ǵʰutós

ǵʰutós (nominative singular)
ǵʰutóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰutóes (nominative plural)
ǵʰuté (singular vocative)
ǵʰutóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰutóes (plural vocative)
ǵʰutóm (accusative singular)
ǵʰutóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰutóms (accusative plural)
ǵʰutósyo (genitive singular)
ǵʰutóHom (genitive plural)
ǵʰutéad (ablative singular)
ǵʰutómos (ablative plural)
ǵʰutóbʰos (ablative plural)
ǵʰutóey (dative singular)
ǵʰutómos (dative plural)
ǵʰutóbʰos (dative plural)
ǵʰutéy (locative singular)
ǵʰutóy (locative singular)
ǵʰutóysu (locative plural)
ǵʰutóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰutṓys (instrumental plural)
ǵʰutéh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵʰutéh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵʰutā́m (accusative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵʰutéh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵʰutéh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵʰutéh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂i (locative singular)
ǵʰutéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵʰutóm (nominative singular)
ǵʰutóy (dual nominative)
ǵʰutóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵʰutéh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵʰutóm (singular vocative)
ǵʰutóy (dual vocative)
ǵʰutóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵʰutéh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵʰutóy (accusative dual)
ǵʰutóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵʰutéh₂ (accusative plural)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *gudą (“god, deity”) (or from *gʷʰutós and related to Old Church Slavonic говѣти (gověti, “to revere”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutós

Ancient Greek: χυτός (khutós, “poured”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰutás

desc

Sanskrit: हुत (hutá, “offered in fire, poured out”)

From *ǵʰew- (“pour, libate”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

suf

libated, poured as part of a liquid offering


tn̥h₂úh₁ (instrumental singular)
tn̥h₂úh₁ (dual nominative)
tn̥h₂ú (singular vocative)
tn̥h₂úh₁ (dual vocative)
tn̥h₂úh₁ (accusative dual)
tn̥h₂ú (nominative singular)
tn̥h₂úh₂ (nominative plural)
tn̥h₂úh₂ (plural vocative)
tn̥h₂ú (accusative singular)
tn̥h₂úh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *þunnuz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τανύω (tanúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tanHúš (see there for further descendants)

Latin: tenuis (see there for further descendants)

From *tenh₂- (“to stretch”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *լին (*lin)

⇒ Old Armenian: լնում (lnum)

⇒ Old Armenian: յղի (yłi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pílˀnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlānos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fullaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hnás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plēnos (see there for further descendants)

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-nós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


néwos

non-ablauting (romanization)
néwos (nominative singular)
néwoes (nominative plural)
néwe (singular vocative)
néwoes (plural vocative)
néwom (accusative singular)
néwoms (accusative plural)
néwosyo (genitive singular)
néwoHom (genitive plural)
néwead (ablative singular)
néwomos (ablative plural)
néwobʰos (ablative plural)
néwoey (dative singular)
néwomos (dative plural)
néwobʰos (dative plural)
néwey (locative singular)
néwoy (locative singular)
néwoysu (locative plural)
néwōys (instrumental plural)
néwām (accusative singular)
néwom (nominative singular)
néwoy (dual nominative)
néwom (singular vocative)
néwoy (dual vocative)
néwoy (accusative dual)
*néwyos (alternative)

Proto-Anatolian: *néwos (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

desctree

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*newr̥ós</i>

Old Armenian: նոր (nor, from *newr̥ós)
Armenian: նոր (nor)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *néwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *nowos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ñäwe (see there for further descendants)

From the hapax root *new-. Ultimately, suggested to be a vṛddhi derivation from *nu (“now”).


tégus

tégus (nominative singular)
tégewes (nominative plural)
tégu (singular vocative)
tégewes (plural vocative)
tégum (accusative singular)
tégums (accusative plural)
tgéws (genitive singular)
tgéwoHom (genitive plural)
tgéws (ablative singular)
tgúmos (ablative plural)
tgúbʰos (ablative plural)
tgéwey (dative singular)
tgúmos (dative plural)
tgúbʰos (dative plural)
tgéw (locative singular)
tgéwi (locative singular)
tgúsu (locative plural)
tgúmis (instrumental plural)
tgúbʰis (instrumental plural)
tégu (nominative singular)
tégu (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *tegus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þekuz (see there for further descendants)

From *teg- (“to cover”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


sénos

non-ablauting (romanization)
sénos (nominative singular)
sénoes (nominative plural)
séne (singular vocative)
sénoes (plural vocative)
sénom (accusative singular)
sénoms (accusative plural)
sénosyo (genitive singular)
sénoHom (genitive plural)
sénead (ablative singular)
sénomos (ablative plural)
sénobʰos (ablative plural)
sénoey (dative singular)
sénomos (dative plural)
sénobʰos (dative plural)
séney (locative singular)
sénoy (locative singular)
sénoysu (locative plural)
sénōys (instrumental plural)
sénām (accusative singular)
sénom (nominative singular)
sénoy (dual nominative)
sénom (singular vocative)
sénoy (dual vocative)
sénoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հին (hin)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *senas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *senos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *senaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinīgaz

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (sineigs)

Proto-Hellenic: *hénos

Ancient Greek: ἕνος (hénos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sánas

Sanskrit: सन (sána)

Proto-Iranian: *hánah

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 (hana)

Proto-Italic: *senos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *seneks

Latin: senex (see there for further descendants)


non-ablauting (romanization)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (dual nominative)
dl̥h₁gʰé (singular vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (dual vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (accusative dual)
dl̥h₁gʰóh₁ (instrumental singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (nominative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (singular vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰā́m (accusative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (locative singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (nominative plural)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (plural vocative)
dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ (accusative plural)

Albanian: gjatë (< *dlata < *dlagta; regular loss of first stop in dental clusters)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁍𒁕𒀸 (GÍD.DA-aš)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dílˀgas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tulguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dolikʰós

Ancient Greek: δολιχός (dolikhós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hgʰás (see there for further descendants)

From the stem *delh₁gʰ- (“~ to be long; to last, endure”), found in Ancient Greek ἐνδελεχέω (endelekhéō, “to continue”), ἐνδελεχής (endelekhḗs, “continuous”) and probably Latin indulgeō (“to concede”), which appears to be a compound of a marginally attested root *del(h₁)- (“long”) (cf. Russian длина́ (dliná), Old Czech dél (“length”), Proto-Slavic *dьliti (“to last, prolong, delay”) and Old Norse tálma (“to hinder”)) plus an unknown root *h₁egʰ- or suffix *-gʰ-. Prósper believes that this velar element is simply the root *ǵʰeh₁- (which she glosses as "to come, reach").
Resemblance to the synonym *dlongʰos is conspicuous and probably not by coincidence, but a formal connection is difficult, due to the presence of the laryngeal in one but not the other.


albʰós

non-ablauting (romanization)
albʰós (nominative singular)
albʰóes (nominative plural)
albʰé (singular vocative)
albʰóes (plural vocative)
albʰóm (accusative singular)
albʰóms (accusative plural)
albʰósyo (genitive singular)
albʰóHom (genitive plural)
albʰéad (ablative singular)
albʰómos (ablative plural)
albʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
albʰóey (dative singular)
albʰómos (dative plural)
albʰóbʰos (dative plural)
albʰéy (locative singular)
albʰóy (locative singular)
albʰóysu (locative plural)
albʰṓys (instrumental plural)
albʰā́m (accusative singular)
albʰóm (nominative singular)
albʰóy (dual nominative)
albʰóm (singular vocative)
albʰóy (dual vocative)
albʰóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Anatolian: *albós

Hittite: 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (alpas)

Proto-Celtic: *albos

Proto-Hellenic: *alpʰós

Ancient Greek: ἀλφός (alphós)

Proto-Italic: *alβos (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kalbas

Finnish: kalvas, kalpea

Karelian: kalpie

>? Proto-Germanic: *albī

river; see there for further descendants

now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic


Proto-Germanic: *rehtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *orektós

Ancient Greek: ὀρεκτός (orektós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraštás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rektos

Latin: rēctus

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).
Adjectives with this suffix normally have a zero-grade root, showing that this is a late PIE or post-PIE innovation and may not have appeared at all in Proto-Indo-European or in Vedic.


médʰyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
médʰyos (nominative singular)
médʰyoes (nominative plural)
médʰye (singular vocative)
médʰyoes (plural vocative)
médʰyom (accusative singular)
médʰyoms (accusative plural)
médʰyosyo (genitive singular)
médʰyoHom (genitive plural)
médʰyead (ablative singular)
médʰyomos (ablative plural)
médʰyobʰos (ablative plural)
médʰyoey (dative singular)
médʰyomos (dative plural)
médʰyobʰos (dative plural)
médʰyey (locative singular)
médʰyoy (locative singular)
médʰyoysu (locative plural)
médʰyōys (instrumental plural)
médʰyām (accusative singular)
médʰyom (nominative singular)
médʰyoy (dual nominative)
médʰyom (singular vocative)
médʰyoy (dual vocative)
médʰyoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *medza

Albanian: mjez

Proto-Armenian: *meiǰ- < *meidio-

Old Armenian: մէջ (mēǰ)

Armenian: մեջ (meǰ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjas

Lithuanian: mẽdis (“tree, wood”)

Latvian: mežs (“forest”)

Old Prussian: median

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjāˀ (from *médʰyeh₂)

Proto-Slavic: *meďa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *medyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *midjaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *métsos (see there for further descendants)

Illyrian: *metu

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰyas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meðjos (see there for further descendants)

From *me-dʰi (“with, among”), ultimately from the adverb *me (“near, by, with”) + *-dʰi (locative suffix).


