suH-

súHs (nominative singular)
súHes (nominative plural)
súH (singular vocative)
súHes (plural vocative)
súHm̥ (accusative singular)
súHm̥s (accusative plural)
suHés (genitive singular)
suHóHom (genitive plural)
suHés (ablative singular)
suHmós (ablative plural)
suHbʰós (ablative plural)
suHéy (dative singular)
suHmós (dative plural)
suHbʰós (dative plural)
suHé (locative singular)
suHéy (locative singular)
suHsú (locative plural)
suHmís (instrumental plural)
suHbʰís (instrumental plural)
*suH-ḗn (alternative)
*súH-ō (alternative)

Proto-Albanian: *sūs

Albanian: thi, thaj — Gheg

q

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀēnas (< *suH-en- or independently derived in Baltic from unrepresented *sū́ˀs)

Latgalian: syvāns

Latvian: sivę̄ns, suvę̄ns

Proto-Germanic: *sūz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hūs, *sūs

Ancient Greek: ὗς (hûs), σῦς (sûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suH- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sūs

Latin: sūs (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: sif

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*suw-on-</i>

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: (< *suw-on-)

Tocharian B: suwo

Has been suggested to derive from *sewH- (“to give birth”) if the original meaning was “sow”.
Possibly related to Akkadian 𒊺𒄷𒌑 (še-hu-u₂, “pig”) (Old Babylonian šahû), which may be an Indo-European borrowing, as well as Sumerian 𒋚 (šah), 𒂄 (šaḫ) and 𒍢𒄴 (ze₂-eh).

⇒ *svinьja

Proto-Slavic: *svinъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *sukkos

< *su(H)k-kós?; or perhaps borrowed from another language

sugu

>? Proto-Germanic: *sugō f (< *su(H)k-éh₂?; or *suwu-: see second reconstruction note); Proto-West Germanic

huHkáh

see Proto-Indo-Iranian *suH- for further descendants

>? Sanskrit: सूकर

may be a compound formed in Sanskrit; see there for further descendants


Proto-Albanian: *śālā

Albanian: gjollë (“salt”)

Proto-Albanian: * ̊śali(m)-

Albanian: ngjelmë (“salty”)

Proto-Albanian: *en-salima

Albanian: ngjelmët (“salty, briny”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աղ (ał)

Old Armenian: աղտ (ałt) < *séh₂ld-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *salˀdus (from *sh₂el-d-u-s or *sh₂l-d-u-s), *sāˀlis

Latgalian: sõļs, solds, soldons

Latvian: sāls, salds

Old Prussian: sal

Lithuanian: saldus, sálti (“sweeten”)

Proto-Slavic: *solь (see there for further descendants), *soldъ (“malt”) (see there for further descendants), *soldъkъ (“sweet”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Iranian: *solH (“salt”)

Zazaki: sol (“salt”)

desc

Northern Kurdish: solin (“salt”), sû (“saltless”)

Proto-Celtic: *sālos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *saleinos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *saltą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hāls

Ancient Greek: ἅλς (háls)

Greek: αλάτι (aláti)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सलिल (salila, “water”)

→ Bengali: সলিল (śolil)

Iranian

Persian: هلتاک (haltâk, “salty yoghurt”), هلث (halþ~halt, “salty, salty food”)

Italic:

Latin: sāl (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: salu

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: sāle

Tocharian B: salyiye

qual

→ Proto-Uralic: (independent loans from early Indo-European at least in Finno-Permic and Ob-Ugric; common Finno-Permic *sala is sometimes reconstructed)

Proto-Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: салнә (salnə)

Northern Khanty: сӑл (săl)

Proto-Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: сов (sov), сол (sol)

Komi-Zyrian: сов (sov)

Udmurt: сылал (sylal)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: шинчал (šinčal)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: сал (sal)

Moksha: сал (sal)

Proto-Finnic: *soola (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bardā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bardaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *farβā (see there for further descendants)

From the stem *bʰar-/-bʰor- (“projecting forward; tip, point; bristle, awn”), form of *bʰer- (“to cut, to grate, to split, to hit”). Kroonen considers the root to be potentially derived from *bʰers- (“tip, point”) (which seems to be related to the roots discussed above), with sense development "pointy and prickly thing" > "beard".

barbātus

the initial /b-/ is also found in barba; see there for further descendants


péysks

péysks (nominative singular)
péyskes (nominative plural)
péysk (singular vocative)
péyskes (plural vocative)
péyskm̥ (accusative singular)
péyskm̥s (accusative plural)
piskés (genitive singular)
piskóHom (genitive plural)
piskés (ablative singular)
piskmós (ablative plural)
piskbʰós (ablative plural)
piskéy (dative singular)
piskmós (dative plural)
piskbʰós (dative plural)
péysk (locative singular)
péyski (locative singular)
pisksú (locative plural)
piskmís (instrumental plural)
piskbʰís (instrumental plural)

*péysk-o-s

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸeiskos
Proto-Brythonic: *uɨsk
⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Uɨsk
Old Irish: íasc
Irish: iasc
Manx: eeast
Scottish Gaelic: iasg

*pisk-í-s

Proto-Italic: *piskis

Latin: piscis
Aragonese: pex
Balkan Romance:
Aromanian: peashti, peashte, peshti
Istro-Romanian: peșt
Megleno-Romanian: peaști
Romanian: piște, pește
Catalan: peix
Corsican: pesciu
Dalmatian: pasc, pask
Friulian: pes
Istriot: piso
Italian: pesce
Ladin: pësc
Ligurian: péscio
Lombard: pès
Neapolitan: pesce
Occitan: peis
Old French: poisson, peison, peisoun, peisun, peisson, peissoun, peissun, pescion, poissoun (see there for further descendants)
Old Galician-Portuguese: peixe, pexe, peyxe
Galician: peixe
Ladino: peshe
Portuguese: peixe (see there for further descendants)
Old Leonese: [Term?]
Asturian: pexe
Extremaduran: peci
Leonese: peixe
Mirandese: peç
Old Spanish: pez
Spanish: pez
Piedmontese: pess
Romagnol: pèṣ
Romansch: pèsch, pesch (Rumantsch Grischun, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader), pestg (Sutsilvan)
Sardinian: pisci (Campidanese), pische (Logudorese, Nuorese)
Sicilian: pisci
Venetan: pése, pésse, pisse
→ Albanian: peshk
→ Proto-Brythonic: *pɨsk (see there for further descendants)

*pisk-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *fiskaz
Proto-West Germanic: *fisk
Old English: fisċ, fix, ᚠᛁᛋᚳ (fisc) — Runic
Middle English: fisch, fysshe, fysch, fish, fische, fis, fyshe, fissh, vish
English: fish (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fish, fysch, fisch
Yola: wish
Old Frisian: fisk
North Frisian:
Mooring: fasch
Fering-Öömrang: fask
Söl'ring: fesk
Halunder: fesk
Saterland Frisian: Fisk
West Frisian: fisk
Old Saxon: fisk, fisc, visk, visc
Middle Low German: visch, vis
Low German: Fisch
Dutch Low Saxon: visch
German Low German: Fisk, Fiss, Fisch, Fösch
Plautdietsch: Fesch
Old Dutch: fisc, visc
Middle Dutch: visch, visc, vis, vesch, fisch, fisc
Dutch: vis, visch (before 1934)
Afrikaans: vis
Berbice Creole Dutch: fesi
Jersey Dutch: väśe
Negerhollands: visch, vesch, fes, fis, vis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fis (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: fesi, fisse, fiche
Petjo: fis
→? Aukan: fisi
Limburgish: visj, vèsj
West Flemish: vissch
Old High German: fisk, fisc
Middle High German: visch, fisch, visc, vesc
Bavarian: Fiisch
Cimbrian: viss, biss, visch
Mòcheno: visch
Central Franconian: Fesch
Hunsrik: Fisch
Kölsch: Fesch
Luxembourgish: Fësch
Transylvanian Saxon: Fäsch
German: Fisch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Fusch, Fisch
Pennsylvania German: Fisch
Vilamovian: fejś
Yiddish: פֿיש (fish)
Old Norse: fiskr
Icelandic: fiskur
Faroese: fiskur
Norn: fisk
Norwegian Bokmål: fisk
Norwegian Nynorsk: fisk
Elfdalian: fisk
Old Swedish: fisker, ᚠᛁᛋᚴᚽᚱ
Swedish: fisk
Old Danish: fisk
Danish: fisk
Old Gutnish: *fiskr
Gutnish: fisk
Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks)
Crimean Gothic: fisct

Limited to West Indo-European, which has led to some speculation of a substrate borrowing. Alternatively reconstructed as a vṛddhi derivative of a sḱ-present verb:
* *peyḱsḱ- (“something painted, spotted”), from *piḱ-sḱé-ti, from *peyḱ- (“to paint, mark; spotted”), compare semantics of Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”), Old Irish erc (“perch”), Proto-Germanic *furhnō (“trout”), from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“colored, speckled”);
* *peytsḱ- (“something nourishing, food”), from *pit-sḱé-ti, from *péyh₂tu (“something fattening, nourishing”), cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *piHtú (“fat; food”), Proto-Slavic *piťa (“food”);
* *peysḱ- (“something winged, finned”), cognate with Sanskrit पिच्छ (piccha, “tail feather, wing”), Czech pisk (“young feather”), perhaps further related to Proto-West Germanic *finnā (“fin”), Latin pinna (“wing, feather, fin”), from *(s)peyh₂-; also compare semantics of Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, “feather, wing, fin”), Sanskrit पक्ष (pakṣa, “wing, fin”);
* or *peysḱ- (“something soft tissued”), cognate with Sanskrit पिच्छ (piccha, “calf (of the leg)”), compare semantics of Proto-Slavic *jьkra (“fish roe; calf of leg”), Dutch kuit (“fish roe; calf of leg”).


yóh₁r̥

yóh₁r̥ (nominative singular)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
yéh₁ōr (collective nominative)
yóh₁r̥ (singular vocative)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
yéh₁ōr (collective vocative)
yóh₁r̥ (accusative singular)
yóh₁r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
yéh₁ōr (accusative collective)
yéh₁n̥ (locative singular)
yéh₁n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)

Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah

Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 (yār^ə) ~ 𐬫𐬃 (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁 (yā))

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (dužiiāⁱriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)

Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)

Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)

Persian: دچار (dočâr)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”) (+ *Hhu-)

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (huiiāⁱriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

Beekes mentions a possible derivation from *(H)yeh₁- (“to send”).

jarъ

summer; spring; see there for further descendants

hōrnus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”))


dáḱru

dáḱru (nominative singular)
dáḱru (singular vocative)
dáḱru (accusative singular)
dḱréws (genitive singular)
dḱréwoHom (genitive plural)
dḱréws (ablative singular)
dḱrúmos (ablative plural)
dḱrúbʰos (ablative plural)
dḱréwey (dative singular)
dḱrúmos (dative plural)
dḱrúbʰos (dative plural)
dḱréw (locative singular)
dḱréwi (locative singular)
dḱrúsu (locative plural)
dḱrúh₁ (instrumental singular)
dḱrúmis (instrumental plural)
dḱrúbʰis (instrumental plural)
*dráḱru (alternative)
*dráḱwr̥ (alternative)
*dráḱr̥ (alternative)
*dáḱr-o-m (alternative)

Proto-Armenian:

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*draḱru-</i>

Old Armenian: արտաւսր (artawsr, “tear”) (< *draḱru-)

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*draḱu-</i>

Old Armenian: արտասուք (artasukʻ, “tears”) (< *draḱu-)
Armenian: արտասուք (artasukʻ), արցունք (arcʻunkʻ)

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dáḱr-o-m</i>

Proto-Celtic: *dakrom (< *dáḱr-o-m)

Proto-Brythonic: *dagr

Cornish: dagr

desctree

Old Irish: dér, dǽr (Milan glosses)
Middle Irish: dér f
Irish: deoir
Scottish Gaelic: deur
Manx: jeir

desc

Proto-Celtic: *dakrū (plural or collective) < *dáḱruh₂ pl

Proto-Brythonic: *dėgr

Middle Welsh: deigyr

Welsh: deigr (archaic)

⇒ Welsh: deigryn

Proto-Germanic: *tahrą (< *dáḱr-o-m) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dráḱ-nu-s</i>

Proto-Germanic: *trahnuz (< *dráḱ-nu-s)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: δάκρυ (dákru), δάκρυον (dákruon)
Greek: δάκρυ (dákry)
→ English: dacryo-

Proto-Italic: *d(r)(k)akrunā?

