átta

Proto-Albanian: *ata

Albanian: atë

Proto-Anatolian: *atta

Hittite: 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (attas)

Lydian: 𐤠𐤯𐤠 (ata)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *áta

Proto-Slavic: *otъ, *ota, ⇒ *otьcь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *attyos

desctree

Old Irish: aite (“foster father, teacher, tutor”), aitte
Irish: oide
Manx: gedjey
Scottish Gaelic: oide

Proto-Germanic: *attô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *átta

Ancient Greek: ἄττα (átta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *át(t)a

Proto-Iranian: *át(t)a

Ossetian: ӕда (æda, “grandfather”)

Tajik: ота (ota, “father”)

Sanskrit:

desc

>? Assamese: (dialectal) আতা (ata, “grandfather”)

Proto-Italic: *atta, *attā

Latin: atta (see there for further descendants)

Likely a Lallwort, compare Proto-Turkic *ata, Proto-Uralic *attɜ, Proto-Eskimo *ata-ata.

onomatopoeic

Lallwort


h₂ékʷeh₂

h₂ékʷeh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂ékʷeh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂ékʷām (accusative singular)
h₂ékʷeh₂ (locative singular)
h₂ékʷeh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Germanic: *ahwō (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *awjō (“island”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Skadinawjō (“Scania, Scandinavia”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *akʷā

Latin: aqua (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: aqua (“river”)

The roots *h₂ep- (“(body of) water”) and *h₁egʷʰ- (“to drink”) are probably unrelated. A connection to *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”) has been proposed, in which case the semantic development would be "that which is swift" > "river" (as attested in Germanic) > "water" (as in Latin).


péḱu

peḱu- (oblique stem)
péḱu (nominative singular)
péḱuh₂ (nominative plural)
péḱu (singular vocative)
péḱuh₂ (plural vocative)
péḱu (accusative singular)
péḱuh₂ (accusative plural)
pḱéws (genitive singular)
pḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
pḱéws (ablative singular)
pḱúmos (ablative plural)
pḱúbʰos (ablative plural)
pḱéwey (dative singular)
pḱúmos (dative plural)
pḱúbʰos (dative plural)
pḱéw (locative singular)
pḱéwi (locative singular)
pḱúsu (locative plural)
pḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pḱúmis (instrumental plural)
pḱúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ասր (asr, “wool, fleece”), ասու (asu, genitive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péku (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fehu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páću (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *peku (see there for further descendants)

From the *u-stem of *peḱ- (“livestock”).


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁éḱwe (singular vocative)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁éḱwoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁éḱwōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔéḱus (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: էշ (ēš, “donkey”)

Armenian: էշ (ēš)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éśwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ekʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ehwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *íkkʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ekwos (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: [script needed] (es')

Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäkwe (see there for further descendants)

Usually explained as a derivation of the adjective *h₁éḱus (“quick, swift”), also seen in e.g. Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), Latin ōcior (“faster”) and Sanskrit आशु (āśú, “fast, quick”) (all < PIE *h₁oh₁ḱus (“swift”)). The thematic derivation would express association with a root noun *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”), thus denoting “that which has swiftness” or “the swift one”. The adjective would have to be derived from the root by reduplication, which is unusual in PIE nominal word formation. Many linguists therefore reject it as popular etymology and suggest other sources:
* Kulanda 2008 argues that the PIE word is borrowed from North Caucasian; compare Kabardian шы (šə), Abkhaz аҽы (aĉə), Avar чу (ču), Karata ичва (ičva, “mare”), Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”) etc. (NCED 520). This etymology has been criticized by Matasović 2012:291 who argues that the direction of borrowing is probably from PIE into North Caucasian: steppe horses were probably traded for Mesopotamian imports on the North Caucasus in the Eneolithic period. The fact that we find fricatives and affricates in the Caucasian reflexes of this word indicates that the source could have been an IE dialect of the satem type.
* Blažek 2019 proposes that PIE is borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ-*kuʔs "male horse"
The original thematic form is also disputed. According to Kloekhorst (2008), the original derivation was a u-stem, to which Anatolian reflexes point particularly, which presume a Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu-, as opposed to the thematic (o-stem) derivation in all the other PIE branches. There is no known phonological development through which PIE *h₁eḱwo- could yield PAnat. *h₁eḱu-, and in view of the productivity of the o-stem inflection in Anatolian it is unlikely that PIE *h₁eḱwo- would have yielded PAnat. *h₁éḱu- through secondary developments. We therefore must conclude that the Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu- reflects the original state of affairs and that the thematicization as visible in the non-Anatolian IE languages (which would be a trivial development) must be regarded as a common innovation of them. In other words, this is a piece of evidence supportive of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. In that case, the original paradigm would have been *h₁éḱ-u-s, *h₁éḱ-u-m, *h₁ḱ-u-és, from the stem *h₁eḱ-u- (“swift”).


Proto-Armenian: *hatir, *hayir

Old Armenian: հայր (hayr) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Armenian: յօրայ (yōray, “stepfather”), յաւրայ (yawray)
→ Armenian: հորա (hora) (learned)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸatīr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fadēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *patḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *patēr (see there for further descendants)

Mysian: πατριζι (patrizi, pl.)

desc

Phrygian: πατερης (paterēs, nominative plural)

Proto-Tocharian: *pācer

Tocharian A: pācar

Tocharian B: pācer

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Often supposed to be from *peh₂- (“to protect, shepherd”) + *-tḗr (agentive nominal suffix). Alternatively, from a nursery form *pa. It is possible that both semantic senses have contributed to the development of the term.


Anatolian:

Lydian: 𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳 (prafršiš) (brafrsis; stem brafr-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եղբայր (ełbayr), genitive եղբաւր (ełbawr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brā́ˀtē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brātīr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *brōþēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrā́tēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰráHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frātēr (see there for further descendants)

Illyrian:

→? Doric Greek: βρά (brá)

Mysian: βρατεραις (braterais, dat.pl.)

Phrygian: βρατερε (bratere, dat.sg.)

Proto-Tocharian: *procer (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *māter (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մայր (mayr), genitive մաւր (mawr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mā́ˀtē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mātīr (“mother”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mōdēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́tēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mātēr (see there for further descendants)

desc

Messapic: 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌀 (matura), 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌓𐌀 (matira)

Phrygian: ματαρ (matar)

Proto-Tocharian: *mācer (see there for further descendants)

In older literature usually reconstructed de-laryngealized as *mātēr and explained as a combination of a nursery word *ma (“mother”) and the agentive nominal suffix *-tēr. However, Balto-Slavic forms have acute accent and require a root laryngeal and a short vowel, reflecting *méh₂- (as opposed to *mḗh₂- which would have yielded a circumflexed vowel). Also, no trace of a lengthened grade in the root can be found: in no language did Eichner's law operate (which predicts non-coloration of the *ē in *mḗh₂-tr̥).

մայր

Proto-Armenian: *máyrī- (“wood (as building material)”); Old Armenian

մայրի

Proto-Armenian: *mayrí(y)ā- (“wood (as building material); woods, forest”); Old Armenian


nókʷts

nókʷts (nominative singular)
nókʷtes (nominative plural)
nókʷt (singular vocative)
nókʷtes (plural vocative)
nókʷtm̥ (accusative singular)
nókʷtm̥s (accusative plural)
nékʷts (genitive singular)
nékʷtoHom (genitive plural)
nékʷts (ablative singular)
nékʷtmos (ablative plural)
nékʷtbʰos (ablative plural)
nékʷtey (dative singular)
nékʷtmos (dative plural)
nékʷtbʰos (dative plural)
nékʷt (locative singular)
nékʷti (locative singular)
nékʷtsu (locative plural)
nékʷtmis (instrumental plural)
nékʷtbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *naktā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉈𒆪𒍖 (ne-ku-uz /nekuz/, “at eventide”, gen.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náktis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *noxs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nahts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nukts

desctree

Ancient Greek: νῠ́ξ (nŭ́x)
Greek: νυξ (nyx), νύκτα (nýkta), νύχτα (nýchta)
Italiot Greek: νύφτα (nýfta)
Mariupol Greek: ны́хта (nýxta)
Tsakonian: νιούτθα (nioúttha)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nákts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nákts

desctree

Sanskrit: नक् (nák), नक्तम् (náktam, “by night”), नक्ति (nákti), नक्त (nákta)
Pali: natta
→ Bengali: নক্ত (nokto)
→ Telugu: నక్తము (naktamu)

Proto-Iranian: *náxts

desc

𐬎𐬞𐬀⸱𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬎

Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀⸱𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬎 (upa.naxturušu, “bordering on the night”, loc.pl.)

Northern Kurdish: nixte (“rainy or cloudy weather, id. when the Sun doesn't shine”); nûtek (“obscure, pitch-dark”)

Wakhi: naɣ̌d

Proto-Italic: *nokts

Latin: nox (see there for further descendants)

Pooth argues that the word derives from *negʷ- (“bare, naked”), and that the ablaut variants *nékʷt-, *nókʷt- should be analyzed as two separate words, *négʷts and *nógʷts, root nouns meaning "dusk" and "night" respectively, or originally "getting bare (of sunlight)" (action noun) and "the result of getting bare (of sunlight)" (noun with detransitive or middle meaning marked by the vowel *o). This analysis differs from the traditional one, in which *nékʷt-, *nókʷt- are simply ablaut variants used in different parts of the nominal paradigm, with no difference in meaning.
Kloekhorst cites Kroonen that *negʷ- (“bare, naked”) is from *dʰnegʷ- and assumes the initial was dropped "at an early stage".

nakcu

Proto-Tocharian: *nekʷcäwye- (“last night, during the night”)


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Proto-Albanian: *māsnja (metathesized from earlier *mēns-)

Old Albanian: muoj

Albanian: muaj, muej

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ամիս (amis)

Armenian: ամիս (amis)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗˀn(e)s-

Baltic:

Latvian: mēnesis (“month”), mēness (“moon”)

Lithuanian: mė́nesis

Old Prussian: menig (interpreted as corruption of menius, in turn presumably misspelling for original menins)

Proto-Slavic: *mě̋sę̄cь (< *meh₁n-s-(e)n-ko-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mīns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mēnōþs (< *mēnōt-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗns

Attic Greek: μήν (mḗn), μείς (meís)

Greek: μήνας (mínas)

Doric Greek: μής (mḗs)

Elean Greek: μεύς (meús)

Aeolic Greek: μῆννος (mênnos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́Has (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mēns

Proto-Italic: *mēnsis

Latin: mēnsis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Sabellic: *mēns-en-

>? Oscan: minnaris

Proto-Italic: *mēns-(e)n-(e)i

Marsian: mesene

Proto-Italic: *anter-mens-o/ā-

𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌀𐌓𐌖

Umbrian: 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌍𐌄 (menzne), 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌀𐌓𐌖 (antermenzaru)

Proto-Tocharian: *mēñē (< *meh₁nē(n)) (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *méh₁n̥ss, probably from *meh₁- (“to measure”).


pṓds

ped- (oblique stem)
pṓds (nominative singular)
pódes (nominative plural)
pód (singular vocative)
pódes (plural vocative)
pódm̥ (accusative singular)
pódm̥s (accusative plural)
pedés (genitive singular)
pedóHom (genitive plural)
pedés (ablative singular)
pedmós (ablative plural)
pedbʰós (ablative plural)
pedéy (dative singular)
pedmós (dative plural)
pedbʰós (dative plural)
péd (locative singular)
pédi (locative singular)
pedsú (locative plural)
pedmís (instrumental plural)
pedbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *pāsi (from locative plural *pḗdsu)

Albanian: përposh, poshtë

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄊𒀸 (GÌR-aš /*padas/)

Lycian: 𐊓𐊁𐊅𐊁 (pede)

Luwian: 𒉺𒋫𒀀𒀸 (patās)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ոտն (otn) (from accusative singular *pódm̥)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸūts

Galatian: αδες (ades) (nom. pl.)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸīssu (from locative plural *pḗdsu)

desctree

Old Irish: ís
⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos

Proto-Celtic: *ɸodyā

Celtiberian: ozas (acc. pl.)

