ténos

ténes- (oblique stem)
ténos (nominative singular)
ténōs (nominative plural)
ténos (singular vocative)
ténōs (plural vocative)
ténos (accusative singular)
ténōs (accusative plural)
ténesos (genitive singular)
ténesoHom (genitive plural)
ténesos (ablative singular)
ténesmos (ablative plural)
ténesbʰos (ablative plural)
ténesey (dative singular)
ténesmos (dative plural)
ténesbʰos (dative plural)
ténes (locative singular)
ténesi (locative singular)
ténesu (locative plural)
ténesmis (instrumental plural)
ténesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *ténos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánas

Sanskrit: तनस् (tánas)

Proto-Italic: *tenos

Latin: tenus, tenor, tener


téntis

téntis (nominative singular)
ténteyes (nominative plural)
ténti (singular vocative)
ténteyes (plural vocative)
téntim (accusative singular)
téntims (accusative plural)
tn̥téys (genitive singular)
tn̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
tn̥téys (ablative singular)
tn̥tímos (ablative plural)
tn̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
tn̥téyey (dative singular)
tn̥tímos (dative plural)
tn̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
tn̥téy (locative singular)
tn̥tḗy (locative singular)
tn̥tísu (locative plural)
tn̥tímis (instrumental plural)
tn̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

(perhaps) Germanic: *þundiz, *þindiz

Old Norse: þund, þind

Proto-Hellenic: *tə́tis

Ancient Greek: τᾰ́σις (tắsis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: तति (tati, “sacrificial act, ceremony”), तन्ति (tantí)

(perhaps) Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tant

From *ten- (“extend, stretch”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).

suffix

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


tónos

non-ablauting (romanization)
tónos (nominative singular)
tónoes (nominative plural)
tóne (singular vocative)
tónoes (plural vocative)
tónom (accusative singular)
tónoms (accusative plural)
tónosyo (genitive singular)
tónoHom (genitive plural)
tónead (ablative singular)
tónomos (ablative plural)
tónobʰos (ablative plural)
tónoey (dative singular)
tónomos (dative plural)
tónobʰos (dative plural)
tóney (locative singular)
tónoy (locative singular)
tónoysu (locative plural)
tónōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tánas

Lithuanian: tãnas

Proto-Hellenic: *tónos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́nas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tā́nas

Sanskrit: तान (tā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *tā́nah

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕнӕ (tænæ)

Iron: тӕн (tæn)


mosgʰós

non-ablauting (romanization)
mosgʰós (nominative singular)
mosgʰóes (nominative plural)
mosgʰé (singular vocative)
mosgʰóes (plural vocative)
mosgʰóm (accusative singular)
mosgʰóms (accusative plural)
mosgʰósyo (genitive singular)
mosgʰóHom (genitive plural)
mosgʰéad (ablative singular)
mosgʰómos (ablative plural)
mosgʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
mosgʰóey (dative singular)
mosgʰómos (dative plural)
mosgʰóbʰos (dative plural)
mosgʰéy (locative singular)
mosgʰóy (locative singular)
mosgʰóysu (locative plural)
mosgʰṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *masgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mazgą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazgʰás (see there for further descendants)

Possibly continues earlier *most-gʰ-os, perhaps compare Sanskrit मस्तृहन् (mastṛhan, “brain”), Tocharian B mrestīwe (“marrow”), from *móst-r̥ ~ *mést-n̥s.


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHima

Proto-Indo-European: *wáHima

Sanskrit: वेमन् (véman, “loom, slay”)

Proto-Celtic: *wēman

Middle Irish: fíam (“a chain”)

Proto-Germanic: *wīmą (“osier, wattle”)

Middle Low German: wīm, wīme

Middle Dutch: wīme

desc

Proto-Italic: *weimən (“branch for plaiting”)

Latin: vīmen (“branch for wickerwork”) (see there for further descendants)

From *weh₁y- (“to twist, wrap”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


dʰwṓr

dʰwṓr (nominative singular)
dʰwóres (nominative plural)
dʰwór (singular vocative)
dʰwóres (plural vocative)
dʰwórm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰwórm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰurés (genitive singular)
dʰuróHom (genitive plural)
dʰurés (ablative singular)
dʰwr̥mós (ablative plural)
dʰwr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
dʰuréy (dative singular)
dʰwr̥mós (dative plural)
dʰwr̥bʰós (dative plural)
dʰwór (locative singular)
dʰwóri (locative singular)
dʰwr̥sú (locative plural)
dʰwr̥mís (instrumental plural)
dʰwr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀭𒄙𒍝 (an-dur-za) (< *h₁en-dʰur-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwírs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *dwōrā

Albanian: derë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուռն (duṙn) (< *dʰwór-m̥ (acc.s.))

Armenian: դուռ (duṙ)

Proto-Celtic: *dwār (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *durz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰurā

desc

Ancient Greek: θῠ́ρα (thŭ́ra), θῠ́ρᾱζε (thŭ́rāze)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwā́r

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwā́r

Sanskrit: द्वार् (dvā́r), द्वारः (dvā́raḥ, nom.p.), द्वारा (dvā́rā, nom.d.), दुरः (dúraḥ, acc.p.)

Proto-Iranian: *dwā́r

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm, acc.s.), 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (duuar^ə, loc.s.)

Persian: در (dar)

Ossetian: дуар (dwar)

Proto-Nuristani: *dwara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fworis

Latin: foris (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰwer- (“door”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


némos

némos (nominative singular)
némōs (nominative plural)
némos (singular vocative)
némōs (plural vocative)
némos (accusative singular)
némōs (accusative plural)
némesos (genitive singular)
némesoHom (genitive plural)
némesos (ablative singular)
némesmos (ablative plural)
némesbʰos (ablative plural)
némesey (dative singular)
némesmos (dative plural)
némesbʰos (dative plural)
némes (locative singular)
némesi (locative singular)
némesu (locative plural)
némesmis (instrumental plural)
némesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *némos

Ancient Greek: νέμος (némos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nemos

Latin: nemus (“wood, forest”)


gʷéru

gʷéru (nominative singular)
gʷéru (singular vocative)
gʷéru (accusative singular)
gʷréws (genitive singular)
gʷréwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷréws (ablative singular)
gʷrúmos (ablative plural)
gʷrúbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷréwey (dative singular)
gʷrúmos (dative plural)
gʷrúbʰos (dative plural)
gʷréw (locative singular)
gʷréwi (locative singular)
gʷrúsu (locative plural)
gʷrúh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷrúmis (instrumental plural)
gʷrúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *beru (“spit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kweru (“sharp stick”)

Gothic: 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿 (qairu)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáru

desc

Proto-Iranian: *gráw, *gáru (“stick, hollow reed”)

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬀 (grava, “staff”)

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫃𐫡𐫇𐫇 (grww, “cane, reed”)

Persian: غرو (ġarv)

Proto-Italic: *gʷeru (“spit”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰuǵ-

būzas

possibly attested in Thracian personal names Byzas, Byzes

बोको

Sanskrit: बुक्क (bukka, “he-goat”); Nepali


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ankas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ónkos

Ancient Greek: ὄγκος (ónkos), ὄγκη (ónkē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hankás

Sanskrit: अङ्क (aṅká)

Proto-Iranian: *Hankáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬐𐬎 (anku, “hook”)

Proto-Italic: *onkos

Latin: uncus


(H)ísus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)íšuš (see there for further descendants)


gʷétu

gʷétu (nominative singular)
gʷétu (singular vocative)
gʷétu (accusative singular)
gʷtéws (genitive singular)
gʷtéwoHom (genitive plural)
gʷtéws (ablative singular)
gʷtúmos (ablative plural)
gʷtúbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷtéwey (dative singular)
gʷtúmos (dative plural)
gʷtúbʰos (dative plural)
gʷtéw (locative singular)
gʷtéwi (locative singular)
gʷtúsu (locative plural)
gʷtúh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷtúmis (instrumental plural)
gʷtúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *betu (“birch”)

Gaulish: *betu

→⇒? Latin: betulla, betūla? (Medieval Latin), betula (medieval?, early New Latin) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kweduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷetu

Osco-Umbrian:

→⇒ Latin: bitūmen (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰátu (see there for further descendants)

betuyā

birch; see there for further descendants


h₁óngʷl̥

h₁óngʷōl (nominative singular)
h₁n̥gʷl̥bʰós (ablative plural)
h₁n̥gʷl̥bʰós (dative plural)
h₁n̥gʷél (locative singular)
h₁n̥gʷl̥sú (locative plural)
h₁n̥gʷléh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁n̥gʷl̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *tsangila

Albanian: thëngjill

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anˀglís (see there for further descendants)

ածուխ

Old Armenian: ածուղ (acuł), ածուխ (acux)


ǵelu-

Celtic:

Old Irish: gil

Welsh: gêl

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aluš (see there for further descendants)


h₁ówdʰr̥ (nominative singular)
h₁ówdʰr̥ (singular vocative)
h₁ówdʰr̥ (accusative singular)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: paū́drė (perhaps), ūdróti

Proto-Slavic: *vỳmę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ūdarą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *óutʰər

Ancient Greek: οὖθαρ (oûthar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HúHdʰr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HúHdʰr̥

Vedic Sanskrit: ऊधर् (ū́dhar)

Proto-Iranian: *HúHdr̥

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (δʾrk)

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *utare

Proto-Finnic: *udar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: одар (odar)

Moksha: одар (odar)

Proto-Italic: *ouðer

Latin: ūber (see there for further descendants)


ḱr̥sós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱr̥sós (nominative singular)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱr̥sóes (nominative plural)
ḱr̥sé (singular vocative)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱr̥sóes (plural vocative)
ḱr̥sóm (accusative singular)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱr̥sóms (accusative plural)
ḱr̥sósyo (genitive singular)
ḱr̥sóHom (genitive plural)
ḱr̥séad (ablative singular)
ḱr̥sómos (ablative plural)
ḱr̥sóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱr̥sóey (dative singular)
ḱr̥sómos (dative plural)
ḱr̥sóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱr̥séy (locative singular)
ḱr̥sóy (locative singular)
ḱr̥sóysu (locative plural)
ḱr̥sóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱr̥sṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *karros (“wagon”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *hrussą (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐπίκουρος (epíkouros, “helper, support”)

Proto-Italic: *korzos

Latin: currus (“chariot”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ǵʰéyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰéyos (nominative singular)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰéyoes (nominative plural)
ǵʰéye (singular vocative)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰéyoes (plural vocative)
ǵʰéyom (accusative singular)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰéyoms (accusative plural)
ǵʰéyosyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰéyoHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰéyead (ablative singular)
ǵʰéyomos (ablative plural)
ǵʰéyobʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰéyoey (dative singular)
ǵʰéyomos (dative plural)
ǵʰéyobʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰéyey (locative singular)
ǵʰéyoy (locative singular)
ǵʰéyoysu (locative plural)
ǵʰéyoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰéyōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian: *jeioh

Old Armenian: ձի (ji)

Armenian: ձի (ji)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyas (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵʰey- (“to drive”) + *-os.
A Southern Indo-European word (found only in Armenian and Indo-Iranian), *ǵʰéyos represented a poetic word, belonging to the “language of gods”, as opposed to the usual unmarked *h₁éḱwos.


h₃émōs (nominative singular)
h₃m̥és (locative singular)
h₃m̥sú (locative plural)
h₃m̥séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *u(m)s

Old Armenian: ուս (us)

Armenian: ուս (us)


dʰrówgʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰrówgʰos (nominative singular)
dʰrówgʰoes (nominative plural)
dʰrówgʰe (singular vocative)
dʰrówgʰoes (plural vocative)
dʰrówgʰom (accusative singular)
dʰrówgʰoms (accusative plural)
dʰrówgʰosyo (genitive singular)
dʰrówgʰoHom (genitive plural)
dʰrówgʰead (ablative singular)
dʰrówgʰomos (ablative plural)
dʰrówgʰobʰos (ablative plural)
dʰrówgʰoey (dative singular)
dʰrówgʰomos (dative plural)
dʰrówgʰobʰos (dative plural)
dʰrówgʰey (locative singular)
dʰrówgʰoy (locative singular)
dʰrówgʰoysu (locative plural)
dʰrówgʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *draugaz (“apparition, ghost”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰráwgʰas (“deception, treachery”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljáudis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *liudiz (see there for further descendants)


dʰgʷʰéytis

dʰgʷʰéytis (nominative singular)
dʰgʷʰéyteyes (nominative plural)
dʰgʷʰéyti (singular vocative)
dʰgʷʰéyteyes (plural vocative)
dʰgʷʰéytim (accusative singular)
dʰgʷʰéytims (accusative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéys (genitive singular)
dʰgʷʰitéyoHom (genitive plural)
dʰgʷʰitéys (ablative singular)
dʰgʷʰitímos (ablative plural)
dʰgʷʰitíbʰos (ablative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéyey (dative singular)
dʰgʷʰitímos (dative plural)
dʰgʷʰitíbʰos (dative plural)
dʰgʷʰitéy (locative singular)
dʰgʷʰitḗy (locative singular)
dʰgʷʰitísu (locative plural)
dʰgʷʰitíh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰgʷʰitímis (instrumental plural)
dʰgʷʰitíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰtʰítis

Ancient Greek: φθῐ́σῐς (phthĭ́sĭs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰítiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰítiṣ

Sanskrit: क्षिति (kṣíti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sitis

Latin: sitis (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


non-ablauting (romanization)
tń̥nām (accusative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tina

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tanā (“time”)
Proto-Brythonic: *tan
Old Breton: tan, dan
Middle Cornish: tan
Cornish: tann, yn-dann
Middle Welsh: tan
Welsh: tan
Old Irish: tan

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þunō (“springe; tenter, stretcher”)

Old High German: dona

German: Dohne

Old Norse: þǫn

Old Gutnish: þan

Old Swedish: þan

Swedish: tana

Norwegian: tan

From *ten- (“to extend, stretch”) + *-néh₂.


stóygʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
stóygʰos (nominative singular)
stóygʰoes (nominative plural)
stóygʰe (singular vocative)
stóygʰoes (plural vocative)
stóygʰom (accusative singular)
stóygʰoms (accusative plural)
stóygʰosyo (genitive singular)
stóygʰoHom (genitive plural)
stóygʰead (ablative singular)
stóygʰomos (ablative plural)
stóygʰobʰos (ablative plural)
stóygʰoey (dative singular)
stóygʰomos (dative plural)
stóygʰobʰos (dative plural)
stóygʰey (locative singular)
stóygʰoy (locative singular)
stóygʰoysu (locative plural)
stóygʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *staiga
Albanian: shteg

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *staigas

Latvian: staĩga

Proto-Germanic: *staigō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stóikʰos

Ancient Greek: στοῖχος (stoîkhos)


h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm

h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (nominative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (dual nominative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (singular vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (dual vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (accusative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (accusative dual)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂r̥ǵn̥téy (locative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóy (locative singular)
h₂r̥ǵn̥tóh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *arcant-

desctree

Old Armenian: արծաթ (arcatʻ) (or borrowed from an Indo-Iranian cognate)
Armenian: արծաթ (arcatʻ)

Proto-Celtic: *argantom (< *h₂erǵn̥t-ó-m) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́atám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́atám (< *h₂reǵn̥t-ó-m)

Sanskrit: रजत (rajatá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥jatám

Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀 (ər^əzata)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎫 (a-r-d-t /ardata/)

Persian: آلی (âli, “silver”) (Yazidi, rd> l , ta>∅)

Middle Persian: (/arzīz/)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫉 (ʾrzyz)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlcyc)

Proto-Scythian: arzatam (Saqqez inscription)

Khotanese: [script needed] (āljsata-)

Ossetian: ӕрзӕ́т (ærzǽt)

Proto-Italic: *argentom (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂erǵ- (“white, argent, glittering”).
Probably entered the vocabulary with the meaning 'white metal, (probably) silver' around 3,500 BC.


spḗr

spḗr (nominative singular)
spéres (nominative plural)
spér (singular vocative)
spéres (plural vocative)
spérm̥ (accusative singular)
spérm̥s (accusative plural)
sprés (genitive singular)
spróHom (genitive plural)
sprés (ablative singular)
spr̥mós (ablative plural)
spr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
spréy (dative singular)
spr̥mós (dative plural)
spr̥bʰós (dative plural)
spér (locative singular)
spéri (locative singular)
spr̥sú (locative plural)
spr̥mís (instrumental plural)
spr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr

Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr) (Ionic), ψάρ (psár, “starling”)

Unknown; perhaps of non-Indo-European origin, like many other bird names.

frau

Proto-Celtic: *sɸrawos (“crow”) (Dybo's law)


kagʰyóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
kagʰyóm (nominative singular)
kagʰyóy (dual nominative)
kagʰyóm (singular vocative)
kagʰyóy (dual vocative)
kagʰyóm (accusative singular)
kagʰyóy (accusative dual)
kagʰyósyo (genitive singular)
kagʰyóHom (genitive plural)
kagʰyéad (ablative singular)
kagʰyómos (ablative plural)
kagʰyóbʰos (ablative plural)
kagʰyóey (dative singular)
kagʰyómos (dative plural)
kagʰyóbʰos (dative plural)
kagʰyéy (locative singular)
kagʰyóy (locative singular)
kagʰyóysu (locative plural)
kagʰyṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *kagyom (“pen, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hagjō

Proto-West Germanic: *haggju (“hedge”) (see there for further descendants)

From *kagʰ- (“to keep, enclose”) + *-yóm. Related to Latin cohum.


ḱéh₃ih₂ (nominative singular)
sḱéh₃ih₂ (nominative singular)
ḱéh₃ih₂ (singular vocative)
sḱéh₃ih₂ (singular vocative)
ḱéh₃ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
sḱéh₃ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
ḱyéh₂s (genitive singular)
ḱyéh₂s (ablative singular)
ḱyéh₂ (locative singular)
sḱyéh₂ (locative singular)
ḱyéh₂i (locative singular)
ḱyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
sḱyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *skijā

Albanian: hije (“shadow, shade; darkness”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: seja *seĩja (“face, shadow”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκῐᾱ́ (skĭā́, “shadow, shade”), σκιάς (skiás, “canopy, umbrel”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śćaHyáH (“shade”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *skiya

Tocharian B: [Term?] (skiyo, “shadow”)

From *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քէն (kʻēn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kainā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoinā́

Ancient Greek: ποινή (poinḗ)

→ Latin: poena (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaynáH

Proto-Iranian: *kaynáH

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (kaēnā)

Baluchi: [script needed] (kēnaγ)

Gurani: قین (qīn)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kîn (kīn)

Central Kurdish: قین (qîn)

Southern Kurdish: قین (qîn)

Old Persian: [script needed] (kainā́)

Middle Persian: kyn' (kēn)

Classical Persian:

Persian: کین (kin)

Tajik: кин (kin)

Ossetian: кийнӕ (kijnæ), кенӕ (kenæ)


Likely a substrate term, especially given the irregular variations in the Balto-Slavic anlaut and in the suffix. Note the complementary distribution with synonymous *wern-, which might therefore have been the native PIE term.

ві́льха

Proto-Slavic: *olьxa, *elьxa, *olьša, *elьša; Ukrainian

abskande

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *als(i)nis, *els(i)nis; Old Prussian


Proto-Germanic: *alaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́raH f (< *h₁ól-eh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́raH

Sanskrit: आरा (ā́rā) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Nuristani:

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ařë́

Kativiri: vóř

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: ák

Waigali: aẓ

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *ora (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լուսին (lusin)
Armenian: լուսին (lusin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láukšnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás

Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh

desc

Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon, moonlight”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwkšnaH

Proto-Iranian: *ráwxšnaH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *louksnā (see there for further descendants)

From *lewk- (“to shine”) + *-sneh₂. Alternatively from *lewk-s- + *-néh₂, from the s-stem of the same root (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwčas (“day; light”)). In this case, originally a substantivized adjective *lewk-s-nó-s or *lowk-s-nó-s (“shiny, bright”) (compare Middle High German liehsen (“bright”) from *léwk-s-no-s, Ancient Greek λύχνος (lúkhnos, “lamp”) from *luk-s-nó-s), as the divergent meanings of Avestan, Persian and Old Prussian indicate, and the fact that Iranian has cognates that are adjectives, not nouns. The original Proto-Indo-European lexeme for "moon" was apparently *mḗh₁n̥s, and *lówksneh₂ may have originated as a later poetic synonym.


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (paršna-)

Proto-Germanic: *fersnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πτέρνη (ptérnē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pā́ršniš (< *tpērsneh₂-i-s)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pā́rṣniṣ

Sanskrit: पार्ष्णि (pā́rṣṇi)

Proto-Iranian: *pā́ršniš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬱𐬥𐬀 (pāšna)

Gurani: پاژنە (pāžna)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: pehnî, panî

Central Kurdish: پانێ (panê), پانیە (panye), پاژنە (pajne)

Southern Kurdish: پاژنە (pajne)

Old Persian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾšnk' /pāšnag/)

Persian: پاشنه (pâšne)

Zazaki: paşne

Proto-Italic: *persnā

Latin: perna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *porsno (“ankle”) (< *tpērsneh₂-h₁en-)

Tocharian B: porsnai-

Perhaps from *t(s)pērH- (“to kick with the heel”) + *-sneh₂, possible compound of *pd- (“foot”) + *sperH- (“to beat, kick”).


dʰrā́ks

dʰragʰ- (oblique stem)
dʰrā́ks (nominative singular)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (dual nominative)
dʰrā́gʰes (nominative plural)
dʰrā́g (singular vocative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (dual vocative)
dʰrā́gʰes (plural vocative)
dʰrā́gʰm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰrā́gʰh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰrā́gʰh₁e (accusative dual)
dʰrā́gʰm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰragʰés (genitive singular)
dʰragʰóHom (genitive plural)
dʰragʰés (ablative singular)
dʰragʰmós (ablative plural)
dʰragʰbʰós (ablative plural)
dʰragʰéy (dative singular)
dʰragʰmós (dative plural)
dʰragʰbʰós (dative plural)
dʰrā́g (locative singular)
dʰrā́gʰi (locative singular)
dʰragʰsú (locative plural)
dʰragʰmís (instrumental plural)
dʰragʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *drōhs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frakēs

Latin: fracēs (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language.

drast

Proto-Germanic: *drastaz (< *drahstaz); Proto-West Germanic


non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱléytrām (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *klētrā

Middle Irish: clithar (“shelter”)

Proto-Germanic: *hlīþrō

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “hut, tent”)

Proto-Italic: *kleitrā

Latin: clītellae (“pack-saddle”) (< *kleitrela (diminutive)) (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: kletram (acc.sg.)

From *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-treh₂ (instrumental suffix).


kʷŕ̥mis

Proto-Albanian: *krimi

desc

Albanian: krimb, krimp, krym — Gheg, krimë — Tosk, kërmij, kërminj

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kírmis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷrimis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥miš (see there for further descendants)

The root is unknown; compare *wr̥mis of the same meaning.

animals resembling worms:
larva, grub, maggot

animals resembling worms:
(small) snake; serpent

animals resembling worms:
snake; serpent


Proto-Albanian: *dīti

Albanian: ditë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: տի (ti, “age, year, day, time”)

Proto-Germanic: *tīdiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαῖσις (daîsis, “division (of property)”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHtíš

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHtíṣ

>? Sanskrit: दीति (dītí, “brightness; time”)

From *deh₂y- (“to share, divide”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


ǵʰésōr

ǵʰésōr (nominative singular)
ǵʰésorh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰésores (nominative plural)
ǵʰésor (singular vocative)
ǵʰésorh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰésores (plural vocative)
ǵʰésorm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰésorh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰésorm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰsrés (genitive singular)
ǵʰsróHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰsrés (ablative singular)
ǵʰsr̥mós (ablative plural)
ǵʰsr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰsréy (dative singular)
ǵʰsr̥mós (dative plural)
ǵʰsr̥bʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰsér (locative singular)
ǵʰséri (locative singular)
ǵʰsr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰsréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰsr̥mís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰsr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *dāsrā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian: *ǵésōr ~ *ǵsrós (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ձեռն (jeṙn)
→ Arabic: زرنوك (zarnūk)
Armenian: ձեռք (jeṙkʻ), ձեռ (jeṙ)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéhər

Ancient Greek:

Aeolic Greek: χέρρ (khérrh, acc.sg.)