Old Latin: dacruma, dacrima

Latin: lacruma, lacrima (see there for further descendants)

Linked to *h₂éḱru in some way, but the derivation is unclear. One possibility is that it is a contraction from earlier *dh₂éḱru, from the compound *dr̥ḱ-h₂éḱru (“eye-bitter”). This hypothesis explains the Old Armenian reflexes and Proto-Germanic *trahnuz well, but creates other questions. Even aside from the lack of known phonological parallels to such a contraction, it is unclear why the root *derḱ- was used rather than the main word for “eye” in Proto-Indo-European, *h₃ókʷs, though C.J. Ruijgh suggests that the semantic distinction was a meaning “fixed eye” for the former.
Alternatively, Dunkel suggests *h₂éḱru was prefixed with *d, the zero grade of *ád.

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


wr̥mis

Proto-Albanian: *wrimi

Albanian: rrime

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: որդն (ordn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārmi-, *wārmas

desc

Lithuanian: var̃mas (“mosquito, horse-fly, fly, bug”)

Old Prussian: wormyan (“red”), urminan, warmun

Proto-Slavic: *vьrmьje (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gwraint

Proto-Germanic: *wurmiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wrómos

Ancient Greek: ῥόμος (rhómos, “wood-worm”)

Proto-Italic: *wormis

Latin: vermis (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from the root *wer- (“to turn, to bend”). Alternatively, a mutation of the synonymous *kʷr̥mis.


ǵómbʰos

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵómbʰos (nominative singular)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵómbʰoes (nominative plural)
ǵómbʰe (singular vocative)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵómbʰoes (plural vocative)
ǵómbʰom (accusative singular)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵómbʰoms (accusative plural)
ǵómbʰosyo (genitive singular)
ǵómbʰoHom (genitive plural)
ǵómbʰead (ablative singular)
ǵómbʰomos (ablative plural)
ǵómbʰobʰos (ablative plural)
ǵómbʰoey (dative singular)
ǵómbʰomos (dative plural)
ǵómbʰobʰos (dative plural)
ǵómbʰey (locative singular)
ǵómbʰoy (locative singular)
ǵómbʰoysu (locative plural)
ǵómbʰoh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵómbʰōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *dzamba

Albanian: dhëmb

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źámbas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kambaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gómpʰos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ámbʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *këmë

Tocharian A: kam

Tocharian B: keme

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ծամեմ (camem, “to chew, ruminate”)

Armenian: ծամել (camel)


Proto-Albanian: *aśt-

Albanian: asht

Armenian: (< *h₃ost-wer-)

Old Armenian: ոսկր (oskr)

Armenian: ոսկոր (oskor)

Proto-Celtic: *ast (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástʰH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH

Sanskrit: अस्थि (ásthi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HástH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani:

Kamviri: âṭi

Italic:

Latin: os (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āyä

Tocharian A: āy

Tocharian B: āy (plural āsta)

Ancient Greek: ὀστέον

Hellenic: Proto-Hellenic: *ósteyom (alternatively, *óstewom like the Armenian u-derivative)


kʷékʷlos

non-ablauting (romanization)
*kʷekʷlóm (alternative)
*kʷókʷlos (alternative)
*kuklós (alternative)
kʷékʷlos (nominative singular)
kʷékʷloes (nominative plural)
kʷékʷle (singular vocative)
kʷékʷloes (plural vocative)
kʷékʷlom (accusative singular)
kʷékʷloms (accusative plural)
kʷékʷlosyo (genitive singular)
kʷékʷloHom (genitive plural)
kʷekʷlósyo (collective genitive)
kʷékʷlead (ablative singular)
kʷékʷlomos (ablative plural)
kʷékʷlobʰos (ablative plural)
kʷekʷléad (ablative collective)
kʷékʷloey (dative singular)
kʷékʷlomos (dative plural)
kʷékʷlobʰos (dative plural)
kʷekʷlóey (collective dative)
kʷékʷley (locative singular)
kʷékʷloy (locative singular)
kʷékʷloysu (locative plural)
kʷekʷléy (collective locative)
kʷekʷlóy (collective locative)
kʷékʷlōys (instrumental plural)

Anatolian:

(perhaps) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 (ᴺᴵᴺᴰᴬKU.GUL.LA, “lard biscuit, doughnut”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos)

Latgalian: koklys (“neck”)

Latvian: kakls (“neck”)

Lithuanian: kãklas (“neck”)

Proto-Slavic: *kolo (“wheel”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kakla (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷókʷlos (< *kʷokʷlos) or *kúklos? (< *kʷukʷlos)

Ancient Greek: κύκλος (kúklos, “cycle, wheel”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakrám (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: κίκλην (kíklēn) (+ *-ēn)

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷukʷlo-</i>

Proto-Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le, *kukle (< *kʷukʷlo-)
Tocharian A: kukäl
Tocharian B: kokale
→? Chinese: 車 (OC *kla)

Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).

(in the collective) set of wheels; cart, wagon, chariot


wiḱpótis

wiḱpótis (nominative singular)
wiḱpóteyes (nominative plural)
wiḱpóti (singular vocative)
wiḱpóteyes (plural vocative)
wiḱpótim (accusative singular)
wiḱpótims (accusative plural)
wiḱpótis (genitive singular)
wiḱpótyoHom (genitive plural)
wiḱpótis (ablative singular)
wiḱpótimos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótyey (dative singular)
wiḱpótimos (dative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (dative plural)
wiḱpóti (locative singular)
wiḱpótisu (locative plural)
wiḱpótimis (instrumental plural)
wiḱpótibʰis (instrumental plural)
wiḱpótis (nominative singular)
wiḱpóteyes (nominative plural)
wiḱpóti (singular vocative)
wiḱpóteyes (plural vocative)
wiḱpótim (accusative singular)
wiḱpótims (accusative plural)
wiḱpótis (genitive singular)
wiḱpótyoHom (genitive plural)
wiḱpótis (ablative singular)
wiḱpótimos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (ablative plural)
wiḱpótyey (dative singular)
wiḱpótimos (dative plural)
wiḱpótibʰos (dative plural)
wiḱpóti (locative singular)
wiḱpótisu (locative plural)
wiḱpótimis (instrumental plural)
wiḱpótibʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *w(i)tspáti

Proto-Albanian: *dzwāpt

Albanian: zota

Albanian: zot (“lord”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *w(e)iśpatis

Lithuanian: viēšpats (“god”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wićpátiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiśpátiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: विश्पति (viśpáti, “chief of a settlement or tribe”)

Proto-Iranian: *wicpátiš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vīspaⁱti, “master of borough, clan-chief, household-chief”)

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎰𐎳𐎫 (*viθfáti)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wyspt' /wisbed/, “clan-chief, village headman”)

Manichaean Middle Persian: [script needed] (wysbyd /wisbed/, “village headman”)

> (right loanword) Persian: ویسبذ (visbaz, “a class of rulers in ancient Iran”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wikpots (“master of the clan”)

From *weyḱ- (“village, household”) + *pótis (“master”).

compound

waispattin

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *w(e)iśpatnīˀ; Old Prussian


táwros

non-ablauting (romanization)
táwros (nominative singular)
táwroes (nominative plural)
táwre (singular vocative)
táwroes (plural vocative)
táwrom (accusative singular)
táwroms (accusative plural)
táwrosyo (genitive singular)
táwroHom (genitive plural)
táwread (ablative singular)
táwromos (ablative plural)
táwrobʰos (ablative plural)
táwroey (dative singular)
táwromos (dative plural)
táwrobʰos (dative plural)
táwrey (locative singular)
táwroy (locative singular)
táwroysu (locative plural)
táwrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *taura (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *taurás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *steuraz, *þeuraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tarwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *táuros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáwras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tauros (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: taurom

Borrowed from or into Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- (“bull, ox”), or both originated from a common unknown source. (The unconditioned /a/ suggests a non-Indo-European etymon.)


ǵʰh₂éns

ǵʰh₂éns (nominative singular)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁e (dual nominative)
ǵʰh₂éns (singular vocative)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁e (dual vocative)
ǵʰh₂énsm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰh₂énsh₁e (accusative dual)
ǵʰh₂énsm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sés (genitive singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥sés (ablative singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥smós (ablative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥séy (dative singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥smós (dative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰh₂éns (locative singular)
ǵʰh₂énsi (locative singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥séh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰh₂n̥smís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *gatā

Albanian: gatë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źansís / *gansís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gansis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gans (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰā́n

Ancient Greek: χήν (khḗn)

Doric Greek: χᾱ́ν (khā́n)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀜 (ka-no /kʰā́nhos/, gen.sg.), 𐀏𐀯 (ka-si /kʰā́si/, dat.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰansás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hāns (see there for further descendants)

Likely of imitative origin. See *gerh₂ḗn (“crane”) for a similar onomatopoeia-based bird name.
Nonetheless, Hyllested and others have suggested a (genetic) relationship with Proto-Finno-Ugric *joŋkće, with regular correspondence of Proto-Uralic *j- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰ-. Similarity to Proto-Turkic *kāz (“goose”) is often discussed as well, but this is likely coincidental.

onomatopoeic

imitative

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h₃nógʰh₁ (dual nominative)
h₃nógʰh₁ (dual vocative)
h₃nógʰm̥ (accusative singular)
h₃nógʰh₁ (accusative dual)

Armenian: *unug- (< accusative *h₃nógʰ-m̥)

Old Armenian: եղունգն (ełungn) (+ *-n (body part suffix))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nágas

East Baltic:

Lithuanian: nãgas

Latvian: nags

Latgalian: nogs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́kš (see there for further descendants)

nagutis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nagutis; Old Prussian

unguis

Proto-Italic: *ungus (or < later *h₃n̥gʰ-ú-s)


ǵénus

ǵénus (nominative singular)
ǵénuh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵénewes (nominative plural)
ǵénu (singular vocative)
ǵénuh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵénewes (plural vocative)
ǵénum (accusative singular)
ǵénuh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵénums (accusative plural)
ǵn̥wés (genitive singular)
ǵn̥wóHom (genitive plural)
ǵn̥wés (ablative singular)
ǵnumós (ablative plural)
ǵnubʰós (ablative plural)
ǵn̥wéy (dative singular)
ǵnumós (dative plural)
ǵnubʰós (dative plural)
ǵnéw (locative singular)
ǵnéwi (locative singular)
ǵnusú (locative plural)
ǵn̥wéh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵnumís (instrumental plural)
ǵnubʰís (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *ծին-աւտ (*cin-awt)

desctree

Old Armenian: ծնօտ (cnōt), ծնաւտ (cnawt), ծնոտ (cnot)
Armenian: ծնոտ (cnot)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: żauna

Proto-Celtic: *genus (see there for further descendants)

q

with geminate *nn of uncertain origin; perhaps < <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵenw-ú-s</i>?

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *kinnuz (with geminate *nn of uncertain origin; perhaps < *ǵenw-ú-s?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *génus

Ancient Greek: γένυς (génus)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánuš (with unexplained aspiration of *ĵ) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *genā f

Latin: gena (“cheek(bone)”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Phrygian: ἀζήν (azḗn, “beard”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ćänu

Tocharian A: śanweṃ du (“jaws”)


Proto-Albanian: *p(e)izda

Albanian: pidh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pīˀsdāˀ (long vowel by Winter's law) or *peisdāˀ

East Baltic:

Latvian: pīzda

Lithuanian: pyzdà

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: peisda (“ass”)

Proto-Slavic: *pīzdà (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pízdaH

Proto-Iranian: *pízdaH

Persian: پیزی (pīzī, “ass, anus”)

Proto-Nuristani: *pīḍikā́ (< *pizdikáH)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: přī́

Kativiri: přií

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: piṛí

As suggested by Hamp 1968: from *h₁epi (“upon, by”) + *sed- (“to sit”); i.e. originally an euphemism meaning "what one sits on". Compare *nisdós (“nest”) < *ní (“down”) + *sed- (“to sit”).
Archaic formation, but with geographically limited distribution, only to central and eastern Indo-European dialects.


