pent-

*pént-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *finþaną (“to find”) (see there for further descendants)

*pónt-oh₁-s (“path, road”) (see there for further descendants)

*pn̥t-tós

Proto-Germanic: *funsaz

*pōntH- (probably spurious)

Celtic:

Old Irish: áitt (“place”)

Irish: áit

Scottish Gaelic: àite

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *fanþijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *fanþijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fandōną (see there for further descendants)


wer-

*wōr-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārīˀtei

Latgalian: vōreit

Latvian: vàrît (alternatively a borrowing from Slavic)

Proto-Slavic: *variti (see there for further descendants)

*werH-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārús (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥H-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirˀtei, *wirˀētei

Latvian: vir̂t

Lithuanian: vi̇̀rti

Proto-Slavic: *vьrěti (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥-néw-ti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (wa-ar-nu-uz-zi)

q

*wor-no- (“black bird, raven, crow”) (presumably originally an adjective “black”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warnás, *wárˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *branos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (urāni, “burns”)

Hittite: 𒉿𒊏 (wa-ar, “to burn”)

→ Old Armenian: վառեմ (vaṙem) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtei

Lithuanian: vi̇́rti, vérdu (“to cook”)


wer-

*wr̥-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti

Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇóti) (see there for further descendants)

*wor-t-ús, *wor-t-ós

Proto-Germanic: *wardaz (“guard, keeper”), *werdaz (see there for further descendants)

*wer-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *werēōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *warōną (“to watch, to protect”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *worā́ō

Ancient Greek: ὁράω (horáō, “see”)

Proto-Hellenic: *worā

Ancient Greek: ὤρα (ṓra, “care, concern”)

*wor-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *waraz (“cautious”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *woros

Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ἔφορος (éphoros), φρουρός (phrourós), τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ras

Sanskrit: वार (vā́ra, “obstacle, cover, gate”)

*wor-yo-s

Proto-Germanic: *warjaz

Proto-Germanic: *warnō (“warding off; refusal, denial; warning?”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *warnōną (“to warn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *warnu (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vërej (“look, observe”)

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “to fear, be frightened”)

Proto-Celtic: *werati

desctree

Old Irish: feraid (“to grant, provide”)
Middle Irish: feraid
Irish: fear (“to grant”)

Proto-Germanic: *warjaną (“ward off”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras

Sanskrit: वर (vára)

desc

Central Kurdish: وریا (wirya, “attentive, alert”)

to notice, heed, be aware (of), be wary (of)


wer-

*wer-n-

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aikwernô (see there for further descendants)

*wer-wer-

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *warwar-akah

q

Baluchi: ورورک (varvarak) (loanword from another Iranian language)

Gilaki: وروره (varvarə)

Persian: وروره (varvarah) (loanword from another Iranian language)

*we-wer-

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēweris, *waiwer-, *wāwer-

East Baltic:

Latgalian: vuovere

Latvian: vāvere

Lithuanian: vaiveri̇̀s (“male polecat or marten”), voverė, vaiverė, voveri̇̀s (dialectal), vėveri̇̀s (dialectal)

Samogitian: vuoverie

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: weware

Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verica, *vě̀verъka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wiweros (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: viverra (“ferret”) (see there for further descendants)


per-

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

*pér (“through”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-

Lithuanian: per, per-, par-

Latvian: par, par-

Old Prussian: per

Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*péri</i>

Latin: per, per- (or from *péri) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *per és

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás

Sanskrit: परस् (parás)

Proto-Iranian: *paráh

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)

q

with locative suffix <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-i</i>

*pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)

*per-nóy or *pér-ero-s

Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)

*pér-o-

Proto-Anatolian: *péro-

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras

Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *párah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)

? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram

→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)

*pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))

*por-so-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: porrō

*pr̥-

Proto-Italic: *por-

Latin: por-

*pr-és

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)

*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)

*pr-éy (dative)

*pr-ey-wo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīvus

*pr-i-is

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs

Gaulish: ris

Old Irish: ré

Irish: roimh

Scottish Gaelic: ro

*pr-i-is-ḱo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīscus

*pr-i-is-m̥mos

desctree

Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)
Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
Paelignian: Prismu

*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)

*pr-i-m

Proto-Celtic:

q

Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)

*pr-i-yōs

desctree

Proto-Italic: *priōs
Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)

q

with allative suffix <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-o</i>

*pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)

*pr̥H-e/o-s

Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a

Albanian: përpara

Albanian: para

*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

Old English: fyrst

Old High German: first

Middle High German: virst

German: First

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic:

Latin: postis (or from *po-sth₂-i-)

*pŕ̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥-tero-

Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz

Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)

*pr-u-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)

Proto-Tocharian: *pre


per-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

q

thematized; + <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*fra-</i>

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)

*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō

desc

Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)

*por-éye-ti (causative)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)per-</i> (“to fly”)

Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati

Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)

Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati

𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ira-pro">*ni-</i>

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)

*por-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)

*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti

desc

Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)

Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō

Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)

Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa

Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior

Proto-Italic:

Latin: perītus

desctree

Proto-Italic: *perītlom
Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)

*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)

*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s

*por-dʰmo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)

*pōr-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)

*pór-mo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas

Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)

*por-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás

Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: pere

Proto-Italic: *portā
Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō
Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust

*por-ti-s

Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)

desc

Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)

Proto-Albanian: *priś

Albanian: prish

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)

Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)


per-

*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

3sg.aor. of <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">հարկանեմ</i> (harkanem)

Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))

*pér-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei

Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)

Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)

Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)


strew-

*stréw-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Italic: *strowō

Latin: struō

*strow-éye-ti (causative)

*strow-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *strawą

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Italic: *endo-struwo-

Latin: industrius

Proto-Italic: *struwi-k-elā

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌇𐌜𐌋𐌀 (struhçla), 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌜𐌋𐌀 (struçla), struśla, strusla (acc.sg.), 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌇𐌜𐌋𐌀𐌔 (struhçlas, “kind of sacrificial cake”, gen.sg.)

Extended form of *sterh₃- (“to spread, stretch out”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)

Tocharian A: āp

Tocharian B: āp

*h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebo (“river”)

Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)

Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /hāpi-, hāpa-/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni/)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)

Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /hāpna-/)

Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂

Proto-Albanian: *abnā

Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)

⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s

Italic:

Latin: amnis

Lusitanian: abnis

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)

Proto-Italic: *āpā

Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)

Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)

Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)

Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *vapa

Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)


*h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /ḫaptsi/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)

*h₂ep-t- (progressive present)

Proto-Hellenic: *áptō

Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)

⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə

Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)

>? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem), *h₂ép-s-os

Proto-Anatolian:

⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /ḫappeššar/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)

Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)
Armenian: ափ (apʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas

Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas

Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)

Proto-Hellenic: *aptós

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)

Proto-Italic: *aptos

Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)

Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)

Proto-Italic: *apeks

>? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)


*strew-

Italic:

Latin: strāgēs

Latin: strāgulus

*stérh₃-t ~ *str̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्तरीः (astarīḥ, 2sg.aor.)

*str̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *str̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *starnāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

reshaped to νυ-present, with -ορ- from aorist <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">στορέσαι</i> (storésai)

Ancient Greek: στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi) (reshaped to νυ-present, with -ορ- from aorist στορέσαι (storésai))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *str̥náHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sternō

Latin: sternō

*stérh₃-mn̥ ~ *str̥h₃-mén-s (“that which is strewn/spread; bedding”)

⇒ *str̥h₃-m̥n-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *strōmnā́

Ancient Greek: στρωμνή (strōmnḗ)

Proto-Hellenic: *strṓmə

Ancient Greek: στρῶμα (strôma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stárHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stárHma

Sanskrit: स्तरीमन् (stárīman)

Proto-Iranian: *stárHma

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (stər^əma, “bed”)

Proto-Italic: *strāmən

Latin: strāmen

Proto-Italic:

Latin: torus, storea (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *śt(a)rē-

Albanian: shtroj

Proto-Albanian: *strinja

Albanian: shtrij

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stornà (“side; land”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sterti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *prosterti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *starnati (“to strew, broaden”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέρνον (stérnon)

Ancient Greek: στορέννῡμι (storénnūmi), στρώννῡμι (strṓnnūmi) (byforms of στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi))

>? Proto-Italic:

Latin: stirps

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्तॄ (stṝ)


*stéh₂-t ~ *sth₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*stí-steh₂-ti ~ *stí-sth₂-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*st-né-h₂-ti ~ *st-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*stéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

*ste-stóh₂-e ~ *ste-sth₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Albanian: *stānja

Albanian: shtoj

*sth₂-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stajḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *stojati ⇐ earlier *stojěti (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti (thematic eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *staēō (see there for further descendants)

*stoh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *stātlā

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: seuzl

Breton: seul

Cornish: seudhel, sul

Middle Welsh: saudel, sodlau

Welsh: sawdl

Old Irish: sál

Proto-Italic: *staθlom

Proto-Germanic: *stallaz

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stadla

Proto-Slavic: *stadlo

Polish: stadło

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀgas

Lithuanian: stógas

Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́lā f

>? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē) (or from *steh₂-sleh₂, or from *stel-) (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-e-lo-m or *sth₂-o-lo-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stála (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōlaz m (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHálam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálam

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*stel-</i>

Sanskrit: स्थल (sthala, “firm ground, foundation”) (or from *stel-)

*stéh₂-mn̥ ~ *sth₂-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *stāmos

Umbrian: stahmei, stahmito, stahmitei, stahmietei

*stéh₂-mō ~ sth₂-m̥nés

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀmō

Lithuanian: stuomuõ

Latvian: stāmen

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stōˀmas

Lithuanian: stúomas

Proto-Slavic: *stamъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *stṓmiks

Ancient Greek: στώμιξ (stṓmix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀnas m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáHnam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *stana (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *stara