ǵn̥h₁tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ǵn̥h₁tós (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁té (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tā́m (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂i (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵn̥h₁tóm (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵn̥h₁tóy (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₁téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *kundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gnētós

Ancient Greek: -γνητός (-gnētós)

Proto-Italic: *gnātos

Latin: gnātus, nātus

From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


non-ablauting (romanization)
somHós (nominative singular)
somHóes (nominative plural)
somHé (singular vocative)
somHóes (plural vocative)
somHóm (accusative singular)
somHóms (accusative plural)
somHósyo (genitive singular)
somHóHom (genitive plural)
somHéad (ablative singular)
somHómos (ablative plural)
somHóbʰos (ablative plural)
somHóey (dative singular)
somHómos (dative plural)
somHóbʰos (dative plural)
somHéy (locative singular)
somHóy (locative singular)
somHóysu (locative plural)
somHṓys (instrumental plural)
somHā́m (accusative singular)
somHóm (nominative singular)
somHóy (dual nominative)
somHóm (singular vocative)
somHóy (dual vocative)
somHóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Albanian: *-(i)sama

Albanian: -shëm, -shme, -çëm, -çme

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sāmas

Proto-Slavic: *samъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *somos

Old Irish: -som, sāim

Proto-Germanic: *samaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *homos

Ancient Greek: ὁμός (homós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samHás (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian A: sоmа-

Tocharian B: sоmо-

Presumably from *sem- (“together, one”).


non-ablauting (romanization)
h₂eḱróh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂eḱré (singular vocative)
h₂eḱróh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂eḱróh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂eḱróh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂eḱréh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂eḱréh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂eḱrā́m (accusative singular)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂eḱréh₂ (locative singular)
h₂eḱréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂eḱréh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂eḱréh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂eḱréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *atsara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *akros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)

Ionian Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)

desc

Proto-Italic: *ā̆kris (with change to i-stem) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

suffix

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Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


kaptós

non-ablauting (romanization)
kaptós (nominative singular)
kaptóes (nominative plural)
kapté (singular vocative)
kaptóes (plural vocative)
kaptóm (accusative singular)
kaptóms (accusative plural)
kaptósyo (genitive singular)
kaptóHom (genitive plural)
kaptéad (ablative singular)
kaptómos (ablative plural)
kaptóbʰos (ablative plural)
kaptóey (dative singular)
kaptómos (dative plural)
kaptóbʰos (dative plural)
kaptéy (locative singular)
kaptóy (locative singular)
kaptóysu (locative plural)
kaptṓys (instrumental plural)
kaptā́m (accusative singular)
kaptóm (nominative singular)
kaptóy (dual nominative)
kaptóm (singular vocative)
kaptóy (dual vocative)
kaptóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *kaxtos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haftaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kaptos

Latin: captus (see there for further descendants)

Perfect passive participle of the verb *kapyéti (“to be seized, held”).
Equivalent to *kap- (“to seize, hold”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


mréǵʰus

mréǵʰus (nominative singular)
mréǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
mréǵʰewes (nominative plural)
mréǵʰu (singular vocative)
mréǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
mréǵʰewes (plural vocative)
mréǵʰum (accusative singular)
mréǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
mréǵʰums (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mréǵʰu (nominative singular)
mréǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
mréǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
mréǵʰu (accusative singular)
mréǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰús (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúes (nominative plural)
mr̥ǵʰú (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúes (plural vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúm (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúms (accusative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
mr̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwsu (locative plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwmis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwbʰis (instrumental plural)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mr̥ǵʰú (nominative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
mr̥ǵʰú (accusative singular)
mr̥ǵʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
mr̥ǵʰúh₂ (accusative plural)
*mr̥ǵʰús (alternative)

Proto-Germanic: *murguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *brəkʰús

Ancient Greek: βραχύς (brakhús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥ȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *breɣʷis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̑rzъ (likely)

From *mreǵʰ- (“short”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


bʰidtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidtós (nominative singular)
bʰidtóes (nominative plural)
bʰidté (singular vocative)
bʰidtóes (plural vocative)
bʰidtóm (accusative singular)
bʰidtóms (accusative plural)
bʰidtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidtéad (ablative singular)
bʰidtómos (ablative plural)
bʰidtóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰidtóey (dative singular)
bʰidtómos (dative plural)
bʰidtóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰidtéy (locative singular)
bʰidtóy (locative singular)
bʰidtóysu (locative plural)
bʰidtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidtóm (nominative singular)
bʰidtóy (dual nominative)
bʰidtóm (singular vocative)
bʰidtóy (dual vocative)
bʰidtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰitˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰittás

Sanskrit: भित्त (bhitta, “bit”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani: (“board”)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: bitëlë

Kativiri: bëtyel

Prasuni: vëtlë, vatël

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: bitalë

Waigali: bitala

Proto-Italic: *fissos

Latin: fissus

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


bʰidʰtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidʰtós (nominative singular)
bʰidʰtóes (nominative plural)
bʰidʰté (singular vocative)
bʰidʰtóes (plural vocative)
bʰidʰtóm (accusative singular)
bʰidʰtóms (accusative plural)
bʰidʰtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidʰtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidʰtéad (ablative singular)
bʰidʰtómos (ablative plural)
bʰidʰtóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰidʰtóey (dative singular)
bʰidʰtómos (dative plural)
bʰidʰtóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰidʰtéy (locative singular)
bʰidʰtóy (locative singular)
bʰidʰtóysu (locative plural)
bʰidʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidʰtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidʰtóm (nominative singular)
bʰidʰtóy (dual nominative)
bʰidʰtóm (singular vocative)
bʰidʰtóy (dual vocative)
bʰidʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *pitstós

Ancient Greek: πιστός (pistós)

Greek: πιστός (pistós)

Proto-Italic: *fissos

Latin: fīsus

From *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


bʰidnós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰidnós (nominative singular)
bʰidnóes (nominative plural)
bʰidné (singular vocative)
bʰidnóes (plural vocative)
bʰidnóm (accusative singular)
bʰidnóms (accusative plural)
bʰidnósyo (genitive singular)
bʰidnóHom (genitive plural)
bʰidnéad (ablative singular)
bʰidnómos (ablative plural)
bʰidnóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰidnóey (dative singular)
bʰidnómos (dative plural)
bʰidnóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰidnéy (locative singular)
bʰidnóy (locative singular)
bʰidnóysu (locative plural)
bʰidnṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰidnā́m (accusative singular)
bʰidnóm (nominative singular)
bʰidnóy (dual nominative)
bʰidnóm (singular vocative)
bʰidnóy (dual vocative)
bʰidnóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *bitanaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰidnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰidnás

Sanskrit: भिन्न (bhinná)

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-nós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


bʰudʰtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
bʰudʰtós (nominative singular)
bʰudʰtóes (nominative plural)
bʰudʰté (singular vocative)
bʰudʰtóes (plural vocative)
bʰudʰtóm (accusative singular)
bʰudʰtóms (accusative plural)
bʰudʰtósyo (genitive singular)
bʰudʰtóHom (genitive plural)
bʰudʰtéad (ablative singular)
bʰudʰtómos (ablative plural)
bʰudʰtóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰudʰtóey (dative singular)
bʰudʰtómos (dative plural)
bʰudʰtóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰudʰtéy (locative singular)
bʰudʰtóy (locative singular)
bʰudʰtóysu (locative plural)
bʰudʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰudʰtā́m (accusative singular)
bʰudʰtóm (nominative singular)
bʰudʰtóy (dual nominative)
bʰudʰtóm (singular vocative)
bʰudʰtóy (dual vocative)
bʰudʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *pustós

Ancient Greek: πυστός (pustós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


diwyós

Proto-Hellenic: *diyyos

Ancient Greek: (Homeric) δῖος (dîos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diwyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diwyás

Sanskrit: दिव्य (divyá)

Proto-Iranian: *diwyáh

desc

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (daēuuiia, “deavic, related to daeva”)

Italic:

Latin: dīus

From *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).


dʰubʰrós

non-ablauting (romanization)
dʰubrós (nominative singular)
dʰubróes (nominative plural)
dʰubré (singular vocative)
dʰubróes (plural vocative)
dʰubróm (accusative singular)
dʰubróms (accusative plural)
dʰubrósyo (genitive singular)
dʰubróHom (genitive plural)
dʰubréad (ablative singular)
dʰubrómos (ablative plural)
dʰubróbʰos (ablative plural)
dʰubróey (dative singular)
dʰubrómos (dative plural)
dʰubróbʰos (dative plural)
dʰubréy (locative singular)
dʰubróy (locative singular)
dʰubróysu (locative plural)
dʰubrṓys (instrumental plural)
dʰubrā́m (accusative singular)
dʰubróm (nominative singular)
dʰubróy (dual nominative)
dʰubróm (singular vocative)
dʰubróy (dual vocative)
dʰubróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubrás

⇒ Latvian: dubra (“puddle”) (a-stem derivative)

⇒ Lithuanian: Dubrà (a-stem derivative)

i

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dъbrь (“ravine”) (i-stem derivative, refined in later times into *dьbrь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dubraz

Old Norse: Dófrar (place name)

Norwegian: Dovre (place name)

Swedish: Dovra (place name)

Proto-Celtic: *dubros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *täpre

Tocharian A: tpär

Tocharian B: tapre

From *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

suffix

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Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-wa-an-za /huwanza/), 𒄷𒌋𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-u-wa-an-za /hūwanza/)

Proto-Celtic: *wintos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *windaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *awḗəts

Ancient Greek: ἀείς (aeís), ἀέντα (aénta, acc.s.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHatas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wentos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wyente (see there for further descendants)

Participle of *h₂wḗh₁ti (“to blow”), from the root *h₂weh₁-.

(as substantive) that which blows; the wind, air


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *biwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwiwaz, *kwikwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwos

Ancient Greek: βίος (bíos) (or possibly a syncope of βίοτος (bíotos))

Greek: βίος (víos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰiHwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷīwos (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śāw-, śāy-

From *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”) + *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

suffix

giwato

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwatas; Old Prussian

Old Irish: bethu

Proto-Celtic: *biwotūts (“life, existence”)

bethadMiddle Irish: bethaIrish: beathaManx: beaScottish Gaelic: beatha


mr̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
mr̥tós (nominative singular)
mr̥tóes (nominative plural)
mr̥té (singular vocative)
mr̥tóes (plural vocative)
mr̥tóm (accusative singular)
mr̥tóms (accusative plural)
mr̥tósyo (genitive singular)
mr̥tóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥téad (ablative singular)
mr̥tómos (ablative plural)
mr̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥tóey (dative singular)
mr̥tómos (dative plural)
mr̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥téy (locative singular)
mr̥tóy (locative singular)
mr̥tóysu (locative plural)
mr̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
mr̥tā́m (accusative singular)
mr̥tóm (nominative singular)
mr̥tóy (dual nominative)
mr̥tóm (singular vocative)
mr̥tóy (dual vocative)
mr̥tóy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, mortal”)

Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, person”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mrətós

Ancient Greek: βροτός (brotós, “mortal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *murþą (see there for further descendants)

From *mer- (“to die”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyúHā (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂óyu (“long time, lifetime”) + *-Hō (Hoffman's suffix).


méǵh₂s

m̥ǵh₂- (oblique stem)
méǵh₂s (nominative singular)
méǵh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
méǵh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
méǵh₂ (singular vocative)
méǵh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
méǵh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
méǵh₂m̥ (accusative singular)
méǵh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
méǵh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
méǵh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
m̥ǵh₂és (genitive singular)
m̥ǵh₂és (ablative singular)
m̥ǵh₂mós (ablative plural)
m̥ǵh₂bʰós (ablative plural)
m̥ǵh₂éy (dative singular)
m̥ǵh₂mós (dative plural)
m̥ǵh₂bʰós (dative plural)
méǵh₂ (locative singular)
méǵh₂i (locative singular)
m̥ǵh₂sú (locative plural)
m̥ǵh₂éh₁ (instrumental singular)
m̥ǵh₂mís (instrumental plural)
m̥ǵh₂bʰís (instrumental plural)
méǵh₂ih₂ (nominative singular)
méǵh₂ih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
méǵh₂ih₂ (singular vocative)
méǵh₂ih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
méǵh₂ih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
méǵh₂ih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂s (genitive singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂s (ablative singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂ (locative singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂i (locative singular)
m̥ǵh₂yéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
méǵh₂ (nominative singular)
méǵh₂ih₁ (dual nominative)
méǵh₂h₂ (nominative plural)
méǵh₂ih₁ (dual vocative)
méǵh₂h₂ (plural vocative)
méǵh₂ (accusative singular)
méǵh₂ih₁ (accusative dual)
méǵh₂h₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Albanian: *madza

Albanian: madh

Proto-Albanian: *mai

Albanian: më (“more”)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈨𒂊𒅅𒆠𒅖 (me-e-ek-ki-iš, “numerous”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեծ (mec)

Armenian: մեծ (mec)

Proto-Hellenic: *mégas, *əga- (< *m̥ǵh₂-), *əgān (< *m̥ǵéh₂m)

Ancient Greek: μέγας (mégas), ἀγα- (aga-), ἄγᾱν (ágān)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maȷ́ʰā́ (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: μεκας (mekas /megas/, “great”, dat.sg./pl.)