Proto-Albanian: *agnjā

Albanian: enjë

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ōgnas (long initial vowel due to Winter's law)

Proto-Slavic: *agnъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *agnę (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Finnic: *vootna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ognos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aunaz (influenced by *awiz (“ewe, sheep”))

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aunōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀμνός (amnós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *agʷnos

Latin: agnus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *agʷnelos (diminutive)

Latin: avillus (< *agʷn̥los)


n̥h₂ḗwh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥h₂ḗw (singular vocative)
n̥h₂ḗwh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥h₂ḗm (accusative singular)
n̥h₂ḗwh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥h₂ḗw (locative singular)
n̥h₂wéh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥h₂éw (locative singular)
n̥h₂wéh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *nawa-

Old Armenian: նաւ (naw)

Proto-Celtic: *nāwā

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: neau, nev

Breton: new

Middle Welsh: noe

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: nau
Middle Irish: nó, nóe
Irish: nae

Proto-Germanic: *nōaz (perhaps, with labiovelar from *Hw) *nakwô

Old Norse: nór

Icelandic: nór

Proto-Hellenic: *náus

Ancient Greek: ναῦς (naûs)

Epic, Ionic Greek: νηῦς (nēûs)

Doric Greek: νᾱός (nāós, gen.sg.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náHuš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *naus ~ *nāwis

Latin: nāvis

Illyrian: *Nauna, *Nauportus (toponyms)

An agent noun originally meaning "swimmer, that which swims" derived from *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”).
Gamkrelidze and Ivanov argue that it is a borrowing from the Proto-Semitic term from which Arabic إِنَاء (ʔināʔ) descends and which is of no distinct form to be discerned from its distorted descendants: *ʔunw(at)-, *ʔunawāy-, *ʔunuwāy-, *ʔuniwāy- (“jar, vessel; boat”).

նավաստի

→ Old Armenian: նաւաստի (nawasti, “sailor”)


Proto-Hellenic: *dótis
Ancient Greek: δόσις (dósis)
→ Late Latin: dosis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dítiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dítiṣ

Sanskrit: दिति (díti)

Proto-Italic: *dōtis

Latin: dōs (see there for further descendants)

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


h₁ógʷʰis

h₁ógʷʰis (nominative singular)
h₁ógʷʰih₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ógʷʰih₁e (dual nominative)
h₁ógʷʰi (singular vocative)
h₁ógʷʰih₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ógʷʰih₁e (dual vocative)
h₁ógʷʰim (accusative singular)
h₁ógʷʰih₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ógʷʰih₁e (accusative dual)
h₁égʷʰis (genitive singular)
h₁égʷʰis (ablative singular)
h₁égʷʰi (locative singular)
h₁égʷʰih₁ (instrumental singular)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: իժ (iž)

Proto-Germanic: *agwiz

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *egalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *agi

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *agiþahsijā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷʰis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰʰiš (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ewk (< *ekw)

Tocharian B: auk

How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics

a mythic serpent or dragon that is slain by a great hero in Indo-European mythology


Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւղի (awłi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *álu (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *olut (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alu (see there for further descendants)

desc

→? Ossetian: *ӕлут (*ælut), ӕлутон (æluton), илӕтон (ilæton), ӕлотон (æloton)

→ Georgian: ლუდი (ludi), ალუდი (aludi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harušás (“reddish”) (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Haruṣás

Sanskrit: अरुष (aruṣá)

Proto-Iranian: *Harušáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (aᵘruša, “bright, white”)

According to some the original meaning was "a bitter drink" and is related to Latin alūmen (“alum”) and Ancient Greek ἀλύδοιμος (alúdoimos, “bitter, pungent”).
Another theory is that it is connected to Proto-Norse ᚨᛚᚢ (alu, “something magical”), and related to Latvian aluot (“be distraught”), Ancient Greek ἀλύω (alúō, “to be distraught”) and Hittite [script needed] (alwanzaḫḫ-, “to bewitch, hex”). EIEC explains the semantic connection as: The notion would be that beer induced a "high" wherein the drinker was infused with a sort of magical power.
The most recent theory is that it is related to Sanskrit अरुष (aruṣá, “reddish”) and Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (aᵘruša, “bright, white”), from which Proto-Indo-Iranian *Harušás can be reconstructed from the two languages.


h₂n̥gʷʰéy- (oblique stem)
h₂éngʷʰih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éngʷʰi (singular vocative)
h₂éngʷʰih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éngʷʰih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥gʷʰéys (genitive singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰéys (ablative singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰíbʰos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥gʷʰíbʰos (dative plural)
h₂n̥gʷʰéy (locative singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰḗy (locative singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰísu (locative plural)
h₂n̥gʷʰíh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥gʷʰíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *ts-angulā

Albanian: thnegël (“ant”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւձ (awj)

Armenian: օձ (ōj)

(possibly) Armenian: անգի (angi, “thin, emaciated”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ángis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

desctree

Old Irish: escong (“eel”)
Irish: eascann
Manx: astan
Scottish Gaelic: easgann

Welsh: llysywen

Proto-Italic: *anɣʷis

Latin: anguis

Proto-Germanic: *unkwiz or *unkwô (< *h₂n̥gʷʰ-)

Old High German: unc
German: Unke

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánǰʰiš

Proto-Iranian: *Hánǰiš

Persian: یغنیج (yaġnij, “grass snake”) (archaic)


Armenian:

Old Armenian: տուր (tur)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dōˀra n

q

Proto-Slavic: *dȃrъ m (or from *dóh₃r-u-s, *déh₃r-u-s ~ *dh₃r-éw-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dṓron

Ancient Greek: δῶρον (dôron)

From *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-om. Alternatively, substantivized from *dh₃-ró-s, *deh₃-ró-s (“given, gifted”), from *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-rós.


wek(ʷ)speros

weksperos (canonical masculine)
non-ablauting (romanization)
weksperos (nominative singular)
wekʷsperos (nominative singular)
weksperoes (nominative plural)
wekʷsperoes (nominative plural)
wekspere (singular vocative)
wekʷspere (singular vocative)
weksperoes (plural vocative)
wekʷsperoes (plural vocative)
weksperom (accusative singular)
wekʷsperom (accusative singular)
weksperoms (accusative plural)
wekʷsperoms (accusative plural)
weksperosyo (genitive singular)
wekʷsperosyo (genitive singular)
weksperoHom (genitive plural)
wekʷsperoHom (genitive plural)
weksperead (ablative singular)
wekʷsperead (ablative singular)
weksperomos (ablative plural)
wekʷsperomos (ablative plural)
weksperobʰos (ablative plural)
wekʷsperobʰos (ablative plural)
weksperoey (dative singular)
wekʷsperoey (dative singular)
weksperomos (dative plural)
wekʷsperomos (dative plural)
weksperobʰos (dative plural)
wekʷsperobʰos (dative plural)
weksperey (locative singular)
wekʷsperey (locative singular)
weksperoy (locative singular)
wekʷsperoy (locative singular)
weksperoysu (locative plural)
wekʷsperoysu (locative plural)
weksperōys (instrumental plural)
wekʷsperōys (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գիշեր (gišer)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wékeras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weskʷeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *westraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wésperos

Ancient Greek: ἕσπερος (hésperos)

Proto-Italic: *wesperos

Latin: vesper (see there for further descendants)

Possibly a compound of the unknown element *we- and the zero-grade of the noun *kʷséps (“night”). The first element has been connected with Latin vē- in vē-sanus (“mad”), although this is rejected by De Vaan. The original meaning could have been "(stretching) towards the night".


Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (išḫunawar, “sinew, string”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: նեարդ (neard)

Armenian: նյարդ (nyard)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: šņore

Proto-Germanic: *senawō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νεῦρον (neûron) (< *sneh₁wr-o-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáHwr̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *snáHwr̥

Sanskrit: स्नावन् (snā́van, snāván)

⇒ Sanskrit: अस्नाविर (a-snāvirá)

Proto-Iranian: *snáHwr̥

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (snāuuar^ə)

Persian: سنور (sanavvar, “string, weapon”)

Ossetian:

Iron: нуар (nwar)

Digor: науӕр (nawær)

Proto-Italic: *(s)nēuros (< *sneh₁wr-o-)

Latin: nervus (< *neuros by metathesis)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ṣñor

From *(s)neh₁- (“to twist threads, spin, weave”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հողմ (hołm)

Proto-Hellenic: *ánemos (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *anamos (“spirit, soul”), *anemos
Latin: animus (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Latin: anima (“breath, wind, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌𐌞𐌌 (anamúm, accusative singular)

From *h₂enh₁- + *-mos. Compare *h₂énh₁-mn̥, whence Proto-Celtic *anaman.


Armenian:

Old Armenian: այգ (ayg)

Armenian: այգ (ayg)

Proto-Hellenic: *auhṓs
Ancient Greek: ἠώς (ēṓs), ἕως (héōs) — Attic, αὔως (aúōs), ᾱ̓́ϝως (ā́wōs) — Aeolic, ᾱ̓ώς (āṓs) — Doric, ᾱ̓́ας (ā́as) — Boeotian, ᾱ̓ϝώρ (āwṓr), αβώρ (abṓr) — Laconian

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušā́s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *auzōs
Latin: aurōra (with ā-stem extension)

առավոտ

Old Armenian: առաւօտ (aṙawōt), աւօտ (awōt)


márkos

non-ablauting (romanization)
márkos (nominative singular)
márkoes (nominative plural)
márke (singular vocative)
márkoes (plural vocative)
márkom (accusative singular)
márkoms (accusative plural)
márkosyo (genitive singular)
márkoHom (genitive plural)
márkead (ablative singular)
márkomos (ablative plural)
márkobʰos (ablative plural)
márkoey (dative singular)
márkomos (dative plural)
márkobʰos (dative plural)
márkey (locative singular)
márkoy (locative singular)
márkoysu (locative plural)
márkōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *markos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *marhaz (see there for further descendants)

Equus ferus caballus
Equus ferus caballus

Equus ferus przewalskii
Equus ferus przewalskii

(possibly) wild horse (Equus ferus przewalskii or Equus ferus ferus)


múHs

múHs (nominative singular)
múHses (nominative plural)
múHs (singular vocative)
múHses (plural vocative)
múHsm̥ (accusative singular)
múHsm̥s (accusative plural)
muHsés (genitive singular)
muHsóHom (genitive plural)
muHsés (ablative singular)
muHsmós (ablative plural)
muHsbʰós (ablative plural)
muHséy (dative singular)
muHsmós (dative plural)
muHsbʰós (dative plural)
múHs (locative singular)
múHsi (locative singular)
muHsú (locative plural)
muHsmís (instrumental plural)
muHsbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *mū-

Albanian: mi m

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մուկն (mukn) (possibly from *muh₂s-m̥ (accusative singular))

Armenian: մուկ (muk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mū́ˀšis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mūs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mū́s

Ancient Greek: μῦς (mûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *múHs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mūs

Latin: mūs (see there for further descendants)


swéḱuros

non-ablauting (romanization)
swéḱuros (nominative singular)
swéḱuroes (nominative plural)
swéḱure (singular vocative)
swéḱuroes (plural vocative)
swéḱurom (accusative singular)
swéḱuroms (accusative plural)
swéḱurosyo (genitive singular)
swéḱuroHom (genitive plural)
swéḱuread (ablative singular)
swéḱuromos (ablative plural)
swéḱurobʰos (ablative plural)
swéḱuroey (dative singular)
swéḱuromos (dative plural)
swéḱurobʰos (dative plural)
swéḱurey (locative singular)
swéḱuroy (locative singular)
swéḱuroysu (locative plural)
swéḱurōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *swexura (assimilation from expected *swetsura)

Albanian: vjehërr

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swéśuras

Lithuanian: šẽšuras

Proto-Slavic: *svekrъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swehuraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwékuros

gloss

Ancient Greek: ἑκυρός (hekurós) (the oxytonesis must be a Greek innovation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáćuras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swekuros (see there for further descendants)


pstḗn

pstḗn (nominative singular)
psténes (nominative plural)
pstén (singular vocative)
psténes (plural vocative)
psténm̥ (accusative singular)
psténm̥s (accusative plural)
pstnés (genitive singular)
pstnóHom (genitive plural)
pstnés (ablative singular)
pstn̥mós (ablative plural)
pstn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
pstnéy (dative singular)
pstn̥mós (dative plural)
pstn̥bʰós (dative plural)
pstén (locative singular)
psténi (locative singular)
pstn̥sú (locative plural)
pstn̥mís (instrumental plural)
pstn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian: *stēn

Old Armenian: ստին (stin, “breast”)

Proto-Hellenic: *stḗn

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: στήνιον (stḗnion, “breast”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *pərsténos (“having protruding breasts”)

Ancient Greek: παρθένος (parthénos), (Laconian) παρσένος (parsénos, “virgin, girl, young woman”)

Proto-Tocharian: *päścäne (< CCC epenthesis, *psténh₁(e) (dual))

Tocharian A: päśśäṃ

Tocharian B: päścane du (“woman’s breasts”)

Unknown; possibly related with Ancient Greek στῆθος (stêthos, “breast”).

m+

spenô

nipple; see there for further descendants

پستان

Middle Persian: pystʾn' (pestān, “breast”)

spenis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spenis; Old Prussian


h₂ébōl

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ā́ˀbōl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *abūl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aplaz, *apluz (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Oscan: *Abella (toponym)