Albanian: stër- (“large”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀras

Lithuanian: stóras

Proto-Slavic: *stàrъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHrás

desc

Sanskrit: स्थिर (sthirá, “fixed, firm, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *stHráh

Ossetian: стыр (styr)

Pashto: ستر

*stéh₂-ti-s ~ *sth₂-téy-s

*stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtus

Proto-Slavic: *statъ

Proto-Italic: *status

Latin: status (see there for further descendants)

Marsian: state

Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌚 (statíf)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀 (statita), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (statitatu)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́wər

Ancient Greek: στέᾱρ (stéār), στεῖᾰρ (steîăr), στῆρ (stêr)

⇒ *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHnáH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *stūlā-, *stūlwā-

Albanian: shtyllë (pillar)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: postātwei, postānimai

Proto-Celtic: *stagnos (“tin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stamniz (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Welsh: sefyll

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στάδιος (stádios), στάδιον (stádion) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: westîn (“to be tired”) (>rawestîn/hilwestîn (“to stand”), vewestîn (“to stop”))

Central Kurdish: وەستان (westan, “to stand, wait, stop”)

Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)

Ossetian: стын (styn)

q

augmented with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁e-</i>

Phrygian: εσταες (estaes) (augmented with *h₁e-)

Proto-Tocharian: *stäm-

Tocharian A: ṣtäm-

Tocharian B: stäm-

Suffixed form *steh₂dʰ(h₁)-

>? *sth₂dʰ-mó-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *statʰmós (or simply *stā- + *-tʰmós)

Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós) (see there for further descendants)

*stéh₂dʰh₁-om (“herd”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀda

Proto-Slavic: *stàdo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōdą (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-énti (extended nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *standaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stāds (“plant, seedling”)

Extended form *steh₂w-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwēˀtei, *stāˀwā́ˀtei

Latvian: stāvēt

Lithuanian: stovėti

desc

Proto-Slavic: *stavati (“to stand up, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

*steh₂w-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną (“to stow”) (see there for further descendants)

*steh₂u-rós, *st-u-h₂-rós (with laryngeal metathesis)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ստուար (stuar) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *staurós

Ancient Greek: σταυρός (staurós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stauros

⇒ Latin: īnstaurō, restaurō (see there for further descendants)

*stoh₂w-ih₂ (collective)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *stōyyā́ (apparently with differing outcomes of Osthoff's law)

desc

Ancient Greek: στοᾱ́ (stoā́), στοιᾱ́ (stoiā́), στωῐ̈ᾱ́ (stōĭ̈ā́), στοιή (stoiḗ), στῳᾱ́ (stōiā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwāˀ

Lithuanian: stovà (“place”)

Proto-Slavic: *stava (“structural part, joint”)

Proto-Germanic: *stōō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staHwarás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staHwarás

Sanskrit: स्थावर (sthāvará)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: ستاوند (sotâvand)

Northern Kurdish: sivêrnek, sivande, sibirnek (and other dialectal formations)

Sanskrit: स्था (sthā)

Augment (Indo-European)
Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Osthoff's law
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰéh₁-t ~ *dʰh₁ént (athematic root aorist)

*dʰé-dʰoh₁-t-i (athematic reduplicated present)

⇒ *ḱred-dʰé-dʰoh₁-ti (“to place trust in, believe”) (+ *ḱḗr (“heart”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀla

Proto-Slavic: *dě̀lo (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-mn̥ ~ *dʰh₁-mén-s

*dʰéh₁-s ~ *dʰh₁-s-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰaHtā́ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-t-i-s ~ *dʰh₁-t-éy-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *datlā (“assembly”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tetʰmós

Ancient Greek: θεσμός (thesmós), τεθμός (tethmós)

Greek: θεσμός (thesmós)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰetós

desctree

Ancient Greek: θετός (thetós)
→ Greek: θετός (thetós) (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-datos

Latin: -ditus (abditus, conditus, etc.) (see there for further descendants))

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌕𐌞𐌔𐌄𐌕 (prúftúset, n.pl.perf.pass.part.), 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌕𐌀𐌔 (prúftas, f.pl.perf.pass.part.)

*dʰoHnéh₂ (“grain”) (perhaps)

*-dʰh₁-e (perhaps)

*h₂pó-dʰh₁-o-s (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *padas

Proto-Slavic: *podъ (see there for further descendants)

*uds-dʰh₁-o-s (+ *ud- (“out”))

Proto-Germanic: *uzdaz (see there for further descendants)

*swe-dʰh₁-sḱ-é-t-i (sḱe-present) (+ *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Italic: *sweskō

Latin: suēscō (see there for further descendants)

*swe-dʰh₁-eh₂ (+ *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Hellenic: *hwétʰō

Ancient Greek: ἔθω (éthō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swadʰaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swadʰaH

Sanskrit: स्वधा (svadhā́)

>? Proto-Italic: *swoldēō or *sweðēō

Latin: soleō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰh₁k-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *fakjō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁k-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *-θaks > *-faks
Latin: -fex

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰḗkā

Ancient Greek: θήκη (thḗkē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θεμείλια (themeília) (metrical lengthening of θεμέλιος (themélios))

desctree

Proto-Italic: *famelos
Latin: famulus, famelus (see there for further descendants)
Sabellic:
Oscan: 𐌚𐌌𐌋 (fml, nom. sg.) (abbreviation)
Paelignian: famel (nom. sg.)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fameljā
Latin: familia (see there for further descendants)
Sabellic:
Oscan: famelo
Umbrian: 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌛𐌉𐌀𐌔 (fameřias, nom. pl.)

*dʰéh₁t-s ~ *dʰh₁t-és

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θής (thḗs)

Proto-Italic: *-dōts

⇒ Latin: (sacer)dōs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դնեմ (dnem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέμα (théma) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: θέμις (thémis), Θέμις (Thémis) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: Θησεύς (Thēseús) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: δακετ (daket)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *teke- (see there for further descendants)


*h₁és-ti ~ *h₁s-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Palaic: [script needed] (iska, 2sg.impv.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Epic Greek: ἔσκε (éske, 3sg.impf.)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: escit (3sg.fut.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: skente (3pl.)

*h₁s-ónt-s (active participle)

*h₁és-u-s ~ *h₁s-éw-s (or only created in Proto-Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuš

(perhaps) *h₁su-

(perhaps) *h₁s-dʰló-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐσθλός (esthlós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Has-

Probably related to *h₁eh₁s- (“to sit”).

Helmut Rix
Indo-European copula
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*h₂wés-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₂wés-ti ~ *h₂us-énti (athematic root present)

Hittite: 𒄷𒅖𒍣 (ḫuišzi, “to live”)

*h₂wḗs-s-t ~ *h₂wés-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄεσα (áesa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अवात्सीत् (ávātsīt)

*h₂(w)e-h₂wós-e ~ *h₂(w)e-h₂us-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *was (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HuHā́sa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HuHā́sa

Sanskrit: उवास (uvā́sa)

Proto-Nuristani: *wā́sati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: vos-

Kativiri: vos-

*h₂í-h₂ews-e-ti (post-PIE reduplicated present with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Hellenic: *iauhō

Ancient Greek: ἰαύω (iaúō)

Proto-Celtic: *woseti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: wäs- (“to stay, to wait”)

*h₂wés-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“essence, nature”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वस्ति (vasti)

>? *h₂wóstu, *h₂wós-tu (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *au̯aϑā

Albanian: vathë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒍑 (ḫu-uš)

Luwian:

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (hwisar, “game, wild beasts”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ագանիմ (aganim, “to spend the night”), գոյ (goy, “being, existence; God”), գոմ (gom, “to exist”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄεσα (áesa, “to pass the night”)

Proto-Italic: *Westā

Latin: Vesta

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἑστῐ́ᾱ (hestĭ́ā, “hearth”), ἱστίη (histíē) — Ionic, ἱστία (histía) — Aeolic, Boeotian, Locrian, Doric, Arcadocypriot
Greek: εστία (estía)

Ancient Greek: Ἑστῐ́ᾱ (Hestĭ́ā) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)


bʰuH-

*bʰúH-t (zero-grade root aorist)

q

*bʰéwH-e-ti (full-grade thematic present) (these are analogical according to some sources)

Proto-Germanic: *beuną (suppletive) (< athematic *bʰéwH-ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáwHati

Sanskrit: भवति (bhávati) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: भावयति (bhāvayati, secondary causative)

Proto-Iranian: *báwati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaⁱti)

Zazaki: beno, bena, benê

Northern Kurdish: bûn

Persian: بودن (budan)

*bʰuH-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

*bʰowH-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāwˀitei (or secondary formation?)

Lithuanian: bùvintis

Proto-Slavic: *baviti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰe-bʰúH-e ~ *bʰe-bʰuH-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεφύασι (pephúasi, 3pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰúHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰúHa

Sanskrit: बभूव (babhū́va)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀 (buuāuua, 3sg.), 𐬠𐬁𐬠𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (bābuuar^ə, 3pl.)

