deyō

desctree

Ancient Greek: δέω (déō, “to bind”), δέννω (dénnō)
Greek: δένω (déno)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyáti (see there for further descendants)

*déh₁-mn̥ ~ *dh₁-mén-s

Proto-Albanian: *dēma

Albanian: duo, dua, dúaj

Proto-Hellenic: *dḗmə

Ancient Greek: ῠ̓πόδημᾰ (ŭpódēmă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHma

Sanskrit: दामन् (dā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHma

Persian: دام (dâm)

Proto-Albanian: *dōla

Albanian: dell

Proto-Hellenic: *detós

Ancient Greek: δετός (detós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dHtás

Sanskrit: दित (ditá)


mems-

Proto-Tocharian: *mʲənsa

Tocharian B: [Term?] (mīsa)

*mḗms (< *méms-s) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *me-ms-, reduplicated form of *mes-.


kret-

*krét-ti ~ *kr̥t-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kirstei

desc

>? Lithuanian: kir̃sti, kirstù, kirtaũ (“to make sour”)

*kórt-u-s (built from earlier o-grade *kort-)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártus (“bitter”)

Lithuanian: kartùs

Old Prussian: kārtai (nom.pl.)

>? Proto-Germanic: *harduz (“hard; brave”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *harskaz (“rough; sour”) (see there for further descendants)

*kret-ó-s (“swelling”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretas (“clot”)

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretḗˀtei

Latvian: kretêt (“to clot”)

*krét-s ~ *kr̥t-és (“strength”)

Proto-Germanic: *hurþaz (< thematized *kr̥t-ó-s)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hurskaz (< *hurþskaz, + *-skaz)

Old Norse: horskr (“wise”)

Icelandic: horskur

Proto-Hellenic: *krétos, *krə́tos, *kə́rtos (< thematized *krét-o-s, *kŕ̥t-o-s)

Ancient Greek: κράτος (krátos, “might, strength”), κάρτος (kártos) — Ionic, Doric, Epic, κρέτος (krétos) — Aeolic (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καρτερός (karterós, “strong, mighty”), κρατερός (kraterós) — Epic (+ -ερός (-erós), or < *kr̥t-ero-s)

q

*krét-u-s ~ *kr̥t-éw-s (“having strength, strong”) (suggested to be a denominal of *krót-u-s ~ *kért-u-s (“strength”))

Proto-Hellenic: *krətús (< leveled *kr̥t-ú-s)

desc

Ancient Greek: κρατύς (kratús, “strong, mighty”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krátuš (“force, mental power”) (see there for further descendants)

*krét-yōs ~ *kr̥t-is-és (“strong; better”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kréťťōn

Ancient Greek: κρείσσων (kreíssōn, “more powerful”), κρείττων (kreíttōn) — Attic, κρέσσων (kréssōn) — Ionic

*kr̥t-tó-s (“swollen”)

Proto-Italic: *krassus

>? Latin: crassus (“thick; fat”)

Compare *kert- (whence Kamkata-viri koṭ (“strength”)), which may be a variant.


kret-

*krét-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kréstei

Latvian: krė̃sti (“to shake”)

Lithuanian: krèst (“to fall, drop, die”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *hreþaną (“to sift”) (see there for further descendants)

*krot-éye-ti (eye-causative/iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kratīˀtei

Latgalian: krateit(i) (“to shake repeatedly”)

Latvian: kratît (“to shake repeatedly”)

Lithuanian: kratýti (“to shake, jolt”)

Proto-Hellenic: *krotéō

Ancient Greek: κροτέω (krotéō, “to rattle”)

*kr̥t-néh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *hurtōną, *hrut(t)ōną

Proto-West Germanic: *hurtōn

Old High German: *hurzōn

Middle High German: hurzen (“to rush”)

Old Norse: *hrota

Norwegian: rota (“to side down”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hreutaną

Old Norse: hrjóta (“to fall”)

Norwegian: rjota

*kr̥-né-t-ti ~ *kr̥-n-t-én-ti (nasal infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krínstei (“to fall, drop”)

Latvian: krist

Lithuanian: kri̇̀sti

*kret-ó-s (“a shake, tremble”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretas

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kretḗˀtei

Lithuanian: kretė́ti (“to tremble (with old age), walk shakily”)

*krot-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: apikratai̇̃ (“fast”)

Proto-Germanic: *hradaz (“quick, hasty”) (see there for further descendants)

*krot-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kratús

Latgalian: krotūšs (“one that shakes”)

Lithuanian: kratùs (“shaky, bumpy”)

*krót-o-s (“shaking”)

Proto-Celtic: *krotos

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *krotāti

Old Irish: crothaim (“to shake”)

