Brill Publishers
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éiˀwāˀ

East Baltic:

Latvian: iẽva (“bird cherry”)

Lithuanian: ievà (“bird cherry”); jievà, i̇́eva (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: iuwis (“yew”)

Proto-Slavic: *jь̀va (“willow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *īwō

Proto-Germanic: *īhwaz, *īgwō, *īwaz (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *iwos, *īwos (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oywā

Ancient Greek: ὄᾱ (óā), ὄη (óē, “service tree”), οἴη (oíē)

Proto-Italic: *oiwā

Latin: ūva (“bunch of grapes; raisins”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Old Armenian: *այգ (*ayg, “grapes, vine”)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: այգի (aygi, “grapevine; vineyard”)
Armenian: այգի (aygi)
→ Arabic: أَيْك (ʔayk)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (GIŠ-e(y)a(n)-, “yew (?)”)


*kwéth₂-e-ti (“to bubble, foam”, thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwátʰati

Sanskrit: (Vedic) क्वथन्त् (kváthant-), (Classical) क्वथते (kváthate)

*kwoth₂-éye-ti (“to let bubble”, causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwātʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwātʰáyati

Sanskrit: क्वाथयति (kvātháyati)

Proto-Germanic: *hwaþjaną

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ƕaþjan, “to foam”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷotamós (“river”)

Ancient Greek: ποταμός (potamós)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷētʰus (sea goddess)

Ancient Greek: Τηθῡ́ς (Tēthū́s)

>? Ancient Greek: τήθεα (tḗthea, “sea squirt”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *kvȃsъ (“leaven, fermented drink”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: cāseus (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źjáuˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-West Germanic: *kauā (“jaw”)

Middle English: *chawe

English: chawe (“jaw”), chaw (“jaw”) (en, obsolete)

Middle English: jawe, jowe, geowe (enm, alteration)

English: jaw

Middle Dutch: kauwe (“fish jaw”), kouwe (“mouth cavity”)

German: Käu, Keu (“jaw, donkey jowl”) (de, dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *žuka

Italic:

Latin: gingīva

Proto-Slavic: *žuti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kewwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰyawH-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywtn’ /jūdan/)

Persian: جویدن (“to chew”)

Pashto: ژول (žovạl, “to gnaw”)

Baluchi: جایگ (jáyag)

Parthian:

Northern Kurdish: cûtin (“to chew”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śuwaṃ (“to eat”)


kʷem-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čam-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćam-

Sanskrit: चम् (cam)


kew(H)-

*ków(Η)-ti (o-grade athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káwti

Sanskrit: कौति (kauti, “to hum, cry out, vocalize”)

ref

Skt

Known only from grammarians.<ref name=EDG/>

*kew(H)-kúH-, *kow-kúH- ("intensive" reduplication)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kū-kū́-ō

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κωκῡ́ω (kōkū́ō, “to wail, shriek, especially in lament”)

ref

Formally cannot reflect *kowk-, so Pokorny assumes dissimilation from *kū-kū́-. More likely from independent onomatopoeia or Pre-Greek.

Or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kōk-</i>.

desc

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: (from the deponent ye-present) *čawkūyatay, *kawkūyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćawkūyatay, *kawkūyatay

Sanskrit: चोकूयते (cokūyate, “to cry aloud”), कोकूयते (kokūyate)

*ków(H)-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káwas

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: kávas (“rook”)

Unsorted formations:

ref

See van der Sijs<ref name=Etymologiebank/>.

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hūwilōną (“to howl, scream”) (see there for further descendants)

Extended forms

*kew-k-

⇒ *kówk-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauktei

Proto-Baltic:

desc

Lithuanian: kaukti (“to howl, yell, roar”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kauk-

Tocharian B: kauk- (“to call out, entreat”)

ref

Initial consonant can also reflect *ḱ- as in *ḱew-, *ḱewk-.<ref name=DTB/>

⇒ *kówk-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *káwkas

desc

Sanskrit: कौक (kauka, “owl; dog”), ⇒? कोकिल (kokila, “cuckoo”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Old Armenian: քուք (kʻukʻ, “groan, moan, wail, sigh”), քոք (kʻokʻ)

ref

It is unclear whether the noun or verb is older, but more authors imply the noun as the base of the verb.

>? Old Armenian: քուքամ (kʻukʻam, verb)

ḱewk-

compare Sanskrit शुक (śuka; ), Lithuanian šaũkti


*h₂élgʷʰ-e-ti (root thematic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárǰʰati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀλφή (alphḗ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *algā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: अर्ह् (arh) (see there for further descendants)


krews-

*krustós (“hardened”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)

*krows-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušas

Proto-Slavic: *kruxъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)

>? Proto-Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)

desctree

⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)
Belarusian: кры́га (krýha)
→ Polish: kryha
Carpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
Ukrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
→ Slovak: kryha
→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hruse

Old High German: hrosa

Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)

Tocharian A: kᵤraś

Tocharian B: krośce

A connection to *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body; to coagulate, harden (as a scab)”) is disputed.

be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harč-

Sanskrit: अर्च् (arc)

Sanskrit: ऋच् (ŕc)

Old Armenian: երգ (erg, “song”)

Hittite: [script needed] (ārku-ᶻⁱ, “to sing”)

Proto-Celtic: *erkw-

Old Irish: erc (“sky, heaven”)

Proto-Celtic: *su-erkwis

Middle Irish: suairc (“pleasant, beautiful, radiant”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yärk

Tocharian B: yarke

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harčati

Sanskrit: अर्चति (arcati)

Khotanese: [script needed] (āljis)

Hittite: [script needed] (arkuwanzi)


*ḱeh₁s-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáHsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaHstram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaHstram

Sanskrit: शास्त्र (śāstrá, “teaching; order, command; precept, rule”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱens-</i>

Albanian: them (or from *ḱens-)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *käṣṣī (“teacher, master”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazjaną

Old Armenian: սաստ (sast)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)taHyúš (“thief”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)taHyúṣ

Sanskrit: स्तायु (stāyu), तायु (tāyu)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (tāiiu)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *stāyä (“secret”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *tātants

Old Irish: táid (“thief”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τητάω (tētáō, “to deprive”), τηΰσιος (tēǘsios)

Hittite: [script needed] (tāyezzi) [script needed] (tāyazzi, “to steal”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tajiti (“to hide, conceal”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьnъ (“secret”, adjective)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьna (“secret”, abstract noun)

Proto-Italic: *(s)taō

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


*h₁régʷos (nominalization) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *erkent

Tocharian A: arkant

Tocharian B: erkent

? *h₁régʷti (athematic root present)

? Proto-Slavic: *regti


kʷels-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *karš-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *karṣ-

Sanskrit: कृष् (kṛṣ)

*kʷéls-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷélseti

q

Hittite: 𒄢𒀸𒍣 (gul-aš-zi /kʷlStˢi/, “to scratch, carve, engrave”), 𒄢𒊭𒀭𒍣 (gul-ša-an-zi /kʷlSantˢi/, 3pl.pres.act.) (apparently generalized from the weak forms)

desc

⇒ Luwian: [script needed] (*gulza/i-, “engraving”)

→ Hittite: [script needed] (gulzi-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káršati

Proto-Iranian: *káršati

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (karšaⁱti)

Persian: کشیدن (kašidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárṣati

Sanskrit: कर्षति (karṣati, “draw, pull, drag”)

*kʷéls-o-m

q

otherwise from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷél(h₁)-es-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélson (otherwise from *kʷél(h₁)-es-)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: τέλσον (télson, “end, limit”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: [script needed] (gulzā(i)-, “to draw”)


dʰgʷʰer-

Ancient Greek: φθείρω (phtheírō)

Avestan: 𐬖𐬲𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (γžaraⁱti)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gẓʰar-
Sanskrit: क्षर् (kṣar)
Pali: ghar


gʰrem-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*gʰrém-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō

Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati

Proto-Iranian: *grámati

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)

*gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)

*gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati

Proto-Iranian: *grámyati

Sogdian:

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)

Middle Persian:

Persian: غرمیدن (ġarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)

Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)

*gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)

q

or denominative from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*gramaz</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: grumė́ti

*gʰrem-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰróm-o-s

*gʰrm̥-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀 (graṇta) (with full grade)

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)

Unsorted formations

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ɣrʾnsnʾy /ɣrānsnē/, “annoyed, angry, irritable”, pres.ptc.) (with inchoative suffix *-sa-)

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑 (ɣrʾns /ɣrāns/, “to get angry”, 3sg.impf.)