Doric Greek: χέρς (khérs), χήρ (khḗr)

Ionic Greek: χείρ (kheír)

*kʰéhrnikʷs (< + *neygʷ- (“to wash”))

desc

Ancient Greek: χέρνιψ (khérnips, “water for washing the hands”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀐𐀛𐀣 (ke-ni-qa /kʰéhrnigʷa/, acc.sg.) (= χέρνιβα (khérniba))

Proto-Italic: *hezor

Latin: hir

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣar

Tocharian A: tsar

Tocharian B: ṣar

>? Proto-Celtic: *garros

(calf of the) leg, shank; limb; earlier ?; see there for further descendants


úderos

non-ablauting (romanization)
úderos (nominative singular)
úderoes (nominative plural)
údere (singular vocative)
úderoes (plural vocative)
úderom (accusative singular)
úderoms (accusative plural)
úderosyo (genitive singular)
úderoHom (genitive plural)
úderead (ablative singular)
úderomos (ablative plural)
úderobʰos (ablative plural)
úderoey (dative singular)
úderomos (dative plural)
úderobʰos (dative plural)
úderey (locative singular)
úderoy (locative singular)
úderoysu (locative plural)
úderōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀdera (“belly, stomach”) (< Winter's law < *udera) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὕδερος (húderos), (Hesychius) ὅδερος (hóderos, “dropsy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *udáras (“belly, abdomen, stomach”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *uderos

Latin: uterus (“womb, uterus, belly”) (see there for further descendants)

Deadjectival form of *úd-er-o-s, variant of *údteros (“higher, outer”), from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


supnós

non-ablauting (romanization)
supnós (nominative singular)
supné (singular vocative)
supnóm (accusative singular)
supnósyo (genitive singular)
supnéad (ablative singular)
supnóey (dative singular)
supnéy (locative singular)
supnóy (locative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *supna

Albanian: gjumë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *súpnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sounos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *húpnos

Ancient Greek: ὕπνος (húpnos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *sŭmne

Tocharian B: *sanme (metathesis)

desc

⇒ Tocharian B: sänmetstse (“calm, tranquil, soothed”)

Perhaps rebuilt from the genitive of *swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s, from *swep- (“to sleep”) + *-r̥.


dʰǵʰúHs

dʰǵʰúHs (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰúHes (nominative plural)
dʰǵʰúH (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰúHes (plural vocative)
dʰǵʰúHm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰúHh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰǵʰúHh₁e (accusative dual)
dʰǵʰúHm̥s (accusative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-os (genitive singular)
dʰǵʰúH-ooHom (genitive plural)
dʰǵʰúH-os (ablative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-obʰos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-oey (dative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-obʰos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-o (locative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-oy (locative singular)
dʰǵʰúH-osu (locative plural)
dʰǵʰúH-oh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰǵʰúH-omis (instrumental plural)
dʰǵʰúH-obʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ձուկն (jukn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źū́ˀs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ikʰtʰū́s (unetymological prothetic vowel)

Ancient Greek: ἰχθῡ́ς (ikhthū́s) (see there for further descendants)

Tentatively suggested to be connected to Old Irish deug (“drink, draught, potion”), and Lithuanian dažai̇̃ (“paint, dye”), presuming a *dʰeǵʰ- (“liquid”) root.
Possibly related to Ugaritic 𐎄𐎂 (dg) and Hebrew דָּג (dāḡ).


dóws

dóws (nominative singular)
déwsōs (collective nominative)
dóws (singular vocative)
déwsōs (collective vocative)
dóws (accusative singular)
déwsōs (accusative collective)
déwsos (genitive singular)
dusés (collective genitive)
déwsos (ablative singular)
dusés (ablative collective)
déwsey (dative singular)
duséy (collective dative)
déws (locative singular)
déwsi (locative singular)
déws (collective locative)
déwsi (collective locative)

Proto-Celtic: *dows

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dowsants (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwš (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *swexurā (assimilation from expected *swetsurā)

Albanian: vjehrrë

Old Armenian: սկեսուր (skesur)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swekrūˀ

Proto-Slavic: *svekry (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swekrū
Proto-Brythonic: *hwegr
Old Cornish: hweger
Cornish: hweger
Welsh: chwegr

Proto-Germanic: *swegrō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑκυρά (hekurá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaćrúH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swekrus

Latin: socrus (see there for further descendants)

Metathesis of an earlier *sweḱúrh₂, feminine of *swéḱuros.


misdʰós

misdʰós (nominative singular)
misdʰóes (nominative plural)
misdʰé (singular vocative)
misdʰóes (plural vocative)
misdʰóm (accusative singular)
misdʰóms (accusative plural)
misdʰósyo (genitive singular)
misdʰóHom (genitive plural)
misdʰéad (ablative singular)
misdʰómos (ablative plural)
misdʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
misdʰóey (dative singular)
misdʰómos (dative plural)
misdʰóbʰos (dative plural)
misdʰéy (locative singular)
misdʰóy (locative singular)
misdʰóysu (locative plural)
misdʰṓys (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μισθός (misthós)

From *mey-s- (“exchange”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”). The first element appears to be an s-stem noun.


pérwr̥

pérwr̥ (nominative singular)
pérwōr (collective nominative)
pérwr̥ (singular vocative)
pérwōr (collective vocative)
pérwr̥ (accusative singular)
pérwōr (accusative collective)
pr̥wéns (genitive singular)
prunés (collective genitive)
pr̥wéns (ablative singular)
prunés (ablative collective)
pr̥wéney (dative singular)
prunéy (collective dative)
pr̥wén (locative singular)
pr̥wéni (locative singular)
pr̥wén (collective locative)
pr̥wéni (collective locative)

Proto-Hellenic: *pérwər

Ancient Greek: πεῖρᾰρ (peîrăr) (< *πεῦρᾰρ (*peûrăr))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párwr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párwr̥

desc

Sanskrit: पर्वन् (párvan), परुर् (párur, nom.sg.)

From *per- (“to go through”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suf

ᾰ̓πείρων

< *ᾰ̓πεύρων (*ăpeúrōn)


pérwr̥

pérwr̥ (nominative singular)
pérwr̥ (singular vocative)
pérwr̥ (accusative singular)
péruns (genitive singular)
pérunoHom (genitive plural)
péruns (ablative singular)
pérunmos (ablative plural)
pérunbʰos (ablative plural)
péruney (dative singular)
pérunmos (dative plural)
pérunbʰos (dative plural)
pérun (locative singular)
péruni (locative singular)
pérunsu (locative plural)
pérunmis (instrumental plural)
pérunbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊒 (pé-e-ru /péru/, nom.acc.sg.), 𒁉𒂊𒊒𒉌 n (pé-e-ru-ni /péruni/, “rock”, dat.loc.sg.)

⇒ Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊒𒈾𒀭𒍝 (pé-e-ru-na-an-za /pérunanta/, “rocky, craggy”)

Thracian: peru

𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁

Proto-Iranian: *párwataH f; Younger Avestan

>? Proto-Germanic: *fergunją

mountain; see there for further descendants


pérḱus

pérḱus (nominative singular)
pérḱewes (nominative plural)
pérḱu (singular vocative)
pérḱewes (plural vocative)
pérḱum (accusative singular)
pérḱums (accusative plural)
pr̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
pr̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
pr̥ḱúmos (ablative plural)
pr̥ḱúbʰos (ablative plural)
pr̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
pr̥ḱúmos (dative plural)
pr̥ḱúbʰos (dative plural)
pr̥ḱéw (locative singular)
pr̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
pr̥ḱúsu (locative plural)
pr̥ḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pr̥ḱúmis (instrumental plural)
pr̥ḱúbʰis (instrumental plural)

(possibly) Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: parz, parzëm

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀśis (with unexpected laryngeal) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćuš (see there for further descendants)


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅖𒄩𒀀𒀸 (išḫāš, “master”)

Celtic: (possibly)

Gaulish: Esus, Aesus (“Esus, a Gaulish deity”)

Proto-Italic: *ezos (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Italic: *eitər, *eitor

Latin: iter (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háytr̥

Proto-Iranian: *Háytr̥

Avestan: *𐬌𐬚𐬥𐬀 (*iθna)

⇒ 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌-𐬌𐬚𐬥𐬀- (paⁱri-iθna-, “(end of a) lifetime”)

Proto-Tocharian: *yätār (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tr̥ (deverbal nominal suffix).


Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dieve

Lithuanian: deivė

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáywiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáywiH

Sanskrit: देवी (devī́)

Proto-Iranian: *dáywiH

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬍 (daēuuī, “female Daeva”)

Schwebeablaut or vṛddhi derivative of zero-grade *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


ine-decl-noun-mf

ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂

ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tr̥yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHtriH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHtriH

Sanskrit: जनित्री (jánitrī)

Proto-Italic: *genatrīks

Latin: genitrīx

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γενέτειρα (genéteira)

From the noun *ǵénh₁tōr (“parent”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


waylos

non-ablauting (romanization)
waylos (nominative singular)
wayloes (nominative plural)
wayle (singular vocative)
wayloes (plural vocative)
waylom (accusative singular)
wayloms (accusative plural)
waylosyo (genitive singular)
wayloHom (genitive plural)
waylead (ablative singular)
waylomos (ablative plural)
waylobʰos (ablative plural)
wayloey (dative singular)
waylomos (dative plural)
waylobʰos (dative plural)
wayley (locative singular)
wayloy (locative singular)
wayloysu (locative plural)
waylōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գայլ (gayl), գայղ (gaył)
Armenian: → գայլ (gayl) (learned), > գել (gel) (inherited)
→? Old Georgian: მგელი (mgeli)
Georgian: მგელი (mgeli)
→? Laz: მგერი (mgeri), მჯვერი (mcveri), გვერი (gveri), გუ̂ერი (gûeri)
→? Mingrelian: გერი (geri), ნგერი (ngeri)

Proto-Celtic: *wailos (see there for further descendants)

The word is usually explained as ‘the howler’ and derived from *wáy (“woe”, or onomatopoeia for shouting) + *-los. Armenian and Celtic replaced the usual Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) because of taboo.


wosux

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźis; Old Prussian


Proto-Germanic: *aiks (see there for further descendants)


h₂eǵʰ-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եզն (ezn)

Armenian: եզ (ez)

Proto-Celtic: *agos

Old Irish: ag (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ʰíH (see there for further descendants)


(s)néHtr̥

néHtr̥ (nominative singular)
snéHtr̥ (nominative singular)
n̥Htṓr (collective nominative)
sn̥Htṓr (collective nominative)
néHtr̥ (singular vocative)
snéHtr̥ (singular vocative)
n̥Htṓr (collective vocative)
sn̥Htṓr (collective vocative)
néHtr̥ (accusative singular)
snéHtr̥ (accusative singular)
n̥Htṓr (accusative collective)
sn̥Htṓr (accusative collective)
n̥Hténs (genitive singular)
sn̥Hténs (genitive singular)
n̥Htnés (collective genitive)
sn̥Htnés (collective genitive)
n̥Hténs (ablative singular)
sn̥Hténs (ablative singular)
n̥Htnés (ablative collective)
sn̥Htnés (ablative collective)
n̥Hténey (dative singular)
sn̥Hténey (dative singular)
n̥Htnéy (collective dative)
sn̥Htnéy (collective dative)
n̥Htén (locative singular)
sn̥Htén (locative singular)
n̥Hténi (locative singular)
sn̥Hténi (locative singular)
n̥Htén (collective locative)
sn̥Htén (collective locative)
n̥Hténi (collective locative)
sn̥Hténi (collective locative)

Uncertain; possibly from *(s)neh₁- (“to twist, turn”), or perhaps *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”) + *-tr̥.


Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos)

Proto-Celtic: *oytos

Old Irish: óeth

⇒ Old Welsh: an-utonau

Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (see there for further descendants)

From the o-grade of *h₁ey- (“to go”), after the practice of walking between slaughtered animals as part of taking an oath.


Proto-Hellenic: *wástu

Ancient Greek: ἄστυ (ástu)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂wēstu</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́stu (< *h₂wēstu)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwā́stu

Sanskrit: वास्तु (vā́stu)

⇒ Sanskrit: वस्तु (vastu)

Proto-Tocharian: *wostu

Tocharian A: waṣt

Tocharian B: ost

From the o-grade of *h₂wes- (“to dwell”) + *-tu.


morwís

Proto-Albanian: *mārwa

Albanian: morr

desc

Proto-Armenian: (with assimilation *morwo- > *mormo-)

>? Middle Armenian: մորմ (morm, “tarantula”)

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մրջիւն (mrǰiwn)

Armenian: մրջյուն (mrǰyun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marwís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *morwis f (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mauraz, *miurijǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: (with assimilation *morwo- > *mormo-)

Ancient Greek: μύρμηξ (múrmēx) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: μύρμος (múrmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *marwíš m (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *mormīkā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*worm-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: βόρμαξ (bórmax), βύρμαξ (búrmax) (or from *worm-)

Possibly a metathesis of *worm-i- (“worm, larva, ant”) along with semantic narrowing. Or, the two have been conflated due to coincidental similarity.