Proto-Germanic: *fōts (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πούς (poús)

Greek: πόδι (pódi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pā́ts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pets

Latin: pēs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (peře) (abl. sg.)

Phrygian: ποδας (podas, acc.pl.)

Proto-Tocharian: *pei (from dual *pódh₁e)

Tocharian A: pe

Tocharian B: paiyye

From earlier *póds, from *ped- (“to walk, to step”) + *-s (root nominal suffix), with the *-ṓ- arising via the morphologisation of Szemerényi's law.


Proto-Albanian: *wradnjā (< *wr̥h₂dnyo-)

Albanian: rrënjë

Armenian:

desc

Middle Armenian: արգատ (argat, “superfluous branches cut off from vine and used for kindling”) (possibly)

Celtic:

*wridmā < *wr̥d-m-

desctree

Old Irish: frém
Middle Irish: frém, prém
Irish: fréamh, préamh
Manx: fraue
Scottish Gaelic: freumh

Middle Welsh: greðyf

Welsh: greddf (“instinct”)

*wridnā < *wr̥d-n-

Old Irish: frén

Proto-Germanic: *wirtiz, *wrōts (genitive *wurtiz)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῥίζα (rhíza) (< *wredih₂-)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (raēša)

desc

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (rēšag)

Persian: ریشه (rêša)

Northern Kurdish: reh, reg (“root”), regez (“gender; race”)

Zazaki: rêçıke, riçıke (“root”)

Italic: *wradyos

Latin: radius (see there for further descendants)

Italic: *wrādmos

Latin: rāmus (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: witsako (< *wr̥di-k-eh₂, with loss of -r-)


desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *Hstḗrs
Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒋼𒅕𒍝 (ḫašterz)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աստղ (astł)
Armenian: աստղ (astł)

Proto-Celtic: *sterā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sternǭ, *sternô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *astḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hstā́ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *stērlā (diminutive)

Latin: stēlla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ścär-iye-

Tocharian A: śre, (plural) śren̄

Tocharian B: ścirye

desc

→? Proto-Semitic: *ʕaṯtar- (“Ishtar, Astarte”, name of a star goddess) (see there for further descendants)

Apparently from *h₂e(h₁)s- (“to burn, glow”) + *-tḗr (agentive nominal suffix), so that the result literally meant “glower, shiner”. Compare *h₂éh₁tēr (“fire”).


ḱḗr

ḱr̥d- (oblique stem)
ḱḗr (nominative singular)
ḱérdh₂ (nominative plural)
ḱḗr (singular vocative)
ḱérdh₂ (plural vocative)
ḱḗr (accusative singular)
ḱérdh₂ (accusative plural)
ḱr̥dés (genitive singular)
ḱr̥dóHom (genitive plural)
ḱr̥dés (ablative singular)
ḱr̥dmós (ablative plural)
ḱr̥dbʰós (ablative plural)
ḱr̥déy (dative singular)
ḱr̥dmós (dative plural)
ḱr̥dbʰós (dative plural)
ḱḗr (locative singular)
ḱérdi (locative singular)
ḱr̥dsú (locative plural)
ḱr̥déh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱr̥dmís (instrumental plural)
ḱr̥dbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: kërth, kërthizë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆠𒅕 (ker)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒍝𒀀𒅈𒍝 (/^(UZU)zārza/)

desc

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔖪𔖱𔖪 (za-ra/i-za)

Lycian: 𐊋𐊕𐊆𐊅𐊁 (kride)

Palaic: 𒅗𒀀𒅈𒋾 (ka-a-ar-ti /kārt-/)

Proto-Armenian: *ḱḗrdi-

desctree

Old Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)
Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kridyom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hertô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kərdíyā, *kḗr?

desc

Ancient Greek: καρδία (kardía), κῆρ (kêr)

Greek: καρδιά (kardiá)

Proto-Italic: *kord (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰā́rd, ⇒ *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam (unexplained voiced aspiration) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käryā-

Tocharian A: kri

Tocharian B: *käryā-


Proto-Anatolian: *Hṓwis

Hittite: 𒇻𒅖 (ḫāwis)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒄩𒀀𒌑𒄿𒅖 (/ḫāwīs/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (ha-wà/ì-i-śa)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊀𐊇𐊙 (χawã)

⇒ Carian: κοῖον, κόον

⇒ Carian: κοῖον, κόον

→ Ancient Greek: κῶας (kôas)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *áwis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *owis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *awiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ówis

Ancient Greek: ὄϊς (óïs), οἶς (oîs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *owis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: awi (pl.) (< *h₂ewéyes, base form *ā₍ᵤ₎w)

Lycian and Tocharian reflexes necessarily point to *h₂ówis. However, this noun is usually reconstructed as *h₃éwis in order to "account for the Anatolian and Armenian h- and for pervasive o-vocalism, in spite of the Tocharian form, which then remains unexplained" (Lubotsky). Alternatively, acrostatic ablauting *h₂ówi- ~ *h₂éwi- paradigm can be reconstructed (such as the one presented here in the declension table), and then one can "assume that the attested forms have the o-vocalism of the former variant, and the h- of the latter" (Lubotsky). Compare with Hebrew כֶּבֶשׂ (“kéves”) and Arabic كَبْش (kabš).
R. A. Pooth argues that the word has the original meaning "one who produces clothing (from wool)". See *h₂éwis.

ovьca

sheep; see there for further descendants

հովիւ

*h₃ewi-peh₂ (“shepherd”) (< *h₃éwis + *peh₂- (“to protect”)); Old Armenian


h₁némō (collective nominative)
h₁némō (collective vocative)
h₁némō (accusative collective)

Proto-Albanian: *enmen-, inmen-

Albanian: emër (Tosk), êmën (Gheg)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔlā́mn ~ *ʔlāmn

Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman)

Proto-Armenian: *anuwn

Old Armenian: անուն (anun), *անումն (*anumn)

Armenian: անուն (anun), անում (anum) (dialectal)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *inˀmen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *anman (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *namô (see there for further descendants) (from the collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *ónomə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ma (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nōmn̥

Latin: nōmen (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄𐌝𐌔 (numneís)

Umbrian: 𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌄 (nome), 𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌌 (numem)

Phrygian: ονομαν (onoman)

Proto-Tocharian: *ñemə

Tocharian A: ñom

Tocharian B: ñem

Kloekhorst 2008:518 argues for a *-mn̥ derivative of the root *h₃neh₃- (“to name”), reflected in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾𒄿 (ḫannaⁱ-, “to sue, judge”) (originally “to call to court”) and Ancient Greek ὄνομαι (ónomai, “to blame, scold, insult”) (with a semantic shift comparable to English to call names); see also *h₃en(h₂)-.
Within the disputed Indo-Uralic theory, it has been connected with the Uralic root *nime, whence Finnish nimi, Estonian nimi and Hungarian név.


dʰéǵʰōm

dʰéǵʰōm (nominative singular)
dʰéǵʰom (singular vocative)
dʰéǵʰōm (accusative singular)
ǵʰmés (genitive singular)
ǵʰmés (ablative singular)
ǵʰméy (dative singular)
ǵʰém (locative singular)
ǵʰémi (locative singular)
ǵʰméh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *dzō < *dʰgʰōm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *déǵm̥ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ցամաք (cʻamakʻ, “dry; dry land”) (possibly)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źémē, *źémijā < (accusative) *ǵʰem-m̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *zemľa < *ǵʰðʰem-

Proto-Celtic: *gdū < *gdō, *gdon- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰtʰṓn (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*dʰǵʰṓm-s</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰā́s (< *dʰǵʰṓm-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *tken (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰeǵʰ- + *-ōm. However, Kloekhorst argues that the Sanskrit and Anatolian evidence point towards a reconstruction of the root *dʰeǵ- as opposed to *dʰeǵʰ- on the basis that:
* In the Sanskrit oblique stem jm-, the consonant -j- must reflect *ǵ- and cannot reflect *ǵʰ-, which would regularly give -h- in all positions.
* The long vowel in the Hittite nominative singular [tēkan] suggests a "voiced unaspirated" (pre-glottalised) velar.
* The *ǵʰ- reconstructable from Latin, Germanic and Greek can be explained in the glottalic theory as a simplification of the cluster *dʰǵ /dˀɡ/ to *dʰǵʰ /dɡ/. The opposite development is much less likely.
It should be noted, however, that the glottalic theory is not generally accepted.
A phonetically difficult but possible connection is with *(s)teǵ- (“to cover”), with devoicing of *dʰ to *t via Siebs' law.


ǵéwstus

ǵéwstus (nominative singular)
ǵéwstewes (nominative plural)
ǵéwstu (singular vocative)
ǵéwstewes (plural vocative)
ǵéwstum (accusative singular)
ǵéwstums (accusative plural)
ǵustéws (genitive singular)
ǵustéwoHom (genitive plural)
ǵustéws (ablative singular)
ǵustúmos (ablative plural)
ǵustúbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵustéwey (dative singular)
ǵustúmos (dative plural)
ǵustúbʰos (dative plural)
ǵustéw (locative singular)
ǵustéwi (locative singular)
ǵustúsu (locative plural)
ǵustúmis (instrumental plural)
ǵustúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gustus

Welsh: gwst

Old Irish: guss, (Fer-gus, Oín-gus)

Irish: gus

Gaulish: gussou

Proto-Germanic: *kustuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštuš

Proto-Iranian: *júštuš

Northern Kurdish: çêj (“taste”)

Proto-Italic: *gustus

Latin: gustus

From *ǵews- (“to try, to taste”) + *-tus.


móri

mréy- (oblique stem)
móri (nominative singular)
móri (singular vocative)
móri (accusative singular)
mréys (genitive singular)
mréyoHom (genitive plural)
mréys (ablative singular)
mrímos (ablative plural)
mríbʰos (ablative plural)
mréyey (dative singular)
mrímos (dative plural)
mríbʰos (dative plural)
mréy (locative singular)
mrḗy (locative singular)
mrísu (locative plural)
mrímis (instrumental plural)
mríbʰis (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մաւր (mawr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mári (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mori (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mari (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maryáHdaH (< *moryéHdeh₂ or *moryóHdeh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maryáHdaH

Sanskrit: मर्यादा (maryā́dā)

Proto-Iranian: *maryáHdaH

Ossetian: мал (mal) (< *mārya-)

Proto-Italic: *mari (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; perhaps from a root *mer- (“sea, lake, wetland”).


dóru

dóru (nominative singular)
dóru (singular vocative)
dóru (accusative singular)
dréws (genitive singular)
dréwoHom (genitive plural)
dréws (ablative singular)
drúmos (ablative plural)
drúbʰos (ablative plural)
dréwey (dative singular)
drúmos (dative plural)
drúbʰos (dative plural)
dréw (locative singular)
dréwi (locative singular)
drúsu (locative plural)
drúmis (instrumental plural)
drúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *dṓru

Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)

Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)

Proto-Hellenic: *dóru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *or

Tocharian A: or (“wood”)

Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)

Proto-Celtic: *daru (-a- from oblique *darw-) (see there for further descendants)

Some argue that it is a deadjectival noun of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”).

