See werh₁- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for werh₁- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.0kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule"
},
"expansion": "(laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*werdʰh₁om",
"alt": "*w(V)rdʰh₁om",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*wértʰō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔρθει",
"pos": "3s.act.ind.pres.",
"t": "utters"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*werh₁-i-dʰh₁-e-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*wer(H)idʔeti",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*wer-</i> (“to heed”)"
},
"expansion": "(or from *wer- (“to heed”))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣",
"pos": "3sg.pres.act.",
"t": "fears, is frightened",
"tr": "ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi",
"ts": "u̯eritit͡si"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜",
"tr": "ú-e-ri-at"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plq",
"2": "𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾",
"pos": "3sg.pret.act.",
"tr": "ú-e-er-ti"
},
"expansion": "Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "(perhaps) Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐρρήθην"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wer-yeh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*wéřřā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "εἴρη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wr̥h₁-tós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ῥητός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "յորջորջեմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*vьrati",
"gloss": "to lie"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "врать"
},
"expansion": "Russian: врать (vratʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: врать (vratʹ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wrōgijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wratám",
"t": "pledge, vow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*wratám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "व्रत",
"tr": "vratá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*wratám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *wratám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *wratám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European ReRH-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to speak, say"
],
"id": "en-werh₁--ine-pro-root-QChU~uzn",
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"say",
"say"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "werh₁-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule"
},
"expansion": "(laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*werdʰh₁om",
"alt": "*w(V)rdʰh₁om",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*wértʰō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔρθει",
"pos": "3s.act.ind.pres.",
"t": "utters"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*werh₁-i-dʰh₁-e-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*wer(H)idʔeti",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*wer-</i> (“to heed”)"
},
"expansion": "(or from *wer- (“to heed”))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣",
"pos": "3sg.pres.act.",
"t": "fears, is frightened",
"tr": "ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi",
"ts": "u̯eritit͡si"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜",
"tr": "ú-e-ri-at"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plq",
"2": "𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾",
"pos": "3sg.pret.act.",
"tr": "ú-e-er-ti"
},
"expansion": "Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "(perhaps) Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐρρήθην"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wer-yeh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*wéřřā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "εἴρη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wr̥h₁-tós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ῥητός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "յորջորջեմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*vьrati",
"gloss": "to lie"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "врать"
},
"expansion": "Russian: врать (vratʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: врать (vratʹ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wrōgijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wratám",
"t": "pledge, vow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*wratám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "व्रत",
"tr": "vratá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*wratám"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *wratám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *wratám"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European ReRH-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European roots",
"ine-pro:Talking"
],
"glosses": [
"to speak, say"
],
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"say",
"say"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "werh₁-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-06 using wiktextract (372f256 and 664a3bc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.