Proto-Tocharian: *mākā (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *magos

plain, field; see there for further descendants


Proto-Celtic: *kaikos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haihaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaykaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaykaras

Sanskrit: केकर (kekara)

Proto-Italic: *kaikos (see there for further descendants)


plutós

non-ablauting (romanization)
plutós (nominative singular)
plutóes (nominative plural)
pluté (singular vocative)
plutóes (plural vocative)
plutóm (accusative singular)
plutóms (accusative plural)
plutósyo (genitive singular)
plutóHom (genitive plural)
plutéad (ablative singular)
plutómos (ablative plural)
plutóbʰos (ablative plural)
plutóey (dative singular)
plutómos (dative plural)
plutóbʰos (dative plural)
plutéy (locative singular)
plutóy (locative singular)
plutóysu (locative plural)
plutṓys (instrumental plural)
plutā́m (accusative singular)
plutóm (nominative singular)
plutóy (dual nominative)
plutóm (singular vocative)
plutóy (dual vocative)
plutóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei

Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plutós

Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás

Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)

From *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (partially)

Proto-Celtic: *swādus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swōtuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwādús (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHduš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *suādwus

Proto-Italic: *swādwis

Latin: suāvis (see there for further descendants)

From *sweh₂d- (“sweet”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀνοστός (onostós)

Proto-Italic: *onostos

Latin: onustus

From the noun *h₃énh₂os (“load; burden”).


udrós

udrós (nominative singular)
udróes (nominative plural)
udré (singular vocative)
udróes (plural vocative)
udróm (accusative singular)
udróms (accusative plural)
udrósyo (genitive singular)
udróHom (genitive plural)
udréad (ablative singular)
udrómos (ablative plural)
udróbʰos (ablative plural)
udróey (dative singular)
udrómos (dative plural)
udróbʰos (dative plural)
udréy (locative singular)
udróy (locative singular)
udróysu (locative plural)
udrṓys (instrumental plural)
udrā́m (accusative singular)
udróm (nominative singular)
udróy (dual nominative)
udróm (singular vocative)
udróy (dual vocative)
udróy (accusative dual)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *udros (“dun, greyish-brown”)

Old Irish: odur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *hĭwĭd-lʉh

Albanian: hyll (“god”)

Illyrian: *hud-lo

Illyrian: *hullur

Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία (Illuría)

From *wed- (“water”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).

ὕδρα

sea snake; see there for further descendants


Proto-Albanian: *(ambhi-)stata

Albanian: (mbë)shtet

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stata- (“stood (up)”)

Latvian: stats (“stake, post”)

Lithuanian: stãtas (“line of sheafs of grain in a field”)

Proto-Germanic: *stadaz

Proto-Hellenic: *statós

Ancient Greek: στᾰτός (stătós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰHtás

Sanskrit: स्थित (sthitá)

Assamese: থিয় (thio)

Proto-Iranian: *stHtáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬙𐬀 (stāta)

Parthian: (/ištād/, “situated”)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿštʾd)

Old Persian: *𐎿𐎫𐎫 (*s-t-t /*stata/, “standed”)

Middle Persian: (/istād/, “standed”)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫘𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿystʾd)

Proto-Italic: *statos (see there for further descendants)

Latin: status

From *steh₂- (“to stand up”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


nogʷós

non-ablauting (romanization)
nogʷós (nominative singular)
nogʷóes (nominative plural)
nogʷé (singular vocative)
nogʷóes (plural vocative)
nogʷóm (accusative singular)
nogʷóms (accusative plural)
nogʷósyo (genitive singular)
nogʷóHom (genitive plural)
nogʷéad (ablative singular)
nogʷómos (ablative plural)
nogʷóbʰos (ablative plural)
nogʷóey (dative singular)
nogʷómos (dative plural)
nogʷóbʰos (dative plural)
nogʷéy (locative singular)
nogʷóy (locative singular)
nogʷóysu (locative plural)
nogʷṓys (instrumental plural)
nogʷā́m (accusative singular)
nogʷóm (nominative singular)
nogʷóy (dual nominative)
nogʷóm (singular vocative)
nogʷóy (dual vocative)
nogʷóy (accusative dual)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nōˀgás
Latvian: nogs
Lithuanian: núogas
Proto-Slavic: *nȃgъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāgás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāgás

desc

Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá, “elephant”, literally “the hairless one”)

⇒ *nogʷ-éh₂-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *nakwōną (see there for further descendants)

From *negʷ- (“to be naked”) + *-ós (adjectival suffix).


Proto-Germanic: *swōtizô (from extended variant *-is-ō)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́ďďōs

Ancient Greek: ἡδίων (hēdíōn) (from extended variant *-is-ō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdyas

Sanskrit: स्वादीयस् (svā́dīyas)

Proto-Italic: *swādwiōs

Latin: suāvior

From *sweh₂d- (“sweet”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).


kʷóteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
kʷóteros (nominative singular)
kʷóteroes (nominative plural)
kʷótere (singular vocative)
kʷóteroes (plural vocative)
kʷóterom (accusative singular)
kʷóteroms (accusative plural)
kʷóterosyo (genitive singular)
kʷóteroHom (genitive plural)
kʷóteread (ablative singular)
kʷóteromos (ablative plural)
kʷóterobʰos (ablative plural)
kʷóteroey (dative singular)
kʷóteromos (dative plural)
kʷóterobʰos (dative plural)
kʷóterey (locative singular)
kʷóteroy (locative singular)
kʷóteroysu (locative plural)
kʷóterōys (instrumental plural)
kʷóterām (accusative singular)
kʷóterom (nominative singular)
kʷóteroy (dual nominative)
kʷóterom (singular vocative)
kʷóteroy (dual vocative)
kʷóteroy (accusative dual)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որ (or, “which?”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kat(e)ras

Latgalian: kotrys

Latvian: katrs

Lithuanian: katràs, kataràs

Proto-Slavic: *koterъjь, *kotorъjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

q

⇒ Old Irish: nechtar (“one of two”) (+ *ne- (“not”), with denegativisation as in nech (“someone”))

Proto-Germanic: *hwaþeraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóteros

Ancient Greek: πότερος (póteros)

Ionic Greek: κότερος (kóteros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *katarás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás

Sanskrit: कतर (katará)

Proto-Iranian: *katarás

desc

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬌𐬝 (katārascit̰, “each of the two”) < *kʷoteros-kʷid

Proto-Italic: *kʷoteros (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: koteras

From the interrogative determiner *kʷos (“which, what”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).

affix

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


priHós

priHós (nominative singular)
priHóes (nominative plural)
priHé (singular vocative)
priHóes (plural vocative)
priHóm (accusative singular)
priHóms (accusative plural)
priHósyo (genitive singular)
priHóHom (genitive plural)
priHéad (ablative singular)
priHómos (ablative plural)
priHóbʰos (ablative plural)
priHóey (dative singular)
priHómos (dative plural)
priHóbʰos (dative plural)
priHéy (locative singular)
priHóy (locative singular)
priHóysu (locative plural)
priHṓys (instrumental plural)
priHā́m (accusative singular)
priHóm (nominative singular)
priHóy (dual nominative)
priHóm (singular vocative)
priHóy (dual vocative)
priHóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸriyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *frijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *prijos

⇒? Latin: pro-prius (see there for further descendants)

From *preyH- (“to please; to love”) + *-ós.

⇒ *prijateľь

Proto-Slavic: *prijati (“to please”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *frijōndz

Proto-Germanic: *frijōną (“to love, to free”) (see there for further descendants)

companion, friend; see there for further descendants

Frijjō

Frigg; name of a goddess; see there for further descendants


néwyos

non-ablauting (romanization)
néwyos (nominative singular)
néwyoes (nominative plural)
néwye (singular vocative)
néwyoes (plural vocative)
néwyom (accusative singular)
néwyoms (accusative plural)
néwyosyo (genitive singular)
néwyoHom (genitive plural)
néwyead (ablative singular)
néwyomos (ablative plural)
néwyobʰos (ablative plural)
néwyoey (dative singular)
néwyomos (dative plural)
néwyobʰos (dative plural)
néwyey (locative singular)
néwyoy (locative singular)
néwyoysu (locative plural)
néwyōys (instrumental plural)
néwyām (accusative singular)
néwyom (nominative singular)
néwyoy (dual nominative)
néwyom (singular vocative)
néwyoy (dual vocative)
néwyoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náujas

Latvian: nàujš

Lithuanian: naũjas

Proto-Celtic: *nowiyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *niwjaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwyas

Sanskrit: नव्य (návya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Nuristani: *nawiya

Kamkata-viri:

Eastern Kata-vari: nui

Kamviri: nuĩ

Western Kata-vari: nuy

Prasuni:

Pronz: unü

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun:

Masegal: nuṅë

Waigali:

Nisheigram: nuṅa


gʷm̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
gʷm̥tós (nominative singular)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷm̥tóes (nominative plural)
gʷm̥té (singular vocative)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷm̥tóes (plural vocative)
gʷm̥tóm (accusative singular)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷm̥tóms (accusative plural)
gʷm̥tósyo (genitive singular)
gʷm̥tóHom (genitive plural)
gʷm̥téad (ablative singular)
gʷm̥tómos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
gʷm̥tóey (dative singular)
gʷm̥tómos (dative plural)
gʷm̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
gʷm̥téy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tóy (locative singular)
gʷm̥tóysu (locative plural)
gʷm̥tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
gʷm̥téh₂ (nominative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (singular vocative)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
gʷm̥tā́m (accusative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
gʷm̥téh₂ (locative singular)
gʷm̥téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷm̥tóm (nominative singular)
gʷm̥tóy (dual nominative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (nominative plural)
gʷm̥tóm (singular vocative)
gʷm̥tóy (dual vocative)
gʷm̥téh₂ (plural vocative)
gʷm̥tóy (accusative dual)
gʷm̥téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtás

Latvian: dzìmts

Lithuanian: gim̃tas

Old Prussian: naunagimton

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətós

Ancient Greek: βατός (batós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gatás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentos

Latin: ventus

From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *itos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *itós

Ancient Greek: ἰτός (itós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hitás

Sanskrit: इत (ita)

Proto-Iranian: *Hitáh

desc

Avestan: (𐬀𐬌𐬡-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((aiβ-)ita), (𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((pait-)ita)

Proto-Italic: *itos

Latin: itus

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ǵn̥h₃tós

ǵn̥h₃tós (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃té (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tā́m (accusative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂s (genitive singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂s (ablative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂i (locative singular)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (nominative singular)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (dual nominative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (nominative plural)
ǵn̥h₃tóm (singular vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (dual vocative)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (plural vocative)
ǵn̥h₃tóy (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃tóyh₁ (accusative dual)
ǵn̥h₃téh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *gnātos (“known, usual”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gnōtós

desc

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós), γνωστός (gnōstós) (with contamination)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́naHtás