Sogdian:

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾɣrʾntʾnt /əɣrándənd/, 3pl.pret.ind.)

Sogdian:

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*grantakah</i> ?

Manichaean script: 𐫃̌𐫡𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫙 (ǧrʾndʿ /ɣrāndē/, “irritated”, ppp) (from *grantakah ?)

Sogdian:

desc

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ʾɣrʾm- /aɣrām/, “to slander”)

An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.


Proto-Tocharian: *iäkre (“empty”) (possibly)

*āikäre

Tocharian A: ekär

Tocharian B: aikare

Proto-Celtic: *anextlom

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *anegeti (“to protect”)

Old Irish: aingid (“to protect”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ekla (“scarcity”)

Icelandic: ekla

Proto-Italic:

Latin: egeo (“to need, lack”)

Oscan: egmo (“need, lack”) (noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäk- (“to neglect”)

Tocharian A: yäk-

Tocharian B: yäk-


Proto-Celtic: *nowinyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: nõvyti (“to opress, torment, destroy”)

Czech: naviti (“(poetic) to tire”)

*nuh₂-eh₂ (verbal stem)

Proto-Tocharian: *näut- (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: onuwaññe (“immortality”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nā́ˀwis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nawiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *naudiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nwām (“sick”)


gʰeydʰ-

*gʰeydʰ-lós

Proto-Celtic: *geistlos (“hostage; bail”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géistei, *gístei

Lithuanian: gei̇̃sti (“to desire”)

Latvian: gàidît (“to wait”)

Old Prussian: gēide, giēidi (“[they] wait”, 3rd pl.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gidā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьdàti (“to wait; to expect”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *gīdaz (“greed, desire”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gīd (“greed, avarice”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gīdisōn (“to be greedy”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱlews-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klusḗˀtei

Latvian: klusêt

Proto-Slavic: *slyšati (“to hear”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klusīti (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kláusīˀtei

Latvian: klausīt (“to obey, follow, comply with”)

Lithuanian: klausýti (“to listen”)

Old Prussian: klausiton (“to hear”)

*ḱlu-né-s-ti ~ *ḱlu-n-s-ti

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լսեմ (lsem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klunstei

Lithuanian: klùsti

*ḱlows-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ (“hearing, rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kloustā (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlus-ró-s

desctree

Old Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)
Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)

*ḱlus-tí-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlustiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śruštíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śruṣṭíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुष्टि (śruṣṭí, “obedience”)

Reanalyzed from *ḱléwseti, se-desiderative of *ḱlew-.


gʰegʰuǵʰ-

*gʰegʰuǵʰ-eh₂ ~ *gʰegʰuǵʰ-yeh₂ f

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *geguźāˀ, *geguźjāˀ (“cuckoo”)

East Baltic:

Latvian: dzȩguze; dzȩgûze, dzȩguôze, dzȩguse, dzȩgusis (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gegužė̃, gegùžė; degužė̃, gegùžis, gegužė̃lė (dialectal)

⇒ Lithuanian: gegė̃, gẽgė

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: geguse

Proto-Slavic: *žegъza (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *žegъzuľa (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe(gʰ)uǵʰ-os m

Proto-Germanic: *gaukaz (“cuckoo”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived from a repeating root *gʰe-gʰu-ǵʰ-, of onomatopoeic origin.

Brill Publishers
Jaroslav Rudnyckyj
Oleg Trubachyov
be:Віктар Уладзіміравіч Мартынаў
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


(H)resg-

*(H)résg-e-ti (thematic present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: regzti

*(H)résg-ti-s (“weaving”)

*(H)résg-u-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rázǰuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráźȷ́uṣ

Sanskrit: रज्जु (rajju)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *razgā́ˀ

Latvian: razga

Lithuanian: razgai

Proto-Slavic: *rozga (see there for further descendants)


*(s)ténh₂-e-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *sténō

Ancient Greek: στένω (sténō)

Proto-Italic: *tenō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ténh₂-t ~ (s)tn̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštanHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáṣṭanHt

Sanskrit: *अष्टनीत् (*áṣṭanīt)

⇒ Sanskrit: स्तन् (stan, 3sg.inj.act), ष्टनिहि (ṣṭanihi, “to thunder”, 2sg.impv.act.)

*(s)ténh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tányati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tányati

Sanskrit: तन्यति (tanyati, “to thunder”)

*(s)tonh₂-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stanHáyanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stanHáyanti

Sanskrit: स्तनयति (stanáyanti, “to thunder”)

Proto-Italic: *tonāō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ténh₂-tr̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-tén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHtā (“thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tenatrus

Latin: tonitrus (“thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tónh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)ténh₂-n̥s, *(s)ténh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-éns

Proto-Celtic: *toranos (“thunder”) (< *tonaros < *(s)tónh₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þun(a)raz (“thunder”) (< *(s)tn̥h₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)


(s)kerbʰ-

*(s)korb-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skárˀbas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarpaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *skrepaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skrapōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skrobeis

Latin: scrobis (see there for further descendants)

*korb-o-s

Latgalian: kõrba

Latvian: kā̀rba

Lithuanian: kar̃bas

Old Prussian: kārbija

Proto-Slavic: *kȏrbъ

An extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut; to turn”).


snewbʰ-

*snéwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *snouβō

Latin: nūbō (see there for further descendants)

*snḗwbʰ-s-t ~ *snéwbʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *snoupsai

Latin: nūpsī

*snowbʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snaubīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *snubìti (see there for further descendants)

*snu-né-bʰ-ti ~ *snu-n-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰō

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰā

Ancient Greek: νύμφη (númphē)

Possibly related to *snusós (“daughter-in-law”), suggesting an underlying *snew- root.


telk-

*tl̥k-s-ḱos

Proto-Celtic: *talskos (“fragment, piece”)

Proto-Brythonic: *talx (see there for further descendants)

*telk-s-m̥-is

Proto-Celtic: *telmis (“sling, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

*tolk-os

Proto-Celtic: *tolkos (see there for further descendants)

>? Thracian: *talkas (attested as an onamastic component)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talkāˀ

Latgalian: tolka

Latvian: tàlka

Lithuanian: talkà

Proto-Slavic: *tolkà (“neighbourly help (of farmworkers)”) (see there for further descendants)

*telk-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *telktei

Lithuanian: tel̃kti (“assemble for collective assistance”)

Old Prussian: tlāku (“threshes”, 3 sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *telktì, *telťì (“to beat; to pound”) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ǵʰed-

*ǵʰéd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰádati

Sanskrit: हदति (hádati, “to evacuate, discharge excrement”)

*ǵʰéd-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰédzō

Ancient Greek: χέζω (khézō, “to shit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *dzetša
Albanian: dhjes

*ǵʰḗd-s-t ~ *ǵʰéd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰesə

Ancient Greek: ἔχεσα (ékhesa)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰód-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰd-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kékʰoda

Ancient Greek: κέχοδα (kékhoda)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: ndot (“to make dirty”)

