See trewd- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for trewd- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (8.3kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "* ̊truδ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ndrydh"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ndrydh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ndrydh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "(perhaps) Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cythrudd"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: cythrudd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: cythrudd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þreutaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*troudō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *troudō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *troudō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "trūdō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: trūdō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: trūdō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þruttōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrautōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trowd-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*entrūda"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *entrūda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *entrūda"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ndrydh"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ndrydh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ndrydh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*truditi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *truditi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *truditi"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: троуждити (tružditi)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰶⰴⰻⱅⰹ (tružditi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrautijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "þreyta"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: þreyta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: þreyta"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "troyta"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: troyta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: troyta"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "þreyta"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: þreyta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: þreyta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trowd-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*tráudas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*trudъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *trudъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *trudъ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "трудъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "труд"
},
"expansion": "Russian: труд (trud)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: труд (trud)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "труд"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: труд (trud)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: труд (trud)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: троудъ (trudŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰴⱏ (trudŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: тру̑д"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Latin: trȗd"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Vrgada"
},
"expansion": "(Vrgada)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Hvar, Novi"
},
"expansion": "(Hvar, Novi)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Orbanići"
},
"expansion": "(Orbanići)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Chakavian: trũd (Vrgada), trúd (Hvar, Novi), trũd (Orbanići)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "trud"
},
"expansion": "Polish: trud",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: trud"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "trud"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: trud",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: trud"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "trúd"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: trúd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: trúd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrautą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "triū̃sas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: triū̃sas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: triū̃sas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trud-(s)mo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*trummos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *trummos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *trummos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrustijaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "þrysta"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: þrysta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: þrysta"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thrust",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: thrust",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: thrust"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "troit"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: troit",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: troit"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "troid"
},
"expansion": "Irish: troid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: troid"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "troid"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: troid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: troid"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/trewd-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to push, to thrust"
],
"id": "en-trewd--ine-pro-root-w9oECRim",
"links": [
[
"push",
"push"
],
[
"thrust",
"thrust"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen",
"Vladimir Orel"
]
}
],
"word": "trewd-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "* ̊truδ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ndrydh"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ndrydh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ndrydh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "(perhaps) Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cythrudd"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: cythrudd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: cythrudd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þreutaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*troudō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *troudō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *troudō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "trūdō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: trūdō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: trūdō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þruttōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrautōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trowd-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*entrūda"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *entrūda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *entrūda"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ndrydh"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ndrydh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ndrydh"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*truditi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *truditi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *truditi"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: троуждити (tružditi)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰶⰴⰻⱅⰹ (tružditi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrautijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "þreyta"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: þreyta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: þreyta"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "troyta"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: troyta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: troyta"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "þreyta"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: þreyta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: þreyta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trowd-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*tráudas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*trudъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *trudъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *trudъ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "трудъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "труд"
},
"expansion": "Russian: труд (trud)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: труд (trud)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "труд"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: труд (trud)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: труд (trud)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: троудъ (trudŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰴⱏ (trudŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: тру̑д"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Latin: trȗd"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Vrgada"
},
"expansion": "(Vrgada)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Hvar, Novi"
},
"expansion": "(Hvar, Novi)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Orbanići"
},
"expansion": "(Orbanići)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Chakavian: trũd (Vrgada), trúd (Hvar, Novi), trũd (Orbanići)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "trud"
},
"expansion": "Polish: trud",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: trud"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "trud"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: trud",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: trud"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "trúd"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: trúd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: trúd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrautą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "triū̃sas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: triū̃sas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: triū̃sas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trud-(s)mo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*trummos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *trummos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *trummos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þrustijaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "þrysta"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: þrysta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: þrysta"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thrust",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: thrust",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: thrust"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "troit"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: troit",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: troit"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "troid"
},
"expansion": "Irish: troid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: troid"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "troid"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: troid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: troid"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/trewd-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"glosses": [
"to push, to thrust"
],
"links": [
[
"push",
"push"
],
[
"thrust",
"thrust"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen",
"Vladimir Orel"
]
}
],
"word": "trewd-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (91e95e7 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.