Connection with certain Indo-Iranian terms has been suggested:
* Pashayi wālī (perhaps < Proto-Indo-Aryan *abalikā-);
* Sogdian [script needed] (ʾmʾnk /āmang?/, “apple”), Munji [script needed] (āmenga), Yidgha [script needed] (amuno), Pashto مڼه (maná, “apple”), Shughni мӯн (mūn), му̊н (mū̊n, “apple”), all < Proto-Iranian *amarnaka- ~ *amarnā-, possibly reflecting earlier *abarna/ā- (via assimilation in nasality from *b..n to *m..n), ultimately from PIE *h₂ebe/ol-no/eh₂-. This hypothetical Proto-Iranian descendant might be the source of Proto-Finnic *omëna (“apple”) and Livonian umārz, displaying variation between coda *-n- and *-r- as would be expected from borrowing from a source with *-rn-.
There are several indications that the word for “apple” did not belong to the oldest layer of the Indo-European protolanguage:
* The word is limited to the West Indo-European languages
* It contains the phoneme */b/, which had marginal distribution in PIE
* It somewhat resembles the South European word for “apple” (PIE or pseudo-PIE *méh₂lom: Latin mālum, Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon)), which might suggest a substrate or wanderwort origin of both.
This all points that the word potentially entered the Indo-European speech continuum some time after the dissolution of the parent language.
Less substantiated theories and connections
* There are several proposed connections with Semitic. These are often posited in a framework of a theoretical Atlantic language with Semitic affinities, or by pointing out overlapping mythological motifs surrounding apples suggesting some kind of cultural sharing. This is the viewpoint marked by Dozy, Vennemann, Blažek, and others, typically with connections to the root ʾ-b-l, often with Arabic or South Semitic/Ethiopian comparisons. See Arabic أُبُلَّة (ʔubulla, “figs pressed in a mass”, literally “a bulk or mass”) an obscure term, أُبُل (ʔubul, “dry herbage upon which camels fatten”). Alternatively, an extension of Orel and Stolbova's reconstructive work, connecting back to an Afro-Asiatic root for appendages, genitals, testicles, a mass, globe or round object, still found in Ethiopian languages, potentially later being extended to fruit by comparison. Beyond proposed connections featuring /ʔ/, there are potential suggestions with /ʕ/: Arabic عَبْل (ʕabl, “a bulk or mass; applied to plant life, to be ripe for harvest or with full fruits, to be full of leaves and fruits”), Arabic عَبَال (ʕabāl, “Eglantine, Rosa rubiginosa, and similar plants; Rose Hip, bright red bulbous fruit, with a sweet or tart flavor like apples”), and Tigre ዖበል (ʿobäl, “Nile tamarisk, Tamarix nilotica”). To bolster this avenue and the distant relationship with Proto-Indo-European, the Laryngeal Theory reconstructs the /*h₂/ phoneme as a pharyngeal fricative consonant, basing comparison of /ħ/ and /ʕ/ as an a-coloring phonetic conditioner in contemporary languages, most notably Semitic languages.
* Gamkrelidze and Ivanov argue that the Hittite cognate is 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (ša-ma-lu /šam(a)lu-/, “apple”), which renders the original PIE form as *samlu- (“apple”) or *(s)h₂eml- (“apple”). The original cluster *-ml- remained as such in Anatolian, but yielded *-bl- in the other IE languages which otherwise typically finds the phoneme */b/ rare or non-existing. Such a reconstruction is not attested but in a few roots, such as the dubiously constructed root *bel-/*mel-. The initial /s/ would be an example of the Proto-Indo-European s-mobile, not being necessary to appear in other descendants. The Hittite word is however paired with the Hattic 𒊭𒀀𒊀𒀜 (ša-a-waₐ-at /šawat/, “apple, apple tree”) with the usual Hattic /t/ = Hittite /l/ correspondence, easily being a potential borrowing from Hattic or vice versa. The form *(s)h₂eml- may also be connected via metathesis with Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”); note in particular the unmetathesized *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)

cog

šùnobelė

*ḱun-h₂ebōl-eh₂ f (“a kind of plant”, literally “dog's apple”)


pléwmō

plumn- (oblique stem)
pléwmō (nominative singular)
pléwmones (nominative plural)
pléwmon (singular vocative)
pléwmones (plural vocative)
pléwmonm̥ (accusative singular)
pléwmonm̥s (accusative plural)
plunés (genitive singular)
plunóHom (genitive plural)
plunés (ablative singular)
plun̥mós (ablative plural)
plun̥bʰós (ablative plural)
plunéy (dative singular)
plun̥mós (dative plural)
plun̥bʰós (dative plural)
plumén (locative singular)
pluméni (locative singular)
plun̥sú (locative plural)
plun̥mís (instrumental plural)
plun̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *pléwmōn

Ancient Greek: πλεύμων (pleúmōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kláwmā (< earlier *pláwmā)

Sanskrit: क्लोमन् (klóman)

Proto-Italic: *plumō

Latin: pulmō (see there for further descendants)

From *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”) + *-mṓ (agentive nominal suffix).


pnéwmn̥

pnéwmn̥ (nominative singular)
pnéwmō (collective nominative)
pnéwmn̥ (singular vocative)
pnéwmō (collective vocative)
pnéwmn̥ (accusative singular)
pnéwmō (accusative collective)
pnuméns (genitive singular)
pn̥wm̥nés (collective genitive)
pnuméns (ablative singular)
pn̥wm̥nés (ablative collective)
pnuméney (dative singular)
pn̥wm̥néy (collective dative)
pnumén (locative singular)
pnuméni (locative singular)
pnumén (collective locative)
pnuméni (collective locative)

Proto-Albanian: *pnew-ma

Albanian: *pnyjma

Albanian: frymë

Proto-Hellenic: *pnéumə

desc

Ancient Greek: πνεῦμα (pneûma), πνεύμων (pneúmōn) (< collective)

From *pnew- (“to breathe”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


térmn̥

térmn̥ (nominative singular)
térmō (collective nominative)
térmn̥ (singular vocative)
térmō (collective vocative)
térmn̥ (accusative singular)
térmō (accusative collective)
tr̥méns (genitive singular)
trm̥nés (collective genitive)
tr̥méns (ablative singular)
trm̥nés (ablative collective)
tr̥méney (dative singular)
trm̥néy (collective dative)
tr̥mén (locative singular)
tr̥méni (locative singular)
tr̥mén (collective locative)
tr̥méni (collective locative)

>? Proto-Germanic: *þrumą (“butt, end”) (perhaps earlier *þrumną < *trm̥n-ó-m) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *þrumǭ (< collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *térmə, *térmōn (< collective)

desc

Ancient Greek: τέρμα (térma), τέρμων (térmōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárma

Sanskrit: तर्मन् (tárman), सुतर्मन् (sutárman) (< *h₁su- + *térmn̥)

Proto-Italic: *termn̥, *termnos (see there for further descendants), *termō (< collective)

Latin: termen, terminus, termō

Pokorny suggests *ter(h₂)- (“to pass through”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix); Watkins suggests *ter- (“boundary”) + *-mn̥.


ǵʰmṓ

ǵʰémō (nominative singular)
ǵʰémonh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰémones (nominative plural)
ǵʰémon (singular vocative)
ǵʰémonh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰémones (plural vocative)
ǵʰémonm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰémonh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰémonm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰm̥nés (genitive singular)
ǵʰm̥nóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰm̥nés (ablative singular)
ǵʰmnmós (ablative plural)
ǵʰmnbʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰm̥néy (dative singular)
ǵʰmnmós (dative plural)
ǵʰmnbʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰmén (locative singular)
ǵʰméni (locative singular)
ǵʰmnsú (locative plural)
ǵʰm̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰmnmís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰmnbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źmṓ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gumô (< *ǵʰm̥mṓ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hemō (< *ǵʰm̥mṓ) (see there for further descendants)

From *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) + *-ō. The initial *dʰ is regularly dropped in such a cluster (compare e.g. *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”) < */dḱmtóm/, a derivative of *déḱm̥ (“ten”)).


bʰṓr

bʰṓr (nominative singular)
bʰórh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰóres (nominative plural)
bʰór (singular vocative)
bʰórh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰóres (plural vocative)
bʰórm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰórh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰórm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰrés (genitive singular)
bʰróHom (genitive plural)
bʰrés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
bʰréy (dative singular)
bʰr̥mós (dative plural)
bʰr̥bʰós (dative plural)
bʰór (locative singular)
bʰóri (locative singular)
bʰr̥sú (locative plural)
bʰréh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥mís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

⇒? Old Armenian: բուռն (buṙn, “hand, fist”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰṓr

Ancient Greek: φώρ (phṓr)

Proto-Italic: *fōr

Latin: fūr

From earlier *bʰórs, from *bʰer- (“to carry”).


h₃énh₂ōs (nominative plural)
h₃énh₂ōs (plural vocative)
h₃énh₂ōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánas

Sanskrit: अनस् (ánas, “heavy cart; mother; birth; offspring”)

Proto-Italic: *onos

Latin: onus (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃enh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *h₃énh₂os
From *h₃enh₂- (“to onerate; to charge”) + *-os.


Proto-Italic: *spēs (see there for further descendants)

From *speh₁- (“to succeed, to prosper”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


dʰéh₁mn̥

dʰéh₁mn̥ (nominative singular)
dʰéh₁mō (collective nominative)
dʰéh₁mn̥ (singular vocative)
dʰéh₁mō (collective vocative)
dʰéh₁mn̥ (accusative singular)
dʰéh₁mō (accusative collective)
dʰh₁m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *demenis (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: demin
Irish: deimhin
Scottish Gaelic: deimhinn

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰḗmə, *tʰḗmōn (< collective)

desc

Ancient Greek: θῆμᾰ (thêmă), θημών (thēmṓn), εὐθήμων (euthḗmōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáHmā

Sanskrit: धामन् (dhā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHmā

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (dāman), 𐬛𐬁𐬨𐬄𐬥 (dāmąn) (< collective)

Middle Persian: dʾm (dām) (< collective)

Proto-Italic: *fāmen

Oscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌀𐌌𐌀 (faama)

From *dʰeh₁- (“put, place”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix).


Proto-Armenian: *fon-

Old Armenian: հուն (hun)

Middle Armenian: հուն (hun)

Armenian: հուն (hun)

→ Georgian: ფონი (poni)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pántis (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸontā
⇒ Gaulish: Eluontiu (dat. sg.) (compounded with the reflex of *ɸelus (“many”))
Celtiberian: otai (dat./loc. sg.) (following Prosper's reading; the word has also been read as the unintelligible oboi)

Proto-Hellenic: *póntos

desc

Ancient Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)

Greek: πόντος (póntos), πάτος (pátos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pántaHs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ponts

Latin: pōns

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *päntā (“road-master”)


Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: stomuõ (< collective)

Proto-Germanic: *stōmô

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́mə

Ancient Greek: στῆμᾰ (stêmă)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́mōn (< collective)

Ancient Greek: στήμων (stḗmōn), Doric στᾱ́μων (stā́mōn)

Ancient Greek: στάμνος (stámnos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰáHma

Sanskrit: स्थामन् (sthā́man)

Proto-Iranian: *stáHma

Classical Persian: ستام (sitām, “trappings of horse; threshold”), استام (istām)

Proto-Italic: *stāmen

Latin: stāmen

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ṣtām

Tocharian B: stām

From *steh₂- (“stand”) + *-mn̥ (action or result nominal suffix).


desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtis
East Baltic:
Lithuanian: vyti̇̀s (“twig”)
Proto-Slavic: *vitь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weitis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wiþiz

Proto-Italic: *wītis

Latin: vītis

Ancient Greek: ἰτέα (itéa, “willow”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գի (gi, “juniper”)
Armenian: գի (gi), (Zeitun) գՙէ (gʻē), (Pingan) գՙի (gʻi, “cypress”)
→ Georgian: გია (gia)
⇒ Old Armenian: *գիհենի (*giheni) (with the botanical suffix -ենի (-eni))
Armenian: (Lori) կէ՛նի (kḗni), (Karabakh) կէ՛նէ (kḗnē), (Karadagh) իգէ՛նէ (igḗnē)

→? Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣwiw- (“juniper”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waytasás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waytasás

desc

Sanskrit: वेतस (vetasá, “Calamus rotang or another kind of similar reed”), वेत्र (vétra, “a big kind of Calamus”), वैतस (vaitasá)

Proto-Iranian: *waytaháh

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬌 (vaēti, “willow”)

