See sperdʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spérdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "սպրդեմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uncertain, see entry for discussion"
},
"expansion": "(uncertain, see entry for discussion)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem) (uncertain, see entry for discussion)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*spárdʰati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*spárdʰati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्पर्धते",
"pos": "3sg.med",
"t": "to compete with, rival",
"tr": "spárdhate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*spárdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *spárdati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uncertain"
},
"expansion": "(uncertain)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *spárdati (uncertain)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"2": "spal-",
"t": "to twitch"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spérdʰ-ti ~ *spr̥dʰ-énti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"tr": "iš-par-zi-zi",
"ts": "išpartzi"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spérdʰ-t ~ *spr̥dʰ-ént (root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Háspr̥dʰant"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Háspr̥dʰant"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अस्पृध्रन्",
"tr": "áspṛdhran"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*spurdz",
"t": "racecourse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्पृध्",
"t": "contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy",
"tr": "spṛ́dh"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*spŕ̥d-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁",
"t": "zeal"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sperdʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European sCeRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to compete, contest, struggle"
],
"id": "en-sperdʰ--ine-pro-root-NW4sN5Zk",
"links": [
[
"compete",
"compete"
],
[
"contest",
"contest"
],
[
"struggle",
"struggle"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "sperdʰ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spérdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "սպրդեմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uncertain, see entry for discussion"
},
"expansion": "(uncertain, see entry for discussion)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem) (uncertain, see entry for discussion)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*spárdʰati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*spárdʰati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्पर्धते",
"pos": "3sg.med",
"t": "to compete with, rival",
"tr": "spárdhate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*spárdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *spárdati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uncertain"
},
"expansion": "(uncertain)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *spárdati (uncertain)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"2": "spal-",
"t": "to twitch"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spérdʰ-ti ~ *spr̥dʰ-énti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"tr": "iš-par-zi-zi",
"ts": "išpartzi"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spérdʰ-t ~ *spr̥dʰ-ént (root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Háspr̥dʰant"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Háspr̥dʰant"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अस्पृध्रन्",
"tr": "áspṛdhran"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*spurdz",
"t": "racecourse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "स्पृध्",
"t": "contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy",
"tr": "spṛ́dh"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*spŕ̥d-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁",
"t": "zeal"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sperdʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots",
"Proto-Indo-European sCeRC-shape roots"
],
"glosses": [
"to compete, contest, struggle"
],
"links": [
[
"compete",
"compete"
],
[
"contest",
"contest"
],
[
"struggle",
"struggle"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "sperdʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for sperdʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (4ba5975 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.