Sanskrit: ज्ञात (jñātá)

Proto-Iranian: *jnaHtás

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬀 (zanta)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (zand, “Zand, knowledge of Avesta”)

Proto-Italic: *gnōtos or *gnātos

Latin: nōtus
Italian: noto

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


widtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
widtós (nominative singular)
widtóes (nominative plural)
widté (singular vocative)
widtóes (plural vocative)
widtóm (accusative singular)
widtóms (accusative plural)
widtósyo (genitive singular)
widtóHom (genitive plural)
widtéad (ablative singular)
widtómos (ablative plural)
widtóbʰos (ablative plural)
widtóey (dative singular)
widtómos (dative plural)
widtóbʰos (dative plural)
widtéy (locative singular)
widtóy (locative singular)
widtóysu (locative plural)
widtṓys (instrumental plural)
widtā́m (accusative singular)
widtóm (nominative singular)
widtóy (dual nominative)
widtóm (singular vocative)
widtóy (dual vocative)
widtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vistъ

⇒ Polish: oczywisty (“obvious”)

⇒ Polish: rzeczywisty (“real”)

Proto-Celtic: *wissos (“known”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wissaz (“known”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wistós

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄ-ιστος (á-istos, “unseen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *witˢtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wissos

Latin: vīsus (“seen, known”) (see there for further descendants)

From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).
The -s- seen in many daughter languages results from the -dt- cluster.


sedtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
sedtós (nominative singular)
sedtóes (nominative plural)
sedté (singular vocative)
sedtóes (plural vocative)
sedtóm (accusative singular)
sedtóms (accusative plural)
sedtósyo (genitive singular)
sedtóHom (genitive plural)
sedtéad (ablative singular)
sedtómos (ablative plural)
sedtóbʰos (ablative plural)
sedtóey (dative singular)
sedtómos (dative plural)
sedtóbʰos (dative plural)
sedtéy (locative singular)
sedtóy (locative singular)
sedtóysu (locative plural)
sedtṓys (instrumental plural)
sedtā́m (accusative singular)
sedtóm (nominative singular)
sedtóy (dual nominative)
sedtóm (singular vocative)
sedtóy (dual vocative)
sedtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *sessā

Gaulish: sessa

Proto-Germanic: *sessaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sattás

Sanskrit: सत्त (sattá, “seated”)

Proto-Italic: *sessos

Latin: sessus

From *sed- (“to sit”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


wr̥ǵtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
wr̥ǵtós (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtóes (nominative plural)
wr̥ǵté (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtóes (plural vocative)
wr̥ǵtóm (accusative singular)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtóms (accusative plural)
wr̥ǵtósyo (genitive singular)
wr̥ǵtóHom (genitive plural)
wr̥ǵtéad (ablative singular)
wr̥ǵtómos (ablative plural)
wr̥ǵtóbʰos (ablative plural)
wr̥ǵtóey (dative singular)
wr̥ǵtómos (dative plural)
wr̥ǵtóbʰos (dative plural)
wr̥ǵtéy (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtóy (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtóysu (locative plural)
wr̥ǵtóh₁ (instrumental singular)
wr̥ǵtṓys (instrumental plural)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtā́m (accusative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (locative singular)
wr̥ǵtéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
wr̥ǵtóm (nominative singular)
wr̥ǵtóy (dual nominative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (nominative plural)
wr̥ǵtóm (singular vocative)
wr̥ǵtóy (dual vocative)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (plural vocative)
wr̥ǵtóy (accusative dual)
wr̥ǵtéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *wurhtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥štás

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥štáh

desc

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (varšta, “done; worken”)

From *werǵ- (“to make”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *tlātós

desc

Ancient Greek: τλᾱτός (tlātós), τλητός (tlētós)

Proto-Italic: *tlātos

i

Latin: lātus (a suppletive conjugation of the unrelated ferō (“to bear, carry”))

From *telh₂- (“to bear”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ), ընտերք (ənterkʻ)
Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *énteros

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔντερον (énteron)
Greek: έντερο (éntero)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántaras

Sanskrit: अन्तर (ántara) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hántarah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (aṇtara)

Western Iranian:

desc

Northern Kurdish: hindirr (“inside”), hindurr, hindurrû, hundur

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”)
Middle Persian: (/andar/)
Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (BYN), 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (ʾndr)
Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (BY̲N), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾntl)
Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮈𐮌 (BY̲N), 𐮀𐮌𐮑𐮊 (ʾntl)
Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬭 (andar)
Classical Persian: اندر (andar)
Dari: اندر (andar), در (dar)
Iranian Persian: اندر (andar), در (dar)
Tajik: андар (andar), дар (dar)
→ Hindi: अंदर (andar)
→ Urdu: اندر (andar)

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr /andar/)

Proto-Italic: *enteros

Latin: *interus

⇒ Latin: intrā (see there for further descendants); intrō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: interior (see there for further descendants)

Venetic: 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌀 (atra), 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌀 (antra, “within”)

From *h₁en (“in”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


gʷr̥h₂éw (locative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷr̥h₂ús (nominative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂ú (singular vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úm (accusative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂úh₁e (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂éw (locative singular)
gʷr̥h₂éwh₁ (instrumental singular)
gʷr̥h₂ú (nominative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (dual nominative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (nominative plural)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (dual vocative)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (plural vocative)
gʷr̥h₂ú (accusative singular)
gʷr̥h₂úyh₁ (accusative dual)
gʷr̥h₂úh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *kuruz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷarus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Húš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷraus (see there for further descendants)

From *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).

bryw

Proto-Celtic: *bruwos (“quantity, multitude”) (perhaps); Middle Welsh

bró

Proto-Celtic: *bruwos (“quantity, multitude”) (perhaps); Old Irish

importance; see there for further descendants

>? Proto-Celtic: *brīgosProto-Brythonic: *briɣMiddle Breton: bryCornish: bryMiddle Welsh: briWelsh: briGaulish: *brīgos→ Vulgar Latin: *brīgus>? Italian: brigaOld Occitan: briuCatalan: briu→ Spanish: brío→ Italian: brio→ English: brio→ French: brio→? Old Galician-Portuguese: brioGalician: bríoPortuguese: brio>? Sicilian: sbriguni


h₁ln̥gʷʰéw (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰús (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúm (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰéw (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰú (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lengus ~ *lingus

Latvian: liêgs (“gentle”)

Lithuanian: leñgvas, lengvùs

Proto-Slavic: *lьgъkъ (< Pre-Slavic *lingu-kos)

Proto-Celtic: *legus, *lagus

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: llaw (“small, low, sad”) (< *lagwos)

Breton: law (“miserable, bad”)

Proto-Hellenic: *eləkʰús

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐλαχύς (elakhús, “small”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰúš (see there for further descendants)

q

Proto-Italic: *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis)

Latin: levis (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰré (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (nominative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (singular vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰrā́m (accusative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (locative singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (nominative plural)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (plural vocative)
h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *lungraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eləpʰrós

Ancient Greek: ἐλαφρός (elaphrós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *Hlagráh

Old Persian: *lagraʰ

Middle Persian: *lāgar

Persian: لاغر (lâġar)

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *eurús

Ancient Greek: εὐρύς (eurús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hurúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hurúṣ

Sanskrit: उरु (urú)

Proto-Iranian: *Hurúš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (voᵘru)

From *h₁wer- (“broad”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵr̥ye (singular vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵr̥yoh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵr̥yōys (instrumental plural)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (nominative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (singular vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yām (accusative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (locative singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ (accusative plural)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արտի (arti)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγριος (ágrios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ryas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ryas

Sanskrit: अज्र्य (ajryá)

From the noun *h₂éǵros (“field, pasturage”) + *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).

affix

campestral, field (attributive), of or relating to fields


h₂énǵʰus

h₂énǵʰus (nominative singular)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰu (singular vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰum (accusative singular)
h₂énǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂énǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂énǵʰu (nominative singular)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (dual nominative)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (dual vocative)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂énǵʰu (accusative singular)
h₂énǵʰwih₁ (accusative dual)
h₂énǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰús (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúes (nominative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúes (plural vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúm (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúms (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwbʰos (ablative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwbʰos (dative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwsu (locative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwbʰis (instrumental plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (nominative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual nominative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (nominative plural)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (dual vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (plural vocative)
h₂n̥ǵʰú (accusative singular)
h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁ (accusative dual)
h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂ (accusative plural)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: անձուկ (anjuk, “narrow, tight”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ankštas

Proto-Slavic: *ǫzъkъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnic: *ahtas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *angus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *anguz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánźʰuṣ

Sanskrit: अंहु (áṃhu)

From *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow, tight”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Celtic: *yuwankos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jungaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyuHaćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyuHaśás

Sanskrit: युवश (yuvaśá, “young”)

Proto-Italic: *juwənkos (see there for further descendants)


yugtós

non-ablauting (romanization)
yugtós (nominative singular)
yugtóes (nominative plural)
yugté (singular vocative)
yugtóes (plural vocative)
yugtóm (accusative singular)
yugtóms (accusative plural)
yugtósyo (genitive singular)
yugtóHom (genitive plural)
yugtéad (ablative singular)
yugtómos (ablative plural)
yugtóbʰos (ablative plural)
yugtóey (dative singular)
yugtómos (dative plural)
yugtóbʰos (dative plural)
yugtéy (locative singular)
yugtóy (locative singular)
yugtóysu (locative plural)
yugtṓys (instrumental plural)
yugtā́m (accusative singular)
yugtóm (nominative singular)
yugtóy (dual nominative)
yugtóm (singular vocative)
yugtóy (dual vocative)
yugtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *juhtaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

(possibly) Ancient Greek: ζευκτός (zeuktós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yuktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuktás

Sanskrit: युक्त (yuktá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yuxtáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀 (yuxta)

Northeastern Iranian:

desc

Bactrian: ιογδιγο (iogdigo /yugdīg ~ yuγδīg/, “pair”) (>*yuxtá-kah)

Sogdian: (/yūγd/, “yoke; pair; team”)

Syriac script: ܝܗݎܬ (ywxt)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: جفت (ǰuft), جخت (ǰuxt)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: جووت (cût /ǰūt/)

Northern Kurdish: cot (/ǰōt/)

Southern Kurdish: جوفت (cuft /ǰuft/) (perhaps borrowed from New Persian)

Gilaki: جیت (jīt)

Proto-Medo-Parthian: *yuxtáh

Parthian: (/yuxt/, “pair; yoked”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ywxt)

Gurani: ھیتە (hīta)

Zazaki: cit (/ǰit/)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/ǰuxt/, “pair; yoke”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ywht)

From *yewg- (“to join, to yoke, to tie together”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


méǵh₂yōs

méǵh₂yōs (nominative singular)
méǵh₂yés (locative singular)
méǵh₂yōs (nominative plural)
méǵh₂yōs (plural vocative)
méǵh₂yōs (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *magyos

Continental:

Gaulish: Magios

Goidelic:

Old Irish: maige

Proto-Hellenic: *méďďōn

Ancient Greek: μείζων (meízōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máȷ́ʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźʰyas

Sanskrit: महीयस् (máhīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *májyah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (maziiah)

Proto-Italic: *magjōs, *magis (< *m̥ǵh₂-is)

Latin: maior, magis

Oscan: mais

From the adjective *méǵh₂s (“big, great”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).

