te

Proto-Albanian: *te

Albanian: të

Proto-Celtic: *te

Proto-Brythonic: *ti (leveled paradigm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *té

Doric Greek: τέ (té)

desc

length sporadic or influenced by other case forms; may be merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*twé</i>

Proto-Italic: *tē (length sporadic or influenced by other case forms; may be merged with *twé)

Latin: tē (merged with ablative singular) (see there for further descendants)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


só

só ~ *tó- (canonical)
só (nominative singular)
tóh₁ (dual nominative)
tóy (nominative plural)
tóm (accusative singular)
tóh₁ (accusative dual)
tóms (accusative plural)
tósyo (genitive singular)
tóysoHom (genitive plural)
tósmead (ablative singular)
tóymos (ablative plural)
tóybʰos (ablative plural)
tósmey (dative singular)
tóymos (dative plural)
tóybʰos (dative plural)
tósmi (locative singular)
tóysu (locative plural)
tṓys (instrumental plural)
séh₂ (nominative singular)
tā́m (accusative singular)
téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
tód (nominative singular)
tóy (dual nominative)
téh₂ (nominative plural)
tód (accusative singular)
tóy (accusative dual)
téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *tan-

Gheg Albanian: tanë

Tosk Albanian: tërë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ho

Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)

Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)

Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut

Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)

In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.

tó-ti

so many; see there for further descendants

feminine nom.sg.; see there for further descendants


ís

ís (canonical)
ís (masculine nominative singular)
íh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
íd (neuter nominative singular)
éyes (masculine nominative plural)
íh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ím (accusative masculine singular)
íh₂m (accusative feminine singular)
íd (accusative neuter singular)
íns (accusative masculine plural)
íh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ésyo (genitive neuter singular)
éysom (genitive masculine plural)
éysom (feminine genitive plural)
éysom (genitive neuter plural)
ésmod (ablative masculine singular)
ésyo (ablative neuter singular)
éysom (ablative masculine plural)
éysom (ablative feminine plural)
éysom (ablative neuter plural)
ésmey (dative masculine singular)
ésmey (dative neuter singular)
eybʰ- (dative masculine plural)
eybʰ- (dative feminine plural)
eybʰ- (dative neuter plural)
ésmi (locative masculine singular)
ésmi (locative neuter singular)
eysu (locative masculine plural)
eysu (feminine locative plural)
eysu (locative neuter plural)
éy (masculine nominative singular)
íh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
íd (neuter nominative singular)
éyes (masculine nominative plural)
íh₂es (?) (feminine nominative plural)
íh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ím (accusative masculine singular)
íh₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
íd (accusative neuter singular)
íns (accusative masculine plural)
íh₂n̥s (?) (accusative feminine plural)
íh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ésyo (genitive neuter singular)
éysoHom (genitive masculine plural)
éysoHom (genitive neuter plural)
ésmead (?) (ablative masculine singular)
ésmead (?) (ablative neuter singular)
éymos (ablative masculine plural)
éymos (ablative neuter plural)
ésmey (dative masculine singular)
ésmey (dative neuter singular)
éymos (dative masculine plural)
éymos (dative neuter plural)
ésmi (locative masculine singular)
ésmi (locative neuter singular)
éysu (locative masculine plural)
éysu (locative neuter plural)
íh₁ (instrumental masculine singular)
íh₁ (instrumental neuter singular)
éybʰi (instrumental masculine plural)
íh₂bʰi (feminine instrumental plural)
éybʰi (instrumental neuter plural)
id (neuter nominative singular)
im (accusative masculine singular)
id (accusative neuter singular)
ins (accusative masculine plural)
h₁eseh₂s (?) (feminine genitive singular)
h₁ey (?) (instrumental masculine singular)
h₁ey (?) (feminine instrumental singular)
h₁ey (?) (instrumental neuter singular)

Proto-Albanian: *a-ei

Albanian: ai (“he”)

Proto-Albanian: *a-jā

Albanian: ajo (“she”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *is

Latgalian: is, jis, jei

Lithuanian: jis

Proto-Slavic: *jь (< *yós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *es (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *iz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ayám, *(H)a- (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *is
Latin: is, ea, id
Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)
Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)
South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)
Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (eni-, uni-, “that”)