*ǵʰéd-o-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձետ (jet, “tail”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádas

Proto-Iranian: *jádah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬵 m (zadah, “buttocks”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Slavic: *zadъ m (“rump”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lamīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lomìti (“to break”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) >? Latin: lanius (“butcher”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *lamaz (“lame; defective”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lémešis (“plough”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: lem (“soft, tender, weak, powerless, impotent”)

Irish: leamh (“soft; weak”)

Welsh: llefrith (“milk”)

Ancient Greek: νωλεμέως (nōleméōs, “unceasingly; firmly”)


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*léyd-ti ~ *lid-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *léiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*le-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *linda

Albanian: lind (“to bear, give birth”), lindem (“to be born”) (or *leunda ⇐ *leuda)

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Albanian: *laida

q

>? Albanian: le (“to bear, give birth”) (dialectal, or < *leuda < *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”))

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *laidna

Albanian: lë (“to let”) (or < *lādna < *leh₁d- (“to be tired”))

⇒? Proto-Albanian: *laidnja

Albanian: lej (“to bear, give birth”) (or < *leudnja)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laidīˀti

desc

Lithuanian: láidyti (“to let, let go, start moving”)

*leid-sk-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: láiškas (“letter”)

Latvian: laiska (“leaf”)

Old Prussian: lāiskas (“booklet”)

Proto-Slavic: *listъ (“letter”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *loydā

Old Irish: loíd

Middle Irish: láed, laíd

Irish: laoidh

Scottish Gaelic: laoidh


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
fr:Jacques André

*lé-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *loidō

Latin: lūdō (“to play”) (see there for further descendants)

*lid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *líďďō

Ancient Greek: λίζω (lízō, “to play”)

Proto-Hellenic: *líndō

Ancient Greek: *λίνδω (*líndō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λίνδεσθαι (líndesthai, “to contend”, pres.mp.inf.) (+ -εσθαι (-esthai))

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *loydīti

Old Irish: laídid (“exhort, incite”)

Middle Irish: laídid

*loyd-o-s

Proto-Italic: *loidos

Old Latin: loidos, loedos

Latin: lūdus (“game”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyd-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *loissos

Latin: lūsus (“played”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)pel-

Proto-Albanian: *feln-

Albanian: fjalë (“word”)

Proto-Albanian: *śp(e)latśi-

Albanian: flas (“to speak”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առասպել (aṙaspel, “tale, proverb, riddle”) (←aṙ-a-spel)

Proto-Germanic: *spellą (see there for descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπειλή (apeilḗ, “boast, boastful promise”)

Possibly from *bʰel- (“to sound, speak”), with an s-mobile prefix.


smeḱ-

*sméḱ-om

Proto-Celtic: *smekom

Old Irish: smech n (“chin”)

Proto-Italic: *smakslā, ⇒ *smakslelā

Latin: māla; maxilla (see there for further descendants)

*smóḱ-wr̥


*h₁ép-ti ~ *h₁p-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /ʔéptsi/, “seizes”)

*h₁p-i- (present)

Proto-Italic: *api- (“to get, seize”)

Latin: apiō

⇒ Latin: apīscor (“to seize, get, obtain”)

*h₁e-h₁óp-e ~ *h₁e-h₁p-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आप (ā́pa)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬞𐬀 (āpa)

Proto-Italic:

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">co-</i>

⇒ Latin: coēpī (+ co-)

*h₁op-éye-ti (“to make reach; to give”, causative)

Proto-Albanian: *apa (“to give”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāpáyati (the descendants are probably later creations)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāpáyati

Sanskrit: आपयति (āpayati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hāpáyati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (apaiieⁱti)

*h₁epi (“on, at”) (locative case) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁op- (“to desire”)

Unsorted formations

desc

Hittite: 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /pāi/, “gives, hands over, pays”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*senh₂-</i> (“to obtain”)

>? Old Armenian: ունիմ (unim) (or from *senh₂- (“to obtain”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आप् (āp)


weyg-

*wig-é-tor (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiǰátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiȷ́átay

Sanskrit: विजते (vijáte)

*we-wóyg-e (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiwiǰe

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiwiȷ́e

Sanskrit: विविजे (vivije)

*woyg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वेजयति (vejáyati)

Northern Kurdish: avêtin (“to throw”)

desc

Central Kurdish: هاویشتن (hawîştin, “to throw”)

Southern Kurdish: ئۆیشتن (oyiştin)

*wóyg-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáygas

Proto-Indo-European: *wáygas

Sanskrit: वेग (vega)

Ancient Greek: οἴγω (oígō) (< *h₃wóyg-os)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *wikǭ (see there for further descendants)

Pokorny suggests an extension of *weh₁y- (“to twist, weave”).


*h₃mḗrǵ-ti ~ *h₃mérǵ-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmā́ršti ~ *Hmárȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मार्ष्टि (mā́rṣṭi, “to wipe, cleanse”), मृजन्ति (mṛjánti, 3pl.) (with zero-grade weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mar^əzaⁱti, “to wipe, rub”) (thematized from weak stem)

*h₃mr̥-né-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃mr̥-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmĭ, “to wipe (tears)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥nášti ~ *Hmr̥nȷ́ánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥náṣṭi ~ *Hmr̥njánti

Vedic Sanskrit: मृञ्जत (mṛñjata, 3pl.inj.med.)

? *h₃mḗrǵ-s-t ~ *h₃mérǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

or secondary formation with vocalism from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὀμόργνῡμῐ</i> (omórgnūmĭ)

Ancient Greek: ὀμόρξαι (omórxai, aor.inf.) (or secondary formation with vocalism from ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmĭ))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अमार्क्षीत् (amārkṣīt) (or secondary formation from the lengthened-grade root present)

*h₃morǵ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मर्जयति (marjáyati)

*h₃mr̥ǵ-(h₁)sé-ti (zero-grade desiderative)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥ćšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṭṣati

desc

Sanskrit: मृक्षति (mṛkṣati, “to rub, smear”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: मृष्ट (mṛṣṭá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: márška (“net for fish”)

Proto-Italic: *merga

>? Latin: mergae pl (“two-pronged fork”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: मृश् (mṛś, “to touch, stroke”) (or from a different root)

Sanskrit: मृज् (mṛj)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gabʰrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gabʰrás

Sanskrit: गभीर (gabhīra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀 (jafra)

Northern Luri: گںهںر (gəhər, a lake)

Parthian: [script needed] (jfr /žafr/, “deep”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *kwēbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwabbā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷápťō (see there for further descendants)


mend-

*mend-yos

Proto-Albanian: *mandja (see there for further descendants)

*mend-os

Illyrian: *mandos

⇒? Latin: mannus

*mend-ye-nos

Thracian: μεζηνα (mezēna), Μεζηναι (Mezēnai)

*mend-yo-nos

⇒ Messapic: Iuppiter Menzanas

*mend-wos

Gaulish: *manduos

⇒ Gaulish: Wiro-manduoi

→ Latin: Viromanduī

Οὐιῥομάνδυες

→ Ancient Greek: Οὐιῥομάνδυες (Ouirhomándues)

Dacian:

→ Romanian: mînz, mânz


bʰil-

*bʰíl-o-s

Ancient Greek: φίλος (phílos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: bil (“good, mild”)

*bʰíl-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *biliz (see there for further descendants)


*h₂wérg-t ~ *h₂wr̥g-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अवर्क् (ávark)

*h₂wérg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vergō (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἐέργω (eérgō, “to stop, scare away”)

*h₂wr̥-né-g-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वृणक्ति (vṛṇákti, “to turn around, ward off”)

*h₂wḗrg-s-t (s-aorist) (probably later formation)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἶρξαι (eîrxai, “to hold off”)

*h₂wérg-se-ti (se-present)

Tocharian A: wärkṣantāñ (“rotating”, ptcp.)

