See swer- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for swer- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (9.9kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer- (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*sweraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-wos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swerwos",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut'"
},
"expansion": "(unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut')",
"name": "qual"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swerô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swero"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swero"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Schwäre"
},
"expansion": "German: Schwäre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Schwäre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swór-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xvorъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "chwarren",
"t": "gland"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 18 21 23 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 20 17 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to ache"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-k9vmcPO9",
"links": [
[
"ache",
"ache"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 18 21 23 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 20 17 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to fester"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-5kYFVHRw",
"links": [
[
"fester",
"fester"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 18 21 23 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 20 17 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wound; injury"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-PIOGe7re",
"links": [
[
"wound",
"wound"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "swer-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्वरति",
"tr": "svárati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarjaną",
"t": "to swear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-éye- (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarō",
"t": "statement, oath, vow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svarъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 18 21 23 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 20 17 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to resound; ringing, whistling"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-muZwe6a6",
"links": [
[
"resound",
"resound"
],
[
"ring",
"ring"
],
[
"whistling",
"whistle"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 18 21 23 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 20 17 22 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 20 21 18 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to speak loudly"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-3aQxhGEX",
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"loud",
"loud"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to swear"
],
"id": "en-swer--ine-pro-root-sDDo~Bho",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "swer-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer- (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*sweraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-wos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swerwos",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)\nProto-Brythonic: *hwerw\nOld Breton: hueru\nBreton: c'hwerv\nCornish: hwerow\nMiddle Welsh: chwerw\nWelsh: chwerw\nOld Irish: serb\nIrish: searbh\nScottish Gaelic: searbh\nManx: sharroo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut'"
},
"expansion": "(unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut')",
"name": "qual"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swer-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swerô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swerô"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swero"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swero"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Schwäre"
},
"expansion": "German: Schwäre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Schwäre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swór-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xvorъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "chwarren",
"t": "gland"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to ache"
],
"links": [
[
"ache",
"ache"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to fester"
],
"links": [
[
"fester",
"fester"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wound; injury"
],
"links": [
[
"wound",
"wound"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "swer-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*swárati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्वरति",
"tr": "svárati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarjaną",
"t": "to swear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-éye- (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*swarō",
"t": "statement, oath, vow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*swor-ós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*svarъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to resound; ringing, whistling"
],
"links": [
[
"resound",
"resound"
],
[
"ring",
"ring"
],
[
"whistling",
"whistle"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to speak loudly"
],
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"loud",
"loud"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to swear"
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "swer-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (91e95e7 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.