See twerḱ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for twerḱ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.4kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*twr̥ćáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*twr̥cáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀",
"pos": "2pl.opt.act.",
"t": "to cut"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tworkos",
"t": "boar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*twarćas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*θwarcah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋",
"t": "piglet"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*trunkos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *trunkos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *trunkos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "truncus",
"t": "a cut off piece; maimed"
},
"expansion": "Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*turḱ-s (s-stem)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*truxsos",
"alt": "*truxs",
"t": "slain, cut man"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*súrks",
"3": "*swə́rks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σύρξ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*truks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *truks",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *truks"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "trux",
"t": "wild, fierce, harsh"
},
"expansion": "Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *turḱ-s-os"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*truxsos",
"t": "a cut off piece"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*twérḱ-tōr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*twárštā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/twerḱ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to carve, cut off, trim"
],
"id": "en-twerḱ--ine-pro-root-fpea13Fp",
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"cut off",
"cut off"
],
[
"trim",
"trim"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "twerḱ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*twr̥ćáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*twr̥cáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀",
"pos": "2pl.opt.act.",
"t": "to cut"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tworkos",
"t": "boar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*twarćas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*θwarcah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋",
"t": "piglet"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*trunkos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *trunkos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *trunkos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "truncus",
"t": "a cut off piece; maimed"
},
"expansion": "Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*turḱ-s (s-stem)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*truxsos",
"alt": "*truxs",
"t": "slain, cut man"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*súrks",
"3": "*swə́rks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σύρξ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*truks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *truks",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *truks"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "trux",
"t": "wild, fierce, harsh"
},
"expansion": "Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *turḱ-s-os"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*truxsos",
"t": "a cut off piece"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*twérḱ-tōr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*twárštā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/twerḱ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots",
"Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"Undetermined terms with quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"to carve, cut off, trim"
],
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"cut off",
"cut off"
],
[
"trim",
"trim"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "twerḱ-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.