Proto-Germanic: *ja (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἴα (ía) (Hom.f. "one", from *íh₂), εἰ (ei), ἐπεί (epeí), εἶτα (eîta), εἴθε (eíthe), ἔνθα (éntha), ἔνθεν (énthen)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: अतस् (átas), अथ (átha), अथा (áthā), अद्धा (addhā́), अध (ádha), अह (áha), अधा (ádhā), आद् (ā́d), इतस् (itás), इदा (idā́), ईम् (īm), एतद् (etad) (see there for further descendants)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬬 (vīsv)

Italic:

Latin: iste, ipse, ibī, ecce (see there for further descendants)

this, he (used as the 3rd person pronoun)

етеръ

Proto-Slavic: *eterъ (or from *(H)yo-tero-s); Old Church Slavonic

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ítarasProto-Indo-Aryan: *HítarasSanskrit: इतरProto-Iranian: *HítarahGurani: ترKurdish:Central Kurdish: ترSouthern Kurdish: تر

iterum

Proto-Italic: *iteros, *iterom (adverbial accusative)

(H)idʰá

*(h₁)i-dʰé (“at the mentioned place; here”)

iðei

with *-i from emphatic particle or from locative ending; see there for further descendants


éǵh₂

wéy (plural)
eǵoH (nominative singular)
we-i (nominative plural)
m-mé (> *mé) ~ *me (accusative singular)
n̥h₁-wé ~ *nō̆h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥smé ~ *nō̆s (accusative plural)
mé-me ~ *mos (adjective genitive singular)
n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s (genitive plural)
mm-ét (> *mét) (ablative singular)
n̥sm-ét (ablative plural)
mébʰi ~ *mey (dative singular)
n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s (dative plural)
éǵh₂ (nominative singular)
wé (dual nominative)
wéy (nominative plural)
m̥(m)é ~ *me (accusative singular)
n̥h₃mé ~ *noh₃ (accusative dual)
n̥smé ~ *nos (accusative plural)
méme ~ *moy (genitive singular)
? ~ *nos (genitive plural)
méǵʰye ~ *moy (dative singular)
? ~ *nos (dative plural)
wey (nominative plural)
h₁me ~ *mē (?) (accusative singular)
h₁mege ~ *mē (?) (accusative singular)
n̥s ~ *nōs (?) (accusative plural)
h₁mene ~ *moy (genitive singular)
h₁meǵʰi ~ *moy (dative singular)
n̥s- ~ *nos (oblique plural)
n̥s- (oblique plural)
moy (enclitic singular)
nos (enclitic plural)
h₁eǵ(Ho, -Hom) (nominative singular)
wey (nominative plural)
h₁mé ~ *h₁me (accusative singular)
n̥smé ~ *nōs (accusative plural)
h₁méne ~ *h₁moy (genitive singular)
n̥so- ~ *nos (genitive plural)
n̥sero- ~ *nos (genitive plural)
n̥smed (ablative plural)
h₁méǵʰyo ~ *h₁moy (dative singular)
n̥smey ~ *n̥s (dative plural)
n̥smi (locative plural)
n̥sós (adjective plural possessive)
we- (nominative plural)
n̥sme (accusative plural)
nos (genitive plural)
n̥smi (locative plural)
h₁eǵ (nominative singular)
wey (nominative plural)
weys (nominative plural)
h₁mé ~ h₁me (accusative singular)
nōs (accusative plural)
nos (plural)
nes (plural)
ns-tero-s? (adjective plural possessive)

Proto-Albanian: *udz (< *uǵ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔúǵ, *wéyes (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ես (es), մեք (mekʻ) (< *mes)

Armenian: ես (es), մենք (menkʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ēˀź (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mī (< *me) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ek, *ik, *eką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *egṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aȷ́ʰám (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *egō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian: (?)