*h₂wérg-mn̥ (action noun)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: vermina

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫurki-, “wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: वरीवृजत् (várīvṛjat, “bending again and again”, ptcp.)

Sanskrit: प्र वावृजे (pra vāvṛje, “is turned towards”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वृज् (vṛj, “to turn, bend”)


*syuh₁-ti (root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjū́ˀtei
Latgalian: šyut
Latvian: šũt
Lithuanian: siū́ti
Samogitian: siūtė
Proto-Slavic: *šìti (see there for further descendants)

*syewh₁-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *sūō

Latin: suō (compare the development of spuō)

*syúh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sih₁w-ye-ti (by metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síHwyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síHwyati

Sanskrit: सीव्यति (sīvyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Ossetian: хуийын (xwijyn)

Proto-Germanic: *siwjaną (see there for further descendants)

*syuh₁-mḗn or *syuh₁-mō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syúHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syúHmā

Sanskrit: स्यूमन् (syūman), स्यूम (syūma)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῠ̔μήν (hŭmḗn), Ῡ̔μήν (Hūmḗn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjūˀtas

Proto-Slavic: *šitъ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syuHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syuHtás

Sanskrit: स्यूत (syūta)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sūtus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्यू (syū)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: सूत्र (sūtra) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: सूना (sūnā)

Sanskrit: सूचि (sūci), सूची (sūcī), सूक्ष्म (sūkṣma) and Persian: سوزن (either from this root or *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”))

Ancient Greek: κασσύω (kassúō) (or Pre-Greek)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ōp-

Proto-Slavic: *(j)apa, *(j)apъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπιόψομαι (epiópsomai)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: optō

desc

>? Proto-Tocharian: (more likely an Iranian loanword)

Tocharian A: opyāc

Tocharian B: epyac, epiyac


(s)leg-

*sl̥né(h₁)g-ti ~ *sln̥(h₁)génti

Proto-Italic:

Latin: langueō (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λαγγάζω (langázō, “to slacken”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लङ्ग (laṅga, “limp”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λήγω (lḗgō)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lágati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lágati

Sanskrit: लगति (lagati)

*(s)lé(h₁)g-seti (se-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *slágžʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: laxus

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lakšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lakṣás

Sanskrit: लक्ष (lakṣá)

(?) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́γνος (lắgnos)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lagnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lagnás

Sanskrit: लग्न (lagna)

Proto-Germanic: *slakaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λαγαρός (lagarós), λᾰγών (lăgṓn), λωγᾰ́νῐον (lōgắnĭon)

Old Irish: lac (“slack”)

Tocharian A: slākkär (“sad”)


*(s)gʷʰh₂él-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skHálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skHálati

Sanskrit: स्खलति (skhalati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սխալեմ (sxalem)

*(s)gʷʰh₂él-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σφᾰ́λλω (sphắllō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *falsō

Latin: fallō

Proto-Iranian: *skarf-

Persian: سکرفیدن (sekarfidan)

>? Welsh: sâl


lew-

*l(H)u-to- (“dirt”)

Latin: lutum (“mud, dirt, clay”)

*lew-to- (“mud, dirt”)

Proto-Celtic: *lutā

*l(H)u-(s)tro- (“dirty place”)

Latin: lustrum

Unsorted formations:

Latin: polluō

>? Latin: luēs

Ancient Greek: λῦμα (lûma), λῡ́μη (lū́mē), >? λύθρον (lúthron)

>? Albanian: lym, llom


(s)prengʰ-

*(s)préngʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: spreñgti (“to push, tense, span”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *φlengeti

Old Irish: lingid (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *springaną (“to spring, burst”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)prongʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *prǫžiti (“to prance, recoil”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sprangijaną

*(s)prongʰ-ó-s (“locust”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)prangas

Proto-Slavic: *prǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *φlanxsman (“jump”) (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen (2013) links this root to *sperǵʰ- (“to move rapidly”).. This could be from the nasal-infix present, *spr̥néǵʰti ~ *spr̥nǵʰénti. See *sperǵʰ- for more.


keyt-

*kéyt-e-ti (full-grade thematic present)

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytati (merged with descendants of *kʷeyt- (“to notice”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytati

desc

Sanskrit: चेतति (cétati, “to shine, show oneself, stand out”)

*kit-éye-ti (eye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćitáyati

Sanskrit: चितयन्ति (citáyanti, “to shine, illuminate”, 3pl.act.)

q

*ke-kóyt-e ~ *ke-kit-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative) (or secondarily formed in Proto-Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikáyta ~ *čičitŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikáyta

desc

Sanskrit: चिकेत (cikéta or cíketa, “to shine”)

Proto-Iranian: *čikáyta

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬐𐬋𐬌𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱 (cikōitər^əš, “to show oneself”, 3pl.(p)pf.med.)

*kit-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitrás (“shiny, visible”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóyt-s ~ *kéyt-s (“brightness”) (or *kóyt-r̥ ~ *kéyt-n̥s)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *koyt-ró-s

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haidraz (“clear, bright”) (or secondary to *haiduz) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *koyt-ú-s

Proto-Germanic: *haiduz (“way, appearance”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaytúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaytúṣ

Sanskrit: केतु m (ketú, “bright appearance, clearness, brightness”)

⇒ *kitw-ó-

Ancient Greek: κισσός (kissós)


keHy-

*kéHi-de-ti (de-present)

⇒ *kéHid-ih₂ ~ *kHid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *hitjǭ (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *keHid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *haitaz (“hot”) (see there for further descendants)

*kéHi-te-ti (te-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaistei

Lithuanian: kai̇̃sti, kai̇̃sta (3p.pres.), kai̇̃to (“to heat; to become hot”, 3p.pret.)

Latvian: kàist, kàistu (1sg.pres.), kàitu (“to burn, singe, heat”, 1sg.pret.)

*kéHi-tr-eh₂ (or *kéHi-tr̥ ~ *kHi-tén-s)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káitrāˀ

Lithuanian: kaitrà (“heat”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaitrús

Lithuanian: kaitrùs (“hot”)

*kéHy-os

Proto-Germanic: *hajaz (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵembʰ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen

*ǵémbʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *dzemba (“to ache”)
Albanian: dhemb

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žembti

Proto-Slavic: *zęti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵombʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जम्भयति (jambháyati)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

𐬰𐬆𐬧𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬜𐬡𐬆𐬨

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬆𐬧𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬜𐬡𐬆𐬨 (zəṇbaiiaδβəm, 2pl.impv.mid.)

*ǵómbʰos (“tooth”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *ǵ-né-bʰ-ti ~ *ǵ-m̥-bʰ-énti, nasal infix of a contested root, *ǵebʰ-, possibly found in Proto-Germanic *kaflaz (“jaw, jowl”), German Kiefer (“jaw”), Proto-Slavic *zȍbь (“fodder, oats”), *zobъ (“peck; beak, mouth; goiter”), Serbo-Croatian gȕbica (“snout, muzzle”), Lithuanian žė̃bti (“jaw, jowl”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬟𐬀𐬭𐬆 (zafar^ə, “mouth”), Proto-Celtic *gobbos (“muzzle, snout”) and, much less securely, a presumed Gaulish *gauta (“cheek”) as the source of Vulgar Latin *ga(v)ota. Or, for *ǵnébʰ-, see Old High German knebil, Middle Low German knevel (“short crossbar”), dialectal Swedish knavel (“thin rod”), knabb (“stake”). Conspicuously, however, these are all nouns.


trep-

*trép-t ~ *tr̥p-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

q

or from present verb <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*trép-ti ~ *tr̥p-énti</i>

Hittite: 𒋼𒊑𒅁𒍣 (te-ri-ip-zi, “to plough”) (or from present verb *trép-ti ~ *tr̥p-énti)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔτραπον (étrapon)

*trép-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρέπω (trépō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: त्रपते (trapate, “to feel ashamed”)

*trop-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τροπέω (tropéō)


*h₁réy-t ~ *h₁ry-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, arise”)

*h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *rīsaną (“to rise”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁róy-ey ~ *h₁r̥y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄿 (a-ra-a-i), 𒀀𒊏𒄿 (a-ra-i /arāi/), 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-a-ez-zi), 𒀀𒊏𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-iz-zi /arāizzi/, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀭𒍣 (a-ri-ya-an-zi /aryanzi/, “to rise, arise, lift; to raise”, 3pl.pres.act.)