*bʰuH-tís

Proto-Albanian: *bwātā

Albanian: botë

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bytь (“culture, essence”) (abstract denominal of *byti) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

q

with shortened root vowel as in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">στᾰ́σῐς</i> (stắsĭs)

Ancient Greek: φῠ́σῐς (phŭ́sĭs), φῠ́στῐς (phŭ́stĭs) (with shortened root vowel as in στᾰ́σῐς (stắsĭs))

→? Albanian: fis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuHtíṣ

Sanskrit: भूति (bhūtí, bhū́ti)

*bʰuH-ti-ḱos

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φυσικός (phusikós), φυτικός (phutikós)

*bʰúH-tus

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bū́tu

Old Prussian: būton, boūton

desc

Proto-Slavic: *bytъ (“entity, creature”) (denominal from the supine of *byti)

*bʰúH-m-i-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHmiš (see there for further descendants)

*bʰúH-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῦμᾰ (phûmă)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHma

Sanskrit: भूमन् (bhū́man)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φυή (phuḗ)

*bʰuH-tós

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bùtas (“accommodation”)

Proto-Slavic: *byto (“being”)

Proto-Celtic: *butā

Brythonic:

Old Breton: Bot-

Breton: bod

Cornish: bod

Middle Welsh: bod

Welsh: bod

Goidelic:

Old Irish: both

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠτός (phŭtós), φῠτόν (phŭtón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰuH-lom

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῦλον (phûlon), φῡλή (phūlḗ)

*bʰuH-s

Italic:

Latin (pro)bus, (super)bus, (trī)bus

*bʰúH-tlom

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰútlā, *pʰútlon

Ancient Greek: φῠ́τλᾱ (phŭ́tlā), φῠ́τλη (phŭ́tlē); φῠ́τλον (phŭ́tlon)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: būklas, bū́kla

Proto-Slavic: *bydlo (see there for further descendants)

*bʰuH-rom

Proto-Germanic: *būrą (see there for further descendants)

*pro-bʰHus (“good, excellent”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prabʰHúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prabʰHúṣ

Sanskrit: प्रभु (prabhú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *proβos

Latin: probus (see there for further descendants)

*swe-bʰuH- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: atsvabinât, svabads

Proto-Slavic: *svoboda, *sveboda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swēbaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Samnium, Sabīnī, Sabellī, Semnōnes

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *būmā

Albanian: bimë

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: bëhem

Proto-Albanian: *bāl-

⇒ Albanian: abolla

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բոյս (boys), բոյլ (boyl), բոյն (boyn), բլիթ (blitʻ), բոյթ (boytʻ), բայ (bay), (possibly) բաւիղ (bawił) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōþō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *buskaz (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: -bō (ending of future), -bam (ending of imperfect), -bundus (as in moribundus)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen


*greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei

Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)

Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)

*gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: hungëroj

Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: gùrti

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)

Extensions

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grakō

⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”) (see there for further descendants)

*gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-

>? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: gi̇̀rgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)

Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz

Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati

Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*h₃éd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdstei (older)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀstei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *odō

Latin: olō, oleō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃éd-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *óďďō
Ancient Greek: ὄζω (ózō)
Doric Greek: ὄσδω (ósdō)

*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr (perfect)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀδώδειν (odṓdein)

Proto-Albanian: *admā

Albanian: amëz, âmë

Albanian: erë

Proto-Hellenic: *odmā́

Ancient Greek: ὀδμή (odmḗ)

Attic Greek: ὀσμή (osmḗ)

*h₃éd-os ~ *h₃éd-es-os

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: հոտ (hot)
Armenian: հոտ (hot)

Proto-Italic: *odōs

Old Latin: odōs

Latin: odor (see there for further descendants)

The "stink", "hate", and "bite" senses may all be etymologically equivalent and stem from an original meaning of "sting".


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ատեամ (ateam), ատեմ (atem) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Italic: *ōdai

Latin: ōdī (see there for further descendants)

*h₃od-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *atalaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὠδυσάμην (ōdusámēn), ὀδύσσομαι (odússomai)


(possibly) *h₃d-ónt- (“*biting; tooth”, participle)

(possibly) *h₃ed-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdas

Proto-Baltic: *uodas

Eastern Baltic: *uodas

Latvian: ods

Lithuanian: úodas


new-

*nu

*néw-o-s

*néw-yo-s


new-

Proto-Celtic: *nuweti

Old Irish: ad·noí (from *ati-nuweti)

Middle Irish: as·noí (from *exs-nuweti)

Welsh: adnau (from *ati-nowos), dinau (from *dī-nowos)

Proto-Germanic: *neudaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νεύω (neúō)

Proto-Italic: *nuō

Latin: *nuō (attested only in compounds)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwatay

Sanskrit: नवते (návate)


peḱ-

*péḱ-ti

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέκω (pékō, “to comb”)

*peḱ-te-ti (perhaps by metathesis from *petḱ- < *pe-pḱ- or the same seen in *pléḱ-te-ti)

Proto-Germanic: *fehtaną (“to comb, detangle, struggle”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεκτέω (pektéō, “to shear”)

Proto-Italic: *pektō

Latin: pectō (“to comb”)

*poḱ-os-

Proto-Germanic: *fahaz (“sheep”)

*poḱ-o-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόκος (pókos)

*poḱ-ti-

Proto-Germanic: *fahtiz (“fleece”)

Old English: feht

Old Frisian: fecht

Middle Dutch: vacht

Dutch: vacht

*p(e)ḱ-tén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κτείς (kteís)

Italic:

Latin: pecten

*poḱ-s-om

Proto-Germanic: *fahsą

*poḱ-s-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páćšma (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pešù, pèšti (“to pluck, tear (of hair)”), iterative pašýti (“to brawl”)


peḱ-

peḱ- (canonical)
Homeric Greek (canonical)

*peḱ-u

*péḱ-os ~ *péḱ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *pékos

Ancient Greek: πέκος (pékos, “fleece, wool”)

Proto-Italic: *pekos

Latin: pecus (“cattle”) (see there for further descendants)


peḱ-

*peḱ- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *fehaną (“to rejoice”)

Old English: gefēon (“to be glad”), fægen (“glad”, past participle)

English: fain

Old High German: gifehan (“to be glad”)

Old Norse: feginn (past participle)

Icelandic: feginn

Faroese: fegin

Norwegian: fegen

*poḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fagjaną (“to please”)

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*fahjan) (in 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullafahjan))

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: púošiu (“adorn”)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

Middle Irish: perhaps āil (“pleasant”)

Germanic:

Old Norse: fága (“adorn, polish”)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌸𐍃 (fahēþs, “joy”)


*ǵérh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHati

Sanskrit: जरति (járati)

*ǵorh₂-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zorìti (“to ripen (tr.)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́arHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́arHáyati

Sanskrit: जरयति (jaráyati, “to make old, wear out”)

*ǵr̥h₂-nó-m (“grain”)

*ǵerh₂-ós (e-grade *-ós adjective)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծեր (cer)
Armenian: ծեր (cer)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γεραρός (gerarós)

Proto-Iranian: *jár̥Hrah

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬭𐬀 (zaᵘrura, “weak through old age, decrepit”)

Proto-Hellenic: *grāū́s

Ancient Greek: γραῦς (graûs)

Proto-Albanian: *grāwā

Albanian: grua (woman, wife)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γεραιός (geraiós), γραῖᾱ (graîā), Γραῖαι (Graîai), Γραῖα (Graîa, “ancient city”), Γραῖος (Graîos)

desctree

⇒ Ancient Greek: Γραικός (Graikós)
→ Latin: Graecus, Latin: graecus (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: Grāius

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), γέρας (géras, “gift of honour”)

*ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s

Proto-Tocharian: *śërāw'ë-

Tocharian B: śrāy

*ǵérh₂-mn̥ ~ *ǵr̥h₂-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHma

desc

Sanskrit: जरिमन् (jariman, “old age, decrepitude”)

Proto-Iranian: *járHma

Middle Persian: (“old age”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zrmʾn /zarmān/), 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏𐫆 (zrmʾnyẖ /zarmānīh/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlm'n' /zarmān/)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γήραμα (gḗrama, “old age”)

Proto-Germanic: *karaz, *karilaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *járHwáh (“old age”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (zaᵘruuā, “old age”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzr)

Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫇 (zrw /zarw/)

Sogdian script: 𐼵𐽀𐼴𐼳 (zrwh /zarw/)

Syriac script: ܙܪܘ (zrw /zarw/)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: зӕруӕ (zærwæ), зӕруай (zærwaj, “old age”)

Pashto: زړوالۍ (zaṛwā́lay, “old age”)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (zrwʾn /zarwān/, “old age”)

Proto-Iranian: *járHtáh (“old; old age”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (zar^əta, “old”)

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫉𐫡𐫅 (zrd /zard/, “infirm; old age”)

Persian: زال (zâl, “Zāl (a mythological person in Shahnameh who has an old face and white hairs); albino”); زر (zar, “old”)

Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age; old woman”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫤𐫐 (zyrtk /zirt(a)/)

Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼳 (zyrth /zirt(a), zert(a)/)

Pashto: زړه (zaṛa, “old”), زوړ (zoṛ, “old”), زاړه (zāṛə́)

Proto-Iranian: *járH-ištah (“oldness”)

Pashto: زړښت (zaṛǝ́x̌t, “oldness”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: जरा (jarā́, “old age”)

Sanskrit: जरस् (jarás, “senescence, decay, old age”)

Sanskrit: जर (jára, “becoming old; the act of wearing out, wasting”)

Sanskrit: जरायु (jarāyu, “decaying; the cast-off skin of a serpent; a perishable covering; afterbirth”)

Proto-Albanian: *grāwā

Albanian: grua, grue, gru — Gheg, gruo — Old Gheg

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zьrěti > *zrělъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जॄ (jṝ)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


men-

*mn̥-tó (deponent root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अमत (ámata)

Proto-Iranian:

q

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬁 (maṇtā) (with analogical introduction of the full grade root)

*mn̥-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

Proto-Celtic: *manyetor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *məňňómai

Ancient Greek: μαίνομαι (maínomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mányatay (see there for further descendants)

*me-mn-eh₂-sḱé-ti (reduplicated thematic sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μιμνῄσκω (mimnḗiskō)

*me-món-e ~ *me-mn-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

*mon-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Latgalian: maneit' (“to notice, to observe, to perceive”)

Lithuanian: manyti (“to deem”)

Latvian: manīt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mānáyati

Sanskrit: मानयति (mānayati)

Proto-Italic: *moneō (see there for further descendants)