Proto-Albanian: *meg(u)lā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *míglāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *omíkʰlā (see there for further descendants)


head

*h₁yénh₂tēr f (oblique stem *h₁yn̥h₂tr-)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: նէր (nēr), նեար (near) — reading variant
Armenian: ներ (ner)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jenˀtē

Proto-Slavic: *ętry (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐνάτηρ (enátēr)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: janitrīcēs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyaHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyaHtā

Sanskrit: यातृ (yātṛ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HyaHtā

Persian: جاری (jâri) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: यन्त्रिणी (yantriṇī), यन्त्रणी (yantraṇī)

co-sister-in-law (wife of the husband's brother)


woḱéh₂

woḱéh₂ (nominative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
woḱéh₂ (singular vocative)
woḱéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
woḱā́m (accusative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
woḱéh₂ (locative singular)
woḱéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waćáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waśáH

Sanskrit: वशा (vaśā́)

Proto-Italic: *wokā

>? Latin: vacca (if not loaned from a Celtic language) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown root *weḱ- + *-éh₂. A probable substrate word.


non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (dual nominative)
ḱoph₂é (singular vocative)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (dual vocative)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (accusative dual)
ḱoph₂óh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopyto (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hōfaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćapʰás (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kapja


Proto-Celtic: *rīganī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́ȷ́niH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ȷ́niH

Sanskrit: राज्ञी (rā́jñī) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *rēgīnā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃rḗǵs (“king”) + *-nih₂ (feminizing suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *nextī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niftiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náptiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naptíH

Sanskrit: नप्ती (naptī́)

Proto-Iranian: *náptiH

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬍 (naptī)

Proto-Italic: *neptis

Latin: neptis (see there for further descendants)

From the noun *népōts (“grandson”) + *-ih₂ (athematic feminine suffix).


bʰey-

báynah

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáynas (< *bʰéyn-o-s)

Old Irish: bechIrish: beachScottish Gaelic: beach


pérkus

pérkus (nominative singular)
pérkewes (nominative plural)
pérku (singular vocative)
pérkewes (plural vocative)
pérkum (accusative singular)
pérkums (accusative plural)
pr̥kʷéws (genitive singular)
pr̥kʷéwoHom (genitive plural)
pr̥kʷéws (ablative singular)
pr̥kʷúmos (ablative plural)
pr̥kʷúbʰos (ablative plural)
pr̥kʷéwey (dative singular)
pr̥kʷúmos (dative plural)
pr̥kʷúbʰos (dative plural)
pr̥kʷéw (locative singular)
pr̥kʷéwi (locative singular)
pr̥kʷúsu (locative plural)
pr̥kʷúh₁ (instrumental singular)
pr̥kʷúmis (instrumental plural)
pr̥kʷúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷerkʷus

Gaulish: *érkos (“oak-forest”)

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kʷerkʷernos (“oak people”)

Gallaecian:

→ Latin: Querquernī (ethnonym)

Venetic:

→ Latin: Quarquenī (ethnonym)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kʷerxtos (“bush”)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *perθ
Cornish: perth, Penberth (toponym)
Middle Welsh: perth
Welsh: perth
Pictish:
→ English: Perth (toponym)

Old Irish: ceirt (“apple-tree”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *ferhuz (“body; life; oak-tree”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *ferhwą (“life, essence”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷerkʷus

Latin: quercus (“oak-tree”) (see there for further descendants)


(s)kʷálos

kʷálos (nominative singular)
skʷálos (nominative singular)
kʷáloes (nominative plural)
skʷáloes (nominative plural)
kʷále (singular vocative)
skʷále (singular vocative)
kʷáloes (plural vocative)
skʷáloes (plural vocative)
kʷálom (accusative singular)
skʷálom (accusative singular)
kʷáloms (accusative plural)
skʷáloms (accusative plural)
kʷálosyo (genitive singular)
skʷálosyo (genitive singular)
kʷáloHom (genitive plural)
skʷáloHom (genitive plural)
kʷálead (ablative singular)
skʷálead (ablative singular)
kʷálomos (ablative plural)
skʷálomos (ablative plural)
kʷálobʰos (ablative plural)
skʷálobʰos (ablative plural)
kʷáloey (dative singular)
skʷáloey (dative singular)
kʷálomos (dative plural)
skʷálomos (dative plural)
kʷálobʰos (dative plural)
skʷálobʰos (dative plural)
kʷáley (locative singular)
skʷáley (locative singular)
kʷáloy (locative singular)
skʷáloy (locative singular)
kʷáloysu (locative plural)
skʷáloysu (locative plural)
kʷálōys (instrumental plural)
skʷálōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: kalis (“sheatfish”)

Proto-Germanic: *hwalaz (“whale”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄσπαλος (áspalos, “fish”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)káras

Proto-Iranian: *(s)kárah

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: squalus (“shark”) (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Uralic *kala, as well as to Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn”).


wern-

Proto-Albanian: *werna

Albanian: verr

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գերան (geran)
Armenian: գերան (geran)
→ Northern Kurdish: kêran
→ Turkish: keran

Proto-Celtic: *wernā (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: वरण (varaṇa, “sacred garlic pear, Crateva roxburghii?”)


bʰerHǵós

bʰerHǵós (nominative singular)
bʰerHǵóes (nominative plural)
bʰerHǵé (singular vocative)
bʰerHǵóes (plural vocative)
bʰerHǵóm (accusative singular)
bʰerHǵóms (accusative plural)
bʰerHǵósyo (genitive singular)
bʰerHǵóHom (genitive plural)
bʰerHǵéad (ablative singular)
bʰerHǵómos (ablative plural)
bʰerHǵóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰerHǵóey (dative singular)
bʰerHǵómos (dative plural)
bʰerHǵóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰerHǵéy (locative singular)
bʰerHǵóy (locative singular)
bʰerHǵóysu (locative plural)
bʰerHǵṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *bardza

Albanian: bredh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bérˀźas m, *bérˀźāˀ f (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *berkō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥Hȷ́ás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥Hȷ́ás

Sanskrit: भूर्ज (bhūrjá)

Kashmiri: بُرزٕ (burzụ)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥Hjás

Digor Ossetian: бӕрзӕ (bærzæ)

Iron Ossetian: бӕрз (bærz)


koḱs-

káćšas

armpit; see there for further descendants


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *elemas

Proto-Slavic: *jьlьmъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *limos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *elmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *olmos

Latin: ulmus (see there for further descendants)


kʷséps

kʷséps (nominative singular)
kʷsépes (nominative plural)
kʷsép (singular vocative)
kʷsépes (plural vocative)
kʷsépm̥ (accusative singular)
kʷsépm̥s (accusative plural)
kʷspés (genitive singular)
kʷspóHom (genitive plural)
kʷspés (ablative singular)
kʷspmós (ablative plural)
kʷspbʰós (ablative plural)
kʷspéy (dative singular)
kʷspmós (dative plural)
kʷspbʰós (dative plural)
kʷsép (locative singular)
kʷsépi (locative singular)
kʷspsú (locative plural)
kʷspmís (instrumental plural)
kʷspbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáps (see there for further descendants)


h₂éh₃mr̥

h₂éh₃mr̥ (nominative singular)
h₂éh₃mōr (collective nominative)
h₂éh₃mr̥ (singular vocative)
h₂éh₃mōr (collective vocative)
h₂éh₃mr̥ (accusative singular)
h₂éh₃mōr (accusative collective)
udén (collective locative)
udéni (collective locative)
h₂h₃m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)
h₂éh₃mr̥ (nominative singular)
h₂éh₃mōr (collective nominative)
h₂éh₃mr̥ (singular vocative)
h₂éh₃mōr (collective vocative)
h₂éh₃mr̥ (accusative singular)
h₂éh₃mōr (accusative collective)
h₂éh₃mn̥h₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Armenian: *amur ~ *aʷmur

Old Armenian: օր (ōr)

Proto-Hellenic: *ā́mər

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἦμᾰρ (êmăr), ἆμᾰρ (âmăr) — Doric, Arcadocypriot
Greek: ημέρα (iméra)
Tsakonian: αμέρα (améra)
→? Albanian: zëmër

From *h₂eh₃- (“to be hot, burn”) + *-mr̥.


sokʷós

non-ablauting (romanization)
sokʷós (nominative singular)
sokʷóes (nominative plural)
sokʷé (singular vocative)
sokʷóes (plural vocative)
sokʷóm (accusative singular)
sokʷóms (accusative plural)
sokʷósyo (genitive singular)
sokʷóHom (genitive plural)
sokʷéad (ablative singular)
sokʷómos (ablative plural)
sokʷóbʰos (ablative plural)
sokʷóey (dative singular)
sokʷómos (dative plural)
sokʷóbʰos (dative plural)
sokʷéy (locative singular)
sokʷóy (locative singular)
sokʷóysu (locative plural)
sokʷṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *źaka

Albanian: gjak (“blood”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sakás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sakʷos (“fir”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: sybwydd

Gaulish: *sappos (“fir tree”)

→ Latin: sappinus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hokʷós

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀπός (opós, “juice (of plants)”)

Proto-Tocharian: *sekwe (“pus”)

Tocharian A: saku

Tocharian B: sekwe


-níd-

Proto-Albanian: *tsanidā

Albanian: thëri

Proto-Armenian: *anic

Old Armenian: անիծ (anic) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gnī́ˀdāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *snidā

Old Irish: sned

Irish: sniodh

Manx: snieg

Scottish Gaelic: sneadh

Welsh: nedd

Cornish: nedh

Breton: nez

Proto-Germanic: *hnits (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κονίς (konís)

Believed by Kroonen to be a non-Indo-European substrate word related to Latin lēns (“id.”), though the latter may also be a direct, nasally dissimilated reflex of this root. Words for 'louse' and 'nit' are frequently subject to irregular tabooistic changes.


káput

káput ~ *kap-wét-s (canonical neuter)
káput (nominative singular)
káput (singular vocative)
káput (accusative singular)
kapwéts (genitive singular)
kapwéts (ablative singular)
kapwétey (dative singular)
kapwét (locative singular)
kapwéti (locative singular)

Proto-Germanic: *hafudą ~ *haubeþaz (“head”) (metathesized < *habweþaz) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kaput (see there for further descendants)

From *kap- (“head”), possibly of substrate origin, or perhaps related to *kap- (“seize, hold”), + rare suffix *-ut.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


sélos

séles- (oblique stem)
sélos (nominative singular)
sélōs (nominative plural)
sélos (singular vocative)
sélōs (plural vocative)
sélos (accusative singular)
sélōs (accusative plural)
sélesos (genitive singular)
sélesoHom (genitive plural)
sélesos (ablative singular)
sélesmos (ablative plural)
sélesbʰos (ablative plural)
sélesey (dative singular)
sélesmos (dative plural)
sélesbʰos (dative plural)
séles (locative singular)
sélesi (locative singular)
sélesu (locative plural)
sélesmis (instrumental plural)
sélesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian: (perhaps)

Old Armenian: եղտիւր (ełtiwr)

Proto-Hellenic: *hélos

Ancient Greek: ἕλος (hélos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

German: Saale

From a late, southern dialectal variant that is found mostly in East Indo-European languages, namely the Armenian, Greek and Indo-Iranian branches.


