See tum- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "tumė́ti",
"t": "to thicken"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tumīti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tumīti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tumīti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumēō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumēō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumēō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumeō",
"t": "to swell; to be violent"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-id-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumidos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumidos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumidos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumidus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumidus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "*tu(h₂)m-ō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þūmô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þūmô",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*ū arose as analogical full grade"
},
"expansion": "(*ū arose as analogical full grade)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (*ū arose as analogical full grade)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-ō-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumor"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumor",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-ó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tumos",
"t": "strength; growth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*tuβ̃"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "twf"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: twf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: twf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "tum"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: tum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: tum"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "teñv"
},
"expansion": "Breton: teñv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: teñv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tumás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*tumáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *tumáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *tumáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀",
"der": "1",
"pos": "personal name",
"t": "with fat horses"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-o-ló-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tumalás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*tumalás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "तुमुल",
"t": "tumultuous"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumolos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumolos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumolos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumulus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumulus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-ró-s (“swollen”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tumrás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumrás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumrás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*tumrás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumrás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumrás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "तुम्र",
"t": "big, strong",
"tr": "tumrá, túmra"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: तुम्र (tumrá, túmra, “big, strong”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: तुम्र (tumrá, túmra, “big, strong”)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-bʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "թումբ",
"t": "embankment, mound"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tumbos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tumbos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tumbos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "tomm",
"t": "small hill"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "tom",
"t": "dung, mound"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τύμβος",
"t": "mound, burial mound, grave"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*towmā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *towmā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *towmā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "tumon"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: tumon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "túaim",
"t": "hill, mound"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tūtumás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*tūtumás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "तूतुम",
"t": "strong, effective",
"tr": "tūtumá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumoltos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumoltos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumoltos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumultus",
"t": "earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tum-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to swell"
],
"id": "en-tum--ine-pro-root-Y5thUuU1",
"links": [
[
"swell",
"swell"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to become big or strong"
],
"id": "en-tum--ine-pro-root-K2po3mwj",
"links": [
[
"big",
"big"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 12 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European irregular-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mound"
],
"id": "en-tum--ine-pro-root-TrrOq-7d",
"links": [
[
"mound",
"mound"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "tum-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European irregular-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "tumė́ti",
"t": "to thicken"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tumīti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tumīti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tumīti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumēō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumēō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumēō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumeō",
"t": "to swell; to be violent"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-id-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumidos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumidos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumidos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumidus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumidus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "*tu(h₂)m-ō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þūmô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þūmô",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*ū arose as analogical full grade"
},
"expansion": "(*ū arose as analogical full grade)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (*ū arose as analogical full grade)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-ō-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumor"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumor",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-ó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tumos",
"t": "strength; growth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*tuβ̃"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "twf"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: twf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: twf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "tum"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: tum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: tum"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "teñv"
},
"expansion": "Breton: teñv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: teñv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tumás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*tumáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *tumáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *tumáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀",
"der": "1",
"pos": "personal name",
"t": "with fat horses"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-o-ló-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tumalás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*tumalás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "तुमुल",
"t": "tumultuous"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula, “tumultuous”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumolos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumolos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumolos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumulus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumulus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-ró-s (“swollen”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tumrás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumrás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumrás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*tumrás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumrás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumrás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "तुम्र",
"t": "big, strong",
"tr": "tumrá, túmra"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: तुम्र (tumrá, túmra, “big, strong”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: तुम्र (tumrá, túmra, “big, strong”)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tum-bʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "թումբ",
"t": "embankment, mound"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*tumbos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *tumbos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *tumbos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "tomm",
"t": "small hill"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "tom",
"t": "dung, mound"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τύμβος",
"t": "mound, burial mound, grave"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*towmā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *towmā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *towmā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "tumon"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: tumon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "túaim",
"t": "hill, mound"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tūtumás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*tūtumás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "तूतुम",
"t": "strong, effective",
"tr": "tūtumá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*tumoltos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *tumoltos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *tumoltos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tumultus",
"t": "earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult"
},
"expansion": "Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tum-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to swell"
],
"links": [
[
"swell",
"swell"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to become big or strong"
],
"links": [
[
"big",
"big"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mound"
],
"links": [
[
"mound",
"mound"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "tum-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tum- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (10.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (d6bf104 and a5af179). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.