Hawramî: ۋیکۆڵ (ʋīkɔł, “willow”)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bî (“willow”)

Central Kurdish: بی (bî, “willow”)

Southern Kurdish: ڤێ (vê, “willow”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wyt /wēd/, “willow”)

Persian: بید (bid)

→ Northern Kurdish: bîd

Ossetian:

Digor: уедагӕ (wedagæ), едагӕ (edagæ, “root”)

Iron: уи́даг (wídag)

Pashto: وله (wala, “willow”)

Zazaki: vîyale (“willow”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

From *weh₁y- (“to twine, wind”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).
The reconstruction of the underlying root is heavily debated. Beekes, De Vaan, and Derksen all reconstruct *weh₁i-, each using the oblique, zero-grade stem (*uh₁i-ti-) as the etymon for the Hellenic, Italic, and Balto-Slavic branches respectively. Fortson agrees that the oblique, zero-grade stems of many nouns in *-tis and *-tus were generalized in Indo-Aryan, Hellenic, and many other branches. Other examples include:
* *bʰértis > *bʰŕ̥tis → Old Armenian բարդ (bard), Celtic *britis (Old Irish brith, Middle Welsh bryd), Germanic *burþiz, Italic *forts (Latin fors), Sanskrit भृति (bhr̥tí)
* *pértus > *pŕ̥tus → Celtic *ɸritus (Brythonic *rrɨd), Germanic *furduz, Iranian *pr̥tuš (Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬎 (pər^ətu)), Italic *portus
Matasović instead reconstructs *weyh₁-, pointing out that, in Celtic, a laryngeal is lost after the diphthong -ey- and before a consonant (/eyHC/ → /eyC/) and also that -ey- regularly becomes -ē-. However, given the evidence of other Celtic nouns derived from *-tis and *-tus (*bʰértis > *britis, *ǵéwstus > *gustus, *pértus > *ɸritus), Celtic also appears to favor the zero-grade for these nouns, making the reconstruction *wéyh₁tis untenable. It is unclear whether *uh₁ítis regularly gives Celtic *wētis, but *wih₁-, the zero-grade of *weyh₁-, certainly would not.
The LIV in turn reconstructs *wyeh₁- for the verbs meaning “to wrap, twine” (Latin vieō, Sanskrit व्ययति (vyáyati), Slavic *viti); though De Vaan rejects this proposal.


Proto-Hellenic: *newotāts

Ancient Greek: νεότης (neótēs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwataH (< *newéteh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwataH

Sanskrit: नवता (návatā)

Proto-Italic: *nowotāts

Latin: novitās (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niwiþō (< *newéteh₂) (see there for further descendants)

From the adjective *néwos (“new”) + *-teh₂ts.


bʰértis

bʰértis (nominative singular)
bʰérteyes (nominative plural)
bʰérti (singular vocative)
bʰérteyes (plural vocative)
bʰértim (accusative singular)
bʰértims (accusative plural)
bʰr̥téys (genitive singular)
bʰr̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥téys (ablative singular)
bʰr̥tímos (ablative plural)
bʰr̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰr̥téyey (dative singular)
bʰr̥tímos (dative plural)
bʰr̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
bʰr̥téy (locative singular)
bʰr̥tḗy (locative singular)
bʰr̥tísu (locative plural)
bʰr̥tíh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥tímis (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բարդ (bard) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *britis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fortis

Latin: fors (“chance”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: भृति (bhṛtí)

From *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


gʷʰéros

gʷʰéros (nominative singular)
gʷʰérōs (nominative plural)
gʷʰéros (singular vocative)
gʷʰérōs (plural vocative)
gʷʰéros (accusative singular)
gʷʰérōs (accusative plural)
gʷʰéresos (genitive singular)
gʷʰéresoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰéresos (ablative singular)
gʷʰéresmos (ablative plural)
gʷʰéresbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰéresey (dative singular)
gʷʰéresmos (dative plural)
gʷʰéresbʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰéres (locative singular)
gʷʰéresi (locative singular)
gʷʰéresu (locative plural)
gʷʰéresmis (instrumental plural)
gʷʰéresbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջեր (ǰer)

Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

(perhaps) Old Prussian: goro

Proto-Slavic: *žarъ

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéros

Ancient Greek: θέρος (théros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáras

Vedic Sanskrit: हरस् (háras)


népōts

head

*(h₂)népōts m or f (oblique stem *(h₂)n̥pt-)

népōts (nominative singular)
h₂₁ (dual nominative)
h₂₁e (dual nominative)
népotes (nominative plural)
népot (singular vocative)
h₂₁ (dual vocative)
h₂₁e (dual vocative)
népotes (plural vocative)
népotm̥ (accusative singular)
h₂₁ (accusative dual)
h₂₁e (accusative dual)
népotm̥s (accusative plural)
n̥ptés (genitive singular)
n̥ptóHom (genitive plural)
n̥ptés (ablative singular)
n̥ptmós (ablative plural)
n̥ptbʰós (ablative plural)
n̥ptéy (dative singular)
n̥ptmós (dative plural)
n̥ptbʰós (dative plural)
népot (locative singular)
népoti (locative singular)
n̥ptsú (locative plural)
n̥ptmís (instrumental plural)
n̥ptbʰís (instrumental plural)

Albanian: nip (possibly a Latin loanword), mbesë

Balto-Slavic:

Old Lithuanian: nepuotis

Proto-Slavic: *netьjь (< *neptiyos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nëpada (see there for further descendants)

→ Kildin Sami: няпай (njapaj)

Proto-Celtic: *neɸūss (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nefô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀνεψιός (anepsiós) (< *sm̥-neptiyos (“co-grandson”) or *h₂népōt)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nápāts (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nepōts (see there for further descendants)


bʰudʰmḗn

bʰudʰ (m̥)n- (oblique stem)
bʰudʰmḗn (nominative singular)
bʰudʰménes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰmén (singular vocative)
bʰudʰménes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰménm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰudʰménm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰudʰm̥nés (genitive singular)
bʰudʰm̥nóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰm̥nés (ablative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰmn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰm̥néy (dative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥mós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmn̥bʰós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmén (locative singular)
bʰudʰméni (locative singular)
bʰudʰmn̥sú (locative plural)
bʰudʰmn̥mís (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰmn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰmḗn (nominative singular)
bʰudʰménes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰmén (singular vocative)
bʰudʰménes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰménm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰudʰménm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰudʰnés (genitive singular)
bʰudʰnóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰnés (ablative singular)
bʰudʰn̥mós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
bʰudʰnéy (dative singular)
bʰudʰn̥mós (dative plural)
bʰudʰn̥bʰós (dative plural)
bʰudʰmén (locative singular)
bʰudʰméni (locative singular)
bʰudʰn̥sú (locative plural)
bʰudʰn̥mís (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *būtsā, *būðā

Albanian: bythë

Proto-Germanic: *butmô, *butmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *putʰmḗn

Ancient Greek: πῠθμήν (pŭthmḗn)

Possible metathesis from *dʰewbʰ- ~ *dʰubʰ- (“deep”) + *-mḗn (agentive nominal suffix).

suffix

անդունդ

Proto-Armenian: (+ *an- (negative prefix)); Old Armenian

buttaz

*bʰudʰ-nó-s (innovative thematic o-stem)


non-ablauting (romanization)
lóysām (accusative singular)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láišāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laisō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loizā (see there for further descendants)

From *leys- (“track, furrow, trace, trail”).


dʰéh₁s

dʰéh₁s (nominative singular)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰéh₁s (singular vocative)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰéh₁sm̥ (accusative singular)
dʰéh₁sh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰéh₁s (locative singular)
dʰh₁sú (locative plural)
dʰh₁séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian: *dʰēses (< the plural *dʰéh₁ses)

desctree

Old Armenian: դիք pl (dikʻ)
→ Armenian: դիք (dikʻ) (learned)

From *dʰeh₁- (“to do”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

>? Proto-Germanic: *dīsiz

goddess; see there for further descendants

θέσφατο

Ancient Greek: θέσφατος (thésphatos, “decreed by a god/God”)


dyḗws

diw- (oblique stem)
dyḗws (nominative singular)
dyéwes (nominative plural)
dyéw (singular vocative)
dyéwes (plural vocative)
dyḗm (accusative singular)
dyéwm̥s (accusative plural)
diwés (genitive singular)
diwóHom (genitive plural)
diwés (ablative singular)
dyumós (ablative plural)
dyubʰós (ablative plural)
diwéy (dative singular)
dyumós (dative plural)
dyubʰós (dative plural)
dyéw (locative singular)
dyéwi (locative singular)
dyusú (locative plural)
dyumís (instrumental plural)
dyubʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒌑𒍑 (ši-i-ú-uš)

>? Urartian: 𒀭𒅆𒄿𒌑𒄿𒉌 (ᵈši-i-u₂-i-ni).

Proto-Armenian: *tiw-

Old Armenian: տիւ (tiw)

Proto-Celtic: *dyīus (“day”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: Zojz

Messapic: Zis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian:

→? Latin: *Reus

Latin: Reo (“Lusitanian theonym”, dative singular)

→ English: Dyeus

From earlier *dyéws, from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

Ζεῦ πάτερ

Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)

zot

>? Proto-Albanian: *dźie̅u ̊ a(t)t-; Albanian


Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: dzẽrve

Lithuanian: gérvė

Western Baltic:

Old Prussian: gerwe

Proto-Slavic: *žervъ, *žeravъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *žeravľь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grūs

Latin: grūs (see there for further descendants)


kápros

non-ablauting (romanization)
kápros (nominative singular)
káproes (nominative plural)
kápre (singular vocative)
káproes (plural vocative)
káprom (accusative singular)
káproms (accusative plural)
káprosyo (genitive singular)
káproHom (genitive plural)
kápread (ablative singular)
kápromos (ablative plural)
káprobʰos (ablative plural)
káproey (dative singular)
kápromos (dative plural)
káprobʰos (dative plural)
káprey (locative singular)
káproy (locative singular)
káproysu (locative plural)
káprōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gabros (“goat”), *kaɸerūxs (“sheep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hafraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kápros

Ancient Greek: κάπρος (kápros, “boar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kápras

Proto-Iranian: *káfrah (“kid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kapros (see there for further descendants)

Considered a post-PIE loanword by De Vaan. The appearance of initial *g- in one, and the cluster *-ɸr- (instead of the expected *-br-) in the other, the Celtic variants are inexplicable if these are considered inherited reflexes. The a-vocalism likewise suggests a Wanderwort.


pórḱos

non-ablauting (romanization)
pórḱos (nominative singular)
pórḱoes (nominative plural)
pórḱe (singular vocative)
pórḱoes (plural vocative)
pórḱom (accusative singular)
pórḱoms (accusative plural)
pórḱosyo (genitive singular)
pórḱoHom (genitive plural)
pórḱead (ablative singular)
pórḱomos (ablative plural)
pórḱobʰos (ablative plural)
pórḱoey (dative singular)
pórḱomos (dative plural)
pórḱobʰos (dative plural)
pórḱey (locative singular)
pórḱoy (locative singular)
pórḱoysu (locative plural)
pórḱōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *párśas

East Baltic:

Lithuanian: par̃šas

⇒ Lithuanian: paršiùkas

→ Belarusian: парсю́к (parsjúk); паршу́к (paršúk) (dialectal)

→ Polish: parsiuk, porszuk (dialectal)

→ Russian: парcу́к (parcúk) (dialectal)

desc

→ Ukrainian: паршу́к (paršúk), порсю́к (porsjúk) (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: prastian

Proto-Slavic: *porsę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸorkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *farhaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćas

Proto-Iranian: *párcah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *porkos (see there for further descendants)

Lusitanian: porcom

q

→ Proto-Finno-Permic: *porćas (through either Balto-Slavic or Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Finnic: *porcas (see there for further descendants)

The original meaning was "digger", from *perḱ- (“to dig”) + *-os. See also furrow.

