smóḱwr̥

q

reflecting <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*smeḱr-V-</i><ref name=Demiraj/>

Albanian: mjekër f (reflecting *smeḱr-V-)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒍝𒈠𒀭𒆳 (za-ma-an-kur /zamankur/)

Old Armenian: մաւրու-ք pl (mawru-kʻ) (see there for further descendants)

reflecting <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*smóḱr-o-s</i><ref name=deVaan/>

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smákras m (reflecting *smóḱr-o-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *smahrjaz

Proto-West Germanic:

desc

Old English: smǣras m pl (“lips”) (hapax)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: श्मश्रु n (śmaśru) (see there for further descendants)


lúkʷos

non-ablauting (romanization)
lúkʷos (nominative singular)
lúkʷoes (nominative plural)
lúkʷe (singular vocative)
lúkʷoes (plural vocative)
lúkʷom (accusative singular)
lúkʷoms (accusative plural)
lúkʷosyo (genitive singular)
lúkʷoHom (genitive plural)
lúkʷead (ablative singular)
lúkʷomos (ablative plural)
lúkʷobʰos (ablative plural)
lúkʷoey (dative singular)
lúkʷomos (dative plural)
lúkʷobʰos (dative plural)
lúkʷey (locative singular)
lúkʷoy (locative singular)
lúkʷoysu (locative plural)
lúkʷōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)

A corruption of *wĺ̥kʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. In daughter languages only attested in Italic and Greek.


séǵʰwr̥

séǵʰwr̥ (nominative singular)
séǵʰwōr (collective nominative)
séǵʰwr̥ (singular vocative)
séǵʰwōr (collective vocative)
séǵʰwr̥ (accusative singular)
séǵʰwōr (accusative collective)
sǵʰwéns (genitive singular)
sǵʰunés (collective genitive)
sǵʰwéns (ablative singular)
sǵʰunés (ablative collective)
sǵʰwéney (dative singular)
sǵʰunéy (collective dative)
sǵʰwén (locative singular)
sǵʰwéni (locative singular)
sǵʰwén (collective locative)
sǵʰwéni (collective locative)
sǵʰwénh₁ (instrumental singular)
sǵʰunéh₁ (collective instrumental)

From *seǵʰ- (“to overpower; to take hold of”) + *-wr̥ (substantifying suffix).

suffix

sevērus

severe, serious; see there for further descendants


ǵʰéymn̥

ǵʰéymn̥ (nominative singular)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰéymō (collective nominative)
ǵʰéymn̥ (singular vocative)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰéymō (collective vocative)
ǵʰéymn̥ (accusative singular)
ǵʰéym̥nih₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰéymō (accusative collective)
ǵʰiméns (genitive singular)
ǵʰym̥nés (collective genitive)
ǵʰiméns (ablative singular)
ǵʰym̥nés (ablative collective)
ǵʰiméney (dative singular)
ǵʰym̥néy (collective dative)
ǵʰimén (locative singular)
ǵʰiméni (locative singular)
ǵʰimén (collective locative)
ǵʰiméni (collective locative)
ǵʰiménh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰym̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

< acc.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰimn̥</i>

< loc.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰimni</i>

Hittite: 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (gi-ma-an /giman/, “the winter”, acc.sg.) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰimn̥), 𒄀𒅎𒈪 (gi-im-mi /gimmi/, “in the winter”, dat.loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰimni)

Proto-Albanian: *deimena, *dimena

Albanian: dimër, dimën (“winter”)

< nom.sg. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰéymn̥</i>

< nom.col. <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰéymō</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéimə (< nom.sg. *ǵʰéymn̥), *kʰeimṓn (< nom.col. *ǵʰéymō)

Ancient Greek: χεῖμα (kheîma), χειμών (kheimṓn, “winter”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma

Sanskrit: हेमन् (héman, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: हेमन्त (hemantá) (see there for further descendants)

