See krews- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*krustós (“hardened”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "crusta",
"t": "hard surface"
},
"expansion": "Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*krows-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*kraušas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*kruxъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *kruxъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *kruxъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kruvesis",
"t": "frozen mud"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "*кра"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "кри́га",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)\nBelarusian: кры́га (krýha)\n→ Polish: kryha\nCarpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\nUkrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\n→ Slovak: kryha\n→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)\nBelarusian: кры́га (krýha)\n→ Polish: kryha\nCarpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\nUkrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\n→ Slovak: kryha\n→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hrusǭ",
"t": "ground, crust, ice"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hruse"
},
"expansion": "Old English: hruse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: hruse"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hrosa"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: hrosa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: hrosa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hroðr",
"t": "scurf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύος",
"t": "cold, frost, ice"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्रुड्",
"t": "to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*kʷroscē",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "kᵤraś"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: kᵤraś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: kᵤraś"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "krośce"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: krośce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: krośce"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krews-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to freeze, become hard"
],
"id": "en-krews--ine-pro-root-RZuo8CC8",
"links": [
[
"freeze",
"freeze"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка"
]
}
],
"word": "krews-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*krustós (“hardened”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "crusta",
"t": "hard surface"
},
"expansion": "Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*krows-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*kraušas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*kruxъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *kruxъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *kruxъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kruvesis",
"t": "frozen mud"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "*кра"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "кри́га",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)\nBelarusian: кры́га (krýha)\n→ Polish: kryha\nCarpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\nUkrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\n→ Slovak: kryha\n→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)\nBelarusian: кры́га (krýha)\n→ Polish: kryha\nCarpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\nUkrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)\n→ Slovak: kryha\n→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hrusǭ",
"t": "ground, crust, ice"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hruse"
},
"expansion": "Old English: hruse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: hruse"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hrosa"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: hrosa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: hrosa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hroðr",
"t": "scurf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύος",
"t": "cold, frost, ice"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्रुड्",
"t": "to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to sink, dive; to be or become thick, hard”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*kʷroscē",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "kᵤraś"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: kᵤraś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: kᵤraś"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "krośce"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: krośce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: krośce"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krews-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"glosses": [
"to freeze, become hard"
],
"links": [
[
"freeze",
"freeze"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка"
]
}
],
"word": "krews-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for krews- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (05fdf6b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.