See swer- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer- (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*sweraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-wos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swerwos",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut'"
},
"expansion": "(unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut')",
"name": "qual"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swerô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swero"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swero"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Schwäre"
},
"expansion": "German: Schwäre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Schwäre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swór-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xvorъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "chwarren",
"t": "gland"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀",
"t": "wound, sore"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, sore”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, sore”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"t": "to itch, scratch",
"tr": "xwærun"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: [script needed] (xwærun, “to itch, scratch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: [script needed] (xwærun, “to itch, scratch”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ku",
"2": "xurîn",
"t": "to itch, scratch"
},
"expansion": "Kurdish: xurîn (“to itch, scratch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kurdish: xurîn (“to itch, scratch”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 24 21 23 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 24 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 24 24 23 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to ache"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-k9vmcPO9",
"links": [
[
"ache",
"ache"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 24 21 23 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 24 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 24 24 23 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to fester"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-5kYFVHRw",
"links": [
[
"fester",
"fester"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 24 21 23 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 24 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 24 24 23 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wound; injury"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-PIOGe7re",
"links": [
[
"wound",
"wound"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "swer-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्वरति",
"tr": "svárati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swḗr-s-t ~ *swér-s-n̥t (s-aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अस्वार्",
"tr": "ásvār"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarjaną",
"t": "to swear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-éye- (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarō",
"t": "statement, oath, vow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svarъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swr̥-yé-ti (zero-grade thematic *-yé- present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swaryeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *swaryeti\nProto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd\nMiddle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)\nBreton: c’hoarzhin\nOld Cornish: hwerthin\nMiddle Cornish: wharth (3sg. pres.)\nOld Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)\nMiddle Welsh: chwerthin\nWelsh: chwerthin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *swaryeti\nProto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd\nMiddle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)\nBreton: c’hoarzhin\nOld Cornish: hwerthin\nMiddle Cornish: wharth (3sg. pres.)\nOld Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)\nMiddle Welsh: chwerthin\nWelsh: chwerthin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 24 21 23 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 24 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 24 24 23 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 25 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to resound; ringing, whistling"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-muZwe6a6",
"links": [
[
"resound",
"resound"
],
[
"ring",
"ring"
],
[
"whistling",
"whistle"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to speak loudly, to proclaim"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-N2Up2t-E",
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"loud",
"loud"
],
[
"proclaim",
"proclaim"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "swer-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer- (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*sweraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-wos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swerwos",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut'"
},
"expansion": "(unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut')",
"name": "qual"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swerô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swero"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swero"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Schwäre"
},
"expansion": "German: Schwäre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Schwäre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swór-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xvorъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "chwarren",
"t": "gland"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀",
"t": "wound, sore"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, sore”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, sore”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"t": "to itch, scratch",
"tr": "xwærun"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: [script needed] (xwærun, “to itch, scratch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: [script needed] (xwærun, “to itch, scratch”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ku",
"2": "xurîn",
"t": "to itch, scratch"
},
"expansion": "Kurdish: xurîn (“to itch, scratch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kurdish: xurîn (“to itch, scratch”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to ache"
],
"links": [
[
"ache",
"ache"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to fester"
],
"links": [
[
"fester",
"fester"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wound; injury"
],
"links": [
[
"wound",
"wound"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "swer-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्वरति",
"tr": "svárati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swḗr-s-t ~ *swér-s-n̥t (s-aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अस्वार्",
"tr": "ásvār"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarjaną",
"t": "to swear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-éye- (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarō",
"t": "statement, oath, vow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svarъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swr̥-yé-ti (zero-grade thematic *-yé- present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swaryeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *swaryeti\nProto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd\nMiddle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)\nBreton: c’hoarzhin\nOld Cornish: hwerthin\nMiddle Cornish: wharth (3sg. pres.)\nOld Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)\nMiddle Welsh: chwerthin\nWelsh: chwerthin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *swaryeti\nProto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd\nMiddle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)\nBreton: c’hoarzhin\nOld Cornish: hwerthin\nMiddle Cornish: wharth (3sg. pres.)\nOld Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)\nMiddle Welsh: chwerthin\nWelsh: chwerthin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to resound; ringing, whistling"
],
"links": [
[
"resound",
"resound"
],
[
"ring",
"ring"
],
[
"whistling",
"whistle"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to speak loudly, to proclaim"
],
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"loud",
"loud"
],
[
"proclaim",
"proclaim"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "swer-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for swer- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (9.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.