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtis

Latvian: stātis

Lithuanian: stoti̇̀s

Proto-Slavic: *statь

Proto-Germanic: *stadiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *státis

Ancient Greek: στάσις (stásis)

Indo-Iranian: *stʰáHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰítiṣ (< *sth₂tís)

Sanskrit: स्थिति (sthíti)

→ Hindi: स्थिति (sthiti)

Proto-Iranian: *stáHtiš

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (stāⁱti)

Italic:

Latin: statim (< *stéh₂tim)

From *steh₂- (“stand (up)”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


tépos

tépes- (oblique stem)
tépos (nominative singular)
tépōs (nominative plural)
tépos (singular vocative)
tépōs (plural vocative)
tépos (accusative singular)
tépōs (accusative plural)
tépesos (genitive singular)
tépesoHom (genitive plural)
tépesos (ablative singular)
tépesmos (ablative plural)
tépesbʰos (ablative plural)
tépesey (dative singular)
tépesmos (dative plural)
tépesbʰos (dative plural)
tépes (locative singular)
tépesi (locative singular)
tépesu (locative plural)
tépesmis (instrumental plural)
tépesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápas

Sanskrit: तपस् (tápas)

Proto-Iranian: *tapah- ~ *tāpah-

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ta (“fever”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tp (tab, “fever”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: տապ (tap)
→ Armenian: տապ (tap) (learned)

(perhaps) Italic: *tepos

Latin: tepor

*teps-ró-m

Proto-Italic: *tepsrom
Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌌 (tefúrúm)
Umbrian: tefruto (abl. sg. with postposition), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌓𐌀 (tefra, acc. pl.)

*tep(e)s-mi-

Proto-Celtic: *teɸesmis

Welsh: twym

Proto-Celtic: *teɸsmiyā

Old Irish: timme


n̥h₂sú (locative plural)
n̥h₂séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Albanian: *noshë

>? Albanian: noçë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nāˀsis

Latvian: nāss

Lithuanian: nósis

Old Prussian: nozy

Proto-Italic: *nās

⇒ Proto-Italic: *nāzis

Latin: nāris (“nostril”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *nāssos

Latin: nāsus (“nose”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náHs (see there for further descendants)

nozdrà

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nasúsEast Baltic:Latgalian: nuoss (“nose”)Latvian: nāss (“nostril”)Lithuanian: nósis (“nose”)Samogitian: nuosės (“nose”)Proto-Slavic: *nȍsъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *nasją

cape, headland, foothill; see there for further descendants


wétos

wétes- (oblique stem)
wétos (nominative singular)
wétōs (nominative plural)
wétos (singular vocative)
wétōs (plural vocative)
wétos (accusative singular)
wétōs (accusative plural)
wétesos (genitive singular)
wétesoHom (genitive plural)
wétesos (ablative singular)
wétesmos (ablative plural)
wétesbʰos (ablative plural)
wétesey (dative singular)
wétesmos (dative plural)
wétesbʰos (dative plural)
wétes (locative singular)
wétesi (locative singular)
wétesu (locative plural)
wétesmis (instrumental plural)
wétesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian: *weta

Albanian: vit, vjet

Proto-Hellenic: *wétos

Ancient Greek: ἔτος (étos), (dialectal) ϝέτος (wétos)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐀵 (we-to), 𐀸𐀳𐀂 (we-te-i)

Proto-Italic: *wetos, *wetezinos

Latin: vetus, veternus

Phrygian: ϝετει (wetei, dat.sg.)


Perhaps an s-stem *h₂eǵ-os ~ *h₂ǵ-es-os, from *h₂eǵ- (“drive”).

ahslō

shoulder; see there for further descendants

⇒ Tocharian B: amäkṣpänte

→? Tocharian B: *amäkṣa (or < *h₂em-h₂eḱs-ih₂)


yókʷr̥

yókʷr̥ (nominative singular)
yékʷōr (collective nominative)
yókʷr̥ (singular vocative)
yékʷōr (collective vocative)
yókʷr̥ (accusative singular)
yékʷōr (accusative collective)
yékʷn̥s (genitive singular)
ikʷnés (collective genitive)
yékʷn̥s (ablative singular)
ikʷnés (ablative collective)
yékʷney (dative singular)
ikʷnéy (collective dative)
yékʷn̥ (locative singular)
yékʷni (locative singular)
ikʷén (collective locative)
ikʷéni (collective locative)
yékʷn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
yékʷr̥ (nominative singular)
yékʷr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
yékʷr̥ (singular vocative)
yékʷr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
yékʷr̥ (accusative singular)
yékʷr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
ikʷéns (genitive singular)
ikʷénoHom (genitive plural)
ikʷéns (ablative singular)
ikʷénmos (ablative plural)
ikʷénbʰos (ablative plural)
ikʷéney (dative singular)
ikʷénmos (dative plural)
ikʷénbʰos (dative plural)
ikʷén (locative singular)
ikʷéni (locative singular)
ikʷénsu (locative plural)
ikʷénmis (instrumental plural)
ikʷénbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *yékʷr̥ ~ *ikʷanós

Luwian: [script needed] (ikkwar /ik-ku-wa-a[r]/)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լեարդ (leard) (unexplained initial l-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ikʷūr (< *yékʷōr (collective))

Middle Irish: iuchair (“roe”)

Proto-Hellenic: *yêkʷər

Ancient Greek: ἧπαρ (hêpar) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yákr̥ ~ *yaknás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jekʷor

Latin: iecur, iocur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäkʷär

Tocharian A: ykär

Tocharian B: yakär

From *(H)yekʷ- (“liver”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

suffix

lagno

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaknā́ˀ, *jeknā́ˀ (“liver”); Old Prussian


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որբ (orb) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arbas

Proto-Slavic: *orbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *arbaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀρφανός (orphanós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *orβos

Latin: orbus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárbʰas (see there for further descendants)

q

→ Proto-Uralic: *orpa (or independently loaned into some branches)

Proto-Samic: *oarpēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: уроз (uroz)

Moksha: уроз (uroz)

Proto-Finnic: *orpoi (see there for further descendants)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: йәӈкурвы (jəṇkurwy)

Hungarian: árva

From *h₃erbʰ- (“to change allegiance, status, ownership”) + *-os.


déḱos

déḱes- (oblique stem)
déḱos (nominative singular)
déḱōs (nominative plural)
déḱos (singular vocative)
déḱōs (plural vocative)
déḱos (accusative singular)
déḱōs (accusative plural)
déḱesos (genitive singular)
déḱesoHom (genitive plural)
déḱesos (ablative singular)
déḱesmos (ablative plural)
déḱesbʰos (ablative plural)
déḱesey (dative singular)
déḱesmos (dative plural)
déḱesbʰos (dative plural)
déḱes (locative singular)
déḱesi (locative singular)
déḱesu (locative plural)
déḱesmis (instrumental plural)
déḱesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *dekos (“esteem, honor”)

Old Irish: dech (“better”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ćas, *daćasyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́śas, *daśasyáti

desc

Sanskrit: दाश् (dā́ś, “worship veneration”), दशस्यति (daśasyáti, “offer, present”) (< denominal causative *déḱes-ye-)

Proto-Italic: *dekos

Latin: decus


sóḱr̥

sḱén- (oblique stem)
sóḱr̥ (nominative singular)
sḱṓr (collective nominative)
sóḱr̥ (singular vocative)
sḱṓr (collective vocative)
sóḱr̥ (accusative singular)
sḱṓr (accusative collective)
sḱéns (genitive singular)
sḱnés (collective genitive)
sḱéns (ablative singular)
sḱnés (ablative collective)
sḱéney (dative singular)
sḱnéy (collective dative)
sḱén (locative singular)
sḱéni (locative singular)
sḱén (collective locative)
sḱéni (collective locative)
sḱénh₁ (instrumental singular)
sḱnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒋼𒀀 (ša-ak-kar /šakkar/), 𒍝𒀝𒋼𒀀 (za-ak-kar /zakkar/, “excrement, dung, feces”, nom.-acc.sg.)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sãrņi (“dung”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *skarędъ

Proto-Germanic: *skarną

Proto-Hellenic: *skṓr

Ancient Greek: σκῶρ (skôr, “dung”) (< collective, genitive σκᾰτός < *sḱn̥-t-ós)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀- (saⁱriia-, “dung”)

(possibly) Italic: *(s)ker-d-

Latin: -cerda (“feces”) (De Vaan prefers *(s)ker- / *(s)kerdʰ- (“to cut off”))

Klimp suggests *sók(H)r̥, deriving from the root *sekH- (“to separate, cut off, distinguish”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).


swépnos

non-ablauting (romanization)
swépnos (nominative singular)
swépne (singular vocative)
swépnom (accusative singular)
swépnosyo (genitive singular)
swépnead (ablative singular)
swépnoey (dative singular)
swépney (locative singular)
swépnoy (locative singular)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*swópnos</i>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (< *swópnos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swefnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swepnos

Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ṣw’äpäne, *ṣw’äpne

Tocharian A: ṣpäṃ

Tocharian B: ṣpane


wéyh₁ō

Disputed; possibly from *weh₁y- (“to twist; to wrap”) + *-ō, compare Ancient Greek ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”), from *wih₁-ḗn, and Latin vītis (“vine”), from *wéh₁itis, or perhaps borrowed from either Proto-West Semitic *wayn- or Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwino-, if those terms are not instead borrowings of the Proto-Indo-European. Possibly all ultimately borrowed from an unattested Mediterranean substrate language.

Old Armenian: գինիArmenian: գինի

Proto-Armenian: *ɣʷeinyo- (or from *wóyh₁n-o-s)

→ Proto-Celtic: *wīnom

Latin: vīnum (see there for further descendants)

verë

Proto-Albanian: *wainā or *woinā; Albanian

→? Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣwino-

possibly via Armenian; see there for further descendants


bʰébʰrus

bʰébʰr- (oblique stem)
bʰébʰrus (nominative singular)
bʰébʰrewes (nominative plural)
bʰébʰru (singular vocative)
bʰébʰrewes (plural vocative)
bʰébʰrum (accusative singular)
bʰébʰrums (accusative plural)
bʰebʰréws (genitive singular)
bʰebʰréwoHom (genitive plural)
bʰebʰréws (ablative singular)
bʰebʰrúmos (ablative plural)
bʰebʰrúbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰebʰréwey (dative singular)
bʰebʰrúmos (dative plural)
bʰebʰrúbʰos (dative plural)
bʰebʰréw (locative singular)
bʰebʰréwi (locative singular)
bʰebʰrúsu (locative plural)
bʰebʰrúmis (instrumental plural)
bʰebʰrúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bébrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bebrus

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: beuer

Welsh: befer

Old Irish: Bibar

→? Late Latin: beber (see there for further descendants)

→? Latin: Bibracte

Proto-Germanic: *bebruz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰábʰruš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *febros

Latin: fiber

Possibly from *bʰerH- (“brown”) via a reduplicated form *bʰebʰr(H)-, although Ringe (2006:106) doubts that such a word existed.


wósr̥

wésn̥- (oblique stem)
wósr̥ (nominative singular)
wósr̥ (singular vocative)
wósr̥ (accusative singular)
wésn̥s (genitive singular)
wésn̥s (ablative singular)
wésney (dative singular)
wésn̥ (locative singular)
wésni (locative singular)
wésr̥ (nominative singular)
wésr̥ (singular vocative)
wésr̥ (accusative singular)
uséns (genitive singular)
usénoHom (genitive plural)
uséns (ablative singular)
usénmos (ablative plural)
usénbʰos (ablative plural)
uséney (dative singular)
usénmos (dative plural)
usénbʰos (dative plural)
usén (locative singular)
uséni (locative singular)
usénsu (locative plural)
usénmis (instrumental plural)
usénbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գարուն (garun)

Armenian: գարուն (garun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *was(e)r (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wesrū

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *wesrakos (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *wesnālā (“swallow (bird)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wazrą (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhər
Ancient Greek: ἔαρ (éar)
Greek: έαρ (éar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásr̥ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wezor (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from *h₁wes-, *h₁ews- (“to become warm; to burn”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix)


ǵʰéyōm

ǵʰim- (oblique stem)
ǵʰéyōm (nominative singular)
ǵʰéyom (singular vocative)
ǵʰéyōm (accusative singular)
ǵʰimés (genitive singular)
ǵʰimés (ablative singular)
ǵʰiméy (dative singular)
ǵʰyém (locative singular)
ǵʰyémi (locative singular)
ǵʰiméh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰyṓm (nominative singular)
ǵʰyem (singular vocative)
ǵʰyēm (accusative singular)
ǵʰimés (genitive singular)
ǵʰimés (ablative singular)
ǵʰiméy (dative singular)
ǵʰyem (locative singular)
ǵʰyemi (locative singular)
ǵʰiméh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰyémm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰimós (genitive singular)
*ǵʰéymn̥ (alternative)

ine-decl-noun-mf

ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒈪 (gi-e-mi /gyemi/, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰyémi)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձիւն (jiwn, “snow”) (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄

Old Norse: gói (“late winter”), gæ

Icelandic: gói, góa

Swedish: göja

Scanian: Gyja

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjø, dial. goi, goa, go

Danish: gue (dial.)

