weys-

*wéys-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéištei

Latvian: viest (“to rear, raise, increase”)

Lithuanian: vei̇̃sti (“to breed, rear”)

*wéys-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyždʰHati

Proto-Iranian: *wáyždHati

Avestan: 𐬬𐬋𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vōiždat̰, “to raise”)

⇒ *wéysdʰ-ti ~ *wisdʰ-én-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyždᶻdʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyḍḍʰi

Sanskrit: विड्ढि (viḍḍhí, “to labour, produce”, 2sg.imp.)

*wis-né-s-ti ~ *wis-n̥-s-én-ti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vi̇̀sti (“to multiply, breed”)

*wis-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *wizēō
Latin: vireō (see there for further descendants)

*wí-weys-ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwayšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwayṣṭi

desc

Sanskrit: विवेष्टि (víveṣṭi, “to labour, produce”)

*woys-ó-s (“fruit, sprout”)

Proto-Albanian: *waiša

Albanian: vesh m (“grape, wine grape”)

*wóys-eh₂ (“fruit, sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waišāˀ

Lithuanian: vai̇̃sius (“fruit”)

Old Prussian: wēisin (“fruit”, acc.sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *věxà (“straw bundle”)

Proto-Germanic: *waisō (“sprout, stem”)

Old English: wīse

Old Saxon: wisa

Middle Low German: wēse

Low German: Wees

⇒ Old Saxon: wiska

Middle Low German: wische

Low German: Wisch

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: wēse; wisch

Old High German: wīsa

Middle High German: wise

German: Wiese

Old Norse: vísir

Norwegian: veis


bʰed-

*bʰód-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *bataną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bataz (“good”, past participle) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *batizô (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *batnaną (“to get better”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *batô (“improvement, advantage”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bōtō (“improvement”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bōtijaną (“to improve”)(see there for further descendants)

*bʰed-ró-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: betë (“great”)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadrás
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰadrás
Sanskrit: भद्र (bhadrá), भल्ल (bhalla)
Proto-Iranian: *badráh
⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬜𐬭𐬀 (hubaδra, “fortunate”)

*bʰód-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *batiz (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰod-ó-s

q

Proto-Celtic: *bodos (“pleasure, satisfaction, good will”) (or *budā < *bʰudʰ-éh₂ < *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”))

Proto-Brythonic: *boð

Old Breton: bodlon

Cornish: both

Middle Welsh: boð

Welsh: bodd

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *bodyā (or *budyā)

Old Irish: buide


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Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*bʰédʰh₂-e-ti (root thematic present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bestei (“to pierce, stab”)

Lithuanian: bèsti

Latvian: best

Old Prussian: embaddusisi (npl.ptc.pf.act.)

Proto-Slavic: *bosti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰódʰh₂-ey ~ *bʰdʰh₂-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (pád-da-a-i /páddāi/, “to dig”), 𒁁𒁕𒄿 (pád-da-i)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bádīˀtei (“to pierce, stab”)
East Baltic:
Latgalian: badeit
Latvian: badīt
Lithuanian: badýti
Proto-Slavic: *bodìti
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *boďati
⇒ Old Church Slavonic: пробождати (proboždati)

Proto-Italic: *foðjō

Latin: fodiō (“to pierce; to dig”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fossā (⇐ *fossos (pp.) < *bʰodʰh₂-tó-s)

Latin: fossa (“ditch, trench”)

→ Ancient Greek: φόσσα (phóssa)

→ Old Armenian: փոս (pʻos)

→ Georgian: ფოსო (poso)

Proto-Tocharian: *pāt- (“to plow”)

Tocharian A: pāt-

Proto-Celtic: *bedom (“grave, ditch”)

Proto-Brythonic: *beð

Middle Breton: bez

Cornish: beth

Middle Welsh: bedd

*bʰódʰh₂-r̥ ~ *bʰédʰh₂-n̥s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰádʰHr̥ ~ *bʰádʰHas

Proto-Iranian: *bádHr̥ ~ *bádHah (“spade, shovel”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰodʰh₂-wo-s

Proto-Celtic: *bodwos (“fight”)

Old Breton: bodou (“crow”)

desc

Middle Irish: bodb (“goddess of death in war”)

Proto-Germanic: *badwō (“battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (possibly, or perhaps < *bʰh₁-tó-s < *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”))

Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed, bedding”) (see there for further descendants)

The root is considered to be a member of the so-called molō-present class―roots which conjugate with the early h₂e-conjugation in present and exhibit R(e/o)-ablaut.


meyk-

Proto-Celtic: *mikneti

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dismegans

Breton: dismeg

Welsh: dirmygu, edmygu, myged

Old Irish: do·meiccethar

Middle Irish: dimicnigid

Latin: micō

Proto-Slavic: *mikati

Lower Sorbian: mikaś

Upper Sorbian: mikać

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mьčьtъ, *mьčьta (see there for further descendants)


bʰel-

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Fortunatov's law
Oleg Trubachyov

*bʰel(h₁)-nos (n-participle)

Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“bell”) (*-eh₂ reflex) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bellaną (“to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰol-s-(o-)s ((thematicized) s-stem)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balsas

Latgalian: bolss (“voice”)

Latvian: balss (“voice”)

Lithuanian: balsas (“voice”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰálšas

desc

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰā́ṣas (possibly via Fortunatov's law)

⇒? Sanskrit: भाषा f (bhāṣā, “speech, language”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Sanskrit: भाष् (bhāṣ, “to speak”, reanalyzed root) (see derived terms)

*bʰl̥- (zero-grade)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *biltei

Lithuanian: bilti (“to speak”)

⇒ Lithuanian: byla (“speech; case, file”)

Old Prussian: billīt, billītwei (“to say, speak”)

Proto-Slavic: *bьltati (“to babble”) (extended with -t-)

*bʰl̥d- (zero-grade, extended with -d-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bilstei

Lithuanian: bilsti (“to knock, rumble”)

Latvian: bilst (“to utter”) (bildu)

Latvian: bildēt (“to speak”)

Lithuanian: bildėti (“to knock, make noise”)

Proto-Germanic:

>? Middle Low German: bulderen

Unsorted formations

(perhaps) Proto-Tocharian: *päl- (“to praise, commend”)

Tocharian A: päl-

Tocharian B: päl-


bʰel-

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Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

>? Proto-Albanian: *baltā (“marsh, swamp”)

Albanian: baltë

*bʰel-g-

Proto-Italic: *folgēō

Latin: fulgeō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰél-g-os- ~ *bʰél-g-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárgas

Sanskrit: भर्गस् (bhárgas)

*bʰl̥-g-ro-

Proto-Italic: *flagros

⇒ Latin: flagrō (“to burn, blaze”)

Proto-Italic: *flagmā

Latin: flamma (“flame”)

*bʰle-g-

*bʰlé-g-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegō

Ancient Greek: φλέγω (phlégō)

*bʰlé-g-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegmə

Ancient Greek: φλέγμα (phlégma)

⇒? *bʰl-ey-ǵ-

*bʰel-h₁-, *bʰl-eh₁-

⇒ *bʰl̥h₁-wó-s

⇒? *bʰl̥h₁-u-k-

⇒? Proto-Albanian: *blāukā

Albanian: blokër (“rubbish, trash”)

Proto-Italic: *flāwos

>? Latin: flāvus (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolH-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: bõls (“pale, dull”)

Latvian: bāls (“pale”)

Lithuanian: bãlas (“white”)

*bʰl̥H-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰalós

Ancient Greek: φᾰλός (phălós)

*bʰḗlH-o- / *bʰl̥-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bělъ (“white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bēlą (“(bon)fire, pyre”)

Unsorted formations

Albanian: bal, balo

Latgalian: blõvs (“dim”)

Latvian: blāvs (“dim”)

Lithuanian: blãvas

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: भाल (bhāla, “splendour”)

desctree

Old Armenian: բալ (bal, “fog”)
Armenian: բալ (bal)

to blaze, burn; to glow, shine, be bright or brightly colored


bʰel-

*bʰel-ǵʰ-

*bʰl-ew-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰléwō

Ancient Greek: φλέω (phléō)

⇒ *bʰl-ew-H-

Proto-Italic: *flāō

>? Latin: flō

*bʰél-mn̥

>? Proto-Armenian: (or from the n-stem below)

Old Armenian: բեղմն (bełmn, “semen”)
Armenian: բեղմ (bełm)

Old Armenian: բեղուն (bełun, “fruit, product; semen”), բեղն (bełn)
→ Armenian: բեղուն (bełun) (learned)

q

Pokorny considered a heteroclitic <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés</i>

*bʰél-ō ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round object”, n-stem noun) (Pokorny considered a heteroclitic *bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *bullô m, *bullǭ f (“ball, bowl”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“~ knoll”)

Old Norse:

Icelandic: bjalla (“hill”)

⇒ Swedish: fot-bjälle, fota-bjälle (“ankle, heel”)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰə́llōn (with schwa and geminate *ll taken from the oblique stem)

Ancient Greek: *φάλλων (*phállōn)

desc

⇒? Ancient Greek: φάλλαινα (phállaina, “whale”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰól-ō (o-grade)

Proto-Germanic: *ballô, *balluz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *ballō

Old High German: ballo, bal

Middle High German: balle

German: Ball, Ballen

⇒ *bʰl-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round body part, penis, testicle?”)

Proto-Germanic: *bulô, *bullô (“bull”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰl̥n-ós

Proto-Celtic: *ballos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰəllós

Ancient Greek: φαλλός (phallós) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰ(o)ln-is

Proto-Italic: *folnis

q

and/or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰelǵʰ-</i>?

Latin: follis (“bag; bellows; ball”) (and/or from *bʰelǵʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰol-tos (t-participle)

>? Proto-Germanic: *balþaz (“bold”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

→? Ancient Greek: βαλλίον (ballíon) (from a dialect that preserved the voicing of *bʰ)

Ancient Greek: φάλης (phálēs)

German: Bille (“penis”) (dialectal)


bʰel-

*bʰel-(e)no- (n-participle)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *bel(e)nъ (“day-dream, henbane”)

Unsorted formations

Old High German: bilsa

Middle High German: bilse

German: Bilsenkraut

Proto-Italic: *feliks

Latin: filix (“fern”)


*(s)méh₂-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *māˀsātei (“to wave”)

Lithuanian: mosúoti

Proto-Slavic: *māxàti (see there for further descendants)

*(s)méh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *māˀjatei (“to beckon, wave”)

Lithuanian: móti

Proto-Slavic: *majati (see there for further descendants)

*(s)m(e)h₂-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *manǫti

Old Church Slavonic: поманѫти (pomanǫti, “to beckon, wave”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mānúō

Ancient Greek: μηνύω (mēnúō, “to notify, betray, announce”)

Proto-Celtic: *smatyeti (“to beckon, nod, gesture”) (equivalent to *(s)mh₂t-yé-ti)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėnmėtjɨd (+ *an- < Celtic *ande-)

Old Breton: enmeitiam

Old Welsh:

Welsh: emneidio

⇒ Old Welsh: enmeituou pl (“a nod, gesture”)

Middle Welsh: amnaid, emneid

Middle Irish: sméitid

Irish: sméid

Scottish Gaelic: smèid


mel-

*mél-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

μέλω, μέλομαι

Ancient Greek: μέλω, μέλομαι (mélō, mélomai, “to worry”)

*me-mól-e (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

μέμηλα, μέμβλεται

Ancient Greek: μέμηλα, μέμβλεται (mémēla, mémbletai)