affix

Proto-Italic: *magisVmosLatino-Faliscan:Faliscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌗𐌏𐌌𐌏Latin: maximusSabellic:>? Oscan: maimas


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: արոյդ (aroyd), երոյդ (eroyd), արուրդ (arurd), երուրդ (erurd)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudras

Proto-Slavic: *rъdrъ

Proto-Germanic: *rudraz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rudrijaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rudrǭ

Proto-Hellenic: *erutʰrós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrudʰrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrudʰrás

analogically reshaped after <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">रुधिक्रा</i> (rudhikrā́)

Sanskrit: रुधिर (rudhirá) (analogically reshaped after रुधिक्रा (rudhikrā́)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ruðros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *rŭtäre (see there for further descendants)

From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


bʰérǵʰonts

ine-decl-adj

bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂

bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂

bʰérǵʰonts (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰontes (nominative plural)
bʰérǵʰont (singular vocative)
bʰérǵʰontes (plural vocative)
bʰérǵʰontm̥ (accusative singular)
bʰérǵʰontm̥s (accusative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tés (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tés (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥téy (dative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmós (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tbʰós (dative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰént (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰénti (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tsú (locative plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tmís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ (nominative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ (singular vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂s (genitive singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂s (ablative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂ (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂i (locative singular)
bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰérǵʰont (nominative singular)
bʰérǵʰont (accusative singular)

Proto-Celtic: *brigantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *Burgundī

→ Late Latin: Burgundiones

⇒ Late Latin: Burgundia

Old French:

French: Bourgogne

Norman: Bourgouongne

→ English: Burgundy

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰáns (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be elevated, up high”) + *-onts (Caland system suffix).


ine-decl-adj

ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂

ǵr̥h₂n̥tés (genitive singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tés (ablative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
ǵr̥h₂n̥téy (dative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
ǵr̥h₂ént (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tsú (locative plural)
ǵr̥h₂n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂ (locative singular)
ǵr̥h₂n̥tyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծերուն (cerun)
Armenian: ծերուն (cerun)

Old Armenian: ծերունի (ceruni)
Armenian: ծերունի (ceruni)

Proto-Hellenic: *géronts

Ancient Greek: γέρων (gérōn, “old man”)
Greek: γέροντας (gérontas), γέρος (géros)
→ English: geronto-
→ French: géronto-
→ Italian: geronto-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHans (see there for further descendants)

desc

Messapic: δερανθοα (deranthoa /derant'uā/, “senate”, loc. sg. f.)

From *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old, to mature”) + *-onts (Caland system suffix).


Armenian: (+ Old Armenian յ- (y-))

Old Armenian: յաղթ (yałtʻ)

Middle Armenian: յաղթ (yaġtʻ)

Armenian: հաղթ (haġtʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *platús (with unexpected *o-grade) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Proto-Germanic: *flataz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətús (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰúš (see there for further descendants)

From *pleth₂- (“flat”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).

ɸlitawī

*pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (“country”, feminine substantive)

𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍

Proto-Iranian: *pr̥θwíH; Younger Avestan


dʰubʰnós

dʰubʰnós (nominative singular)
dʰubʰnóes (nominative plural)
dʰubʰné (singular vocative)
dʰubʰnóes (plural vocative)
dʰubʰnóm (accusative singular)
dʰubʰnóms (accusative plural)
dʰubʰnósyo (genitive singular)
dʰubʰnóHom (genitive plural)
dʰubʰnéad (ablative singular)
dʰubʰnómos (ablative plural)
dʰubʰnóbʰos (ablative plural)
dʰubʰnóey (dative singular)
dʰubʰnómos (dative plural)
dʰubʰnóbʰos (dative plural)
dʰubʰnéy (locative singular)
dʰubʰnóy (locative singular)
dʰubʰnóysu (locative plural)
dʰubʰnṓys (instrumental plural)
dʰubʰnā́m (accusative singular)
dʰubʰnóm (nominative singular)
dʰubʰnóy (dual nominative)
dʰubʰnóm (singular vocative)
dʰubʰnóy (dual vocative)
dʰubʰnóy (accusative dual)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubnás, *dubná (“bottom”)

Lithuanian: dùgnas

Old Prussian: dubnas

Proto-Slavic: *dъnò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dubnos (“depth; world”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kruHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kruHrás

Sanskrit: क्रूर (krūrá)

Proto-Iranian: *xruHráh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬏𐬛𐬀 (xrūda)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *krūros
Latin: crūdus (see there for further descendants)

From *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


⇒ Proto-Albanian: *wara

>? Albanian: *ur

⇒ urtë (+ -të)

Proto-Celtic: *wīros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wēraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wēros (see there for further descendants)

From *weh₁- (“true”) with a defective *-rós (Caland system suffix); the expected form would be *uh₁rós.


tn̥tós

tn̥tós (nominative singular)
tn̥tóes (nominative plural)
tn̥té (singular vocative)
tn̥tóes (plural vocative)
tn̥tóm (accusative singular)
tn̥tóms (accusative plural)
tn̥tósyo (genitive singular)
tn̥tóHom (genitive plural)
tn̥téad (ablative singular)
tn̥tómos (ablative plural)
tn̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
tn̥tóey (dative singular)
tn̥tómos (dative plural)
tn̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
tn̥téy (locative singular)
tn̥tóy (locative singular)
tn̥tóysu (locative plural)
tn̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
tn̥tā́m (accusative singular)
tn̥tóm (nominative singular)
tn̥tóy (dual nominative)
tn̥tóm (singular vocative)
tn̥tóy (dual vocative)
tn̥tóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Celtic: *tantā (LIN prefers *tén-tus as source)

desctree

Old Irish: tét
Middle Irish: tét f
Irish: téad
Manx: tead
Scottish Gaelic: teud

Brythonic:

Old Breton: tanntou

Breton: tant

Old Welsh: tantou

Welsh: tant

Proto-Hellenic: *tətós

Ancient Greek: τᾰτός (tătós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatás

Sanskrit: तत (tatá)

Proto-Italic: *tentos

Latin: tentus

From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


Proto-Hellenic: *dotós

Ancient Greek: δοτός (dotós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHtás

Sanskrit: दात (dātá)

Proto-Iranian: *daHtáh

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶 (d-a-t-m)

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (dāta)

Proto-Italic: *datos

Latin: datus

From *deh₃- (“to give”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


n̥mr̥tós

non-ablauting (romanization)
n̥mr̥tós (nominative singular)
n̥mr̥tóes (nominative plural)
n̥mr̥té (singular vocative)
n̥mr̥tóes (plural vocative)
n̥mr̥tóm (accusative singular)
n̥mr̥tóms (accusative plural)
n̥mr̥tósyo (genitive singular)
n̥mr̥tóHom (genitive plural)
n̥mr̥téad (ablative singular)
n̥mr̥tómos (ablative plural)
n̥mr̥tóbʰos (ablative plural)
n̥mr̥tóey (dative singular)
n̥mr̥tómos (dative plural)
n̥mr̥tóbʰos (dative plural)
n̥mr̥téy (locative singular)
n̥mr̥tóy (locative singular)
n̥mr̥tóysu (locative plural)
n̥mr̥tṓys (instrumental plural)
n̥mr̥tā́m (accusative singular)
n̥mr̥tóm (nominative singular)
n̥mr̥tóy (dual nominative)
n̥mr̥tóm (singular vocative)
n̥mr̥tóy (dual vocative)
n̥mr̥tóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *ə́mrətos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *amŕ̥tas (see there for further descendants)

From *n̥- (“not, un-”) + *mr̥tós (“dead; mortal”).


kr̥snós

non-ablauting (romanization)
kr̥snós (nominative singular)
kr̥snóes (nominative plural)
kr̥sné (singular vocative)
kr̥snóes (plural vocative)
kr̥snóm (accusative singular)
kr̥snóms (accusative plural)
kr̥snósyo (genitive singular)
kr̥snóHom (genitive plural)
kr̥snéad (ablative singular)
kr̥snómos (ablative plural)
kr̥snóbʰos (ablative plural)
kr̥snóey (dative singular)
kr̥snómos (dative plural)
kr̥snóbʰos (dative plural)
kr̥snéy (locative singular)
kr̥snóy (locative singular)
kr̥snóysu (locative plural)
kr̥snṓys (instrumental plural)
kr̥snā́m (accusative singular)
kr̥snóm (nominative singular)
kr̥snóy (dual nominative)
kr̥snóm (singular vocative)
kr̥snóy (dual vocative)
kr̥snóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kiršnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥šnás (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Albanian: *tšārnā

Albanian: sorrë (“crow”)

Thracian: *kersas

From *kers- + *-nós or *ker-s- + *-nós. Compare Proto-Celtic *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see also *dubus (“black”) and *dubnos (“deep; world”)).
Possibly related words:
* Lithuanian kéršas (“with black/white spots/patches”), kéršė (“pied cow”) and kiršlỹs (“grayling”)
* Swedish harr (“grayling”) < Proto-Germanic *harzuz. See also Proto-Finnic *harjus (“grayling”).
* Bulgarian чер (čer, “black”) < *черх (*čerh) like вет (vet) < ветх (veth), if not shortened from черен (čeren, “black”).
* In 3+2 anthroponyms: Thracian *kersas.
* River name: Hungarian Körös (“Criș”), Fekete-körös (“Crișul Negru”).
* Probably unrelated to Proto-Turkic *kara (“black”) and other similar words.
Compare "black" (absorbing/without light) names:
* burn (soot/char/tan): (*dʰegʷʰ-) Lithuanian dègti (“to burn”) : dãglas (“fire/burn-colored?”), dẽglas (“black-piebald?”), (*gʷʰer-) Serbo-Croatian gȃr (“ashes, cinder”) : gȁrav (“soot-colored, black”), Slovene čad (“smoke/fume, haze”) : čadeti (“to become smoke-like, blackish”), (?*(s)mewg-) Old East Slavic смага (smaga, “fire, flame”) : Russian Church Slavonic смаглъ (smaglŭ, “dark-skinned”).
** See also *kerh₃- (“to burn”), *wer- (“to burn”), *dʰewh₂- (“smoke?”), *h₁óngʷl̥ (“charcoal”), *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”) and Proto-Dravidian *kār.
* dirt/spot: (*melh₂-/*mel-) Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “dark, black”) : Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirt, filth, dust”), Latvian īls (“very dark (pitch-dark)”) : Ancient Greek ἰλύς (ilús, “mud, slime”), (*swerd-) Old High German swarz (“black”) : Latin sordēs (“dirt, filth”).
* dark: *(s)ḱeh₃-, *temH-, *merk-/*merHk-, *h₂mergʷ-/*mergʷ-, *h₁regʷ-, ?*dʰewbʰ-.


tr̥nós

tr̥nós (nominative singular)
tr̥nóes (nominative plural)
tr̥né (singular vocative)
tr̥nóes (plural vocative)
tr̥nóm (accusative singular)
tr̥nóms (accusative plural)
tr̥nósyo (genitive singular)
tr̥nóHom (genitive plural)
tr̥néad (ablative singular)
tr̥nómos (ablative plural)
tr̥nóbʰos (ablative plural)
tr̥nóey (dative singular)
tr̥nómos (dative plural)
tr̥nóbʰos (dative plural)
tr̥néy (locative singular)
tr̥nóy (locative singular)
tr̥nóysu (locative plural)
tr̥nṓys (instrumental plural)
tr̥nā́m (accusative singular)
tr̥nóm (nominative singular)
tr̥nóy (dual nominative)
tr̥nóm (singular vocative)
tr̥nóy (dual vocative)
tr̥nóy (accusative dual)