տորգ

Old Armenian: տորգ (torg, “*wooden framework; weaving, fabric, net”)

derw

Middle Welsh: derwen (sg.), derw (pl.); Welsh

derb

Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”); Old Irish

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *trewwō

Proto-Germanic: *trewą (“tree”) (see there for further descendants)

δρῦς

tree, oak; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Germanic: *trugaz

trough; see there for further descendants


séh₁mō (collective nominative)
séh₁mō (collective vocative)
séh₁mō (accusative collective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀmen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hḗmə

Ancient Greek: ἧμᾰ (hêmă)

Proto-Italic: *sēmən

Latin: sēmen (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌝𐌀𐌓 (sehmeníar), sehemeniar (gen.sg.); 𐌔𐌄𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌄𐌔 (semenies), sehmenier (dat.abl.pl.)

From *seh₁- (“to sow”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *súHar (< leveled *súh₂el ~ *suh₂éns) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sōl (see there for further descendants)

*séh₂wōl (*séh₂wol-s) ~ *suh₂l-és (< *sh₂ul-és) (< *séh₂wel ~ *sh₂wéns)

Proto-Italic: *s(u)wol m (< leveled *suh₂ṓl ~ *suh₂lés)

súlˀnis

*sh₂ul-ḗn ~ *sh₂ul-nés or *séh₂ul-ō ~ *sh₂ul-nés

sunþraz

south; see there for further descendants

swāñce

Proto-Tocharian: *swāñco (“ray (of light), (sun) beam”)


gʷḗn

gʷénh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
gʷḗn (singular vocative)
gʷénh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
gʷénh₂m̥ (accusative singular)
gʷénh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
gʷnéh₂ (locative singular)
gʷnéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷón-

Luwian: 𒉿𒈾𒀜𒋾𒅖 (/wanattis/)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կին (kin)
Armenian: կին (kin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *génāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *benā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwenǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷonā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰánHs, *gnáHs (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κναικα (knaika)

Proto-Tocharian: *ćänā (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *widewā

Old Albanian: vejë

Albanian: ve

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *widewāˀ

Old Prussian: widdewū

Proto-Slavic: *vьdova (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *widwā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *widuwǭ f (see there for further descendants); *widuwô m

Proto-Hellenic: *ewítʰewos m; *ewitʰéwā f

Aeolic Greek: ἠΐθεος m (ēḯtheos); ἠϊθέη f (ēïthéē)

Attic–Ionic Greek: ἠΐθεος (ēḯtheos), ᾔθεος (ḗitheos)

desc

Doric Greek: ᾄθεος (ā́itheos, hyperdoricism)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwidʰáwaH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wiðowos (“unmarried”, adjective); *wiðowā f

Latin: viduus; vidua (see there for further descendants)

A derivative of the root *h₁weydʰh₁- (“to separate”), given that widows are irreversibly separated from their husbands.


uksḗn

uksḗn (nominative singular)
uksénes (nominative plural)
uksén (singular vocative)
uksénes (plural vocative)
uksénm̥ (accusative singular)
uksénm̥s (accusative plural)
uksnés (genitive singular)
uksnóHom (genitive plural)
uksnés (ablative singular)
uksn̥mós (ablative plural)
uksn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
uksnéy (dative singular)
uksn̥mós (dative plural)
uksn̥bʰós (dative plural)
uksén (locative singular)
ukséni (locative singular)
uksn̥sú (locative plural)
uksn̥mís (instrumental plural)
uksn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ukšā́ (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Uralic: *uškɜ (“ox, bull”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Kartvelian: *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) (perhaps, with metathesis) (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from *h₂ug-s-ḗn, from *h₂weg-s- (“to become strong”) + *-ḗn, or perhaps from *ugʷ-s-ḗn (“inseminator”), from *wegʷ- (“to moisten, make wet”). Alternatively borrowed from Proto-Kartvelian *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) with metathesis, or a Wanderwort, whence also Proto-Turkic *öküŕ (“ox, bull”).

bor

uxsū

ox, stag; see there for further descendants

→? Proto-Turkic: *öküŕ

Proto-Tocharian: *wəkʷsó (“draft-ox”) (see there for further descendants)

ox, bull; see there for further descendants


ḱwṓ

ḱwṓ (nominative singular)
ḱwónh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱwónes (nominative plural)
ḱwón (singular vocative)
ḱwónh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱwónes (plural vocative)
ḱwónm̥ (accusative singular)
ḱwónh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱwónm̥s (accusative plural)
ḱunés (genitive singular)
ḱunóHom (genitive plural)
ḱunés (ablative singular)
ḱwn̥mós (ablative plural)
ḱwn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ḱunéy (dative singular)
ḱwn̥mós (dative plural)
ḱwn̥bʰós (dative plural)
ḱwén (locative singular)
ḱwéni (locative singular)
ḱwn̥sú (locative plural)
ḱunéh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱwn̥mís (instrumental plural)
ḱwn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒆪𒉿𒀸 (ku-wa-aš /kuwaš/), 𒆪𒉿𒈾𒀭 (ku-wa-na-an /kuwanan/, acc.sg.)

Luwian:

Luwian: 𔑬𔗵𔗬(^(CANIS)zú-wa/in(i)-)

Lydian: -𐤨𐤠𐤫 (kan-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: շուն (šun)

Armenian: շուն (šun)

>? Old Armenian: սկունդ (skund) < *ḱwon-t-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hundaz (< *ḱun-tós or *ḱwn̥-tós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κύων (kúōn)

Greek: κύων (kýon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwā́ (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: canēs, canis (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κύνας (kúnas, accusative plural)

Proto-Tocharian: *ku (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *ḱwón-s. Hamp has suggested derivation from *péḱu + *-ō.


Proto-Armenian: *ataman

desctree

Old Armenian: ատամն (atamn)
Armenian: ատամ (atam)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dantís (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃dént-s</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dentís (< *h₃dént-s) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃dń̥t-</i>

Proto-Celtic: *dant (< *h₃dń̥t-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tanþs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tunþskaz (“canine tooth; tusk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *odónts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hdánts (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₃dn̥t-</i>

Proto-Italic: *dents (< *h₃dn̥t-) (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately an active participle of the root *h₃ed- (“to bite”) + *-ónts (active participle suffix). This noun is usually reconstructed with the initial *h₁ and thus explained as active participle of the verb *h₁ed- (“to eat”). However, Aeolic ἔδοντες (édontes) appears to be a folk-etymological adaptation to ἔδω (édō), and the initial ἔ- (é-) is hence no evidence for *h₁-. Old Armenian ատամն (atamn) also points to *h₃-, as well as a prefixed Greek derivative νωδός (nōdós), which requires *n̥-h₃d- (where */h₃/ was regularly vocalized to ό in interconsonantal position).


dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s

dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (nominative singular)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ (singular vocative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
dn̥ǵʰwā́m (accusative singular)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂és (genitive singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂és (ablative singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰós (ablative plural)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂éy (dative singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰós (dative plural)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ (locative singular)
dn̥ǵʰwéh₂i (locative singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂sú (locative plural)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂éh₁ (instrumental singular)
dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰís (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

desctree

influenced by <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">լիզեմ</i> (lizem, “to lick”)

Old Armenian: լեզու (lezu) (influenced by լիզեմ (lizem, “to lick”))
Armenian: լեզու (lezu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *inźūˀ (from earlier *dinźūˀ, with regular loss of d- before -n̥-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tangʷāss (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tungǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (see there for further descendants) (disputed, but Nuristani evidence points to *diȷ́ʰwáH)

Proto-Italic: *denɣwā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käntwo (perhaps from earlier *tänkwo) (see there for further descendants)


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂éǵroh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵre (singular vocative)
h₂éǵroh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵroh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵroh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵrōys (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արտ (art) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Old Armenian: ագարակ (agarak) (a secondary reflex borrowed from an unknown language) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *akraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *agrós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *agros (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected with verbal root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), whence also Latin agō (“to drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”) and Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “to drive, propel, cast”).


nisdós

non-ablauting (romanization)
nisdós (nominative singular)
nisdóes (nominative plural)
nisdé (singular vocative)
nisdóes (plural vocative)
nisdóm (accusative singular)
nisdóms (accusative plural)
nisdósyo (genitive singular)
nisdóHom (genitive plural)
nisdéad (ablative singular)
nisdómos (ablative plural)
nisdóbʰos (ablative plural)
nisdóey (dative singular)
nisdómos (dative plural)
nisdóbʰos (dative plural)
nisdéy (locative singular)
nisdóy (locative singular)
nisdóysu (locative plural)
nisdṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *nezda

Albanian: neth

Armenian:

or from <i class="Armn mention" lang="xcl">նստիմ</i> (nstim)

>? Old Armenian: նիստ (nist) (or from նստիմ (nstim))

Armenian: նստել (nstel)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*nisdás</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nísda (< *nisdás) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *nizdos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nestą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niždás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nizdos (see there for further descendants)

From *ni (“down”) + the root *sed- (“sit”) + *-ós. Literally "where [the bird] sits down".


wérǵom

non-ablauting (romanization)
wérǵom (nominative singular)
wérǵoy (dual nominative)
wérǵom (singular vocative)
wérǵoy (dual vocative)
wérǵom (accusative singular)
wérǵoy (accusative dual)
wérǵosyo (genitive singular)
wérǵoHom (genitive plural)
wérǵead (ablative singular)
wérǵomos (ablative plural)
wérǵobʰos (ablative plural)
wérǵoey (dative singular)
wérǵomos (dative plural)
wérǵobʰos (dative plural)
wérǵey (locative singular)
wérǵoy (locative singular)
wérǵoysu (locative plural)
wérǵōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գործ (gorc)

Armenian: գործ (gorc)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: var̂za (“fish trap”)

Lithuanian: váržas (“fish trap”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *vьrša (“fishing basket, osier fish-trap”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *werką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wérgon (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wárȷ́am

Proto-Iranian: *wárjam

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨 (var^əzəm)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wark (“wickerwork”)

Accent-retracted deadjectival noun from an adjective *werǵós (“done”), from *werǵ- (“to make”) + *-ós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


yugóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
yugóm (nominative singular)
yugóy (dual nominative)
yugóm (singular vocative)
yugóy (dual vocative)
yugóm (accusative singular)
yugóy (accusative dual)
yugósyo (genitive singular)
yugóHom (genitive plural)
yugéad (ablative singular)
yugómos (ablative plural)
yugóbʰos (ablative plural)
yugóey (dative singular)
yugómos (dative plural)
yugóbʰos (dative plural)
yugéy (locative singular)
yugóy (locative singular)
yugóysu (locative plural)
yugṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄿𒌑𒃷 (iúkan)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լուծ (luc) (l- from լուծանեմ (lucanem, “unharness”))

Armenian: լուծ (luc)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jū́ˀga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yugom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *juką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzugón

Ancient Greek: ζυγόν (zugón)

⇒ (later gender shift) *dzugós

Ancient Greek: ζυγός (zugós)

Greek: ζυγός (zygós)

Ancient Greek: δυγός (dugós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yugám (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jugom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yokäm (“door”)

Unsorted borrowings

→ Proto-Kartvelian: *uɣ- (see there for further descendants)

From *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) + *-óm (agentive nominal suffix).


nébʰos

nébʰes- (oblique stem)
nébʰos (nominative singular)
nébʰōs (nominative plural)
nébʰos (singular vocative)
nébʰōs (plural vocative)
nébʰos (accusative singular)
nébʰōs (accusative plural)
nébʰesos (genitive singular)
nébʰesoHom (genitive plural)
nébʰesos (ablative singular)
nébʰesmos (ablative plural)
nébʰesbʰos (ablative plural)
nébʰesey (dative singular)
nébʰesmos (dative plural)
nébʰesbʰos (dative plural)
nébʰes (locative singular)
nébʰesi (locative singular)
nébʰesu (locative plural)
nébʰesmis (instrumental plural)
nébʰesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *nébos