*ml̥-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *mallos

Old Irish: mall (“late”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: promellō (“to postpone (a court case)”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέλλω (méllō, “to intend, delay”)


gʰedʰ-

*gʰodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: gadeitīs

Latvian: gadīties

Proto-Slavic: *godìti

*gʰodʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *en-gadā (with intensive prefix *en-)

Albanian: nge

Proto-Germanic: *gadaz

Proto-West Germanic: *gad (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gadás

Latgalian: gods

Latvian: gads

Proto-Slavic: *gȏdъ (see there for further descendants)

*gʰodʰ-r̥

Proto-Germanic: *gadur

Proto-West Germanic: *gadur (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: gadīns

Lithuanian: gadynė

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gōdas

Latgalian: gūds

Latvian: gòds

Lithuanian: guõdas

Proto-Germanic: *gōdaz


kewk-

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Rick Derksen

*kewk-éh₁-ti (“eh₁-stative”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *čučati

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjaukāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *čuka (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: çukë

*kékw-mn̥, *kéwk-mō

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *heuhmô
Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌼𐌰 (hiuhma)

*kówk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *hauhaz (see there for further descendants)

*kowk-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *haugaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauk-

Lithuanian: kaũkas

Proto-Slavic: *kuka (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कुच (kuca, “female breast”), कुचति (kucati, “to make crooked”)

Ancient Greek: Καύκᾰσος (Kaúkăsos) (see there for further descendants)


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₂méygʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *améigʷō

Ancient Greek: ἀμείβω (ameíbō)
Greek: αμείβω (ameívo)

Proto-Italic: *migros

⇒ Latin: migrō (“to wander”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

→? Proto-Uralic: *mixe- (see there for further descendants)


*h₁éǵ-t ~ *h₁ǵ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἦ (ê, 3sg.aor.)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἠμί (ēmí, 1sg.pres.)

*h₁ǵ-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *agjō

Latin: aiō

Proto-Tocharian: *āks-

Tocharian A: āks-

Tocharian B: āks-

*h₁e-h₁óǵ-e ~ *h₁e-h₁ǵ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: (ἄν)ωγα ((án)ōga, “to command”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (prōd)igium

Unsorted formations:

Latin: axō (< *aksāō)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aksaṣṣuki

Old Armenian: ասեմ (asem)


gelH-

*golH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *golъ (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galˀwā́ˀ
East Baltic:
Latgalian: golva
Latvian: gal̂va
Lithuanian: galvà
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: gallū, galwo
Sudovian: kałfa
Proto-Slavic: *golvà (see there for further descendants)

*golH-wo-s

Proto-Albanian: *gāla

Albanian: guall

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galˀwas

Proto-Slavic: *golvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kalwaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: gollomësh (“naked; bat”)

>? Old Armenian: գլուխ (glux, “head”)
Armenian: գլուխ (glux)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: kilox

Formally unable to be related to Proto-Indo-European *kl̥H- (“bald, naked”); however, the superficial phonetic and semantic resemblance of the two roots, as well as the existence of words meaning "bald" (a non-basic vocabulary term) in various descendants of both roots via the same suffixing pattern of *-wó-s, is striking.


gnewH-

*gnuH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *knūjaną (see there for further descendants)

*gnowH-éye-ti (??)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gnjawīˀtei

Proto-Slavic:

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: gnjáviti


seyt-

*séyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sīþaną

Old Norse: síða

Proto-Germanic: *sidnō

⇒ Old English: -siden

*soyt-ó-s


*h₂éndʰ-os ~ *h₂éndʰ-es-os

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: end


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*méyth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *mīþaną (“to avoid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máytʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máytʰati

desc

Sanskrit: मेथति (méthati, “to alternate; to become hostile, quarrel”), मेथेते (methete)

Proto-Italic: *meitō

Latin: mittō (< *mītō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mimáytʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mimáytʰa

Sanskrit: मिमेथ (mimetha)

*moyth₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *maidijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maytʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *maytʰáyati

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*ha-</i>

⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (ha-mīhäte, “to change”) (with *ha-)

Proto-Italic: *moitjō

⇒? Latin: mūtō (see below for alternative) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meitmos

South Picene: meitims (“monument”)

Proto-Germanic: *maiþmaz (“gift”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *móitos

Ancient Greek: μοῖτος (moîtos, “reward, thanks”)

ref

Possibly borrowed from an Italic language.

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máytʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maytʰás

desc

Sanskrit: मिथस् (mithás, “opposite, in opposition”)

Proto-Iranian: *maytʰah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁 (maēθā, “deviating, changeable”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬋 (miθō, “wrongly,falsely”) , 𐬁𐬨𐬋𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬁 (āmōiiastrā, “changes of events”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬀 (miθa, “false”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬡𐬀 (miθβa, “paired”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬥𐬀 (miθβana, “paired”)

Proto-Iranian: *máytʰah-wā́čah, *máytʰah-ūxtáh

Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬵 (miθahuuacah, “speaking falsely”), 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬏𐬑𐬙𐬀 (miθūxta, “false words”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (mēhūxt, “Mihuxt, false speaking demon”)

Persian: میهوخت (mihuxt, “Mihuxt demon in Zoroastrian mythology”)

ref

Or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂moy-to-</i>.

Proto-Italic: *moitos

⇒ Latin: mūtō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *moitwos

Latin: mūtuus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *město (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *missaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *missos

Latin: missus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *mьstь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mьstiti (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: mît

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: मिथति (mitháti, “to alternate”)

Sanskrit: मिथुन (mithuná, “paired, copulate”)

Sanskrit: मिथु (míthu, míthū, “alternately; inversely; perversely; falsely”)

Sanskrit: मिथ्या (mithyā́, mithuyā́, mithūyā́, “alternately; inversely; perversely; falsely”)

Proto-Slavic: *mitě

Old Church Slavonic: митѣ (mitě)

Possibly derived from *mey-, also reconstructed as *h₂mey-.


*swḗnh₂-s-t ~ swénh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वानीत् (svānīt)

*swénh₂-ti ~ swn̥h₂-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *swenō

Latin: sonō (“to sound”)

*swonh₂-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *swonnīti (geminate -nn- taken from the nasal present)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: honni (“to announce”)

Welsh: honni

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वनयति (svanayáti)

Proto-Italic: *swonaō

Latin: sonō (“to sound”)

*swn̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *swn̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *swannati (“to sound, play an instrument”)

Old Irish: seinnid

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (apaxᵛanuuaⁱṇti, “sound away”, 3pl.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *zvonъ (“sound”) (or from *ǵʰwon-os)

Proto-Germanic: *swanaz (“swan”)

Proto-Italic: *swonos

Latin: sonus (“sound”) (or from *swenos < *swenh₂-os)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वनति (svánati, “to sound”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वनद्रथ (svanád-ratha, “having a rattling chariot”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬝-𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (xᵛanat̰-caxra, “with sounding wheels”)

Proto-Germanic: *swin-, *swen-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swanH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swanH-

Sanskrit: स्वन् (svan)

Proto-Iranian: *hwanH-

Old Persian:

Middle Persian:

Persian: خوان (xvân, “to read, recite”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


Proto-Hellenic: *lāwō

Ancient Greek: (ἀπο)λαύω ((apo)laúō, “to enjoy”)

Proto-Celtic: *lougos

Old Irish: lóg (“prize”) (see there for further descendants)

*leh₂u-no-m (or *l̥h₂ew-no-m or *lowh₂-no-m)

Proto-Germanic: *launą (“reward”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lovъ (“hunt”)

*leh₂u-s or *leh₂w-o-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *lāwós

Ancient Greek: λᾱός (lāós, “common folk”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *laweros (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *lawerós

Ancient Greek: λᾱρός (lārós, “delicious”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *lāwiā

Ancient Greek: ληΐη (lēḯē, “spoils”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *lāwíts, *lāwídos

ληΐς, ληΐδος

Ancient Greek: ληΐς, ληΐδος (lēḯs, lēḯdos, “spoils”)

Proto-Italic: *luklom (> pre-Latin *lukrom by dissimilation)

Latin: lucrum (“profit”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸolautom (“property, wealth”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լաւ (law)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λωΐων (lōḯōn)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Laverna (“goddess of gain”)

Proto-Tocharian: *luwā-

Tocharian A: lu

Tocharian B: luwo

Proto-Celtic: *lowenos (“merry, joyful”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂méh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *mēaną (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫa-meš-ḫa- /ḫamešḫa-/, “spring”)

Proto-Germanic: *mēþą (“mowing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mēdwō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἄμη (ámē) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀔 (a-ma)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄμητος (ámētos, “harvest”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀμάω (amáō, “to cut, reap, mow”)

Proto-Germanic: *madwō

*h₂ómh₁-s-ey ~ h₂mh₁-s-énti

Proto-Anatolian: *Hómʔsey (< *h₂ómh₁-s-ey)

Hittite: [script needed] (a-an-ši /ānši/), [script needed] (a-an-ša-an-zi /ānšanzi/, “to wipe”)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hm̥ʔsénti (< *h₂mh₁-s-énti)

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫa-ni-iš-zi /ḫaniššzi/), [script needed] (ḫa-ni-iš-ša-an-zi /ḫaniššanzi/, “to wipe”)


ken-

*ken-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kentei

Proto-Slavic: *čęti (“to begin”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *načęti (“to begin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *keneti (“to descend from”)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Welsh: bachgen (“boy”) (possibly)

⇒ Gaulish: -cnos (“born of”) (possibly)

Old Irish: cinid

*ken-tu-

Proto-Celtic: *kentus (“first”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kentusamonyos (“May”) (see there for further descendants)

*kn̥-i-

>? Proto-Celtic: *kanis (“good, nice”) (see there for further descendants)

*ken-iHnos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaníHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaníHnas

Sanskrit: कनीन (kanī́na, “young”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaníHnaH

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬥 (kaⁱnin, “young maid; maiden”)

Proto-Albanian: *kenjā, *kēnjā (“new skin”)

Albanian: qejzë, qyrë, qytë

q

or from o-grade <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kon-yeh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanyáH (“girl”) (or from o-grade *kon-yeh₂) (see there for further descendants)

*kn̥-yos

Proto-Hellenic: *kəňňós

Ancient Greek: καινός (kainós, “new”)

*kon-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: διάκονος (diákonos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kanas

Proto-Slavic: *konъ (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ken- (with s-mobile)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: սկունդ (skund, “dog, puppy”) (or from *ḱwon-t-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sken-

Proto-Slavic: *ščenę (“young animal”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kanawū (“young animal; young dog, whelp”)
Proto-Brythonic: *kėnėw
Old Breton: ceneuan, compare Rikeneu (PN)
Middle Breton: kenou
Breton: kenow
Middle Welsh: ceneu
Welsh: cenau, cenaw
Middle Irish: cana
Scottish Gaelic: cana
Irish: cana

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Wakhi: [script needed] (skən), [script needed] (skön, “puppy”)

*ḱon-o-?

*ḱōn-o- (adjective)?

*ḱōn-eh₂-ie- (verb)?