Tocharian A: näṣ m, ñuk f (< *mne-ge)

Tocharian B: ñaś, ñäś, ñiś


túh₂

yúHs (plural)
tī̆́ (*tū̆́) (nominative singular)
yū́h₁ (*yūh₁) (dual nominative)
yū́s (*yúHs) (nominative plural)
t-wé ~ *te (accusative singular)
uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁ (accusative dual)
usmé ~ *wō̆s (accusative plural)
té-we ~ *tos (adjective genitive singular)
usóm ~ *wō̆s (genitive plural)
tw-ét (ablative singular)
usm-ét (ablative plural)
tébʰi ~ *tey (dative singular)
usm-éy ~ *wō̆s (dative plural)
túh₂ (nominative singular)
yú (dual nominative)
yū́ (nominative plural)
twé ~ *te (accusative singular)
uh₃wé ~ *woh₃ (accusative dual)
uswé ~ *wos (accusative plural)
téwe ~ *toy (genitive singular)
? ~ *wos (genitive plural)
tébʰye ~ *toy (dative singular)
? ~ *wos (dative plural)
tuH (nominative singular)
yuH (nominative plural)
twe ~ *twē (?) (accusative singular)
twege ~ *twē (?) (accusative singular)
us ~ *wōs (?) (accusative plural)
tewe ~ *toi (genitive singular)
tebʰi ~ *toy (dative singular)
twe- (oblique singular)
us- ~ *wos (oblique plural)
tew- (oblique singular)
tu- (oblique singular)
us- (oblique plural)
toy (enclitic singular)
wos (enclitic plural)
tíh₁ (nominative singular)
tu- (accusative singular)
tuH (nominative singular)
yuH (nominative plural)
twé (accusative singular)
usmé ~ *wōs (accusative plural)
téwe ~ *toy (genitive singular)
yuso- ~ *wos (genitive plural)
yusero- ~ *wos (genitive plural)
twed (ablative singular)
usmed (ablative plural)
tébʰio ~ *toi (dative singular)
usmey (dative plural)
tóy (locative singular)
usmi (locative plural)
tóy (instrumental singular)
twos (adjective possessive singular)
usos (adjective plural possessive)
tu- (nominative singular)
yu- (nominative plural)
twe (accusative singular)
usme (accusative plural)
tewe (genitive singular)
wos (genitive plural)
twed (ablative singular)
tubʰi (dative singular)
toy (locative singular)
usmi (locative plural)
tí (nominative singular)
tíH (nominative singular)
yúH (nominative plural)
yúHs (nominative plural)
twé (accusative singular)
wōs (accusative plural)
téwe ~ *toy (genitive singular)
wos (genitive plural)
wes (genitive plural)
twéd (ablative singular)
toy (dative singular)
twos (adjective possessive singular)
us-tero-s? (adjective plural possessive)
*tī̆ (alternative)
*tū̆ (alternative)
*tuH (alternative)
*tu- (alternative)

Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez) (< *twé), դուք (dukʻ) (< *tú-s)

Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez); դուք (dukʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants)

Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008) proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.

you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)

tew-ó-s

vṛddhi derivative, or thematisation of gen.sg. *téwe


swé

s-wé ~ *se (accusative singular)
sé-we ~ *sos (adjective genitive singular)
sw-ét (ablative singular)
sébʰi ~ *sey (dative singular)
swé ~ *se (accusative singular)
séwe ~ *soy (genitive singular)
sébʰye ~ *soy (dative singular)
swé (accusative singular)
séwe ~ *soy (genitive singular)
sebʰyo (dative singular)
soy (dative singular)
swós (singular)
sé ~ *se (accusative singular)
swé ~ *se (accusative singular)
sewe (genitive singular)
sebʰyo (dative singular)
swós (adjective possessive singular)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: իւր (iwr)

Armenian: իր (ir)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sin, *sen

Lithuanian: -s

Old Prussian: sien (“oneself”)

Proto-Slavic: *sę (acc.), *sebe (gen.)

Proto-Celtic: *swe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwe

Ancient Greek: ἕ (hé), ἔτης (étēs, abl.)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἑκάς (hekás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἧλιξ (hêlix)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σφεῖς (spheîs, “they, them”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-swa (2sg. imperative middle ending)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: -स्व (-sva)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: -𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬁 (-huuā)

Younger Avestan: -𐬤𐬀 (-ŋᵛa)

Proto-Italic: *sē, *swē, *se (acc.), *sefei (dat.), *sed (abl.)

Old Latin: sed sg, sēd pl (abl.), sibei sg (dat.)