May be analysed as a primary derivative *ǵʰey- (“winter”) + *-mn̥ (action or result suffix), but this is unlikely as all derivatives in daughter languages are based on *ǵʰéy-ōm. Thus other possiblilties listed by NIL and Ozoliņš (2015) are:
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-mn̥ (secondary men-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-n̥ (secondary n-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-r̥ (secondary r/n-stem),
* *ǵʰéy-m (loc.sg.) + *én (“in”), a postpositional phrase meaning "in winter", reanalysed as *ǵʰéy-men, the loc.sg. of a men-stem.

suf

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


Proto-Albanian: *baidā

Albanian: bē (“oath, swearing”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *báidāˀ

desc

>? Proto-Slavic: *běda (“misery, adversity; hunger, lack, need”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baidō

Proto-West Germanic: *baidu

Old English: bād (“pledge; expectation; contractual property”)

ref

Indirect evidence only: Latin foedus (“pledge, contract”) (< *bʰéydʰ-es-) may have been contaminated with an o-grade noun such as thematic *bʰoydʰ-o/eh₂-; cf. de Vaan (2008), who assumes specifically an o-stem.

Proto-Italic: *foiðā

*bʰeydʰ(h₁)- (“to pledge, (en)trust”) + *-éh₂


Proto-Albanian: *barā

Albanian: barrë (“burden, load”)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

⇒ Old Armenian: -(ա)ւոր (-(a)wor, adjectival suffix for possession/quality) (see there for further descendants)

bier; <abbr title="uncertain">^?</abbr> beam, plank, barrier

Proto-Germanic: *barō (“bier;  beam, plank, barrier”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: barar pl (“handbarrow, bier”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorā́

Ancient Greek: φορᾱ́ (phorā́), φορή (phorḗ) — Ionic (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰer(H)- (“to bear, carry”) + *-éh₂ (action/abstract noun suffix)


dóh₃r̥

dóh₃r̥ (nominative singular)
déh₃ōr (collective nominative)
dóh₃r̥ (singular vocative)
déh₃ōr (collective vocative)
dóh₃r̥ (accusative singular)
déh₃ōr (accusative collective)
déh₃n̥ (locative singular)
déh₃n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)


gʷʰónos

gʷʰónos (nominative singular)
gʷʰónoh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷʰónoes (nominative plural)
gʷʰóne (singular vocative)
gʷʰónoh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷʰónoes (plural vocative)
gʷʰónom (accusative singular)
gʷʰónoh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷʰónoms (accusative plural)
gʷʰónosyo (genitive singular)
gʷʰónoHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰónead (ablative singular)
gʷʰónomos (ablative plural)
gʷʰónobʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰónoey (dative singular)
gʷʰónomos (dative plural)
gʷʰónobʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰóney (locative singular)
gʷʰónoy (locative singular)
gʷʰónoysu (locative plural)
gʷʰónoh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰónōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰónos (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike down, slay”) + *-os (action noun suffix), if not formed independently in each language.


desc

Proto-Germanic: *sagjaz (“retainer, warrior”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sákʰā (“friend, companion”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sokjos

Old Latin: sokios (“sharing, joining, allied”)

Latin: socius (“sharing, joining, allied”)

Faliscan: 𐌔𐌏𐌂𐌉𐌀𐌉 (sociai, “female companion, girlfriend”, dat. sg. f. and voc. pl. f.)

From *sekʷ- (“to follow”) + *-éh₂ (action noun suffix) + *-ṓy (animate deverbal/denominal suffix).


h₂óǵmoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂óǵme (singular vocative)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂óǵmoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂óǵmōys (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ogmos
Old Irish: ogum
Middle Irish: ogam
Irish: ogham
→ English: Ogham

Proto-Hellenic: *ógmos

Ancient Greek: ὄγμος (ógmos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́mas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́mas

desc

Sanskrit: अज्म (ájma, “course, passage”)

From *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) + *-mos (action noun suffix).