Hittite: 𒉈𒂊𒁉𒅖 (ne-e-pí-iš)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊀𐊂𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊈𐊀 (tabahaza)

Luwian: 𒋫𒀊𒉺𒀸𒊭 (tappassa)

Armenian: > *m̥bʰos

Old Armenian: ամպ (amp), ամբ (amb)

Armenian: ամպ (amp)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *néba

Proto-Slavic: *nȅbo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *nemos

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃

Breton: neñv

Cornish: nev

Welsh: nef

Old Irish: nem

Irish: neamh

Scottish Gaelic: nèamh

Manx: niau

Proto-Hellenic: *népʰos

Ancient Greek: νέφος (néphos)

Greek: νέφος (néfos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nábʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nábʰas

Sanskrit: नभस् (nábhas)

Proto-Iranian: *nábah

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬠𐬀𐬵 (nabah)

Northern Kurdish: nem (“moisture”)

Persian: نم (nam, “moisture”)

→ Armenian: նամ (nam)

From *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”) + *-os.
In a number of derived words the meaning shifts to "sky" or "heaven".

avull

Proto-Albanian: *abula (from *n̥bʰel-); Albanian


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂wĺ̥h₁nām (accusative singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

⇒? Hittite: 𒋠𒀸 (ḫulanaš)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wílˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wlanā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wullō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *wlḗnos

Ancient Greek: λῆνος (lênos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥HnaH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wlānā

Latin: lāna (see there for further descendants)


wĺ̥kʷos

non-ablauting (romanization)
wĺ̥kʷos (nominative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (dual nominative)
wĺ̥kʷoes (nominative plural)
wĺ̥kʷe (singular vocative)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (dual vocative)
wĺ̥kʷoes (plural vocative)
wĺ̥kʷom (accusative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (accusative dual)
wĺ̥kʷoms (accusative plural)
wĺ̥kʷosyo (genitive singular)
wĺ̥kʷoHom (genitive plural)
wĺ̥kʷead (ablative singular)
wĺ̥kʷomos (ablative plural)
wĺ̥kʷobʰos (ablative plural)
wĺ̥kʷoey (dative singular)
wĺ̥kʷomos (dative plural)
wĺ̥kʷobʰos (dative plural)
wĺ̥kʷey (locative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoy (locative singular)
wĺ̥kʷoysu (locative plural)
wĺ̥kʷoh₁ (instrumental singular)
wĺ̥kʷōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *ulka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (wa-al-ku-wa-aš)

Luwian: 𔑪, 𒌨𒈤 (walwa/i, “lion”) (only attested in personal names)

Lydian: 𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤 (walwe, “lion”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ulkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wŕ̥kas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)

Paeonian: Λυκκ- (Lukk-), Λυκπ- (Lukp-) (< *lukʷos)

Proto-Tocharian: *wä́lkʷë

Tocharian B: walkwe

The word *wĺ̥kʷos is a thematic accented zero-grade noun perhaps derived from the adjective *wl̥kʷós (“dangerous”); compare Hittite 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (walkuwa-, “something negative”), Old Irish olc (“evil”), Sanskrit अवृक (avṛká, “safe”, literally “not wild”), वृकतात् (vṛká-tāt, “savagery”). Stress shift onto the zero-grade is consistent with nominalized adjectives: compare Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛ́ṣṇa, “black antelope”) from कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black”). Alternatively, the word may be a derivative of the verbal root *welh₂- (“to tear up”). In either case, the word's formation closely resembles that of *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”), another thematic accented zero-grade noun whose referent is an animal subject to cultural taboos.
The Latin and Greek reflexes are unexpected (vs. expected Lat. *vulquus, Gk. *álpos, according to the regular progression PIE *l̥ > Lat. ol (later o changes to u in some places) , Gk. al). The Latin reflex is a borrowing from Osco-Umbrian (where PIE */kʷ/ regularly gave /p/), and both the Italic and Greek reflexes underwent metathesis pointing to an alternative reconstruction *lúkʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. A deformation would explain the metathesis of */w/ and */l/, which also occurred in Greek (*wĺ̥kʷos → *lúkʷos → λύκος (lúkos)), and also explains the presence of delabialized /k/ per the boukólos rule (regardless of whether it is Proto-Indo-European already or only Proto-Greek). In both cases, the expected forms are so close to the word for “fox” – compare Latin vulpēs, Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx) – that avoiding conflation of the two words for “wolf” and “fox” may have motivated either alteration or borrowing.
Most of the Germanic reflexes, with */kʷ/ > */g(ʷ)/ > */b/ > */p/ > /f/, also underwent unusual sound changes, as seen in Old English wylf, Middle High German wülpe < *wulbi < *wulgʷī́ < *wl̥kʷíh₂s. But the velar was retained in at least one form, i. e. Old Norse ylgr (“she-wolf”).
Armenian and Celtic have replaced the word with Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“howler”) due to taboo; compare Old Armenian գայլ (gayl), Middle Irish fáel. In Celtic, *kū (“hound, dog”) is also used to designate the wolf.


dṓm

dṓm (nominative singular)
dómes (nominative plural)
dóm (singular vocative)
dómes (plural vocative)
dṓm (accusative singular)
dómm̥s (accusative plural)
déms (genitive singular)
démoHom (genitive plural)
déms (ablative singular)
démmos (ablative plural)
démbʰos (ablative plural)
démey (dative singular)
démmos (dative plural)
démbʰos (dative plural)
dém (locative singular)
démi (locative singular)
démsu (locative plural)
démmis (instrumental plural)
démbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: տուն (tun), ⇒ տանուտէր (tanutēr), ⇒ տէր (tēr), ⇒ տիկին (tikin), ⇒ տիեզերք (tiezerkʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *dṓn

Ancient Greek: δῶ (dô)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dám

Sanskrit: दम् (dám)

Proto-Iranian: *dám

Avestan: 𐬛𐬄𐬨 (dąm)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: bindav (“basement”) (derived from bin ground, foundation + dav)

From *dem- (“to build”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


ǵónu

ǵónu (nominative singular)
ǵónuh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵónu (singular vocative)
ǵónuh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵónu (accusative singular)
ǵónuh₂ (accusative plural)
ǵnéws (genitive singular)
ǵnéwoHom (genitive plural)
ǵnéws (ablative singular)
ǵnúmos (ablative plural)
ǵnúbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵnéwey (dative singular)
ǵnúmos (dative plural)
ǵnúbʰos (dative plural)
ǵnéw (locative singular)
ǵnéwi (locative singular)
ǵnúsu (locative plural)
ǵnúh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵnúmis (instrumental plural)
ǵnúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒉡 (ge-e-nu /gēnu/, nom.-acc.sg), (/ganu-/ in oblique cases)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ծունր (cunr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *zveno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gónu

Ancient Greek: γόνυ (gónu)

Greek: γόνατο (gónato)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́nu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *genū (< instrumental *ǵénuh₁)

Latin: genū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *kenw-

*kenwäi (dual)

Tocharian A: kanweṃ (dual)

Tocharian B: keni (dual)

→ English: Genoa

→ Latin: Genua (toponym) (see there for further descendants)

𐌺𐌽𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *knussijaną (“to kneel”)

knuttōną

to swat; see there for further descendants

γόνατο

Ancient Greek: γόνατος (gónatos, gen.sg.), γόνυ (gónu, “knee; plant node”, nom.sg.)

→ Latin: Genusus

→ Ancient Greek: Γενοῦσος (Genoûsos) (toponym)


h₂ŕ̥tḱos

non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂ŕ̥tḱos (nominative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂ŕ̥tḱe (singular vocative)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂ŕ̥tḱom (accusative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂ŕ̥tḱey (locative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoy (locative singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂ŕ̥tḱōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *artsa

Old Albanian: ar (< shortening of *arth, where -th was mistaken for a diminutive suffix)

Albanian: ari (< back-formation from arinj (pl.), inherited plural of OAlb ar), arushë (feminine)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: արջ (arǰ)
Armenian: արջ (arǰ)

Proto-Celtic: *artos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *árktos

Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *orsos (perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?)

Latin: ursus (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly nominalized from root *h₂retḱ- (“to damage, harm”) (see also LIV root *h₁reḱs- (“to damage”)), whence Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”), 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙 (rašaiieṇt, “to damage”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: հաւ (haw, “bird; hen”)
Armenian: հավ (hav), հավք (havkʻ)
⇒ Old Georgian: ჰავით ზმნაჲ (havit zmnay, “fortune-telling using a chicken, bird”), ჰავის-ზმნაჲ (havis-zmnay, “sorcery, witchery”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *awis (see there for further descendants)

Pooth argues that *h₂éwis and *h₂ówis (“sheep”) are related and both from a root *h₂ew- (“dress, be dressed, clothe oneself”). *h₂éwis would mean "the one who is clothed (in feathers)", and *h₂ówis "the one that produces clothing (from wool)", the latter having detransitive or middle meaning marked by *o.

αἰετός

Ancient Greek: *αἴϝετος (*aíwetos); early Attic Greek


dʰugtrés (genitive singular)
dʰugtróHom (genitive plural)
dʰugtrés (ablative singular)
dʰugtr̥mós (ablative plural)
dʰugtr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
dʰugtréy (dative singular)
dʰugtr̥mós (dative plural)
dʰugtr̥bʰós (dative plural)
dʰugtr̥sú (locative plural)
dʰugtr̥mís (instrumental plural)
dʰugtr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒁺𒌓𒋻𒊑𒄿𒀀𒋾𒄿𒀀𒀸 (duttariyatiyas, gen.sg.)

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒁺𒌓𒋻𒊑𒄿𒀀𒋾𒅖 (duttariyatis)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔐱𔕬𔗬𔑰𔖱 (^(FILIA)tú-wa-tar /tuwatar/, acc.sg.)

Lycian: 𐊋𐊂𐊀𐊗𐊕𐊀 (kbatra)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուստր (dustr)

Armenian: դուստր (dustr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *duktḗ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *duxtīr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *duhtēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰúgatēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰúgʰHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fuɣtēr

Oscan: 𐌚𐌖𐌕𐌝𐌓 (futír)

Proto-Tocharian: *t(ŭ)kācēr (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”), originally meaning "the (potential) suckler, the one that draws milk" (compare Sanskrit दुहे (duhé) / दुग्धे (dugdhé)), + *-tḗr, the agentive nominal suffix common to other r-stem kinship terms.

⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: दुहिता दिवः

Vedic Sanskrit: दिवः दुहितर् (diváḥ dúhitar, “daughter of heaven”, epithet of Ushas)

بیدخت

Middle Persian: [script needed] (*bgdwht' /*bayduxt/, “daugher of Ahuramazda; Venus”)

Ἠελίου θυγάτηρ

Ēelíou thugátēr, Homeric epithet of Circe

⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: सूरः दुहिता

Vedic Sanskrit: सूर्यस्य दुहिता (sū́ryasya duhitā́, “daughter of Sūrya”)


swésōr

swésōr (nominative singular)
swésores (nominative plural)
swésor (singular vocative)
swésores (plural vocative)
swésorm̥ (accusative singular)
swésorm̥s (accusative plural)
susrés (genitive singular)
susróHom (genitive plural)
susrés (ablative singular)
susr̥mós (ablative plural)
susr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
susréy (dative singular)
susr̥mós (dative plural)
susr̥bʰós (dative plural)
susér (locative singular)
suséri (locative singular)
susr̥sú (locative plural)
susr̥mís (instrumental plural)
susr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *swesarā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քոյր (kʻoyr)
Armenian: քույր (kʻuyr), քիր (kʻir), քուր (kʻur) — dialectal, քոյր (kʻoyr) — traditional orthography

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swésō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *swesūr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swestēr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwéhōr

Ancient Greek: ἔορ (éor)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swásā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swezōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *(ṣä)ṣer (< *swésorm̥ (accusative))

Tocharian A: ṣar

Tocharian B: ṣer

Possibly from *su-h₁ésh₂-ōr, from *swé (“self”) + *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), literally “woman of one's own kin group” in an exogamous society, or from *swé (“self”) + *-sōr (feminine-noun-forming suffix).