Luwian: 𒀀𒊑𒀉𒋾 (a-ri-it-ti, “to raise”)

Lydian: 𐤤𐤭𐤦𐤧𐤤 (eriye, “to raise; to levy”)

*h₁r̥y-é-tor (middle-voice "tudati"-type root thematic present)?

⇒ Proto-Italic: *orjōr (“to rise, arise”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain if related to *h₃reyH- (“to churn, swirl”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


*h₃rewH-yeti : *h₃ruH-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀtei, *rūˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *řűti (“to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *orūomai

Ancient Greek: ὠρῡ́ομαι (ōrū́omai)

Greek: ωρύομαι (orýomai, “to howl”)

*h₃rewH-k-yeti : *h₃ruH-k-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀktei; *rūˀktei

Latvian: rûkt

Lithuanian: rū́kti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ruka̋ti, *ryka̋ti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ryčati (see there for further descendants)

Middle High German: ruohen (“to roar; to grunt; to make noise”).

*h₃rewH-mos : *h₃ruH-mos ~ *h₃rewH-mōs : *h₃ruH-mōs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmas m, *rjauˀmāˀ f; *rūˀmas m, *rūˀmāˀ f

Proto-Slavic: *řumъ m, *řuma f (“noise; crybaby”); *řymъ m, *řyma f (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmā́ˀtei; *rūˀmā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: riaumóti, riáumoti (“to scold, to shout, to roar”)

Proto-Slavic: *řumati (“to make a noise”); *rymati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roumōs

Latin: rūmor (“rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rawos

Latin: rāvis (“hoarseness”)

Sanskrit: रव (rava, “roaring, howling”)

Extensions

*h₃rew-dH- (“to weep”)


*gʷéh₁u-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

⇒ *gʷóh₁udʰ-i ~ *gʷuh₁dʰ-éy-s

Proto-Celtic: *boudi (“profit, gain; victory”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéh₁u-ti ~ *gʷuh₁-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀtei (“to get, obtain, gain”) (levelled from *gjáuˀti ~ *gūˀę́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáwti ~ *guHánti (“to increase, multiply”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷḗh₁u-s-t ~ *gʷéh₁u-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

q

>? Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬎𐬱 (gāuš, “to increase”, 3sg.s-aor.inj.) (g- under influence of 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)? Also interpreted as meaning "to commit a sin", from another root.)

*gʷoh₁w-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HabigaHwáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuh₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *guHnáwti

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)

Sogdian: [Syriac needed] f (γwnnc, “increasing”, pres.ptc.)

>? *gʷóh₁u-s ~ *gʷéh₁u-s (“cattle”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀsas

Lithuanian: gausà (“abundance”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwas

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwah (“an increase”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHtás

Proto-Iranian: *guHtáh (see there for further descendants)


lewd-

*léwd-e-ti

>? Proto-Germanic: *lūtaną (“to bow down”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *lutōną (“to conceal”) (perhaps denominal or deadjectival) (see there for further descendants)

*lewd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *leutaz (“deceitful, dishonhest”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Albanian: lut (“to plead”)

⇒ (West Germanic) *lūtilaz (“little”, literally “tending to stoop down”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: liūdė́ti (“to be sad”)

>? Lithuanian: liū̃dnas (“sad”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *lȗdъ (“crazy, foolish”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)nerk-

Ancient Greek: νάρκη (nárkē)

Proto-Germanic: *snarhǭ (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: ներգև (nergew)


*(s)kuh₁-né-t-ti ~ *(s)kuh₁-n-t-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kùsti (“to recover”)

Proto-Germanic: *skundijaną (“to hasten”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuh₁t-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *skudjaną (with analogical short u)

Proto-West Germanic: *skuddjan (“to shiver, shake”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷatjō

Latin: quatiō (“to shake”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσω (pássō, “to sprinkle”)

*(s)kwóh₁t-is (o-grade *-is noun)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷātis

Old Irish: cáith (“chaff”)

Middle Irish: cáith

Irish: cáith

Scottish Gaelic: càth


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Winter's law
de:Norbert Oettinger

*gʰrébh₂-t ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अग्रभीत् (ágrabhīt)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬠𐬆𐬨 (grabəm)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [script needed] (kar(ap)p-, “to pick up, lift, take”)

ref

More likely from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kerp-</i> (“to pick, pluck”).

*gʰr̥b-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

*gʰe-gʰróbh₂-e ~ *gʰe-gʰr̥bh₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagrábʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agrábʰa

Sanskrit: जग्रभ (jagrabha)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬁𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (jāgər^əbuš)

*gʰróbh₂-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *grabaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrobh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *grabiti

*gʰr̥b-yé-ti

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

>? Hittite: 𒋼𒀀𒁉𒄿𒄑𒍣 (kar-pí-i-ez-zi), 𒋼𒀀𒀊𒁉𒄑𒍣 (kar-ap-pí-ez-zi /kr̩pjɛt͡sːi/, “picks up, lifts up, takes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grábʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grábʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ (grabha), ग्राभ (grābha)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह (graha), ग्राह (grāha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *grobъ

*gʰrébh₂-tus ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-téws

Proto-Germanic: *graftuz

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gretì

Proto-Germanic: *grabą, *grōbō, *grōbiz, *grēbiz, *grubilōną

Latvian: grebt (“to scrape, excavate, seize”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grabʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grabʰ-

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ् (grabh)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह् (grah)


ḱwes-

*ḱwés-ti ~ *ḱus-énti (athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwás-ti ~ *ćus-ánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

with -i- possibly from <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अनिति</i> (aniti, “to breathe”)

⇒ Sanskrit: श्वसिति (śvasiti) (with -i- possibly from अनिति (aniti, “to breathe”))

⇒ Sanskrit: श्वसति (śvásati) (thematised; first attested in Atharvaveda)

Proto-Italic: *kwesō (thematised)

Latin: queror (“to complain”)

*ḱwos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwāsáyati

Sanskrit: श्वासयति (śvāsáyati)

*ḱus-ih₂ (nominal dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬎𐬱𐬌 f du (suši, “lungs”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (suvá)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (suš)

Old Ossetic: [script needed] (sūs, sos)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *hwēsaną (“to wheeze”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: श्वास (śvāsa, “breath”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kwäsnātär (“to bemoan”)


krewH-

*kruH-yé-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kraut

Lithuanian: krauti

Proto-Slavic: *kryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hreudaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kruwos (“enclosure”)


swerd-

*swórd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *swartaz (“black”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárdas

Proto-Iranian: *hwárdah

Northern Kurdish: xwelî (“ashes; dust”)

Persian: خوال (xvâl, “soot”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sword-ēō

Latin: sordeō (“to be dirty”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *swordo-woris (“black water”, Balkan substrate name for a river)

→ Albanian: Vardar

→ Ancient Greek: Βαρδάριος (Bardários)

→ Macedonian: Вардар (Vardar)

*swórd-is

Proto-Italic: *swordēi(s)