Faroese: gø (“month”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)

Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hiem-

Latin: hiems

δύσχιμος

winterly, troublesome, fearful, terrible; of bad winters

→ Medieval Latin: ingimus

Proto-West Germanic: (Frankish) *ainagim

→ Middle Persian: (/hazangrōzim/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)

twigimaz

⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)


Proto-Albanian: *eta

Albanian: jetë

Proto-Armenian: *ayú

Old Armenian: այո (ayo) (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́yu (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂ey- (“vital force, life, age, eternity”).

young; see there for further descendants


Proto-Italic: *dōnom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHnam (see there for further descendants)

From *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-om. Alternatively, substantivized from *dh₃-nó-s, *deh₃-nó-s (“given, gifted”), from *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-nós.


ǵʰḗr

ǵʰr̥- (oblique stem)
ǵʰḗr (nominative singular)
ǵʰérh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰérh₁e (dual nominative)
ǵʰéres (nominative plural)
ǵʰér (singular vocative)
ǵʰérh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰérh₁e (dual vocative)
ǵʰéres (plural vocative)
ǵʰérm̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰérh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰérh₁e (accusative dual)
ǵʰérm̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰrés (genitive singular)
ǵʰróHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰrés (ablative singular)
ǵʰr̥mós (ablative plural)
ǵʰr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
ǵʰréy (dative singular)
ǵʰr̥mós (dative plural)
ǵʰr̥bʰós (dative plural)
ǵʰér (locative singular)
ǵʰéri (locative singular)
ǵʰr̥sú (locative plural)
ǵʰréh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰr̥mís (instrumental plural)
ǵʰr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰḗr

Ancient Greek: χήρ (khḗr)

Proto-Italic: *hēr

Latin: ēr

From *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, bristly”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


mḗms

mḗms (nominative singular)
mḗms (singular vocative)
mḗms (accusative singular)
mémsos (genitive singular)
mémsos (ablative singular)
mémsey (dative singular)
méms (locative singular)
mémsi (locative singular)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗns
East Baltic:
Latgalian: mīsa
Latvian: mìesa
Lithuanian: mėsà
Samogitian: męsà
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: menso, mensā
Proto-Slavic: *mę̑so (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ms

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ms

desc

Vedic Sanskrit: मांस् (māṃs), मास् (mās)

From *mems- (“flesh, meat”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

misa

*mēms-eh₂ (or perhaps from collective *mēms-eh₁)

mish

Proto-Albanian: *meša (< earlier *mēNśa-); Albanian


léymō

léymō (nominative singular)
léymones (nominative plural)
léymon (singular vocative)
léymones (plural vocative)
léymonm̥ (accusative singular)
léymonm̥s (accusative plural)
limnés (genitive singular)
limnóHom (genitive plural)
limnés (ablative singular)
limn̥mós (ablative plural)
limn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
limnéy (dative singular)
limn̥mós (dative plural)
limn̥bʰós (dative plural)
limén (locative singular)
liméni (locative singular)
limn̥sú (locative plural)
limn̥mís (instrumental plural)
limn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
léymō (nominative singular)
léymones (nominative plural)
léymon (singular vocative)
léymones (plural vocative)
léymonm̥ (accusative singular)
léymonm̥s (accusative plural)
l̥ym̥nés (genitive singular)
l̥ym̥nóHom (genitive plural)
l̥ym̥nés (ablative singular)
limn̥mós (ablative plural)
limn̥bʰós (ablative plural)
l̥ym̥néy (dative singular)
limn̥mós (dative plural)
limn̥bʰós (dative plural)
limén (locative singular)
liméni (locative singular)
limn̥sú (locative plural)
limn̥mís (instrumental plural)
limn̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *léymō

Ancient Greek: λειμών (leimṓn)

Ancient Greek: λιμήν (limḗn) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λῐ́μνη (lĭ́mnē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *lyëmë

Tocharian B: lyam

From *ley- (“to flow, pour, stream”) + *-mṓ (agentive nominal suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *Dānu

Irish: Dana

Welsh: Dôn

→ English: Don

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHnu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHnu

desc

Sanskrit: दानु (dā́nu, “fluid, drop, dew”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáHnu

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬥𐬎 (dānu)

Proto-Scythian: *dānu

Old Ossetic: *dān

Jassic: dan

Ossetian: дон (don)


yéwgos

yéwges- (oblique stem)
yéwgos (nominative singular)
yéwgōs (nominative plural)
yéwgos (singular vocative)
yéwgōs (plural vocative)
yéwgos (accusative singular)
yéwgōs (accusative plural)
yéwgesos (genitive singular)
yéwgesoHom (genitive plural)
yéwgesos (ablative singular)
yéwgesmos (ablative plural)
yéwgesbʰos (ablative plural)
yéwgesey (dative singular)
yéwgesmos (dative plural)
yéwgesbʰos (dative plural)
yéwges (locative singular)
yéwgesi (locative singular)
yéwgesu (locative plural)
yéwgesmis (instrumental plural)
yéwgesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Germanic: *jeukaz, *jūkaz

Old English: gȳċer

Old High German: *jūh (in the compound jūhhart)

Middle High German: jiuch

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌿𐌶𐌹 (jukuzi)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzéugos

Ancient Greek: ζεῦγος (zeûgos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jougos

Latin: iūgera pl

(possibly) → Italic: *jougVstos, *jougVstād

Latin: iūxtā

From *yewg- (“to join, to yoke, to tie together”) + *-os (suffix creating action/result nouns from verbs).


h₂éḱru

h₂éḱru (nominative singular)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éḱruh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂éḱru (singular vocative)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éḱruh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂éḱru (accusative singular)
h₂éḱr̥wih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱruh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂ḱréw (locative singular)
h₂ḱrúh₁ (instrumental singular)

desc

⇒ Proto-Anatolian: (with a prefix such as sporadic *s-, or a compound *sekʷ-h₂(e)ḱru?)

Hittite: 𒅖𒄩𒀪𒊒 (isḫaḫru)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: asara

Lithuanian: ãšara

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćru (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ākru

Tocharian A: ākär

Tocharian B: akrūna

which may point to an early meaning of *for *h₂éḱru


non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (collective nominative)
ǵónh₁e (singular vocative)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (collective vocative)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵonh₁éh₂ (accusative collective)
ǵónh₁oh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵónh₁ōys (instrumental plural)
ǵonh₁óh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Hellenic: *gónos, *gonā́

Ancient Greek: γόνος (gónos), γονή (gonḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHas m (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-os.


h₁óh₃s

h₁óh₃s (nominative singular)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁óh₃s (singular vocative)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁óh₃s (accusative singular)
h₁óh₃sh₂ (accusative plural)
h₁éh₃s (locative singular)
h₁h₃sú (locative plural)
h₁h₃séh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (a-i-iš /aiš/)

q

or < thematic <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁óh₃s-o-s</i>

Luwian: 𒀀𒀀𒀸𒊭 (a-a-aš-ša /āssa/) (or < thematic *h₁óh₃s-o-s)

Proto-Celtic: *ās

Old Irish: á

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHs

Sanskrit: आस् (ā́s)

Proto-Iranian: *HáHh

Avestan: 𐬁𐬵 (āh) (inst. sg. form: 𐬇𐬆𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬁 (ə̄əā̊ŋhā))

Proto-Italic: *ōs

Latin: ōs (see there for further descendants)

From earlier acrostatic *h₁óh₃-s ~ *h₁éh₃-s.

austo

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aušt-; Old Prussian


h₂égʰōs (nominative plural)
h₂égʰōs (plural vocative)
h₂égʰōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *agaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄχος (ákhos)

From *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”) + *-os.


Albanian: rosë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *anˀtis

Lithuanian: ántis

Old Prussian: antis

Proto-Slavic: *ǫtь, *ǫty (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anadz (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Hellenic: *nāťťa (< *n̥h₂t-ih₂, apparently with lost laryngeal?)

desc

Ancient Greek: νῆσσα (nêssa), νῆττα (nêtta), νᾶσσα (nâssa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHtíṣ

Sanskrit: आति (ātí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *HaHtíš

Ossetian: (“wild duck”)

Digor Ossetian: ацца (acca)

Iron Ossetian: ацц (acc) (< *HaHtí-čiH)

Proto-Italic: *anats

Latin: anas (see there for further descendants)


h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-an-za)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄντα (ánta) (either from accusative singular *h₂éntm̥ or from accusative plural *h₂énth̥₂)

Ancient Greek: ἄντην (ántēn)

From *h₂ent- (“face, forehead; front”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

anda-

*h₂entó ((fossilized) allative singular)

against; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Tocharian: *ā́ntë

in front; see there for further descendants

possibly) *h₂n̥tbʰi (from the instrumental plural


Proto-Germanic: *jundō

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (junda)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyuHatáH (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *juwentā

Latin: iuventa


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brū́ˀs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brūs

⇒ Old Irish: forbrú

Middle Irish: brú, brá

Proto-Hellenic: *opʰrū́s

desc

Ancient Greek: ὀφρύς (ophrús), ὀφρῦς (ophrûs) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HbʰrúHs (see there for further descendants)


h₃éngʷn̥

h₃éngʷn̥ (nominative singular)
h₃éngʷō (collective nominative)
h₃éngʷn̥ (singular vocative)
h₃éngʷō (collective vocative)
h₃éngʷn̥ (accusative singular)
h₃éngʷō (accusative collective)
h₃n̥gʷén (locative singular)
h₃n̥gʷén (collective locative)
h₃n̥gʷénh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃n̥gʷnéh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Celtic: *amban (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ankwô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ongʷn̥

Latin: unguen

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌍 (umen, acc.sg.), 𐌖𐌌𐌍𐌄 (umne, “ointment”, abl.sg.)

desctree

→ Latin: ōmentum
→ Catalan: oment
→ English: omentum
→ Italian: omento
→ Spanish: omento

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́nǰa (with irregular long vowel)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hā́nǰanam (thematicization of *h₃éngʷen-)

desc

Sanskrit: आञ्जन (ā́ñjana, “ointment, fat”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *annabr̥ta (“ghee”) (with *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”)) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₃engʷ- (“to smear, to anoint”) + *-mn̥, with some sort of loss of *-m-.


h₃érō

h₃érō (nominative singular)
h₃r̥néh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hórōs

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸 (ḫa-a-ra-aš /χáras/)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: orr, orrll

⇒ Proto-Armenian: (thematic, reduplicated)

desctree

Old Armenian: որոր (oror, “gull”)
→ Armenian: որոր (oror) (learned)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arélis (thematic, suffixed) (see there for further descendants)

q

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *eriros (thematic, suffixed) (possibly, but there would be irregular development of initial vowel if so)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: erer

Cornish: er

Welsh: eryr

Old Irish: irar

Middle Irish: ilar

Irish: iolar

Manx: urley

Scottish Gaelic: iolair

Proto-Germanic: *arô (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *órn-īk-s ~ *órn-īkʷʰ- (suffixed from the oblique stem)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄρνῑς (órnīs, “bird, chicken”), ὄρνῑξ (órnīx) — Ionic, Doric
Greek: όρνιθα (órnitha)

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: [Term?] n (“bird”) (suffixed from the oblique stem and thematicized)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὄρνεον (órneon)
Greek: όρνεο (órneo), όρνιο (órnio)

Possibly from *h₃er- + *-ō, with semantic development "that which rises (in the sky)" > "bird" > "eagle".


q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wer</i>

⇒? Proto-Anatolian: *Hasdwer (+ *-wer)

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒁺𒂊𒅕 (ḫa-aš-du-e-er, “twig(s), brushwood; splinter (of bone?)”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ոստ (ost)
Armenian: ոստ (ost)
→? Old Georgian: შტო (šṭo)
Georgian: შტო (šṭo), სტო (sṭo), რტო (rṭo)

Proto-Germanic: *astaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ózdos

Ancient Greek: ὄζος (ózos), ὔσδος (úsdos) — Aeolic
Greek: όζος (ózos)

Possibly connected in some way to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hádᶻgas (“knot (in a plant), branch, twig”) (e.g. Sanskrit अद्ग (ádga-, “knot (in wood), sprout (of bamboo), cane”), Middle Persian ʾzg (“twig”)) and Proto-Celtic *odbos ~ *osbos (“knot”) (Old Irish odb, Middle Welsh oddf), which seem to reflect Proto-Indo-European *Hód(s)gʷos (“knot, shoot”). In that case, both *Hód(s)gʷos and *h₃ósdos (note also their complementary distribution) might be different simplifications of the same original compound word, the first element of which may tentatively be identified with *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”). However, compare also Ancient Greek ὄσχος (óskhos), ὠσχός (ōskhós, “young branch”), which perhaps show substrate alternations.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krū́ˀs

Proto-Slavic: *kry̑ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *krūs (see there for further descendants)