Latin: sē sg (acc.abl.), suī sg (gen.), sibi sg (dat.)

This stem (and its substantive pronoun) was originally a reflexive element referring to all persons and numbers (as in Sanskrit and in Balto-Slavic). Its wider use can still be seen in Homer, when ὅς (hós) means "my own" or "your own" (e.g. Odyssey 11.142, 9.28).

sowos

*sew-ó-s (< genitive *séwe; or vriddhi derivative)

ἵδιος

Ancient Greek: ἴδιος (ídios); Argolic Greek

swais

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swajas; Old Prussian


kʷís

kʷís (masculine nominative singular)
kʷís (feminine nominative singular)
kʷíd (neuter nominative singular)
kʷéyes (masculine nominative plural)
kʷéyes (feminine nominative plural)
kʷíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
kʷím (accusative masculine singular)
kʷím (accusative feminine singular)
kʷíd (accusative neuter singular)
kʷíms (accusative masculine plural)
kʷíms (accusative feminine plural)
kʷíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
kʷésyo (genitive masculine singular)
kʷésyo (feminine genitive singular)
kʷésyo (genitive neuter singular)
kʷéysom (genitive masculine plural)
kʷéysom (feminine genitive plural)
kʷéysom (genitive neuter plural)
kʷésmey (dative masculine singular)
kʷésmey (dative feminine singular)
kʷésmey (dative neuter singular)
kʷeybʰ- (dative masculine plural)
kʷeybʰ- (dative feminine plural)
kʷeybʰ- (dative neuter plural)
kʷésmi (locative masculine singular)
kʷésmi (feminine locative singular)
kʷésmi (locative neuter singular)
kʷeysu (locative masculine plural)
kʷeysu (feminine locative plural)
kʷeysu (locative neuter plural)
kʷé (masculine nominative singular)
kʷé (feminine nominative singular)
kʷíd (neuter nominative singular)
kʷéy (masculine nominative plural)
kʷéy (feminine nominative plural)
kʷíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
kʷím (accusative masculine singular)
kʷím (accusative feminine singular)
kʷíd (accusative neuter singular)
kʷíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
kʷéso (genitive masculine singular)
kʷéso (feminine genitive singular)
kʷéso (genitive neuter singular)
kʷéd? (ablative masculine singular)
kʷéd? (ablative feminine singular)
kʷéd? (ablative neuter singular)
kʷésmey (dative masculine singular)
kʷésmey (dative feminine singular)
kʷésmey (dative neuter singular)
kʷésmi (locative masculine singular)
kʷésmi (feminine locative singular)
kʷésmi (locative neuter singular)
kʷéy (instrumental masculine singular)
kʷéy (feminine instrumental singular)
kʷéy (instrumental neuter singular)
kʷe (masculine nominative singular)
kʷís (masculine nominative singular)
kʷe (feminine nominative singular)
kʷís (feminine nominative singular)
kʷíd (neuter nominative singular)
kʷéyes (masculine nominative plural)
kʷéyes (feminine nominative plural)
kʷíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
kʷím (accusative masculine singular)
kʷím (accusative feminine singular)
kʷíd (accusative neuter singular)
kʷíns (accusative masculine plural)
kʷíns (accusative feminine plural)
kʷíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
kʷéso (genitive masculine singular)
kʷéso (feminine genitive singular)
kʷéso (genitive neuter singular)
kʷésm- (dative masculine singular)
kʷésm- (dative feminine singular)
kʷésm- (dative neuter singular)
kʷésm- (locative masculine singular)
kʷésm- (feminine locative singular)
kʷésm- (locative neuter singular)

A PIE interrogative-indefinite paradigm built from the stems *kʷi- and *kʷe- (parallel to anaphoric *i-, *e-), the former on nominative and accusative cases of all genders, the latter elsewhere, with no distinction of feminine forms, mostly "human" – "non-human". A stem *kʷo-, an o-stem adjective, with its corresponding feminine *kʷeh₂-, was originally separate, but in most languages there was some conflation with the other two, as it is from this function that the relative pronoun evolves.
Dunkel speculates about *kʷe- and *kʷi- coming from *kʷ- + *e- and *í- respectively, with *kʷ- possibly being an early contraction of *kú (“where?”) to a labiovelar. For the semantic development, compare Proto-Germanic *hwarjaz, ultimately from *kʷór + *Hyós.