*mn-eh₂-yé-tor (thematic ye-deponent)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μνάομαι (mnáomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mnaHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mnaHyátay

Sanskrit: म्नायते (mnāyate)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μνήμων (mnḗmōn)

⇒ Ancient Greek: μνημοσύνη (mnēmosúnē)

*mn̥-tó-s (“thought”)

*mén-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántram (see there for further descendants)

*mé-mn-os or *me-mn̥-wṓs

Proto-Italic: *memnos

Latin: memor

*mé-mn-ō

>? Proto-Hellenic:

(θρασυ)μέμνων

Ancient Greek: (θρασυ)μέμνων ((thrasu)mémnōn)

*mén-mn̥ ~ *mn̥-mén-s (“understanding”)

Proto-Celtic: *menman (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mánman

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mánman

Sanskrit: मन्मन् (mánman)

*mén-os (“mind”)

*mén-ti-s ~ *mn̥-téy-s (“thought”)

*mén-tōr

Proto-Hellenic: *méntōr

Ancient Greek: Μέντωρ (Méntōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mántā

Sanskrit: मन्तृ (mantṛ́)

q

*men-*dʰ- ~ *meh₂-dʰ? (probably neo-root of einzelsprachlich origin, re-analyzed from *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-)

Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (< *mn̥-dʰ-ro-)

Proto-Germanic: *mundōną

Proto-Hellenic: *məntʰánō or *mantʰánō (< *mn̥-n-dʰ- or *mh₂-n-dʰ-) (nasal-infix)

Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō)

Proto-Hellenic: *mətʰḗs or *matʰḗs (< *mn̥-dʰ-ḗs or *mh₂-dʰ-ḗs)

Ancient Greek: (ἀ)μᾰθής ((a)măthḗs)

Proto-Hellenic: *mātʰḗs (< *meh₂-dʰ-ḗs)

Ancient Greek: (προ)μᾱθής ((pro)māthḗs), (προ)μηθής ((pro)mēthḗs)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Μοῦσα (Moûsa) (< *mon-dʰ-ih₂) (perhaps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madᶻdʰáH (< *mn̥s-dʰh₁-éh₂)

Proto-Italic: *monestrom

Latin: mōnstrum (< *mon-dʰ-tr-o- or *mon-s-tr-o-)?

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *minþijō

Frankish: *minnjo

Old French: mignon

Middle French: mignon

English: minion

Proto-West Germanic: *muntijan (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: मन्तु (mántu, “advisor, arbiter; counsel; mankind; understanding”)

Latin: comminīscor, reminīscor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *man

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *man

Sanskrit: मन् (man)

Proto-Iranian: *man

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man)


men-

*mén-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ménō

Ancient Greek: μένω (ménō, “to stay, remain”)

>? *me-món-e (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamā́na

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamā́na

Sanskrit: ममन्धि (mamandhi, “wait!”, 2sg.ipv.perf.act.), अममन् (ámaman, “had waited”, 3sg.plqpf.act.), ममन्यात् (mamanyāt, 3sg.opt.perf.act.)

*mí-men-ti ~ *mí-mn̥-nti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίμνω (mímnō, “to stay, remain”)

>? Proto-Anatolian: (unlikely)

Hittite: 𒈪𒅎𒈠𒄿 (mi-im-ma-i, “to refuse, decline”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*mḗn-s-t ~ *mén-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔμεινα (émeina, “remained”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mānsī (“remained”)

*mon-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati

Proto-Iranian: *mānáyati (see there for further descendants)

*m̥n-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Armenian: *menāye- (or < *mn̥-h₁yé-ti ("essive"))

Old Armenian: մնամ (mnam, 1sg.pres.)

Armenian: մնալ (mnal)

Proto-Italic: *mnēō, *monēō (unexplained -o-)

Latin: maneō (see there for further descendants)

*mn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Armenian: *menāsk̑et

Armenian: մնաց (mnacʻ, 3sg.aor.)

(possibly) Proto-Tocharian: *mäsk- (“to reside, be”)

Tocharian A: mäskatär

Tocharian B: mäsketär

Proto-Hellenic: *monā́

Ancient Greek: μονή (monḗ, “staying, detention”)

*mé-mn-ō

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Μέμνων (Mémnōn)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *an-men- (“patience, forbearance”)

Middle Welsh: anmynedd, amynedd

Old Irish: ainmne


men-

Proto-Italic: *menēō

Latin: (ē)mineō, (im)mineō, (prō)mineō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *menā

Latin: minae

*mn̥-tó-s (“protruding”)

*món-tis ~ *mn̥-téy-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*mń̥tis</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mátiš (< *mń̥tis)

Proto-Iranian: *mátiš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (maⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *monts

Latin: mōns (see there for further descendants)

*mon-i-yo-

Proto-Celtic: *moniyos (“mountain”) (see there for further descendants)

*mōn-i-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaz

Old Norse: mœnir (“ridge of a roof”)

*mōn-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaną

Old Norse: mœna (“to tower”)


men-

*món-wo-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μόνος (mónos, “alone”)

*mén-us ~ mn̥-éws

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *menus
Old Irish: min
Irish: mion
Scottish Gaelic: mion
Proto-Brythonic:
⇒ Old Welsh: dimanuo (3sg. pres. subj.)
Middle Welsh: divanw
Welsh: difenwi
⇒ Old Irish: menb (from thematized *menwos)
Middle Irish: menb
Scottish Gaelic: meanbh

*mn̥(H)u-

Old Armenian: մանր (manr, “little”)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈠𒉌𒅔𒆪𒉿𒀭𒋼𒌍 (maninkuwantes, “short”).

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: meñkas (“negligible”)

Germanic:

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *muniwu (“small fish”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μανός (manós, “sparse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manā́k

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *manā́k

Sanskrit: मनाक् (manā́k, “a little”)

Proto-Tocharian: *menke

Tocharian A: mank

Tocharian B: menki (“lack”)


ped-

*péd-ye-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pádyati (see there for further descendants)

*pi-péd-ti ~ *pi-pd-énti (reduplicated present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pibdáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pibdáti

Sanskrit: पिब्दमान (píbdamāna, pres.part.)

*pe-pód-e ~ *pe-pd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́da

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́da

Sanskrit: पपाद (papā́da)

*pod-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pādáyati

Sanskrit: पादयति (pādáyati)

*ped-e-ti (innovative root present)

Proto-Germanic: *fetaną (see there for further descendants)

*pṓd-s (“foot”)

*ped-om (“step”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /pēdan/)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հետ (het), յետ (yet), ետ (et)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸedom

(possibly) Old Irish: ed (“space, interval”)

Proto-Germanic: *fetą

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέδον (pédon, “ground”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *padám

Sanskrit: पद (padá, “step”)

Hindi: पद (pad, “step”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *pedom
Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖𐌌 (peřum), 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖 (peřu), perso (acc. sg.)

⇒ Latin: (op)pidum

Proto-Hellenic: *pédā

Ancient Greek: πέδη (pédē)

*pēd-ó-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pēdā́ˀ

Latgalian: pāda

Latvian: pēda

Lithuanian: pėdà (but also masculine pė́das)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πηδόν (pēdón, “oar blade”)

*ped-to-

Proto-Italic: *pessom

Latin: pessum

*ped-yós

Proto-Hellenic: *peďďos

Ancient Greek: πεζός (pezós, “afoot”)

*ped-yōs

Proto-Italic: *pedjōs

Latin: pēior

*ped-tm̥mo-

Proto-Italic: *pessəmos

Latin: pessimus

*ped-uro-

Proto-Germanic: *feturaz (see there for further descendants)

q

*ped-tís (or *ped-h₂t-í-s, with -h₂t- from the root *h₂et- (“to go, to wander”))

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *patˢtíš (“foot soldier”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pěšь, *pěxъ, *pasti, *padati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fatōną

Proto-Italic:

Latin: expediō

Latin: impediō

Latin: peccō (for *pedcō)


bʰer-

*bʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *berja (see there for further descendants)

*bʰor-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

*bʰr̥-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *burjaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer-H-men-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bèrmę (“load, burden”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHmā

Sanskrit: भरीमन् (bhárīman)

Proto-Germanic: *bērō

Proto-Slavic: *berďa (“pregnant”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéretron

q

or later variant of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φέρτρον</i> (phértron)

Ancient Greek: φέρετρον (phéretron, “bier, litter, frame”) (or later variant of φέρτρον (phértron)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: φαρέτρᾱ (pharétrā, “quiver”) (from the plural) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHtram

Sanskrit: भरित्र (bharítra, “arm”)

*bʰér-ist(H)-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéristos

Ancient Greek: φέριστος (phéristos, “strongest-carrying ?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárištʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bárištah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (baⁱrišta, “helping best”, voc.)