Hrugʰís

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rugís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rugiz (see there for further descendants)

Most likely a wanderwort that spread in post-PIE times.


yéwHs

yuHs- (oblique stem)
yéwHs (nominative singular)
yéwHs (singular vocative)
yéwHs (accusative singular)
yuHsés (genitive singular)
yuHsóHom (genitive plural)
yuHsés (ablative singular)
yuHsmós (ablative plural)
yuHsbʰós (ablative plural)
yuHséy (dative singular)
yuHsmós (dative plural)
yuHsbʰós (dative plural)
yéwHs (locative singular)
yéwHsi (locative singular)
yuHsú (locative plural)
yuHsmís (instrumental plural)
yuHsbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀšē

Lithuanian: jū́šė (“fish soup”)

Old Prussian: iuse (“broth”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yúHs

Sanskrit: यूस् (yū́s, “soup, broth”)

Proto-Italic: *jūs

Latin: iūs (“soup”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *yūskos, *yuskos

Middle Irish: úsc, úsca (“lard, fat”)

Probably from a root *yewH- (“to mix”), whence also possibly Proto-Celtic *yutos (“porridge”).

jūxà

soup; with unexplained loss of laryngeal; see there for further descendants

यूष

soup; water in which pulses have been boiled; see there for further descendants

Ancient Greek: ζύμηGreek: ζύμη→ English: zyme

zymo-→⇒ German: Enzym→ English: enzyme→ French: enzyme→ Italian: enzima→ Spanish: enzima


h₁órǵʰis

h₁órǵʰis (nominative singular)
h₁órǵʰih₁ (dual nominative)
h₁órǵʰih₁e (dual nominative)
h₁órǵʰi (singular vocative)
h₁órǵʰih₁ (dual vocative)
h₁órǵʰih₁e (dual vocative)
h₁órǵʰim (accusative singular)
h₁órǵʰih₁ (accusative dual)
h₁órǵʰih₁e (accusative dual)
h₁r̥ǵʰéys (genitive singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰéys (ablative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰímos (ablative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰíbʰos (ablative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰéyey (dative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰímos (dative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰíbʰos (dative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰéy (locative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰḗy (locative singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰísu (locative plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰíh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁r̥ǵʰímis (instrumental plural)
h₁r̥ǵʰíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *ardzai

Albanian: herdhe

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (arki-)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որձիք (orjikʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arź-

Proto-Slavic: *orzъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *orgyā

Middle Irish: uirge

Irish: úirí

Proto-Hellenic: *órkʰis

Ancient Greek: ὄρχις (órkhis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬍 (ər^əzī)


yemHós

non-ablauting (romanization)
yemHós (nominative singular)
yemHóes (nominative plural)
yemHé (singular vocative)
yemHóes (plural vocative)
yemHóm (accusative singular)
yemHóms (accusative plural)
yemHósyo (genitive singular)
yemHóHom (genitive plural)
yemHéad (ablative singular)
yemHómos (ablative plural)
yemHóbʰos (ablative plural)
yemHóey (dative singular)
yemHómos (dative plural)
yemHóbʰos (dative plural)
yemHéy (locative singular)
yemHóy (locative singular)
yemHóysu (locative plural)
yemHṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yamás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jemos

q

with contamination of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">Rōmulus</i>

Latin: Remus (with contamination of Rōmulus)


puHrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
puHrós (nominative singular)
puHróes (nominative plural)
puHré (singular vocative)
puHróes (plural vocative)
puHróm (accusative singular)
puHróms (accusative plural)
puHrósyo (genitive singular)
puHróHom (genitive plural)
puHréad (ablative singular)
puHrómos (ablative plural)
puHróbʰos (ablative plural)
puHróey (dative singular)
puHrómos (dative plural)
puHróbʰos (dative plural)
puHréy (locative singular)
puHróy (locative singular)
puHróysu (locative plural)
puHrṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: pûri, (obsolete spelling) pûŗi

Lithuanian: pūrai̇̃

Old Prussian: pure

Curonian: *pūrai

→? Samogitian: pūrai

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: пꙑре (pyre)

Russian: пыре́й (pyréj)

Ukrainian: пирій (pyrij)

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

>? Old English: fyrs
Middle English: firse, fyrs, furs, ferse, forse, fyrrys, vors, virs
English: furze

Proto-Hellenic: *pūrós

Ancient Greek: πῡρός (pūrós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHrás

desc

>? Sanskrit: पूर (pūra, “cake”) (doubtful)

Possibly from *peh₁w- (“to mow, harvest”) + *-rós (compare Latin putō (“to prune (trees), scour (wool)”), Latvian pļaũt (“to mow, harvest”)), or perhaps *ph₂-u-ró-s, from *peh₂- (“to strike”). Alternatively borrowed from Proto-Semitic (compare Hebrew בָּר (bar, “wheat”), Arabic بُرّ (burr, “wheat”)), or a Wanderwort.


tétḱō

tétḱō (nominative singular)
tétḱones (nominative plural)
tétḱon (singular vocative)
tétḱones (plural vocative)
tétḱonm̥ (accusative singular)
tétḱonm̥s (accusative plural)
tḱnés (genitive singular)
tḱnóHom (genitive plural)
tḱnés (ablative singular)
tḱn̥mós (ablative plural)
tḱn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
tḱnéy (dative singular)
tḱn̥mós (dative plural)
tḱn̥bʰós (dative plural)
tḱén (locative singular)
tḱéni (locative singular)
tḱn̥sú (locative plural)
tḱnéh₁ (instrumental singular)
tḱn̥mís (instrumental plural)
tḱn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

From *tetḱ- (“to create; to hew”) + *-ō.


gʷréh₂wō

Proto-Celtic: *brawū (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grā́wā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grā́wā

Sanskrit: ग्रावन् (grā́van)

From the adjective *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō (individualizing suffix).

suf

gírˀnūˀ

*gʷérh₂nu-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂nw-és (< metathesized *gʷérh₂un-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂un-és)


ḱérh₂sō

ḱérh₂sō (nominative singular)
ḱr̥h₂sn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ḱr̥h₂sn̥bʰós (dative plural)
ḱr̥h₂sén (locative singular)
ḱr̥h₂sn̥sú (locative plural)
ḱr̥h₂snéh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱr̥h₂sn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *hersô, *herznô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kárahə, genitive *krahətós, plural *kárahna

Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρᾱ (kắrā), κράς (krás)

Epic, Ionic Greek: κᾰ́ρη (kắrē)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀨𐀀𐀠 (ka-ra-a-pi /kraʰat-pʰi/, inst.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hsá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hsá

Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षन् (śīrṣán)

From an s-stem *ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-os, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”), + *-ō.

hirzniją

brain; see there for further descendants

κρᾱνίον

upper part of the head, skull; see there for further descendants


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/atešša/, “adze, axe, hatchet”)


Proto-Armenian:

or thematicized < <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wr̥h₁nós</i>

Old Armenian: գառն (gaṙn) (or thematicized < *wr̥h₁nós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *warḗn

Ancient Greek: ἀρήν (arḗn)

Possibly related to Latin vervēx (“wether”) and Ancient Greek εἶρος (eîros, “wool”).

lamb in general, or more probably only the male, ram.

उरण

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úrHanas (with accent retraction and vocalization)

berx

Proto-Iranian: *warānam (root vowel restored); Northern Kurdish

بەرخ

Proto-Iranian: *warānam (root vowel restored); Central Kurdish

وەرک

Proto-Iranian: *warānam (root vowel restored); Southern Kurdish


From *ǵʰeh₁- (“to go, to leave behind”).

derelict; an abandoned or forsaken person


From *h₂eh₁- (“to be hot, warm, dry”) + *-tēr (agentive nominal suffix).
The root is found functionally in Palaic 𒄩𒀀 (ḫa-a /ḫā/, “to be hot”) and with another derivative in Proto-Celtic *ā-ti- f (“drying kiln”). More at *h₂eHs-.

suf

𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭

Iranian: *HáHtr̥š (“fire”) (see there for further descendants)

to be/become dry, to burn, to glow, hearth, ashes


soytós

non-ablauting (romanization)
soytós (nominative singular)
soytóes (nominative plural)
soyté (singular vocative)
soytóes (plural vocative)
soytóm (accusative singular)
soytóms (accusative plural)
soytósyo (genitive singular)
soytóHom (genitive plural)
soytéad (ablative singular)
soytómos (ablative plural)
soytóbʰos (ablative plural)
soytóey (dative singular)
soytómos (dative plural)
soytóbʰos (dative plural)
soytéy (locative singular)
soytóy (locative singular)
soytóysu (locative plural)
soytṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *saitas

Lithuanian: sai̇̃tas, sei̇̃tas

Proto-Celtic: *soitos

Proto-Brythonic: *hʉd (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saidaz (see there for further descendants)

From *seyt- (“magic”) + *-ós (agentive nominal suffix).


⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անկիւն (ankiwn)

Armenian: անկյուն (ankyun)

Proto-Hellenic: *ánkos

Ancient Greek: ἄγκος (ánkos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ancus (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánkas

Sanskrit: अङ्कस् (áṅkas)


h₂éndʰōs (nominative plural)
h₂éndʰōs (plural vocative)
h₂éndʰōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *and-

Albanian: endë

desc

>? Old Armenian: անդ (and, “field of grain”), հանդ (hand)

Armenian: հանդ (hand), անդ (and)

Proto-Hellenic: *ántʰos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hándʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hándʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: अन्धस् (ándhas)


pornóm

non-ablauting (romanization)
pornóm (nominative singular)
pornóy (dual nominative)
pornóm (singular vocative)
pornóy (dual vocative)
pornóm (accusative singular)
pornóy (accusative dual)
pornósyo (genitive singular)
pornóHom (genitive plural)
pornéad (ablative singular)
pornómos (ablative plural)
pornóbʰos (ablative plural)
pornóey (dative singular)
pornómos (dative plural)
pornóbʰos (dative plural)
pornéy (locative singular)
pornóy (locative singular)
pornóysu (locative plural)
pornṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parnas (“wing”)

Latvian: spārns

Lithuanian: spar̃nas

Proto-West Germanic: *farn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parnám (see there for further descendants)


ǵl̥h₂ōws

Proto-Armenian:

q

Old Armenian: տալ (tal) (the expected form *ծալ (*cal) being influenced by տայգր (taygr, “brother-in-law”))

thematised from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-ew-</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *galawos (thematised from *ǵl̥h₂-ew-)

Ancient Greek:

Aeolic: γαλόως (galóōs)

Attic: γάλως (gálōs)

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-i-s</i> ?

Hesychius: γάλις (gális) (from *ǵl̥h₂-i-s ?)

Hesychius: γαλαός (galaós)

Phrygian: *γελαϝος (*gelawos) > γελαρος (gelaros)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-i-s</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hiš (< *ǵl̥h₂-i-s)

desc

Sanskrit: गिरि (giri, “husband's sister”) (attestation contested)

q

with loss of laryngeal, or possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵloh₂-(u-)</i>

Proto-Italic: *glōs (with loss of laryngeal, or possibly from *ǵloh₂-(u-))

Latin: glōs

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵl̥h₂-u-</i>

Proto-Slavic: *zъly (< *ǵl̥h₂-u-) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from a root noun *ǵl̥h₂-. According to Mallory and Adams (1997), some forms may be influenced by association with unrelated *gl̥h₁éys (“mouse”). Has sometimes been compared with Proto-Turkic *kẹlin and/or Proto-Uralic *kälew.


séǵʰos

séǵʰos (nominative singular)
séǵʰōs (nominative plural)
séǵʰos (singular vocative)
séǵʰōs (plural vocative)
séǵʰos (accusative singular)
séǵʰōs (accusative plural)
séǵʰesos (genitive singular)
séǵʰesoHom (genitive plural)
séǵʰesos (ablative singular)
séǵʰesmos (ablative plural)
séǵʰesbʰos (ablative plural)
séǵʰesey (dative singular)
séǵʰesmos (dative plural)
séǵʰesbʰos (dative plural)
séǵʰes (locative singular)
séǵʰesi (locative singular)
séǵʰesu (locative plural)
séǵʰesh₁ (instrumental singular)
séǵʰesmis (instrumental plural)
séǵʰesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *segos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *segaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

From *seǵʰ- (“to hold, to overpower”) + *-os.

𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬦𐬵𐬀

Proto-Iranian: *hajahHā; Younger Avestan


Proto-Celtic: *saitlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *saitlom

Latin: saeculum (see there for further descendants)

Baltic:

Lithuanian: sėkla

Latvian: sēkla

From *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”) + *-tlom (instrumental nominal suffix).


múHtrom

non-ablauting (romanization)
múHtrom (nominative singular)
múHtroy (dual nominative)
múHtrom (singular vocative)
múHtroy (dual vocative)
múHtrom (accusative singular)
múHtroy (accusative dual)
múHtrosyo (genitive singular)
múHtroHom (genitive plural)
múHtread (ablative singular)
múHtromos (ablative plural)
múHtrobʰos (ablative plural)
múHtroey (dative singular)
múHtromos (dative plural)
múHtrobʰos (dative plural)
múHtrey (locative singular)
múHtroy (locative singular)
múHtroysu (locative plural)
múHtrōys (instrumental plural)
*múHdʰlom (alternative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *muþraz (“filth, sediment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *múHtram (“excrement, urine”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *myewh₁- (“to move (about)”), or perhaps *mewH- (“to wash”) + *-trom.