yúHs

>? Proto-Albanian: *ju(s)

q

Albanian: ju (or from oblique *wos > *wë with added j-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)

Armenian: ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀs

Latgalian: jius

Latvian: jūs

Lithuanian: jūs

Old Prussian: ioūs

Proto-Germanic: *jūz, *jut (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúHš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yes (conflated with oblique stem)

Tocharian A: yas

Tocharian B: yes

wans

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōns (with nasal from acc.pl. ending *-ons); Old Prussian


kʷíd

Proto-Albanian: *tši

Albanian: çë

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷíd

Hittite: 𒆪𒀉 (ku-it)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ki (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷid (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷí

Ancient Greek: τί (tí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číd

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíd

Sanskrit: चिद् (cíd) चित् (cít)

Proto-Iranian: *číd

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬝 (cit̰)

Proto-Italic: *kʷid

Latin: quid (see there for further descendants)

neuter nominative/accusative singular of *kʷís


Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔνη (énē, “last day of month; day after tomorrow”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: enim

Oscan: 𐌝𐌍𐌝𐌌 (íním, “and”)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *äna- (Descendants only attested in compounds.)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (anniš, “that”) (or from *h₁nós)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anas (or from *h₂enos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (anniš, “that”) (if not from *h₁ónos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: nam

Old Armenian: *նո- (*no-)

From the adverb *h₁é (“and, then”) + *-nós.

jainaz

*Hyo-h₁enos (formed with the relative pronoun *Hyós)


yós

yós (canonical)
Hyós (canonical)
yós (nominative singular)
yóh₁ (dual nominative)
yóy (nominative plural)
yóm (accusative singular)
yóh₁ (accusative dual)
yóms (accusative plural)
yósyo (genitive singular)
yóysoHom (genitive plural)
yósmead (ablative singular)
yóymos (ablative plural)
yóybʰos (ablative plural)
yósmey (dative singular)
yóymos (dative plural)
yóybʰos (dative plural)
yósmi (locative singular)
yóysu (locative plural)
yṓys (instrumental plural)
yéh₂ (nominative singular)
yā́m (accusative singular)
yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
yód (nominative singular)
yóy (dual nominative)
yéh₂ (nominative plural)
yód (accusative singular)
yóy (accusative dual)
yéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yos, *yo

Celtiberian: ios

Gaulish: -ío

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-Norse: ᛁᚨᛊ (ias), ᛁᚨᛉ (iaʀ)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *yós
Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: iam (< *jā́m)

Phrygian: ιος (ios /jos/)

етеръ

Proto-Slavic: *eterъ (or from *(h₁)é-tero-s); Old Church Slavonic

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátraProto-Indo-Aryan: *HyátraVedic Sanskrit: यत्राSanskrit: यत्रPali: yatraProto-Iranian: *HyátraOld Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀


Proto-Celtic: *sī
Proto-Brythonic: *hi
Breton: hi
Cornish: hi
Welsh: hi
Old Irish: sí
Irish: sí

Proto-Germanic: *sī

Old Saxon: sia, sie
Middle Low German: sê, su, sia
Low German: sie
Dutch Low Saxon: zee
German Low German: se
Plautdietsch: see

Old Dutch: siu, sia
Middle Dutch: si, sie, soe, so
Dutch: zij
Afrikaans: sy
Limburgish: zie

Old High German: siu, si

Middle High German: si, sie

Alemannic German: si

Cimbrian: zi, si (Luserna), ze

German: sie

Hunsrik: sie

Luxembourgish: si

Yiddish: זי (zi)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹 (si)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἵ (hí)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬍 (hī)

Derived from *só (masculine demonstrative pronoun) + *-ih₂; *sih₂ then displaced the original female version *séh₂ at least in pre-Celtic.