From *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).

suf

crauyo

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraujas m; Old Prussian


Proto-Hellenic: *kréwas

Ancient Greek: κρέας (kréas)

Greek: κρέας (kréas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krawHíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krawHíṣ

Sanskrit: क्रविस् (kravís)

Proto-Italic: *kruwōs (< collective)

Latin: cruor (“blood, gore”)


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աղբիւր (ałbiwr), աղբեւր (ałbewr), աղբեր (ałber)
Armenian: աղբյուր (ałbyur)

Proto-Germanic: *brunnô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰrḗwər

Ancient Greek: φρέᾱρ (phréār) (< with quantitative metathesis)

Ancient Greek: φρεῖᾰρ (phreîăr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥Hwa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰŕ̥Hwa

Sanskrit: भुर्वन् (bhurván)

Probably from earlier metathesized form of *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix). Compare *péh₂wr̥, *snéh₁wr̥.


h₃ókʷs

h₃ókʷs (nominative singular)
h₃ékʷsōs (collective nominative)
h₃ókʷs (singular vocative)
h₃ékʷsōs (collective vocative)
h₃ókʷs (accusative singular)
h₃ékʷsōs (accusative collective)
h₃ékʷs (genitive singular)
h₃ékʷs (ablative singular)
h₃ék (locative singular)
h₃ékʷi (locative singular)
h₃ékʷs (collective locative)
h₃ékʷh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₃kʷséh₁ (collective instrumental)

Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: ակն (akn, “eye”)

⇒? Old Armenian: յաւն (yawn, “eyebrow”)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ak-
East Baltic:
Latgalian: acs
Latvian: acs
Lithuanian: aki̇̀s
Samogitian: akis
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: ackis (nom. pl.)
Proto-Slavic: *ȍko (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *augô (with probable contamination from *auzô) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷs

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye, face”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákš, *Hákši (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣ

⇒ Sanskrit: अनक्ष् (anákṣ, “blind”)

desctree

Proto-Tocharian: *ëk
Tocharian A: ak
Tocharian B: ek

From dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Proto-Albanian: *asī

Albanian: sy

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աչք (ačʻkʻ, “both eyes”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄσσε du (ósse, “eyes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáčiH

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačī́na

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kativiri: ačé

Prasuni: ižĩ́

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: aćĩ́

Tregami: ac̣ĩ́ (with irregular c̣ from Indo-Aryan)

Waigali: ačẽ

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačā́ni (remodeled after Sanskrit अक्षाणि (akṣāṇi))

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ačẽ́

From *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


h₃ókʷih₁

nominative/vocative/accusative dual of *h₃ókʷs


Proto-Celtic: *ɸletos (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic: (the first vowel by analogy with πλᾰτύς (plătús))

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τος (plắtos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰas (see there for further descendants)


negʷʰrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
negʷʰrós (nominative singular)
negʷʰróes (nominative plural)
negʷʰré (singular vocative)
negʷʰróes (plural vocative)
negʷʰróm (accusative singular)
negʷʰróms (accusative plural)
negʷʰrósyo (genitive singular)
negʷʰróHom (genitive plural)
negʷʰréad (ablative singular)
negʷʰrómos (ablative plural)
negʷʰróbʰos (ablative plural)
negʷʰróey (dative singular)
negʷʰrómos (dative plural)
negʷʰróbʰos (dative plural)
negʷʰréy (locative singular)
negʷʰróy (locative singular)
negʷʰróysu (locative plural)
negʷʰrṓys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *nekʷʰrós

Ancient Greek: νεφρός (nephrós)


spéḱs

spéḱs (nominative singular)
spéḱh₁ (dual nominative)
spéḱes (nominative plural)
spéḱ (singular vocative)
spéḱh₁ (dual vocative)
spéḱes (plural vocative)
spéḱm̥ (accusative singular)
spéḱh₁ (accusative dual)
spéḱm̥s (accusative plural)
spḱés (genitive singular)
spḱóHom (genitive plural)
spḱés (ablative singular)
spḱmós (ablative plural)
spḱbʰós (ablative plural)
spḱéy (dative singular)
spḱmós (dative plural)
spḱbʰós (dative plural)
spéḱ (locative singular)
spéḱi (locative singular)
spḱsú (locative plural)
spḱéh₁ (instrumental singular)
spḱmís (instrumental plural)
spḱbʰís (instrumental plural)
spóḱs (nominative singular)
spóḱh₁ (dual nominative)
spóḱes (nominative plural)
spóḱ (singular vocative)
spóḱh₁ (dual vocative)
spóḱes (plural vocative)
spóḱm̥ (accusative singular)
spóḱh₁ (accusative dual)
spóḱm̥s (accusative plural)
spéḱs (genitive singular)
spéḱoHom (genitive plural)
spéḱs (ablative singular)
spéḱmos (ablative plural)
spéḱbʰos (ablative plural)
spéḱey (dative singular)
spéḱmos (dative plural)
spéḱbʰos (dative plural)
spéḱ (locative singular)
spéḱi (locative singular)
spéḱsu (locative plural)
spéḱh₁ (instrumental singular)
spéḱmis (instrumental plural)
spéḱbʰis (instrumental plural)

Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: σκώψ (skṓps) (with analogical long vowel?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *speks (see there for further descendants)

From *speḱ- (“to see, look”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).


h₂óḱrih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óḱri (singular vocative)
h₂óḱrih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óḱrih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éḱri (locative singular)
h₂éḱrih₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Celtic: *okris

Old Irish: ochair

Middle Irish: ochair

Irish: achar

Brythonic:

Old Breton: occrou

Old Welsh: och

Welsh: ochr

Proto-Hellenic: *ókris

Ancient Greek: ὄκρις (ókris)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćriš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśriṣ

Sanskrit: अश्रि (áśri)

Proto-Italic: *okris

Latin: ocris

Marsian: ocres (gen.sg.)

South Picene: 𐌏𐌊𐌓𐌄𐌝 (okreí, loc.sg.?)

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌓 (ukar), ocar (nom.sg.); ocrem, ocre (acc.sg.); ocrer (gen.sg.); 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌄 (ukre), ocre (dat.sg.); ocre, ocrem (loc.sg.); 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄 (ukripe), 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (ukriper), ocriper, ocreper (abl.sg.)

From *h₂eḱrós (“sharp”) + *-is (deadjectival noun suffix).


ḱlównis

ḱlównis (nominative singular)
ḱlówneyes (nominative plural)
ḱlówni (singular vocative)
ḱlówneyes (plural vocative)
ḱlównim (accusative singular)
ḱlównims (accusative plural)
ḱlunéys (genitive singular)
ḱlunéyoHom (genitive plural)
ḱlunéys (ablative singular)
ḱlunímos (ablative plural)
ḱluníbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱlunéyey (dative singular)
ḱlunímos (dative plural)
ḱluníbʰos (dative plural)
ḱlunéy (locative singular)
ḱlunḗy (locative singular)
ḱlunísu (locative plural)
ḱlunímis (instrumental plural)
ḱluníbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaunis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klounis

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉn

Middle Breton: clun

Breton: klun

Cornish: clun

Middle Welsh: clun

Welsh: clun

Proto-Germanic: *hlauniz

Old Norse: hlaun

Norwegian: laun

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλόνις (klónis) (perhaps with contamination from κλόνος (klónos, “confusion, excitement”))

Proto-Italic: *klounis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwniš (see there for further descendants)


lókus

lókus (nominative singular)
lókewes (nominative plural)
lóku (singular vocative)
lókewes (plural vocative)
lókum (accusative singular)
lókums (accusative plural)
l̥kwés (genitive singular)
l̥kwóHom (genitive plural)
l̥kwés (ablative singular)
l̥kwmós (ablative plural)
l̥kwbʰós (ablative plural)
l̥kwéy (dative singular)
l̥kwmós (dative plural)
l̥kwbʰós (dative plural)
lóku (locative singular)
lókwi (locative singular)
l̥kwsú (locative plural)
l̥kwmís (instrumental plural)
l̥kwbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: liqen, (archaic) lëken

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lokỳ (extended with the collective marker *-h₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *loku (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laguz, *lahō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lə́kwos (from the oblique grade)

Ancient Greek: λάκκος (lákkos)

Proto-Italic: *lakus

Latin: lacus


ǵn̥h₁téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tḗy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tíh₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Albanian: *dzenti

Albanian: dhênd

Albanian: dhen

q

or from (or conflated with) <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵemH-</i>

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (or from (or conflated with) *ǵemH-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kinþiz, *kundiz (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *génetis
Ancient Greek: γένεσις (génesis) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHtíṣ

Sanskrit: जाति (jātí) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jáHtiš

q

C.f. Sanskrit: सुजाति (sujāti, “good tribe or race”)<templatestyles src="Module:etymology/style.css" />

Proto-Iranian: *Hhu-jáHtiš (“good family, birth”) (C.f. Sanskrit: सुजाति (sujāti, “good tribe or race”))

desc

Old Persian: 𐎢𐏀𐎫𐎡 (u-z-t-i /Uzati/, “Uzati, a Parthian city, (lit) Good-Family”)

Proto-Italic: *gentis

Latin: gēns (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


wéydtōr

wéydtōr (nominative singular)
wéydtores (nominative plural)
wéydtor (singular vocative)
wéydtores (plural vocative)
wéydtorm̥ (accusative singular)
wéydtorm̥s (accusative plural)
widtrés (genitive singular)
widtróHom (genitive plural)
widtrés (ablative singular)
widtr̥mós (ablative plural)
widtr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
widtréy (dative singular)
widtr̥mós (dative plural)
widtr̥bʰós (dative plural)
widtér (locative singular)
widtéri (locative singular)
widtr̥sú (locative plural)
widtr̥mís (instrumental plural)
widtr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *wístōr

desc

Ancient Greek: ἴστωρ (ístōr), ἵστωρ (hístōr, “one who knows, witness”)

Boeotian Greek: ϝίστωρ (wístōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáytˢtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyttā

Sanskrit: वेत्तृ (véttṛ), वेदितृ (véditṛ)

Proto-Italic: *weissōr

Latin: vīsor

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *dṓtōr

Ancient Greek: δώτωρ (dṓtōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáHtā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *datōr

Latin: dator

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒃰𒁺 n (kattu-)

Proto-Celtic: *katus m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haþuz f (see there for further descendants)

From *keh₃- (“to fight”) + *-tus if it is related to Proto-Germanic *harōjaną (“to sharpen”).


smérus

smérus (nominative singular)
smérewes (nominative plural)
sméru (singular vocative)
smérewes (plural vocative)
smérum (accusative singular)
smérums (accusative plural)
sm̥réws (genitive singular)
sm̥réwoHom (genitive plural)
sm̥réws (ablative singular)
sm̥rúmos (ablative plural)
sm̥rúbʰos (ablative plural)
sm̥réwey (dative singular)
sm̥rúmos (dative plural)
sm̥rúbʰos (dative plural)
sm̥réw (locative singular)
sm̥réwi (locative singular)
sm̥rúsu (locative plural)
sm̥rúmis (instrumental plural)
sm̥rúbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Celtic: *smerus


wéstis

wéstis (nominative singular)
wésteyes (nominative plural)
wésti (singular vocative)
wésteyes (plural vocative)
wéstim (accusative singular)
wéstims (accusative plural)
ustéys (genitive singular)
ustéyoHom (genitive plural)
ustéys (ablative singular)
ustímos (ablative plural)
ustíbʰos (ablative plural)
ustéyey (dative singular)
ustímos (dative plural)
ustíbʰos (dative plural)
ustéy (locative singular)
ustḗy (locative singular)
ustísu (locative plural)
ustímis (instrumental plural)
ustíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest) (or from u-stem *wéstus)

Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)

Proto-Germanic: *wastiz

desc

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti, “vesture, clothing”)

Proto-Italic: *westis (see there for further descendants)

From *wes- (“to clothe, dress”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).


mértis

mértis (nominative singular)
mérteyes (nominative plural)
mérti (singular vocative)
mérteyes (plural vocative)
mértim (accusative singular)
mértims (accusative plural)
mr̥téys (genitive singular)
mr̥téyoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥téys (ablative singular)
mr̥tímos (ablative plural)
mr̥tíbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥téyey (dative singular)
mr̥tímos (dative plural)
mr̥tíbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥téy (locative singular)
mr̥tḗy (locative singular)
mr̥tísu (locative plural)
mr̥tímis (instrumental plural)
mr̥tíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mirtís (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: मृति (mṛtí)

Proto-Iranian: *mr̥tíš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mərəⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *mortis (see there for further descendants)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-tis (abstract or action suffix).