Latin: sordēs


*wréh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént? *wé-wr̥h₁-et? (aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: εὑρίσκω (heurískō, “I find out, acquire”)

*we-wróh₁-e (reduplicated stative)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *wourū
Old Irish: fo·fúair, fo·fríth (preterite forms of fo·gaib)
Irish: fuair (preterite of faigh)
Scottish Gaelic: fhuair (preterite of faigh)
Manx: hooar (preterite of fow)
⇒ Gaulish: tioinuoru (3sg. pret.) (prefixed with tio- and in-)

Proto-Italic: *wourō

desc

Oscan: ϝουρουστ (wouroust, “will have found”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: գերի (geri, “captive”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *akaną (“to ache”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγος (ágos, “guilt, dread”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: आगस् (āgas, “sin, transgression”)


gʰeldʰ-

*gʰeldʰ-(e-)ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *želsti (unless borrowed from Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *geldaną (“pay, have value”) (see there for further descendants)

q

possibly from an earlier root noun <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰéld</i> in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic

*gʰeldʰ-o-m (possibly from an earlier root noun *gʰéld in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic)

Proto-Celtic: *geldom

desctree

Old Irish: gell (“pledge, promise”)
Middle Irish: gell
Irish: geall
Scottish Gaelic: geall
⇒ Middle Irish: gillán


mewd-

*méwd-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwdati

desc

Sanskrit: मोदति (modati), मोदते (modate)

*mud-rós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mudrùs

Latvian: mudrs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mudrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mudrás

Sanskrit: मुद्र (mudra, “joyous”)

*méwd-om

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwdam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwdam

Sanskrit: मोद (moda, “modak, joy, gift”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mawd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mawd-

Sanskrit: मुद् (mud)


mers-

*mérs-t ~ *mr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृष्ठास् (mṛṣṭhās, 2sg.aor.inj.med.)

*mr̥s-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृष्यते (mṛ́ṣyate)

*me-mórs-e ~ *me-mr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ममर्ष (mamárṣa)

*mors-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *marzijaną (“to disturb, impede”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मर्षयति (marṣayati)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miršti (“to forget”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մոռանամ (moṙanam, “to forget”)

Armenian: մոռանալ (moṙanal, “to forget”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृष् (mṛṣ, “to forget”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: märs- (“to forget”)


*h₁í-h₁eyǵʰ-ti ~ *h₁í-h₁iǵʰ-enti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *yeigeti (“to scream, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰχανάω (ikhanáō, “to crave, yearn”) (with analogical suffixation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíHȷ́ʰati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HíHjyati

Avestan: 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬁 (iziiā, pres. 1sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (iziieⁱti, pres. 3sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬙𐬌 (iziiati, pres. 3sg.)

Sanskrit: ईहति (īhati, “to desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hayȷ́ʰás

Sanskrit: एह (eha, “desiring, wishing”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas m

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah m

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (aēza)

*h₁éyǵʰ-os ~ *h₁éyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas n

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah n

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬵 (aēzah)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *eiglā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: իղձ (iłj)

Proto-Germanic: *jakkōną (“to hunt”)


*pérh₃-t ~ *pr̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: पूर्धि (pūrdhi, “beget, produce”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: parēns (participle)

*pr̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *pr̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti

q

Sanskrit: पृणाति (pṛṇāti, “grants, bestows”) (merged with पृणाति (pṛṇāti, “fills”) from *pleh₁- (“to fill”))

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸarnati
Old Irish: ernaid

*pr̥h₃-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *parjō

Latin: pariō

*pe-pórh₃-e ~ *pe-pr̥h₃-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπρωμαι (péprōmai)

Proto-Italic: *peparai

Latin: peperī

*pr̥h₃-t-ó-s (past passive participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Htás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Htás

Sanskrit: पूर्त (pūrta)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: partus (“gained”)

*perh₃-ti-s ~ *pr̥h₃-t-éy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Htíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Htíṣ

Sanskrit: पूर्ति (pūrti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párHas

Proto-Iranian: *pāra, *pāraka

Persian: پاره (pâre)

Proto-Slavic: *pȏrzъ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥Hṣas

q

modified based on <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">मनुष्य</i> (manuṣya)

Sanskrit: पुरुष (puruṣa) (modified based on मनुष्य (manuṣya))

Unsorted formations:

Latin: parō

Proto-Celtic: *artilā

Welsh: erthyl

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parH-

Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)


*h₂léybʰ-om ~ *h₂lóybʰ-om

Proto-Italic: *leiβom ~ *loiβom

Latin: lībum (“(consecrated) cake”)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄλειφαρ (áleiphar, “unguent, resin”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλοιφή (aloiphḗ, “grease, unguent”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: lībō (“I consecrate, pour, libate”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλείφω (aleíphō, “I anoint”)


*h₁é-h₁n̥ḱ-e-t (reduplicated aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *enēnke- (from intermediate *h₁ne-h₁n̥ḱe-t)

q

aorist of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φέρω</i> (phérō)

Ancient Greek: ἐνεγκεῖν (enenkeîn, infinitive), ἤνεγκα (ḗnenka) (aorist of φέρω (phérō))

*h₁e-h₁nóḱ-e ~ *h₁e-h₁n̥ḱ-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: κατ-ήνοκα (kat-ḗnoka)

Ancient Greek: ἐνήνοχα (enḗnokha) (with secondary reduplication and aspiration)

*h₁néḱ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *neśtei (see there for further descendants)

*h₁noḱ-éye-ti (o-grade iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *nosìti (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted derivations:

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

with Schwebeablaut; or from the same source as the meaning "barbs of an arrow", viz. from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ónkos</i>

Ancient Greek: ὄγκος (ónkos, “mass, burden”) (with Schwebeablaut; or from the same source as the meaning "barbs of an arrow", viz. from *h₂ónkos)

Italic:

desc

⇒ Paelignian: anaceta (via *ad-nek-e(n)tā)

Conflated with *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”) by Pokorny.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


Ancient Greek: ἀλάομαι (aláomai, “to wander, roam”)

Italic: *alō

Latin: *alō (compound in ambulō)

Ancient Greek: ἄλη (álē, “wandering”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աղամող (ałamoł)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: alot, aloties, āļa, āļoties

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλύω (alúō, “to wander in mind, to roam”)

Italic:

Latin: alucinor

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: āl-

Tocharian B: āl- (“to keep away, check, restrain”)


*ti-né-h₁-ti ~ *ti-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (zanuᶻⁱ, “to cook”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *autītos (“rare, few”)
Proto-Brythonic: *ọdid
Middle Welsh: odit
Welsh: odid
Old Irish: úathad, óthad, úaithed
Irish: uathadh

Proto-Germanic: *þīdaz

Old Norse: þíðr
Icelandic: þíður
⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: tivær

*téyh₁-tis ~ *tih₁-téys

Proto-Italic: *tītis

⇒ Latin: tītiō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (zēᵃʳⁱ, “to be cooked”)


stru-

*stru-yós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *strujas (“uncle, old man”) (see there for further descendants)

*stru-tis

Proto-Celtic: *strutis (“old, senior”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂réw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwati

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHráwati

Ossetian: (“to scorch in the fire”)

Digor Ossetian: арауун (arawun)

Iron Ossetian: арауын (arawyn)

*h₂row-éye-ti (eye-caustive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāwáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hrāwáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patiHrāwáyati

>? Khwarezmian: [script needed] (pcr’w- /patsrāway-/, “to make warm”) (or from *srew-)

*h₂ru-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hruyáti

Proto-Iranian: *Hruyáti

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *patiHruyáti

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (pcry- /patsruy-/, “to become warm”) (or from *srew-)