wéy

we-i (nominative)
n̥smé ~ *nō̆s (accusative)
n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s (genitive)
n̥sm-ét (ablative)
n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s (dative)
wéy (nominative)
n̥smé ~ *nos (accusative)
? ~ *nos (genitive)
? ~ *nos (dative)
wey (nominative)
n̥s ~ *nōs (?) (accusative)
n̥s- ~ *nos (oblique)
n̥s- (oblique)
nos (enclitic)
wey (nominative)
n̥smé ~ *nōs (accusative)
n̥so- ~ *nos (genitive)
n̥sero- ~ *nos (genitive)
n̥smed (ablative)
n̥smey ~ *n̥s (dative)
n̥smi (locative)
n̥sós (adjective possessive)
we- (nominative)
n̥sme (accusative)
nos (genitive)
n̥smi (locative)
wey (nominative)
weys (nominative)
nōs (accusative)
nos
nes
ns-tero-s? (adjective possessive)

Proto-Anatolian: *wéyes (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīz (< *wéy-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayám (< *wey-óm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wes

Tocharian A: was

Tocharian B: wes

n̥smé

us with (the others); see there for further descendants

Proto-Slavic: *naEast Slavic:Old East Slavic: наSouth Slavic:Old Church Slavonic: на


n̥smé

Proto-Hellenic: *əsmé

Aeolic Greek: ἄμμε (ámme)

q

Ionic Greek: ἡμέας (hēméas) (with extra acc.pl. ending -ας; aspiration from ὑμεῖς (humeîs, “you (pl.)”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *asmá

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्मद् (asmád)

Proto-Iranian: *ahmá

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬇𐬵𐬨𐬁 (ə̄hmā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬨𐬀 (ahma)

Possibly from *n̥s + *mé indicating "us with (the others)".

ἡμεῖς

from earlier *ἡμέες; aspiration from ὑμεῖς (humeîs; )


ḱís

ḱís (masculine nominative singular)
ḱíh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
ḱíd (neuter nominative singular)
ḱéyes (masculine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂es (feminine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ḱím (accusative masculine singular)
ḱíh₂m (accusative feminine singular)
ḱíd (accusative neuter singular)
ḱíns (accusative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂ms (accusative feminine plural)
ḱíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ḱésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ḱésyo (genitive neuter singular)
ḱéysom (genitive masculine plural)
ḱéysom (feminine genitive plural)
ḱéysom (genitive neuter plural)
ḱésmod (ablative masculine singular)
ḱésyo (ablative neuter singular)
ḱéysom (ablative masculine plural)
ḱéysom (ablative feminine plural)
ḱéysom (ablative neuter plural)
ḱésmey (dative masculine singular)
ḱésmey (dative neuter singular)
ḱeybʰ- (dative masculine plural)
ḱeybʰ- (dative feminine plural)
ḱeybʰ- (dative neuter plural)
ḱésmi (locative masculine singular)
ḱésmi (locative neuter singular)
ḱeysu (locative masculine plural)
ḱeysu (feminine locative plural)
ḱeysu (locative neuter plural)
ḱéy (masculine nominative singular)
ḱíh₂ (feminine nominative singular)
ḱíd (neuter nominative singular)
ḱéyes (masculine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂es (?) (feminine nominative plural)
ḱíh₂ (neuter nominative plural)
ḱím (accusative masculine singular)
ḱíh₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
ḱíd (accusative neuter singular)
ḱíns (accusative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂n̥s (?) (accusative feminine plural)
ḱíh₂ (accusative neuter plural)
ḱésyo (genitive masculine singular)
ḱésyo (genitive neuter singular)
ḱéysoHom (genitive masculine plural)
ḱéysoHom (genitive neuter plural)
ḱésmead (?) (ablative masculine singular)
ḱésmead (?) (ablative neuter singular)
ḱéymos (ablative masculine plural)
ḱéymos (ablative neuter plural)
ḱésmey (dative masculine singular)
ḱésmey (dative neuter singular)
ḱéymos (dative masculine plural)
ḱéymos (dative neuter plural)
ḱésmi (locative masculine singular)
ḱésmi (locative neuter singular)
ḱéysu (locative masculine plural)
ḱíh₂su (feminine locative plural)
ḱéysu (locative neuter plural)
ḱíh₁ (instrumental masculine singular)
ḱíh₁ (instrumental neuter singular)
ḱéybʰi (instrumental masculine plural)
ḱíh₂bʰi (feminine instrumental plural)
ḱéybʰi (instrumental neuter plural)
id (neuter nominative singular)
ḱim (accusative masculine singular)
ḱih₂m̥ (accusative feminine singular)
ḱid (accusative neuter singular)
ḱins (accusative masculine plural)
ḱih₂ (accusative neuter plural)
*ḱéys (alternative)
*ḱí (alternative)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱy-ós</i>

Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*dīti</i> (“day”)

⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”) (+ *dīti (“day”))

desc

Albanian: sot (“today”, adverb), sod — Gheg, σὸτ — Arvanitika

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*naktā</i> (“night”)

⇒ *tˢjā(i) naktāi (“on this night”) (+ *naktā (“night”)) (see there for further descendants)

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*weta</i> (“year”)

⇒ *tˢjei wetei (“on this year”) (+ *weta (“year”))

Albanian: si-vjet (“this year”, adverb)

Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí

desc

plural stem of <i class="Xsux mention" lang="xlu">𒍝𒀀𒀸</i> (za-a-aš)

Luwian: 𒍣- (zi-, plural stem of 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)), [script needed] (zin … zin, “on the one hand … on the other”)

⇒ *ḱyód

Palaic: [script needed] (kii̯at, “here”, adverb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís ?

⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos), κεῖνος (keînos) — Epic, Ionic, κῆνος (kênos) — Aeolic, τῆνος (tênos) — Doric, ἐκεινοσί (ekeinosí) — emphatic, ἐκεινοσίν (ekeinosín) — emphatic with movable nu
Greek: εκείνος (ekeínos)
Italiot Greek: cino

⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“[on] this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)

Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron, “today”), σᾱ́μερον (sā́meron) — Doric, τήμερον (tḗmeron) — Attic
Greek: σήμερα (símera)
Tsakonian: σάμερε (sámere)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*wétos</i> (“year”)

⇒ *ťi-wétes (“[in] this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))

desc

Ancient Greek: σῆτες (sêtes), τῆτες (têtes)

Proto-Italic: *ki

Latin: cis (preposition)

Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- + *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí + *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).


téwe

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tavè (accusative), ⇒ tavęs (genitive)

Proto-Celtic: *towe (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwa

Sanskrit: तव (táva)

Proto-Iranian: *táwa

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁 (tauuā)

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tauua)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*twé</i>

Proto-Tocharian: (or from *twé)

Tocharian A: cu

>? Tocharian B: ci

Possibly originating as ablative "away from you", from *te + *we.


tewós

tewós (nominative singular)
tewóes (nominative plural)
tewé (singular vocative)
tewóes (plural vocative)
tewóm (accusative singular)
tewóms (accusative plural)
tewósyo (genitive singular)
tewóHom (genitive plural)
tewéad (ablative singular)
tewómos (ablative plural)
tewóbʰos (ablative plural)
tewóey (dative singular)
tewómos (dative plural)
tewóbʰos (dative plural)
tewéy (locative singular)
tewóy (locative singular)
tewóysu (locative plural)
tewṓys (instrumental plural)
tewā́m (accusative singular)
tewóm (nominative singular)
tewóy (dual nominative)
tewóm (singular vocative)
tewóy (dual vocative)
tewóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: tovs

Latvian: tavs

Lithuanian: tãvas

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τεός (teós)

Proto-Italic: *towos (see there for further descendants)

Thematisation of *téwe, or vriddhi derivative of *tú(h₂).


twós

twós (nominative singular)
twóes (nominative plural)
twé (singular vocative)
twóes (plural vocative)
twóm (accusative singular)
twóms (accusative plural)
twósyo (genitive singular)
twóHom (genitive plural)
twéad (ablative singular)
twómos (ablative plural)
twóbʰos (ablative plural)
twóey (dative singular)
twómos (dative plural)
twóbʰos (dative plural)
twéy (locative singular)
twóy (locative singular)
twóysu (locative plural)
twṓys (instrumental plural)
twā́m (accusative singular)
twóm (nominative singular)
twóy (dual nominative)
twóm (singular vocative)
twóy (dual vocative)
twóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քո (kʻo)
Armenian: քո (kʻo)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twajas

Old Prussian: twais

Proto-Slavic: *tvojь

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σός (sós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twás

Vedic Sanskrit: त्व (tvá, “your”)

Proto-Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬀 (θβa)