See geH- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gaˀi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement."
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gáHyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gáHyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गायति",
"t": "he sings",
"tr": "gā́yati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gáHyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"tr": "žʾy"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yai",
"2": "жойак",
"tr": "žoyak"
},
"expansion": "Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yah",
"tr": "γ̆ay-"
},
"expansion": "Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ydg",
"tr": "žāy-"
},
"expansion": "Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गासि",
"pos": "1sg.aor.inj.med."
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गासि (gāsi, 1sg.aor.inj.med.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गासि (gāsi, 1sg.aor.inj.med.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gaHtʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gaHtʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gā́thā) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gaHθáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"tr": "gāha-"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gáHtram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gáHtram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*giHtás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*giHtás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गीत",
"tr": "gītá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गीत (gītá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गै"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गै (gai)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गै (gai)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/geH-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to sing"
],
"id": "en-geH--ine-pro-root-e1aXhU~s",
"links": [
[
"sing",
"sing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeH-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to cry"
],
"id": "en-geH--ine-pro-root-pVY01nWW",
"links": [
[
"cry",
"cry"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "geH-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeH-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gaˀi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement."
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gáHyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gáHyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गायति",
"t": "he sings",
"tr": "gā́yati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gáHyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"tr": "žʾy"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yai",
"2": "жойак",
"tr": "žoyak"
},
"expansion": "Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yah",
"tr": "γ̆ay-"
},
"expansion": "Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ydg",
"tr": "žāy-"
},
"expansion": "Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गासि",
"pos": "1sg.aor.inj.med."
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गासि (gāsi, 1sg.aor.inj.med.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गासि (gāsi, 1sg.aor.inj.med.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gaHtʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*gaHtʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gā́thā) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gaHθáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kho",
"tr": "gāha-"
},
"expansion": "Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gáHtram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*gáHtram"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*giHtás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*giHtás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गीत",
"tr": "gītá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गीत (gītá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गै"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: गै (gai)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: गै (gai)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/geH-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to sing"
],
"links": [
[
"sing",
"sing"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to cry"
],
"links": [
[
"cry",
"cry"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "geH-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for geH- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.