Possibly derived from *(s)ter- (“stiff”) + *-nós.


súHros

non-ablauting (romanization)
suHrós (nominative singular)
suHróes (nominative plural)
suHré (singular vocative)
suHróes (plural vocative)
suHróm (accusative singular)
suHróms (accusative plural)
suHrósyo (genitive singular)
suHróHom (genitive plural)
suHréad (ablative singular)
suHrómos (ablative plural)
suHróbʰos (ablative plural)
suHróey (dative singular)
suHrómos (dative plural)
suHróbʰos (dative plural)
suHréy (locative singular)
suHróy (locative singular)
suHróysu (locative plural)
suHrṓys (instrumental plural)
suHrā́m (accusative singular)
suHróm (nominative singular)
suHróy (dual nominative)
suHróm (singular vocative)
suHróy (dual vocative)
suHróy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀras (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sūraz (see there for further descendants)


ḱleywós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱleywós (nominative singular)
ḱleywóes (nominative plural)
ḱleywé (singular vocative)
ḱleywóes (plural vocative)
ḱleywóm (accusative singular)
ḱleywóms (accusative plural)
ḱleywósyo (genitive singular)
ḱleywóHom (genitive plural)
ḱleywéad (ablative singular)
ḱleywómos (ablative plural)
ḱleywóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱleywóey (dative singular)
ḱleywómos (dative plural)
ḱleywóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱleywéy (locative singular)
ḱleywóy (locative singular)
ḱleywóysu (locative plural)
ḱleywṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱleywā́m (accusative singular)
ḱleywóm (nominative singular)
ḱleywóy (dual nominative)
ḱleywóm (singular vocative)
ḱleywóy (dual vocative)
ḱleywóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaiwás (< *ḱloywós)

desc

Lithuanian: šlei̇̃vas (“bandy-legged, bowlegged”)

Proto-Italic: *kleiwos

Latin: clīvus (“slope, hill”) (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to lean, slope”) + *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ḱlitós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱlitós (nominative singular)
ḱlitóes (nominative plural)
ḱlité (singular vocative)
ḱlitóes (plural vocative)
ḱlitóm (accusative singular)
ḱlitóms (accusative plural)
ḱlitósyo (genitive singular)
ḱlitóHom (genitive plural)
ḱlitéad (ablative singular)
ḱlitómos (ablative plural)
ḱlitóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱlitóey (dative singular)
ḱlitómos (dative plural)
ḱlitóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱlitéy (locative singular)
ḱlitóy (locative singular)
ḱlitóysu (locative plural)
ḱlitṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱlitā́m (accusative singular)
ḱlitóm (nominative singular)
ḱlitóy (dual nominative)
ḱlitóm (singular vocative)
ḱlitóy (dual vocative)
ḱlitóy (accusative dual)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *klitos (“covered, sheltered”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlidą (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


ḱlitós

Proto-Albanian: *klitā

Albanian: qetë (“jagged rock”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pašiltas (“bent, crooked”)

Proto-Celtic: *klitā (“pillar, post”)

Old Irish: cleth

Irish: cleith

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hliþą (“slope, incline”) (< *ḱlítom, with irregular stress shift)

Old English: hliþ
Middle English: lith

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄκλῐτος (áklĭtos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćritás (“leaning”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śritás

Sanskrit: श्रित (śritá)

Proto-Iranian: *critáh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬌𐬙𐬀 (srita)


Proto-Celtic: *kleitā (“palisade, hurdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlīdō (“slope, incline”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćraytáH

Proto-Iranian: *craytáH

Middle Persian: [script needed] (srat, “ladder”)

Persian: سرت (sart, “ladder”) (dialectal)

From *ḱley- (“to lean, slope”) + *-teh₂.


Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒉿𒀀𒋗𒍑

Proto-Celtic: *wesus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wesuz

Old High German: *wisu (in personal names)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌰 (iusiza) (?)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewéhus

Ancient Greek: ἠΰς (ēǘs), ἐῠ̈́ς (eŭ̈́s)

Illyrian: *ves (in personal names)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwásuš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wesū

Tocharian A: wṣe

Tocharian B: yaṣe

From *h₁wes- + *-us (Caland system suffix).


ḱíteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱíteros (nominative singular)
ḱíteroes (nominative plural)
ḱítere (singular vocative)
ḱíteroes (plural vocative)
ḱíterom (accusative singular)
ḱíteroms (accusative plural)
ḱíterosyo (genitive singular)
ḱíteroHom (genitive plural)
ḱíteread (ablative singular)
ḱíteromos (ablative plural)
ḱíterobʰos (ablative plural)
ḱíteroey (dative singular)
ḱíteromos (dative plural)
ḱíterobʰos (dative plural)
ḱíterey (locative singular)
ḱíteroy (locative singular)
ḱíteroysu (locative plural)
ḱíterōys (instrumental plural)
ḱíterām (accusative singular)
ḱíterom (nominative singular)
ḱíteroy (dual nominative)
ḱíterom (singular vocative)
ḱíteroy (dual vocative)
ḱíteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *hidrê (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kiteros

Latin: citer

PIE word
 *ḱe
From *ḱí or *ḱís (deictic) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


dʰǵʰyésteros

dʰǵʰyésteros (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroes (nominative plural)
dʰǵʰyéstere (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroes (plural vocative)
dʰǵʰyésterom (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroms (accusative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterosyo (genitive singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroHom (genitive plural)
dʰǵʰyésteread (ablative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteromos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterobʰos (ablative plural)
dʰǵʰyésteroey (dative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteromos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterobʰos (dative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterey (locative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (locative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroysu (locative plural)
dʰǵʰyésterōys (instrumental plural)
dʰǵʰyésterām (accusative singular)
dʰǵʰyésterom (nominative singular)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (dual nominative)
dʰǵʰyésterom (singular vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (dual vocative)
dʰǵʰyésteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *gesteraz (adjective)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gesteran

Proto-West Germanic: *gesteran (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gestrą (adverb) (from the adverbial accusative)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 (*gistra)

q

+ <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃</i> (dagis, “day”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis) (+ 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (dagis, “day”))

Proto-Italic: *hesteros

⇒ *hesternos (see there for further descendants)

From the adverb *dʰǵʰyés (“yesterday”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).


údteros

non-ablauting (romanization)
údteros (nominative singular)
údteroes (nominative plural)
údtere (singular vocative)
údteroes (plural vocative)
údterom (accusative singular)
údteroms (accusative plural)
údterosyo (genitive singular)
údteroHom (genitive plural)
údteread (ablative singular)
údteromos (ablative plural)
údterobʰos (ablative plural)
údteroey (dative singular)
údteromos (dative plural)
údterobʰos (dative plural)
údterey (locative singular)
údteroy (locative singular)
údteroysu (locative plural)
údterōys (instrumental plural)
údterām (accusative singular)
údterom (nominative singular)
údteroy (dual nominative)
údterom (singular vocative)
údteroy (dual vocative)
údteroy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *ústeros

desc

Ancient Greek: ὕστερος (hústeros, “ulterior, posterior”)

Greek: ύστερος (ýsteros, “later; last”)

Byzantine Greek: υστερινός (usterinós), υστερνός (usternós, “last”)

Greek: στερνός (sternós, “last”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *útˢtaras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úttaras

Sanskrit: उत्तर (úttara, “upper, better, later, northern; answer”)

Proto-Iranian: *úctarah

Pashto: استرۍ (ustərai, “last, lastest”)

Sogdian: 𐼀𐼑𐼚𐼘𐼁 ('str' /əstara/, “later”)

From the adverb *úd (“out, outward”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).

affix

ὑστέρη

Ancient Greek: ὑστέρᾱ (hustérā, “womb, uterus”)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁄𒋫𒈾𒀸 (pal-ta-na-aš /paltanaš/)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlitanos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətanos

desc

>? Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾰνος (plắtănos, “planetree”) (disputed)


dlongʰos

dlongʰos (nominative singular)
dlongʰoes (nominative plural)
dlongʰe (singular vocative)
dlongʰoes (plural vocative)
dlongʰom (accusative singular)
dlongʰoms (accusative plural)
dlongʰosyo (genitive singular)
dlongʰoHom (genitive plural)
dlongʰead (ablative singular)
dlongʰomos (ablative plural)
dlongʰobʰos (ablative plural)
dlongʰoey (dative singular)
dlongʰomos (dative plural)
dlongʰobʰos (dative plural)
dlongʰey (locative singular)
dlongʰoy (locative singular)
dlongʰoysu (locative plural)
dlongʰōys (instrumental plural)
dlongʰām (accusative singular)
dlongʰom (nominative singular)
dlongʰoy (dual nominative)
dlongʰom (singular vocative)
dlongʰoy (dual vocative)
dlongʰoy (accusative dual)

Proto-Germanic: *langaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *drangʰas

Proto-Iranian: *drangah

Northern Kurdish: direng, dereng

Middle Persian: [script needed] (drang)

desctree

Persian: درنگ (derang)
→ Bengali: দেরেঙ্গ (dereṅgo)

Proto-Italic: *dlongos

Latin: longus


ml̥dus

ml̥dus (nominative singular)
ml̥dewes (nominative plural)
ml̥du (singular vocative)
ml̥dewes (plural vocative)
ml̥dum (accusative singular)
ml̥dums (accusative plural)
ml̥déws (genitive singular)
ml̥déwoHom (genitive plural)
ml̥déws (ablative singular)
ml̥dúmos (ablative plural)
ml̥dúbʰos (ablative plural)
ml̥déwey (dative singular)
ml̥dúmos (dative plural)
ml̥dúbʰos (dative plural)
ml̥déw (locative singular)
ml̥déwi (locative singular)
ml̥dúsu (locative plural)
ml̥dúmis (instrumental plural)
ml̥dúbʰis (instrumental plural)
ml̥du (nominative singular)
ml̥du (accusative singular)
*moldus (alternative)
*moldos (alternative)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մեղկ (mełk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *maldás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλαδύς (bladús), Ancient Greek: ἀμαλδύνω (amaldúnō)

Proto-Italic: *moldus

Latin: mollis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥dúš (see there for further descendants)

From *mel- (“soft, weak, tender”). Related to *melh₂-. Presumably also related to *(s)meld-.


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հում (hum)
Armenian: հում (hum), → հումք (humkʻ) (learned)
→ Georgian: უმი (umi), ჰუმი (humi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: oms (“Sudden, fast, swift”)

Proto-Celtic: *omos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ōmós

Ancient Greek: ὠμός (ōmós)
Greek: ωμός (omós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHmás

Sanskrit: आम (āmá)

Proto-Iranian: *HaHmáh

Northern Kurdish: xav

Persian: خام (xâm)

→ Old Armenian: խամ (xam)

Probably from *h₂eh₃- (“to be hot, burn”) + *-mós.

amārus

with analogical change of the suffix to -ārus?