Proto-Albanian: *nera (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅔𒈾𒊏𒉿𒀭𒋫 (innarawant-)

desc

Luwian: 𒀭𒅈𒌝𒈪 (ānnara/i, “forceful, virile”)

Lydian: 𐤫𐤵𐤭𐤮 (nãrs)

Armenian: *aynr < *anir

Old Armenian: այր (ayr); առն (aṙn, gen.sg.) < *h₂n̥rós

Old Armenian: (?) այրի (ayri, “husbandless”) < *n̥-Hnēr-yeh₂

q

(perhaps, though Derksen does not support this) Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: nóras (“will”)

Old Prussian: nertien (“anger”)

Proto-Slavic: *norvъ (“custom, manner”) (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: 𐌍𐌄𐌓 (ner)

Proto-Celtic: *neros, with thematicized full-grade leveled from *h₂nérm̥ (accusative singular)

Proto-Hellenic: *anḗr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nēr (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: αναρ (anar)

nertom

strength; see there for further descendants


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂ōwyéh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂ōwyéh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂ōwyéh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂ōwyóh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: vōe, *vae

Albanian: ve, vo, vø, vö

Proto-Armenian:

ref

With initial j- of uncertain origin, but probably from assimilatory influence of the original medial *-y- in Proto-Armenian. Less likely sporadic or from metathesis.

>? Old Armenian: ձու (ju) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓja

Proto-Slavic: *ȃje (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *āwyom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ajją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ōyyón (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāwyám

Proto-Iranian: *Hāwyám (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ōwom

Latin: ōvum (see there for further descendants)

Likely a vṛddhi derivative of *h₂éwis (“bird”), though some scholars have argued this as morphologically unlikely.

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel
de:Georges Darms

Hāwyákah

see Proto-Iranian *Hāwyám for further descendants


plúsis

Proto-Albanian: *pleustā < *plews-

Albanian: plesht

Armenian: < *pluso-

Old Armenian: լու (lu)

Armenian: լու (lu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blúšāˀ < *b(ʰ)lus-eh₂ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz < *plówkos (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic: < *psuly(e)h₂ < *plus-y(e)h₂

Ancient Greek: ψύλλα (psúlla)

Greek: ψύλλος (psýllos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plúšiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plúṣiṣ

Sanskrit: प्लुषि (plúṣi)

Proto-Iranian: *frúšiš

q

under the influence of <i class="Arab ps-Arab mention" lang="ps">سپږه</i> (spə́ẓ̌a)

Pashto: ورږه (wrə́ẓ̌a) (under the influence of سپږه (spə́ẓ̌a))

Yidgha: [script needed] (frīgo)

Italic: < *puslek- < *plus-ek-

Latin: pūlex (see there for further descendants)


wiHrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
wiHrós (nominative singular)
wiHróes (nominative plural)
wiHré (singular vocative)
wiHróes (plural vocative)
wiHróm (accusative singular)
wiHróms (accusative plural)
wiHrósyo (genitive singular)
wiHróHom (genitive plural)
wiHréad (ablative singular)
wiHrómos (ablative plural)
wiHróbʰos (ablative plural)
wiHróey (dative singular)
wiHrómos (dative plural)
wiHróbʰos (dative plural)
wiHréy (locative singular)
wiHróy (locative singular)
wiHróysu (locative plural)
wiHrṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

(possibly) Old Armenian: ամուրի (amuri, “husbandless”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wī́ˀras (“husband, man”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wiros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *weraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wīros (“hunter”) (possibly)

⇒ Ancient Greek: *ϝῑρᾱξ (*wīrāx)

Ancient Greek: ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wiros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wir

Tocharian A: wir (“youthful, young, fresh”)

According to some, *wiHrós is derived from the verb *weyh₁- (“to hunt”) (cf. Sanskrit वेति (véti), Lithuanian výti etc.), which would render the reconstruction as *wih₁rós, with *h₁ at the place of otherwise unreconstructable laryngeal *H, and the original meaning of "hunter".


suHnús

suHnús (nominative singular)
suHnéwes (nominative plural)
suHnów (singular vocative)
suHnéwes (plural vocative)
suHnúm (accusative singular)
suHnúms (accusative plural)
suHnóws (genitive singular)
suHnéwom (genitive plural)
suHnóws (ablative singular)
suHnúbʰ- (ablative plural)
suHnéwey (dative singular)
suHnúbʰ- (dative plural)
suHnḗw (locative singular)
suHnúsu (locative plural)
suHnúbʰ- (instrumental plural)
*suHyús (alternative)
*suHsós (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀnus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sunus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sunuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHnúš (see there for further descendants)

u-stem derivation from the root *sewH- (“to give birth”), thus the original meaning being "birth, fruit of the body". Tocharian, Greek and Armenian reflect the -yu- derivation from the same root: *suHyús. Sanskrit सूषा (sūṣā́, “parturient woman”) and Albanian gjysh (< Proto-Albanian *sūšā) derived from later variation *suHsós.


suHyús

suHyús (nominative singular)
suHyéwes (nominative plural)
suHyów (singular vocative)
suHyéwes (plural vocative)
suHyúm (accusative singular)
suHyúms (accusative plural)
suHyóws (genitive singular)
suHyéwom (genitive plural)
suHyóws (ablative singular)
suHyúbʰos (ablative plural)
suHyúbʰyos (ablative plural)
suHyúmos (ablative plural)
suHyéwey (dative singular)
suHyúbʰos (dative plural)
suHyúbʰyos (dative plural)
suHyúmos (dative plural)
suHyḗw (locative singular)
suHyewi (locative singular)
suHyúsu (locative plural)
suHyúbʰis (instrumental plural)
suHyúmis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ուստր (ustr)

Proto-Hellenic: *hūyús (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: se

Tocharian B: soy

U-stem derivation from the root *sewH- (“to give birth”), thus the original meaning being "birth, fruit of the body". Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Germanic and also Tocharian B reflect the -nu- derivation from the same root: *suHnús.


médʰu

Mate Kapović
Nikolai Starostin
de:Brian D. Joseph
ru:Старостин, Георгий Сергеевич

médʰu (nominative singular)
médʰu (singular vocative)
médʰu (accusative singular)
m̥dʰéws (genitive singular)
m̥dʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
m̥dʰéws (ablative singular)
m̥dʰúmos (ablative plural)
m̥dʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
m̥dʰéwey (dative singular)
m̥dʰúmos (dative plural)
m̥dʰúbʰos (dative plural)
m̥dʰéw (locative singular)
m̥dʰéwi (locative singular)
m̥dʰúsu (locative plural)
m̥dʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
m̥dʰúmis (instrumental plural)
m̥dʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *médu

q

>? Hittite: 𒃻𒆸𒊏𒆯𒆯 (ᴺᴵᴺᴰᴬKUR₄.RA KU₇-KU₇ /mitgaimi-/, “sweet bread”) (more likely borrowed from a Semitic source)

desc

→ Akkadian: 𒃻𒈬𒌓𒆪𒌑 (mutqûm, “sweet bread”) (possibly)

>? Luwian: 𒈪𒀉𒂵𒄿𒈪 (mi-it-ga-i-mi /mitgaimi-/, “sweet(ened)”)

Luwian: (“wine”)

Cuneiform script: 𒈠𒀜𒁺 (ma-ad-du /máddu/)

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔒅𔕬𔑷 (ma-tú-sà), 𔒅𔑢𔑷 (ma-tu-sà /máddu-sa/)

>? Proto-Armenian: *melu̍β̞i (< instr.pl. *medʰubʰi)

Old Armenian: մեղու (mełu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *médu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *medu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *meduz (see there for further descendants)

→? Hunnic: μέδος (médos, “beverage akin to mead”)

Proto-Hellenic: *métʰu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádʰu (“honey”)

Sanskrit: मधु (mádhu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *mádu (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Turkic: *bal

→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *mHädwV (“type of beverage; liquor”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ḿətə

Tocharian B: mīt

→ Late Old Chinese: 蜜 (mit) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽶𐽾 (mir)

→ Proto-Uralic: *mete (see there for further descendants)

→ Etruscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌈𐌂𐌅𐌀 (maθcva, “(honeyed) wine, sweet wine”)

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *matḳ- (“sweet”), one suggestion is a borrowing through Proto-Northeast Caucasian *miʒʒV (“sweet”).

bor

medvědь

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medwḗˀdis (from an earlier *médu-ēˀd-is)


wódr̥

wódr̥ (nominative singular)
wédōr (collective nominative)
wódr̥ (singular vocative)
wédōr (collective vocative)
wódr̥ (accusative singular)
wédōr (accusative collective)
wédn̥s (genitive singular)
udnés (collective genitive)
wédn̥s (ablative singular)
udnés (ablative collective)
wédney (dative singular)
udnéy (collective dative)
wédn̥ (locative singular)
wédni (locative singular)
udén (collective locative)
udéni (collective locative)
wódr̥ (nominative singular)
wédōr (collective nominative)
wódr̥ (singular vocative)
wédōr (collective vocative)
wódr̥ (accusative singular)
wédōr (accusative collective)
udéns (genitive singular)
udnés (collective genitive)
udéns (ablative singular)
udnés (ablative collective)
udéney (dative singular)
udnéy (collective dative)
udén (locative singular)
udéni (locative singular)
udén (collective locative)
udéni (collective locative)

Proto-Albanian: *udrjā

Albanian: ujë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar)

Luwian: 𒉿𒀀𒅈𒊭 (wārsa)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *udenskyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *watōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *údōr

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀄𐀈 (u-do /údōr/)

Ancient Greek: ὕδωρ (húdōr) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHr̥ (assuming a change d > h₁ in the nom. sg.)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáHr̥

Sanskrit: उदन् (udán) (from the oblique stem), वार् (vār) (possibly from the nominative) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *udōr

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌕𐌖𐌓 (utur)

Phrygian: βέδυ (bédu)

Proto-Tocharian: *wär

Tocharian A: wär

Tocharian B: war

From *wed- (“water”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).


mon-

(probably) Proto-Germanic: *mann- (see there for further descendants)

Hungarian; Mansi; Mansi; see there for further descendants

→? Proto-Ugric: *mańćɜ⇒ Old Hungarian: mogyërHungarian: magyarMansi:Northern Mansi: ма̄ньсиEastern Mansi: маньсь

Ἀμαζών

possibly) Proto-Hellenic: *əməďďṓn (“manless, husbandless”


ǵr̥h₂nóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵr̥h₂nóm (nominative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (dual nominative)
ǵr̥h₂nóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵr̥h₂néh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵr̥h₂nóm (singular vocative)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (dual vocative)
ǵr̥h₂nóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵr̥h₂néh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵr̥h₂nóm (accusative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (accusative dual)
ǵr̥h₂nóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵr̥h₂néh₂ (accusative plural)
ǵr̥h₂néy (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóy (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂nóh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *grunā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źírˀna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *grānom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kurną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grānom

Latin: grānum

Possibly a substantivised form of *ǵr̥h₂-nós (“matured, grown old”) (compare Sanskrit जीर्ण (jīrṇá, “old, worn out”)), itself a verbal adjective derived from *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old, to mature”) + *-nóm.