Proto-Italic: *kōnāje/o-

Latin: cōnor

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kenetlom (“race, kind”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *ginnaną (“to begin”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐγκονέω (enkonéō)

*ken-d-

⇒ *ken-di-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kendis

Proto-Slavic: *čędь (“children; people; servants”)

Old Church Slavonic: чѧдь (čędĭ)

Old East Slavic: чадь (čadĭ)

Serbo-Croatian: čed (“servants; family”)

⇒ *ken-do-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kendas

Proto-Slavic: *čędъ (“child”) (see there for further descendants)

*ken-t-

⇒ *ként-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kentstei > *kenstei

Latvian: censt

⇒ censties

⇒ cenšos, centos, censos

⇒? *ként-s

Proto-Italic: *kents

q

prefixed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">*wre-</i>

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wre-kents (prefixed with *wre-)

Latin: recēns (“new”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: στία (stía, “small stone, pebble”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्तिया (stiyā, “stagnant water”) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στῖον (stîon, “small stone, pebble”)

Proto-Germanic: *stainaz (“stone”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stěna (“stone; wall”) (see there for further descendants)

Apparently derived from an i-present to *steh₂- (“to stand”).


serp-

*sérp-t ~ sr̥p-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásarpt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásarpt

Sanskrit: असृपत् (ásṛpat)

*sérp-e-ti (thematic root present)

*sḗrp-s-t ~ *sérp-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *éhērpsa

Ancient Greek: (ἐξ)ἧρψα ((ex)hêrpsa)

Proto-Italic: *serpsai

Latin: serpsī

*se-sórp-e ~ se-sr̥p-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasárpa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasárpa

Sanskrit: ससर्प (sasárpa)

*serp-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarpás (see there for further descendants)

*serp-en-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *serpena (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ś(t)ripenī̆

Albanian: shtërpij (“reptiles”)

Albanian gjarpër.

Sanskrit: सर्प (sarpa)

Latin: serpēns

Ancient Greek: ἑρπετόν (herpetón)


terkʷ-

*térkʷ-ti ~ *tr̥kʷ-én-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *tarʔʷtˢi

Hittite: 𒋻𒌑𒍣 (tar-ú-zi, “to dance”)

Proto-Tocharian: *tärk-

Tocharian B: tärk- (“to turn; work”)

*torkʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *torkʷeō

Latin: torqueō

*te-tórkʷ-e ~ *tr̥kʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tetarku

*térkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *terka (< *terk-e-ti)

Albanian: tjerr

*térkʷ-os

Proto-Germanic: *þwerhaz (“crossed”) (< *twerk-os)

*terkʷ-ús

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarkúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarkúṣ

Sanskrit: तर्कु (tarkú, “spindle”)

*tŕ̥kʷ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъ̑rkъ (“sudden motion”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tъrčiti, *tъrčati

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tormentum

*tоrkʷ-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tȏrkъ (“ride”)

*tórkʷ-tom

Proto-Italic: *torkʷtom

Latin: tortum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀫𐀤𐀍𐀕𐀜 (to-ro-qe-jo-me-no /trokʷeiomenos/, “?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tark- (“to move to and fro”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: तर्क् (tark-, “to turn”)

Proto-Iranian: *tark-

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *fratark- (+ *fra- (“forth”))

Khotanese: hataljs (“to flutter”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: tark (“earring”)


telkʷ-

*tlokʷ-

Proto-Celtic: *tlokʷīti

Old Irish: tluchedar

⇒ Old Irish: ad·tluchedar

⇒ Old Irish: do·tluchedar

*tlokʷ-e-tor

Proto-Italic: *tlokʷōr (see there for further descendants)

*tl̥kʷ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъlkъ

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarkás (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarkás

Sanskrit: तर्क (tarká, “conjecture”) (or from *terkʷ-)

Sanskrit: तर्कुक (tarkuka, “supplicant, petitioner”)

Sanskrit: तर्क्यते (tarkyate) parallel to Latin 3rd conjugation


>? *tem(h₁)-d-

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ten-</i> (“to stretch”)

>? *tem(h₁)-p (alternatively from *ten- (“to stretch”))

>? Proto-Italic: *tempos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tinˀtei

Lithuanian: ti̇̀nti (“to whet; beat”)

Proto-Slavic: *tęti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tamnaid (“to cut off”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέμνω (témnō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: temnō (“to scorn, despise”)

>? Proto-Italic: *temalom

Latin: templum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tomós

Ancient Greek: τομός (tomós)

Proto-Hellenic: *tómos

Ancient Greek: τόμος (tómos)

*témh₁-nos ~ témh₁-nes-

Proto-Hellenic: *témenos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tomā́

Ancient Greek: τομή (tomḗ)

*témh₁-tis ~ tm̥h₁-

Proto-Hellenic: *tmētis

Ancient Greek: τμῆσις (tmêsis)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταμίᾱ (tamíā)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀲𐀖𐀋𐀄 (ta-mi-je-u)


*sélh₁-t ~ *sl̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἷλον (heîlon)

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

⇒ Latin: consuluī

*sélh₁-e-ti ~ *sélh₁-onti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sl̥h₁-é-ti</i>

⇒ Latin: cōnsulō (or from *sl̥h₁-é-ti)

*solh₁-éye-ti ~ *solh₁-éyonti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *saljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sliyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕλωρ (hélōr, “booty”)

Proto-Celtic: *selwā

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (perhaps)

Proto-Slavic: *sъlati (“to send”)

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

Latin: (cōn)sul

Proto-Italic: (perhaps)

Latin: (cōn)silium


(s)telH-

*(s)tl̥H-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tilˀtei

desc

Lithuanian: ti̇̀lti (“to fall silent, abate, subside”)

*(s)tolH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talīˀtei

Lithuanian: táldyti (“to silence, calm”)

Proto-Slavic: *toliti (“to calm, soothe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tolīti (“to sleep”)

Old Irish: tuilid (“to sleep”)

⇒ Old Irish: con·tuili (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *talna

Albanian: tall (“to ridicule”)

Proto-Celtic: *toletus

⇒ Old Irish: cotlud (“sleep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *stillī (see there for further descendants)


dʰelbʰ-

*dʰélbʰ-t ~ *dʰl̥bʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: (< *delbʰ-) (perhaps)

Tocharian B: tsälp (“freed, redeemed”)

*dʰḗlbʰ-ti ~ *dʰélbʰ-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present?)

Proto-Tocharian: *ts'elp- (< *dḗlbʰ-) (perhaps)

Tocharian A: śalpatär (“to free, redeem”)

*dʰl̥bʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Tocharian: (perhaps)

Tocharian B: tsälpäṣṣäṃ (“to free, redeem”)

*dʰelbʰ-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *delbaną (“to dig, delve”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰelbʰ-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *delbtei

Lithuanian: del̃bti (“to lower, cast down (one's eyes), beat; chop”)

Proto-Slavic: *delbti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰelbʰ-tēr

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dętelъ (“woodpecker”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰelbʰ-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *delbta

Proto-Slavic: *delto (“chisel”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰl̥bʰ-eye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilbīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *dьlbiti (“to hollow, chisel”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰl̥bʰ-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilbtei

Latvian: dil̃bti (“to lower, cast down”)

Lithuanian: dil̃bti (“to lower, cast down”)

Proto-Slavic: *dьlbti (“to hollow, chisel”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalbāˀ

Latvian: dal̃ba (“tree-trunk, pole, long handle, two-pronged fork, long handle”)

Lithuanian: dálba (“lever; lazy-bones”)

Proto-Slavic: *dolba (see there for further descendants)

*dʰolbʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalbas

Latvian: dal̃bs

Proto-Slavic: *dolbъ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰolbʰ-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dálbta (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dil̃ba (“upper arm, shin”)

Lithuanian: di̇̀lba

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: delbis (“two-pronged fork”), dȩl̃bs (“forearm”), dȩlbs (“upperarm”), dȩl̃bi pl (“bars for carrying hay”)

Lithuanian: délba (“lever, sullen person”)


yemH-

*yémH-o-s

*imH-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *imˀjas

Latvian: jùmis (“pair”)

*yemH-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *yemonos (“twin”)

Old Irish: emon

Proto-Italic: *jemanos

Latin: geminus (“twin”) (g < j by analogy with genus)

*ym̥H-yó-s

Proto-Germanic: *jumjaz (“divine twin?”)

Old Norse: Ymir

Proto-Albanian: *jūmatjā

Albanian: gjysmë


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lēnas

Latgalian: lāns

Lithuanian: lė́nas

Latvian: lȩ̄̀ns

Proto-Slavic: *lěnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lēnis

Latin: lēnis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lēˀtas

Lithuanian: lė̃tas

Latvian: lȩ̃ts

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *layeti
Old Irish: ro·lá (perfective of fo·ceird)
⇒ Old Irish: do·rala (perfective of do·cuirethar) (< *to-ɸro-layeti)
Middle Irish: do·rala, tarla
Irish: tarlaigh
Scottish Gaelic: thàrladh, tàrlaidh
⇒ Old Irish: ad·comla (< *ati-kom-layeti)
Old Irish: accomol
Irish: acomhal
⇒ Middle Irish: doccumail (< do-accomol)
Irish: dócúl
⇒ Old Irish: socamail (< so-accomol)
Middle Irish: socamail
Irish: sócúl
⇒ Irish: sócúlach


*wéth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weteti (“to say”)

Middle Welsh: guetid

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīweteti (+ *dī- (“from, of”))

Middle Welsh: dyweut (“to say”)

Welsh: dweud

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *exswetnati (+ *exs- (“out of, from”), + *-nati)

Old Irish: as·féna (“to testify”)

*woth₂-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *wotāti

Welsh: gwadu (“to deny”)

q

Proto-Italic: *wotāō (possibly, perhaps instead from *gʷet- (“to say”), whence Germanic *kweþaną)

Latin: vetō (“to forbid”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéth₂-r̥ ~ *uth₂-én-s

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒌓𒋻 (ut-tar /uttar/, “word, speech”)

Luwian: [script needed] (utar, “word?, spell?”)

Proto-Celtic: *wotos

Old Breton: gwad (“denial”)


drem-

*drem-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *tremaną

Sanskrit: द्रमति (drámati)

*dróm-o-s

Ancient Greek: δρόμος (drómos) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥m-é-ti (simple thematic aorist)

Ancient Greek: ἔδραμον (édramon), suppletive aorist of τρέχω (trékhō)


drem-

*dr̥m-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *dormjō

Latin: dormiō

*drēm-ye-ti (innovated lengthened-grade present)

Proto-Slavic: *drě̄màti (see there for further descendants)


*h₂éng-os ~ *h₂éng-es-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγγος (ángos)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἀγγεῖον (angeîon), ἀγγήϊον (angḗïon) — Ionic
→ Greek: αγγείο n (angeío, “vessel, pot, jar”) (learned)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ǫgъlъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ankulaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanguri-

Mazanderani: انگل (angal)

desc

Persian: انگل (angul, angal), انگول (angūl)

Sanskrit: अङ्गुरि (aṅguri), अङ्गुलि (aṅguli), अङ्गुली (aṅgulī) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *angulos

Latin: angulus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂eng-u-s-tHo-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hangúštʰas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hángas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hángas

Sanskrit: अङ्ग (aṅga) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ānkar

Tocharian B: āṅkär

Possibly a voicing assimilation of the stop to the nasal in *h₂enk-.