>? Proto-Germanic: *ampraz

*h₂h₃m-ro- (“sour, bitter; sorrel?”) (or thematicized from *h₂éh₃-mr-)


bʰénǵʰus

bʰénǵʰus (nominative singular)
bʰénǵʰuh₁ (dual nominative)
bʰénǵʰuh₁e (dual nominative)
bʰénǵʰewes (nominative plural)
bʰénǵʰu (singular vocative)
bʰénǵʰuh₁ (dual vocative)
bʰénǵʰuh₁e (dual vocative)
bʰénǵʰewes (plural vocative)
bʰénǵʰum (accusative singular)
bʰénǵʰuh₁ (accusative dual)
bʰénǵʰuh₁e (accusative dual)
bʰénǵʰums (accusative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéws (genitive singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwoHom (genitive plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéws (ablative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúmos (ablative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰúbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwey (dative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúmos (dative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰúbʰos (dative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéw (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwi (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúsu (locative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰúh₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰúmis (instrumental plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰúbʰis (instrumental plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂ (nominative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual nominative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂ (singular vocative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (dual vocative)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁e (accusative dual)
bʰn̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s (accusative plural)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (genitive singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂s (ablative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂ (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂i (locative singular)
bʰn̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
bʰénǵʰu (nominative singular)
bʰénǵʰwih₁ (dual nominative)
bʰénǵʰuh₂ (nominative plural)
bʰénǵʰwih₁ (dual vocative)
bʰénǵʰuh₂ (plural vocative)
bʰénǵʰu (accusative singular)
bʰénǵʰwih₁ (accusative dual)
bʰénǵʰuh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Anatolian: *bn̥ǵús

Hittite: 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš)

Proto-Hellenic: *pəkʰús

Ancient Greek: παχύς (pakhús) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)

From *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


dléwkus

dléwkus (nominative singular)
dléwkewes (nominative plural)
dléwku (singular vocative)
dléwkewes (plural vocative)
dléwkum (accusative singular)
dléwkums (accusative plural)
dlukéws (genitive singular)
dlukéwoHom (genitive plural)
dlukéws (ablative singular)
dlukúmos (ablative plural)
dlukúbʰos (ablative plural)
dlukéwey (dative singular)
dlukúmos (dative plural)
dlukúbʰos (dative plural)
dlukéw (locative singular)
dlukéwi (locative singular)
dlukúsu (locative plural)
dlukúmis (instrumental plural)
dlukúbʰis (instrumental plural)
dléwku (nominative singular)
dléwku (accusative singular)
dlukús (nominative singular)
dlukúes (nominative plural)
dlukú (singular vocative)
dlukúes (plural vocative)
dlukúm (accusative singular)
dlukúms (accusative plural)
dlukéws (genitive singular)
dlukéwoHom (genitive plural)
dlukéws (ablative singular)
dlukéwmos (ablative plural)
dlukéwbʰos (ablative plural)
dlukéwey (dative singular)
dlukéwmos (dative plural)
dlukéwbʰos (dative plural)
dlukéw (locative singular)
dlukéwi (locative singular)
dlukéwsu (locative plural)
dlukéwmis (instrumental plural)
dlukéwbʰis (instrumental plural)
dlukú (nominative singular)
dlukú (accusative singular)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (conflation with *swéh₂dus?; see entry)

Armenian: քաղցր (kʻaġcʻr)

Proto-Hellenic: *dléukus, *dlukús

Ancient Greek: γλυκύς (glukús) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: γλεῦκος (gleûkos) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀩𐀄𐀒 (de-re-u-ko /dleukos/)

Proto-Italic: *dulkwis (< metathesized *dulk-ú-s)

Latin: dulcis (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στάς (stás)

Proto-Italic: *stants

Latin: stāns


bʰosós

bʰosós (nominative singular)
bʰosóes (nominative plural)
bʰosé (singular vocative)
bʰosóes (plural vocative)
bʰosóm (accusative singular)
bʰosóms (accusative plural)
bʰosósyo (genitive singular)
bʰosóHom (genitive plural)
bʰoséad (ablative singular)
bʰosómos (ablative plural)
bʰosóbʰos (ablative plural)
bʰosóey (dative singular)
bʰosómos (dative plural)
bʰosóbʰos (dative plural)
bʰoséy (locative singular)
bʰosóy (locative singular)
bʰosóysu (locative plural)
bʰosṓys (instrumental plural)
bʰosā́m (accusative singular)
bʰosóm (nominative singular)
bʰosóy (dual nominative)
bʰosóm (singular vocative)
bʰosóy (dual vocative)
bʰosóy (accusative dual)

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բոկ (bok)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *basás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bazaz (see there for further descendants)


dusmenēs

dusmenēs (nominative singular)
dusmeneses (nominative plural)
dusmenes (singular vocative)
dusmeneses (plural vocative)
dusmenesm̥ (accusative singular)
dusmenesm̥s (accusative plural)
dusmenesés (genitive singular)
dusmenesóHom (genitive plural)
dusmenesés (ablative singular)
dusmenesmós (ablative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (ablative plural)
dusmeneséy (dative singular)
dusmenesmós (dative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (dative plural)
dusmenes (locative singular)
dusmenesi (locative singular)
dusmenesú (locative plural)
dusmenesmís (instrumental plural)
dusmenesbʰís (instrumental plural)
dusmenes (nominative singular)
dusmenēs (nominative plural)
dusmenes (singular vocative)
dusmenēs (plural vocative)
dusmenes (accusative singular)
dusmenēs (accusative plural)
dusmenesés (genitive singular)
dusmenesóHom (genitive plural)
dusmenesés (ablative singular)
dusmenesmós (ablative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (ablative plural)
dusmeneséy (dative singular)
dusmenesmós (dative plural)
dusmenesbʰós (dative plural)
dusmenes (locative singular)
dusmenesi (locative singular)
dusmenesú (locative plural)
dusmenesmís (instrumental plural)
dusmenesbʰís (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *dusmenḗs
Ancient Greek: δυσμενής (dusmenḗs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dušmánās
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duẓmánās
Sanskrit: दुर्मनस् (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”) दुर्मनास् (durmanās, m.nom.sg.)
Proto-Iranian: *dušmánāh (see there for further descendants)

From *dus- (“bad”) + *ménes- (“mind, thought”) + *-s.


mh₂ḱróh₁ (dual nominative)
mh₂ḱré (singular vocative)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (dual vocative)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (accusative dual)
mh₂ḱróh₁ (instrumental singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (nominative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (singular vocative)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
mh₂ḱrā́m (accusative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (locative singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (nominative plural)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (plural vocative)
mh₂ḱréh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Germanic: *magraz

Proto-Hellenic: *makrós

Ancient Greek: μᾰκρός (măkrós)

Proto-Italic: *makros

Latin: macer

From *meh₂ḱ- (“long”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


néḱus

néḱus (nominative singular)
néḱuh₁ (dual nominative)
néḱewes (nominative plural)
néḱu (singular vocative)
néḱuh₁ (dual vocative)
néḱewes (plural vocative)
néḱum (accusative singular)
néḱuh₁ (accusative dual)
néḱums (accusative plural)
n̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
n̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
n̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
n̥ḱúmos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱúbʰos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
n̥ḱúmos (dative plural)
n̥ḱúbʰos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéw (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
n̥ḱúsu (locative plural)
n̥ḱúh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱúmis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱúbʰis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (nominative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (singular vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱuyéh₂ (locative singular)
n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
néḱu (nominative singular)
néḱuh₂ (nominative plural)
néḱuh₂ (plural vocative)
néḱu (accusative singular)
néḱuh₂ (accusative plural)
n̥ḱús (nominative singular)
n̥ḱúh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúh₁e (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúes (nominative plural)
n̥ḱú (singular vocative)
n̥ḱúh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúh₁e (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúes (plural vocative)
n̥ḱúm (accusative singular)
n̥ḱúh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúh₁e (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúms (accusative plural)
n̥ḱéws (genitive singular)
n̥ḱéwoHom (genitive plural)
n̥ḱéws (ablative singular)
n̥ḱéwmos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwbʰos (ablative plural)
n̥ḱéwey (dative singular)
n̥ḱéwmos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéwbʰos (dative plural)
n̥ḱéw (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwi (locative singular)
n̥ḱéwsu (locative plural)
n̥ḱéwh₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱéwmis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwbʰis (instrumental plural)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (nominative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱéwih₂ (singular vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱéwih₂m̥ (accusative singular)
n̥ḱéwih₂h₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱuyéh₂ (locative singular)
n̥ḱuyéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
n̥ḱú (nominative singular)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (dual nominative)
n̥ḱúh₂ (nominative plural)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (dual vocative)
n̥ḱúh₂ (plural vocative)
n̥ḱú (accusative singular)
n̥ḱúyh₁ (accusative dual)
n̥ḱúh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ankus (“death”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nékus

Ancient Greek: νέκυς (nékus, “corpse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćuš

Proto-Iranian: *nácuš

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬎 (nasu, “corpse”)

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅkwe (“man”)

Tocharian A: oṅk

Tocharian B: eṅkwe

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *unguz, *inguz (“man”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Inguz (see there for further descendants)

From *neḱ- (“to die, perish”) + *-us (Caland system suffix).


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bardā́ˀtas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bardōdaz

Proto-Italic: *farβātos

desc

the initial /b-/ is also found in <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">barba</i>

Latin: barbātus (the initial /b-/ is also found in barba)


Proto-Celtic: *stratos (“valley”)

Proto-Hellenic: *strōtós, *strətós (< str̥tós)

Ancient Greek: στρωτός (strōtós), στρατός (stratós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *str̥tás (< *str̥Htás)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *str̥tás

Sanskrit: स्तृत (stṛtá)

Proto-Italic: *strātos

Latin: strātus

From *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend, stretch out”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


gr̥bʰtós

gr̥bʰtós (nominative singular)
gr̥bʰtóes (nominative plural)
gr̥bʰté (singular vocative)
gr̥bʰtóes (plural vocative)
gr̥bʰtóm (accusative singular)
gr̥bʰtóms (accusative plural)
gr̥bʰtósyo (genitive singular)
gr̥bʰtóHom (genitive plural)
gr̥bʰtéad (ablative singular)
gr̥bʰtómos (ablative plural)
gr̥bʰtóbʰos (ablative plural)
gr̥bʰtóey (dative singular)
gr̥bʰtómos (dative plural)
gr̥bʰtóbʰos (dative plural)
gr̥bʰtéy (locative singular)
gr̥bʰtóy (locative singular)
gr̥bʰtóysu (locative plural)
gr̥bʰtṓys (instrumental plural)
gr̥bʰtā́m (accusative singular)
gr̥bʰtóm (nominative singular)
gr̥bʰtóy (dual nominative)
gr̥bʰtóm (singular vocative)
gr̥bʰtóy (dual vocative)
gr̥bʰtóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Hellenic: *grəptós (see there for further descendants)


ḱlutós

non-ablauting (romanization)
ḱlutós (nominative singular)
ḱlutóes (nominative plural)
ḱluté (singular vocative)
ḱlutóes (plural vocative)
ḱlutóm (accusative singular)
ḱlutóms (accusative plural)
ḱlutósyo (genitive singular)
ḱlutóHom (genitive plural)
ḱlutéad (ablative singular)
ḱlutómos (ablative plural)
ḱlutóbʰos (ablative plural)
ḱlutóey (dative singular)
ḱlutómos (dative plural)
ḱlutóbʰos (dative plural)
ḱlutéy (locative singular)
ḱlutóy (locative singular)
ḱlutóysu (locative plural)
ḱlutṓys (instrumental plural)
ḱlutā́m (accusative singular)
ḱlutóm (nominative singular)
ḱlutóy (dual nominative)
ḱlutóm (singular vocative)
ḱlutóy (dual vocative)
ḱlutóy (accusative dual)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լու (lu)

Proto-Celtic: *klutom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hlūdaz (with unetymological long -ū-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klutós

Ancient Greek: κλυτός (klutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrutás

Sanskrit: श्रुत (śrutá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klutos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *enklutos

Latin: inclutus, inclitus (see there for further descendants)

From *ḱlew- (“to hear”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).


sewyós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjaujás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *souyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sawyás (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: երկար (erkar)
Armenian: երկար (erkar)
→? Mingrelian: რიჸალი (riʾali)

Proto-Hellenic: *dwārós

Ancient Greek: δηρός (dērós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dūros

Latin: dūrus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: dūrō (see there for further descendants)

From *dweh₂- (“to move away”) + *-rós (Caland system suffix).


