See gerh₂- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grāˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gróti",
"t": "to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grajati",
"t": "to caw, croak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gerh₂-ōw-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "hungëroj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: hungëroj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: hungëroj"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "nguroj",
"3": "ngurónj",
"t": "to yell, howl"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gùrti",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Lithuanian: gùrti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Lithuanian: gùrti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grati",
"t": "to play music"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grakъ",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krēaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krēǭ",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Extensions"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*greh₂-k-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gràkati",
"3": "*gъrkati",
"t1": "to caw, croak",
"t2": "to coo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*grakō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *grakō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *grakō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grāculus",
"alt": "grāc-ulus",
"der": "1",
"t": "jackdaw"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կարկաչ",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gìrgždėti",
"der": "1",
"t": "to creak, squeak"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krakōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *krakōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krakǭ",
"3": "*krakaz",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "kráka",
"3": "krákr",
"t2": "crow, raven"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gárǰati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gárȷ́ati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गर्जति",
"tr": "gárjati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "onomatopoeic",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "*kurke",
"3": "",
"4": "crane"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "akk",
"2": "𒆳𒄄𒄷",
"tr": "kurku"
},
"expansion": "Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sux",
"2": "𒆳𒄄𒄷",
"tr": "kurki"
},
"expansion": "Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeRH-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeias",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to cry hoarsely"
],
"id": "en-gerh₂--ine-pro-root-Q4e2PQDH",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crane"
],
"id": "en-gerh₂--ine-pro-root-LGrCPk~9",
"links": [
[
"crane",
"crane"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "gerh₂-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRH-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeias",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grāˀtei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gróti",
"t": "to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grajati",
"t": "to caw, croak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gerh₂-ōw-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "hungëroj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: hungëroj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: hungëroj"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "nguroj",
"3": "ngurónj",
"t": "to yell, howl"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gùrti",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Lithuanian: gùrti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Lithuanian: gùrti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grati",
"t": "to play music"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grakъ",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krēaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krēǭ",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Extensions"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*greh₂-k-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gràkati",
"3": "*gъrkati",
"t1": "to caw, croak",
"t2": "to coo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*grakō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *grakō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *grakō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grāculus",
"alt": "grāc-ulus",
"der": "1",
"t": "jackdaw"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կարկաչ",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gìrgždėti",
"der": "1",
"t": "to creak, squeak"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krakōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *krakōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*krakǭ",
"3": "*krakaz",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "kráka",
"3": "krákr",
"t2": "crow, raven"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gárǰati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gárȷ́ati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गर्जति",
"tr": "gárjati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "onomatopoeic",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "*kurke",
"3": "",
"4": "crane"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "akk",
"2": "𒆳𒄄𒄷",
"tr": "kurku"
},
"expansion": "Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sux",
"2": "𒆳𒄄𒄷",
"tr": "kurki"
},
"expansion": "Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to cry hoarsely"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crane"
],
"links": [
[
"crane",
"crane"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "gerh₂-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gerh₂- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.