sríHgos

sríHges- (oblique stem)
sríHgos (nominative singular)
sríHgōs (nominative plural)
sríHgos (singular vocative)
sríHgōs (plural vocative)
sríHgos (accusative singular)
sríHgōs (accusative plural)
sríHgesos (genitive singular)
sríHgesoHom (genitive plural)
sríHgesos (ablative singular)
sríHgesmos (ablative plural)
sríHgesbʰos (ablative plural)
sríHgesey (dative singular)
sríHgesmos (dative plural)
sríHgesbʰos (dative plural)
sríHges (locative singular)
sríHgesi (locative singular)
sríHgesu (locative plural)
sríHgesmis (instrumental plural)
sríHgesbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ῥῖγος (rhîgos, “frost, cold”)
Greek: ρίγος (rígos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: frigus (“cold, chilliness”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *kṓmos

>? Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHmas m (“wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)

From *keh₂- (“to fly, flow, run”) + *-mos.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


gʷʰérmn̥

gʷʰérmn̥ (nominative singular)
gʷʰérmō (collective nominative)
gʷʰérmn̥ (singular vocative)
gʷʰérmō (collective vocative)
gʷʰérmn̥ (accusative singular)
gʷʰérmō (accusative collective)
gʷʰr̥méns (genitive singular)
gʷʰrm̥nés (collective genitive)
gʷʰr̥méns (ablative singular)
gʷʰrm̥nés (ablative collective)
gʷʰr̥méney (dative singular)
gʷʰrm̥néy (collective dative)
gʷʰr̥mén (locative singular)
gʷʰr̥méni (locative singular)
gʷʰr̥mén (collective locative)
gʷʰr̥méni (collective locative)
gʷʰr̥ménh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰrm̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-West Germanic: *bermō (“yeast, barm”) (or from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”)) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: θέρμη

Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós, “warm”) (see there for further descendants)

fermentum

fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor; to boil, ferment; or from *bʰer(H)- (); see there for further descendants

gʰarmás

heat, warmth; see there for further descendants


h₁éh₁tmō

desc

Proto-Germanic: *ēþmô (“breath, spirit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHtmā (“breath; soul, self”) (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *āñcäme (“wish, self, soul”) (conflation with PIE *h₂enh₁mos (“breath”))

Tocharian A: āñcäm

Tocharian B: āñme

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁t-
Proto-Indo-European *-mō
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁tmō
From *h₁eh₁t- (“to breathe”) + *-mō (noun-forming suffix).


ǵʰórneh₂

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵʰornām (accusative singular)

Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā

Albanian: zorrë (“gut”)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źarˀnā́ˀ
East Baltic:
Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)
Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)
Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)
Samogitian: žarna

Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)

From *ǵʰerH- (“gut; intestine”) + *-neh₂.


pékʷtōr

pékʷtōr (nominative singular)
pékʷtōres (nominative plural)
pékʷtōr (singular vocative)
pékʷtōres (plural vocative)
pékʷtōrm̥ (accusative singular)
pékʷtōrm̥s (accusative plural)
pkʷtrés (genitive singular)
pkʷtróHom (genitive plural)
pkʷtrés (ablative singular)
pkʷtr̥mós (ablative plural)
pkʷtr̥bʰós (ablative plural)
pkʷtréy (dative singular)
pkʷtr̥mós (dative plural)
pkʷtr̥bʰós (dative plural)
pkʷtér (locative singular)
pkʷtéri (locative singular)
pkʷtr̥sú (locative plural)
pkʷtr̥mís (instrumental plural)
pkʷtr̥bʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπτρια (péptria, “female baker”) (< *pékʷ-trih₂)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paktā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paktā́

Sanskrit: पक्तृ (paktṛ́)

Proto-Italic: *kʷektōr

Latin: coctor

From *pekʷ- (“to cook”) + *-tōr (agentive nominal suffix).