Proto-Germanic: *slaihǭ (“sloe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loiros

⇒ Latin: lūridus (“ghastly yellow”) (+ -idus)

⇒ Latin: lūror (“sickly yellow colour”) (+ -or)

>? Proto-Celtic: *(s)lairā

Proto-Brythonic: *lloɨr (“moon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sliˀwā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *slìva (“plum”)

Proto-Celtic: *līwos (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *līwos

⇒ Latin: līveō (“to be bluish in color; livid”) (+ -eo)

⇒ Latin: līvidus (“leaden, bluish, blue; black and blue, livid”) (+ -idus)

*(s)ley- (alternative)
*(s)leyH- (alternative)


*h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés (“breath; spirit”)

*h₁éh₁t-r̥ ~ *h₁h₁t-éns (“lung, internal organ”)

Proto-Germanic: *ēþrǭ (“vein”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἦτορ (êtor, “heart”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *atākos

Old Irish: athach (“breath; blowing, wind”)

Proto-Germanic: *ēþmaz (see there for further descendants)

Possibly onomatopoeic, compare *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


*(s)ḱih₁-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀjēˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sijati (“to shine”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱi-né-h₁-ti ~ *(s)ḱi-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *skīnaną (“to shine, appear”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱéh₁i-mō ~ *(s)ḱih₁-m̥né-s

Proto-Germanic: *skīmô (see there for further descendants)

q

alternatively from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱey-</i> (“to lay”)

>? *(s)ḱóh₁y-no- (alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to lay”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śéinas m, *śáinan n

Latgalian: sīns (“hay”)

Latvian: sìens m (“hay”)

Lithuanian: šiẽnas m (“hay”)

Proto-Slavic: *sěno n (“hay”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

alternatively from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">κοινός</i> (koinós, “common”)

Ancient Greek: κοινᾱ́ f (koinā́, “epithet for pasture”) (possibly, alternatively from Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “common”))

*(s)ḱóh₁ir-i-s ~ *(s)ḱéh₁ir-i-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skairiz (“pure, shining”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skīriz (“clear, sheer”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skīrijaną (“to clarify”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected to *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”).


Proto-Celtic: *skātos (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκότος (skótos, “darkness”)

*(s)ḱéh₃-u-s ~ *(s)ḱh₃-éw-s

Proto-Germanic: *hēwijaz (“dark blue”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śájas (“shaded; blue”)

Proto-Slavic: *sojь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *osòjь (“shaded place”) (+ *ob-) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *soja (“jay”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skadwaz (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ḱeh₃-i- *ḱh₁ey-

*(s)ḱeh₃i-h₂ ~ *(s)ḱh₃y-éh₂-s

*(s)ḱéh₃y-ō ~ *(s)ḱih₃-nés

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀnas

Proto-Slavic: *sě̀nь (“shadow”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀras

Proto-Slavic: *śěrъ (“grey”) (possible Germanic loanword) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *keiros

desctree

Old Irish: cíar (“dark, black”)
Irish: ciar (“dusky”)
Scottish Gaelic: ciar (“dusky”)

Proto-Germanic: *hairaz (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skoiros (“dark”)

⇒ Latin: obscūrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjēˀmas (vṛddhi-derivation)

Lithuanian: šė̃mas (“blue-grey”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHmás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás

Sanskrit: श्याम (śyāmá)

Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀwas (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHwás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kiwos (“fog”)

Old Irish: céo

Middle Irish: ceó

Irish: ceo

Manx: kay

Scottish Gaelic: ceò

*(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuva (“image”)

Karelian: kuva

Finnish: kuva

Veps: kuva

Possibly connected to *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).


q

*(s)ḱh₁w-o-tó-s (deadjectival noun) (possibly, similar to Proto-Slavic *životъ, Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos) < *gʷeyh₃-)

Proto-Celtic: *kowotos or *kuwotos

Middle Welsh: cawad

Welsh: cawod

Cornish: kowas

Old Breton: couatou

Breton: kaouad

*(s)ḱéh₁w-er- ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-ér-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗˀweras, *śjáuˀras (“cold, biting”)

Lithuanian: šiū̃ras, šiaurùs (“cold, biting, sharp”)

⇒ Lithuanian: šiáurė (“north”)

Proto-Slavic: *sěverъ (“north”)

Proto-Italic: *kaweros

Latin: caurus (“northwestern wind”)

desc

>? *(s)ḱéh₁w-r̥ ~ *(s)ḱh₁u-nós (secondary r/n-stem?)

Proto-Germanic: *skēwur, gen. *skūnaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shower”) (possibly)

>? *(s)ḱh₁ur-do-

Old Armenian: ցուրտ (cʻurt, “cold; cold weather”)


bʰlewH-

*bʰléwH-ti ~ *bʰluH-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bljauˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *bľuti (“to vomit”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bľьvati (“to vomit”) (see there for further descendants)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-kati</i>

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *bľúkati (“to gush, spout”) (+ *-kati) (see there for further descendants)

>? Latvian: bļaût (“to bleat”) (possibly, though disputed, perhaps from *bʰleh₁- (“to bleat”))

desc

>? Lithuanian: bliáuti (“to bleat, weep”) (see above)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlūō

Ancient Greek: φλύω (phlúō, “to be full of juice; to thrive (of plants); to vomit”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: φλύος (phlúos, “babble”)

⇒? Ancient Greek: έφλευσε (éphleuse, “to burn”)

*bʰluH-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blūˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *blyjati (“to spring (continuously)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flūō

q

Latin: fluō (“to flow, to pour”) (or < *fluwō < *ɸlowō < *bʰléwH-ti ~ *bʰluH-énti) (see there for further descendants)

Possible laryngeal extension of *bʰlew-, whence Ancient Greek φλέω (phléō, “to overflow, flood”), itself possibly suffixed in *-ew- from *bʰel- (“to blow (up), swell”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
fr:Jacques André


*h₁wi-dʰéh₁-t ~ *h₁wi-dʰh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wiðō (thematicized)

⇒ Latin: dīvidō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwi-dʰáH-t

desc

Sanskrit: अविधत् (ávidhat, “granted, satisfied”)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬍 (vīdāⁱtī, “to devote oneself to”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wätk- (“to distinguish”)

Tocharian B: wätk- (“to distinguish”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīdaz (“wide”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁wéydʰh₁-u-s ~ *h₁widʰh₁-éw-s (“separate”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁widʰh₁-éw-h₂ (“widow”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁weydʰh₁-u-s (“wild”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *weidus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁widʰh₁-u-s (“wood”)

Proto-Germanic: *widuz (“wood”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *widus (“interior”)

Latgalian: vyds (“middle”)

Latvian: vidus (“middle, center”)

Lithuanian: vidùs (“interior”)

Proto-Celtic: *widus (“wood, trees”) (see there for further descendants)

From a univerbation of *dwi- (“apart”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”). The initial *d became *h₁ due to the Kortlandt effect, which proposes that *d became *h₁ in certain positions; compare *h₁wídḱm̥ti (“twenty”).


stengʷ-

*stengʷ-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *stinkwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stengʷō

Latin: stinguō (see there for further descendants)

*stengʷ-ye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sténgtei

Lithuanian: sténgti


Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *ātŭyā

Tocharian A: āti

Tocharian B: atiyo

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: atãls

Lithuanian: atolas

Old Prussian: attolis

Proto-Slavic: *otava (see there for further descendants)


Avestan: 𐬀𐬝 (at̰)

*h₂ét-i (“back, again, away”) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati

Latvian: at-

Lithuanian: ati- (“back, again, away”)

Old Prussian: et-, at-

Proto-Slavic: *otъ (“away, again”)

Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ati

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-h₂o</i>

Latin: at (or from *h₂et-h₂o)

Venetic: ati-

or directly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ét</i>

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: (or directly from *h₂ét)

Tocharian B: at (“away”)

⇒ *h₂etō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *atō

Lithuanian: ato- (“back, away”)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-o-</i>

>? Proto-Tocharian: *āté (or from *h₂et-o-)

Tocharian B: ate (“away”)

*h₂et-dʰe (locative adverbial ending)

Latin: ast (“but if, but, and then”)

*h₂et-h₂o/*át-h₂u (“but, in addition”) (adverbial compound)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [Term?] (/addu/, “but, furthermore”)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Celtiberian: ata (“but, furthermore”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अथ (átha, “but, then”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa)

>? Proto-Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-i</i>

Latin: at (“but; whereas; moreover”) (or from *h₂et-i)

Proto-Tocharian:

>? Tocharian B: ot (“then”)

Unsorted formations

Ancient Greek: ἀτ(άρ) (at(ár)) (perhaps)

desc

Gothic: 𐌰𐌸(𐌸𐌰𐌽) (aþþan, “then, but, indeed”)


*(s)pénh₁e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πένομαι (pénomai)

*(s)penh₁-ne-ti (ne-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spinnaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pn̥h₁-ti (zero-grade athematic present)

Old Armenian: հենում (henum)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pínˀtei (see there for further descendants)


*h₂ems-e-ti (thematic present)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: *𔓷𔗦𔑣 (/hasati/, “to beget”)

*h₂óms-ei ~ *h₂m̥s-énti

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒅆 (ḫa-a-ši /ḫāši/, “to give birth, to beget”) ~ 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀭𒍣 (ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi /ḫaššanzi/)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-aš-ša-aš /ḫāššaš/, “descendant”)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔐰𔕒𔓷𔒅𔓉𔗔 (^(INFANS.NEPOS)ha-ma-si-sa /hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Cuneiform script: *𒄩𒄠𒅆𒅖 (/*hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-an-za-aš-ša-aš /ḫanzāššaš/, “offspring”)

Hittite: 𒈗𒍑 (ḫa-aš-šu-uš /ḫaššuš/)

Proto-Germanic: *ansuz (see there for further descendants)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: *𔕒𔓷𔖢𔗔 (*^(NEPOS)ha-su-sa /*hasus/, “family”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuš (“lord”)

⇒ *h₂m̥s-u-ro-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuras


*séwh₁-ti ~ *sh₁w-ént (root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHti

Sanskrit: सुतम् (sutám, 2du.act.imp.), सोतन (sotana, “to press”, 2pl.act.imp.)

*sḗwh₁-s-t ~ *séwh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: soa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásāwHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HásāwHst

Sanskrit: असाविषुर् (asāviṣur, 3pl.)

*sh₁u-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHunáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHunáwti

Sanskrit: सुनोति (sunóti, “to press”)

Proto-Iranian: *hHunáwti

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoⁱti, “to press”)

*sh₁u-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋗𒌑𒄑𒍣 (šu-ú-ez-zi /šuwezi/, “to push (away), shove, cast off”)

*suh₁-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *suweti (“to turn, wind”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambisuweti (“to turn around”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHáti

Sanskrit: सुवति (suváti, “to impel, set in motion”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *soodak (“to wish, grant”) (see there for further descendants)

*su-né-h₁-ti ~ *su-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sunáHtu

Proto-Iranian: *hunáHti

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunāⁱti, “to incite, drive”)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *säin- (“to be depressed, despair”) (likely influenced by form from *séwh₁-ye-ti)

Tocharian A: sin-

Tocharian B: sin-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáuˀjāˀ (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Uralic: *suxe- (“to row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHmas

Sanskrit: सोम (sóma)

Proto-Iranian: *háwHmah (see there for further descendants)


neyH-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*néyH-e-ti (thematic present)

Hittite: [Term?] (/nēanzi/, 3pl)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náyHati (see there for further descendants)

*niH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niHtás

Sanskrit: नीत (nītá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *niHtáh

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: [Term?] (/n'yd/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *něti (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: panejis

Latvian: paniņas

Neo-root from a reanalysis of *(s)neh₁- (“to turn”) + *-éyti, with the root laryngeal metathesized to after the *-y- suffix.


kʷeys-

*kʷéyst (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyšt

Proto-Iranian: *čáyšt

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙 (cōišt, 3sg.inj)

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (cōišta, 3pl.inj)

*kʷi-né-s-ti ~ *kʷi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *činásti

Proto-Iranian: *činástī

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯 (cinas, 3sg.inj), 𐬗𐬍𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (cīšmahī, 3pl.ind)

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cinasti, “to decide, determine”, 3sg.ind)

*kʷís-e-ti ~ *kʷís-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷiseti

⇒ Gaulish: pissiumi (“I will see”)

⇒ Old Irish: adcí (“to see, behold”) (+ *h₂éd)

*kʷis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čištás

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćiṣṭás (“message”)

Sanskrit: *चिष्ट (ciṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čištáh

⇒ Middle Persian: nʾmcšt' (/nāmčišt/, “known by name”)

*kʷoys-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kayšás

Proto-Iranian: *kayšás

Avestan: 𐬝𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (t̰kaēša, “teaching”)

Middle Persian: kyš (/kēš/, “dogma, faith”)

Persian: کیش (kêš, “religion”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kʷoizā
Latin: cura (see there for further descendants)


wers-

*wers-é-ti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *werzaną (perhaps “to thresh” > “to mix up”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-é-ti ~ *wr̥s-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrťi (“to thresh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wors-e/o-

Latin: vorrō, verrō (“to sweep clean”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-tís

Proto-Germanic: *wurstiz

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wert-</i> (“to turn”)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *wursti (“sausage”) (or from *wert- (“to turn”)) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *varsa

desc

⇒ Albanian: zvarrë (“being dragged on the ground”, adverb), varrë, xvarrë

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vârsms (“heap of corn, grain”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: vǫrr (“stroke, pull of an oar”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρύω (erúō, “to drag, pull”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔρρω (érrhō, “to go slowly, limp”)


wers-

*wérs-t ~ *wr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आ वृषस्व (ā́ vṛṣásva, “pull yourself together!”)

*wr̥s-yé-ti ~ *wr̥s-yó-nti (thematic present with suffix -yé/ó-)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒊍𒍣 (wa-ar-ši-ya-az-zi /waršiye/azi/, “to lift oneself”)

⇒ [script needed] ([wa-a]r-ši-ya-za), 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒋻 (wa-ar-ši-ya-tar /warsiyatar/, “reconciliation”)

*wérs-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wérhmə

>? Ancient Greek: ἕρμα (hérma, “heap of stones; reef, rock, cliff, hill; foundation”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáršma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáršma

Sanskrit: वर्ष्मन् (várṣman, “height, top”)

*wers-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *wersos (“high(er)”)

Old Irish: ferr (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

*we/ors-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: verrūca (“wart; hillock”) (see there for further descendants)

*wors-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *warzaz (“callus”) (see there for further descendants)

*wérs-to

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/warštta(ri)/)

Proto-Celtic: *warsā (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-u-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wíršus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warš- (see there for further descendants)


(s)keng-

*(s)kéng-e-ti (thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *kengeti (“to step, tread”)
Old Irish: cingid, ·cing
Irish: cinn

Proto-Germanic: *hinkaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hinkan (see there for further descendants)

desc

*k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰánȷ́ati

Sanskrit: खञ्जति (kháñjati, “to limp”)

*(s)kn̥g-yé-ti (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skəďďō

Ancient Greek: σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”)

Greek: σκάζω (skázo)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σκάζων (skázōn) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)keng-et-s

Proto-Celtic: *kengets (“warrior (< one who treads)”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *kanxsman (“step, act of stepping”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-ō ~ *(s)kn̥g-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *skinkô (“thigh, shank”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skinkō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skunkô

*(s)kóng-ō

Proto-Germanic: *skankô (“that which is bent; thigh, shank”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kong-os

Proto-Germanic: *skankaz (“askew, tilted”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijaną (“to skew, tilt, tip, pour”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijô (“pourer of drinks”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *šęgati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: шегати (šegati, “to make fun of”), шегавъ (šegavŭ, “giddy; fickle”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: шѧгати (šęgati, “to joke”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *šęga (“silliness, joke, prank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skankōną

→? Proto-Finnic: *kenkä (“shoe”)

→? Proto-Samic: *kieŋkē (“sole of a sledge runner or keel”)


dʰwes-

*dʰews-óm

Proto-Germanic: *deuzą (“animal”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰews-ós

Proto-Germanic: *deuzaz (“wild, fierce, bold”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰows-o-s

>? Proto-Albanian: *dauša (otherwise from *dʰeh₁-l-)

Albanian: dash (“ram”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣas, *dáuṣāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsos f pl (“air; skies; heaven”)

Proto-Slavic: *dȗxъ, *dyxъ? (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dūxàti (or from *duti, from *dʰewh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *dʰows-yo-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣjāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsios f pl

Proto-Slavic: *dušà (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Gaulish: dusios (“phantasm”)

*dʰwés-(e)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwéstei

Lithuanian: dvė̃sti (“to breathe (out), exhale, blow, sigh; to breathe one's last, perish”)

Latvian: dvèst (“to breathe (heavily), cough”)

>? *dʰus- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: из-дъшє (iz-dŭše, “to breathe one's last, die”)

>? *dʰus-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dust

>? Proto-Slavic: *duxati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰus-yós

Proto-Celtic: *dusyos (“demon, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰus-h₁yé-ti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dusêt

Lithuanian: dūsė́ti (“to breathe heavily; to gasp; to sob”); ? dusė́ti (“to cough”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *dyšàti (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰwēs-

>? Proto-Italic: (initial *f expected)

Latin: bēstia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-ko-s (“dark-colored”)

Proto-Germanic: *duskaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fuscus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-wós (“dark, black, brown”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furvus

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-nos

Proto-Celtic: *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dusnaz (“brownish; brown; yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dusāną (“to be stunned”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dustą (“dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dvoxati (analogical formation) (or from *dʰewh₂-; cf. also *dūxàti)

Russian: дво́хать (dvóxatʹ, “to breathe heavily; to gasp; to cough loudly”) (dialectal)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dùsti (“to run out of breath, pant, gasp for air; to choke, stifle”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: (or from *dʰewh₂-)

Lithuanian: dūsúoti (“to breathe heavily”), dū́sauti (“to sigh”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dvẽsele (“breath, soul”)

Lithuanian: dvėselė (“soul; (dial.) strength”)

Lithuanian: dvasia (“soul”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ध्वंसति (dhváṁsati, “he falls to dust”)

Ashokan Prakrit:

Bengali: ধসা (dhośa, “to collapse”)

Nepali: धस्नु (dhasnu, “to pierce”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀁𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhaṃsadi), 𑀥𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhasadi)

Gujarati: ધસવું (dhasvũ, “to collapse”)

Hindi: धँसना (dhãsnā, “to be submerged, sink drown; to pierce”)

Punjabi: ਢਹਿਣਾ (ḍhahiṇā) / ڈھہنا (ḍhahiṇā, “to fall”)

Seemingly related to *dʰewh₂- (“(to emit) smoke, vapor, mist, haze”), with which there may be confusion in some descendants.


(s)teyg-

*(s)tig-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *stiďďō

Ancient Greek: στίζω (stízō)

*(s)téyg-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́atay

Sanskrit: तेजते (téjate)

Proto-Italic: *steigō

Latin: (īn-)stīgō

*(s)tig-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *stikaną

*(s)téyg-os ~ *(s)téyg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́as

Sanskrit: तेजस् (téjas)

*(s)tig-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tiktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tiktás

Sanskrit: तिक्त (tiktá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tixtáh

Northeastern Iranian:

desctree

Proto-Scythian: *tiǧdi
Proto-Sarmatian: *ćiǧd
Alanic: *ciǧd
Ossetian:
Digor Ossetian: цигъд (ciǧd)
Iron Ossetian: цыхт (cyxt)
→ Hungarian: sajt
Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *tiǧdi
Wakhi: təɣ̌d

*(s)tig-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tigmás

Sanskrit: तिग्म (tigmá)

*(s)tig-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigrás

Proto-Iranian: *tigráh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬀 (tiγra)

Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼 (t-i-g-r /tigra/)

*(s)téyg-yōs ~ *(s)tig-is-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́yas

Sanskrit: तेजीयस् (téjīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *táyǰyah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tyc /tēz/)

Persian: تیز (tiz)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: tîj, tûj

Central Kurdish: تیژ (tîj), تێژ (têj)

(s)téyg-mn̥ ~ *(s)tig-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στῐ́γμᾰ (stĭ́gmă)

Unsorted formations

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tigeti
Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣɨd
Old Breton: tigom (verbal noun)
Gaulish: tixsintor (3pl. fut. pass.), tigontias (pres. part. gen. sg. f.) (both forms in the Larzac lead tablet)

Proto-Germanic: *þistilaz

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tikšnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tikṣṇás

Sanskrit: तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇá)


k⁽ʷ⁾sewd-

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáwdati

desc

Sanskrit: क्षोदन्ति (kṣódanti, 3rd pers. pl act.), क्षोदन्ते (kṣódante, 3rd pers. pl. med.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾su-né-d-ti ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾su-n-d-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšunátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣunátti

Sanskrit: क्षुणत्ति (kṣuṇatti)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšawdáyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kṣawdáyati

Sanskrit: अक्षोदयत् (ákṣodayat, 3rd pers. sg. imperf. act.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ksaudás

Proto-Slavic: *xudъ (“small, thin”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-os ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdas (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudrás (“minute, tiny; dispersed”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšutˢtás

Proto-Iranian: *xšustáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xšusta, “melted”)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣudnás

Sanskrit: क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇa)

Unsorted formations

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/šustan/), [script needed] (šwy /šōy/)

Persian: شستن (šostan)


*h₃neh₂-t (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπόνητο (apónēto)

*h₃n̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₃n̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀνίνημι (onínēmi)

Proto-Germanic: *unnaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted:

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *anawos
Proto-Brythonic: *anaw
Middle Welsh: anaw
⇒ Old Irish: anai (from *anawyos)
Middle Irish: ana
Classical Gaelic: ana
Gaulish: *Anauos
→ Latin: Anauus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HnaHtʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HnaHtʰás

desc

Sanskrit: नाथ (nātha, “refuge; protector”)


ster-

*stér-ō ~ *str̥-nés

Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (see there for further descendants)

*stér-wont-s ~ *str-unt-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stárwans

Proto-Iranian: *stárwans

Middle Persian: (“barren, childless”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (stlwn' /starwan/)

desctree

Old Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ, “sterile, barren”), ստերդ (sterd), ըստերջ (əsterǰ)
Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ)

desc

Ancient Greek: στεῖρα (steîra, “infertile”)


Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

*dwéh₂-s-ti ~ *duh₂-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuχːuszi/, “to separate”)

*dwéh₂-m (adverb)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *dwān (< *dwām < (Stang's law) acc.sg. *dwéh₂-m̥)

desc

Ancient Greek: δήν (dḗn, “for a long time”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷom-dām (“some long time ago”)

Latin: quondam (“at one time, formerly”)

⇒ Latin: quīdam (“someone”) (with -dam abstracted to mean "some")

*duh₂-m (adverb)

Proto-Italic: *dūm

q

> <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">dum</i> (“when”, conjunction)

Latin: dum (“for a while, still”, adverb) (> dum (“when”, conjunction))

⇒? Proto-Italic: *dū-dūm

Latin: dūdum (“some time ago”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀwē (< *deh₂wéh₁ < (laryngeal metathesis) instr.sg. *dewh₂-éh₁)

Proto-Slavic: *davě (“ago, recently”)

Russian: даве (dave) (dialectal)

Old Church Slavonic: давѣ (davě)

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *davьnъ (“ancient, past”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկայն (erkayn, “long, extended”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwaHištʰám (“most distant”, adverb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawHiṣṭʰám (with apparent metathesis)

Sanskrit: दविष्ठम् (daviṣṭhám)

Proto-Iranian: *dwaHištám

Avestan: 𐬛𐬠𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨 (dbōištəm)

Old Persian: 𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎶 (du-u-v-i-š-t-m /duvaištam/)

*dweh₂-ró-s, *duh₂-ró-s (“far, long”) (see there for further descendants)

*dwéh₂-s ~ *duh₂-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwa/, “far”) (< loc.sg. *dwéh₂)

⇒ Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwala/, “far from”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duHtás (“messenger, conveyor”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtás

Sanskrit: दूत (dūtá)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬏𐬙𐬀 (dūta)

*déwh₂-yo-s (yo-stem adjective)

Proto-Celtic: *dowyos

>? Old Irish: doe (“slow, sluggish”)

*dwéh₂-yōs ~ *duh₂-is-és (yōs-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwHyās (“more distant”) (with apparent metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwHyās

Sanskrit: दवीयस् (dávīyas-)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwárṣati

Sanskrit: वर्षति (várṣati)

Proto-Hellenic: *eworhéyō

Ancient Greek: οὐρέω (ouréō) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ οὖρον (oûron, “urine”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣáyati

Sanskrit: वर्षयति (varṣáyati)

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsiyezzi/)

Proto-Celtic: *wrastos

Old Irish: fros (“rain-shower”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: वृष्ट (vṛṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwr̥štáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aⁱβivar^əšta, “rained upon”)

*h₁wérs-ti-s ~ *h₁wr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwŕ̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: वृष्टि (vṛṣṭí)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pro-</i> (“forth”)

*pro-h₁wérs ~ *pro-h₁wr̥s-és (with *pro- (“forth”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHwŕ̥š (“rain”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHwŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: प्रावृष् (prāvṛ́ṣ)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsa/, “fog, mist”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Gurani: [script needed] (wišani), [script needed] (wašt)


g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ-

*ge-g⁽ʷ⁾óldʰ-e ~ *ge-g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagáldʰa ~ *ǰagr̥dʰā́r

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agáldʰa ~ *ȷ́agr̥dʰā́r

Sanskrit: जागृधुर् (jāgṛdhúr, “are greedy”, 3pl.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gil̃dḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьlděti (“to desire”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ét (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágr̥dʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hágr̥dʰat

Sanskrit: अगृधत् (ágṛdhat, “has become greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰyati

Sanskrit: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati, “to be greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾oldʰ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galdás

Proto-Slavic: *gȏldъ (“hunger”) (see there for further descendants)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰrás (“greedy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰrás

Sanskrit: गृध्र (gṛ́dhra)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥dráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gər^əδa) (< *gərᵊδra)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Iranian: *gard-

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wigard-

Pashto: غوښتل (ǧoẍtël) (غواړي (ǧwâṛí, 3sg.pres.act.)) (from earlier wǧâṛ-)

David Neil MacKenzie
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Nicholas Sims-Williams
Rick Derksen


*déyh₁-ti ~ *dih₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deiˀti

Latvian: diêt (“to hop, dance”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δίω (díō, “to put to flight”)

Ancient Greek: δίεμαι (díemai, “to hunt, pursue; to run”)

*dih₁-néw-ti ~ *dih₁-nw-énti (“new-present”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῑνέω (dīnéō), δῑνεύω (dīneúō, “to whirl around, spin (oneself)”)

*dih₁-sḱé-ti (“sḱe-present”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *en-diska, *en-deiska

Albanian: ndih, ndif (“to help”) (or < *(s)teygʰ-)

*dih₁-yé-ti (“ye-present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHyáti

Sanskrit: दीयन्ति (dīyanti, 3pl.act.), दीयते (dīyate, “to fly away”, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Celtic: *deinos

desctree

Old Irish: dían
Irish: dian
Scottish Gaelic: dian
Manx: jeean

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dainā

Latvian: daina

Lithuanian: daina

Sudovian: daina

>? Dacian: *daina

>? Romanian: doină

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


gem-

*gém-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémō

Ancient Greek: γέμω (gémō)

>? Proto-Italic: *gemō

Latin: gemō

*gém-t ~ *gm-ént (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gémtei (present stem: *gim-)

Proto-Slavic: *žęti (“to press”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémto

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: γέντο (génto, “grasped”)

*ge-góm-e ~ *ge-gm-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kāmat

Tocharian B: kamāte

*góm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gómos

Ancient Greek: γόμος (gómos, “cargo”)


Proto-Celtic: *garyeti

Ancient Greek: γῆρυς (gêrus)

Proto-Germanic: *karō

Proto-Celtic: *garsman

Old Irish: gairm

Irish: gairm

Scottish Gaelic: gairm

Proto-Germanic: *karmaz, *karmiz (< *karzmaz)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: garrio

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (zryg), [script needed] (zlyk, “sorrow, suffering”)

Ossetian зарын (zaryn), зарун (zarun, “to sing”)

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *gerh₂- ~ *ǵerh₂-, with which there is some confusion.


(s)kewH-

⇒? *(s)kewdʰ- (with laryngeal deletion?)

Proto-Celtic: *koudeti

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉðɨd (“to hide”)

Middle Breton: cuzaff

Breton: kuzhat

Cornish: cuthe

Welsh: cuddio

Proto-Hellenic: *kéutʰō

Ancient Greek: κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide, conceal”)

⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-tis

Proto-Hellenic:

q

>? Ancient Greek: κύστις (kústis, “bladder”) (cf. *(s)kewH-tis; alternatively from *ḱewh₁-)

⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *hūdijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdijan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hudijā, *hudjā (“hut, shelter”)

desc

>? Old High German: hutta (“hut, cottage”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ku-né-H-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skunáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skunáHti

Sanskrit: स्कुनाति (skunā́ti, “to cover”)

*(s)kewH-lo-

>? Proto-Celtic: *kūlos

Proto-Brythonic: *kil

Breton: kil (“nape, back”)

Welsh: cil (“corner, nook; nape, back”)

Cornish: kil (“recess, nook; nape, back”)

desctree

Old Irish: cúl (“posterior”)
Irish: cúl
Manx: cooyl
Scottish Gaelic: cùl

desc

Proto-Germanic: *skeulą (“shelter, hiding place”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiulijaną (“to shelter, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kūlos

Latin: cūlus (“posterior”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκύλος (skúlos, “skin, hide”)

*(s)kewH-ṓ

Proto-Germanic: *skiwô (“cloud cover, haze, sky”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiwją (“cloud, sky”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéwH-tis ~ *(s)kuH-téys (“skin, hide; sac”) ⇒ *kuH-tí-s

Proto-Celtic: *kutis

Proto-Brythonic: *kud

or borrowed from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">cutis</i>

Welsh: cwd (“pouch, bag, sac, purse; scrotum”) (or borrowed from Latin cutis)

Proto-Germanic: *hūdiz (“hide, skin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kutis

Latin: cutis (“skin, hide, leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *kwāc

Tocharian A: kāc (“skin”)

⇒ *(s)kuH-ty-eh₂ or *(s)kuH-ty-ō

>? Proto-Tocharian: *kātsān (“belly, stomach, abdomen; womb”)

Tocharian A: kāts

Tocharian B: kātso

Proto-Germanic: *hawō

Old Norse: há f (“hide”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaudō (“sheath, husk”)

*(s)kówH-l̥ ~ *(s)kówH-ōl

⇒ *(s)kowH-ol-ō

Proto-Germanic: *skawalô

>? Old Norse: skáli (“small building, shed, barn; room; drinking hall”)

→ Middle English: scale

English: scale (dialectal)

Faroese: skáli

Icelandic: skáli (“hut, shed; barn, lodge; hall, dining hall”)

Norwegian Bokmål: skåle (“hut”)

Swedish: skål, skåla (“hut”) (dialectal)

Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shelter”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuH-s-ó-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *hūsą (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kúH-t-ō

>? Proto-Germanic: *huþô (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuH-tó-m

Latin: scūtum (“shield, defense”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ku(H)-tó-s

Ancient Greek: σκῦτος (skûtos, “skin, hide”)

q

alternatively from *(s)kew- (“to pluck”)

Ancient Greek: κύτος (kútos, “hollow vessel”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)kew- (“to pluck”))

Unsorted formations:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: սուզանեմ (suzanem)
Armenian: սուզել (suzel)

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjáuˀtas (“shell, skin”)

Lithuanian: kiáutas

Old Prussian: keuta

Lithuanian: kutỹs (“purse”)

Lithuanian: kẽvalas (“skin, cover”)

desctree

>? Old English: sċunian (“to shun, avoid; to detest”), sċeonian, sċynian, sċyniġan
Middle English: shonen
English: shun
Scots: shun

desc

Proto-Germanic: *husǭ (“outer covering, shell, husk; leggings”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Sanskrit: कुहू (kuhū, “new moon”)

⇒? Sanskrit: कुहरम् (kuharam, “cave, cavity, hole”)

>? Proto-Italic: *kustots

Latin: custōs (“guard, keeper, jailer”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₃ewes- (“covering, clothing”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ewe (“skin, hide”)

*h₃u-néu-ti ~ *h₃u-nu-énti (*néw-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ú-nu-uz-zi, “to adorn”)

Proto-Italic: *owō

Latin: *uo

Umbrian: anouihimu

Unsorted formations

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀 (aoθra)

Old Armenian: ագանիմ (aganim)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *áutei


ǵʰeh₂-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źiā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: žióti

Proto-Slavic: *zijati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hiāō

Latin: hiō

Hittite: [script needed] (kīnuzi ~ kinuu̯anzi, “to open up, break open”)

Ancient Greek: χαίνω (khaínō)

Proto-Germanic: *ganāną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰh₂-sḱéti ~ ǵʰh₂-sḱónti

Ancient Greek: χάσκω (kháskō)

*ǵʰei-ǵʰh₂-oi- (reduplicated i-perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *gīgēn- (“to desire”)

English: gain

Old High German: (with nasal infix) gingēn (“to desire”)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gageigan, “to gain”)

*ǵʰi-né-h₂-ti ~ ǵʰi-n-h₂-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *ginōną, *gīnaną (“to gape, yawn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *koy (“mouth”)

Tocharian A: koy-

Tocharian B: koyn

Proto-Germanic: *gapōną (see there for further descendants)

*ɡ́ʰéh₂-os ~ ɡʰéh₂-es-os

Ancient Greek: χάος (kháos)

*ɡ́ʰéh₂w-mō ~ ɡ́ʰh₂w-m̥nés

Proto-Germanic: *gōmô (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *gagin (“towards, against”)

Proto-Germanic: *gaidwą (“lack, want”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *gailaz (“wanton”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kāyā (“to open wide, gape”)

→? Old Georgian: გემოჲ (gemoy, “palate, taste”) (or from Ancient Greek) (see there for further descendants)


skabʰ-

*skábʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Latin: scabō (“to scratch, rub”)

Proto-Germanic: *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”)

>? Lithuanian: skàbti (“to pick”)

*skabʰ-on-s ~ *skabʰ-en-

Proto-Germanic: *skabô

Old High German: scaba

Old English: sċeafa

*skabʰ-men-s ~ *skabʰ-mn-

⇒ Ancient Greek: σκάμμα (skámma, “trench”)

*skabʰ-ter-s ~ *skabʰ-tr-

Ancient Greek: σκαπτήρ (skaptḗr, “digger”)

*skobʰ-i-s

Latin: scobis (“sawdust”)

*skabʰ-ti-s

Ancient Greek: περίσκαψις (perískapsis, “digging around”)

Lithuanian: skàpti (“to pluck”, infinitive)

*skabʰ-iH-s

Latin: scabies (“roughness of the skin, scabies”)

*skábʰ-es-s

Ancient Greek: σκάφος (skáphos, “ditch, ship's hull”)

*skábʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *skabaz

Old Norse: skǫf n pl (“chips”)

Icelandic: skaf

*skabʰ-ó-s

⇒ Lithuanian: skabùs (“sharp”)

Ancient Greek: σκάφη (skáphē, “tub, ship”)

*skabʰ-ró-s

Latin: scaber (“rough, scratchy, mangy”)

(dialectal) ⇒? Lithuanian: skabrùs (“sharp”)

Latvian: skabrs (“splintered, sharp”)

*-skābʰ-yo-s

Proto-Germanic: *-skōbijaz

Old Norse: auðskæfr (“easy to smoothen”)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: σκάπτω (skáptō, “to dig”)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: skōbti (“to scrape, carve, pick”)

Lithuanian: skabýti (“to cut, pick, break off”)

(dialectal) Lithuanian: skóbas (“sour”)

Latgalian: skuobs (“sour”)

Latvian: skâbs (“sour”)

Proto-Slavic: *skȍbľь m (“crafting or carving tool (spokeshave, chisel, gouge)”)

Proto-Slavic: *skobľiti (“to carve, to delve”)

Russian: ще́бень m (ščébenʹ, “crushed stone”)


(s)twerH-

*(s)téwrH-ye-ti (ye-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *stiurijaną (“to direct, steer”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)towrH-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *staurijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *staurijan (“to disturb, destroy”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)twérH-e-ti (root thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þweraną (“to swirl, stir”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twárHati

Sanskrit: त्वरते (tvárate, “to hurry up, hasten”)

⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरयति (tvarayati, “to cause to hasten”)

⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरा (tvarā́, “speed, haste”)

*(s)twr̥H-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥Háti (“to hurry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *truwō (“to stir”) (< metathesized *truH-é-ti)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *ambitruwō (+ *ambi-)

Latin: amptruō (“to execute a figure or movement”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *truwā

Latin: trua (“ladle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)twr̥H-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *trū́núō (< metathesized *truHnéwti)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trū́ňňō (+ *-yō)

Ancient Greek: ὀτρύνω (otrúnō, “to stir up; to hasten”) (+ unexplained *o-)

*(s)twr̥H-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Germanic: *sturjaną, *þurjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *sturjan (“to stir up, agitate; to propel, move forward”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þyrja (“to speed”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturiz (“stirring, agitation; motion”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturmaz (“storm”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)towrH-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (“disturbance, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύρβη (túrbē), σύρβη (súrbē)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: turba

Latin: turma


skwey-

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Jaroslav Rudnyckyj
Oleg Trubachyov
Vladimir Orel
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

*skwoy-eh₂ : *skuy-eh₂ (“needle, prickle; thorn”, o-grade)

desctree

Dacian: *skuia (“spruce, fir-tree”)
→ Ancient Greek: Σκουάνες (Skouánes) (toponym)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skwajāˀ, *skujāˀ f (“needles or branches of a coniferous tree”)

Latvian: skuja f (“needle of a fir-tree”)

Lithuanian: skujà f (“needle of a coniferous tree; twig of a pine cone, fish-scale”)

Proto-Slavic: *xvoja f, *xvojь m (see there for further descendants)

*skowyós : *skuyós (o-grade; metathesis)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skaujás m (“twig, cane, arbor”)
Proto-Slavic: *xȗjь (“penis”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *skuja

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *sku-na

desc

Albanian: hu, hû m (“stake, pole; penis”)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *skun-tā

Albanian: hundë f (“nose”)

*skwi(y)-h₂et-s (zero-grade)

Proto-Celtic: *skʷiyat-s (“hawthorn”) (see there for further descendants)


gʷewH-

*gʷuH-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *guHáti

Sanskrit: गुवति (guváti, “to defecate”)

*gʷówH-dʰro-m

Proto-Celtic: *bowdrom (“filth”)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉdr

Middle Welsh: budyr

Welsh: budr

>? Middle Irish: buaidir

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gawāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *govà

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *govьno (“excrement”) (+ *-ьno) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *gaviti

Old East Slavic: огавити (ogaviti)

dialectal Russian: гаведь (gavedʹ), гаведный (gavednyj)

Slovene: gabiti se, ogaba, ogaben

Slovak: ohava (noun), ohavný (adjective)

Proto-Celtic: *bowā (“filth, excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuH-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *guHnás

Sanskrit: गून (gūná, “defecated”)

Proto-Iranian: *guHnáh

Khotanese: *gūṃ

⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (agūṃ, “unpolluted”)

*gʷuH-tHó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHtʰás (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuH-tó-s, *gʷweH-tó-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: կու (ku), կոյ (koy, “excrement”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwādaz, *kwēdaz

Proto-West Germanic: *kwād (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)


*té-th₂g-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

⇒ *te-th₂g-ónt-s (participle)

Proto-Hellenic: *tetagṓn

Ancient Greek: τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having taken”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tēkaną (< *deh₁g- < *dedg- < *tedg-?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tetagai (indic.perf.)

Latin: tetigī (act.perf.)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *tēke

Tocharian B: täk- (secondary ä after full-grade cek-)

⇒ Tocharian B: tetekor (“touch”, noun)

*te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

>? Proto-Germanic: *tetōk (“took”, act.ind.past)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌺 (taitōk)

>? Proto-Italic: *tag-ā-

Old Latin: [Term?] (subj.)

*tóh₂g-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *takaną

Old Norse: taka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: [Term?] (subj.)

*th₂-né-g-ti ~ th₂-n-g-énti or *th₂g-néh₂-ti

>? Proto-Celtic: *tongeti (“swears”, verb) (with unusual o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, stroke”) (or *þakwōną, derived from *téh₂g-us ~ *th₂g-éw-s?) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic:

Old Saxon: thakolōn (“stroke”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tangō
Latin: tangō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *taksō
Latin: taxō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *takjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *takkjan, *takkjōn

gl

alternatively from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*tukkijōn</i>

>? Old Frisian: tetsia (“to appropriate, acquire”) (alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *tukkijōn)

*téh₂g(-s)-mn̥ (“contact”, noun)

desc

⇒ Latin: con-tāmin-ō (“bring into contact, touch”, verb) (see there for further descendants)

*n̥-th₂g-ró-s (“untouched”, adjective)

Proto-Italic: *əntagros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tākslos

>? Latin: tālus (“ankle(bone), knuckle(bone)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tanxsman?

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: [Term?] (verb)

>? Welsh: teimlo (“to touch, feel”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: թակարդ (tʻakard, “trap, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: թաթ (tʻatʻ, “sole (of the foot), palm; pouch; scale”) (see there for further descendants)


*téh₂g-se-ti (desiderative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάξω (táxō, “will establish, will order”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Old Persian: [script needed] (ham-ataxšatā, “makes an effort to be orderly”)

q

⇒? *th₂g-t-yé-ti (or change of the suffix in Greek by analogy with the aorist)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *taťťō

desc

Ancient Greek: τάσσω (tássō, “establish, arrange, post”)

Attic Greek: τάττω (táttō)

Proto-Hellenic: *tagā́

Ancient Greek: ταγή (tagḗ, “array, order, supply”)

Proto-Hellenic: *tágmə

Ancient Greek: τάγμα (tágma, “ordinance, command”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tágma

Proto-Iranian: *tágma

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

⇒? Parthian: 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /tagma-dāra-/, “commander”, a title, literally “order-giver”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tāgós

Ancient Greek: τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“commander, chief”)

Tocharian A: tāśśi pl

Tocharian B: tāś


wreyd-

*wréyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wrītaną (see there for further descendants)

*wrid-néh₂-ti ~ *wrid-n̥h₂-énti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *writtōną (see there for further descendants)

*wroyd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wraitijaną (“to vex, excite”) (see there for further descendants)

*wríd-i-s (i-stem noun)

Proto-Germanic: *writiz (“scratch, carving, engraving; crack, fissure”) (see there for further descendants)


kemH-

*km̥H-el-os (“bumblebee”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimelаs

Proto-Slavic: *čьmèľь (“bumblebee”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *humelaz (“bumblebee”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamāˀras

Proto-Slavic: *komãrъ (“mosquito”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamanēˀ

Latgalian: kamane (“bumblebee, wild bee”)

Latvian: kamene, kamine (“bumblebee”)

Lithuanian: kamãnė (“bumblebee”), kamana; kami̇̀nė (“wild bee”) (dialectal)

*komH-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamus

Old Prussian: camus (“bumblebee”)

*km̥H-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimús

Lithuanian: kimùs (“hoarse”)

*km̥H-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kimˀtei

Lithuanian: ki̇̀mti (“wheeze, become hoarse”) (present ki̇̀mstu)

Proto-Germanic: *hummōną (“to hum”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly:

*komH-on-yos

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamanjas

>? Proto-Slavic: *komoňь (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Ancient Greek: κηφήν (kēphḗn, “apian drone”) (see there for further descendants)

Onomatopoeic. Possible late North-West Indo-European isogloss.

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Oleg Trubachyov
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rėpti, Lithuanian: aprėpti

Proto-Germanic: *rafjaną

Old English: *reffan or *rafan (only the non-present stem is known, berōfon)

(possibly) Latin: rapiō (or *h₁rp-ye-, with secondary zero-grade)

(possibly) Ancient Greek: ἐρέπτομαι (eréptomai) (or *h₁rep-ye-)


ḱes-

ḱésmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱésm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱésoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱsyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱés (imperative second-person singular)
ḱsdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱésesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱésti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱést (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéstu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱéseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱswós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱswé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱésowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱstóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱstóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱésetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱésetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱsmós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱsmé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱésomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱsté (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱsté (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱsté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱésete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱsénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱsént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱséntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱésonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱsónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Italic: *kazēō

Latin: careō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-ewl-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjaulas

Proto-Slavic: *šulъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sūliz (“beam, post”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūli (“pillar”) (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: sūl

*ḱs-to-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-so-?

