See h₂ŕ̥tḱos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*artsa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *artsa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *artsa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ar"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Albanian: ar (< shortening of *arth, where -th was mistaken for a diminutive suffix)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ari"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ari",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ari (< back-formation from arinj (pl.), inherited plural of OAlb ar), arushë (feminine)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*Hŕ̥tḱos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "արջ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: արջ (arǰ)\nArmenian: արջ (arǰ)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: արջ (arǰ)\nArmenian: արջ (arǰ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*artos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *artos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *artos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*árktos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *árktos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *árktos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄρκτος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hŕ̥ćšas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*orsos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *orsos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain",
"2": "tabooistic distortion of #ar-?"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *orsos (perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ursus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: ursus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: ursus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "unc",
"id": "bear"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रक्षस्",
"t": "damage, injury; demon",
"tr": "rákṣas"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵",
"t": "damage"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; possibly nominalized from root *h₂retḱ- (“to damage, harm”) (see also LIV root *h₁reḱs- (“to damage”)), whence Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”), 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙 (rašaiieṇt, “to damage”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "non-ablauting",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱosyo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱead",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱobʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱobʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoysu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱōys",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "non-ablauting",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*h₂ŕ̥tḱos m (non-ablauting)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "h₂ŕ̥tḱo"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ŕ̥tḱos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*h₂r̥tḱ-wéh₂ (“bear's den”)",
"word": "irśtwā́ˀ"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bear"
],
"id": "en-h₂ŕ̥tḱos-ine-pro-noun-vJi7UOgJ",
"links": [
[
"bear",
"bear"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"de:Brian D. Joseph"
]
}
],
"word": "h₂ŕ̥tḱos"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*h₂r̥tḱ-wéh₂ (“bear's den”)",
"word": "irśtwā́ˀ"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*artsa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *artsa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *artsa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ar"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Albanian: ar (< shortening of *arth, where -th was mistaken for a diminutive suffix)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ari"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ari",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ari (< back-formation from arinj (pl.), inherited plural of OAlb ar), arushë (feminine)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*Hŕ̥tḱos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "արջ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: արջ (arǰ)\nArmenian: արջ (arǰ)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: արջ (arǰ)\nArmenian: արջ (arǰ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*artos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *artos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *artos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*árktos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *árktos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *árktos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄρκτος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hŕ̥ćšas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*orsos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *orsos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain",
"2": "tabooistic distortion of #ar-?"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *orsos (perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ursus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: ursus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: ursus (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "unc",
"id": "bear"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रक्षस्",
"t": "damage, injury; demon",
"tr": "rákṣas"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵",
"t": "damage"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; possibly nominalized from root *h₂retḱ- (“to damage, harm”) (see also LIV root *h₁reḱs- (“to damage”)), whence Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”), 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙 (rašaiieṇt, “to damage”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "non-ablauting",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱosyo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱead",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱobʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱobʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoysu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "h₂ŕ̥tḱōys",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "non-ablauting",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*h₂ŕ̥tḱos m (non-ablauting)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "h₂ŕ̥tḱo"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ŕ̥tḱos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European masculine nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Indo-European thematic o-stem nouns",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"ine-pro:Ursids"
],
"glosses": [
"bear"
],
"links": [
[
"bear",
"bear"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"de:Brian D. Joseph"
]
}
],
"word": "h₂ŕ̥tḱos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for h₂ŕ̥tḱos meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-20 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.