Proto-Albanian: *ātuma

Albanian: tym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dū́ˀmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰūmós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fūmos

Latin: fūmus


gʷṓws

gʷṓws (nominative singular)
gʷówh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷówes (nominative plural)
gʷów (singular vocative)
gʷówh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷówes (plural vocative)
gʷṓm (accusative singular)
gʷówh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷówm̥s (accusative plural)
gʷéws (genitive singular)
gʷéwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷéws (ablative singular)
gʷéwmos (ablative plural)
gʷéwbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷéwey (dative singular)
gʷéwmos (dative plural)
gʷéwbʰos (dative plural)
gʷéw (locative singular)
gʷéwi (locative singular)
gʷéwsu (locative plural)
gʷéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷéwmis (instrumental plural)
gʷéwbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *gau

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *gauka

Albanian: gak (“boar”)

q

Proto-Albanian: *kē (from earlier *kʷē) (an early loanword from a different IE language)

Albanian: ka (“ox”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: 𔑺𔗬𔗔 (^(BOS)wa/i-s(a) /wawas/)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կով (kov)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaw-, *gōw-

Latgalian: gūvs

Latvian: govs

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *govędo < *gʷew-n̥d- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gumьno (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gavęzь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bāus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kōz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷous (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́wš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷōs (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: bonassos (possibly)

Proto-Tocharian: *kew- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kaiyye

→⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *kus (“horse”)

Xiongnu: 駃騠 (*kʷeːd.deː /*kuti/)

boukolyos

*gʷow-kʷólh₁-o-s (“cowherd”) (+ *kʷelh₁- (“to make a turn, turn around”))


Proto-Albanian: *ōusi

Albanian: vesh

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ունկն (unkn) (singulative), ականջք (akanǰkʻ) (plural) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aus-

Latvian: auss

Lithuanian: ausis

Old Prussian: āusins

Proto-Slavic: *uxo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ausos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ausô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οὖς (oûs)

Doric Greek: ὦς (ôs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HušíH du

Proto-Iranian: *HušíH (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *auzis
Latin: auris, ōris
→ English: aur-
⇒ Latin: auricula (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Sanskrit: उषस् (uṣás, “the outer passage of the ear”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Húšma

Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Prasuni: yǘmu

From *h₂ew- (“to see”) + *-s (root nominal suffix), with a semantic shift to "to hear" after the split of Anatolian branch.


wṓkʷs

wokʷ- (oblique stem)
wṓkʷs (nominative singular)
wókʷh₁ (dual nominative)
wókʷes (nominative plural)
wók (singular vocative)
wókʷh₁ (dual vocative)
wókʷes (plural vocative)
wókʷm̥ (accusative singular)
wókʷh₁ (accusative dual)
wókʷm̥s (accusative plural)
wókʷs (genitive singular)
wókʷoHom (genitive plural)
wókʷs (ablative singular)
wókʷmos (ablative plural)
wókʷbʰos (ablative plural)
wókʷey (dative singular)
wókʷmos (dative plural)
wókʷbʰos (dative plural)
wók (locative singular)
wókʷi (locative singular)
wókʷsu (locative plural)
wókʷh₁ (instrumental singular)
wókʷmis (instrumental plural)
wókʷbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: wackis (“outcry”)

(possibly) Latvian: vāci (“Germans”)

(possibly) Lithuanian: vokietis (“German”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wókʷs

Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́kš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wōks (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wek (see there for further descendants)

From o-grade root noun of *wekʷ- (“to speak”).

giwahan

Proto-Germanic: *wōhmaz, *wōhmô; Old High German

wēman

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wōhmijaną (“to sound, make a noise”)


ḱléwos

ḱléwes- (oblique stem)
ḱléwos (nominative singular)
ḱléwōs (nominative plural)
ḱléwos (singular vocative)
ḱléwōs (plural vocative)
ḱléwos (accusative singular)
ḱléwōs (accusative plural)
ḱléwesos (genitive singular)
ḱléwesoHom (genitive plural)
ḱléwesos (ablative singular)
ḱléwesmos (ablative plural)
ḱléwesbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱléwesey (dative singular)
ḱléwesmos (dative plural)
ḱléwesbʰos (dative plural)
ḱléwes (locative singular)
ḱléwesi (locative singular)
ḱléwesu (locative plural)
ḱléwesmis (instrumental plural)
ḱléwesbʰis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *klāusnja (denominative)

Albanian: quaj

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślawas (*ew > *ow / _V)

Latvian: slava, slave (“rumor, reputation, fame”)

Lithuanian: šlovė (“honor, respect, fame”)

Proto-Slavic: *slȍvo (“word”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klowos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlewaz

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᛉ (*hlewaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ)

Proto-Hellenic: *kléwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwas (see there for further descendants)


ménos

ménes- (oblique stem)
ménos (nominative singular)
ménōs (nominative plural)
ménos (singular vocative)
ménōs (plural vocative)
ménos (accusative singular)
ménōs (accusative plural)
ménesos (genitive singular)
ménesoHom (genitive plural)
ménesos (ablative singular)
ménesmos (ablative plural)
ménesbʰos (ablative plural)
ménesey (dative singular)
ménesmos (dative plural)
ménesbʰos (dative plural)
ménes (locative singular)
ménesi (locative singular)
ménesu (locative plural)
ménesmis (instrumental plural)
ménesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mánas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ménos

Ancient Greek: μένος (ménos)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wardas (from the o-grade *wordʰh₁om)

Latgalian: vuords (“word, name”)

Latvian: vārds (“name, word”)

Lithuanian: var̃das (“name”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirdas (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om)

Old Prussian: wirds

→ Proto-Finnic: *virci (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wurdą (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *werβom (see there for further descendants)

From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”), with the extension *-dʰh₁-o- (from *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)), which expresses the perfective aspect.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


Proto-Germanic: *andijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *antíos

Ancient Greek: ἀντίος (antíos, “opposite”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántyas

Sanskrit: अन्त्य (ántya, “last”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántyah

Avestan: -𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-aṇdiia, “summit, pick”) (as combine noun in name of angel, Parandi [ 𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬍 (pāraṇdī),𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬌 (pārəṇdai, “(godness of) wealth, richness”)] )

Proto-Italic:

Latin: antiae (“forelock”)


*snígʷʰs

snígʷʰs (nominative singular)
snígʷʰh₁ (dual nominative)
snígʷʰes (nominative plural)
sníg (singular vocative)
snígʷʰh₁ (dual vocative)
snígʷʰes (plural vocative)
snígʷʰm̥ (accusative singular)
snígʷʰh₁ (accusative dual)
snígʷʰm̥s (accusative plural)
snigʷʰés (genitive singular)
snigʷʰóHom (genitive plural)
snigʷʰés (ablative singular)
snigʷʰmós (ablative plural)
snigʷʰbʰós (ablative plural)
snigʷʰéy (dative singular)
snigʷʰmós (dative plural)
snigʷʰbʰós (dative plural)
sníg (locative singular)
snígʷʰi (locative singular)
snigʷʰsú (locative plural)
snigʷʰmís (instrumental plural)
snigʷʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Celtic:

Old Irish: snige (“drip, flowing”) (< *snigʷyā); snechtae (“snow”)

Irish: sneachta

Manx: sniaghtey

Scottish Gaelic: sneachda

Welsh: nyf (< *snigʷo-)

Proto-Hellenic: *hníkʷʰs

Ancient Greek: νίφα (nípha, acc. sg.)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: स्निह् (sníh)

Shughni: жиниҷ (žiniǰ)

Proto-Italic: *sniks

Latin: nix

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śiñcatstse* (“snowy”), adjectival derivative (cited, as normal, in its masculine nominative singular form, which is projectable from the attested masculine accusative & genitive singulars) of fully-unattested *śiñce (“snow”) < a Proto-Indo-European *snigʷʰ-ēn-

From *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”), whence also *snóygʷʰos.


snóygʷʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
snóygʷʰos (nominative singular)
snóygʷʰoes (nominative plural)
snóygʷʰe (singular vocative)
snóygʷʰoes (plural vocative)
snóygʷʰom (accusative singular)
snóygʷʰoms (accusative plural)
snóygʷʰosyo (genitive singular)
snóygʷʰoHom (genitive plural)
snóygʷʰead (ablative singular)
snóygʷʰomos (ablative plural)
snóygʷʰobʰos (ablative plural)
snóygʷʰoey (dative singular)
snóygʷʰomos (dative plural)
snóygʷʰobʰos (dative plural)
snóygʷʰey (locative singular)
snóygʷʰoy (locative singular)
snóygʷʰoysu (locative plural)
snóygʷʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snáigas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snaiwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáyǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snáyźʰas

Sanskrit: स्नेह (snéha, “greasiness, slime; body fluid, etc.”)

Prakrit: siṇēha ("snow")

From *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”) + *-os (thematic performance/action noun suffix). Compare the root noun *snígʷʰs.


pértus

pértus (nominative singular)
pértewes (nominative plural)
pértu (singular vocative)
pértewes (plural vocative)
pértum (accusative singular)
pértums (accusative plural)
pr̥téws (genitive singular)
pr̥téwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥téws (ablative singular)
pr̥túmos (ablative plural)
pr̥túbʰos (ablative plural)
pr̥téwey (dative singular)
pr̥túmos (dative plural)
pr̥túbʰos (dative plural)
pr̥téw (locative singular)
pr̥téwi (locative singular)
pr̥túsu (locative plural)
pr̥túmis (instrumental plural)
pr̥túbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸritus (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Germanic: *furduz (“ford”) (see there for further descendants) (from the oblique stem, apparently had already become a separate word in Germanic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥túš

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥túš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *portus (see there for further descendants)

From *per- (“to penetrate; to cross (water)”) + *-tus.


ǵénh₁tōr

ǵénh₁tōr (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥bʰós (dative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tér (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *génetōr

Ancient Greek: γενέτωρ (genétōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

Sanskrit: जनितृ (janitṛ́)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́anHtŕ̥

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬄𐬚𐬀𐬭 (ząθar, “creator; the Lord”)

Proto-Italic: *genatōr

Latin: genitor (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to give birth”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


h₃rḗǵs

h₃réǵ- (oblique stem)
h₃rḗǵs (nominative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (dual nominative)
h₃réǵh₁e (dual nominative)
h₃réǵ (singular vocative)
h₃réǵh₁ (dual vocative)
h₃réǵh₁e (dual vocative)
h₃réǵm̥ (accusative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (accusative dual)
h₃réǵh₁e (accusative dual)
h₃réǵm̥s (accusative plural)
h₃réǵs (genitive singular)
h₃réǵs (ablative singular)
h₃réǵ (locative singular)
h₃réǵi (locative singular)
h₃réǵh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Celtic: *rīxs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́ćš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rēks (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten; to righten”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


non-ablauting (romanization)
tewtā́m (accusative singular)

>? Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: *tetan

Albanian: tëtanë

>? Albanian: Dedë

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) (uncertain)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *t(j)autāˀ

Latgalian: tauta

Latvian: tàuta

Lithuanian: tautà

Old Prussian: tauto (“country”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *ťuďь (“foreigner, stranger”)

Proto-Germanic: *þeudō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawtáH (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: τευτους (teutous, acc.pl.)


