See gʷʰen- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*fendō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *fendō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.)"
},
"expansion": "(or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*fendō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: *fendō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: *fendō"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "dēfendō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: dēfendō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "offendō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: offendō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*jaga"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *jaga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *jaga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*jāgnja"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "gjuaj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: gjuaj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: gjuaj"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջնջեմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*genˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "dzenêt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: dzenêt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: dzenêt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "genė́ti",
"gloss": "to lop, to trim"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*žę̀ti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰéňňō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θείνω",
"t": "to strike"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*gʷənsḱéti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒆪𒀸𒆠-",
"tr": "ku-aš-ke-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəské-/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*käsk-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "käsk-"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: käsk-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: käsk-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "geguin"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: geguin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: geguin"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέφαται"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰagʰā́na"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́agʰā́na"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जघान",
"tr": "jaghā́na"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰagā́na"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gánīˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ganît"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: ganît",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: ganît"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "ganýti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: ganýti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: ganýti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gonìti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gonìti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gonìti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰékʷʰnon"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔπεφνον",
"t": "to slay"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰágʰnat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰágnat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈",
"pos": "3pl.pres.mid.ind."
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰətós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰatás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-tr-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰatráH"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰaθráH",
"t": "poison"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-tr-íh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰatríH"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰaθríH",
"t": "thorn, prickle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰon-ó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰanás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰanás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घन",
"t": "destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder",
"tr": "ghaná"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*banô",
"t": "murderer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰon-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*banō",
"t": "cleared path; battlefield"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-yeh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*banjō",
"t": "wound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*gʷoni"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գան"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: գան (gan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰantā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*źʰantā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हन्तृ",
"t": "killer, slayer"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰantā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭",
"t": "one who strikes"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"t": "one who strikes",
"ts": "jaⁿtar"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰan-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हन्",
"pos": "“to kill” (root)"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "زَن",
"t": "strike, beat",
"tr": "zan"
},
"expansion": "Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰen-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to strike, slay, kill"
],
"id": "en-gʷʰen--ine-pro-root-oAMoNl0V",
"links": [
[
"strike",
"strike"
],
[
"slay",
"slay"
],
[
"kill",
"kill"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gʷʰen-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*fendō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *fendō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.)"
},
"expansion": "(or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*fendō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: *fendō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: *fendō"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "dēfendō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: dēfendō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "offendō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: offendō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*jaga"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *jaga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *jaga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*jāgnja"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "gjuaj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: gjuaj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: gjuaj"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ջնջեմ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*genˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "dzenêt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: dzenêt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: dzenêt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "genė́ti",
"gloss": "to lop, to trim"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*žę̀ti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰéňňō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "θείνω",
"t": "to strike"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*gʷənsḱéti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒆪𒀸𒆠-",
"tr": "ku-aš-ke-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəské-/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*käsk-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "käsk-"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: käsk-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: käsk-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "geguin"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: geguin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: geguin"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέφαται"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰagʰā́na"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́agʰā́na"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जघान",
"tr": "jaghā́na"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰagā́na"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gánīˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ganît"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: ganît",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: ganît"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "ganýti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: ganýti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: ganýti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gonìti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gonìti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gonìti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰékʷʰnon"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔπεφνον",
"t": "to slay"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰágʰnat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰágnat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈",
"pos": "3pl.pres.mid.ind."
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*kʷʰətós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰatás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-tr-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰatráH"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰaθráH",
"t": "poison"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰn̥-tr-íh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰatríH"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰaθríH",
"t": "thorn, prickle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰon-ó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰanás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gʰanás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घन",
"t": "destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder",
"tr": "ghaná"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*banô",
"t": "murderer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰon-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*banō",
"t": "cleared path; battlefield"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-yeh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*banjō",
"t": "wound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*gʷoni"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գան"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: գան (gan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰantā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*źʰantā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हन्तृ",
"t": "killer, slayer"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*ǰantā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭",
"t": "one who strikes"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"t": "one who strikes",
"ts": "jaⁿtar"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ǰʰan-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हन्",
"pos": "“to kill” (root)"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "زَن",
"t": "strike, beat",
"tr": "zan"
},
"expansion": "Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰen-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"glosses": [
"to strike, slay, kill"
],
"links": [
[
"strike",
"strike"
],
[
"slay",
"slay"
],
[
"kill",
"kill"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gʷʰen-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gʷʰen- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (15.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.