(s)rā́ps

head

*(s)rā́ps, *(s)rḗps f (oblique stem *(s)rabʰ-)

(s)rā́ps (canonical)
(s)rḗps (canonical feminine)
(s)rabʰ- (oblique stem)
rā́ps (nominative singular)
srā́ps (nominative singular)
rḗps (nominative singular)
srḗps (nominative singular)
rā́bʰh₁ (dual nominative)
rā́bʰh₁e (dual nominative)
s₁ (dual nominative)
rā́bʰes (nominative plural)
srā́bʰes (nominative plural)
rā́b (singular vocative)
srā́b (singular vocative)
rā́bʰh₁ (dual vocative)
rā́bʰh₁e (dual vocative)
s₁ (dual vocative)
rā́bʰes (plural vocative)
srā́bʰes (plural vocative)
rā́bʰm̥ (accusative singular)
srā́bʰm̥ (accusative singular)
rā́bʰh₁ (accusative dual)
rā́bʰh₁e (accusative dual)
s₁ (accusative dual)
rā́bʰm̥s (accusative plural)
srā́bʰm̥s (accusative plural)
rabʰés (genitive singular)
srabʰés (genitive singular)
rabʰóHom (genitive plural)
srabʰóHom (genitive plural)
rabʰés (ablative singular)
srabʰés (ablative singular)
rabʰmós (ablative plural)
srabʰmós (ablative plural)
rabʰbʰós (ablative plural)
srabʰbʰós (ablative plural)
rabʰéy (dative singular)
srabʰéy (dative singular)
rabʰmós (dative plural)
srabʰmós (dative plural)
rabʰbʰós (dative plural)
srabʰbʰós (dative plural)
rā́b (locative singular)
srā́b (locative singular)
rā́bʰi (locative singular)
srā́bʰi (locative singular)
rabʰsú (locative plural)
srabʰsú (locative plural)
rabʰmís (instrumental plural)
srabʰmís (instrumental plural)
rabʰbʰís (instrumental plural)
srabʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Uncertain; possibly a Wanderwort, borrowed from a substrate language perhaps compare Old Chinese 蘆菔 (*rābūɡ, “turnip”), Proto-Semitic *lapt- (“turnip”), Sumerian 𒇻𒂠𒊬 (LU-UB₂^(ŠAR) /lub/, “turnip”). Alternatively from *srebʰ- (“to sip, slurp”).

cog

rrap

Albanian: (“turnip, radish, rape”) (or borrowed from Latin or Slavic); Tosk Albanian

rěpa

turnip, rape; see there for further descendants

rōbijā

Proto-Germanic: *rōbijǭ; Proto-West Germanic

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)rabʰā́ćš ~ *(s)rabʰaćás


Proto-Albanian: *albi

Albanian: elb

Proto-Hellenic: *álpʰi

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄλφι (álphi), ἄλφιτον (álphiton)

Possibly derived from *h₂elbʰós (“white”).

→? Proto-Turkic: *arpa

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥pā́š ~ *Hr̥pacáh (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *kenagā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hunangą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *knā́kos

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀙𐀒 (ka-na-ko)

Ancient Greek: κνῆκος (knêkos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: काञ्चन (kāñcana)

→ Sundanese: ᮊᮔ᮪ᮎᮔ (kancana)

Northern Luri: گونج (gong, “honeybee”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: canicae

Apparently a nominal formed from a root adjective *knh₂- (“brownish-yellow, amber”).


Proto-Albanian: *grīwīkā

Albanian: grykë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grī́ˀwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHwáH (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”).


Proto-Hellenic: *gerḗn

Ancient Greek: γέρην (gérēn), γερήν (gerḗn)

gãrnis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garˀnas (or < *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”))


swēḱurós

non-ablauting (romanization)
swēḱurós (nominative singular)
swēḱuróes (nominative plural)
swēḱuré (singular vocative)
swēḱuróes (plural vocative)
swēḱuróm (accusative singular)
swēḱuróms (accusative plural)
swēḱurósyo (genitive singular)
swēḱuróHom (genitive plural)
swēḱuréad (ablative singular)
swēḱurómos (ablative plural)
swēḱuróbʰos (ablative plural)
swēḱuróey (dative singular)
swēḱurómos (dative plural)
swēḱuróbʰos (dative plural)
swēḱuréy (locative singular)
swēḱuróy (locative singular)
swēḱuróysu (locative plural)
swēḱurṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *swēgraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swāćurás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwāśurás

Sanskrit: श्वाशुर (śvāśurá)


yéwos

non-ablauting (romanization)
yéwos (nominative singular)
yéwōs (nominative plural)
yéwos (singular vocative)
yéwōs (plural vocative)
yéwos (accusative singular)
yéwōs (accusative plural)
yéwesos (genitive singular)
yéwesoHom (genitive plural)
yéwesos (ablative singular)
yéwesmos (ablative plural)
yéwesbʰos (ablative plural)
yéwesey (dative singular)
yéwesmos (dative plural)
yéwesbʰos (dative plural)
yéwes (locative singular)
yéwesi (locative singular)
yéwesu (locative plural)
yéwesmis (instrumental plural)
yéwesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ջով (ǰov, “sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: jãvas sg, javai̇̃ pl

Proto-Slavic: *jevinъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *yewos (“barley, spelt”)

Proto-Brythonic:

>? Breton: yell m

q

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *yewornyā (+ *-rnyos, compare *agrinyos (“sloe”), or *wésornyā < *wósr̥ (“spring”))

Middle Irish: eórna f

Irish: eorna

Scottish Gaelic: eòrna

Manx: oarn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwas (see there for further descendants)

From *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence Tocharian B yu-.

Hittite 𒂊𒉿𒀭

kind of grain; soup made of a kind of grain


moysós

moysós (nominative singular)
moysóes (nominative plural)
moysé (singular vocative)
moysóes (plural vocative)
moysóm (accusative singular)
moysóms (accusative plural)
moysósyo (genitive singular)
moysóHom (genitive plural)
moyséad (ablative singular)
moysómos (ablative plural)
moysóbʰos (ablative plural)
moysóey (dative singular)
moysómos (dative plural)
moysóbʰos (dative plural)
moyséy (locative singular)
moysóy (locative singular)
moysóysu (locative plural)
moysṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maišás (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *maisaz (“backpack”), *maisō

Proto-West Germanic: *mais, *maisu

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maisijā

Middle Dutch: mese

Old High German: meisa, meissa

Middle High German: meise

Old Norse: meiss

Faroese: meis

Norwegian: meis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mayšás (“sheep, ram”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wápsāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *osa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wapsō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wospā (metathesized < *wopsā)

Latin: vespa (see there for further descendants)

Usually derived from *webʰ- (“to weave, braid”) in a multi-step process:
# One starts with a neuter *-os action noun *wébʰos, which survives as Ancient Greek ὕφος (húphos, “web”) with analogical zero grade.
# This neuter noun would then be the source of an *-ós adjective. Höfler reconstructs this adjective as *ubʰsós (“weaving”) while Lipp gives *wobʰsós (“having a woven nest”). Mallory and Adams skip this step.
# This adjective would then form o-grade deadjectival substantives, namely *wóbʰsos (in Indo-Iranian) and *wóbʰseh₂ (elsewhere), which would come to mean "wasp".
The "weaving" of wasps refers to their nest construction.
Olsen follows a similar multi-step process from the same root with the same starting neuter s-stem noun, but she skips the adjectival step and further smoothens the semantic transition by supposing that a neo-root *wesp- ~ *weps (“to wrap”) emerged during this complex process. She also glosses *wóbʰseh₂ as an agentive collective "wrapper".


wérsēn

wr̥sn̥- (oblique stem)
wérsēn (nominative singular)
wérsenes (nominative plural)
wérsen (singular vocative)
wérsenes (plural vocative)
wérsenm̥ (accusative singular)
wérsenm̥s (accusative plural)
wr̥snés (genitive singular)
wr̥snóHom (genitive plural)
wr̥snés (ablative singular)
wr̥sn̥mós (ablative plural)
wr̥sn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
wr̥snéy (dative singular)
wr̥sn̥mós (dative plural)
wr̥sn̥bʰós (dative plural)
wérsen (locative singular)
wérseni (locative singular)
wr̥sn̥sú (locative plural)
wr̥sn̥mís (instrumental plural)
wr̥sn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Armenian: (or < *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”))

Old Armenian: գառն (gaṙn, “lamb”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առն (aṙn, “wild ram”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urzô ~ *ūrziniz (“grouse”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urznô (“boar, male pig”)

Old Norse: *urni

Danish: orne, (dialectal) urne

Old Swedish: orne

Swedish: orne

Proto-Hellenic: *(w)érsēn, *(w)ə́rsēn

Ancient Greek: (“male (animal)”)

lect

Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, Cretan Ancient Greek: ἔρσην (érsēn)

Attic Greek: ἄρρην (árrhēn)

Epic Greek: ἄρσην (ársēn)

Laconic Greek: ἄρσης (ársēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(w)ŕ̥šā (see there for further descendants)

desc

→? Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *weršē (“bull-calf, male”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wersēn or *worsēn

Latin: verrēs, verris (“boar, male pig”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *h₁wers- (“to rain, sprinkle (water, urine, semen)”), or perhaps from *wers- (“to rise (up)”) + *-ḗn.
However, Pronk is skeptical of assigning it to any verbal root.

kursô

*gʷou-wr̥sēn or *gʷeh₃u-wr̥sēn or *gʷh₃u-wr̥sēn (“bull”) (+ *gʷou- (“cattle”))

(w)risiz

hero, giant; see there for further descendants

ऋषभ

bull, male animal; see there for further descendants


témHos

témHes- (oblique stem)
témHos (nominative singular)
témHōs (nominative plural)
témHos (singular vocative)
témHōs (plural vocative)
témHos (accusative singular)
témHōs (accusative plural)
témHesos (genitive singular)
témHesoHom (genitive plural)
témHesos (ablative singular)
témHesmos (ablative plural)
témHesbʰos (ablative plural)
témHesey (dative singular)
témHesmos (dative plural)
témHesbʰos (dative plural)
témHes (locative singular)
témHesi (locative singular)
témHesu (locative plural)
témHesmis (instrumental plural)
témHesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *þemaz? *þemazą/*þemarą?

Proto-West Germanic: *þimr

desctree

Old High German: demar (“dusk”)
Middle High German: demere
German: Dämmer, Dämmerung

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHas (“darkness”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Italic: *temezi (“in darkness, blindly”, locative singular)

Latin: temere (“by accident”)

þimstr

Proto-Germanic: *þimstraz; Proto-West Germanic

→ Proto-Common Turkic: *tamu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHsram (“darkness, dark night”) (see there for further descendants)

tenebrae

darkness; shadow of death, gloom; see there for further descendants


lówtrom (canonical neuter)
lówtrom (nominative singular)
lówtroy (dual nominative)
lówtrom (singular vocative)
lówtroy (dual vocative)
lówtrom (accusative singular)
lówtroy (accusative dual)
lówtrosyo (genitive singular)
lówtroHom (genitive plural)
lówtread (ablative singular)
lówtromos (ablative plural)
lówtrobʰos (ablative plural)
lówtroey (dative singular)
lówtromos (dative plural)
lówtrobʰos (dative plural)
lówtrey (locative singular)
lówtroy (locative singular)
lówtroysu (locative plural)
lówtrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *lowatrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lauþrą (“lather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lewotrón (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *lawāðrom (remodeled after *lawaō and with analogical *-dʰrom)
Latin: lavābrum
Latin: lābrum

From *lewh₃- (“to rinse, wash, bathe”) + *-trom (instrumental suffix).

suffix

that which is used for washing:
washbasin, bathtub

that which is used for washing:
bathwater; soap suds


h₂óḱeth₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óḱet (singular vocative)
h₂óḱeth₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óḱetm̥ (accusative singular)
h₂óḱeth₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱet (locative singular)
h₂éḱeth₁ (instrumental singular)

aketes

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eśetis (*e < *o (Rozwadowski's change)); Old Prussian


wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
wl̥kʷíh₂ (singular vocative)
wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
wl̥kʷíh₂m̥ (accusative singular)
wl̥kʷíh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
wl̥kʷíh₂ (locative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkī́ˀ

desc

⇒? Lithuanian: vi̇̀lkė (“she-wolf”), vil̃kė (“she-wolf”)

⇒? Lithuanian: vilkijà (“a pack of wolves”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkī́ˀkāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *vьlčìca

Proto-Germanic: *wulgī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥kíHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥kíHs

Sanskrit: वृकी (vṛkī́)


>? Proto-Albanian: *sterjā

Albanian: shterrë

Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *steřřə

Ancient Greek: στεῖρα (steîra)