*h₂réw-i-s (leveled from *h₂rów-i-s ~ *h₂réw-i-s?) or *h₂réw-ōy ~ *h₂réw-y-és

Proto-Armenian: *arew-u(y) ~ *areg-i-s

Old Armenian: արեգ (areg, “solar; eastern”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: արև (arew, “the sun; sunlight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwiš

Sanskrit: रवि (ravi, “the sun”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂rowe-yé-ti (ye-denominative)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յարագեմ (yaragem, “to expose to the sun”)

*h₂réw-ti-s ~ *h₂ru-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *rutis

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *ruteinos (“shiny reddish, rust colored”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rutis (“redness”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *rutelos

q

>? Latin: rutilus (“ruddy colored”) (usually cited as from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (h̬a-ru-wa-na-a-iz-zi)

Proto-Italic: *rutos

Latin: *rutus

⇒? Latin: Rutulī

Venetic: *rutos

⇒? Latin: Rutuba (cognomen of a Venetian)

⇒? Latin: Rutus, Rutius


ḱek-

*ḱék-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáčati

Proto-Iranian: *cáčati (“to be prepared, fit, ready”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱék-t ~ *ḱk-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćákt ~ *ćačánt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śákt ~ *śačánt

Vedic Sanskrit: शकत् (śákat, 3sg.subj.act.), शग्धि (śagdhí, 2sg.impv.act.)

⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: शकेम (śakéma, 1pl.opt.act.) ('autonomous' thematic optative)

⇒ Sanskrit: अशकत् (áśakat) (thematic aorist)

*ḱe-ḱók-e ~ *ḱe-ḱk-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaćā́ka ~ *ćaškŕ̥

*śaśā́ka ~ *śaṣkŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaśā́ka ~ *śaṣkŕ̥

Sanskrit: शशाक (śaśā́ka, “to be strong; to be able”, 3sg.act.), शेकुर् (śekúr, 3pl.act.)

Proto-Iranian: *cacā́ka ~ *caškŕ̥

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬱𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (saškuštəma, “the best understanding”, ptc.pf.act.sup.)

*ḱí-ḱk-se-ti (i-reduplicated se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíkšati (“to learn; to wish to be able”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱk-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaknáwti (see there for further descendants)

*ḱk-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćačyáti

Proto-Iranian: *cašyáti

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬳𐬀𐬚𐬁 (saš́aθā, 2pl.pres.act.)

*ḱok-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćāčáyati

Proto-Iranian: *cāčáyati (“to prepare; to make”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱ-né-k-ti ~ *ḱ-n̥-k-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Celtic: *kanketi

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kankilos

Celtiberian: *Kankilos

→ Latin: Cancilus

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kanxtos

Old Irish: cécht (“might, strength”)

*ḱék-ih₂ ~ *ḱk-yéh₂-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáčiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáčiH

Sanskrit: शची (śácī, “might, strength, skill; aid, assistance”)

*ḱék-mn̥ ~ *ḱk-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćákma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śákma

Sanskrit: शक्मन् (śakman, “capacity, strength, power; help, aid”)

*ḱék-wr̥ ~ *ḱk-wén-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *kʷekʷros (< *ḱekur-o-s)

Proto-Brythonic: *pebr

Cornish: pybyr (“lively, vigorous”)

Old Irish: cíchurda (“fierce, keen”)

>? Gaulish: *peccia (< *kʷekʷyā < *ḱeku-yo-s)

→ Latin: Peccia

*ḱk-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćakrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śakrás

Sanskrit: शक्र (śakrá, “mighty, powerful”)

*ḱók-i-s ~ *ḱk-éy-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *hugiz (“mind, thought, sense, understanding”)

*ḱok-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hagaz (“abled, capable; suitable, comfortable”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hagōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hahtuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćākás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śākás

Sanskrit: शाक (śāká, “mighty, powerful; helpful”)

*ḱók-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćā́kas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śā́kas

Sanskrit: शाक (śā́ka, “might, power; help, aid”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शक् (śak)


slewbʰ-

*sléwbʰ-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *sleupaną

*sléwbʰ-ro-kos ~ *slówbʰ-ro-kos

Proto-Italic: *slouβrikos

Latin: lūbricus (“slippery”)


ǵʰerH-

Latin: hernia (“protruded viscus”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*ǵʰór-neh₂ (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā

Albanian: zorrë (“gut”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źarˀnā́ˀ

Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)

Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)

Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)

Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: हिरा (hirā́, “vein”)

*ǵʰórH-yo-m

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰóryon

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥H-os

Sanskrit: हिर (híra, “band”)

Proto-Iranian: *ĵʰr̥H-oh

Pashto: ځير (źir, “thin string”)

Classical Persian: زیر (zīr, “string; cord; any tiny thing such as string”)

*ǵʰr̥H-u-

⇒ Proto-Italic: *haruspeks (“diviner”)

Faliscan: 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (haraspex), 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌗 (haraspix)

Latin: haruspex (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *hario-

Latin: hariolus

>? Latin: hīra (“intestine”) (see there for further descendants)


*keyh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κίω (kíō, “I go”)

Proto-Italic: *kieje-

Latin: cieō (“I move, set in motion”)

*kih₂-néw-ti ~ * kih₂-n̥w-énti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κῑνέω (kīnéō, “I move”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: citus (“fast”)


*dʰí-dʰeyh₂-ti ~ *dʰí-dʰih₂-n̥ti (reduplicated root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: दीधेति (dīdheti, “it perceives, thinks”) (see धी)

*dʰéyh₂-mn̥ ~ *dʰih₂-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (daēman, “eye, sight”)


*h₂sḗwt-ti ~ *h₂séwt-n̥ti (Narten present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: siautėti (“to rage”)

Proto-Germanic: *seuþaną (“seethe, boil”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ, “breath, scent”)

Perhaps a variant of *(h₂)sew- (to burn), as suggested by Kroonen (2013).


tergʷ-

*térgʷ-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárȷ́ati

Sanskrit: तर्जति (tárjati)

*torgʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: तर्जयति (tarjáyati)

*tórgʷ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *torgʷos

Latin: torvus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárgas

Dardic:

Phalura: takṛá

Prakrit:

⇒ Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: तगड़ा / تگڑا (tagṛā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ત્રાગું n (trāgũ, “compulsion”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταρβέω (tarbéō), τάρβος (tárbos)

Proto-Celtic: *targʷo-

Welsh: tarfu


*ǵʰléh₁-se-ti (se-present) or *ǵʰlḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

q

Proto-Germanic: *glēsaną (“to shine”) (or < *ǵʰḗl-s-t ~ *ǵʰél-s-n̥t with liquid metathesis)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glastaz

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *glast (“shine, brightness”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēsijaną (“to make shiny”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēz- (“shining” or “shine”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēzōną (+ *-ōną)

Proto-West Germanic: *glāʀōn (“to shine, glare”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēzą

Proto-West Germanic: *glāʀ (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlóh₁-e-ti (o-grade intensive) or *(ǵʰe-)ǵʰlóh₁-e ~ *(ǵʰe-)ǵʰl̥h₁-ḗr ((reduplicated) stative)

Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (“to glow”) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gladaz (“shining, bright”) (< pre-Gmc. *gʰlə-tó-s (quasi-PIE *ǵʰlh̥₁-tó-s)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glanaz (“shine; embers”) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glandz (“shining, glowing”, pres.ptc.) (< pre-Gmc. *gʰl-ónt-s (quasi-PIE *ǵʰlh₁-ónt-s))

Proto-West Germanic: *glandī (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōdiz (“glow; embers”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōdijaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōraz (+ *-raz)

Proto-West Germanic: *glōr (“glow; embers”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰléh₁-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₁-yéh₂-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źlēˀjāˀ

Lithuanian: žlėjà (“twilight, half-dark”)

Proto-Germanic: *glējaz

Old Norse: glær (“clear, transparent”) (or < *glaiwiz < *ǵʰloy-w-i-s)

Icelandic: glær

Faroese: glærur

Proto-Germanic: *glēmaz (“twilight; moon”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *ɣlaðros (perhaps via *CRHTC > Lat. CRăTC)

Latin: glaber (“smooth”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (< *glānos via Dybo's law, or < *ǵʰl̥-nó-s) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *glāwos (“glowing thing; coal, charcoal”)

q

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glā́ˀdus (“smooth”) (unexpected depalatalization; alternatively ⇐ *gʰleh₂dʰ-) (see there for further descendants)

Thought to be a reanalyzed root from *ǵʰel- (“to shine”) + *-éh₁ti (fientive verb suffix), whence also *ǵʰley- (“to shine”). Often mistakenly undifferentiated from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).