ḱóymos

From o-grade of the root *ḱey- (“to settle”) + *-mos.


mr̥twós

mr̥twós (nominative singular)
mr̥twóes (nominative plural)
mr̥twé (singular vocative)
mr̥twóes (plural vocative)
mr̥twóm (accusative singular)
mr̥twóms (accusative plural)
mr̥twósyo (genitive singular)
mr̥twóHom (genitive plural)
mr̥twéad (ablative singular)
mr̥twómos (ablative plural)
mr̥twóbʰos (ablative plural)
mr̥twóey (dative singular)
mr̥twómos (dative plural)
mr̥twóbʰos (dative plural)
mr̥twéy (locative singular)
mr̥twóy (locative singular)
mr̥twóysu (locative plural)
mr̥twṓys (instrumental plural)
mr̥twā́m (accusative singular)
mr̥twóm (nominative singular)
mr̥twóy (dual nominative)
mr̥twóm (singular vocative)
mr̥twóy (dual vocative)
mr̥twóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mirtwas

Proto-Slavic: *mьrtvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mortwos (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *austraz (“eastern”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *austrą (“east; eastward”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *Austrǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hušástaras

Proto-Iranian: *Hušástarah

Avestan:

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (ušastara, “eastern”)

Proto-Italic: *austeros

Latin: auster (“south wind”) (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂éws-s ~ *h₂us-és (“dawn”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix), ultimately from the root *h₂ews- (“to dawn”).


Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīyos

Old Irish: lïa
Irish: lia

Proto-Hellenic: *pléyōs

desc

Ancient Greek: πλεῖος (pleîos), πλέος (pléos), πλέως (pléōs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHyas

Sanskrit: प्रायस् (prāyas, “mostly”)

Proto-Iranian: *fráHyah

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (frāiiah)

Old Persian: *frāyah

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: [Term?] (/frāy/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Term?] (/frāy/), [Term?] (/frēh/)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *plēōs
Old Latin: pleores (nominative plural)
Latin: plūs, plūres (remodelled via an unclear mechanism)

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-yōs (intensive suffix).


Proto-Albanian: *plāta

Albanian: plotë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լի (li)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHtás

Sanskrit: प्रात (prātá)

Proto-Italic: *plētos

Latin: plētus

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) + *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adalbert Bezzenberger
August Fick
Mate Kapović
Whitley Stokes
de:Brian D. Joseph


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raudás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *roudos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raudaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrawdʰás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rouðos (see there for further descendants)


HéHḱus

HéHḱus (nominative singular)
HéHḱum (accusative singular)
HéHḱums (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *ākus

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīākus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὠκύς (ōkús)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHćúš
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHśúṣ
Sanskrit: आशु (āśú)
Proto-Iranian: *HaHcús
Avestan: 𐬁𐬯𐬎 (āsu)

Proto-Italic: *ōkus

desc

Latin: ōcior, ōcissimus (from the comparative and superlative)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsumánās (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ehumenḗs

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀄𐀕𐀚 (e-u-me-ne)

Ancient Greek: εὐμενής (eumenḗs)

From *h₁su- (“good”) + *ménes- (“mind, thought”) + *-s.


gʷówyos

gʷówyos (nominative singular)
gʷówyoes (nominative plural)
gʷówye (singular vocative)
gʷówyoes (plural vocative)
gʷówyom (accusative singular)
gʷówyoms (accusative plural)
gʷówyosyo (genitive singular)
gʷówyoHom (genitive plural)
gʷówyead (ablative singular)
gʷówyomos (ablative plural)
gʷówyobʰos (ablative plural)
gʷówyoey (dative singular)
gʷówyomos (dative plural)
gʷówyobʰos (dative plural)
gʷówyey (locative singular)
gʷówyoy (locative singular)
gʷówyoysu (locative plural)
gʷówyōys (instrumental plural)
gʷówyām (accusative singular)
gʷówyom (nominative singular)
gʷówyoy (dual nominative)
gʷówyom (singular vocative)
gʷówyoy (dual vocative)
gʷówyoy (accusative dual)
*gʷówiyos (alternative)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կոգի (kogi, “butter”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

East Baltic:

Latvian: gauja

Lithuanian: gauja (“pack, gang”)

Proto-Slavic: *govьje n (“cattle”)

Belarusian: гóўе (hóŭje), гаўя́ (haŭjá)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *bowyos (“possessing cows”)

⇒ Old Irish: ambue (“non-native”, literally “not possesing cows”)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐννεάβοιος (enneáboios, “worth nine cows”), βοῦα (boûa, “band of Spartan boys”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀦𐀹𐀊 (qo-wi-ja, deity name, literally “(she) of the cows?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáwyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáwyas

Sanskrit: गव्य (gávya)

Proto-Iranian: *gáwyah

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀 (gaoiia)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kowi

Tocharian B: kaiyye, kewiye

From *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *-yós (appurtenance suffix).


ḱm̥tógʷus

desc

Proto-Celtic: *kantobus (as inherited), *bukantos (with elements in inverted order)

Old Irish: Buchet (name of a mythical character)

Proto-Hellenic: *hekətóngʷā

Ancient Greek: ἑκατόμβη (hekatómbē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćatáguš

Sanskrit: शतगु (śatagu, “possessing 100 cows”)

Proto-Iranian: *catáguš

Old Median: *Sataguš (see there for further descendants)

Old Persian: 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 (Θataguš)

A dvigu compound of *ḱm̥tóm (“100”) + *gʷṓws (“cow”).


wetsós

wetsós (nominative singular)
wetsóes (nominative plural)
wetsé (singular vocative)
wetsóes (plural vocative)
wetsóm (accusative singular)
wetsóms (accusative plural)
wetsósyo (genitive singular)
wetsóHom (genitive plural)
wetséad (ablative singular)
wetsómos (ablative plural)
wetsóbʰos (ablative plural)
wetsóey (dative singular)
wetsómos (dative plural)
wetsóbʰos (dative plural)
wetséy (locative singular)
wetsóy (locative singular)
wetsóysu (locative plural)
wetsṓys (instrumental plural)
wetsā́m (accusative singular)
wetsóm (nominative singular)
wetsóy (dual nominative)
wetsóm (singular vocative)
wetsóy (dual vocative)
wetsóy (accusative dual)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *wetsis (“calf”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *watsás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wetsos (“of the year”), *Wetsōnā (“lady of the year”)

Marsian: uesune

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌄 (vesune)

From *wétos (“year”) + *-ós (possessive adjective suffix).


Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: rots

Latvian: rats

Lithuanian: rãtas

→ Proto-Finnic: *rat'as (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rotos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raþą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrátʰas (see there for further descendants)

From *Hreth₂- (“to run”) + *-ós; the question of the exact relation between this adjective and Latin rota (“wheel, chariot”) remains unresolved; see the Latin entry for more.

(nominalized) something that runs (including wheels and chariots).


lewkós

lewkós (nominative singular)
lewkóes (nominative plural)
lewké (singular vocative)
lewkóes (plural vocative)
lewkóm (accusative singular)
lewkóms (accusative plural)
lewkósyo (genitive singular)
lewkóHom (genitive plural)
lewkéad (ablative singular)
lewkómos (ablative plural)
lewkóbʰos (ablative plural)
lewkóey (dative singular)
lewkómos (dative plural)
lewkóbʰos (dative plural)
lewkéy (locative singular)
lewkóy (locative singular)
lewkóysu (locative plural)
lewkṓys (instrumental plural)
lewkā́m (accusative singular)
lewkóm (nominative singular)
lewkóy (dual nominative)
lewkóm (singular vocative)
lewkóy (dual vocative)
lewkóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լոյս (loys)
Armenian: լույս (luys)

Proto-Celtic: *loukos (“white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *leukós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rawkás

Sanskrit: रोक (roká, “light”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawkáh

desc

Northern Kurdish: rok (“day; light; sun”)

From *lewk- (“to shine”) + *-ós (e-grade adjective suffix).


seǵʰós

seǵʰós (nominative singular)
seǵʰóh₁ (dual nominative)
seǵʰóes (nominative plural)
seǵʰé (singular vocative)
seǵʰóh₁ (dual vocative)
seǵʰóes (plural vocative)
seǵʰóm (accusative singular)
seǵʰóh₁ (accusative dual)
seǵʰóms (accusative plural)
seǵʰósyo (genitive singular)
seǵʰóHom (genitive plural)
seǵʰéad (ablative singular)
seǵʰómos (ablative plural)
seǵʰóbʰos (ablative plural)
seǵʰóey (dative singular)
seǵʰómos (dative plural)
seǵʰóbʰos (dative plural)
seǵʰéy (locative singular)
seǵʰóy (locative singular)
seǵʰóysu (locative plural)
seǵʰóh₁ (instrumental singular)
seǵʰṓys (instrumental plural)
seǵʰéh₂ (nominative singular)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (dual nominative)
seǵʰéh₂h₁e (dual nominative)
seǵʰéh₂ (singular vocative)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (dual vocative)
seǵʰéh₂h₁e (dual vocative)
seǵʰā́m (accusative singular)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (accusative dual)
seǵʰéh₂h₁e (accusative dual)
seǵʰéh₂m̥s (accusative plural)
seǵʰéh₂s (genitive singular)
seǵʰéh₂s (ablative singular)
seǵʰéh₂ (locative singular)
seǵʰéh₂i (locative singular)
seǵʰéh₂h₁ (instrumental singular)
seǵʰóm (nominative singular)
seǵʰóy (dual nominative)
seǵʰóyh₁ (dual nominative)
seǵʰéh₂ (nominative plural)
seǵʰóm (singular vocative)
seǵʰóy (dual vocative)
seǵʰóyh₁ (dual vocative)
seǵʰéh₂ (plural vocative)
seǵʰóy (accusative dual)
seǵʰóyh₁ (accusative dual)
seǵʰéh₂ (accusative plural)

Proto-Celtic: *segos (“bold, brave”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰás

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सह (sahá, “powerful”)

From *seǵʰ- (“to hold”) + *-ós (e-grade adjective suffix).