*bʰér-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérmə

Ancient Greek: φέρμᾰ (phérmă, “fruit of the womb/earth”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárma

Sanskrit: भर्मन् (bhárman)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰernā́

Ancient Greek: φερνή (phernḗ, “dowry”)

*bʰer-no-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բեռն (beṙn)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: bārns (“child”)

Latvian: bērns (“child”)

Lithuanian: bernas (“young, unmarried man; child; boy; servant”)

Sudovian: barnaj (“children”)

*bʰer-n-yo-m

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérnyom

Ancient Greek: φέρνιον (phérnion, “fish-basket”)

*bʰer-ont-ih₂ ~ *bʰer-ont-y-eh₂

Tocharian:

pregnant 􂀿of a woman􂁀; potent 􂀿of a man􂁀

Tocharian B: preṃtsa (“pregnant [of a woman]; potent [of a man]”)

*bʰér-ti-s (“the act of carrying, bearing”)

*bʰér-tr-o-m

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰer(H)tróm</i>

Proto-Germanic: *berdrą (< *bʰer(H)tróm)

Proto-West Germanic: *berdr

Old English: beordor (“birth”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰértron

desc

Ancient Greek: φέρτρον (phértron, “bier”)

*bʰṓr (“thief”)

Proto-Italic: *for(i)dā

Latin: forda (“cow in calf”)

*bʰor-mo-

Proto-Germanic: *barmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰormos

(perhaps) Ancient Greek: φορμός (phormós)

Proto-Albanian: *barnā

Albanian: barrë (“pregnancy; foetus, child”)

*bʰor-no-m

Proto-Germanic: *barną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰór-o-s

*bʰor-ó-s

*bʰor-uko-

Proto-Albanian: *báruka

Albanian: bark (“belly, abdomen, womb”)

Messapic:

→? Ancient Greek: βάρυκα (báruka)

Proto-Italic: *fortūnā

Latin: fortūna

Proto-Celtic: *adbertā

Old Irish: ad-opair (“(s)he sacrifices”)

Old Welsh: aperth (“animal sacrifice, offering, prayer”)

Welsh: aberth

Breton: aberzh

Proto-Germanic: *atberaną (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: αββερετ (abberet)

Proto-Italic: *adfertōr

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌛𐌚𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌓 (ařfertur)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: bir (“son”)

Proto-Germanic: *bringaną (probably) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *buriz (“son”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burþį̄ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -աւոր (-awor)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ber̃ždžias, ber̃gždžias (“barren (of a cow)”)

Proto-Slavic: *bèrďь (“pregnant”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φορεύς (phoreús, “bearer”)

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: भार (bhārá) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: fordus (“pregnant”)

Extended form *bʰr-ew-

(possibly) *bʰrews- (“belly”)

*bʰrews-o-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *břȗxo, *břȗxъ (“belly”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrus-on-

Proto-Celtic: *brusū (“belly, abdomen, chest, breast”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

*breustą (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

*brusts (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


ter-

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: trim

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թոռն (tʻoṙn)

Middle Armenian: թարմ (tʻarm)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tarnas

Lithuanian: tar̃nas (“servant”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru, “weak, small”), τέρην (térēn, “smooth, gentle”), τεράμων (terámōn, “becoming soft by boiling”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárunas

Sanskrit: तरुण (táruṇa, “young”), तर्ण (tárṇa, “calf”), तर्णक (tárṇaka, “any young animal”)

Romani: tarno (“young”)

Proto-Iranian: *tárunah

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬥𐬀 (taᵘruna, “the young of humans and animals”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tarōk, “young”), [script needed] (tōrūk, “young dog”)

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕрин (tærin), тӕрна (tærna)

Iron: тыры́н (tyrýn), тыр (tyr)

Persian: تر (tar, “wet”), توله (tôla, “whelp”), ترانه (tarâna, “a handsome youth”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (trn /tarun/, “tame, gentle”)

Italic:

Latin: (possibly) tardus

Latin: (possibly) tener

Latin: (possibly) termes

Sabine: terenum (“soft”)


up-

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic

Proto-Slavic: *vъpiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *vъplь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ūfaz

Swedish: uv

>? Proto-Germanic: *uwwalǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬨𐬌 (ufiieimi, “to call out”)


Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊

Albanian: pashë

*péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti

Sanskrit: पाति (pā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *páHti

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)

Northern Kurdish: pa (as in pavan (“guardian”), panêrr (“warden”))

*péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)

*ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)

Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)

Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)

Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-

Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")

Tocharian: paskenträ

*poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”)

Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ

Sanskrit: पायु (pāyú, “guard, protector”)

Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)

*ph₂tḗr (“father”) (or from a nursery form *pa)

Iranian: *pātew-

Persian پاده (pâda, “flock”)

Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis

Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"

Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)

Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ئاوا (awa, “built; inhabited; florishing”), ئاوەدان (awedan)

Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)

Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /apadāna/)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /apadāna/)

Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):

Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)

Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)

Armenian: հոտաղ (hotaġ, “shepherd”)

? *peh₂-lo-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

q

or from <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">पार</i> (pārá)

Sanskrit: पाल (pāla) (or from पार (pārá))

*peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւրան (hawran, “herd”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras

Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)

desc

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾhr /pāhr/), [Term?] (/pāhrag/) (learned)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdian: [script needed] (pʾδr /pāθr/), [script needed] (pʾrδ /pārθ/), [script needed] (pʾš /pāš/, “respect, honour”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: [script needed] (pḥr /pahr/), [script needed] (pḥrg /pahrag/, “watch-post”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾḥl /pahr/), [Term?] (/pahrag/)

Classical Persian: پَهْرَه (pahra, “watch, guard”)

→ Old Armenian: պահակ (pahak, “guard, watchman”)

→ Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah, “watch, guard”)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾs /pās/, “watch, guard”)

Classical Persian: پَاس (pās, “watch, guard”)

→ Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti

Italic:

Latin: pābulum

Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Πάν (Pán)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́

Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)

Northern Kurdish: pawan (“domain; grazing-land, reserved or hired and fixed pasture; sheeppen; preserver, protector”), poxan (“landfill”) (perhaps)

*péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā

Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)

Proto-Iranian: *páHtā

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬁 (pātā)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հովիւ (hoviw, “shepherd”) < *h₃éwi-peh₂-

(?) Old Armenian: հայիմ (hayim, “to watch”)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-

Proto-Iranian: *paH-

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /pā-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /pādan/)

Persian: پاییدن (pâyidan)

Italic:

Latin: panis

Latin: penes, penetrō

Latin: penus, Penātes

Umbrian: puni


ker-

*kor-os

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kãras

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras-

Proto-Iranian: *kā́rah

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /kāra/, “people of war, army”)
⇒ Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (/kārawān/) (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Middle Persian: [Term?] (/kārazār/, “battle”)
Classical Persian: کارزار (kārzār)

*kor-yos

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: karš

Lithuanian: kãrias

Old Prussian: kargis

Proto-Celtic: *koryos

Old Irish: cuire

Irish: cuire

Welsh: cordd

Proto-Germanic: *harjaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kor-yo-nos

Proto-Germanic: *harjanaz

Old Norse: Herjann

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κοίρανος (koíranos)


pel-

*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés

*pl-ēn-ih₂, *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēnīˀ, *plēnjāˀ, *plēnāˀ (“membrane”)

Latgalian: plieņs

Latvian: plēne, plēnes

Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėni̇̀s

Old Prussian: pleynis

Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)

*pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)

*pel-nó-m

Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *palnā

>? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)

*pel-n-i-s

Proto-Italic: *pelnis

Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

*pél-mn̥

⇒? *pel-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə

desctree

Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélmă, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
Translingual: ⇒ Pelmatellus

*pél-sḱo-s

Proto-Albanian: *plaska

desc

Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)

*pél-trom

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)

Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: lethar

→? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Extensions

*pel-k-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)

*pel-t-

q

or substantivized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pol-to-</i>

⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)

or a u-variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pleh₂-</i>?

*pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)

⇒ *plēw-eh₂

desc

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)

Latgalian: plēve

Latvian: plêve

Lithuanian: plėvė̃

Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m

>? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon

Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-

⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s

Proto-Anatolian:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pleh₂-</i> (“wide, broad, flat”)

>? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))

⇒ *pélh₂-t-

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-) (see there for further descendants)


pel-

*pleḱ-

*pl-okos

Proto-Iranian: *frakah

Parthian: (/-frag/, “-fold”)

Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /dōfrag/, “two-fold”) )

Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)

Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect دوپر (dôper, “two-fold”))

*pl-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *-plós

Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))

Proto-Italic: *-plos

Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)

*pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *péplos

>? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)

*pel-t-

Proto-Germanic: *falþaną

*pl̥-tu-

Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltu- (“joint”)

Old Irish: alt

Irish: alt

Scottish Gaelic: alt

*pl̥-to- (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *पृत (pṛta)

Sanskrit: पुट (puṭa, “fold”)

Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Southeastern: -uřë (“layer”)

⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *palā

Albanian: palë

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))


pel-

*pel-d-

*pel-d

Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)

*pel-em-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)

*pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāgō

Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāngō

Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō

Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)

Proto-Albanian: *plāgā

Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)

Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)

Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)

Proto-Italic: *plāgā

Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō

Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)

Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)

→ Greek: πλήττω (plítto)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei

Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom

Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plēktō

Latin: plēctō

*pol-ye-ti

Proto-Italic: *poljō

Latin: poliō

Proto-Italic: *polāō

Latin: (inter)polō

*pl̥-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō

Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)

*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti

Proto-Italic: *pelnō

Latin: pellō

*pl̥-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *plətós

Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)

Proto-Italic: *poltos

⇒ Latin: pultō

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)


pel-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)

Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: puls

Latin: pulvis

Latin: pollen

Proto-Slavic: *pylъ

Polish: pył

Polish: pyłek

Polish: pylić

Polish: pylenie

Polish: pylnik


pel-

alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)


bel-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βελτίων (beltíōn)

Proto-Slavic: *boľьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bálas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bálam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: dēbilis


med-

*mḗd-eti ~ *méd-eti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *metaną (“to measure”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *mētiz (“estimable”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *mōtaną (from a secondary perfect *me-mṓd-e)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέδω (médō, “to protect”)

Ancient Greek: μέδομαι (médomai, “to provide for”)

Ancient Greek: μήδομαι (mḗdomai, “to deliberate, estimate”)

*med-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *medēōr (“to heal”)

Latin: medeor (see there for further descendants)

*mēd-yé-ti (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *medyetor (“to measure, judge”)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðɨd
Old Cornish: medhes
Middle Welsh: meðu
Welsh: meddu

Old Irish: midithir

Proto-Tocharian: *meim

Tocharian A: mem

Tocharian B: maim

*méd-tus

Proto-Celtic: *messus

Old Irish: mess (“judgement”)