Proto-Italic: *rōs

Latin: rōs (see there for further descendants)

De Vaan considers the semantic and phonetic similarity to *h₁ers- (“to flow”) to be evidence of derivation through schwebeablaut.

rasā́ˀ

*h₁ros-éh₂ (from the strong stem, thematicized in *-éh₂)

>? Ancient Greek: Ῥέα

>? Proto-Hellenic: (or another Indo-European language)

likely unrelated; probably borrowed from an unknown source in any case; see there for further descendants

HrasáH

*h₁res-éh₂, *h₁rés-eh₂ (from the weak stem, thematicized in *-éh₂, *-eh₂)


gʷʰonós

gʷʰonós (nominative singular)
gʷʰonóh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷʰonóes (nominative plural)
gʷʰoné (singular vocative)
gʷʰonóh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷʰonóes (plural vocative)
gʷʰonóm (accusative singular)
gʷʰonóh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷʰonóms (accusative plural)
gʷʰonósyo (genitive singular)
gʷʰonóHom (genitive plural)
gʷʰonéad (ablative singular)
gʷʰonómos (ablative plural)
gʷʰonóbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷʰonóey (dative singular)
gʷʰonómos (dative plural)
gʷʰonóbʰos (dative plural)
gʷʰonéy (locative singular)
gʷʰonóy (locative singular)
gʷʰonóysu (locative plural)
gʷʰonóh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷʰonṓys (instrumental plural)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: gons

Latvian: gans (“herdsman, shepherd”)

desc

Lithuanian: gãnas (“herdsman”) (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *-gonъ (in compounds)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *běsogonъ (“evil-chaser”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vixъrogonъ, *větrogonъ (“wind-chaser”)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷonos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás

Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷʰen- (“to strike”) + *-ós (agentive suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *idiz (< *h₁itís)

Old Norse: ið (“deed”)

Icelandic: ið, íð

Norwegian Nynorsk: id

Old Swedish: idh

Swedish: id (“effort, work”) (obsolete)

Danish: id

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *arbaidiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hitíš

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: इति (ití, “going, moving”), इत्यै (ityái, inf.)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: समिति (sámiti), प्रेति (préti)

Proto-Iranian:

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬇⸱𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vasə̄.iti, “well-being”)

Old Avestan: 𐬌𐬙𐬉 (itē, inf.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬙𐬈 (ite)

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tis (action noun suffix).


gʷéh₂mn̥

gʷéh₂mn̥ (nominative singular)
gʷéh₂mō (collective nominative)
gʷéh₂mn̥ (singular vocative)
gʷéh₂mō (collective vocative)
gʷéh₂mn̥ (accusative singular)
gʷéh₂mō (accusative collective)
gʷh₂m̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷā́mə

Ancient Greek: βῆμα (bêma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHma

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: प्रगामन् (pragā́man, “step, gait”)

Proto-Iranian: *gáHma

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (gāman)

Baluchi: گام (gám)

Persian: گام (gâm)

Northern Kurdish: gav (“step”)

From *gʷeh₂- (“to step, go”) + *-mn̥ (action noun suffix).


(H)résgtis

résgtis (canonical feminine)
résgtis (nominative singular)
Hrésgtis (nominative singular)
H₁ (dual nominative)
résgteyes (nominative plural)
Hrésgteyes (nominative plural)
résgti (singular vocative)
Hrésgti (singular vocative)
H₁ (dual vocative)
résgteyes (plural vocative)
Hrésgteyes (plural vocative)
résgtim (accusative singular)
Hrésgtim (accusative singular)
H₁ (accusative dual)
résgtims (accusative plural)
Hrésgtims (accusative plural)
r̥sgtéys (genitive singular)
Hr̥sgtéys (genitive singular)
r̥sgtéyoHom (genitive plural)
Hr̥sgtéyoHom (genitive plural)
r̥sgtéys (ablative singular)
Hr̥sgtéys (ablative singular)
r̥sgtímos (ablative plural)
Hr̥sgtímos (ablative plural)
r̥sgtíbʰos (ablative plural)
Hr̥sgtíbʰos (ablative plural)
r̥sgtéyey (dative singular)
Hr̥sgtéyey (dative singular)
r̥sgtímos (dative plural)
Hr̥sgtímos (dative plural)
r̥sgtíbʰos (dative plural)
Hr̥sgtíbʰos (dative plural)
r̥sgtéy (locative singular)
Hr̥sgtéy (locative singular)
r̥sgtḗy (locative singular)
Hr̥sgtḗy (locative singular)
r̥sgtísu (locative plural)
Hr̥sgtísu (locative plural)
r̥sgtímis (instrumental plural)
Hr̥sgtímis (instrumental plural)
r̥sgtíbʰis (instrumental plural)
Hr̥sgtíbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: regztis (“haysack”)

Proto-Italic: *resktis

Latin: restis (“rope, cord”) (see there for further descendants)

From *(H)resg- (“to weave”) + *-tis (action noun suffix)


Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “female garment”)

Proto-Italic: *palasā

Latin: palla (see there for further descendants)

Usually related to Ancient Greek ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas, “red-skinned”) and Umbrian pelsatu. Their common root would be putatively *pelh₂- (“to cover”).


desc

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *ewérsā, *awérsā (an accent-retracted nominalization/collective)

Ancient Greek: ἕρση (hérsē, “dew”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršás (adjective)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣás

Sanskrit: वर्ष n or m (varṣá), वर्षा f (varṣā) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁wers- (“to rain”) + *-ós (adjectival suffix).


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅖𒄭𒈠𒀀𒀸 (iš-ḫi-ma-a-aš)

Proto-Germanic: *sīmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सीमन् (sīmán)


ḱléwmn̥

ḱléwmn̥ (nominative singular)
ḱléwmō (collective nominative)
ḱléwmn̥ (singular vocative)
ḱléwmō (collective vocative)
ḱléwmn̥ (accusative singular)
ḱléwmō (accusative collective)
ḱluméns (genitive singular)
ḱl̥wm̥nés (collective genitive)
ḱluméns (ablative singular)
ḱl̥wm̥nés (ablative collective)
ḱluméney (dative singular)
ḱl̥wm̥néy (collective dative)
ḱlumén (locative singular)
ḱluméni (locative singular)
ḱlumén (collective locative)
ḱluméni (collective locative)
ḱl̥wm̥néh₁ (collective instrumental)

Proto-Germanic: *hleumô (“hearing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwma

Proto-Iranian: *cráwma

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀𐬥 (sraoman, “hearing”)

⇒ *ḱléw-mn̥-to- (“fame”)

Proto-Germanic: *hleumundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwmatam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwmatam

Sanskrit: श्रोमत (śrómata, “good fame”)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páiˀmēn

Lithuanian: piemuõ (“shepherd”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *paimën (“shepherd”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *poimḗn

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀕 (po-me, “shepherd”)

desc

Ancient Greek: ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”)

From *peh₂- (“to protect”) + *-mḗn, but the appearance of medial *-i- and the o-grade are irregular.


dʰóyǵʰos

dʰóyǵʰos (nominative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (dual nominative)
dʰóyǵʰoes (nominative plural)
dʰóyǵʰe (singular vocative)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (dual vocative)
dʰóyǵʰoes (plural vocative)
dʰóyǵʰom (accusative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (accusative dual)
dʰóyǵʰoms (accusative plural)
dʰóyǵʰosyo (genitive singular)
dʰóyǵʰoHom (genitive plural)
dʰóyǵʰead (ablative singular)
dʰóyǵʰomos (ablative plural)
dʰóyǵʰobʰos (ablative plural)
dʰóyǵʰoey (dative singular)
dʰóyǵʰomos (dative plural)
dʰóyǵʰobʰos (dative plural)
dʰóyǵʰey (locative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoy (locative singular)
dʰóyǵʰoysu (locative plural)
dʰóyǵʰoh₁ (instrumental singular)
dʰóyǵʰōys (instrumental plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz) (or from *dʰéyǵʰ-os)

Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /toikʰo-domos/)

Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)

Greek: τοίχος (toíchos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *feiɣos (with e-grade from *dʰéyǵʰ-os)

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)

From *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form”) + *-os (action noun suffix).


mórǵs

mr̥ǵ- (oblique stem)
mórǵs (nominative singular)
mórǵh₁ (dual nominative)
mórǵes (nominative plural)
mórǵ (singular vocative)
mórǵh₁ (dual vocative)
mórǵes (plural vocative)
mórǵm̥ (accusative singular)
mórǵh₁ (accusative dual)
mórǵm̥s (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵés (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵés (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵmós (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵbʰós (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵéy (dative singular)
mr̥ǵmós (dative plural)
mr̥ǵbʰós (dative plural)
mórǵ (locative singular)
mórǵi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵsú (locative plural)
mr̥ǵéh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵmís (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵbʰís (instrumental plural)

Possibly derived from the verb underlying Hittite [script needed] (mārki, “to divide, separate”). Latin merx might also be related.

m+

→ Old Armenian: մարզ

Parthian: [Manichaean needed] (mrz /marz/, “border”)

مَرْز

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mlc /marz/, “boundary, march”)

mrogis

with *-rV- as in the zero grade *-mrig- seen in Latin Nitiobrigēs

margō

border, edge; see there for further descendants


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] c (ārra-)

Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: ոռ (oṙ)

Proto-Germanic: *arsaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄρρος (órrhos)


kágʰr̥

kágʰr̥ (nominative singular)
kágʰr̥h₂ (nominative plural)
kágʰōr (collective nominative)
kágʰr̥ (singular vocative)
kágʰr̥h₂ (plural vocative)
kágʰōr (collective vocative)
kágʰr̥ (accusative singular)
kágʰr̥h₂ (accusative plural)
kágʰōr (accusative collective)
kágʰn̥s (genitive singular)
kágʰnoHom (genitive plural)
kgʰnés (collective genitive)
kagʰnés (collective genitive)
kágʰn̥s (ablative singular)
kágʰn̥mos (ablative plural)
kágʰn̥bʰos (ablative plural)
kgʰnés (ablative collective)
kagʰnés (ablative collective)
kágʰney (dative singular)
kágʰn̥mos (dative plural)
kágʰn̥bʰos (dative plural)
kgʰnéy (collective dative)
kagʰnéy (collective dative)
kágʰn̥ (locative singular)
kágʰni (locative singular)
kágʰn̥su (locative plural)
kgʰén (collective locative)
kagʰén (collective locative)
kgʰéni (collective locative)
kagʰéni (collective locative)
kágʰn̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
kágʰn̥mis (instrumental plural)
kágʰn̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
kágʰr̥ (nominative singular)
kágʰōr (collective nominative)
kágʰr̥ (singular vocative)
kágʰōr (collective vocative)
kágʰr̥ (accusative singular)
kágʰōr (accusative collective)
kgʰéns (genitive singular)
kagʰéns (genitive singular)
kgʰnés (collective genitive)
kagʰnés (collective genitive)
kgʰéns (ablative singular)
kagʰéns (ablative singular)
kgʰnés (ablative collective)
kagʰnés (ablative collective)
kgʰéney (dative singular)
kagʰéney (dative singular)
kgʰnéy (collective dative)
kagʰnéy (collective dative)
kgʰén (locative singular)
kagʰén (locative singular)
kgʰéni (locative singular)
kagʰéni (locative singular)
kgʰén (collective locative)
kagʰén (collective locative)
kgʰéni (collective locative)
kagʰéni (collective locative)

From *kagʰ- (“to hold, enclose”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

suffix

hakki

⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz); Proto-West Germanic

ցանգ

⇒? Proto-Armenian: (with a prefix); Old Armenian

ցանկ

hedge, fence; see there for further descendants

hagan

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn; Old High German


kóryos

Proto-Baltic: *karyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *koryos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *harjaz (see there for further descendants)


head

*somoph₂tḗr m (oblique stem *somoph₂tr̥-)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-European *somh₁ós
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr?
Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *somoph₂tḗr
From *somh₁ós + *ph₂tḗr.


gʷʰrē̆nso-

Proto-Celtic: *gʷrensos (heat)

Welsh: gwres

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰransás (heat of the sun)

Sanskrit: घ्रंस (ghraṃsa)


ḱéntrom

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *štšentra
Albanian: çandër

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սանտր (santr)

Armenian: սանր (sanr)

Proto-Hellenic: *kéntron

Ancient Greek: κέντρον (kéntron) (see there for further descendants)


preng-

Proto-Germanic: *frankô (see there for further descendants)