Middle Irish: crothaid

Scottish Gaelic: crath

Proto-Hellenic: *krótos

Ancient Greek: κρότος (krótos, “rattling”)


ǵʰes-

*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰs-r-és or *ǵʰés-ōr ~ *ǵʰes-r-és or *ǵʰs-ḗr ~ *ǵʰs-r-és

*ǵʰés-lom (“heap, thousand”)

*ǵʰós-to-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰástas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hos-tos

Latin: hostus (“the yield of olive from a single pressing”)

*ǵʰós-tu-s

Proto-Celtic: *gostus

⇒ *ad-gostus (“near”, literally “at hand”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰos-t-i-yo-

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: pažasti̇̀s, pažastė̃, pažastỹs (with pa-, põ, < *h₂pó)

Italic:

Latin: hostia


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Wojciech Smoczyński

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: hith (with a preserved laryngeal?)

*h₂i-n-dʰ-tór (mediopassive nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hindᶻdʰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hinddʰáy

Sanskrit: इन्द्धे (inddhé)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti</i>

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“firewood”) (or from *h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti)

Tocharian B: intsau (“block of wood”)

*h₂éydʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰō

Ancient Greek: αἴθω (aíthō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰati

Sanskrit: एधते (édhate)

*h₂oydʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aidijaną

Old High German: eiten

Middle High German: eiten

*h₂éydʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *aiss, *aiðes (gen.)

Latin: aedēs, aedis, ēdis

Proto-Hellenic: *aitʰḗr

Ancient Greek: αἰθήρ (aithḗr) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aidos or *aidu

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: oaz (“ardor, jealousy”)

Breton: oaz

Welsh: aidd (“ardor”)

Old Irish: áed (“fire”)

Proto-Germanic: *aidaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एध (édha)

*h₂éydʰ-os ~ *h₂éydʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एधस् (édhas)

⇒ *h₂éydʰ-l-om

Proto-Germanic: *ailą (see there for further descendants)

pre-Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰəl

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰalos

Ancient Greek: αἴθαλος (aíthalos) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀲𐀫 (a3-ta-ro /aitʰalo-/)

Proto-Italic: *aissāts

Latin: aestās

*h₂éydʰ-tu-s ~ *h₂idʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *aissus

Latin: aestus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hidᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiddʰás

Sanskrit: इद्ध (iddhá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰma

Proto-Iranian: *Háydma

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aēsma, “firewood”)

Northeastern Iranian

Khwarezmian: ازم (ʾzm /izm/)

Sogdian:

Buddhist Sogdian: [script needed] (zmy /zmē , zmi/)

Southeastern Iranian

Pashto: هېزم (hezám) (perhaps borrowed from Persian)

Northwestern Iranian

Caspian:

Gilaki: هیمه (himə)

Old Mazanderani: همه (hema)

Mazanderani: هیمه (hīme)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھێزِم (hêzim)

Northern Kurdish: êzing, ezing, hezing, hêzing, hêzîng

Laki: ھێمە (hême)

Southern Kurdish: لێزمە (lêzme) (perhaps) (*hê-> *lê-)

Old Median:

Middle Median:

Kermanic:

Ashtiani: هیمه (hīma)

Zoroastrian Dari: هیزمه (hīzma) (Yazd), ایزمه (īzma) (Kerman)

Old Tati:

Old Azari: هەموم (hamum, “my firewood”)

Talysh:

North Talysh: izem (īzem)

South Talysh: ایزم (īzem)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: هێزمێ (hêzimê)

Zazaki: eyzimi, îzimi

Southwestern Iranian

Larestani: ایمه (īma/ēma)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫖𐫃 (ʿymg /ēmag/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭩𐭮𐭬 (ʾysm /ēsm/), 𐭰𐭩𐭡𐭠 (CYBA /ēzm/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *aidza-

⇒ Albanian: jezull

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aidinti

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ey-</i>, for which see the etymology section

>? Proto-Germanic: *aisǭ (“fireplace”) (or from *h₂ey-, for which see the etymology section) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed from a compound or suffixed verb *h₂éydʰh₁eti, from *h₂ey- (“to burn; fire”) + *-dʰh₁- (“to put, set”, later resultative suffix), literally “to put to fire”. For the root, see also *h₂éyos (“(copper?) metal, ore”), *h₂éyr̥ (“day, morning”) and Proto-Germanic *aisǭ (“fireplace”). Alternatively, the root can be identified as *h₁ay-, “to be warm, hot”, but this root is also contested and poorly evidenced.


bʰeg-

*bʰég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *begeti (“to break”)

Old Irish: do·beig

*bʰég-t ~ *bʰg-ént (athematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եբեկ (ebek, “broke”)

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: բեկանեմ (bekanem, “to break”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bengiú, beñgti (“to break up”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baigtei

