See h₁éǵʰs in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "back, backward",
"word": "ith"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "former",
"word": "ish-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"word": "*its"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "sh-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"word": "*eś-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "iz"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "iš"
},
{
"lang": "Old Prussian",
"lang_code": "prg",
"word": "is"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*jьz"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*iź"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "iz"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "iš"
},
{
"lang": "Old Prussian",
"lang_code": "prg",
"word": "is"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*jьz"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*iś"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*exs, *exs-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "*eh"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "ἐξ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "ἐξ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "ἐκ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "ἐκ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "e-ko-so-wo-ko",
"sense": "outside workers",
"word": "𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒"
}
],
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"word": "*eks-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*eks"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "ἐξ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "ἐξ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "ἐκ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "ἐκ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "e-ko-so-wo-ko",
"sense": "outside workers",
"word": "𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒"
}
],
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"word": "*eks-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*eks-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*eɣ"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*eks"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-s",
"id1": "adverbial"
},
"expansion": "*-s",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Extension of *h₁éǵʰ (“out”) with the adverbial suffix *-s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adverb",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*h₁éǵʰs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éǵʰs",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s (adverbial)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Albanian: *e(k)šta; Albanian",
"word": "jashtë"
},
{
"english": "but, provided that",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)",
"translation": "but, provided that",
"word": "Old Irish: acht"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)",
"word": "actIrish: achManx: aghScottish Gaelic: ach"
},
{
"roman": "ekhthós",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ἐχθός"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "ektós",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "ἐκτός"
},
{
"english": "outside (of), without; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*h₁éǵʰs-teros",
"translation": "outside (of), without; see there for further descendants",
"word": "exteros"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *eksteros",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "exterus"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *eksteros",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "exter"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Albanian; Albanian",
"word": "jashtëm"
},
{
"english": "extreme, farthest; extremity, end",
"sense": "Proto-Brythonic: *extaβ̃; Welsh",
"translation": "extreme, farthest; extremity, end",
"word": "eithaf"
},
{
"english": "outermost, farthest, most remote, last; see there for further descendants",
"roman": "with metathesis and simplification of the cluster",
"sense": ">? Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"translation": "outermost, farthest, most remote, last; see there for further descendants",
"word": "ἔσχατος"
},
{
"english": "outermost, farthest",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *ekstemos",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "outermost, farthest",
"word": "extimus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"out"
],
"id": "en-h₁éǵʰs-ine-pro-adv-diBpvAem",
"links": [
[
"out",
"out"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₁éǵʰs"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Albanian: *e(k)šta; Albanian",
"word": "jashtë"
},
{
"english": "but, provided that",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)",
"translation": "but, provided that",
"word": "Old Irish: acht"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)",
"word": "actIrish: achManx: aghScottish Gaelic: ach"
},
{
"roman": "ekhthós",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ἐχθός"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "ektós",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "ἐκτός"
},
{
"english": "outside (of), without; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*h₁éǵʰs-teros",
"translation": "outside (of), without; see there for further descendants",
"word": "exteros"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *eksteros",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "exterus"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *eksteros",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "exter"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Albanian; Albanian",
"word": "jashtëm"
},
{
"english": "extreme, farthest; extremity, end",
"sense": "Proto-Brythonic: *extaβ̃; Welsh",
"translation": "extreme, farthest; extremity, end",
"word": "eithaf"
},
{
"english": "outermost, farthest, most remote, last; see there for further descendants",
"roman": "with metathesis and simplification of the cluster",
"sense": ">? Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"translation": "outermost, farthest, most remote, last; see there for further descendants",
"word": "ἔσχατος"
},
{
"english": "outermost, farthest",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *ekstemos",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "outermost, farthest",
"word": "extimus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "back, backward",
"word": "ith"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "former",
"word": "ish-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"word": "*its"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "sh-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"word": "*eś-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "iz"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "iš"
},
{
"lang": "Old Prussian",
"lang_code": "prg",
"word": "is"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*jьz"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*iź"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "iz"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "iš"
},
{
"lang": "Old Prussian",
"lang_code": "prg",
"word": "is"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*jьz"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*iś"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*exs, *exs-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "*eh"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "ἐξ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "ἐξ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "ἐκ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "ἐκ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "e-ko-so-wo-ko",
"sense": "outside workers",
"word": "𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒"
}
],
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"word": "*eks-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*eks"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "ἐξ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
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"roman": "ek",
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},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "ἐξ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "ἐκ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex",
"word": "εξ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ex-",
"word": "εξ-"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek",
"word": "εκ"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "εκ-"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ek-",
"word": "ἐκ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "e-ko-so-wo-ko",
"sense": "outside workers",
"word": "𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒"
}
],
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"word": "*eks-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*eks-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*eɣ"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*eks"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-s",
"id1": "adverbial"
},
"expansion": "*-s",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Extension of *h₁éǵʰ (“out”) with the adverbial suffix *-s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adverb",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*h₁éǵʰs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éǵʰs",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European adverbs",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s (adverbial)"
],
"glosses": [
"out"
],
"links": [
[
"out",
"out"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₁éǵʰs"
}
Download raw JSONL data for h₁éǵʰs meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.