*med-os ~ *med-es (“measure”)

Proto-Italic: *modos

Latin: modus (see there for further descendants)

Volscian: medix

*mḗd-os ~ *méd-os

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: միտ (mit, “mind, intellect”)

Proto-Germanic: *mētō (“measure, size”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *metōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *metōduz (“god”)

Old English: metod, meted, metud, meotod, meotud

Old Saxon: metod

Old Norse: mjǫtuðr

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗdeha

Ancient Greek: μήδεα (mḗdea)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *matśi

Albanian: mas

Proto-Germanic: *metaþs (“measure”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬨𐬀𐬛 (vīmad, “physician”)

Old Persian: [script needed] (azdā, “known”)

Western Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: pîvan


wel-

*wél-e-ti ~ *wl-én-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weleti (“to see”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *weless (“seer, poet”) (+ *-ess ~ *-etos) (see there for further descendants)

*wḗl-s-t ~ *wél-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *yels-

Tocharian B: yel- (“to investigate”)

*wléy-ti (ey-aktionsart)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *wley- (reanalysed root)

⇒ *wléy-de-ti (de-present)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (perhaps more likely from a contaminated *weyd- (“to see”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)

*wél-ti-s ~ *wl̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)

*wél-tu-s ~ *wl̥-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *woltus

Latin: voltus (“(facial) expression”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղ (geł, “beauty; (beautiful) appearance, look”)

Proto-Germanic: *wuldrą (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wulþuz (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱley-

*ḱléy-tis ~ *ḱli-téys

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: šliti̇̀s (“shove-shed”)

*ḱloyw-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlaiwaz (“shelter”), now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hlaiw

*ḱli-tó-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlidą

*ḱli-tó-s (“covered, sheltered”)

Reanalysed root of *ḱléyti, from *ḱel- (“to cover”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


ḱley-

*ḱléy-t ~ *ḱli-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अश्रेत् (áśret)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬯𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬀 (nisrīta, “to bring to, assign”, 3sg.inj.mid.)

Proto-Italic: *klient- (“who supports, who depends”, act.ptc.)

Latin: cliēns

*ḱléy-e-ti (“to lean”, thematic root present)

*ḱl̥-né-y-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-y-énti (nasal-infix present)

*ḱli-néw-ti ~ *ḱli-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrináwti (“to lean”)

Proto-Iranian: *crináwtī

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬯𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌 (nisrinaomi, “to lean”, 1sg.pres.)

*ḱe-ḱlóy-e ~ *ḱe-ḱli-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέκλιται (kéklitai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćićrā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śiśrā́ya

Sanskrit: शिश्राय (śiśrā́ya)

*ḱléy-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *klímə

Ancient Greek: κλίμα (klíma, “slope, inclination; clime”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱléy-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *kliyos (“left side”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱley-wó-s (“sloped”)

*ḱli-tós (“leaning, sloped”)

*ḱlóy-dʰro-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlaidrijō (“ladder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *klaina

Albanian: qye (“peak, summit”)

*ḱloy-w-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlaiwą (“hill, burial mound”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱleyn-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լինիմ (linim, “to be”) (perhaps)

Armenian: լինել (linel)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լեառն (leaṙn, “mountain”)
Armenian: լեռ (leṙ)

Proto-Celtic: *kleibos

Old Irish: clíab

Irish: cliabh

Manx: cleeau

Scottish Gaelic: cliabh

Proto-Italic:

Latin: clēmēns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: श्रि (śri)

Reanalysed root of *ḱléyti, from *ḱel- (“to incline”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


nem-

*ném-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nemtei

Latvian: ņemt (“take”)

Proto-Germanic: *nemaną (“take”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *némō

desc

Ancient Greek: νέμω (némō, “dispense, distribute”)

Proto-Hellenic: *nomā́

Ancient Greek: νομή (nomḗ, “pasture”)

*ném-es-o-s

Proto-Italic: *nomezos

Latin: numerus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nemehā

Ancient Greek: Νεμέα (Neméa)

*nóm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *nómos

Ancient Greek: νόμος (nómos, “custom, law”)

*nom-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *nomós

Ancient Greek: νομός (nomós, “pasture, habitation, province”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *námas

Sanskrit: नम (náma, “pasture-ground”)

*ném-tis ~ *nm̥-téys

Proto-Germanic: *numþiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *namā

Albanian: nëmë

Proto-Albanian: *nemska

Albanian: njeh

>? Proto-Celtic: *neman (< *nem-mn̥ with degemination}}

desctree

Old Irish: neim (“poison”)
Irish: nimh
Manx: nieu
Scottish Gaelic: nimh

Proto-Celtic: *nemetom (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *nantos (< *nm̥-tos) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: Νέμεσις (Némesis, “Nemesis, goddess of retribution”)

Possibly related to *h₁em- (“to take, to distribute”).


nem-

*ném-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námati (“to bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*nḗm-s-t ~ *ném-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: अनान् (anān)

*ne-nóm-e ~ *ne-nm-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: नानाम (nānāma)

*nom-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: नमयति (namayati) (with analogical shortening of root vowel)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nāmaiieⁱti)

*ném-os ~ *ném-es-os (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: नम् (nam)

From Etymology 1, with semantic shift "to distribute" > "to worship, sacrifice" > "to bend".


sneygʷʰ-

*snéygʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *snīwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νείφει (neíphei)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáyǰʰati

Proto-Iranian: *snáyǰati

desc

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (snaēžaⁱti, “to snow”)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: nīvit (“it snows”)

*sni-né-gʷʰ-ti ~ *sni-n-gʷʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ningit/ninguit (nasal present probably secondary)

*snigʷʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *snigʷyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sniǰʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sníźʰyati

Sanskrit: स्निह्यति (sníhyati, “to be adhesive or sticky; to remain, stick”)

*snígʷʰ-s (“snow”)

*snóygʷʰ-o-s (“snow”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: snigt

Latvian: snigt

Lithuanian: sni̇̀gti

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Shughni: жиниҷ (žiniǰ)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śiñcatstse* (“snowy”), adjectival derivative (cited, as normal, in its masculine nominative singular form, which is projectable from the attested masculine accusative & genitive singulars) of fully-unattested *śiñce (“snow”) < a Proto-Indo-European *snigʷʰ-ēn-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्निह् (snih)


sem-

*sḗm (“one”)

*sm̥- (“one”)

*sēm-i (“half”)

*sem-ǵʰo-

Proto-Albanian: *semdza

Albanian: gjithë

Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi

Latin: singulī

*som-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sam-

Old Norse: sam- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam- (see there for further descendants)

*ḱóm-som-

>? Proto-Hellenic: *ksun (possibly)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)

Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún) — Homeric, Old Attic, σούν (soún) — Boeotian (see there for further descendants)

*som-H-ós (“same”)

*sem-h₁ (“couple”, dual)

*sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)

Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’) — apocopic, ἁμᾶ (hamâ) — Laconian, Doric
Greek: άμα (áma)

Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)

Old Irish: samail, amal

Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal

Welsh: fel

Cornish: avel

Breton: evel

Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)

Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥- (compounding stem)

*sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)

q

or with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂el-</i> (“ale”)?

*sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)

>? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥mo-

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)

*sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)

Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros

Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)

Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)

Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)

*sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)

Proto-Armenian: *hangi-

Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʻel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʻyal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-

Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-

Alanic:

desc

Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sin-

Proto-West Germanic: *sin-

Old English: sin-, sine-

Old Saxon: sin-

Old High German: sin-

Old Norse: sí-

Faroese: sí-

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád

desctree

Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
Romani: -ça
→ Old Javanese: saha
> Javanese: ꦱꦲ (saha) (inherited)
Pali: saha
→ Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
→ Marathi: सह (sah)

Sanskrit: सुमत् (sumát), स्मत् (smát, “with”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: simītū


sel-

*sél-t ~ *sl-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἆλτο (âlto, Epic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: असरत् (ásarat), सरति (sarati) (thematicized) (see there for further descendants)

*sí-sel-ti ~ *sí-sl-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: सिसर्ति (sísarti)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἱάλλω (hiállō), ἰάλλω (iállō)

*sl̥-yé-tor (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *həľľomai

Ancient Greek: ἅλλομαι (hállomai, “to leap, jump”)

Proto-Italic: *saljō

Latin: salio (“to jump”) (see there for further descendants)

*se-sól-e ~ *se-sl-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́ra

Sanskrit: ससार (sasā́ra)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: salamo

Tocharian A: salat

*sol-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāráyati

Sanskrit: सारयति (sāráyati) (see there for further descendants)

*sl̥-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sr̥tás

Sanskrit: सृत (sṛtá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: saltus

*sél-trom (instrument noun)

Proto-Celtic: *saltrom (see there for further descendants)

partly; merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ser-</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sar- (partly; merged with *ser-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sar-

Sanskrit: सृ (sṛ)

Proto-Tocharian: *sal-


ḱer-

>? *ḱer-h₂-

Italic:

Latin: creō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: crēscō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: crēber (see there for further descendants)

*ḱór-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kóros

Ancient Greek: κόρος (kóros)

*ḱor-wo-s

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kórwos
Ancient Greek: κόρος (kóros)
Doric Greek: κῶρος (kôros)
Ionic Greek: κοῦρος (koûros)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀒𐀺 (ko-wo /kórwos/)

*ḱer-ēs (< **ḱer-es-s)

Proto-Italic: *Kerēs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սեր (ser), սերեմ (serem), սերիմ (serim), սեռ (seṙ), սերմն (sermn), (possibly) սերտ (sert) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hirsijô

Old High German: hirso (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱer-

*ḱr̥H-

Albanian: thur

*ḱr̥-ti-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սարդ (sard) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱorH-ko-