ǵʰórtos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰórtos (nominative singular)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰórtoes (nominative plural)
ǵʰórte (singular vocative)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰórtoes (plural vocative)
ǵʰórtom (accusative singular)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰórtoms (accusative plural)
ǵʰórtosyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰórtoHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰórtead (ablative singular)
ǵʰórtomos (ablative plural)
ǵʰórtobʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰórtoey (dative singular)
ǵʰórtomos (dative plural)
ǵʰórtobʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰórtey (locative singular)
ǵʰórtoy (locative singular)
ǵʰórtoysu (locative plural)
ǵʰórtoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰórtōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gortos

Old Irish: gort

Irish: gort (“wheatfield”)

Proto-Brythonic: *gorθ

Old Breton: orth

Cornish: gorth

Welsh: garth (“hill, enclosure”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χόρτος (khórtos, “farmyard”)

Proto-Italic: *hortos (< earlier *xortos)

Latin: hortus (“garden”)

Oscan: 𐌇𐌞𐌓𐌆 (húrz)

Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)

Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)

From *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”). Alternatively, Matasović proposes that this is instead from a neo-root derived from a root noun *gʰṓrdʰ-s (root *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”), genitive *gʰr̥dʰ-ós, where the root-final consonant would devoice to -t- in the nominative singular. Whether the initial consonant was a palatovelar cannot be ascertained, since reflexes of *ǵʰórtos are only securely attested in centum languages.


h₃nóbʰōl

h₃nóbʰōl (nominative singular)
h₃m̥bʰl̥bʰós (ablative plural)
h₃m̥bʰl̥bʰós (dative plural)
h₃m̥bʰél (locative singular)
h₃m̥bʰl̥sú (locative plural)
h₃m̥bʰléh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃m̥bʰl̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *ompʰəl (< *h₃ómbʰ-l̥)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *ompʰəlós

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀμφαλός (omphalós)
Greek: αφαλός m (afalós), ομφαλός m (omfalós, “navel”)

Proto-Italic: *ombel, *ombeli (< loc.sg. *h₃m̥bʰéli or *h₃ómbʰ-l̥)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *ombelīkos (+ *-īkos)

Latin: umbilīcus (see there for further descendants)


méntis

mn̥téy- (oblique stem)
méntis (nominative singular)
ménteyes (nominative plural)
ménti (singular vocative)
ménteyes (plural vocative)
méntim (accusative singular)
méntims (accusative plural)
mn̥téys (genitive singular)
mn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
mn̥téys (ablative singular)
mn̥tímos (ablative plural)
mn̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
mn̥téyey (dative singular)
mn̥tímos (dative plural)
mn̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
mn̥téy (locative singular)
mn̥tḗy (locative singular)
mn̥tísu (locative plural)
mn̥tímis (instrumental plural)
mn̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mintís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mundiz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *mə́ntis (perhaps with analogical /n/)

Ancient Greek: μάντις (mántis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mentis

Latin: mēns, mentior (see there for further descendants)

From *men- (“to think”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


h₁régʷōs (nominative plural)
h₁régʷōs (plural vocative)
h₁régʷōs (accusative plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեկ (erek), երէկ (erēk)

Proto-Germanic: *rekwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Ἔρεβος (Érebos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráȷ́as

Sanskrit: रजस् (rájas)

From *h₁regʷ- (“to be dark”) + *-os (action or result suffix).


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: արաւր (arawr), հարաւր (harawr)

Armenian: արոր (aror)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aratrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arþrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *árotron (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *arātrom

Latin: arātrum (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-trom (instrumental suffix).


h₂éyōs (nominative plural)
h₂éyōs (plural vocative)
h₂éyōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *aiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aos

Latin: aes

If a native formation, possibly from a root *h₂ey- (“to burn; fire”) found also in *h₂ey-dʰh₁- (“to set fire”, literally “*put to fire”) and perhaps *h₂ey-er- (“day, morning”).


n̥bʰrós

n̥bʰrós (canonical)
n̥bʰrís (canonical masculine)

Proto-Armenian: < *m̥bʰrós

desctree

Old Armenian: ամպրոպ (amprop), անպրոպ (anprop)
Armenian: ամպրոպ (amprop)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: Amir, Amyr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *abʰrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *emβros, *emβris

Latin: imber

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌚𐌓𐌝𐌔𐌔 (anafríss)

Proto-Tocharian: *eppre

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *epprer (collective)

Tocharian B: iprer, eprer, ipprer
→ Tocharian A: eprer

→ Proto-Samic: *ëprē (via some Indo-European language) (see there for further descendants)

From *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”) + *-rós.

suffix

rain-cloud, with semantic narrowing to rain, cloud


pótis

pótis (nominative singular)
póteyes (nominative plural)
póti (singular vocative)
póteyes (plural vocative)
pótim (accusative singular)
pótims (accusative plural)
pótis (genitive singular)
pótyoHom (genitive plural)
pótis (ablative singular)
pótimos (ablative plural)
pótibʰos (ablative plural)
pótyey (dative singular)
pótimos (dative plural)
pótibʰos (dative plural)
póti (locative singular)
pótisu (locative plural)
pótimis (instrumental plural)
pótibʰis (instrumental plural)
pótis (nominative singular)
póteyes (nominative plural)
póti (singular vocative)
póteyes (plural vocative)
pótim (accusative singular)
pótims (accusative plural)
pótis (genitive singular)
pótyoHom (genitive plural)
pótis (ablative singular)
pótimos (ablative plural)
pótibʰos (ablative plural)
pótyey (dative singular)
pótimos (dative plural)
pótibʰos (dative plural)
póti (locative singular)
pótisu (locative plural)
pótimis (instrumental plural)
pótibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *pat(i)-

Albanian: pata

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patis

Latgalian: pats, pots

Latvian: pats

Lithuanian: pats

Proto-Slavic: *potь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gospodь (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *potьběga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸotis

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ɸotik(k)os

Proto-Brythonic: *oðɨx

Middle Breton: ozech

desc

Breton: ozhacʼh sg, ezhecʼh pl (“married man, husband”)

Old Irish: aithech (“master of a house, husband”)

Proto-Germanic: *fadiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pótis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *potis (see there for further descendants)

Derksen writes: “It is often assumed that the meaning ‘lord, husband’ derives from an even older meaning ‘self’, as found in pàts” (see Lithuanian pàts (“(singular masculine) self”)).


déms pótis

déms pótis (nominative singular)
déms pótih₁ (dual nominative)
déms pótih₁e (dual nominative)
déms póteyes (nominative plural)
déms póti (singular vocative)
déms pótih₁ (dual vocative)
déms pótih₁e (dual vocative)
déms póteyes (plural vocative)
déms pótim (accusative singular)
déms pótih₁ (accusative dual)
déms pótih₁e (accusative dual)
déms pótims (accusative plural)
déms pótis (genitive singular)
déms pótyoHom (genitive plural)
déms pótis (ablative singular)
déms pótimos (ablative plural)
déms pótibʰos (ablative plural)
déms pótyey (dative singular)
déms pótimos (dative plural)
déms pótibʰos (dative plural)
déms póti (locative singular)
déms pótisu (locative plural)
déms pótih₁ (instrumental singular)
déms pótimis (instrumental plural)
déms pótibʰis (instrumental plural)
déms pótis (nominative singular)
déms pótih₁ (dual nominative)
déms pótih₁e (dual nominative)
déms póteyes (nominative plural)
déms póti (singular vocative)
déms pótih₁ (dual vocative)
déms pótih₁e (dual vocative)
déms póteyes (plural vocative)
déms pótim (accusative singular)
déms pótih₁ (accusative dual)
déms pótih₁e (accusative dual)
déms pótims (accusative plural)
déms pótis (genitive singular)
déms pótyoHom (genitive plural)
déms pótis (ablative singular)
déms pótimos (ablative plural)
déms pótibʰos (ablative plural)
déms pótyey (dative singular)
déms pótimos (dative plural)
déms pótibʰos (dative plural)
déms póti (locative singular)
déms pótisu (locative plural)
déms pótih₁ (instrumental singular)
déms pótimis (instrumental plural)
déms pótibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *despótis

Ancient Greek: δεσπότης (despótēs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dámspatiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dámspatiṣ

Sanskrit: दम्पति (dámpati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dámspátiš

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬇𐬧𐬔⸱𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬴 (də̄ṇg.patōiṣ̌, “master of the house”, gen.sg.)

PIE word
 *pótis
From *dṓm ~ *dém-s (“house”) + *pótis (“master”).


ǵénh₁mn̥

ǵénh₁mn̥ (nominative singular)
ǵénh₁mō (collective nominative)
ǵénh₁mn̥ (singular vocative)
ǵénh₁mō (collective vocative)
ǵénh₁mn̥ (accusative singular)
ǵénh₁mō (accusative collective)
ǵn̥h₁m̥nés (collective genitive)
ǵn̥h₁m̥nés (ablative collective)
ǵn̥h₁m̥néy (collective dative)
ǵn̥h₁mén (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁mén (collective locative)
ǵn̥h₁ménh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *genaman, *genan (dissimilated)

Old Irish: gein

⇒ Middle Irish: genemain

Irish: giniúint

Proto-Italic: *genamen

Latin: genimen, germen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHma

Sanskrit: जनिमन् (jániman), जन्मन् (jánman), जन्म (janmá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHma

Pashto: جميا (ǰamyā, “rape seed”)

Iranian Persian: جنم (ǰanam, “seed, origin; nature, essence; being, existence”)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


ǵénh₁ōs (nominative plural)
ǵénh₁ōs (plural vocative)
ǵénh₁ōs (accusative plural)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծին (cin)
Armenian: ծին (cin)

Proto-Celtic: *genos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *génos
Ancient Greek: γένος (génos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *genos

Latin: genus (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-os.


mélit

mélit (nominative singular)
mélit (singular vocative)
mélit (accusative singular)
m̥lités (genitive singular)
m̥lités (ablative singular)
m̥litéy (dative singular)
mélit (locative singular)
méliti (locative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *melita (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (militt-) / [script needed] (malitt-)

Luwian: [script needed] (mallit-)

Palaic: [script needed] (mallitanna-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեղր (mełr)

Old Armenian: մեղու (mełu, “bee”)

Proto-Celtic: *meli (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mili (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *méli

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀕𐀪 (me-ri)

Ancient Greek: μέλι (méli)

Proto-Italic: *meli

Latin: mel (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Turkic: *bal


h₂éḱmō

h₂éḱmō (nominative singular)
h₂ḱnés (genitive singular)
h₂ḱnés (ablative singular)
h₂ḱn̥mós (ablative plural)
h₂ḱn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
h₂ḱnéy (dative singular)
h₂ḱn̥mós (dative plural)
h₂ḱn̥bʰós (dative plural)
h₂ḱmén (locative singular)
h₂ḱn̥sú (locative plural)
h₂ḱnéh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂ḱn̥mís (instrumental plural)
h₂ḱn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ákmō, *kā́ˀmō (see there for further descendants)

q

from a metathesized <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ḱémō</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *himinaz (from a metathesized *h₂ḱémō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἄκμων (ákmōn, “anvil, pestle, battering ram”)
Greek: άκμων (ákmon), άκμονας (ákmonas), ⇒ αμόνι (amóni) (from the diminutive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćmā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-mō (agentive nominal suffix), referring to the cutting sharpness of stone.


gʷʰéntis

gʷʰéntis (nominative singular)
gʷʰénteyes (nominative plural)
gʷʰénti (singular vocative)
gʷʰénteyes (plural vocative)
gʷʰéntim (accusative singular)
gʷʰéntims (accusative plural)
gʷʰn̥téys (genitive singular)
gʷʰn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰn̥téys (ablative singular)
gʷʰn̥tímos (ablative plural)
gʷʰn̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰn̥téyey (dative singular)
gʷʰn̥tímos (dative plural)
gʷʰn̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰn̥téy (locative singular)
gʷʰn̥tḗy (locative singular)
gʷʰn̥tísu (locative plural)
gʷʰn̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰn̥tímis (instrumental plural)
gʷʰn̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

q

Proto-Germanic: *gunþiz (via an intermediate form where *gʷʰ delabialized to *gʰ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰátis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰátiṣ

Sanskrit: हति (hati)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰánti

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (jaⁱṇti)

Southwestern Iranian:

desc

Old Persian: 𐎩𐎫𐎡𐎹 (jaⁿtiy, “to strike, defeat”) (root [Term?] (/ja(n)-/))

Middle Persian: [script needed] (MHYTWN-n /zadan/) (root [script needed] (zn- /zan-/))

Persian: زدن (zadan)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


snusós

non-ablauting (romanization)
snusós (nominative singular)
snusóes (nominative plural)
snusé (singular vocative)
snusóes (plural vocative)
snusóm (accusative singular)
snusóms (accusative plural)
snusósyo (genitive singular)
snusóHom (genitive plural)
snuséad (ablative singular)
snusómos (ablative plural)
snusóbʰos (ablative plural)
snusóey (dative singular)
snusómos (dative plural)
snusóbʰos (dative plural)
snuséy (locative singular)
snusóy (locative singular)
snusóysu (locative plural)
snusṓys (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Albanian: *snutjā

Albanian: nuse

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նու (nu)

Armenian: նու (nu)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snušā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *snъxa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snuzō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hnuhós

Ancient Greek: νυός (nuós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snušás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *snuzos, *snuzus

Latin: nurus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: santse

desc

→? Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *nusa (“daughter-in-law; bride”)

→? Proto-Northwest Caucasian: *nəsá (“daughter-in-law”)


Anatolian:

Carian: 𐊨𐊲𐊨 (quq, “grandfather”)

Hittite: 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 (ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as, “grandfather”)

Luwian:

Luwian: 𒄷𒌋𒄩 (ḫūḫa-, “grandfather”)

Luwian: 𔕳𔓷 (huha-, “grandfather”)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)

Lydian: 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮 (kukas, “grandfather”)

Milyan: 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 (χuga, “grandfather”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւ (haw) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *awos

Latin: avus (“grandfather”) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āwe

awô

grandfather; see there for further descendants

⇒ Latin: avunculus

maternal uncle; see there for further descendants

awis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *auˀis, *auˀjas; Old Prussian

ᚐᚃᚔ

descendant; see there for further descendants


h₁ésh₂r̥

h₁ésh₂r̥ (nominative singular)
h₁ésh₂ōr (collective nominative)
h₁ésh₂r̥ (singular vocative)
h₁ésh₂ōr (collective vocative)
h₁ésh₂r̥ (accusative singular)
h₁ésh₂ōr (accusative collective)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésHr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian: *ehar

Old Armenian: *ար (*ar)

⇒ Old Armenian: արիւն (ariwn)

Armenian: արյուն (aryun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asn̥-

Latvian: asinis

Latgalian: asnis, ašņa (1sg.gen.)

Proto-Hellenic: *éhər (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásHr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aser

Latin: assyr, aser, ascer

⇒ Latin: assarātum

Proto-Tocharian: *yä́sar

Tocharian A: ysār

Tocharian B: yasar

→ Proto-Germanic: *īsarną

>? Proto-Celtic: *īsarnom (“iron”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: sanguīs

blood; see there for further descendants


gʷémtis

gʷémtis (nominative singular)
gʷémteyes (nominative plural)
gʷémti (singular vocative)
gʷémteyes (plural vocative)
gʷémtim (accusative singular)
gʷémtims (accusative plural)
gʷm̥téys (genitive singular)
gʷm̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷm̥téys (ablative singular)
gʷm̥tímos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥téyey (dative singular)
gʷm̥tímos (dative plural)
gʷm̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
gʷm̥téy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tḗy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tísu (locative plural)
gʷm̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tímis (instrumental plural)
gʷm̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷm̥tís</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtís (< *gʷm̥tís)

Latvian: dzìmts

Lithuanian: gimti̇̀s

Proto-Germanic: *kumþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́tis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gátiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentis

Latin: ventiō

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


bʰeh₂ǵʰús

bʰéh₂ǵʰus (nominative singular)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰu (singular vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰéh₂ǵʰum (accusative singular)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂ǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰéh₂ǵʰums (accusative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéw (locative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰeh₂ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *bōguz

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́kʰus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaHȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pokowjä-

Tocharian A: poke

Tocharian B: poko


Proto-Hellenic: *pʰugā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fugā

Latin: fuga

From *bʰewg- (“to flee, to escape”) + *-éh₂.


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: տայգր (taygr), տագր (tagr)

Armenian: տեգր (tegr), տագր (tagr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dāˀiwēris

Lithuanian: di̇́everis

Latvian: diẽveris

Proto-Slavic: *dě̀verь (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Germanic: *taikuraz (with *k < *h₂ from Cowgill's law, reformed as an a-stem in analogy to *swehuraz)

Proto-Hellenic: *dāiwḗr

Ancient Greek: δᾱήρ (dāḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHiwā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *daiwēr

⇒ Latin: lēvir, laevir (see there for further descendants)


deywós

non-ablauting (romanization)
deywós (nominative singular)
deywóes (nominative plural)
deywé (singular vocative)
deywóes (plural vocative)
deywóm (accusative singular)
deywóms (accusative plural)
deywósyo (genitive singular)
deywóHom (genitive plural)
deywéad (ablative singular)
deywómos (ablative plural)
deywóbʰos (ablative plural)
deywóey (dative singular)
deywómos (dative plural)
deywóbʰos (dative plural)
deywéy (locative singular)
deywóy (locative singular)
deywóysu (locative plural)
deywṓys (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Anatolian: *diu̯- (“daylight god”)

Lycian: 𐊈𐊆𐊇 (ziw)

Lydian: 𐤣𐤦𐤥𐤦 (diwi)

Luwian: 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz, “a sun god”)

Palaic: 𒋾𒅀𒊍 (ti-ia-az /tiyaz/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daywás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deiwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tīwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *deiwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *deiwos (see there for further descendants)

Schwebeablaut or vṛddhi derivative of zero-grade *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-ós.


Proto-Germanic: *dēdiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰétis

Ancient Greek: θέσις (thésis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fētis

⇒ Latin: fētiālis, fētiāles (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHtíṣ

q

only in compounds, e.g. <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">वनधिति</i> (vanádhiti)

Sanskrit: धिति (dhiti) (only in compounds, e.g. वनधिति (vanádhiti))

Proto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bolgodětь

desctree

Old Church Slavonic: благодѣть (blagodětĭ)
→ Russian: благодать (blagodatʹ)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to put”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰoHnā́m (accusative singular)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Middle Armenian: դոն (don)
Armenian: դոն (don)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dṓˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰaHnáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰaHnáH

Sanskrit: धाना (dhānā́)

Punjabi: ਧਾਣ (dhāṇ)

desc

⇒? Sanskrit: धानक (dhānaka), धन्याक (dhanyāka), धानेय (dhāneya, “coriander”)

Proto-Iranian: *daHnáH

Middle Persian: dʾn' (dān)

Persian: دانه (dâne)

Northern Luri: دۆنںە (downa)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāno

Possibly from *dʰeh₁- + *-néh₂, with semantic development "what is laid in the soil (= seed)" > "grain".


Proto-Germanic: *dōmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰōmos

Ancient Greek: θωμός (thōmós)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to put”) + *-mos (action or result suffix).


gʰóstis

gʰóstis (nominative singular)
gʰósteyes (nominative plural)
gʰósti (singular vocative)
gʰósteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstim (accusative singular)
gʰóstims (accusative plural)
gʰostéys (genitive singular)
gʰostéyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰostéys (ablative singular)
gʰostímos (ablative plural)
gʰostíbʰos (ablative plural)
gʰostéyey (dative singular)
gʰostímos (dative plural)
gʰostíbʰos (dative plural)
gʰostéy (locative singular)
gʰostḗy (locative singular)
gʰostísu (locative plural)
gʰostímis (instrumental plural)
gʰostíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gastis

Latgalian: gosts

Proto-Slavic: *gostь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gostis

desc

Lepontic: 𐌊𐌏𐌑𐌉𐌏 (kośio), 𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌏𐌊𐌏𐌆𐌉𐌔 (uvamokozis)

Proto-Germanic: *gastiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hostis (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *gʰes- (“to eat”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix). Compare Sanskrit घसति (ghásati), Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬵 (gah, “to eat, to gorge”).
Heidermanns derives this from *gʰo + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-is.


>? Proto-Albanian: *bunga

Albanian: bung (“chestnut, oak”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀźas

Proto-Slavic: *bazъ (“elder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bāgos

Gaulish: *bagos (“beech”)

Proto-Germanic: *bōkō (“beech”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰāgós (“oak”)
Ancient Greek: φηγός (phēgós)
Doric Greek: φᾱγός (phāgós)

Proto-Italic: *fāgos

Latin: fāgus (“beech”)


Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒁁𒋻 n (pát-tar /pattar/, “wing”), 𒁁𒁕𒈾𒀸 (pád-da-na-aš /pattanaš/, gen.sg.)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թեր (tʻer, “*wing, *feather; *leaf; side”), թերթ (tʻertʻ, “leaf”), թիթեռն (tʻitʻeṙn, “butterfly”) < *pter-

Armenian: թեր (tʻer, “leaf”)

Old Armenian: թիռ- (tʻiṙ-, “to fly”) < *ptēr-

qual

Old Armenian: փետուր (pʻetur, “feather”) (possibly; or a borrowing from other descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸatar

Proto-Brythonic: *adar

Welsh: adar

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

ὑποπετρίδιος

ὑπο-πετρίδιος

Ancient Greek: ὑπο-πετρίδιος (hupo-petrídios, “winged”)

Ancient Greek: πτέρυξ (ptérux) (possibly)

From *peth₂- (“to fly”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

>? Proto-Slavic: *pero

feather; see there for further descendants


Proto-Anatolian: *páHʷr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հուր (hur) (< *puh₂r-)

Old Armenian: հն-ոց (hn-ocʻ, “furnace”) (< *ph₂wéns + -ոց (-ocʻ))

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūrs (“winter wheat”) but more often pūr̨i in analogy to kvieši, rudzi, mieži

desc

Lithuanian: pū̃ras (“one corn of winter-wheat; used in the plural for winter-wheat”)

Old Prussian: panno (“fire”), pure (“bromegrass”)

Proto-Slavic: *pyrь (“cinder; couch grass; spelt”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *panu (“fire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pāwər?

Ancient Greek: πῦρ (pûr), πῠρᾰ́ (pŭrắ)

desctree

Ancient Greek: πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”), σπυρός (spurós)
→? Arabic: بُرّ (burr, “wheat”)
→ Old Georgian: პური (ṗuri)
Georgian: პური (ṗuri, “wheat; bread”)
→ Armenian: պուրի (puri)
⇒ Sicilian: puru puru (interjection used to call hens, now disconnected from the sense of “wheat”)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: πύρνον (púrnon, “wheaten bread; food, meat”) (compare the Arabic طَعَام (ṭaʕām) for the semantics)

Proto-Italic: *pūr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *puwār

Tocharian A: por

Tocharian B: puwar

Often considered to contain the substantifying suffix *-wr̥ or *-r̥ on some root (*peh₂- or *peh₂w- respectively), but clearly related terms are lacking.


h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁n̥gʷní (singular vocative)
h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁n̥gʷníh₁ (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *agni

Albanian: e enjte

Albanian: En

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *úngnis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hagníš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *əngʷnis (see there for further descendants)