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cassus

*ḱs-trom

Proto-Albanian: *tsatrā

Albanian: thadër

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćastrám

desctree

Sanskrit: शस्त्र (śastra)
→ Hindi: शस्त्र (śastra) (learned)
→ Odia: ଶସ୍ତ୍ର (śastra) (learned)
→ Old Javanese: śastra
→ Balinese: ᬲᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ (sastra, “arrow”)
→⇒ Telugu: శస్త్రము (śastramu)
→⇒ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਸਤਰ (śastar)

desc

Proto-Italic: *kastrom (“knife; cut-off part”)

Latin: castrum (“castle, fortress”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kastrāō

Latin: castrō (“I prune, castrate”)


dʰlegʰ-

*dʰlḗg-s-t ~ *dʰlég-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *dlīxst

Old Irish: dlicht, dlecht

*dʰl̥gʰ-é-ti ("tudati" type thematic root present) or *dʰlégʰ-ti ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *dligeti (“to owe, be indebted to”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dligetom (“debt, duty”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰlégʰ-s ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-és

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *dʰl̥gʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilgas

Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (“debt”) (or borrowed from Gothic) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *dulgaz (“debt”)
Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃 (dulgs)
→ Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (possibly, if not inherited)
→ Proto-Samic: *tuolkō (see there for further descendants)


krows-

*krows-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušī́ˀtei (“to strike, smash, crush”, literally “to cause to collapse?”) (see there for further descendants)

q

o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*króws-e</i> (3rd conjugation o-grade present)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *króuhō (o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from *króws-e (3rd conjugation o-grade present))

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κρούω (kroúō, “to strike, stamp, knock”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krušā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *hreusaną (“to fall, collapse; to shudder?”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly an extended form of *krew(H)- as found in Proto-Germanic *hrewwaną (“to be/make sad, regret, rue”) and Proto-Tocharian *krun- (“to strike, hit”). Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō) may reflect either root.


lek-

Unsorted formations:

Latin: locusta (“locust”)

Proto-Germanic:

desc

Norwegian: lakka (“to hop, patter about”)

>? Middle High German: lecken (“to hop”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lekt-

Proto-Slavic: *letěti (“to fly”)

Latvian: lḕkt (“to spring, jump”)

Lithuanian: lė̃kti (“to fly”)

Ancient Greek: ληκάω (lēkáō, “to dance to music”)

Proto-Albanian: *awa-laka

Albanian: flak (“to throw, fling, eject”)


gew-

*gewd- (“bag, stomach”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūtiz (“bag, stomach, gut”) (see there for further descendants)

*gudóm (“intestines”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gudás

Sanskrit: गुद (guda)

*gugā

German: Kugel (“ball, orb”)

Russian: гугля (guglja, “bump, lump”)

Lithuanian: gugà (“hump, hill”)

*gewl- (“vessel, cub”)

Proto-Germanic: *kiulijǭ, *kūlǭ (“bump, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

English: kile (“ulcer, sore”)

German: Keule (“club”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūliz (“round vessel, ball, bag, sack”)

*gewlos (“vessel, bowl”)

Proto-Germanic: *keulaz (“ship”) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) गोल (gola)

*gewp- ~ *gup- (“round object, knoll; cavity”)

Proto-Albanian: *gāupā

Albanian: gop

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gjaupāˀ

>? Proto-Slavic: *župa (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: γῡ́πη (gū́pē)

Proto-Germanic: *kubô (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kubnáz > *kuppaz (“round object, bowl, skull, knoll”) (see there for further descendants)

*gup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guptás

Sanskrit: गुप्त (gupta)

*gewt- (“pouch, sack”)

Proto-Germanic: *keudō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kuddô (“bag, pod, sack, purse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kudilǭ (“cuttlefish, squid, cephalopod”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kweþuz (“belly,stomach, womb”) (via inversion *gewt- > *gʷet-?) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *gówr̥ (“curl”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-ro-s (“lock of hair”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gauras

Latvian: gauri pl (“pubes”)

Lithuanian: gaurai̇̃ pl (“curls of hairs”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *guriti (“to hunch, to bow”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic:

Norwegian: kaure (“curly lock of hair”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-no-s (“furry, shaggy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gawnám (“fur”)

→ Proto-Slavic: *guna, *guňa (“coat, rag”) (could also be native)

→ Byzantine Greek: γούνα (goúna, “fur, fur garment”)

→ Latin: gunna (see there for further descendants)

*gu-r-nos (“back”)

Old Armenian: կուռն (kuṙn) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gur̃nas (“ankle, hip, bone”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կոր (kor, “curved, crooked”)

Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *guja (“serpent”) (see there for further descendants)

Germanic:

q

Proto-Germanic: *gut- (“gut, entrail, intestine”) (perhaps via archaic phonology, as *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”) doesn't make much sense)

English: gut

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γῡρός (gūrós, “round”)

desctree

Ancient Greek: γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”)
Greek: γύρος (gýros)
→ Latin: gȳrus (see there for further descendants)
 (substantivized)


bʰedʰ-

Proto-Indo-European phonology#Roots
de:Brian D. Joseph

Alternative reconstruction of *bʰedʰh₂- (“to pierce, dig, burrow”)


bʰedʰ-

Brill Publishers
Brugmann's law
Wojciech Smoczyński

*bʰḗdʰ-t (“to press”, root aorist?)

ref

Or perhaps from the fossilized o-grade <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰodʰ-</i> which had lengthened in prevocalic positions due to Brugmann's law.

⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰ-

Sanskrit: बाध् (bādh), बाधति (bā́dhati)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *bād- (“to press; to agglomerate, curdle”)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”)

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*ham-</i> (“together”)

⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”) (with *ham- (“together”))

⇒ *bastáh (“curdled”)

Baluchi: [script needed] (bast)

Persian: [script needed] (bastah)

⇒ *bʰḗdʰ-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰā́dʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bā́dʰatay

Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate, “to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain”)

⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)

⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)

trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗdāˀ (“trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt”)

ref

No consensus on etymology: suggested alternatives are *bʰeydʰ- (if the Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic, though Derksen doubts this) and *bʰedʰ(h₂)-.

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: bēda, bę̀da

Lithuanian: bėdà

Proto-Slavic: *bě̄dà (see there for further descendants)

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰodʰ-éh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰáH (or from *bʰodʰ-éh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰáH

desctree

Sanskrit: बाधा (bādhā)
→ Tamil: வாதை (vātai)

*bʰ-né-dʰ-ti (nasal-infixed present)

desc

⇒? *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”) (reanalyzed root)

*bʰedʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

ref

Alternatively from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech, pray”), which, at least in terms of semantics<ref name=EDPG2/> and Indo-European cognates, is more convincing, despite requiring the controversial sound shift *gʷʰ > *b without a clear motivation. Another phonetically problematic etymology assumes back-formation from *bīdaną (“to wait”). If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”).

>? Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to pray, request, bid”) If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”). (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“prayer, request”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰodʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *badą (“pressure; trouble, distress”)

Old Norse: *bað n

Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)

East Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)

Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)

Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)

desctree

→? Middle English: badde (“evil, bad”), bad
English: bad
Scots: bad

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti</i>

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *badō(ja)ną (“to press; to distress, frighten”) (or from *bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰodʰ-o-s (“torment; tormenter”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *badas (“lack, hunger, starvation”)

ref

Alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i> (“to pierce”), referring to the sharp pains of prolonged hunger.<ref name=EDBIL/>

Latvian: bads

Lithuanian: bãdas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰás

Synchronically contains the root बाध् (bādh) as if from *bʰēdʰ- above.

Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)

*bʰedʰ-r-(o-m)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bedra

desc

>? Proto-Slavic: *bedrò, *bȅdro, *bedrà (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰodʰ-yo-m

noncog

Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”)

ref

Several other etymologies have been proposed but with unconvincing semantics, such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”).

>? Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed”) such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”). (see there for further descendants)

*ǵnu-bʰedʰ- (“to bend the knee, kneel (in reverence), pray?”)

Independent derivatives from the root of *bedō and *bidjaną (see s.v. *bʰedʰ-ye-ti, *bʰedʰ-eh₂), but no related verb meaning “to bend the knee” is reconstructible, rendering the etymology questionable.

⇒? Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic:

desc

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġebed</i>

Old English: cnēow-ġebed (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with ġebed)

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">beda</i>

Old Saxon: kneo-beda (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with beda)

with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją

>? Old Norse: kné-beðr (“hassock”, literally “knee-bed”) (with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją)

⇒ *ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence

Sanskrit: ज्ञु-बाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence”, adjective)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: bashkr (“together”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: bodùs (“disgusting”), bodė́ti (“to despise, be disgusted by”)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: poto (“worship”)

Tocharian B: peti (“flattery”)

to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress

to push to limits; to cause trouble, distress


lewǵ-

*léuǵ-t ~ *luǵ-ént (athematic root aorist)

1sg.aor.ind. of <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">լուծանեմ</i> (lucanem)

Old Armenian: լուծի (luci, 1sg.aor.ind. of լուծանեմ (lucanem))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: रोक् (rok, 2sg.aor.inj.)

*luǵ-é-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ruȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ruȷ́áti

Sanskrit: रुजति (rujáti, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”)

Lithuanian: lū́žti (“to fracture”)

Latvian: lauzt (“to break, fracture”)

Proto-Germanic: *leukaną (see there for further descendants)

*luǵrós

Ancient Greek: λυγρός (lugrós, “baneful, mournful”)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “hiccup”)

Ancient Greek: λευγαλέος (leugaléos, “sad, wretched”)

>? Latin: lūgeō (“to mourn, grieve, lament”)

Old Armenian: լուծանեմ (lucanem)

Tocharian B: lakle (“pain, suffering”)

Proto-Celtic: *luxtus (“contents, crowd, people”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰerǵʰ-

*dʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *drūgiz (“hard, solid, dry”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥ǵʰtós (“strong, firm, hard”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥ždʰás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: dir̃žas (“belt, strap”)

Latvian: dir̂ža (“leather girdle”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žnas (“firm, strong”)

⇒ Old Prussian: dīrstlan (“stately”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žti (“to harden, become tough”)

𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to attach”)

Proto-Germanic: *druknaz (“dry”)

Possibly an extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


tewH-

Proto-Italic: *toweōr

Latin: tueor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *towto- (“left, north”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þiudijaz (“kind, good, friendly”)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: *tāwa/i (“eye”)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *tews- (see there for further descendants)


swergʰ-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svorga (“bane, infelicity, severity”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sìrgt

Lithuanian: sir̃gti

Proto-Germanic: *surgō (“worry, care, sorrow”)

Tocharian A: särk (“illness, pain”)

q

root <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">सूर्क्ष्</i> (sūrkṣ)

>? Sanskrit: सूर्क्षति (sū́rkṣati, “to heed, care about”) (root सूर्क्ष् (sūrkṣ))


kel-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: कलयति (kalayati, “to drive, impel”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: kelti (“to lift”)

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, keep”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: hallita

→ Estonian: haldama

Proto-Hellenic: *kelomai < *kel-etor

Ancient Greek: κέλομαι (kélomai)

Proto-Hellenic: *keľľō < *kel-yeti

Ancient Greek: κέλλω (kéllō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: celer (“swift, fast”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: käl-


(s)gʷes-

*(s)gʷés-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰásyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ásyati

Sanskrit: जस्यति (jásyati, “to be exhausted”)

*(s)gʷés-t ~ *(s)gʷₑs-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σβέσαι (sbésai), σβέσσαι (sbéssai)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σβέννυμι (sbénnumi, “to quench, extinguish”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰast

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दसत् (dasat, “to be languished”, 3sg.aor.inj.) (thematicised)

Proto-Tocharian: *käs- (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷos-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́āsáyati

Sanskrit: जासयति (jāsayati, “to exhaust”)

*(s)gʷṓs-ye-ti (lengthened causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gōsīˀtei

Latgalian: dzēst

Latvian: dzēst

Lithuanian: gesýti

Proto-Slavic: *gasiti (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷés-ti-s ~ *(s)gʷs-téys

Proto-Germanic: *kwistiz (“damage, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dzist (“to be extinguished”)

Lithuanian: gesti (“to be extinguished”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷeh₂-</i> (“to go”)

Proto-Celtic: *bāstom (“death”) (or from *gʷeh₂- (“to go”))

Middle Irish: bás

Irish: bás

Manx: baase

Scottish Gaelic: bàs