Proto-Albanian: *tsarka

Albanian: thark

*ḱr̥s-tí-s

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sьrstь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: սարիք (sarikʻ), սարք (sarkʻ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καῖρος (kaîros)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शृङ्खल (śṛṅkhala) (see there for further descendants)


sek-

*sek-eh₂-yé-ti or *sek-h₁-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sekā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sěkati

Proto-Italic: *sekajō

Latin: secō (see there for further descendants)

*sk-éy-ti (*éy-present)

Proto-Celtic: *ensek-

Middle Irish: eiscid (“cuts off”)

*sék-no-m

Proto-Italic: *seknom

Latin: signum (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: shat (“hoe, mattock”)

*sḗk-ti ~ *sék-n̥ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sektei

Proto-Slavic: *sěťi (“to cut”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: secula (see there for further descendants)

*sek-ūr-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sekyra (“axe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: secūris (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sekets

Middle Irish: seiche (“skin, hide”)

*sek-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *segją (“hard skin”)

Old Norse: sigg

Proto-Germanic: *sagō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker- (perhaps)

*(s)kh₂-éy-d(H)- (perhaps)

*sek-s-

Proto-Celtic: *sexskā, *sexskis (“rushes, sedge”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: hesk

Breton: hesq

Cornish: heschen, hesc

Middle Welsh: hescenn

Middle Irish: seise

*séks-u-s

Proto-Italic: *seksus

Latin: sexus (see there for further descendants)

*soks-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *sahsą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *saksom

Latin: saxum

Unsorted formations

Latin: sacēna

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *seglą (see there for further descendants)


*déh₃-t ~ *dh₃-ént (athematic root aorist)

*dé-deh₃-ti ~ *dé-dh₃-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*déh₃-ti-s ~ *dh₃-téy-s

*déh₃-tōr ~ *dh₃-tr-és

*dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥s

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(e)ðaśa (< earlier *edasa)

Albanian: dhashë

Proto-Albanian: *dhu̯onti

Albanian: dhunti

>? Albanian: dhuroj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տամ (tam)

Armenian: տալ (tal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHmā́

Sanskrit: दामन् (dāmán, “giver; gift”)

→? Proto-Uralic: *toxe-


krey-

*kreyn- (reformed root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrīnaną (see there for further descendants)

*kr̥-né-y- ~ *kr̥-n-i- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *kriniti

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: crenaff

Cornish: crenna, krena

Middle Welsh: crynu

Welsh: crynu

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ɸarekriniti

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrgrɨnɨd

Welsh: ergryn

Old Irish: ara·chrin

*kri-n-ye- (innovative ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kríňňō

desctree

Ancient Greek: κρῑ́νω (krī́nō), κρίννω (krínnō) — Aeolic
Greek: κρίνω (kríno)
Mariupol Greek: крину (krinu)

*kri-né-h₁- ~ *kri-n-h₁- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *krinō

Latin: cernō (see there for further descendants)

*kroyh₁-eye- (causative/iterative present)

Proto-Slavic: *krojìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *krida

Upper Sorbian: křida (“sieve”)

Lower Sorbian: kśida (“sieve”)

*krey-dʰrom (“sieve”, instrument)

Proto-Italic: *kreiðrom

Latin: crībrum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hrīdrą (see there for further descendants)

*krey-trom

Proto-Celtic: *kreitros (“sieve”) (see there for further descendants)

*kréy-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *kréimə

Ancient Greek: κρῖμα (krîma)
Greek: κρίμα (kríma)

Proto-Italic: *kreimən

Latin: crīmen (see there for further descendants)

*kri-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *kritós

Ancient Greek: κριτός (kritós)

Proto-Italic: *kritos

Latin: certus, crētus (see there for further descendants)

*kroyn-is

Proto-Germanic: *hrainiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Slavic: *kràjь (see there for further descendants)


kap-

*kap-yé-ti (“to be grasping”, ye-present)

*kap-eh₁yé-ti (eh₁ye-stative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to have, hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kápā

Ancient Greek: κάπη (kápē, “crib”)

⇒? Ancient Greek: καπᾱ́να (kapā́na, “wagon”)

*kap-el-ó-s

Proto-Italic: *kapelos (“one who takes”)

⇒? Latin: dis-cipulus (“disciple, pupil; cadet”) (see there for further descendants)

*kap-nó-s or *kap-ón-o/eh₂- (“harbour”)

Proto-Celtic: *kawnos m

Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hab(a)nō f (see there for further descendants)

*káp-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *hafnaz (“vessel, pot”)

Old Saxon: haban, havan

Old High German: havan

Middle High German: haven

*kap-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *habą (“sea”) (see there for further descendants)

*kap-tós (“seized, held”)

*káp-u-ko-s

Proto-Celtic: *kaɸukos (“cup”)

Proto-Brythonic: *kọg

Welsh: cawg

Old Irish: cuäch, cuach, cúach

Irish: cuach

Scottish Gaelic: cuach

→ Ancient Greek: καῦκος (kaûkos) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os

Albanian:

Albanian: (“garden”) (+ -shtë)

Old Gheg Albanian: kopësht, kopështë

Tosk Albanian: kopsht

Proto-Hellenic: *kāpos

Ancient Greek: κῆπος (kêpos, “garden, orchard, plantation”)

⇒ *kā́p-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hōbō (see there for further descendants)

>? *kṓp-s ~ *kap-és

Proto-Hellenic: *kṓpā

Ancient Greek: κώπη (kṓpē, “grip, handle”)

Possibly a non-Indo-European loanword. Perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”) as so-called "chiming roots".


kap-

*káp-s ~ *k(a)p-és (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *kaps

>? Latin: *caps, -ceps (only for nom.sg.) (only in compounds)

q

derived like <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰébʰōl</i> ?

*káp-ōl ~ *k(a)p-l-és (derived like *gʰébʰōl ?)

desc

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)

*káp-ut ~ *k(a)p-wét-s (“head”)

*kap-u-lon-

Proto-Germanic: *habulô

Proto-West Germanic: *habulō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; may be the same as the verbal root in *kap- (Etymology 1) above, particularly if it developed figuratively from the sense “cup, bowl” as retained in Proto-Celtic *kaɸukos and perhaps Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la). Otherwise, sound-symbolic or borrowed from a substrate, as evidenced by the a-grade.


*h₁éd-ti ~ *h₁d-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁od-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hādáyati

Sanskrit: आदयति (ādáyati)

*h₁ōd-e/o- (a lengthened grade of disputed origin)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ուտեմ (utem)

Proto-Germanic: *ēsaz (“food, carrion, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yats (“skin”)

Tocharian B: yetse (“skin”)

*h₁éd-tōr (“eater”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अत्तृ (attṛ́)

Proto-Italic: *essōr

Latin: ēsor

Proto-Hellenic: *ayerīston

Ancient Greek: ᾱ̓́ρῑστον (ā́rīston)

*h₁éd-nom (“eaten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánnam

Sanskrit: अन्न (ánna) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁éd-wr̥ ~ *h₁d-wén-s

Proto-Germanic: *etunaz (from thematicized *h₁ed-un-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*ἔδϝαρ</i> (*édwar)

Ancient Greek: εἶδαρ (eîdar) (from *ἔδϝαρ (*édwar))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *अद्वर (*advará) (from thematicized *h₁ed-wer-os)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: व्यद्वर (vyadvará, “rodent”)

*n̥-h₁d-ti- (“having no eating”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: նաւթի (nawtʻi, “hungry”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῆστις (nêstis, “not eating, fasting, sober (jejune)”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *eda

Albanian: ha (“I eat”) (with preservation of the laryngeal?)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒀀𒁺𒈾 (aduna)


werǵ-

*wr̥ǵ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

*wérǵ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *wregeti (see there for further descendants) (through schwebeablaut)

*we-wórǵ-e ~ *we-wr̥ǵ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔοργε (éorge)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋𐬌 (vāuuər^əzōi, 3sg.perf.med.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀 (vauuar^əza, 3sg.perf.act.)

Proto-Celtic: *wergā (“anger”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *worgā́ (“temper; anger, passion”)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀργή (orgḗ)
Greek: οργή (orgí)

*werǵ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *wergos (adj.) (see there for further descendants)

*worǵ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *worgós, *-worgós (“worker, maker”)

Ancient Greek: -ουργός (-ourgós)

Mycenaean Greek: -𐀺𐀒 (-wo-ko /-worgos/)

*wérǵ-o-m

*wr̥ǵ-tó-s

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Albanian: argëtoj, argëtim

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄργανον (órganon) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ὄργιον (órgion), ὄργῐᾰ (órgĭă)

desc

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀫𐀑𐀍𐀚𐀍 (wo-ro-ki-jo-ne-jo /worgioneios/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warȷ́-

Proto-Iranian: *warj- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swawr̥šti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swawr̥ṣṭi

Sanskrit: स्ववृष्टि (svávṛṣṭi, “doing his own work, epithet of Indra”)

Proto-Tocharian: *wärk-

Tocharian A: wärkṣäl

Tocharian B: warkṣäl


wekʷ-

*wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)

q

or denominative from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wahna-</i> ?

Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (or denominative from *wahna- ?) (see there for further descendants)

*wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade root ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)

*wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwakti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwakti

Vedic Sanskrit: विवक्ति (vívakti)

*we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)

*wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)

*wṓkʷ-s

*wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os

Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos

Ancient Greek: ἔπος (épos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)

*wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís

Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)

*wokʷ-tló-m

Proto-Celtic: *woxtlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waktrám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waktrám

Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktrá, “mouth”)

*wókʷ-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wahtaz

Old Norse: váttr (“witness”)

Faroese: váttur

*wokʷ-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *woxsman

Middle Irish: fúaimm

Irish: fuaim

Scottish Gaelic: fuaim

Proto-Hellenic: *woťťa

Ancient Greek: ὄσσα (óssa), ὄττα (ótta)

*ukʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)

*h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewrúwokʷā

Ancient Greek: εὐρύοπα (eurúopa)

Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)

*ukʷ-tHó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uktʰám

Sanskrit: उक्थ (ukthá)

Proto-Iranian: *uxθám

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀 (uxδa, “word”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (huek-), [script needed] (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-


ḱlew-

*ḱléw-se-ti (se-desiderative)

⇒ *ḱlews-

*ḱléw-t ~ *ḱl̥w-ént (athematic root aorist)

*ḱléw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kleyyō

Ancient Greek: κλείω (kleíō), κλέω (kléō)

*ḱlḗw-s-t ~ *ḱléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *klyeus- (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-né-w-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-w-énti (nasal-infix present)

*ḱlow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrāwáyati

desctree

Sanskrit: श्रावयति (śrāváyati)
Kashmiri: ہاوُن (hāvun, “to show”)

Proto-Iranian: *crāwáyati

desc

𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (srāuuaiieⁱti)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: slwtn' (/srūdan/, “to sing, recite, play”), slʾd- (/srāy-/, present stem)

Persian: سرودن (sorudan, “to sing”)

Parthian: srʾwyyd (/srāwēd/, “to sing”, impv.pl.)

*ḱe-ḱlów-e ~ *ḱe-ḱl̥w-ḗr (stative)

*ḱl̥w-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ

Latvian: sluvêt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥wáHti

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥wáHti

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬉 (sruiiē)

Proto-Italic: *kluēō (“to be known”)

Latin: clueō

Messapic: [script needed] (klaohi /klauhi/, “listen, hear”)

*ḱlew-eto-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλειτός (kleitós)

*ḱléw-mn̥ ~ *ḱlu-mén-s (“hearing”)

*ḱléw-os ~ *ḱléw-es-os (“fame”)

*ḱlew-ēs (< **ḱlew-es-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *kléwēs

Ancient Greek: -κλέης (-kléēs, “fame, glory”), -κλῆς (-klês), used in Greek male given names, such as Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), Περικλῆς (Periklês)

*ḱlēw-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślṓˀwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlow-ro- or *ḱlu-ro-

desctree

Old Armenian: լուր (lur)
→ Armenian: լուր (lur) (learned)

*ḱlú-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrútiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrútiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुति (śrúti, “hearing, listening”)

*ḱlu-tó-s (“heard, famous”)

*ḱléw-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *hleuþrą (“noise”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwtram

Sanskrit: श्रोत्र (śrótra, “ear”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Northern Kurdish: stran (“to sing”)

Central Kurdish: سرەوتن (srewtin, “to be calm, to stay still, to be comfortable”)

Southern Kurdish: سرەفتن (sreftin, “to be comfortable”)

From *ḱel- (“to incline”) according to Pokorny.
A relation with Proto-Uralic *kuwle- (“to hear”) (with metathesis of 'l' and 'w') has been suggested.


swep-

*swép-t ~ *sup-ént (athematic root aorist) (or originally only middle voice?)

desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *supó
Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑 (šu-up-pa-ri /šuppāri/, 3sg.pres.mid.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

Sanskrit: स्वपन् (svapán, nom.m.sg.aor.ptc.) (Rigvedic; traditionally interpreted as from a present verb)

present verb supplanting Rigvedic <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">सस्ति</i> (sásti, “to sleep”)

⇒ Sanskrit: स्वपिति (svápiti), स्वपति (svápati) (present verb supplanting Rigvedic सस्ति (sásti, “to sleep”))

*swép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swefaną (see there for further descendants)

*sup-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present) (or only formed in Proto-Iranian?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *hufsati, *xʷafsati

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀 (xᵛafsa, 2sg.impv.)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hwps- /xufs-/, present stem of /xuftan/)

present stem of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">خفتن</i> (xuftan)

Classical Persian: خسپ (xusp, present stem of خفتن (xuftan)) (with metathesis)

Yagnobi: [script needed] (ūfs-)

*swop-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swāpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swāpáyati

Sanskrit: स्वापयति (svāpáyati, “to put to sleep, lull; to put to death”)

q

? *swṓp-ye-ti (lengthened grade causative) (the existence of this verbal type is uncertain)

Proto-Germanic:

or from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*swēbjaną</i>, a secondary causative

Old Norse: sǿfa (“to kill”) (or from Proto-Germanic *swēbjaną, a secondary causative)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sōpiō

*se-swóp-e ~ se-sup-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सुष्वाप (suṣvāpa)

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬱𐬓𐬀𐬟𐬀 (hušxᵛafa)

*swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s or *swép-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós or *swóp-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós

*súp-r̥ (generalized zero-grade)

⇒ *sup-r̥-wént-s

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-wánt-s

desc

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /supparwanz(a)/, “sleepy(?)”)

⇒ *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑𒅀𒉡𒌦 (šu-up-pa-ri-i̯a-nu-un /suppariyanun/, 1sg.pret.act.)

Proto-Hellenic: *húpər

Ancient Greek: ὕπᾰρ (húpăr, “reality”)

*sup-n-ó-s

⇒ *súp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: съниѥ (sŭnije)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: sänmetse (“in a trance”)

*swép-n-o-s

*swop-n-o-s

⇒ *swóp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”) (cf. *súpni(y)om above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sapnỹs (“sleep, dream”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápniyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápniyam

Sanskrit: स्वप्न्यम् (svápnyam, “vision in a dream”)

>? Proto-Italic: *swopnjom

Latin: somnium (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քուն (kʻun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swepnos

Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)

>? *swép-os-

Proto-Italic: *swepōs

q

Latin: sopor (alternatively from *swópr̥, or from a root noun)

*sup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suptás

Sanskrit: सुप्त (suptá)

Proto-Iranian: *huptas, *xʷaptas

Younger Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (xᵛapta)

Gilaki: خفت (xuft, past stem)

Parthian: [script needed] (xwft /xuft/)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sъpati (see there for further descendants)

desc

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬠𐬛𐬀- (xᵛabda-, “to fall asleep”) (a secondary formation in Avestan)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्वप् (svap)


weyd-

*wéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weideti (“to tell, relate”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (#wl contamination perhaps from *wel- ~ *wl- (“to see”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wītaną (“to direct the attention to, to scold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidō

Ancient Greek: εἴδομαι (eídomai, “to be seen, appear”)

*wid-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit, “to find”)

Proto-Hellenic: *widon

Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat

Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vīdat̰)

*wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գտանեմ (gtanem)
Armenian: գտնել (gtnel)

Proto-Celtic: *windeti

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ro·finnadar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *winátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विन्दति (vindáti) (thematicised from weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (vīnastī)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (vinasti)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅 (wyndynd /windēnd/, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫅 (wyndyd /windēd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Northern Kurdish: -bîn-/-wîn-

*wóyd-e ~ *wid-ḗr (“to have seen, to know”, stative)

*woyd-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *woidīti

Old Irish: foídid

Proto-Germanic: *waitijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydáyati

Sanskrit: वेदयति (vedáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *waydáyati

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (āuuaēδaiiamahī, 1pl.pres.caus.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (vaēδaiiemi, 1sg.pres.caus.)

*wéyd-se-ti (“to want to see”, desiderative)

*widónts (“seeing”)

*wéyd-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéiˀdas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weidos (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-os ~ *wéyd-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidos

Ancient Greek: εἶδος (eîdos, “appearance; sight”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेदस् (védas, “knowledge, science”)

Proto-Iranian: *wáydah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬵 (vaēδah)

*wóyd-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेद (véda, “knowledge”)

*wéyd-ih₂ ~ *wid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydyáH

Sanskrit: वेद्या (vedyā́, “knowledge; art”)

Proto-Hellenic: *weidōlon

Ancient Greek: εἴδωλον (eídōlon)

*wéyd-ti-s ~ *wid-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀstis

Latvian: vēsts

Proto-Slavic: *vě̏stь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वित्ति (vítti)

*weyd-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wīsaz (“wise”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-tōr ~ *wid-tr-és (“viewer, witness”)

*wéyd-tu-s ~ *wid-téw-s (“(act of) seeing, knowledge”)

Proto-Celtic: *wissus (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: vīsus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidās

Ancient Greek: Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs)

*n̥-wid-ḗs (<*n̥-wid-és-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidḗs

Ancient Greek: ἀϊδής (aïdḗs)

*né-wid-s

Proto-Hellenic: *néwits

Ancient Greek: νῆις (nêis)

*wid-mṓ

Proto-Hellenic: *idmōn

Ancient Greek: ἴδμων (ídmōn, “knowing”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विद्मन् (vidmán, “knowledge”)

*wid-ri-s

Proto-Hellenic: *widris

Ancient Greek: ἴδρις (ídris)

*wid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *witraz (see there for further descendants)

*wid-tó-s

*wid-yó-s

Proto-Germanic: *witją (“knowledge; reason, sense, understanding; wit”)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wid-y-éh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *widyáH (from *wid-y-éh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *widyáH

desc

Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā́, “knowledge, science; scholarship”)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Albanian: *vidsa

Albanian: vizë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գիւտ (giwt)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdēˀtei (probably a secondary formation)

Latgalian: veidētʹ (“to be visible”)

Latvian: viedêt

Lithuanian: veizdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *vìděti (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: vaizdas

Old Prussian: widdai

Proto-Germanic: *wīsǭ (“manner, way”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀΐδηλος (aḯdēlos)

Ancient Greek: ἀείδελος (aeídelos, “invisible”)

? Proto-Italic: *woidai (third person singular: *woide(d))

Latin: vīdī (third person singular: vīdit)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wid-eh₁-</i> ?

Proto-Italic: *widēō (< *wid-eh₁- ?) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: wit-

Proto-Tocharian: *wäwén- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wiäime (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd- (see there for further descendants)