Lithuanian: bai̇̃gti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *beigtei

Latvian: bèigt

Lithuanian: bei̇̃gti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰanákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰanákti

Sanskrit: भनक्ति (bhanákti)

*bʰég-n̥to- ~ *bʰg-n̥to-

Proto-Tocharian: *p(ä)känte

Tocharian A: pkänt (“separate”)

Tocharian B: pkante (“obstacle”)

*bʰog-o-

Proto-Celtic: *dī-bogo-

Middle Welsh: di-fo, diuo (“destroying”)

*bʰog-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *boxsman

Middle Irish: boimm (“piece, fragment”)

*bʰog-tós

Proto-Celtic: *boxtos

desctree

Old Irish: bocht (“poor”)
Irish: bocht
Manx: boght
Scottish Gaelic: bochd

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰeh₂g-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (or from *bʰeh₂g-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-yo-s

Proto-Celtic: *bogyos

desc

Old Irish: ráthbuige (“ramparts builder”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bikjaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *bangōną (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: भङ्ग (bhaṅgá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaǰ-

Proto-Iranian: *baǰ-

(perhaps) Khotanese: bajsīha- (“mortar”)

Persian: سونجه (sunje), [script needed] (vsönǰ-), [script needed] (sönǰ-, “to tear, break”) (Tār dialect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भञ्ज् (bhañj)


bʰeg-

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infixed present)

⇒ *bʰeng- (virtual root) (back-formed)

q

⇒? *bʰong-éh₂ (unless from the sense “to break” above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bangā́ˀ

Latvian: bañga, buôga (“multitude, crowd, grove; downpour, cloud”)

desc

Lithuanian: bangà (“billow, wave; multitude”)

⇒ *bʰong-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankiz (“bulge, hillock; bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰong-ō

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankô (“bank; hill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰéng-ō ~ *bʰn̥g-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: *bunkô (“bump, heap; bunch, crowd”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakiz (“brook; beach”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-o-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *baką (“back”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóg-ō ~ *bʰg-né-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakô, *bakkô

>? Proto-West Germanic: *bakō (“back”), *bakkō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōgnás (“swamp, bog, marsh”) (unless from a substrate source)

>? Lithuanian: bognà

Proto-Slavic: *bagnò (see there for further descendants)


*du-n-h₂-tór ~ *du-n-h₂-rór (deponent nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *dunamai

Ancient Greek: δύναμαι (dúnamai)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tswetär

Proto-Germanic: *(ga)tawaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *tawjaną (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *gotovъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tōlą (“tool”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *teudrą (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tūdrą (“fruit, offspring”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀwē

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dweh₂-</i> (“to move away”)

Proto-Slavic: *davě (“ago, recently”) (alternatively from *dweh₂- (“to move away”))

Russian: даве (dave) (dialectal)

Old Church Slavonic: давѣ (davě)

⇒ *oděvě

desc

Old Church Slavonic: одѣвѣ (oděvě, “recently”)

⇒ *dãvьnъ (“past, ancient”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tawwą (see there for further descendants)


*h₂i-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *īˀskāˀtei

Latgalian: īskuot

Latvian: ieskāt

Lithuanian: ieškóti

Proto-Slavic: *jьskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *issketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *iskaną

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aisk (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aiskōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hišćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *isskō

⇒ Umbrian: eiscurent (3pl. fut. perf.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiṣṭás

Sanskrit: इष्ट (iṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (išta)

Proto-Germanic: *aizō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: այց (aycʻ), հայց (haycʻ)

Armenian: հայց (haycʻ)

Proto-Germanic: *aizāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aizoskāō

Latin: aeruscō

>? Proto-Italic: *aistomāō

Latin: aestimō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aiˀskāˀ

Latvian: ieska

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂réh₁dʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaną (“to decide”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-t ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHraHdʰat

Proto-Iranian: *HáHráHdat

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬝 (rādat̰, “to succeed, accomplish”, 3sg.aor.act.subj.)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰyati

Sanskrit: राध्यति (rā́dhyati, “to succeed”)

*h₂roh₁dʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rā́ˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: rõdeit(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Latgalian: rõdeitõjs (“significative”)

Latvian: rādīt(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Lithuanian: rodyti (“to show, demonstrate”)

Proto-Slavic: *raditi (“care about, heed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rādīti (“to talk”)

Old Irish: ráidid, radid

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambi-rādīti (“to think”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: amraud

Welsh: amrawdd

Old Irish: imm-rádi

Proto-Germanic: *rōdijaną (“to speak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰáyati

Sanskrit: राधयति (rādháyati, “to commit”)

*h₂r̥h₁dʰ-néw-ti ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰnáwti

Sanskrit: राध्नोति (rādhnóti, “to succeed”)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰas

Sanskrit: राधस् (rā́dhas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰaH

Proto-Iranian: *HráHdaH

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (rāda, “trustee”)

Proto-Germanic: *radō (“row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HdʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HdáH

Ossetian: (“order, row”)

Digor Ossetian: радӕ (radæ)

Iron Ossetian: рад (rad)

Proto-Germanic: *rēswō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raðā

Albanian: radhë (“row”)

Latgalian: rẽdeit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: rẽdynis (“sunday best suit”)

Latgalian: rẽdeiba (“order, orderliness”)

Latgalian: rādovoit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: parāds (“order”)

Possible reanalyzed root of *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


HrewdH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrawdH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrawdH-

Sanskrit: रुद् (rud)

*HréwdH-ti ~ *HrudH-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *reutaną
Proto-West Germanic: *reutan
Old English: rēotan
Old Saxon: *riotan
Middle Low German: rêten
Old High German: riozan, riuzan
Middle High German: riezen
Old Norse: rjóta
Icelandic: rjóta
Faroese: rjóta, rýta

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráwdHti ~ *Hrúdanti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roudō or *rudō

Latin: rūdō or rudō

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raudà

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûdât

Lithuanian: raudóti

Proto-Germanic: *rautōną

Old Norse: rauta

Icelandic: rauta (obsolete?)

Norwegian: raute, rauta

Swedish: röta (obsolete)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *raudinja

Albanian: ryej

Balto-Slavic:

Old Lithuanian: rausti

Proto-Slavic: *rydati (“to wail, weep”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly an extension of *h₃rewH- (“to howl, shout, speak noisily”).


*h₁rém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrámati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ri̇̀mti (present ri̇̀mstu)

*h₁rom-éye-ti (causative)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·ruimi

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrāmáyati

Sanskrit: रामयति (rāmáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāmaiieⁱti)

*h₁rém-os ~ *h₁rém-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *remaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: آرام (ârâm, “quiet, calm”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἤρεμος (ḗremos, “gentle, quiet”)

Greek: ήρεμος (íremos, “quiet, calm”)


*h₁wér-o-s ~ *h₁wér-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éuros

Ancient Greek: εὖρος (eûros, “breadth, width”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwáras

Sanskrit: वरस् (váras, “breadth, expanse, room, wide space”)

*h₁wér-u-s ~ *h₁ur-éw-s


⇒? Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: κμέλεθρα (kmélethra, “beam”) (but more likely Pre-Greek)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kameros

Latin: camur (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂m-ér-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kmárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kmárati

Sanskrit: क्मरति (kmárati, “to be crooked (in body or mind)”)

Proto-Iranian: *kamárati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *kamarā- (“something curved”)

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬁 (kamarā, “girdle”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kmr, “girdle”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kml /kamar/, “waist; girdle”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭪𐭬𐭫𐭩 (kmly /kamar/, “girdle”)

Manichaean script: 𐫞𐫖𐫡 (qmr /kamar/, “vault”)

→ Old Armenian: կամար (kamar, “girdle; arch, vault”)

→ Old Georgian: კამარაჲ (ḳamaray)

desctree

Georgian: კამარა (ḳamara)
→ Svan: კამრა̈ჲ (ḳamräy)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: καμάρα (kamára, “anything with an arched cover”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: καμαρίς (kamarís, “woman's ornament”)

→ Ge'ez: ቀመር (ḳämär)

קָמַר / קֶמֶר

→ Hebrew: קָמַר / קֶמֶר (qemer, qāmar)

Proto-Hellenic: *kámīnos

>? Ancient Greek: κάμῑνος (kámīnos, “furnace”) (or Pre-Greek)

Extensions

⇒ *kh₂m-dʰ(h₁)-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kamtʰós, *kantʰós

>? Ancient Greek: κανθός (kanthós, “corner of the eye”) (or Pre-Greek)

⇒ *kh₂emp-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamptas (“corner”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂emp-o-s</i>

>? Lithuanian: kam̃pas (or from *kh₂emp-o-s)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kaN-to-</i>, or borrowed?

>? Proto-Slavic: *kǫ̃tъ (or from *kaN-to-, or borrowed?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantos (“corner, rim”) (or from *kaN-to-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kamptos

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*km̥p-ye-</i>

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kámptō (verb) (or from *km̥p-ye-)

desc

Ancient Greek: κάμπτω (kámptō, “to bend, turn”)

⇒ *kh₂emp-o-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *hamfaz (“maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kampos (“valley?”)

Latin: campus (“field”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂emp-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kampā́, *kámpā

Ancient Greek: καμπή (kampḗ, “bend”), κάμπη (kámpē, “caterpillar; a kind of ornament”)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καμψός (kampsós)

Proto-Slavic: *kǫpa

Proto-Slavic: *kǫpina