Proto-Germanic: *swagilōną

Old Norse: svagla (“to splash”)

*suh₂gʰ-os (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *sūgaz

desc

Old Norse: (arn)súgr (“rushing sound [of a flying eagle]”)

Icelandic: súgur (“rustling sound”)

Proto-Hellenic: *swākʰā́

Ancient Greek: ἠχή (ēkhḗ, “sound”), ᾱ̓χᾱ́ (ākhā́)

*swéh₂gʰ-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *swōganą (“resound”)

*swéh₂gʰ-is ~ *swh₂gʰ-éys

Proto-Germanic: *swōgiz (“sound”)

Proto-Hellenic: *swiswákʰō

Ancient Greek: ἰάχω (iákhō, “to shout, scream”), ἰαχή (iakhḗ, “shout, scream”)


werm-

q

parallel formation to <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*mórwis</i>

*wórm-i-s ~ *wr̥m-éy-s; *wŕ̥mis (“worm, larva”) (parallel formation to *mórwis)

⇒? *worm-i(H)-k- (“ant”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wórmikā f

Ancient Greek: ὅρμικας pl (hórmikas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(warmiHkas) m

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(warmiHkas)

desc

>? Sanskrit: वल्मीक (valmīka, “anthill”), वल्मिक (valmika) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wormīk-

by influence, and from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*morwi-</i>?

>? Latin: formīca f (by influence, and from *morwi-?) (see there for further descendants)

*wórm-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārmas

Lithuanian: var̃mas (“mosquito, horse-fly, fly, bug”)

>? Old Prussian: warmun (“red”)

metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wróm-o-s ></i>

Proto-Hellenic: *wórmos, (metathesized *wróm-o-s >) *wrómos

⇒? Ancient Greek: βόρμαξ (bórmax), βύρμαξ (búrmax, “ant”)

Ancient Greek: ῥόμος (rhómos, “woodworm (xylophagous beetle larva)”)

metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*womr-ó-s ></i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (metathesized *womr-ó-s >) *(wamrás)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(wamrás)

Sanskrit: वम्र (vamrá, “ant”)

⇒ वम्रक (vamraká)

Proto-Tocharian: *warme

Tocharian B: warme (“ant”)

Possibly from *wer- (“to turn”, in the sense of either curled shape or writhing/wiggling behavior) + *-m-; compare perhaps Proto-Celtic *wrigants (“vermin”). Or, perhaps a metathetic variant of *mer-w- (“ant”), though the semantic development “worm, larva” > “ant” is more likely.


kneygʷʰ-

*knéygʷʰ-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *hnīwaną (“bow”)

Proto-Italic: *kneiɣʷēō (“I blink”)

Latin: conīveō (“I blink, overlook”) (co-nīveō)

*knigʷʰ-tós

Proto-Italic: *kniktum

Latin: nictō (“I blink”)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kā́ˀupas

Lithuanian: kaũpas

Proto-Slavic: *kupъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hufą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kā́ˀupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kupa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haupaz (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: kupra

Proto-Slavic: *kuprъ (see there for further descendants)


*wreh₁ǵ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rḗˀźtei

Proto-Slavic: *rězati (“cut, slice”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Ancient Greek: ῥήγνυμι (rhḗgnumi, “break, tear”)

Old Armenian: երգիծանեմ (ergicanem, “tear”)


Proto-Hellenic: *wagmós

Ancient Greek: ἀγμός (agmós, “fracture; crag, cliff”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wágnūmi

Ancient Greek: ἄγνῡμι (ágnūmi, “break, shatter”)

*wéh₂g-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vāgiō (“wail”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: वग्नु (vagnú, “sound, noise”)


sperǵʰ-

*sperǵʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπέρχω (spérkhō, “I hurry, move rapidly”)

*spr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *spr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

⇒ *spr-e-n-ǵʰ- ~ *(s)pr-e-n-gʰ- (see there for further descendants)


Hellenic

Ancient Greek: κνάω (knáō)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: knója

Proto-Germanic: *hnōjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hnōjan

Proto-Celtic: *knāyeti


*pérh₂-t ~ pr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπέρᾰσᾰ (epérăsă), ἐπέρᾰσσᾰ (epérăssă)

*pr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ pr̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Celtic:

q

more likely from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂reyH-</i> (“to count”)

Old Irish: renaid (more likely from *h₂reyH- (“to count”))

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi) (with e-grade from aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē (with loss of laryngeal due to Saussure's law, or loss between liquid and nasal)

Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)

Proto-Italic:

? Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)

? Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)

? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)


*sénh₂-t ~ *sn̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/sanahzi/, “to seek”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἤνεσα (ḗnesa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásanHat (thematized)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: असनत् (ásanat)

Proto-Iranian:

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬁𐬝 (hanāt̰, 3sg.aor.subj.)

*sn̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *sn̥-n-h₂-énti (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *sannati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀνύω (anúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सनोति (sanóti)

*se-sónh₂-e ~ *se-sn̥h₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

>? Proto-Armenian:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ep-</i>

Old Armenian: ունիմ (unim) (or from *h₁ep-)

desc

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*sannati</i>

Proto-Celtic: *sesone (preterite of *sannati)

past of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*sinnaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *sann (past of *sinnaną)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasánHa ~ *sasanHŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ससान (sasā́na)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬱 (haŋhanuš, perf.part.)

*sonh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *sonīti (see there for further descendants)

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*sannati</i>

Proto-Celtic: *snatos (past participle of *sannati)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सात (sātá)

Unsorted formations

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*sent-</i> (“to feel”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *sinnaną (or from *sent- (“to feel”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Sanskrit: सनितृ (sánitṛ, “winner”), सनित्र (sanítra, “gift”), गोषणि (goṣáṇi, “winning cows”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sanH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सन् (san)


(s)kend-

*(s)kénd-t (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: अच्छान् (acchān)

*(s)kond-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: छन्दयति (chandayati)

Proto-Iranian: *sand-

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (psnd-ytn' /passandīdan/)

پَسَنْدِیدَن

Classical Persian: پَسَنْدِیدَن (pasandīdan), پَسَنْد (pasand)

*(s)kn̥d-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *kandēō

Latin: candeō

*(s)kénd-os- (acrostatic neuter s-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: छन्दस् (chandas)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: candor

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *kʰandnā

Albanian: hënë (“moon”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)čandrás

Sanskrit: श्चन्द्र (ścandrá), चन्द्र (candrá)

⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: श्चन्द् (ścand), चन्द् (cand), चनिश्चदत् (caniścadat, “shining brightly”, intensive)

Old Armenian: խանդ (xand)

Vedic Sanskrit: छ॒दय॑ति (chadáyati)

>? Old Armenian: շանթ (šantʻ)

>? Ancient Greek: κάνδαρος (kándaros)

>? Ancient Greek: καίνυμαι (kaínumai)

>? Vedic Sanskrit: शाश॑दान (śā́śadāna), शद् (śad)