⇒ Ancient Greek: στεῖρος (steîros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staríHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staríHs

Vedic Sanskrit: स्तरी (starī́)

Proto-Italic: *sterīs

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sterelis (+ *-elis)

Latin: sterilis (see there for further descendants)

From *ster- (“sterile, infertile”) + *-ih₂s.


kóslos

non-ablauting (romanization)
kóslos (nominative singular)
kósloes (nominative plural)
kósle (singular vocative)
kósloes (plural vocative)
kóslom (accusative singular)
kósloms (accusative plural)
kóslosyo (genitive singular)
kósloHom (genitive plural)
kóslead (ablative singular)
kóslomos (ablative plural)
kóslobʰos (ablative plural)
kósloey (dative singular)
kóslomos (dative plural)
kóslobʰos (dative plural)
kósley (locative singular)
kósloy (locative singular)
kósloysu (locative plural)
kóslōys (instrumental plural)
*kósulos (alternative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Old Lithuanian: kasùlas (“hunter's spear, stick, bush”)

Proto-Celtic: *koslos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haslaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kosulos, *kosolos

Latin: corylus, corulus, corilus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language. The presence of irregular variations and the geographic distribution suggest the word entered Indo-European at a late stage, after the dissolution of PIE dialects, perhaps as a wanderword.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patī

Latvian: pati

Lithuanian: pati̇̀

Proto-Hellenic: *pótnia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátniH (see there for further descendants)

From *pótis (“master, husband”) + *-nih₂ (feminizing suffix).

déspoňňa

lady of the house; see there for further descendants


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eźis

Proto-Baltic: *ežis

Latvian: ezis

Lithuanian: ežỹs; ẽżis (regional)

Proto-Slavic: *ežь (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: ἔζις (ézis, “hedgehog”)

Root unknown.
If related to *h₁ógʷʰis (“snake”), it may have originated as literally “one that deals with snakes” > “snake-eater”. However, this would seem to require reinterpreting *h₁egʷʰ- as *h₁egʰ-w-, in which case Indo-Aryan would lack the suffix *-w-. While this may appear helpful for explaining some strange words like Proto-Germanic *egalaz (“leech”), it still fails to account for the different *ǵʰ versus *gʰ and so only adds complexity to the issue.

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

igilaz

hedgehog, sea urchin; see there for further descendants

esh

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *etska (< *edz-k-a); Albanian


wósn̥

wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
wésn̥s (genitive singular)
wésn̥s (ablative singular)
wésney (dative singular)
wésn̥ (locative singular)
wésni (locative singular)
wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
uséns (genitive singular)
uséns (ablative singular)
uséney (dative singular)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)
wósn̥ (nominative singular)
wósn̥ (singular vocative)
wósn̥ (accusative singular)
usnés (genitive singular)
usnés (ablative singular)
usnéy (dative singular)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)

From the root *wes- (“to sell, trade”) + *-n̥.


tata-

Proto-Albanian: *tatā

Albanian: tatë (“father, dad”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (tá-ti-sa /tátisa/, “father”, nom. sg.)

Cuneiform script: 𒋫𒀀𒋾𒅖 (ta-a-ti-iš /tātiš/, “father”, nom. sg.)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊅𐊆 (tedi, “father”, nom. sg.)

Lydian: 𐤯𐤠𐤠𐤣𐤠𐤮 (taadaś, “father”, nom. sg.)

Proto-Armenian: *tat(a) (“grandmother; midwife; father”)

Armenian: տատ (tat), տատի (tati), տատա (tata)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tata-

Proto-Baltic: *tet-ia-, *tẽt-iã- (e-vocalism)

East Baltic:

Latgalian: tēte (“dad, daddy”)

Latvian: tētis, tēte (“father, dad”)

Lithuanian: tė̃tis (“father”), tė̃tė (“dad”), tėtýtis; tẽtē (“father”) (East dialectal)

Samogitian: ti̇̀tis; táitis (“father”) (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: thetis (“grandfather”)

Proto-Slavic: *tata (“dad, daddy”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tato- (“father”)

Proto-Brythonic: *tad (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: data (“foster father”)

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-West Germanic:

Bavarian: tatte (“father, dad”)

German: Tate

Middle Dutch: teyte

Old Frisian: *tata

North Frisian: tääte (“father”)

>? Old Norse: táta

Icelandic: táta f

Norwegian Nynorsk: tåte, tåta f

Proto-Hellenic: *tata

Ancient Greek: τατᾶ (tatâ, “daddy”); τέττα (tétta, e-vocalism)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatás, *tātás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatás, *tātás

Vedic Sanskrit: तत (tatá)

Sanskrit: तात (tātá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tatáh, *tātáh

Central Iranian:

Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬁 (tā, “father”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Wakhi: طاط (tat, “father”)

Yagnobi: dodo (“father”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Pashto: دادا (dādā)

Ishkashimi: [script needed] (tot) ~ [script needed] (tāt, “father”)

Sanglechi: tā̊t ~ tā̊ (“father”)

Shughni: тат (tat, “father”)

Roshani: таат (taat, “father”); татек (tatēk, “grandfather”)

Western Iranian:

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: دادا (dada, “grandfather”)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *dada

Eshtehardi: دادا (dādā, “father”)

Talysh: dada (“father”)

Zazaki: ded (“father's brother”), dedo (voc.)

Southwestern Iranian:

Northern Luri: تاته (uncle, “tāta”)

Proto-Nuristani: *tā́ta, *tā́tta

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: tót

Kativiri: tó

Prasuni: yá, yé

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: tati, tatë, tëtë

Proto-Italic: *tata

Latin: tata (“dad, daddy”) (see there for further descendants)

onomatopoeic

imitative

Brill Publishers
Vladimir Orel
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


ḱóymos

ḱóymos (nominative singular)
ḱóymoes (nominative plural)
ḱóyme (singular vocative)
ḱóymoes (plural vocative)
ḱóymom (accusative singular)
ḱóymoms (accusative plural)
ḱóymosyo (genitive singular)
ḱóymoHom (genitive plural)
ḱóymead (ablative singular)
ḱóymomos (ablative plural)
ḱóymobʰos (ablative plural)
ḱóymoey (dative singular)
ḱóymomos (dative plural)
ḱóymobʰos (dative plural)
ḱóymey (locative singular)
ḱóymoy (locative singular)
ḱóymoysu (locative plural)
ḱóymōys (instrumental plural)
ḱóymām (accusative singular)
ḱóymom (nominative singular)
ḱóymoy (dual nominative)
ḱóymom (singular vocative)
ḱóymoy (dual vocative)
ḱóymoy (accusative dual)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *šáimas

Latvian: sàime

Lithuanian: šeimà, šeimė, šei̇̃mas

Proto-Slavic: *sěmь (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *haimo (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káimas (possibly borrowed from a centum language)

Latvian: cìems

Lithuanian: kiẽmas

Old Prussian: caymis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaima (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kuojmē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *koimos (see there for further descendants)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tḱóymos</i>

Proto-Germanic: *haimaz (or from *tḱóymos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kóimos

desctree

⇒ Ancient Greek: κοιμάω (koimáō) (denominative)
Greek: κοιμάμαι (koimámai), κοιμούμαι (koimoúmai)
→ Russian: кима́ть (kimátʹ)
→ Polish: kimać
Greek: εκοιμήθη (ekoimíthi)

From o-grade of the root *ḱey- (“to settle”) + *-mos.


ḱókʷr̥

ḱókʷr̥ (nominative singular)
ḱókʷrih₁ (dual nominative)
ḱókʷr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
ḱékʷōr (collective nominative)
ḱókʷr̥ (singular vocative)
ḱókʷrih₁ (dual vocative)
ḱókʷr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
ḱékʷōr (collective vocative)
ḱókʷr̥ (accusative singular)
ḱókʷrih₁ (accusative dual)
ḱókʷr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
ḱékʷōr (accusative collective)
ḱékʷn̥s (genitive singular)
ḱékʷnoHom (genitive plural)
ḱkʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱekʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱékʷn̥s (ablative singular)
ḱékʷn̥mos (ablative plural)
ḱékʷn̥bʰos (ablative plural)
ḱkʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱekʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱékʷney (dative singular)
ḱékʷn̥mos (dative plural)
ḱékʷn̥bʰos (dative plural)
ḱkʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱekʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱékʷn̥ (locative singular)
ḱékʷni (locative singular)
ḱékʷn̥su (locative plural)
ḱkʷén (collective locative)
ḱekʷén (collective locative)
ḱkʷéni (collective locative)
ḱekʷéni (collective locative)
ḱékʷn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱékʷn̥mis (instrumental plural)
ḱékʷn̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
ḱkʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)
ḱekʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)
ḱékʷr̥ (nominative singular)
ḱékʷrih₁ (dual nominative)
ḱékʷr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
ḱékʷōr (collective nominative)
ḱékʷr̥ (singular vocative)
ḱékʷrih₁ (dual vocative)
ḱékʷr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
ḱékʷōr (collective vocative)
ḱékʷr̥ (accusative singular)
ḱékʷrih₁ (accusative dual)
ḱékʷr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
ḱékʷōr (accusative collective)
ḱkʷéns (genitive singular)
ḱekʷéns (genitive singular)
ḱkʷénoHom (genitive plural)
ḱekʷénoHom (genitive plural)
ḱkʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱekʷnés (collective genitive)
ḱkʷéns (ablative singular)
ḱekʷéns (ablative singular)
ḱkʷénmos (ablative plural)
ḱekʷénmos (ablative plural)
ḱkʷénbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱekʷénbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱkʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱekʷnés (ablative collective)
ḱkʷéney (dative singular)
ḱekʷéney (dative singular)
ḱkʷénmos (dative plural)
ḱekʷénmos (dative plural)
ḱkʷénbʰos (dative plural)
ḱekʷénbʰos (dative plural)
ḱkʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱekʷnéy (collective dative)
ḱkʷén (locative singular)
ḱekʷén (locative singular)
ḱkʷéni (locative singular)
ḱekʷéni (locative singular)
ḱkʷénsu (locative plural)
ḱekʷénsu (locative plural)
ḱkʷén (collective locative)
ḱekʷén (collective locative)
ḱkʷéni (collective locative)
ḱekʷéni (collective locative)
ḱkʷénh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱekʷénh₁ (instrumental singular)
ḱkʷénmis (instrumental plural)
ḱekʷénmis (instrumental plural)
ḱkʷénbʰis (instrumental plural)
ḱekʷénbʰis (instrumental plural)
ḱkʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)
ḱekʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

desc

>? Proto-Celtic: *kekʷorā (“swamp, mud, quagmire”)

Middle Irish: cechor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćák-r̥ ~ *ćak-ná-s (“dung”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱekʷ- (“to defecate”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix); the root is also the source of Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate”), Latvian šekšet (“to soil”).


h₁élḱōs (nominative plural)
h₁élḱōs (plural vocative)
h₁élḱōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *élkos

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἕλκος (hélkos)
→ Greek: έλκος (élkos) (learned)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárćas (“ulcer; haemorrhoids”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *elkos

Latin: ulcus (“ulcer”) (see there for further descendants)


gʰóstipotis

gʰóstipotis (nominative singular)
gʰóstipoteyes (nominative plural)
gʰóstipoti (singular vocative)
gʰóstipoteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstipotim (accusative singular)
gʰóstipotims (accusative plural)
gʰóstipotis (genitive singular)
gʰóstipotyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰóstipotis (ablative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotyey (dative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (dative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (dative plural)
gʰóstipoti (locative singular)
gʰóstipotisu (locative plural)
gʰóstipotimis (instrumental plural)
gʰóstipotibʰis (instrumental plural)
gʰóstipotis (nominative singular)
gʰóstipoteyes (nominative plural)
gʰóstipoti (singular vocative)
gʰóstipoteyes (plural vocative)
gʰóstipotim (accusative singular)
gʰóstipotims (accusative plural)
gʰóstipotis (genitive singular)
gʰóstipotyoHom (genitive plural)
gʰóstipotis (ablative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (ablative plural)
gʰóstipotyey (dative singular)
gʰóstipotimos (dative plural)
gʰóstipotibʰos (dative plural)
gʰóstipoti (locative singular)
gʰóstipotisu (locative plural)
gʰóstipotimis (instrumental plural)
gʰóstipotibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gástipatis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hostipotis (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárkaraH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárkaraH

Sanskrit: शर्करा (śárkarā, “gravel, grit, pebbles, shingle”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *krókā (metathesis)

Ancient Greek: κρόκη (krókē, “pebble on the seashore”), κροκάλη (krokálē)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κροκόδειλος (krokódeilos, “crocodile”, literally “pebble-worm”)

Unsorted formations:

⇒ Sanskrit: कृकलास (kṛkalāsa, “lizard, chameleon”, literally “pebble-sitter”)


wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wišás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wihós

Ancient Greek: ἰός (iós /iós/)

Proto-Italic: *weizos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wä́së (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hargʰás (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to cost, have value”) + *-ós.


gʰrómos

non-ablauting (romanization)
gʰrómos (nominative singular)
gʰrómoes (nominative plural)
gʰróme (singular vocative)
gʰrómoes (plural vocative)
gʰrómom (accusative singular)
gʰrómoms (accusative plural)
gʰrómosyo (genitive singular)
gʰrómoHom (genitive plural)
gʰrómead (ablative singular)
gʰrómomos (ablative plural)
gʰrómobʰos (ablative plural)
gʰrómoey (dative singular)
gʰrómomos (dative plural)
gʰrómobʰos (dative plural)
gʰrómey (locative singular)
gʰrómoy (locative singular)
gʰrómoysu (locative plural)
gʰrómōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gramas

Proto-Slavic: *gromъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *gramaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrómos

Ancient Greek: χρόμος (khrómos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámas

Proto-Iranian: *grámah

desc

Pashto: غړوم (ğṛum, “roar; rumble, peal of thunder”)

Persian: غرم (ġaram)

From *gʰrem- (“to roar, rumble; to thunder”) + *-os


h₂ógr̥

h₂ógr̥ (nominative singular)
h₂égōr (collective nominative)
h₂ógr̥ (singular vocative)
h₂égōr (collective vocative)
h₂ógr̥ (accusative singular)
h₂égōr (accusative collective)
h₂égn̥ (locative singular)
h₂égn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)

Adams suggests a root *h₂eg- (“to grow”) as found in Old Armenian աճեմ (ačem), but such an etymology for the Armenian is disputed.
Or possibly related to *h₂éǵros (“field”).

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨronMiddle Welsh: aeronWelsh: aeron

ṓˀgāˀ

berry; see there for further descendants


Proto-Hellenic: *pīwər

desc

Ancient Greek: πῖαρ (pîar, “fat, tallow”)

From *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suf

յոյր

Proto-Armenian: *he(i)ur-i- (loss of the intervocalic -i-); Old Armenian

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *Φīweryū

Proto-Celtic: *ɸīweriyū (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péiˀtu

Lithuanian: piẽtūs pl (“dinner”)

Proto-Slavic: *piťa (“food”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pitati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeitu

Old Irish: íath (“land, territory”)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸitu (“grain”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtú (“fat, tallow; food”) (see there for further descendants)

From *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”) + *-tu.

piθwáh

fat, tallow; food; see there for further descendants


pī́ts

pī́ts (nominative singular)
pī́tses (nominative plural)
pī́ts (singular vocative)
pī́tses (plural vocative)
pī́tsm̥ (accusative singular)
pī́tsm̥s (accusative plural)
pitsés (genitive singular)
pitsóHom (genitive plural)
pitsés (ablative singular)
pitsmós (ablative plural)
pitsbʰós (ablative plural)
pitséy (dative singular)
pitsmós (dative plural)
pitsbʰós (dative plural)
pī́ts (locative singular)
pī́tsi (locative singular)
pitsú (locative plural)
pitsmís (instrumental plural)
pitsbʰís (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *päits

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päits-ko-

Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

Suggested to be from *péyh₂-d-s ~ *pih₂-d-s-és, from *peyh₂- (“to swell (with milk, resin)”), cognate with Tocharian B pitke (“fat, grease, oil”), Proto-Germanic *faitaz (“fat”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *piHtú (“fat, tallow; food”), compare semantics of Hittite 𒊭𒂵𒀭 (ša-ga-an, “(animal) fat, tallow; pitch, resin”). Alternatively, related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աւղ (awł, “ring”)
Armenian: օղ (ōł)
→ Georgian: ოღი (oɣi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aulos

East Baltic:

Lithuanian: aulas (“leg of a boot”)

Latvian: aũle (“leg of a boot”)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: aulis (“shinbone”)

Proto-Italic: *alwos (< earler *aulos)

Latin: alvus (“stomach, bowels, womb”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *alwejos

Latin: alveus (“hollow, cavity”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aulós

desc

Ancient Greek: αὐλός (aulós, “pipe, tube”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: αὐλών (aulṓn, “hollow, channel, strait”)

Unknown. Possible so-called "chiming root" with *kawlós, whence Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem, shaft”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”).

noncog

ùlica

passage, street; see there for further descendants

olyik

>? Proto-Tocharian: *olyä f (“boat”) (< earlier *oluyä (< *h₂ulu-h₁n̥))

ulьjь

beehive; see there for further descendants


ǵʰoysós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰoysós (nominative singular)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰoysóes (nominative plural)
ǵʰoysé (singular vocative)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰoysóes (plural vocative)
ǵʰoysóm (accusative singular)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰoysóms (accusative plural)
ǵʰoysósyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰoysóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰoyséad (ablative singular)
ǵʰoysómos (ablative plural)
ǵʰoysóbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰoysóey (dative singular)
ǵʰoysómos (dative plural)
ǵʰoysóbʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰoyséy (locative singular)
ǵʰoysóy (locative singular)
ǵʰoysóysu (locative plural)
ǵʰoysóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰoysṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *gaizaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χαῖος (khaîos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyṣas

Sanskrit: हेषस् (héṣas)

From *ǵʰeys- + *-ós, ultimately from *ǵʰey- (“throw, wound”).


bʰóros

bʰóros (nominative singular)
bʰóroes (nominative plural)
bʰóre (singular vocative)
bʰóroes (plural vocative)
bʰórom (accusative singular)
bʰóroms (accusative plural)
bʰórosyo (genitive singular)
bʰóroHom (genitive plural)
bʰóread (ablative singular)
bʰóromos (ablative plural)
bʰórobʰos (ablative plural)
bʰóroey (dative singular)
bʰóromos (dative plural)
bʰórobʰos (dative plural)
bʰórey (locative singular)
bʰóroy (locative singular)
bʰóroysu (locative plural)
bʰórōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰóros

Ancient Greek: φόρος (phóros) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáras

Sanskrit: भर (bhára)

From *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-os (action noun suffix).


stéyks

stéyks (nominative singular)
stéygʰes (nominative plural)
stéyg (singular vocative)
stéygʰes (plural vocative)
stéygʰm̥ (accusative singular)
stéygʰm̥s (accusative plural)
stigʰés (genitive singular)
stigʰóHom (genitive plural)
stigʰés (ablative singular)
stigʰmós (ablative plural)
stigʰbʰós (ablative plural)
stigʰéy (dative singular)
stigʰmós (dative plural)
stigʰbʰós (dative plural)
stéyg (locative singular)
stéygʰi (locative singular)
stigʰsú (locative plural)
stigʰmís (instrumental plural)
stigʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stigāˀ

Lithuanian: stiga

Proto-Slavic: *stьga (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stigǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *stigā (see there for further descendants)

*stígʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *stigą

Old Norse: stig

*stígʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *stigaz

Proto-West Germanic: *stig

Old High German: steg

Old Norse: stígr, stigr (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stíkʰos

Ancient Greek: στίχος (stíkhos) (see there for further descendants)

From *steygʰ- (“to go, climb”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


dʰénwr̥

dʰénwr̥ (nominative singular)
dʰénwōr (collective nominative)
dʰénwr̥ (singular vocative)
dʰénwōr (collective vocative)
dʰénwr̥ (accusative singular)
dʰénwōr (accusative collective)
dʰn̥wéns (genitive singular)
dʰnunés (collective genitive)
dʰn̥wéns (ablative singular)
dʰnunés (ablative collective)
dʰn̥wéney (dative singular)
dʰnunéy (collective dative)
dʰn̥wén (locative singular)
dʰn̥wéni (locative singular)
dʰn̥wén (collective locative)
dʰn̥wéni (collective locative)

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dʰén(w)ōr</i>

Proto-Germanic: *den(n)(a)raz (< *dʰén(w)ōr)

Proto-West Germanic: *denar, *denr

Old High German: tenar (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέναρ (thénar, “palm (of hand)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰánwr̥ (“bow”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धनुस् (dhanus), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (θanuuan), 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə)

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎰𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎡𐎹 (θ-nu-u-v-n-i-y /θanuvaniya/, “archer”)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: femur (“thigh”)

From *dʰen- + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).


léwks

léwks (nominative singular)
léwkes (nominative plural)
léwk (singular vocative)
léwkes (plural vocative)
léwkm̥ (accusative singular)
léwkm̥s (accusative plural)
lukés (genitive singular)
lukóHom (genitive plural)
lukés (ablative singular)
lukmós (ablative plural)
lukbʰós (ablative plural)
lukéy (dative singular)
lukmós (dative plural)
lukbʰós (dative plural)
léwk (locative singular)
léwki (locative singular)
luksú (locative plural)
lukmís (instrumental plural)
lukbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *leuxs

Gaulish: leux

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rúkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rúkṣ

Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc, noun)

Proto-Iranian: *rúxš

Ossetian: (“light, red”)

Digor Ossetian: рохс (roxs)

Iron Ossetian: рухс (ruxs)

Persian: رخش (roxš, “light”)

Proto-Italic: *louks (see there for further descendants)

From *lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


bʰérǵʰos

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bérgas
Proto-Slavic: *bȇrgъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bergaz (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, be elevated”) + *-os.


gʰébʰōl

gʰébʰōl (nominative singular)
gʰébʰoles (nominative plural)
gʰébʰol (singular vocative)
gʰébʰoles (plural vocative)
gʰébʰolm̥ (accusative singular)
gʰébʰolm̥s (accusative plural)
gʰbʰlés (genitive singular)
gʰbʰlóHom (genitive plural)
gʰbʰlés (ablative singular)
gʰbʰl̥mós (ablative plural)
gʰbʰl̥bʰós (ablative plural)
gʰbʰléy (dative singular)
gʰbʰl̥mós (dative plural)
gʰbʰl̥bʰós (dative plural)
gʰbʰél (locative singular)
gʰbʰéli (locative singular)
gʰbʰl̥sú (locative plural)
gʰbʰléh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʰbʰl̥mís (instrumental plural)
gʰbʰl̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *gebla-, *gabla- m (“head; top, summit; gable”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gebl m

Old High German: gebal (“head, cranium”)

Middle High German: gebel (“skull”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gebil m (“gable”)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: gevel

desctree

Dutch: gevel
Afrikaans: gewel
→ Papiamentu: gevel, hevel (dated)
→ West Frisian: gevel

Old High German: gibil; gibilla f

Middle High German:

German: Giebel

Old Norse: gafl
Icelandic: gafl
Faroese: galvur
Norn: gabel, gevel
Norwegian Bokmål: gavl
Swedish: gavel
Danish: gavl
→ Old French: gable
→ Middle English: *gable
English: gable
French: gâble

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌻𐌰 (gibla, “pinnacle”)

(pre-)Proto-Hellenic: *kʰépʰəl

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *kepʰəlā́ f

Ancient Greek: κεφαλή (kephalḗ)

desc

Ancient Macedonian: κεβαλή (kebalḗ), κεβλή (keblḗ)

Proto-Tocharian: *ćäpāl(ä) n (“head”)

Tocharian A: śpāl

Tocharian B: śpāl

Unknown:

→? Latin: Cībalae

→? Ancient Greek: γαβαλάν (gabalán)

Uncertain, but seemingly from *gʰebʰ- (“to give; to take?”) + *-ōl / *-l̥. Similar in formation to the synonym *káp-ōl, which likewise may be from *kap- (“to seize”), a sound-symbolic “chiming root” to *gʰebʰ-.


bʰérǵʰs

bʰérǵʰs (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰérǵʰes (nominative plural)
bʰérǵ (singular vocative)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰérǵʰes (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰérǵʰm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰés (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰóHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰbʰós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéy (dative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmós (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰbʰós (dative plural)
bʰérǵ (locative singular)
bʰérǵʰi (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰsú (locative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰmís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *brixs, *brigā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burgz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: πύργος (púrgos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰás

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨 (bər^əzəm, acc.sg.), 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋 (bər^əzō, gen.sg.)

Northern Luri: برگ (berg, “mountain,hill”)

Ossetian: барз (barz)

→ Chechen: барз (barz)

→ Ingush: боарз (boarz)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, be elevated”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).